THE

GARDENERS MAGAZINE,

CONDUCTED

By J.C. LOUDON, F.L.S. H.S. &c.

AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF GARDENING AND OF AGRICULTURE, AND
EDITOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANTS.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR
LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1830.

LonpboN:

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode,
New-Street-Square.

PREFACE.

Tue Sixth Volume of the Gardener's Magazine will be found
equal to any that has preceded it, in the higher branches of pro-
fessional information ; and as it contains a complete system of
cottage gardening, with some highly improved plans of cottage
dwellings, it surpasses, in point of general utility, all that have
‘gone before.

Something has been said lately by a learned author, Sir Henry
Steuart, in his Planter’s Guide, of the ignorance of gardeners
generally : but that they are, as a body, well informed, in both
the theory and practice of their profession, and very well able to
communicate their information to others, the manner in which
this Magazine is supported by their contributions is a decided
proof. Gardeners may certainly be considered, in common with
others of the laborious classes of society, ignorant of classical
learning ; but this is a species of knowledge of exceedingly little
use, and is gradually becoming neglected in all countries, in pro-
portion as the inhabitants advance in civilisation. We have above
alluded to the Essays on Cottage Gardening (Articles III. IV. and
V., p. 167. to 208.), written in competition for certain prizes
which we offered and have awarded. These essays are composed
by gardeners who have had scarcely any education beyond what
they have given themselves; and the essays published are only
three out of ten, which were all nearly equally well written. We
might refer to many other articles in this Volume as proofs of
the general intelligence of gardeners; but, having mentioned these
essays, we will limit our remarks to them, and ask any man, how-
ever learned or scientific he may be, whether any thing can be
more complete and systematic of its kind than the fourth of these
essays? We by no means intend to flatter gardeners, so as to
- render them content with the knowledge which they already pos-
sess; we only wish to stimulate them to make every exertion to
raise themselves to the highest possible grade in their profession.
We must also be allowed to say, that the more our acquaintance
with gardeners is increased, in consequence of conducting this
Magazine and the Magazine of Natural History, the more we are

Az

iv . PREFACE.

astonished that men, with so very defective a school education as is
at present generally obtainable by the class of society to which the
parents of working gardeners belong, in Scotland, as well as Eng-
land, should have been able to effect so much by reading, by observ-
ation, and by attempts to commit their ideas to writing. This fact
shows that a very considerable degree of mental cultivation is per-
fectly consistent with continued bodily labour; and it enables us to
look forward with confidence to a time (we trust not far distant)
when all mankind shall have become intelligent and enlightened ;
and when, in order to forward this desirable state of things, a degree
of school education to children shall have become a necessary of
life. We care nothing for the sneers of those who consider such
ideas chimerical ; and we do not participate in the fears of those
who affect to think that, when all are learned, none will be found
willing to work. To know and to feel that knowledge is pleasure as
well as power, is with us a sufficient argument for desiring that all
mankind, without exception, should have an equal chance of en-
joying this power and pleasure; and they can only obtain this by
being subjected to a high and equal degree of school education
from infancy to the age of puberty. ‘Till this is the case, no man
can have a fair chance, either in society generally, or in his own
particular class and profession.

- Next to the advancement of the science of gardening, and the
improvement of its practice, our greatest ambition in conducting
this Magazine is to point out to all our readers the incalculable
advantages of early school education for children, and of self-
improvement for young men, and for all who are not beyond the
age for acquiring new ideas.

| JeCeI
Bayswater, Nov. 16. 1830.

CONTENTS.

Parr I.

' THE GENERAL SUBJECT.

Notes. and Reflections made during a Tour
through Part of France and Germany, in the
Autumn of the Year 1828. By the Conductor

1, 385. 529. 641

On the Anatomy of the Vine. By Walter Wil-
liam Capper, Esq., Bath ci IR), eS); Obs

Notes on the former and present State of Horti-
cultuse in Ireland. By Mr. John Robertson,

. HS, - - - - 26
Outlines of Horticultural Chemistry. By G. W.
Johnson, Esq., Great Totham, Essex - 27
Notice of the Prestwich Botanical Society, and
the Bury Botanical and Entomological Society,
preceded by some Critical Remarks on a Pas-
sage in the Account of the Conductor’s Tour
in France. By Mr. J. Horsefield, Weaver,
Pilkington, near Manchester - = 392
Vegetable Pathology. By a Warwickshire Natu-
ralist co 5 = - 395
On preserving tender Plants in Winter by means
of the Temperature of Spring Water. By
Mr. A. Gorrie, F.H.S. - - 402
Method of destroying the A’carus or Red Spider,
Slugs, and other Insects on Plants, without
injuring the Leaves. By N. T. - 403
On the Birch Rind of the American Indians,
and the Uses to which it might be applied in
. Gardening. In a letter from Mr. Hawthorn
of the Honourable Hudson’s Bay Company,
to Mr. Baillie of Dropmore Gardens ; with a
Note by Mr. Baillie = - - 405
Notice of the Gardens of the Hon. and Rev. W.
Herbert at Spofforth. By N. H.S. ~ 531
Some Account of the Progress of an Experiment
going on in Monmouthshire, for bettering the
Condition of the Labouring Classes. By John
H. Moggridge, Esq. - - - 933
On the Subject of an Experiment made for bet-
tering the Condition of the Labouring Classes.
By John H. Mogeridge, Esq. = - 536
Observations chiefly relating to the Agricultural
and Horticultural Labourers in France an
England. By R. Bakewell, Esq. - 538
Description of Harewood House, and its Gar-
dens and Grounds. By Oyrws - 649
A few Observations made on visiting several
Public and Private Gardens, &c., in England
and Scotland, during the Summer of 1830. By
Mr. W. Saunders - - - 653
Historical Account of a Method of making Bass
for binding Plants, &c. By M. P. Lindegaard.
Translated from the Danish by M. Jens P.
Petersen, of the Royal Gardens at Rosen-
burgh, Copenhagen - = - 656
Description of a Cottage in England, and a Mud
Cabin in Ireland. By Mr- John Howden,
heretofore Agronome - - 657
Four Designs for Labourers’ Cottages. By Mr.
Richard Varden, Architectural Pupil with
John Perry, Esq., Architect, Godalming 660

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING AND GAR.
. DEN ARCHITECTURE.

Remarks on the English Taste and Practice in
Landscape.Gardening, as compared with the
Taste of the Germans, with a Plan and De.
scription of the Gardens of Prince Metternich
at Johannisberg on the Rhine. By M. Jacob
Rinz, Jun. - - = 31

Design and Description of a Gardener’s House
built in the Gardens at Worksop Manor, the
Seat of the Right Honourable the Earl of
Surrey, with some Remarks on these Gardens.
By Robert Abraham, Esq., Architect - 34

Design for a small Green-house or Conserva-

ORY by hal, - - = 664

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Notice of a small economical Green-house, built
by Mr. William Godsall, Nurseryman, Here.
ford. Communicated by Mr. Godsall - 667

Plan and Descripiion of the Kitchen-Garden at
Carlton Hall, the Seat of Miles Stapylton,
Esq. By W.Seymour,.Son of Mr. John Sey-
mour, the Gardener there - - 669

Plans and Sections of the Horticultural Build-
ings for a Kitchen-Garden of Three Acres and
a half within the Walls. By Juvenis Olitor 670

COTTAGE GARDENING, ARCHITEC-
TURE, AND HUSBANDRY.

On Cottage Husbandry and Architecture, chiefly
with reference to certain Prize Essays re-
ceived on Cottage Gardening, and to projected
Encyclopedias on these Subjects. By the Con-
ductor co 2 S - 139

On the Extent and Culture of Cottage Gardens
with and without Cows, and on Brewing,
Baking, and other Points of the Husbandry
of the Cottager. By a Practical Gardener 167

Extent and Culture of Cottage Gardens, live
Stock of the Cottager, and various Points of
Cottage Economy, with reference to the Hints
for Prizes for Papers on the Subject. By J. Re

185

An Essay on Cottage Gardens, with reference
to the Prize Question in the Gardener’s Ma~
gazine. By the Cottarman’s Friend _ - 198

ARBORICULTURE.

On a System of pruning, or rather on a Preyen-
tive System of pruning, Forest Trees. By
Mr. W. Billington, C.M.H.S., Author of
** Facts and Experiments on Oaks,”’ &c. 36

Remarks on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.
By Mr. Gorrie, C.M.H.S., of Annat Gardens,

Perthshire - S - - 43
Remarks on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.
By Quercus

Notice of anew Guard for Single Trees in Parks
and on Lawns. By Mr. John Hislop, Gar.
dener to Colonel Howard, at Ashtead Park,
Surrey -

Remarks on planting
Masses .of one Species.

“Trees and Shrubs in
By William Spence,
408

Esq. F.L.S. = S - <
Remarks on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.

By —n —nh - - - 413
On Planting and Pruning Forest Trees. By

Mr. John Howden, hitherto known as Agro-
nome - - - - 416
On the Sexes and History of the Lombardy, or
Turin, Poplar (Pépulus dilatata). By Mr.
John Denson, Jun. - - - 419
On the Management of the Timber Tree Plant-
ations at West Dean, inSussex. By Mr. John
Bowers, Gardener and Planter there - 543
Observations respecting Mr. Howden’s Manage-
ment of Forest Trees. By Mr. J. Elles 545
Remarks on Mr. Billington’s Pamphlet on Plant-
ing, &c. By A. G., Perthshire - - 673
Pontey’s “‘ Forest Pruner ” versus Cruickshank’s
© Practical Planter,’ on the Subject of pruning
Fir Trees. By a Yorkshireman - 675
On Pruning, and other Points in the Manage-
ment of Timber Trees. By W. T. - 681

FLORICULTURE,

An improved Method of planting and protecting
Bulbs in Flower Borders. By Mr. W. Sey-
mour - = > - 49

Account of the Botanic Flower-Garden now
forming at Trelowarren for the Culture of

vil

Hardy Plants.
Gardener there
Plan of a Flower- Garden, with a | List of Plants
for one Year, by a young Lady, Communi-
cated by J. G. = - 423
On the Treatment of the American Shrubs in
the Pleasure-Gardens of Francis Canning,
Esq., Foxcote. By Mr. W. B. Heres arenes
there - 4.25
Qn raising Auriculas from Seed, and on a new
Description of Covering for an “Auricula Stage.
By Mr. P. Cornfield, Florist, Northampton 426
On the Culture of the Rodsa odorata, the Sweet
or Tea-scented Rose. By Mr, J. Elles, late of
Longleat Gardens o 427
On flowering the Chrysanthemum indicum, By
A Constant Reader and Subscriber - 428
Notice of a Plant of Musa paradisiaca (the
Plantain), which has flowered and ripened
Fruit in the Garden of John Milford, Esq.,
Conver, near Exeter, Abridged from "Three
Communications by Mr. Henry Dalgleish,
Gardener to Mr. Milford, dated July 25., No-
vember 9., and December 23. - 429
On the Culture of Seedling Ranunculuses. By
the Rev. Joseph Tyso - 548
Description of Mr. Groom’s Tulip Bed. ‘By op
“By Ty Rivére, Esq. 684

By Mr. William Duncan,
420,

’ On the Genus 4’ster.

HORTICULTURE.

Some Remarks on the -Culture of Pines, and
other Plants, useful or ornamental, in Beds
heated by Steam acting on a Mass of loose
Stones. By John Hay, . Esq., Garden Archi-
tect, Edinburgh - 50

Remarks on the Culture of Pear Trees. By Myr.
. Bernard Saunders, Nurseryman, Island of
Jersey a

On the Evil Effects of planting Fruit Trees in
too rich a Soil. By Mr. Robert Errington 54

On the Management of the Peach Tree. By
Mr. John Newington = 55

Recipe for a Composition for destroying and
guarding against Insects on Wall Trees. By
Mr. James Burge, Gardener to the Rey. Ri-
chard Lane of Coffleet, Devonshire =

On the Culture of the Potato, both in the Field
and Garden, and for early as well as main and
late Crops. By Mr. J. Elles, late Gardener to
the Marquess of Bath, at Longleat - 58

Notice of the Culture and Produce of a Patch
of Maize, or Cobbett’s Corn, grown by Mr.
Greig, at Bayswater. Communicated Dy: Mr.
Greig

The Result of some Experiments with Ten
Varieties of Indian Corn, with a comparative
Estimate of the Merits of this Corn, as com-
pared with those Corns commonly grown by
the Farmers of Britain. By G. C. - 63

Remarks on Mr. Newington’s Observations on
the Management of Peach Trees. By Mr.
James Craig, Gardener to G. Cholmely, eae be
Howsham, York 430

On the Treatment of the Peach and Nectarine
during the Summer Season. By Mr. William
Seymour, late Gardener to Henry Preston,
Esq., Moreby, near York = - 434

On a Method of training the Peach and Necta-
rine on low Walls. By Mr. William Seymour

436

Farther Notice of the Pine Plants at Castle
Semple, planted in a Bed of Soil. By John
Hay, Esq. 2437

CONTENTS.

On a Method of obtaining new Kinds of Pota-
toes. By Solanum tuberdsum 440
Description and Use of Bartlett’s Culdeetee
By W. D. - 442
An Account of some Plants of Indian corn
raised at Hampstead, and of-some remarkable
Circumstances connected therewith. BY

¥:
A simple and effectual | Method of killing Wasps.
W. 550

B
On insects in Orchards. By Mr, D. Anderson
On the Green Fly in the Blossoms of Peach
Trees. By Mr. James Craig, Gardener to G.
Cholmeley, Esq., Howsham, York euoD2
On the Destruction of the Black and Green
A’phides on Cherry and lua Trees. By
INEGI: = 553
A cheap and easy Method of raising Celery. By
Mr. E. Roger 554
On raising an early Crop of Peas, as formerly
practised in Tynningham Gardens, East Lo-
thian. By Mr. Main, A.L.S. - 555
On the visible Cause, and easy and effectual
Cure, of the bad Setting of some Sorts of
Grapes. By Mr. James Craig, Gardener to
G. Cholmeley, Esq., Howsham, York - 687
On the Forcing of Cabbage Lettuce in Holland.
By M. P. Lindegaard. Translated from the
Danish by M. Jens Peter Petersen of the
Royal Gardens of Hose nburets near Copen-
hagen - 689
Notice of the Culture of Wheat in the Neigh-
bourhood of Ardress, in Ireland. By G. En-
sor, Esq., Author of The Independent Man
and other Works = - 691
On a Method of forcing Strawberries, oy ae
a
Remarks on the Treatment of Fruit Trees, By
Mr. Robert Errington = 693
Farther Remarks on training the Peach and
Nectarine. By Mr. R. Errington - 695
Mr. Alexander Diack’s Mode of grafting on the
large Branches of old Trees, as extracted
from the Books of the Aberdeenshire Horti-
cultural Society. Communicated by Mr. A.
Diack, C.M.H.LS. - - 698
On keeping Fruits, more particularly Apples.
By John Ferme, Esq. 700
On the Culture of the Newtown. Pippin- Apple.
By Mr. James Brient - 702
Notice of a Citron Tree in the Gardens of Castle
Semple. By John Hay, Esq. = - 702
Mr. C. Hale Jessop’s Mode of cultivating the
Enville Pine. Communicated by him to the
Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society, at a
Meeting of which on Sept. 25. 1828 it was
read; and sent by the President of that So-
ciety to the Gardener’s Magazine - 704
On growing Pine-apples in Moss. By M. Jacob
Seimel, Head Gardener to the Count Mont-
gelas, at Bogenhausen, near Munich - 705
Observations on the Management of Vines in
the Pinery. By Mr. Geo. Fulton, Gardener
to Lord Northwick. Read at the Vale of Eve-
sham Horticultural Society, Sept. 25. 1828 707
On keeping a fine Bloom on Cucumbers. By
Mr. Geo. Fulton, Gardener to Lord North-
wick. Read at the Meeting of the Vale of
Evesham Horticultural Society, June 24. 1828
709
On the Culture of the Strawberry on a light
sandy Soil. By Thomas Fleetwood, Gardener
at Donnington. Read at the Meeting of the
Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society, July

Some Teeaunt of a large Vi ine at. Selwood Park,} 24. 1828 - 710
the Seat of Michie Forbes, Esq., Sunning On the Management of the Hautbois Straw-
Hill, Berkshire. By Mr. H. Caneel Gar. berry. By Fragaria - = - 711
dener to Mr. Forbes - 439

Part II. REVIEWS.

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So- Isles is made familiar to every Capacity, as

ciety. Vol. IV. Part II. - - 68) deduced from the Observations of the Author

A Botanical, Historical, and Practical Treatise
on the Tobacco Plant, in which the Art of
growing and curing Tobacco in the British

in the United States of America, and his Prac-
tice in Field Cultivation in HEE By Tho-
mas Brodigan, Esq. a - 270

LISTS OF ENGRAVINGS AND CONTRIBUTORS.

A Series of Facts, Hints, Observations, and
Experiments on the different Modes of Rais-
ing, Pruning, and Training Young Trees in
Plantations. By W. Billington, Superinten-
dant of the Planting of the Hoval Forest of
Dean, &c. 446

The Practical Planter ; containing Directions
for the Planting of Waste Land, and Manage-
ment of Wood ; with a new Method o3 rearing

Parr III.
General Notices - 100. 209. 295. 476. 583
Foreign Notices - 103, 211. 316, 482. 592
Domestic Notices = - 104. 330. 487. 598
Rural Architecture - = - 349
Domestic Economy - - a yy
Hints for Improvement 354

Remarks on the Gender and Accentuation of
Botanical Names

Varieties of British Plants cultivated and sold
by Mr. James Smith and Son, at Monkwood
Grove near Ayr. By Mr. Smith 713

Vil

the Oak. By Thomas Cruickshank, Forester
at Careston 448
The Villa and Cottage Florist’s Directory. By
James Main, A.L.S. 556
Catalogue of Works on Gardening , Agriculture,
Botany, Rural Architecture, lately published,
with some Account of those considered the
most interesting 69. 275. 471. 559
Literary Notices 294, 475, 582

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Arborétum Britannicum 718
Retrospective Criticism 110. 214. 354. 498. 604, 720
Queries and Answers 222. 367. 500. 614. 726

Horticultural Society and Garden 112. 234. 369,

- 504, 618, 728
The Royal Gardens = - - 731
The London Nurseries - 115. 373. 507. 620

Covent Garden Market 119. 253. 372. 511. 623. 732
Provincial Horticultural Societies 121. 254. 382.

: 514, 624. 73
Obituary 256, 384, 749

EIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

IMPLEMENTS. No. e Page
No. Page | 118. Hot water pits = - - 616
87. to 90. Bartlett’s Cultivator - 442, 443 140. Ice-house © 5 = 727
. , MACHINES. OPERATIONS.
6. eee Oe eee slices from ae 85, 86. Training the peach and nectarine, oe
5 z. h ; i)
20, 21. Road scraper and sweeper - 100, 101
41. The soude 5 E BIZ eave DIAGRAMS.
55, 56, Bell’s reaping machine - ~- 296. 300 . to 5. Anatomy ofthe vine - - 12. to 47
74, Stair carpet beater = Z - 319| 7 Chemical apparatus ox: _ 97
23, to 28. Anatomy ofthe vine ~- 130. to 136
INSTRUMENTS. 29, New tile for roofing ~ 154
58. Macdougal’s syringe . - 305] 46. to 54. Anatomy of the vine — - 257. to 267
59. to 67. New naming tallies - 306, 307) 57. Burges’s improved axle a - 304
68. New budding-knife - - - 308 | 77. Isometrical Perspective e - 351
72. Steers and Wilkinson’s pruning shears, 79. to 83. Mr. Knight’s improvements in
&e. - - heating by hot water = ~ 314, 375
73. Foot-scraper for sandy soils - - 318] 111, 112. A rattery Es 5 . 584, 585
92. Earwig trap 2 = - 401
94. Fumigating pot - - 553 PLANTS
113. to 118. Flower- gatherers - - 588, 589 1 ra 17. Indian corn Pith ger 60. to 2
UTENSILS . Georgina, anemone-tlowerec - oF
p Seats ga ( 19. Nonpareil Ranunculus = o 7s}
nae Beake B vases Power bot oS a 95. to 110. Germination of the seeds of
Teale aaate Se ue Lémna gibba = - 566. to 568
71. Italian saucers for plants - - 309
STRUCTURES. FRUITS.
11, 12. New guard for trees = - 48| 22. Maclura aurantiaca - - - 103
139. Frame and strike for a tulip bed - 684 | 116. Rhodes grape = 3 - 599
EDIFICES. PLANS OF GARDENS AND PARKS.
9, 10. Gardener’s house = - 34,35) 8, Pleasure-grounds of Johannisberg - 32
30. to 40. Labourer’s cottages - 155. to 165} 42, Marshal Tallard’s garden = - 995
79. Toll-house at Bilyevens - - 350) 43, Pliny’s Laurentine villa - 207
78. Apsley House - - 351| 44, Proposed plan for the Horticultural So-
119. to 122, Labourers’ cottages - - 660. 663 ciety’s garden - a - 250
123. to 127. A small green- “house - 665, 666| 84. Plan of a flower-garden = eg ~ 404
128. An economical green- nouRe eras 668 | 129, Kitchen-garden at Carlton Hall - ~- 669
130. to 138. Horticultural buildings for a kit-
chen-garden, including peach-houses, ANIMAL KINGDOM. 3
and cucumber, melon, and asparagus 93. The wire-worm - - 2 500
pits = a - 671, 672 | 117. An insect found on young peas ~- - 615
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
23 A.B.C. - 349) A Countryman - 176. 180, 181 dener’s Magazine 5 ail
i z Regent's Park - er A Friend to the Cottager 172, | Agronome (see Howden). ue
‘Abraham, Robert 173, 179, 180. 183 Alpha = = = £82622
‘A Constant Reader 111. 368. 502 A. G., near Barnsley - 216) A Member of the Bue kingham-
A Constant eos and Sub- | A. Gs Perthshire - 448. 673 shire Hort. Soc, - Ben

scriber 428

A Great Friend to the Gar-

799

An Amateur (4

Vill
Anderson, Mr. D. BS uy!
Appleby, Mr. Thos, - 599
A Practical Gardener - 167
_R. S - 5 5 Eb
Aristides = a - 358
Ashton, W. G. - - 223
Ashworth, Mr. J. = ==) 749
A Sub- gardener - O17
A Subscriber 500. 502. 56. 637
A Subscriber, Kilmarnock 384
A Subscriber to the SOIT
Register - - 422
T. Ty = - - 559
A. W. 2 - 602
A Warwickshire Naturalist 395
A Yorkshireman oo OH
A Young Lady - - 493
Baillie, Mr.W. - - 210. 405

538
317
305

498

Bakewell, R.

Baumann, Nap. - +
Baynton, Mr.T. - -

B., Coventry oo) Bash
Begbie, Mr. Andrew = ill
Bell, the Rev. Patrick “302. 495
Billington, Mr. W., C.M.C. HLS.

36

Blaikie, Thos. = - 482
Blair, Mr. T. - - 612
Boase, John - os so IQ
Botanicus - - o Blo
Bowers, Mr. John - 543
Boyce, Mr. W. 229
TEs en ey) TER 76, 178. 183
Bree, the Rev. W. T. 220. 231.
336. 592. 724

Brient, Mr. James - 702
Buel, Mr. Jesse - = 103
Burge, Mr. James - oi
pumas db 1e% - 3 256
993

Capper, Walter Wm. 19, 129, 257
Causidicus - 216. 229. 606
C. B., York S e000)
Clarke, J. = “ - 504
Cc. M. - 233
Gorniield, Mr. P. »Florist, oan
ampton. cs 426
C. P., York - 493
Craig, Mr. James 450. 552. 687
Cultivator = - So (2G

Cumming, Mr. H. 439
Dalgleish, Mr. Henry 335. 429
Davenport, Mr. George - 599
Denson, Mr. John - 19
Diack, Mr. A., C.M. Ess 698
Dryshod - - 3dil
Duncan, Mr. William - 4.20
Dykes, Mr. John - - 501
Ecroyd, Mr. J. - - 524, 634
E. D. G. -. 451, 452
aEeneah, “Mr. Thomas, jun.

6
E. H. of Stafford a 229
Elles, Mr. J. - 58. 427. 545
E. N. of Stafford - - Ill
Ensor, G. ee

Errington, Mr. Robert, 54, 939.

354, 615, 693. 695
Falconar, David s 5 lp
Faldermann, Mr. F. 322. 339
Fanning, Mr. D. - 326,327

Ferme, John - 223. 700
Finlayson, R. - 500
Fleetwood, Mr. Thos. - 710
Fragaria - - - 711
French, Mr. D. - 501. 504

Fulton, Mr. Geo. 229, 239. 707.

: 709

G. = - - 224 307
G. C. 63. 121. 254. 373. 513; 624.
734

G. G., Birmingham -- - 353
Godsall, Mr. William 308. 667

Gordon, Mr, Alexander 222, 360

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Gorrie, Mr, A., F.H.S. 43. 99.) Penn, J.C.
ne 495. 614 Penny, Mr. George, ae LS o08
G.P.,ALS. - - 315} Petersen, M. J. P. 213. 321. 656.
Greenwood, Mr. Waal =) 626) : 689
Greig, Mr.” - - = 60] Philagros =A =) em od
H. 229 | Philips, Solomon - - 492
Hamilton, W., M. D. 315,316. 493 | Pisum = 4 A - 933
Harrison, Mr. George - 222/P.N. 5 - - 342, 343
Harrison, Mr. Joseph - 220] Practical - - 173.179. 181
Hartweg, M. von - - 212) P. R., Guildford aS AG)
Hawkins, Mr. Thos. - 223} Quail, Mr. W. = a 887
Haworth, A.H., F.L. and HS. Quercus 5 - 46. 502
224, 368 | R. C., Kirkliston - 110. 210
Hawthorn, Mr. - 405|R. o. R. - = 233803
Hay, John, F.C. H. S. 50. 437. ue Rinz, M. s]acolg aut - 31. 595
Hislop, Mr. John - - 7 | Rivére, T. 5 - 684
Hiver, Mr. Robert -- 366 R.N. 495
Hodson, Mr. N.S. - - 368 Robertson, Mr. John, F. H. S. 26.
Holland, Mr. J. - 338. 726 357
Horsefield, Mr. J. - - 392] Roger, Mr. E. = - 554
Housman, Mr. Jas. 221. 233. 614 Rollins, Mr.James - 236, 353
Howden, Mr. John - 416, 657 Romanus c = 3 PT!
H.S., Newington - - 364] Rose, Mr. W. B. - 210. 425
Hulbert, Mr. “Charles - SO9IR.T s - 692
- 615) R., Kensington Se ey
‘i Agus “174. 176 Tie. 182, 183 Saul, M. - - 312. 338. 614
JB. - = 394 Saunders, Mr.Bernard - 53
J. €. - 592) Saunders, Mr.W. - - 000
db Cy lp Levant Lodge 503. 728 | Savage, Mr. Edward - 124
J.D. 5 = - 368/Seimel, M.Jacob - - 705
db Dis London = ye te} Sexagenarius ay here}
Jessop, Mr. C. ELE - 704| Seymour, Mr. W. "49, 434, 436
J. F. - - 604) Shibboleth 171. 175, 176; 177.
John F. M.D. 2 - 482 179, 180, 181, 182
is @ i 2 & = 423| Smith, Mr. J. - = 224, 713
J. H. = = - 229, 232] Solanum tuberdsum ~ 440
J. J. M. - - - 638 - 493
J. L., Cobham = - 596 Spence, Ww. FLS. - 408
dl: roe Warsaw - - -483 | Stowe, Mr. W. Oo - 499
df M. - 216. 492, 683) Stuart, Mr. John - - 615
J. M., Brighton - 223. 316 Suburbanus oO -* = 354
as M., Chelsea a - 216) Superficial - - 220. 610
J. M., Edinburgh - 352 | Sweet, Mr. R. - - 613
J. M. , Philadelphia - _ 104, 483..| Sylvanus - = Se
es 596, 597| T. -A. K. - - - 217
J. Wes - -. - 337} Taylor, S. = = - 586
J. N., Nethersett - 954.| T. B.- - 366
Johnson, G.W., F.L.S. H. Ss. “97 The Cottarman’s Friend - 198
Jones, MIST ech eey ineen 702 Thom, Mr. John - - 924
jmp! = = - 185} Toward, Mr. andrew -- 2920
det Nottingham - - 226/T. R. eae a - £29
Jee. S: = 2 - 358|/T. T 664 -
J. R., Kilkenny - = 232! Tyso, the Rev. Joseph 548, 587
JS. 3 3 5 - 640) Tyssen, the Rev. Samuel- 223
J. S. H., Cambridge - 491 Urquhart, Mr. Daniel - 197
J.T. = 3 a - 9829| Vallance, Mr. Edmund - 727
Juvenis Olitor - - 670) Vallet Aine, M. < =) a0
J. W., Bath - - = 481] Varden, Mr. Richard - 660
. W.L =i - oe Vaughan, W.P. 368. 615. 723.
i y if 5 - 727
Knight, Mr. Joseph - 376) W. - - 209. 293.354. 550
Lauder, Mr. P. - - 502} Walmesley, Mr. W.G. - 293
Lindegaard, M. P. - “= 656) Watts, Mr. R. - - 618
Lindley, John, E.B.S. ‘&e. 358 | W. D. - 449
L. L. - - 346 Webster, Mr. CG. F. - 112
1 Ua. Ireland - 224) W. J. = - 299
Main, J., A.L.S. 215. 555, 723 Williamson, Mr EA. - 484.
Major, Joshua o 612 | Wilson, Mr. William - 356
Mason, Mr. W., jun. 723. 126 W. M., Argyleshire 219. 230,
Mearns, Mr. John «= - 106 343
WISE Role oho Slay bat Me London - ~- 884
M. H., Clifton, near Belfast 348 ei Ce OP7/
Moggridge, John H. 533. 536 Woo, Mr. T. = - 231
Morgan, Mr. John - - 615 Wright, Mr. Duncan - 602
Morton, Mr. Samuel 209. 304 212, 501
N. 610 Me S., Buckingham _ - 504
Newington, Mr. H. John 55 | W. S., Florence - 317. a)
Newman, Mr. John - ae 499. | W. T. a 5 681
11. 613 | X. Y 2 2 210. 350. 444
N. H. 3 = - 413) X. Y.Z., near Renfrew - 344
N. H.S - - - 531 Young, Mr, William - 333
N. T a S - 403. pes Your Friend and a Well-wisher
O., near Lancaster - 791 -

Oras ties ies

218
210, 211, 229. 649 | Z,

to Horticulture tee

227

THE

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,
FEBRUARY, 1830.

PART I.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during a Tour through Part
of France and Germany, in the Autumn of the Year 1828. By
the ConpucToR.

(Continued from Vol. V. p. 649.)

Paris, Sept. 6. 1828. — We were in Paris and its neigh-
bourhood till October 10., when we left that city for Germany ;
we returned on December 10., and remained till the middle
of January, 1829. After some general remarks on the vicinity
of Paris, as compared with the vicinity of London, we shall
arrange our notes under the heads of Public Gardens ; Royal
Gardens ; Commercial Gardens; Villa Gardens and Country
Residences; Agricultural Establishments and Manufactories
connected with Agriculture; Architectural Improvements ;
and Garden Societies, Institutions, and Literature.

The natural circumstances of the vale of London and the
plain of Paris differ in various particulars. ‘The surface of
the country and the soil in the vicinity of Paris are more
favourable to gardening than they are in the neighbourhood
of London; but the climate and almost every other circum-
stance are less favourable. This is speaking of gardening as
including all its branches, and with particular reference to
landscape-gardening. ‘The surface of the country in the
neighbourhood of Paris is more irregular than that around
London; and those irregularities have more character, because
they are for the most part produced by masses more or less
stony or rocky. ‘The hills at Montmartre and Montmorency
are less like heaps of alluvial soil or gravel than the hills at

Vo1, VI. — No. 24. B

2 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

Highgate and Greenwich, The soil is more favourable around
Paris, because it is every where calcareous, and on a dry
bottom. The climate is better adapted for ripening fruits
and blossoming fine flowers than that of London ; but, from
the heat and dryness of the air in summer, and the severity of
the winter, greatly inferior to it in the production of culinary
vegetables, and indeed in the growth of plants of nearly every
kind throughout the whole year. It is particularly unfavour-
able to the culture of herbage grasses; and hence the diffi-
culty, amounting almost to an impossibility, of producing
close green turf. In respect to water, as far as landscape-
gardening is concerned, London and Paris may be considered
on a par; for, though the Thames is broader than the Seine,
the banks of the latter river are more varied in natural cha-
racter than those of the Thames. With regard to culture,
the climate of London renders watermg comparatively un-
necessary: in the neighbourhood of Paris, the watering of
crops in the open air is one of the principal summer labours
of the gardener. ‘The scenery around Paris has an advan-
tage over that round London, in possessing a number of
natural woods of considerable extent, and a greater proportion
of open lands and waste, surrounded by high cultivation ;
round London very little of nature remains. ‘Thus much as
to the natural circumstances of the vicinity of Paris, com-
pared with those of the vicinity of London.

In artificial circumstances the two districts are strikingly
different. ‘The vicinity of Paris is all nakedness and long
lines; that of London all clothing and accumulations of houses
and trees, with abrupt or circuitous lines. The approaches
to Paris on every side are characterised by straight roads,
straight rows of trees, straight avenues and alleys, and straight
lines in almost every thing. The approaches to London are
not characterised by lines; the roads, fences, trees, and alleys
in woods, are irregular, and neither strikingly crooked or
curved, nor always straight. In the neighbourhood of Paris
every thing bears the marks of legislative influence: the
dwellings of every village and every detached house are num-
bered; the city has a marked boundary, is only to be entered
through certain public gates, and, on leaving it, you are at
once in the country. Round London it is on every side diffi-
cult to say where the city ends and the country begins; the
one passing insensibly into the other for miles of distance, and
green fields, gardens, villas, streets, and churches blending
together, till at last the traveller finds himself in the heart of
the city. ‘There is, unquestionably, much more of art round
London than round Paris, because there is much more wealth :

: Environs of Paris. 4
but round London the art displays itself in a different way ; the
exertions of individuals in building and gardening are every
where apparent; but there are no particular evidences of a
controllmg government or police; and the different entrances
to the metropolis, being unmarked by gates, differ only from
the entrances to an English village by being on a larger scale.
Every thing in the neighbourhood of London has an air of
liberty, even to the indulgence of caprice or whim; every
thing round Paris bears an air of restraint, even to the size
of the paving stones in the highways, and of the panes of
glass in the windows, and the numerical letters on the houses.
In London and its neighbourhood you have streets and roads
paved, gravelled, laid with flints, or Macadamised with gra-
nite; in Paris and its environs you have either a regular
causeway of the same width, curvature, and of the same-sized
stones, or the native soil without any artificial covering. In
and around London you have Grecian, Roman, Italian,
Gothic, Moresque, and Chinese windows of innumerable
varieties, and panes of all sizes, from that of the lattice win-
dow glazed in lead lap, to the plates of glass in some private
dwellings, as Mr. Hope’s of Duchess Street, and some shops,
as several in Regent Street, Oxford Street, and New Bond
Street, of the size of an entire window. In and around Paris
there is very little variety in either the size or architectural
style of windows, scarcely any Gothic or lattice-work, except
in the churches, and the panes of a palace are not much
_larger than those of a cottage.

The geometrical character imposed on the roads by the go-
vernment has been imitated by the inhabitants in every thing ;
and may be recognised in their woods, gardens, divisions of
fields, vineyards, and even in the prevalence of the row cul-
ture in spade aration; most certainly in the correctness with
which French labourers dig ditches or plant trees in rows
by the eye, without the use of a line, which very far surpasses
any thing to be met with in England. Among the innumer-
able boundaries of plantations and hedge divisions of fields
which are seen every where in England, there is not perhaps
one line in ten that is straight; in the same boundaries and
hedge lines in France, there certainly is not one line in ten
that is crooked. Nothing is crooked or irregular in France ;
nothing is left to chance; every thing is regulated by autho-
rity. But a great deal in England being also regulated by
authority, how comes it that the result is sameness and uni-
formity in the one country, and irregularity and variety in the
other? The authority in France is one, that of the central »

B2

A Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

government: in Britain the authorities are many; those of
the counties, the parishes, and the local commissioners of
public works. There seems to be another reason for the pre-
valence of geometrical forms and lines in France, and we may
say the Continent generally. In France, till lately, all public
situations were filled exclusively by the class designated as
noble, and which, for the greater part, were educated and
instructed more especially in those departments of knowledge,
such as geometry, fortification, &c., which tended to fit them
for the army. In Britain important situations of every kind
are procured more through wealth in the candidate or his
friends, than through any other cause; and wealth, even if it
should be accompanied by ignorance, generally enables a man
to think for himself, and act accordingly. This is more par-
ticularly the case when that wealth happens to have been
accumulated by the talent or industry of the individual.
Hence we see the business of one parish, or the laying out
and repairs of one line of road, managed on one principle,
and another parish and road on a different plan, or perhaps
without either plan or principle: one parish employing their
poor among the farmers, another employing them on the
roads; one road convex, and another nearly flat, &c. ‘There
is this convenience in adopting geometrical forms, that, when
they are objected to, they can always be referred to a definite
reason. No man can dispute the fact, that the shortest line
between any two points on an even surface will be straight;
but if it were attempted to lay out a curved or irregular line
between these two points, as possessing particular local advan-
tages, or as being more beautiful, every one might dispute the
advantages and the beauty.

The dry and comparatively clear atmosphere, the dry
soil, and the airy open surface of the country, in conse-
quence of the almost total absence of hedges as separations
or. divisions of property, or enclosures of fields, render the
environs of Paris, we should imagine, much more healthy
than the environs of London; but we do not think it is in
the nature of the climate and soil to support that deep, luxu-
riant, and perpetual green vegetation which abounds every
where in the vale of the British metropolis. As a proof of
this, we may refer to the vegetation of the remains of natural
forests round the two capitals. In those of France there will
be found in the winter season few evergreens, and scarcely
any green turf: in Windsor Forest we have hollies; on
Hounslow Heath the furze; and on Box Hill the box, the
juniper, and the yew. All these shrubs. are rare in the native

SZ DS 5

woods in the neighbourhood of Paris. In winter, indeed,
the difference between the environs of Paris and London is
still more remarkable than in summer, from the almost total
absence of evergreen shrubs in the gardens and plantations
of the former, and their great abundance in those of the
latter. The excellent gravel and turf of London, and the
very bad gravel and turf of Paris and the Continent generally,
have been too often mentioned to have escaped the reader’s
recollection.

The evidences of wealth and taste are incomparably greater
in the neighbourhood of London than in the neighbourhood
of Paris. ‘The character of the Parisian taste consists in dis-
play and superficialness ; that of the English in comfort and
neatness: the Englishman seems to wish to be thought happy
in his family; the Frenchman in the society of his friends and
in the eyes of the public: eating, drinking, and sleeping, call
forth the social sympathies of the Englishman ; talking, hear-
ing, and rejoicing, those of the Frenchman.

The City of Paris as compared with London is, we think, a
better planned congregation of buildings. ‘The outer and the
inner boulevards, like our breathing zones (Vol. V. p. 687.),
are at once sources of health and of utility; for they admit a
free current of air, and persons going from one distant part of
the town to another may always, by means of the numerous
public vehicles, which ply in both directions in these zones,
save both time and fatigue. The streets of Paris are, for the
most part, narrower than those of London, and they are
generally without footpaths. It would certainly be advisable
in this city, as in most of the old ones of Europe, for the pro-
per authorities to form a plan for widening and finally arrang-
ing the streets, the average supply of water, gas, heat, &c., and
to provide for its gradual execution, say in the course of half
a century. By promulgating this plan, which ought to in-
clude also provision for indefinite increase outwards, property
and situations now peculiarly favourable for business would
gradually vary from their present to their ultimate value,
whether greater or less than at present; so that the execution
of the plan gradually and at distant periods would be nothing
like so expensive as its immediate or early execution. Paris,
in its present state, where the houses are so close together, and
where so many families are lodged under one roof, appears to us
to be very favourably circumstanced for being heated by public:
companies. Whether steam or hot water would be better
adapted for this purpose, we are not prepared to state; but
nothing could be easier than to heat whole streets from one

B 3

6 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

source *, and if steam or hot water were objected to, hot air
might be supplied in the same manner, and subject to the
same regulations, as the supply of coal gas. Coal gas, besides
serving for lighting the streets, might, we should imagine, an-
swer every purpose for the greater part of French cookery.
In all great cities provision should be made for the introduc-
tion of subways, which will ultimately be found nearly as
essential as sewers. The time may probably also arrive, when
all the footways of the principal streets in European towns
will be protected from rain by verandas of glass, projected
from the houses. In general these verandas should not be
projected immediately over the first or shop story, which
would, where the shops fronted the south, accumulate too
much heat; but higher, and over the second or third story, so
as not to interfere with the free circulation of air. Such ve-
randas would give a line of lofty, slender, iron columns along
the kerb stones of the pathways, and these columns might at
the same time serve as lamp posts. By having covered
excavations in the pavement near the bases of the columns, to
receive pots, boxes, or a mass of good soil, some individuals
might cover these columns, and also, if they chose, the under
side of the veranda, with the most elegant creeping plants, or
with vines, pompions, or gourds. +

There is, on the whole, more of dignity in the architecture
of Paris, than in that of London; because the building ma-

® Tn 1812 B. Deacon, the patentee of a mode of heating and ventilating
by air forced through hot water, proposed to supply hot air to all the
houses in Red Lion Square, from a small ornamental building to be erected
in the centre of the square, and worked by the parish paupers. The thing
was perfectly practicable, but no one paid the slightest attention to the pro-
posal. In the present state of knowledge on the subject of heating, nothing
could be easier than to supply every room in every house of the London
squares, from an obelisk in the centre of the square, with as much hot
water as would keep the air of the room to the temperature of 60°. All
London may be heated in the same manner, at, as we believe, comparably
less expense of fuel than at present. There would then be only one fire in
each house for the purpose of cooking, and, in consequence, much less smoke
in the atmosphere. Indeed, the hot-water system might be most profitably
applied by all the occupiers of houses containing five or six rooms, as it would
save all the fire-places and fires, except one for the kitchen, from which
the hot water might be made to circulate all over the house; or it might
heat air in a box to be so circulated, This also was long ago proposed by
Count Chabannes, but excited no attention.

+ The same thing might now be done in London, by placing a climbing ©
plant, a Cobe‘a for example, in a tub in the coal-cellar, under the pavement,
and leading its stem through a small hole to the lamp post; but we doubt
if the effect would be worth the trouble. Guarding such plants from
injury would amuse the police, and at last refine and polish the manners
of mischievous persons, and all such as would, if flowers were planted in
Kensington gardens, gather them if not prevented.

Architecture of Paris. 7

terial, stone, has an appearance of greater durability, and
because the openings of the doors and windows are larger, and
for the most part have more allusion to Grecian or Roman
architecture. But what spoil almost all the buildings in
Paris, and almost all the chateaus in France, fromthe Tuille-
ries down to the commonest dwelling-house or stable, are
their intolerably high roofs. What is the reason why a high
roof in every building of the slightest pretensions to architec-
ture is displeasing? Is it simply because high roofs are no
longer in fashion either in France or in England? or is there
any reason against high roofs which is founded in the nature
of things? High roofs, when they are unavoidable, or be-
lieved to be so, are not displeasing in a wide barn, nor covering
a sheepfold, nor in a manufactory ; because the distance be-
tween the side walls is so great, that to have formed a low roof
would have required more expense than the end in view would
have justified. High roofs are not displeasing in cathedrals,
partly from the same reason, partly from their antiquity and
the associations connected with them, and partly because they
are most commonly formed of materials of more than common
durability, put together with more than common skill; add
also that they are sometimes covered with lead, the parallel
ridges formed by which convey, to a certain extent, an expres-
sion of design. Thus, as we have said above, high roofs are
not displeasing when they are governed by necessity, or by
any other overruling cause. But why are high roofs displeas-
ing, where they are not necessary, or where it is believed they
can be avoided? Why, in short, are they built as seldom as
possibly by modern architects? Because roofs, from their
sloping surface, and the temporary nature of the materials of
which they are composed, do not admit of receiving the impres-
sions of that sort of architectural design which is appropriated
to walls of masonry. Therefore, a high naked roof, over walls
characterised by architectural design, is an incongruous assem-
blage of lines and forms, as well as of materials. It is true
that the incongruity in respect to materials is as great when
the roof is low as when it is high; but though it is great in
reality, it is not so great in appearance, and the fact is over-
looked in the superiority of the architectural expression pro-
duced. If, therefore, there is some well founded reason in
the human mind, and which ought to have been felt by archi-
tects in every age, against high roofs, how comes it that the
palace of the Tuilleries has a roof so preposterously high ? It
is certain that this roof must have been approved of, and even
thought beautiful at the time it was produced; how does it
happen, then, that by the present age it is almost universally
; B 4

8 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

disliked? The reason, we think, can only be, that the archi-
tects and their employers of the past age were less refined in
their taste than those of the present day. The well founded
reasons which we have assigned against high roofs, when they
are not necessary or inevitable, were not developed in their
minds, because the taste of the age did not call for such a re-
finement in their art. High roofs have many recommendations
in point of utility, convenience, and durability, and they afford
room for a conspicuous display of timber and carpentry; the
principle of utility, therefore, and the influence of the carpen-
ter, seem to have prevailed over the principle of architect-
ural expression. In the advancement of art, the progress is
from the expression of the subject, or of mere utility according
to the nature of the subject, to the expression of design ac-
cording to the nature of the art employed on the subject. Low
and partially concealed roofs, therefore, are the consequences
of a greater degree of refinement in the taste of the architects
of the present day and their employers, than existed among
the architects of France and their employers at the time the
Tuilleries were built. Just before the Revolution this deform-
ity of high roofs was felt as an evil in the palace of Versailles,
and a small portion of the roof of that palace was lowered and
concealed by a parapet during the reign of Louis XVI, a
subsequent portion by Napoleon, a third by Louis XVIIL.,
and the alterations are continued by the present king.
Another deformity in the buildings of Paris, perhaps even
more glaring than in the street houses of London, consists in
the stacks of chimneys. Why is it that so essential a part
of every dwelling-house is almost always viewed as a deformity
rather than as a beauty? Simply, because in ordinary street
houses the stacks of chimneys are very seldom subjected to ar-
chitectural design. A straight row of houses of the same
height, or a regular composition of street houses, with all the
stacks of chimneys of the same dimensions, and of the same
height above the roofs, so far from being injured in effect by
the chimneys, is improved by them. If the chimney tops of
street buildings were as regular and uniform in distance, size,
and form, as the windows of such houses commonly are, the
one feature of a house would have as much architectural
beauty, and be as much approved of, as the other; because
they are both equally essential to habitableness. Whatever
belongs to a building is capable of receiving the impression of
design, and may be made to cooperate in the cultivated or
refined expression of that building as a whole. Even the roof
of a dwelling-house produces a better effect when partially
seen, that when totally concealed ; because a roof always enters

Agriculture of the Environs of Parts. 9

into the idea of a house. And what would a dwelling-house
be without the appearance of chimneys? Possibly very hand-
some as an architectural composition, but certainly deficient
in good taste, because it would not appear to be what itis. It
is to be regretted that the architects of England have their
attention so much directed to churches, public buildings,
palaces, and villas, while the taste of every-day objects in
architecture is left to chance. ‘The true remedy for this evil
will be found in the high cultivation of the taste of the mid-
dling and lower orders of society. If every young person
were taught to draw, and persevered in drawing and in read-
ing on the subject of pictorial composition, we should soon
have a reform in street and cottage architecture. There must
always be a demand before there can be a supply. In excuse
for having gone so much into detail on the subject of roofs
and chimney tops, we submit that it is by incidental discussions
of this kind, directed to single points, that the young working
gardener, for whom we chiefly write, and whose mind has not
undergone a regular training, is made to comprehend and
apply general principles.

The agriculture of the environs of Paris differs from that of
the vale of London, in being almost entirely in aration, whereas
with us it is almost entirely in grass. A greater portion of the
surface for twenty miles round Paris is under wood, than is the
case for the same distance round London ; because in France,
generally, wood as a territorial product is of more importance
than in England. A part of the surface is covered with
vines ; but this part, the market-gardens, the nurseries, and
the orchards, bear nothing like the same proportion to the
general surface, that gardens, orchards, and nurseries do in
the neighbourhood of London. The farms in the neighbour-
hood of Paris are small, generally under 50 acres, and the
culture various, including coppice wood, corn, pulse, lucern,
roots, and vines ; those in the neighbourhood of London are
considerably larger, from 50 to 300 acres, and the culture
limited to very few objects, chiefly corn, grass, and roots.
In both tracts there are farm gardens, in which the culture of
culinary vegetables is carried on by the aid of horses or cattle,
and combined with the raising of common farm produce ; but
the number, as well as the size, of these is much greater round
London than round Paris. ;

The personal character of gardeners and farmers in the
neighbourhoods of the two capitals remains to be compared.
With the exception of a few individuals in Paris who have
been regularly educated, and who, if they can be equalled,
can at least not be surpassed in scientific attainments, by any

10 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

cultivators in or about London, the great majority of French
gardeners and farmers are deplorably ignorant, not only in
the science of their profession, but in general knowledge.
Two thirds of them, we should think, can neither read nor
write ; they are badly clothed, have only wooden shoes in
winter, and go barefooted in summer. The French spade has
not a hilt, but a very long handle, and in digging is thrust
in by the strength of the arms. In hard ground a pick is
used; so that in neither case are shoes wanted. ‘There are
very few men who work in gardens in France, who, in know-
ledge, rank above the common country labourers; and this
will not soon be otherwise, because it is not likely that there
will soon be a great demand for intelligent serving gardeners
in France. The French labourers, however, in another gene-
ration will become as generally enlightened as British gar-
deners now are, in consequence of the liberty and sense of
citizenship which they at present enjoy, and of the extra-
ordinary exertions beginning to be made by the wealthier
class to spread among them useful education, and propagate
and establish every where arts and manufactures. ‘The great
thing is to be able to communicate to the ignorant of every
country a sense of their ignorance, and to convince them that
all useful knowledge may be possessed by the poorest as well
as by the richest, without interfering with the labours by which
the former obtain their daily bread. It will take at least a
generation to do this; but when once it is done, the poor,
that is, those who are now and ever will be the great mass of
society, will take care of themselves. Of this they may be
certain, from reflecting on what human nature is, that, if they
do not, nobody will do it for them; for no one class of society
will ever effect any great good for any other class. It is
with classes as with individuals, every one must help himself:
God and fortune, as Franklin says, will then also lend their
assistance.

The..improved condition of the labouring classes of all
countries, which we contemplate, when it shall once arrive in
France, will give in-door employment to the wives and daugh-
ters of the country population, whom it is lamentable to see
at present performing those labours in the gardens and fields
which in England are only performed by men. There are
various light out-of-deor employments, for which women and
children are well adapted, and which in moderation, in fine
weather, and with broad-brimmed straw hats and good shoes
and stockings, will neither injure their health nor spoil their
form or complexion; points that both in a physiological and
moral view ought never to be lost sight of: but at present, in

Agriculture of the Environs of Paris. 1]

the neighbourhood of Paris, women may be seen performing
the offices of masons’ labourers, holding the plough, driving
harrows, digging, picking, wheeling a barrow, and splitting
timber for fuel. ‘This state of things is perhaps in a great
measure the result of the long and continued wars which have
drained the country of the men of this class; and it is to be
wished, above all other things, that the mass of this and of
every other people might speedily become sufficiently enlight-
ened to know their own power and importance in society;
sufficiently united to cooperate in abolishing all slavery, men-.
tal and corporal; to put down monopolies of every kind ;
render trade universally free; and to resist all attempts of
their rulers to lead them into wars, or to greater expense in
any way than is necessary for the ends of good government.
The first step to attain these objects, and to maintain them,
is the establishment of representative, or what the noble Jef-
ferson calls self; government; and tc this approaches are gra-
dually preparing in both countries, and, it may be said,
throughout Europe.

The progress which the French have made in the improve-
ment of Paris and its environs, since we first saw them in 1815,
is very considerable; and what is the more gratifying, this
improvement is most obvious in public works applicable to the
uses of every body. Such, for example, as widening the
streets, adding foot pavements, lighting by gas, the formation
of commercial markets of a variety of kinds, the establishment
of manufactories, &c. &c. The improvements in the environs
are not quite so obvious; but, still, the number of nurseries,
_ tea-gardens, and small villas, has increased. It is gratifying to
observe that not much expense has been bestowed on the royal
palaces; the present king has introduced the culture of the
pine-apple in the royal forcing-eround at Versailles, but he
has done little to the buildings there or elsewhere. It is well
for a French king of the present day to have sagacity enough
to think it unnecessary to care tor his successors.

Whatever may be the difference in the wealth, prosperity,
and happiness of the two countries at present, we may be
certain that they are ultimately destined to become as nearly
the same in these particulars as the difference in geogra-
phical circumstances will permit. France, we have given
it as our opinion in former parts of this tour, and in the
Magazine of Natural History (Vol.II. p.75.), possesses a
climate more favourable to the developement of human hap-
piness than that of Britain. It will not, therefore, we trust,
be alleged against us that any part of the preceding general

12 Anatomy of the Vine.

views have been influenced by prejudices against a nation that
we love and esteem. In our next we shall proceed to details,
commencing with the public and royal gardens.

(To be continued.)

Arr. Il. On the Anatomy of the Vine. By WattEeR WILLIAM
Capper; Esq., Bath.

Sir,
My attention has been engaged for some time on the ana-
tomy of the vine, which I have found extremely interesting ;
particularly so, from the assistance I have derived from the
use of the chemical tests. I am fearful, however, that my
observations will not be deemed worthy of your notice, from
the expense of inserting the number of drawings which I have
necessarily made for the better explaining some particular
parts; but should you think otherwise, they are much at your
service. At the same time, I must confess, I should like to
attract the attention of the practical gardeners to the anatomy
of plants, especially the vine, that they might be convinced,
when they cultivate it, that
their care and attention are
bestowed onastructure which |
is organised, and possesses
a vital principle, consequent-
ly capable of suffering from
neglect, and indeed only
thriving through proper treat-
ment. I will endeavour to
make my remarks so plain
that they may be easily un-
derstood; for I can assure
them, the prominent parts of
the vine are not so difficult

~~ SN
to comprehend as many may Nea oN
imagine, particularly with the £ oN.
assistance of the chemical : |
tests. Perhaps I cannot il- bps
lustrate the use of them bet- a\ a)
ter than by their application, i

to show a partial circulation
of the sap, and also some
part of the anatomy of the
branch of a vine.

Anatomy of the Vine. i}

The part between the joints of the vine, as well as of other
plants, is called the collet by the French writers, and that
name I shall use for it. In jg. 1. the joints are opposite
to d e f g h, and the collets lie between them, as from d
to e, and from e to f, &c. On cutting one through, of half
an inch thick, with a sharp knife, the separated ends will
exhibit, with the assistance of a magnifying glass, a beau-
tiful organised substance, but all the parts so blended together,
that no distinction can be discovered between the bark and the
wood. But to enable them to ‘be more clearly distinguish-
ed from each other, chemical aid must be resorted to. As
few practical gardeners d
are chemists, it will
be requisite to explain
to them upon what
principle the following
changes or precipitates \ :
take place, as they will
frequently occur during
the discussion of this
subject. To facilitate
that knowledge, I re-
commend their procur-
ing three small flat-bot-
tomed glass bottles; one
to contain a solution of ~
the prussiate of potash*,

Acoo-

y)

Lit

Y

N| Z
being a salt composed & es Z Lo Dono k
of prussic acid and pot- SDs «bay aN
ash; the second a de- Pali, a eV nee

coction of oak galls, or
of the teas from China,
being vegetable produc-
tions, containing gallic
acid combined with
other substances; and ! |
the third a solution of

the sulphate of iron, a
salt composed of sul-
phuric acid and iron.
Then place a little of” |
the solution of the prus- ul |
siate of potash, by means 9 Mees
of a brush (fastened to p” “q

* Throughout I shall apply those names for the tests, by which they are
most commonly known.

oeeen

nt

=
=e
»)

—

14 Anatomy of the Vine.

the cork of the bottle bya bitof wood), on a piece of white paper,
and, about 1 in. from it, deposit as much of the sulphate
of iron; afterwards double the paper between them together,
and the instant the two solutions unite, a beautiful blue
precipitate or sediment will be seen, which colour is com-
monly called the Prussian blue. This precipitate arises
from the union of the prussic acid in the prussiate of pot-
ash, with the iron in the sulphate of iron. Again, place
on a bit of paper the decoction of oak galls or tea, and
add the sulphate of iron as before; as soon as they unite,
a fine black precipitate will be discovered, similar to com-
mon writing-ink; this black colour arises from the gallic
acid in the decoction, precipitating the iron in the sulphate of
iron.

3 i ok lm
e : Ny :
‘ ANN W...------ ©
eI Se ne 4 Rae! ad
SISSIES SEC = a Sar aa ) ‘ii
nS a ey ( i
I

it

On looking attentively on the separated ends of the collet,
the eye may easily perceive that the circle round the pith is

Anatomy of the Vine. 15

composed of many divisions; I have found them to vary from
40 to 55. Fg. 2. represents a horizontal view of a collet, con-
taining a supposed number of 48 of such divisions within
abcd; but they are there necessarily drawn small, to ex-
hibit the whole quantity. But fig. 3. represents four of them
together, on a larger scale, at 741m, that a more perfect
idea may be formed of their union. Now, as nature formed
every one of these divisions exactly alike, let us avail ourselves
of such subdivision, and simplify our investigation, by dis-
carding from our minds forty-seven of them and keeping our
attention entirely on the remaining one. hese divisions act
independently of each other in the collet, and are only united
by the cellular texture to each other, as will hereafter be more
fully explained.

We will now proceed to simplify again our investigation
of this single division, by the assistance of one of the chemical
tests; for, on applying the sulphate of iron, from the third
bottle, to the surface, the bark will instantly become disco-
loured by various shades, but no alteration will take place
on the wood or pith: now, had it not been for this precipi-
tate, the various parts of the division would have appeared
to the eye so blended together, that it would have been a
difficult matter to have pointed out where the bark terminated,
or where the woody parts ended. These pleasing effects upon
the bark are produced in consequence of their vessels natu-
rally containing gallic acid, in a fluid state, similar to the
liquid in the second bottle; the sulphate of iron being ap-
plied to them produces the black precipitate upon the bark, as
before explained, when part of the contents of the second and
third bottles were united.

But the various parts may be still more clearly distinguished
from each other, by cutting with a sharp razor a thin slice from
a collet, with the assistance of a little regulating screw-machine,
which shall be hereafter described. ‘The slice, when taken off,
should be placed upon a piece of glass, and moistened with
the sulphate of iron by a brush. By looking at the slice held
up to the light, through a strong magnifying glass, the various
parts of it, particularly the bark, will be distinctly seen. The
dark circle is the liber, situated round the wood. As its
vessels contain more gallic acid than any other part of the
bark, it consequently precipitates a greater proportion of the
iron, and thereby produces a more dense colour. The outside
of the liber exhibits various lighter shades and figures, which
are the parts composing the vascular and cellular texture;
the outside of the circle is the cuticle ; within the dark circle

16 Anatomy of
of the liber, and nearest to it,
is the sap wood or alburnum,
full of: small holes; on the
margin of the pith, including a
little of the pointed parts of the
divisions of the alburnum, is
the medulla sheath; and, in the
centre of the whole, is the pith
or medulla. In my future de-
scription I shall use the word
alburnum for the sap wood, me-
dulla for the pith, and cutzcle
for the outward covering of the
whole.

Fig. 4. is supposed to repre-
sent a horizontal view of two
entire divisions, with the pre-
cipitate upon them, instead of
one, for the sake of exhibiting
the cellular or divergent ray
between them. It is drawn
upon a large scale, that the
larger vessels, which compose
a division, may be the more
conspicuously seen.

aa, Cuticle
6 6, Cellular texture
ec, Vascular texture

ddd, Fleshy vessels

ee, Ligneous vessels

|

Sf; Cellular or divergent rays of
the bark - = J

g g, Concentric layer =i detieksa

hh, Ascending sap-vessels —-

42, Cellular rays - -

k, Horizontal vessels - ee

1, Primitive concentric layer, [
wherein are - J

mm, The spiral vessels
n, Medulla.

ea

the Vine.

| These together
are commonly

These form the | called the Bark.
Liber from |
p to q. J 8
These form the }
Alburnum
fom she us These’ together
are commonly
+ called the Al-
These form the burnum orSap
Medullary Wood.
Sheath from r
to s. 5}

Fearful that jg. 4. may not have been sufficiently explan-
atory to a beginner, I beg to recommend his dissecting a collet
himself, of 4 in. long; but, previously, let it lie 48 hours in

water.

Then, with the assistance of a moderate magnifying

Anatomy of the Vine. iy

glass, the various parts will be readily discovered, lying in a
longitudinal direction, somewhat similar to jig. 5.; and, as he
proceeds, let him compare the parts, as they arise to his view,
with the engraving, that he may know what to remove and
what to leave.

5 g
ab cd represent the outward ap-
pearance of a collet, except at -_ €
- zg Ai 3822 Ao pee a 2)
ef, where the two layers of the | it

cuticle are separated.

g, The cellular texture, which
lies under the cuticle, as well
as round the bundles of the
vascular texture at /; and it
invariably lies between every

_ division of the bark and of the
alburnum, forming the cellular
or divergent rays.

22%, Various bundles of vascular
texture, from which the cellu-
lar texture is removed, that
they may be more distinctly
seen; at & it is left, but the
ends of the bundles may be
seen at /.

mm, The liber; each division
that composes it lies under
its own particular vascular
bundle; see the tops of them
lying in front of each division
of liber, from / to the opposite
side.

n, The alburnum containing the
ligneous divisions, which cor-
respond exactly in number with
the divisions of the liber and
vascular bundles.

o, The medullary sheath, com-
posed of the primitive concen-
tric layer with the spiral ves-
sels therein.

gp, The medulla.

I shall refrain from further observations on jigs. 4 and 5.
conceiving that the dissection of the collet, with their assist-
ance, will have been sufficient to enable a beginner to com-
prehend and distinguish the various parts that compose a
division. I will now proceed to describe the ascending sap-
vessels of the alburnum, marked 2A in fig. 4. A longitudinal

Vou. VI. — No. 24. ©

18 Anatomy of the Vine.

view of them may be seen in fg. 3., at bc de, whence they may
be traced upwards to 2, at which place they pass outwards, and
lie in front of the four divisions 7//m, as will be fully explained.

The ascending vessels carry the sap from the roots to the
leaves; and as I intend to describe the ascent of it, in its own
natural course, charged with a solution of the prussiate of
potash, the following remarks should first be made, that its
operation may be well understood : —

Having observed with what facility water was absorbed by
plants of every description, it struck me that it might be
charged with a small proportion of some neutral salt, and that
it would be readily absorbed by plants when immersed in it.
As they naturally bleed when cut, [ considered, by the appli-
cation of another neutral salt, dissolved in water, to the sepa-
rated part, that a visible precipitate would take place upon it.
Innumerable experiments have I made with solutions of most
of the metallic and alkaline salts, but none succeeded so much
to my satisfaction as a solution of the prussiate of potash, of
200 grains, dissolved in 16 oz. of water, or as much as a com-
mon wine-bottle contains. This fluid-is readily absorbed by
woody plants, as the flowering, fruit, and forest trees ; and also
by annual, biennial, and triennial plants and bulbs: such
plants absorb the solution, either by their parts detached, or
by their roots when cut. They are to be placed in it, about half
an inch deep, for 6, 12, 24, or 36 hours, in proportion to their
length and the capacity of their vessels. A vine, for instance,
of 6 ft. long, will absorb the solution in 8 hours in a hot day ;
while the white lily, cut off a little above the bulb, requires
36 hours for the absorption of the fluid into its summit or
petals. Plants so treated, when cut through, either trans-
versely or longitudinally, will bleed, and the sap or exuding
liquid will be impregnated with the prussiate of potash. If a
strong solution of the sulphate of iron be applied to the wound,
it will form upon it a semi-globule, wherein will be seen, with
a moderate magnifying glass, various blue specks, each of
which is a precipitate, formed by the union of the prussic acid
with the iron. Although I have found these two tests gene-
rally useful, I have recourse to others, as will be shown, for
particular purposes.

The above statement may be easily proved by cutting off a
shoot of a vine, of one year’s growth, and placing its lower end
in a solution of the above-described prussiate of potash, for a
few hours: less time will be required if the shoot be exposed
in the sun. On cutting througlr any of the collets, and apply-
ing to the separated parts the sulphate of iron, the ends of the
ascending sap-vessels of the alburnum (similar to those in

Anatomy of the Vine. 19

drawing jig. 3., at bcde) will be seen prectpitating into the
latter solution sundry beautiful distinct blue specks. This
precipitate or blue colour arises from the union of the prussiate
of potash, which had ascended from the cup by those vessels,
and now discharges itself into the sulphate of iron. You may
easily see the difference of the two precipitates: that of the
liber will be black, from the causes already mentioned, whilst
that on the vessels of the alburnum will be a deep blue.
Again, with a sharp clean knife, cut a collet in a longitudinal
direction ; then apply the sulphate of iron, and immediately
will be seen the blue precipitate in the same sort of vessels, but
of considerable length; and by carefully cutting the alburnum
lengthwise, they may be seen an inch long, or upwards.

The continuation of these ascending vessels might be dis-
covered in the stalk, and also in the leaf of the vine, by the
blue precipitate, were it not for the gallic acid of the liber,
from its black precipitate blending immediately with the Prus-
sian blue, so that the two sets of vessels cannot be distinguished
from each other. However, recourse may be had to others ;
either the shoot of an apple tree, which contains no gallic acid,
or to some of the cabbage tribe, which I prefer, from their
leaves being smooth and broad. ‘Therefore, place some large
cabbage or broccoli leaves, or even a cabbage plant run to
seed cut off a little above the ground, in a cup, with the solu-
tion of the prussiate of potash, for 36 hours. On cutting their
stalks across, or any part of their leaves, in any direction, and
applying the sulphate of iron, the ascending sap-vessels, by the
blue precipitate, will be immediately seen in them. After-
wards, it may be a satisfaction to apply the sulphate of iron to
some leaves that have not been prepared with the solution of
the prussiate of potash ; but no precipitate will be discovered,
thus showing the absence of gallic acid. If some of the cab-
bages, &c., be left three or four days in the solution, the vessels
of the cellular texture will be seen most beantifully, when cut
through, by applying to them the sulphate of iron. If one
experiment be more gratifying than another, it is seeing the
ramification of those minute vessels, not only conspicuously in
the stem, the stalk, and the leaf, but more so in the medulla.

I think it is very evident (reasoning by analogy) that, had it
not been for the precipitate formed by the gallic acid, the
ascent of the prussiate of potash would have been traced in the
ascending vessels of the stalks, and also in the leaves, of the
vine. The ascending vessels may be clearly seen, by the above
process, in the flower of the white lily, and also in the fruits
_of the peach, pear, and apple, provided they are left on the
branches; but not so well in the currant, raspberry, or straw-

o

20 Anatomy of the Vine.

berry, owing to their cellular and horizontal vessels, as well as
their liber containing an abundance of gallic acid, which would
cause the precipitates, as before mentioned, to blend together.

Some of the ascending sap-vessels of the vine are remark-
ably large : an individual one might be traced from near the
point of a root to within a short distance of the claw, as I shall
term it (for the six together resemble the claws of a bird, and
the idea is strengthened by the stalk of the leaf resembling its
leg); see fig. 2. ate fg hi k, which represent the six claws,
and the stalk or leg at m. These vessels become much smaller
near the claw; and, on entering it, they are extremely fine, so
that the finest hair cannot be passed down them, but which
might have been easily done to any other except those six.

On looking at the alburnum, one would suppose the ascend-
ing sap-vessels in drawing fig. 4., from gtor, marked hh, and
in fig. 3., be de, were formed merely by leaving small circular
holes during its growth; but on minutely examining them
with a powerful microscope, it will be discovered that each
hole contains a vessel within, of a remarkably fine, silvery,
paper-like texture, which possesses the power of protruding
the sap forward, as will be more fully illustrated hereafter.

I am well aware of the interesting theory of the vital mo-
tion, &c. &c., by Monsieur Dutrochet, mentioned in Vol. ITI.
p. 78., and more fully in No. I. of The Foreign Quarterly Re-
view, p. 78.; but I consider that every vegetable action arises
from a vital principle inherent in itself, and not from the at-
traction of heavy fluids, even when confined in a membrane
or sac, for others of lighter specific gravities, which that gentle-
man calls endosmose ; and exosmose when lighter fluids pass
outwards through such membrane or sac into heavy fluids ; but
that this vessel, or lining of the alburnum, possesses an animated
power to protrude the sap forward. ‘The following experi-
ment will more clearly exemplify my meaning : — Cut off an
inch or two from the middle of a collet of a vine, and, after
making both ends very smooth with a sharp clean knife,
moisten the upper end a very little with the solution of the
sulphate of iron; afterwards, put a few drops of the prussiate
of potash on the concave side of a watch-glass, and then place
therein the other end of the collet; ina few minutes the upper
end will become spotted with blue, from the prussiate of potash
having ascended up those vessels and precipitated the sulphate
of iron on the upper surface. Now, as no leaves, joints, or
roots of the vine were attached to the collet, nothing but its
own vital principle could have raised the solution. Some may
think the union of the divisions by lateral pressure might pro-
hice the ascent: this is easily proved to be incorrect ; for, on

Anatomy of the Vine. ONS

reducing their number to three or four, or even one division,
the same result will ensue.

I beg to observe that no part of the substance of the actual
concentric layer (see jig. 4. at g g, and fig. 3. at nn.) is con-
tinued into the stalks or leaves; had the ligneous fibres of the
concentric layer extended into them, it would have caused the
stalks and leaves to have permanently remained upon the trees,
after they had performed their summer’s office, and appeared
an unsightly incumbrance of dry materials; but the whole
being of a perishable nature, they drop off as soon as their
vital principle ceases to act. What a remarkable instance is
this of Nature preserving the beauty of her works, as well as
of a further provision that their decomposition or decay should
become the future food of plants ! We have frequent instances
of this fact, by the luxuriant growth of trees in many woods,
where the herbage that surrounds such woods, growing on the
same kind of soil, is scarcely sufficient to feed a few sheep.

The Liber I shall now partially describe; it is the inward
substance of the bark, and joins the alburnum. In a large,
healthy, summer shoot of the vine, it will be found to be
about one tenth of an inch thick; but, in order to examine
it minutely, a very thin slice should be cut from a collet by
the little regulating machine, as mentioned before, and moist-
ened with the solution of the sulphate of iron; then, with the
assistance of two powerful magnifying glasses connected toge-
ther, the liber will be distinctly seen; and, upon an attentive
examination, it will be found to consist of two bars of ligneous
vessels (jig. 4. ee) lymg between three bars of other vessels
(d dd), which latter appear in their early state to be some-
what of a fleshy elastic substance, but in their more matured
state, they become woody, and are nearly hexagonal-shaped
vessels. ‘They are only acted upon by the sulphate of iron,
from their containing gallic acid, so that the two substances in
the liber may be easily distinguished from each other by the
black precipitate upon the fleshy vessels d dd, when none will
be seen on the ligneous vessels e e.

fig. 3. represents part of the perpendicular’ vessels of a
division, cut down the middle; ff ff are those of the liber,
consisting of the three dark and two white lines, similar to
those on a larger scale in jig. 4. dddd, and ee. ‘The liber
is invariably placed on the outside of the alburnum, whether
in the root, stem, or branch of the vine; but, in the claw, stalk,
and leaf, it covers only the ascending sap and spiral vessels.
It is the principal agent in forming the alburnum, which will
be shown when I explain its gradual growth or increase.

me c 3

a2 Anatomy of the Vine.

So far my remarks have been directed nearly exclusively to
the vessels of a division, to simplify the description of those of
a collet ; and the vessels have been traced from the collet to
the commencement of the claw, as in jig. 3. z, where they are
supposed to have extended themselves to the outside of the
shoot beyond the other divisions of 2 & 1m.

I will now endeavour to describe the beautiful simplicity by’
which Nature arranges the union of the continued vessels of
six of these divisions to form the stalk and leaf. 2g. 2. repre-
sents their outward appearance at ef g h i k, where they
form the base of the footstalk of a leaf; and we will further
suppose e to have extended itself in a horizontal direction

-from the place at 2 jig. 3. toward 2 in fg 2. As the vessels
of one division would not haye been sufficient of themselves to
form an entire leaf, nor could one set have been placed suffi-
ciently firm on the outside of the joint, those of another divi-
sion extend themselves in like manner from the opposite side
of the joint from & toward z as in fig. 2.3 these are further
added to and strengthened by two others, acting also as clasp-
ers, as at f 7, and the centre of the base is firmly secured by
two more immediately underneath, which give strength to the
other four claws, and give also an additional number of vessels
at gh. The vessels of the six divisions, when thus united,
form the footstalk of the leaf, and, by their further continu-
ation from thence, produce the stalk, as well as the leaf. It is
difficult in a drawing like jg. 2. to convey an accurate idea,
that the base of the footstalk of the leaf has no support or con~
nection, but from the vessels of the six divisions. On the left
hand side of the drawing, a vascular bundle is divested of its
cuticle and cellular texture, to show that it runs directly un-
derneath the claw of e, from the bottom to the top; and, on:
the opposite side, I haye represented a spear-pointed knife un-
derneath the two claws 7. Such an operation on the plant
would have only cut through its cuticle, but not the perpen-
dicular vessels of the shoot underneath the knife, which are
independent of the claws, as much so, as if no part of them
had been covered by the claws.

In fig. 2. the outside clasping claws of e and & appear as if
they arose from the collet exactly across the centre; but they
commence considerably behind, that they may possess more
power to hold the base of the stalk of the leaf. In some leaves
that have no stalk, but arise immediately from the joint, the
claws do not require such extra means to hold them. But
where the stalk is very thick and heavy, and the leaves ex-
tremely large, as those on the stem of the garden rhubarb
(Rheum rhaponticum) gone to seed, their claws nearly touch

Anatomy of the Vine. 23

each other at the back of the joint. The vessels which com-
pose them proceed from upwards of twenty divisions; they
form a circle just within the edge of the stem, and within that
circle another is formed belonging to the next leaf above, and
within the second are those of the third, &c. Every person
interested in this subject I would recommend to examine one
of the rhubarb stalks under such circumstances.

That the bundles of the vascular texture of fie. 2., which
lie on the outside of the six divisions, and commence at 2 o p
qr s, and join their respective claws above, may be easily distin-
guished, their cuticle and cellular texture are in fig. 2. removed
from them, as well as from the others below the joint, that
their general arrangement so far might be seen at one view.

I wish now to draw your attention particularly to those six
sets of vessels of the claws e fg hi k, fig. 2., which are a
continuation from the six divisions of the collets to the base of
the stalk of the leaf. The first layer consists of the cuticle ;
the second of the cellular texture; the third of the vascular
texture, similar to jig. 3. at g g@ above z; the fourth of the
liber at ff above z; the fifth of the ascending sap-vessels of
6 ede above z; and the sixth of the spiral vessels at a
above z; so that we see by this admirable arrangement the
special protection given to the spiral vessels : for they are those
which convey the secreted juice from the matured liber to the
young extending shoot, previously to the formation of the
ascending sap-vessels of the alburnum. ‘The vessels of the
medulla are not continued in so distinct a manner as the others,
they are formed in the stalk and leaf from the cellular texture
of the second layer. No part of the ligneous fibres of the
concentric layer of the collet enters into them, for the reasons
already given. As the whole of those vessels of the claws are
so peculiarly interesting, I shall exhibit them in a future
drawing, with further particulars respecting them.

I have been rather short in my description of the liber, con-
sidering its great importance to the plant, because the vessels
of the vascular texture, which are in bundles, are much more
conspicuous, and these two always act in unison together.
Some writers*have called the whole of the bark the descending
vessels ; but I consider only those of the liber and the cellular
texture to be permanently so in the vine, as I hope fully to
explain when I describe the second year’s growth of the shoot
of fig. 1.

I flatter myself the ascending sap has been satisfactorily
shown to pass up the vessels of the alburnum into the leaf, but
no proof has yet been given that it proceeds any farther. To
prove it, I shall avail myself of the gallic acid, which exists in

Cc 4

24 Anatomy of the Vine.

the liber of the leaf; this fluid may be easily precipitated by
simply placing, in the autumn (previously the vessels are so
small that they are choaked up by the precipitate), a shoot
of the vine, in a weak solution of the sulphate of iron and,
upon standing therein for some time, the thin parts of the
leaves will become_black, as soon as the union takes place
between the ascending sulphate of iron, and the gallic acid of
the leaf; it will afterwards descend down the vessels of the
liber of the stalk of the leaf, and sometimes down to the liber
of the collet, which will in like manner become black: but
the ascending vessels of the alburnum of the shoot will not be
discoloured, nor the ascending vessels of the stalk of the leaf,
because the solution has not met with any gallic acid in its
ascent through those vessels.

It is highly gratifying, in our examination of the economy
of Nature, to have her assistance in such operation; for no
artificial means could have been used to pass a solution into
the above minute vessels had they been void of actual life.

By the assistance of these chemical tests, I flatter myself
the investigation of the anatomy of vegetation will be facili-
tated, and I sincerely hope others will prosecute it with greater
perseverance ; by so doing they will convince themselves how
sublimely Nature carries on her grand operations, by a repe-
tition of parts, and those united by the most simple means, as
well as by a continuation of those parts subdivided. Although
we shall never discover the hidden springs by which she
ereates, animates, and elongates the living vegetable fibres;
yet, by their aid, many interesting facts may be discovered
relative to the larger vessels. I have many apologies to make
for occupying your time, even in the perusal of this long let-
ter; and I am fearful, also, in addition to the reasons already
given of the number of drawings, that the length of my re-
marks will exclude both from your valuable and instructive
Magazine; but this I must leave entirely for your liberality
and consideration. I remain, Sir, &c.

Bath, June 12. WattER Wir.iaM Capper.

The common copperas, or sulphate of iron, becomes a
stronger test by the following method : —

Dry down before the fire, on a plate, 8 oz. of the common
copperas of the shops. Reduce it to a fine powder, then weigh
100 grs. of it, which place ina mortar, and add to it 10 drops
of nitric acid, mix them well together, afterwards add 4 oz.
of water, and filter it. This liquor should be kept closely
stopped.

Anatomy of the Vine. 25

The following is a description of the little regulating machine
(fig. 6.), by which thin slices may be cut from the collet, &c,

abcd, The top lin. square,
and a quarter thick.

e f g h, Another of the
same size and thickness,
but of an octagon shape,

ak, A cylinder 4 in. long.
which connects the above
two together, leaving a
round hole at the top, of
half an inch wide.

Im, A movable core 21
inches long, covered
top and bottom; it is
to be put into 7/.

o, The screw about 13 in.
long or more.

p, A square knob fastened
to the screw o.

g, A cork with a circular
hole on one side.

r, A collet of a vine, a
little longer than the
cork q, and to be placed
within it.

stare the same as g 7,
but now supposed to be
placed in the hole of a
ed, Theyare to be push-
ed down, leaving ¢ a
little above the surface,
which is to be cut off
with a flat-bladed razor.
Then carefully turn the
screw an eighth round,
which will raise the col-
let sufficiently to enable
you with the razor to
take off a thin slice.

The whole is made
of brass. This ma-
chine I invented, but
Mr. Cary in the
Strand, London, will
make others, as he
has seen mine, and I
shall be obliged to any
person for any im-
provement upon it.

W. W. C.

26 Horticulture in Ireland.

Art. III. Notes on the former and present State of Horticulture in
Ireland. By Mr. Joun Rozertson, F.H.S.

Sir,

I senp you the following memoranda, partly taken from an
article entitled “ Dubliniana” in the Pilot newspaper of No-
vember 9., and partly my own remarks on the memoranda, and
on the former and present state of horticulture in this country.

“© The Use of Sea-kale as an esculent Vegetable is supposed to
be of recent date, and was first introduced, as has been said,
by the present Bishop of Carlisle, who cultivated it in his gar-
den for asparagus; but, so long ago as the year 1764, this
plant was cultivated in the gardens of Dublin, and the seeds
sold in the shops. When the seeds were sown, they were
covered over with gravel; the shoots were used in spring, as
they are now, and preferred to any other species of kale. It
was the practice, however, to boil them in two different waters,
to extract the salt, with which the plant was supposed to be
impregnated, from its marine origin. The valuable property,
also, which distinguishes it from other kales, that the root is
perennial, and will bear cutting for forty years, was well
known. (Zutty, vol.i. p.4.) ‘The sea-kale grows at present,
in great abundance, on every part of the sandy shores around
the bay of Dublin, and is cultivated in every garden in and
near the city.

** Pine-apples were first brought to Dublin by a man of the
name of Buller, who, in the reign of Queen Anne, settled in
the vicinity of Dublin, and held an extensive nursery in New
Street, where traces remain of it to this day.

“¢ In the reign of George I., the Hugenots established a Flo-
rists’ Club, for the purpose of promoting the cultivation of
flowers, and held their meetings at the Rose tavern, Drum-
condra. ‘They were continued until the reign of George II. ;
but the science of gardening was, from that time, entirely
neglected, until a number of the principal gardeners, in the
vicinity of Dublin, assembled at the Rose tavern, Drumcon-
dra, on Sept. 30. 1816, and formed themselves into a Horticul-
tural Society.”

The writer must have been misinformed when he says that
pine-apples were introduced to Dublin in the reign of Queen
Anne. They were only cultivated in England late in that
reign, for the first time. If introduced first to Dublin by
Buller, it should have been the reign of George II.: there
were but two nurserymen of that name there in succession. I
recollect having seen the younger Buller myself, at his seed-
shop in Pill Lane, about the year 1776. The elder was in

Outlines of Horticultural Chemistry. Om

business about 1756, as my father purchased from him, then,
a stock of pine plants, perfectly clean and free from insects :
and it may be worth remarking, as rather a rare instance of
any such pedigree, and so remote, that from that stock has
descended to me the one which I am at present in possession
of equally free from insects, and that solely by guarding
against their intermixture with any other : perhaps the only
effectual way of preserving pine plants clean, notwithstanding
all the nostrums that have been recommended.

However horticulture may have been neglected about Dub-
lin at the period mentioned by the writer, it is not to be
taken for granted that it was so in other parts of Ireland.
Kilkenny, at least, forms an exception, as it never was so flou-
rishing there as then.

Drawing a radius of ten or twelve miles round that city,
you would, to my knowledge, for twenty or thirty years from
1785, reckon within the circle a dozen gardens or more, each
of which contained pine-stoves, from 50 to 100 ft. in length ;
and other forcing-houses corresponding *, well stocked and
managed by able gardeners from Kew, Hampton Court, and
other places of note round London. Now we cannot count
half the number: the Union has rendered some of our ereat
landed proprietors absentees ; and the fall of lands and prices
has disabled others, and has swept off a number of land-
holders, who were rapidly improving the face of the country
by building, farming, planting, and gardening: so that horti-
culture in Ireland, as far as my observation extends, was never
at so low an ebb as at the present moment.

I am, Sir, &c.
Kilkenny, Nov. 1829. ; Joun Ropertson.

Art. IV. Outlines of Horticultural Chemistry : — Diseases of
Plants. By G. W. Jounson, Esq., Great Totham, Essex.

(Continued from Vol. V. p.409.)

Tue following sketch (fg. 7.) represents the apparatus Ihave
found the best for ascertaining the retentive power of soils.. a
represents a small lamp ; 6, a tripod for supporting a small tin

* As an instance,: fifty years ago the present Dowager Countess of
Ormond had her table regularly served, through the winter with cucumbers
raised in her pine-stoves on treillages against the back wall ; though, only the
other day, Mr. Aiton, the king’s gardener at Kew, had a medal presented to
him by the Horticultural Society, for the introduction of the practice about
London.

28 Outlines of Horticultural Chemistry : —

vessel c, which has a small hole and plug at g, for the purpose
of filling it with water; and a small pipe d, for the escape of
the steam when the water is brought to a boiling temperature ;
h is a small pair of grain

scales. To ascertain the mois- Gi ah
ture retentive power of a soil, oe

put 10 grains of it, previous- pernis

ly dried by exposure to a f
temperature of 212° (the
boiling point of water), for
half an hour, by having it
laid upon c, whilst the water 4 i 2
within it is kept boiling for ta
that period. On the 10 grs. of

previously dried soil put, by means of a small quill, three drops
of clean water; ascertain the exact weight of these, usually
4 grains ; then suspend the beam, so that the pan of the scales
containing the soil may rest upon c, as represented in the
sketch, the weight of the water having previously been re-
moved from the other scale-pan f ‘The water in c must be
kept boiling, and the exact number of minutes noted that is
required to evaporate the added moisture, so as to return the
beam into equilibrium. It was by means of this apparatus that
I obtained the comparative results detailed in a former volume.
I have always found those soils proportionably unproductive,
the first from containing too much alumina, and the second
from a redundancy of silica, as they required more than 50
minutes, and less than 25 minutes, to deprive them of half their
weight of moisture.

I shall now proceed to consider some of the diseases of
plants, whose ravages affect the horticulturist, and on which
science may afford some light. Plants being organised bodies,
whose parts, in the common course of nature, are subject to
waste and decay, the functions of these are consequently liable
to disarrangement, and such disarrangement constitutes dis-
ease. Such morbid affections are not, however, always the
consequences of old age: they are often caused by matters
being absorbed from the soil which are inimical to the consti-
tution of the plant; from a want of those that are beneficial,
as well as from their excess; from violent and sudden transi-
tions of temperature ; from wounds, and from the attacks of
vermin. ‘ Animals,” said the late Dr. Good, “ are liable, as
we all know, to a great variety of diseases ; so, too, are vege-
tables, to diseases as numerous, as varied, and as fatal; to
diseases epidemic, endemic, sporadic; to scabies, pernio, ulcer,
gangrene ; to polysarcia, atrophy, and invermination. What-

ea

Diseases of Plants. 29
ever, in fine, be the system of nosology to which we are
attached, it is impossible for us to put our hand upon any one
class or order of diseases which they describe, without putting
our hand, at the same time, upon some disease to which plants
are subject in common with animals.”

In previous communications upon the food and climate of
plants, I have made a general statement of what may be termed
their dietetics, in a treatise on vegetable pathology; and, as a
due attention to those points is the best prevention of their
diseases, I shall confine myself from any general remarks on
that point, and to the specific diagnosis, prognosis, and treat-
ment of such disorders as I may mention.

Canker, Ulcer. ‘These are synonyms of the same disease,
which is accompanied with different symptoms, according to
the species of tree in which it occurs; being known as the
canker in those whose true sap contains a more than usual
proportion of acid ; and as ulcer in those containing tannin, or
other astringent principle. In both it is an ulcerous affection.

The symptoms vary in the genus Pyrus, and others whose
sap contains a free acid. Itis seldom, if ever, accompanied
by a discharge ; but the parts affected enlarge, their wood be-
comes brown and carious, and the bark covering them cracks,
gapes, and manifests a disposition to separate from the wood.
In the genera Ulmus, Quércus, and others abounding in
astringent matters, a copious discharge usually accompanies
all the preceding symptoms, which are always present also,
with the exception of the swelling of the parts, which only
occasionally occurs. ‘The discharged liquid is occasionally
transparent; but generally a reddish brown, becoming nearly
black by exposure to the air. The sides of the ulcer, im the
first instance, are usually covered with a white, crystalline, in-
crustation ; in the second, with a shining, varnish-like coat. In
the genus Prinus, and others abounding with gum, the same
symptoms are exhibited, except that swelling still more rarely
occurs, and that the discharged matter is nearly pure gum, a
variation which seems to remove it to another class of diseases.
In every instance, I am prepared to maintain that the disease
is local ; that is, it at first arises from a disarrangement in the
functions of the affected part, and is never brought on from a
general diseased state of the tree; but is occasioned by contin-
gencies perfectly independent of soil and situation. When the
disease has commenced, if these are unfavourable, they may
ageravate the symptoms, and promote their diffusion, but they
are not the originators of the disease.

It appears to me, in general, to arise from contused wounds,
however they may be inflicted; by the bruise occasioned by

30 Outlines of Horticultural Chemistry.

a blow, or the erosion by a ladder, or the contact of two
branches. The wounds in such cases, as in the animal frame,
are long in healing; the extravasated sap and contused vessels
speedily decompose: and how this spreads by contact, in all
organised bodies, is too well known to need to be here insisted |
upon. The complete removal of the affected part by the
knife, and then covering the wound by a plaster to exclude the
air, is the best remedy; and if, from long neglect, it has been
allowed to spread itself from branch to branch, until the whole
tree has become infected, remedies are then of no avail, and
the tree had better be removed.

The chemical phenomena of the disease appear to be the
complete decomposition of the vegetable fibre, which passes off
in the form of carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen gases,
whilst the friable matter which remains behind consists of some
foreign vegetable principle, the result of decomposition, and
an excess of saline and alkaline matters.

Vauquelin analysed the sanious discharge from an elim, and
found in it nearly 40 per cent of alkaline and saline consti-
tuents, which is about three times as much as the sap contains
when in a healthy state, if compared with the amount of its
vegetable constituents. Then, again, the saline matter in the
sap of the elm consists chiefly of acetate of potash and car-
bonate of lime: those in the sanious discharge, of carbonate of
potash and carbonate of lime. Decomposition has here, there-
fore, been effected as well as in the carbonaceous matter of
the tree: a decomposition, too, aggravating the disease; for
woody matter, macerated for some time in a solution of car-
bonate of potash, is decomposed and converted into ulmin:
and that this effect is produced in the progress of the disease
was demonstrated by Vauquelin, who found that the brown
matter discharged by the elm consisted of ulmin and carbonate
of potash.

Sir Humphry Davy detected carbonate of lime on the edges
of the cankered parts of apple trees. The above facts de-
monstrate that an excess of alkaline matters occurs in vegetable
ulcerations; and, guided by this, the last-named chemist re-
commended diluted acids to be applied to the wounds, and
even poured about the roots, in case the tree is of sufficient
value. ‘The topical application would doubtless check the
corrosion of the ulcer; but it admits of doubt whether the ad-
ministering an acid to the roots would be of benefit, unless it
were one that is not with facility decomposed, as the sulphuric,
or muriatic : for, previously to arriving at the wound, it would
have to be elaborated in organ which no vegetable acid, as
the acetic or tartaric, would pass through unchanged. Muri-

English and German Landscape-Gardening. 31

atic acid I should recommend to be employed; for, even if
decomposed, the results would be compounds that may be
applied to ulcerous affections with advantage. To the wound
it should be applied, after being mixed with twice its bulk of
water ; and to the roots, after an ounce has been mixed with a
gallon of water : applied twice a week.

It must not be neglected to be observed, that if old trees
become affected with this disease, there is little chance of pre-
serving them ; for the sap of old trees always contains less of
vegetable, and more of saline, matter, than when they are
young and vigorous, consequently they are more prone to the
disease.

** The old age of a tree,” says Davy, “ in this respect, is
faintly analogous to the old age of animals, in which the se-
cretions of bony matter are always in excess, and the tendency
to ossification great.”

It is a very mistaken idea of some gardeners, that trees
affected with canker are benefited by having the earth re-
moved from around their roots, and the space refilled with
sand : on the contrary, if the old soil is removed, it should be
replaced by that which is fresh and fertile; at all events, a
little well putrefied dung should be pointed in round the
the stem, and the surface kept covered with mulch during the
summer, to prevent them being injured by drought. In short,
every thing should be done to keep them in vigour.

(To be continued.)

Art. V. Remarks on the English Taste and Practice in Landscape-
Gardening, as compared with the Taste of the Germans, with a
Plan and Description of the Gardens of Prince Metternich at
Johannisberg on the Rhine. By M. Jacos Rinz, Jun.

Sir,

I ruryx the English taste in landscape-gardening inferior
to that now rapidly spreading through Germany. In every
part of the world there are more bad works than good ; but in
England, where no expense is spared, I should have expected
better productions im the way of landscape-gardening. It
seems that the taste is by no means improving in this country,
but rather remains in its first or old principles, while we in
Germany endeavour to improve on them. My opinion is,
that you commit a great fault in dividing the park from the
pleasure-ground, and the pleasure-ground from the flower-
garden. Not to introduce shrubs and flowers in the park is
unnatural, because where they are produced in great variety

32 Comparison of the Landscape-Gardening

it characterises a fine country. Elms, oaks, and pines, &c.,
would produce a much finer effect, if tastefully combined with
the various handsome trees, shrubs, and flowers, which we
possess. I also think that you have too many walks and other
things in the pleasure-ground, and too few in the park. I
should think that if your grounds were laid out on a proper
system, no other country could possibly vie with them. I am
sure that the practice of combining the park, pleasure-ground,
and flower-garden, as in the little plan of J ohannisberg herewith
sent (fig. 8.), would not be more expensive or troublesome to
execute, and would be much superior in point of effect. Though
the finest shrubs and flower masses should be placed near the
"mansion, they must be disposed naturally ; nor should there
be game confined in aviaries, which is inconsistent with the
ideas of nature and freedom which ought to prevail in English
gardens.

Respecting flower masses, they should correspond and unite
with the masses of shrubs, as shown by the dots in the sketch ;
and they should be arranged in such a manner that the mass
may be in flower at least twice a year. In the public gardens
of Francfort, we frequently change a whole plot of grass into
mignonette or Delphimium Ajacis, &c. A mass of Dianthus
viscOsus intermixed with Hésperis matronalis presents a beau-
tiful appearance ; and one of the finest flower masses which I
ever saw was one with Amaranthus tricolor placed behind,
and the cockscomb amaranthus placed before, both a little
mixed with Lobel¢a Erinus. ‘Thus a constant succession may
be had all through the year.

Much more might be said on this subject; but I hope that
in your next tour on the Continent you will visit a place called
Schoenbusch, 25 miles from Francfort, which was formerly a
forest, but within the last fifty years has been changed into a
park. In former times it was a favourite spot of the present
king of Bavaria, but it is now somewhat neglected. ‘The dis-
position of the trees and shrubs is executed so superiorly,
that it is a masterpiece for Germany and England.

The pleasure-ground of Johannisberg (fg. 8.) was laid out
by my father for Prince Metternich, in 1825; and from its
delightful situation near the Rhine, it will in a few years be
one of the finest places in Germany.

a, A projected temple on an elevated site, which is planted with various
trees, as Pinus, étula, Juniperus, &c.

6, Group of Pinus canadénsis. c, Group of Pinus Strobus.

d, All the dotted parts are flower masses.

e, Elevated site planted with Platanus orientalis. Some cedars of Le-
banon are also planted there, and besides that the garden is very rich in
most kinds of American and other fine shrubs and rare trees.

of England and Germany.

ID An orchard of the best esculent varieties of Fagus Castanea.
g, View towards the mountains and the forest.

h, Meadows, over which are seen the mountains and the forest.
1, View to the vineyards.

==

Lee see
Gwatmniniin = rere Be ie af

i k, View to the vineyards on the Rhine.

1, View to the vineyards, to the Rhine, and for about twenty-four miles in
the country. mm, Vineyards,

nnn, Terrace walls for vines. 0, Flower-garden round the palace.

p p, Palace. g, Chapel. r, Court of the palace.

s, Farm-yard. tz, Kitchen-garden, u, Orchard.

v, Double avenue. # x «, Public roads.

Vou. VI. — No. 24. D

33

34 Gardener's House at Worksop Manor.

It is to be regretted that the palace is not nearer the gar-
den; however, its effect amidst the vineyards is wonderful,
and the views in the various meadows are so exceedingly fine,
that it may be called the heaven of Germany.

I give you my best thanks for your goodness, in recom-
mending me to all gardeners in my tour in England, to whom
I am sincerely obliged for the kind reception which I every
where met with. Iremain, Sir, &c.

Ball’s Pond, May 14. 1829. Jacos Rinz.

Art. VI. Design and Description of a Gardener's House built in
the Gardens at Worksop Manor, the Seat of the Right Honour-
able the Earl of Surrey, with some Remarks on these Gardens.
By Rosertr ABRAHAM, Esq., Architect.

Dear Sir,

Havine been repeatedly solicited by some of your horti-
cultural friends to send you a sketch of the gardener’s cottage,
erected from my designs, in the garden of the Earl of Surrey,
at Worksop Manor, I have now determined to do so. _ As this
cottage is allowed to be one of the most convenient and elegant
of its kind (fig. 9.), and has excited the admiration of the
company who have visited that place, perhaps a sketch of it
inserted in the Magazine may be of some interest to your
readers.

In rearing such respectable habitations for the comfort of
meritorious servants, the Karl of Surrey is not only deserving
present encomiums, but he will be likewise entitled to the gra-
titude of posterity, because his example may influence the
benevolence of others, and thus secure comfort from family
to family through successive generations. ‘This cottage com-
prises a lobby, an entrance-hall, a sitting-room, an office,
a kitchen, a wash-house, and three bed-rooms, besides seve-
ral other useful appendages. It is placed at the northern
extremity of the garden, partly within and partly without
the boundary wall, and so situated that the gardener, from
his office (fg. 10. e), will have a command of the prin-
cipal entrance. There is also a back approach and yard (7),
by which all persons connected with the house can pass unob-

Gardener’s House at Worksop Manor. 35

served. An arrangement, in my opinion, particularly neces-
sary, as no individual of the family but the superintendant
himself will be seen within the enclosed area. This completely
obviates the inconvenience which induces many gentlemen to
prefer single to married men.

a, Lobby. e, Kitchen, nn, Conservatories,

6, Entrance passage. k, Wash-house v0, Stores anu tooi-r-om, °
ec, Office, or book-room., #, Wood-house. p> Yard.

d, Sitting-room. m, Stockhole to conservatory.

The garden at this place, in the time of the late Duke of
Norfolk, -was suffered to go to decay; but is now celebrated
for its fine forcing-houses, which have lately been reconstructed
and fitted up in a most superior manner. To procure fruit in
perfection in these houses is now evidently reduced to a me-
chanical certainty. Besides the improved state of the houses,
the whole place has been remodelled. The fruit walls have
been new stocked with the modern and most approved varie-
‘ties of fruits; these trees have now filled their spaces, and,
from the scientific manner in which they have been pruned
and trained, are as handsome specimens as the most refined
gardener or amateur could possibly wish to see. From the
systematic arrangement of the kitchen-garden crops, the neat
state of the walks and flower-borders, and the uniform appear-
ance of the whole place, this may be classed amongst the best-
conducted gardens in the kingdom; and in this opinion I am
supported by the concurrence of many others, amongst whom
are some of the most distinguished members of the Horticul-
tural Society of London.

In perfecting such establishments as these, much must de-
pend at all times on the taste and spirit of the proprietor.
When I last visited Worksop Manor, Mr. Acon assured me
that Lord Surrey, on entering any garden, could imme-
diately distinguish between the scientific and mere practical
man. To such discernment may be attributed the improved
state of his own residence. I am, dear Sir, &c.

Rosert ABRAHAM.
Torrington Street, Russel Square, April, 1829.
D 2

“

36 Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees.

Art. VII. Ona System of pruning, or rather on a Preventive Sys-
tem of pruning, Forest Trees. By Mr. W. Bituincroy, M.C.HLS.,
Author of Facts and Experiments on Oaks, &c. &c.

Sir, :

May I beg the favour of you to give publicity to the follow-
ing observations and remarks on the most important part of
arboriculture, viz. the art of pruning forest trees, or rather,
what should be termed a preventive system of pruning, in your
Magazine.

Having had considerable experience in the raising of young
plantations of oaks for future navies, in some of the royal
forests, and having often seen the ill effects of the erroneous
methods generally adopted in pruning forest trees, or, what is
as bad, of its too frequent neglect, I incidentally recom-
mended the shortening or cutting in of from one third to two
thirds off the extremities of the branches of some larch trees,
to give light and room to the young oaks which were nearly
destroyed by the larches and other overgrowing and shading
stuff. On this account I was accused, by a superior officer,
and others of swpposed superior skill and knowledge, of hav-
ing spoiled the larches by such cutting (mind, reader, when
they were in full leaf), they asserting that it would bleed them
to death at the end of the season; and when it was found that
they had not bled to death, but had improved greatly in health
and vigour, to prove me wrong, it was as confidently asserted.
by the same knowing ones, that it had zmjywred them, by draw-
ing the sap out of the stem into the branches. Such was the
knowledge or motives of a superior officer and others. Not
thinking it worth while to contradict such knowing ones by
stating what others said or thought about it, being convinced
of its absurdity, and of their motives for opposition; and
although the cutting of the side branches from the stems of
trees at an early age had been recommended by a writer
(Pontey) who was considered good authority, as tending to
increase the timber in the trunk or stem; I set to work imme-
diately to prove by experiments whether it tended to increase
or retard the growth of the stem, and soon found the wonder-
ful advantage it gave to the trees of whatever kind, as to
vigour and increasing the bulk and handsomeness of the stem.
I drew up a table of my experiments under the different
modes that I tried, which clearly shows the superiority of my
system, and the extremely injurious tendency of the other;
this I published *, for the information of the public, in a

* Entitled A Series of Facts, Hints, Observations, and Experiments on the
diferent Modes of raising young Plantations of Oaks for future Navies. By
W. Billington, M.C.H.S., Superintendant of planting 11,000 Acres in the
Forest of Dean. London, 1825. [To be reviewed in our next Number.]

Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees. 37

book, in which the process and results are amply and clearly
detailed, with a view, if possible, of stoppi hecking

: » Uf possible, of stopping or checking that
widely extended pernicious system of divesting young trees of
their side branches.

Since the publication of that work, the public attention has
been considerably excited on the mode adopted for planting
the royal forests, regarding which blame has attached where
it ought not, but on that subject I intend to explain at a future
time ; and likewise upon the after-management and pruning
of the young trees, which is, above all others, of more para-
mount and lasting consequence, than the mere planting of the
trees by any system. Having discovered and proved it by
my own experiments, I disclosed to the British public the
gross error of that system of pruning, by cutting off the side
branches from young trees, and the vast superiority of my
system of shortening, or cutting in, the branches, whereby
the number of branches are increased, and their tendency to
increase in thickness greatly diminished, with the quicker in-
crease of the stem as it respects thickness, length, regular taper-
ing, and superior quality of the timber, as I have clearly pointed
out in my publication. Yet [have seen in some later publications
a good deal said about my system of pruning, and an endea-
vour to keep what I have found out by my own actual observ-
ations and experience, and communicated to the public, and to
represent what I have said and published on that subject, as
being the opinions and practice of others, who are to be
brought forward by and by as the first who invented, prac-
tised, and published the system, when it is probable they might
have read my book, which may have strengthened and con-
firmed their ideas on the subject. Thus keeping me in the
background, without ever mentioning what I have said on
the subject, though the system, as far as it is understood, has
been much extolled. Now it is clear I was the first to publish
it, and give instructions to gentlemen and others how it should
be performed; but more of this at some future time.

As my ideas are now more mature and confirmed on that
most important part of the art termed pruning, but which I
think would be better termed a preventive from pruning, I
beg to offer a few more remarks on it, hoping to call the atten-
tion of every lover of woods and planter of trees to the sub-
ject; for, without that after-management, they will generally
find themselves sorely disappointed in various points of view.
My method I shall take the liberty, in imitation of a recent
writer on planting, who appears fond of introducing new
terms, to call the Billingtonian System of pruning, training, &c.,
a name which has been applied to it by a great lover of trees,

D 3

38 Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees.

planting, and rural life, who much admires and appreciates
the system.

The advantages to be derived from it, if properly under=
stood and practised, being incalculable, I will not attempt to
describe them, but endeavour, in as concise and clear a man-
ner as possible, to explain the mode by which such advan-
tages may be derived, and refer those who wish to be more
minutely informed on the subject to my work, where every
process to cbtain such great results are clearly detailed, and
at greater length than the present paper will allow.

First, then, we must begin with the plants in the nursery
at an early age, when they have made a few shoots; some of
them will be stronger than others, and two often of nearly an
equal size. After the shoots have grown a foot or two, more
or less, according to the kind of tree and other circumstances,
break out the central or terminal bud; pinch off part of the
last or present year’s terminal shoot, or cut it off if it is too old
or tough to pinch off with the finger and thumb ; the strongest
horizontal side shoots must be shortened, and prevented from
extending too far, by the above method; and the more up-
right strong shoots, that are competing with the leader, must be
cut in rather shorter, to cause them to throw out more smaller
branches, as the strongest and most upright shoot must always
be left uncut for the leader to form the stem of the future tree.
This work must be followed up through every summer while
in the nursery, and after they have been planted out and be-
gun to make vigorous shoots; for summer is the best time to
do it: and twice through the summer would be much better,
as some kinds of plants make too vigorous shoots in the growing
season; first time about June, second time in August or Sep-
tember. ‘These are the properest seasons for shortening the
branches; and as it is such easy and delightful employment,
and the seasons so pleasant, I do earnestly hope the fair sex
will be induced to study and learn the art, when they may
spend many a pleasant hour in healthful and really profitable
employment, either alone, or with their spouses or brothers,
in imitation of our first parents, when in their state of mno-
cence in the plantations and gardens of Eden; how worthy to
be imitated! but I beg pardon, I am digressing from the
main subject.

By following up this system with the plants, from their
infancy, we procure numerous small branches with buds and
leaves, whereby the trees are supplied with nutriment for their
support, and the increase of the stem; the quality of the timber
is improved by the more numerous elongations from the buds
of the young shoots and branches that descend longitudinally

Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees. 39

down the stem ; for, as the branches increase, so do the roots ;
and, vice versd, if the branches be few and straggling, so will
the roots. If there is no unnatural cause to destroy the
branches, then by following up this simple easy process, from
10 to 15 or 20 years, according to circumstances, we may raise
the stem of a tree to any height that may be desirable, before it
is permitted to branch out in all its native beauty and wildness ;
or we may dispose its future form to any use or in any way
fancy or taste may dictate, as I have fully explained in my pub-
lication. At the same time, those branches that have been
shortened, and prevented from being extended, or “ cut in”
(if that should be thought a more appropriate term), when
young, are rendered, by that simple and easy operation, un-
able to acquire that degree of thickness which would injure
the quality of the future timber when converted to use; as there
would be none of those great knots which are so unsightly and
often injurious when timber is worked up for cabinet or other
purposes. ‘Those small branches, besides contributing so ma-
terially to the increase of the stem, roots, and quality of the
timber, &c., render it more hardy, and fitter for more open
and exposed situations, if it should be desirable to transplant
any of them from where they may be too thick, instead of cut-
ting them down, or, what is more likely to happen, when they
become more exposed by thinning, especially where fir trees
are removed. By this system, the trees acquire a strength of
stem and roots in proportion to their tops, and also a hardi-
ness to enable them to stand the cold and stormy winds.
Moreover, as they may be trained to any length of straight
stems as single trees, in hedge-rows and exposed situations, by
following up the system long enough, the advantages it would
be of to proprietors of land, where it would not be advisable
to make plantations, are incalculable, as adapted to planting in
hedge-rows, with the least possible injury to the land. In the
hedge-rows of arable pasture and meadow land, how desirable
would it be to have fine, tall, straight, handsome, and useful
timber trees, instead of those low, spreading, shrub-like, use-
less trees (except for fuel), which are generally to be found in
hedge-rows at the present day, and which are such a continual
annoyance to the occupiers, from their unsightliness and the
great injury they do to the crops by their excessive spread of
boughs so near to the ground! I would here observe, that
when hedge-rows are planted, trees should be chosen whose
roots do not run near the surface, or produce suckers.
Besides their ungraceful appearance, such ill formed trees are
very injurious to the public roads, and often very troublesome
to the traveller, when they are suffered to branch out in low,
. D 4

40 Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees.

spreading, shrub-like heads, which seldom attain to any con-
siderable height; and when it becomes necessary to divest
them of any of their great overgrown side boughs with the
axe or saw, they become most unsightly things, and are
generally good for very little when finally cut down. Any
persons who have travelled much on the public roads must
have observed this, if the contemplation of trees ever entered
their minds; and how easily such evil consequences might be
obviated, if the Billmgtonian System were rightly understood
and practised! All commissioners of roads ought to know it
and have it practised; and hence the necessity of an Arbori-
cultural Society, as suggested in my publication, for the im-
provement of the backward state of the much neglected art
of arboriculture, and for the improvement and instruction
of persons to perform or direct such operations. ‘Then we
might hope to see the art universally known and practised
in this empire, otherwise it will be long before the prevailing
errors are rooted out, and a better system prevails; then we
might have handsome trees by the sides of the public reads,
with fine, clear, straight stems of any height that might be
thought advisable for such situations, when they would branch
out into lofty branching heads, which would form an agreeable
shady canopy in summer, while through the stems the air
would circulate to dry the roads after rains; and in winter,
when most wanted, the more horizontal rays of the sun would
shine below the branches, to comfort the traveller, and dry
the roads. It is astonishing how soon trees will attain a great
height, with strength of stem, when my system is pursued, by
preventing the side branches from extending too far and
getting too large, and by encouraging one leading shoot to
form the main trunk,

When the side branches have performed all their necessary
functions, and the tree is sufficiently advanced in height and
magnitude to do without them, they may be taken off, to
render the stem clear and free from knots, similar to those
trees that grow in the interior of woods, and have been
divested of their side branches by natural causes. The
branches of some sorts of trees would probably die of them-
selves when the top gets above to shade them, but not gene-
rally, because of the free access of light to the stems; so that
in such open situations they would have to be removed by the
knife, as by my system the branches would never be much
thicker than a man’s thumb when taken off.

But of as still great importance would it be if introduced
in coppices of underwood, where every shoot necessary to be
left might be trained and wonderfully improved for the various

Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees. 41

purposes such produce is generally converted to, without any
waste or loss; also in pleasure-grounds, ornamental plant-
ations, parks, and even orchards, as most of the ornamental
flowering trees and shrubs may be trained with clear straight
stems to various heights, as fancy or taste may suggest, which
would increase the various forms of which they are susceptible.
Some might be trained to form handsome tall trees, others of
a less stature, and others again left as shrubs; so that some
would appear taller in the rear of others. Then, when it
became necessary to remove or cut any away for future
improvements, alterations, &c., the stems of such trees would
be valuable to the turner and cabinet-maker, and for various
other uses.

How easy, for instance, would it be to train the Portugal
laurel to a fine straight stem, by pinching or breaking out the
terminal or leading buds at from 18 in. to 2 or 3 ft. from the
stem, or cutting in the terminal shoots at that distance, till
the stem had arrived to any height at which it might be thought
desirable to begin to form the head; when the small side
branches could be taken off, and, in a year or two, the stem
would assume a clean smooth appearance when the small
wounds were healed over. ‘Then we should have some fine
Portugal laurel trees, instead of those great spreading bushes
with several naked branches.

The common laurel might be trained by the same method ;
also the laburnum, the hawthorn, bird-cherry or hag-berry,
crab, and holly; in fact, any of our common ornamental
flowering trees and strongest shrubs. Various kinds of fruit
trees raised from seeds may be introduced into woods, and
trained by this system to valuable timber trees. Especially to
the walnut tree, whose timber is so valuable, it would be of
very great advantage ; also to the locust, whose branches are
so brittle and liable to be broken by the wind; to the tulip
tree, Oriental and Occidental plane trees; in short, to any of
the hardy, deciduous, exotic, forest trees.

Also, what immense advantage to the evergreen tribe!
What tall straight trees of the cedar of Lebanon, the American
red cedar, or any other sorts, might be raised by this system,
with clear stems free from knots to any height, if the terminal
buds were broken off, or a part of the terminal shoots cut or
pinched off at 2 ft. or 3 ft. from the stem, and continued to be
shortened till the stem had arrived to 10, 20, or 30 ft. high, as
may be the wish of the proprietor of them! When the trees
had arrived to a sufficient height above the length of the in-
tended clear stem, the shortened small branches should be
taken off, as directed for the Portugal laurel: then there

42 Preventive System of pruning Forest Trees.

would be in future, for various purposes, valuable cedar wood
of English growth. ‘The same rules will apply to all the ever-
green and resinous trees that will thrive in this country.

How beneficial would it be when applied to the hardy
Scotch and larch firs, in cold and exposed situations, by break-
ing out the terminal buds and cutting in the terminal branches,
to form thick screens on the windward and exposed quarters
in such bleak situations, and in intermediate spaces in the
form of hedges. I am certain, very valuable close thick hedges, -
for screens and shelter, might quickly be raised with Scotch
firs by this system; also with spruce or larch firs. Such
screens would be of immense benefit to break the severe blasts
from trees of a more tender nature in their infancy, without
the danger of injuring them by their overgrowth and shade.
The good to be derived in the interior of plantations promis-
cuously planted with different sorts of trees, by shortening in
of the branches, I have fully described in my publication.
Room is made for the more permanent and valuable trees ;
and at the same time are increased the bulk, height, and re-
gular tapering of the stem, similar to the larch and black Ita-
lian poplar in their natural mode of growth, only with branches
of smaller size towards the lower part of the trees. Far
different from where the side branches are suffered to extend
themselves, growing thick and long, causing great injurious
knots in the stems, and rendering the stems too thick at the
lower end in proportion to their height, and hardly sufficient for
any useful purpose : all which may be so easily avoided by my
system. ‘This is a subject I am never tired of: it would fill a
volume to point out the immense national, as well as indivi-
dual, advantages that must result from the practice of the Bil-
lingtonian System, when it is properly matured, understood,
and practised ; which makes me so anxious to have it quickly
and universally known and practised.

Mr. Cobbett, in his recent publication on planting, asserts
that no plants that are raised from layers, cuttings, grafts, or
suckers, will ever make fine useful trees : it will still be only a
limb or branch ; and a limb or branch, he maintains, is never
so good as a tree raised from the seed. But his own practice
completely refutes his opinion ; for what is his tree but a branch,
after he has cut off the first shoot from the seed. Equally as
absurd is it to say that a branch or limb of a tree is not so good,
or of the same quality, as the trunk. What are those trees that
are frequently to be met with, with two or three trunks or
limbs from the same root, which were only branches at first,
when the main trunk lost its leading shoot ? As well might it be
said that a person’s arms or legs are not of the same quality

Gorrie on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide. 43

‘as the body. But, by my system, any trees raised from layers,
cuttings, &c., may be made as valuable as if they were raised
from seed.

I am often oppressed with painful feelings, that, from circum-
stances which I could not prevent, but, perhaps, may some
time publicly explain, I am at present so situated that I have
no opportunity to exemplify the system upon living subjects ;
but must refer my readers to my publication, wherein I have
clearly shown what great improvements I had effected, and
was effecting, while I was at the Chopwell Woods belonging
to His Majesty. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.

Shrewsbury, Nov. 21.1829. W. Bune ron.

Art. VIII. Remarks on Sir Henry Stewarts Planter’s Guide.
By Mr. Gorris, C.M.H.S., of Annat Gardens, Perthshire.
Sir,

Wirn regard to my opinion of Sir Henry Steuart’s
Planter’s Guide, it is in general highly favourable. He has
certainly been successful in applying scientific principles to the
art of planting. The historical part is sufficiently amusing,
but is of little utility to the mere practical planter. To him
it is of little consequence to know whether Count Maurice,
Louis XIV. of France, or Charles II. of England, were the
most eminent planters of their day, or whether they preceded
or followed example. It is, however, something to know who
was the first to set the admirable example of digging round
the tree intended for removal a year or two before it was
raised. For this, it seems, we are indebted to Lord Fitzhard-
ing; and, although many practical men may have since hit
upon the same expedient, who may never have heard of the
invention, or of the noble inventor, the operation might, with
much propriety, be distinguished by the appellation of * Fitz-
hardising.” [See Mr. Sang’s Letter to Sir Henry Steuart,
p. 87. infra. ]

Sir Henry seems to have a particular horror at pruning, or
what he calls “ lopping,” or “ mutilation.” Pruning to ex-
cess, I conceive, ought to be carefully guarded against ; but, I
believe, notwithstanding what practical and theoretical men
may have said and written on the subject, that pruning par-
tially a newly planted tree may be often a necessary, and
always, when not overdone, a salutary practice: although I
admit that it might be done with the best effect, at the same
time, with the operation of Fitzhardising. In the eyes of Sir
Henry, thus to-advocate the practice of what he would call

4A Gorrie on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.

mutilation, I know, will appear an unpardonable error; but
let me remark, that, “if the root suffer, so do the branches :”
and with all his care of the roots. (and, certainly, it is very
great), yet a considerable proportion of the most efficient roots
must be displaced. If the roots and branches, previously to the
act of transplanting, were in a fair proportion, will the most
careful planter maintain that, after he removes a large tree,
the equilibrium still exists? It is not enough to say that the
supernumerary leaves will produce fresh roots, because it
could be met by the assertion that supernumerary roots, even
supposing them to exist, would also produce fresh buds and
foliage. When plants are struck by cuttings, every gardener
knows that an excess of foliage has a tendency to exhaust the
natural sap in the shoot. When young shoots are used for
budding, if the leaves are cut off, and the ends of the shcots
kept moist, they will continue plump, and fit for being wrought
at the end of a week ; but, if they are suffered to remain on,
the bark will often become dry in less than two days. It may,
therefore, be inferred, that a given surface of foliage requires
a corresponding number of feeding radicles, to afford a fair
supply of sap for that foliage to elaborate, in order to maintain
a tree in the most healthy state; and, if the roots are dimi-
nished in the act of planting, the health of the tree cannot be
hurt, if, by judicious pruning, nearly an equal proportion of
foliage is displaced. In beech, however, I have found it
necessary to use the knife with caution; and I have known
trees of this kind destroyed by excessive pruning, where no
transplanting took place. Deciduous trees, for the most part,
throw out buds to correct over-pruning : beech does not seem
to possess that quality. ‘That Sir Henry’s trees succeeded is
not to be wondered at, from the minute care with which the
operation was performed ; and I know of no operation where
care is better bestowed, nor any where I have found it so
necessary to remind the labourers to “take time.” It should
be kept in view, that the removal of large trees, and the natural
shapes which he would allow them, can only be practised with
propriety in park scenery. In the forest, the knife must be
used, otherwise the carpenter will find very crabbed timber.
This is the only point in the whole volume on which thirty
years’ experience compels me to differ, m some measure, from
the intelligent author of the Planter’s Guide. Severe pruning
I conceive to be injurious ; judicious pruning, salutary : but no
pruning at all would give us forests of sheer bushes.

The characteristics of trees most fit for transplanting, which
Sir Henry describes, are excellent. “ Bark thick and coarse ;
stems stout and short ; tops extensive and spreading” (I would

Gorrie on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide. 45

rather say, tops spreading at the under branches, and forming
as nearly a pyramid as possible, when transplanted, to be
allowed to assume a natural shape afterwards, if in a lawn ;)
“‘ roots extensive and spreading” (here I cannot say) “ like the
tops.” ‘These he aptly terms protecting properties, by which
we may obtain “ trees complete and perfect in all their parts ;”
(p. 99.) that is to say, a mass of spray and foliage, which, in
a lawn, is a very noble object, and for which no proprietor
would willingly accept a hundred pounds, but for which an
auctioneer might find it difficult, after it had attained its full
natural shape and size, to obtain as many pence: but every
thing is good in its own place. Sir Henry has done much for
the park, and many of his hints may be of much use to the
forester. He deprecates the idea of taking trees for removal
from ‘close plantations.” Plants which have stood too close
in nursery rows should, for the same reasons, be avoided.
Nature endeavours to clothe trees and plants, as well as wild
animals, in a garb suitable to the climate in which they stand:
even the highland oat has a much thicker coat than the same
variety grown in the lowvalley; and plants brought from a thick
wood, or close nursery rows, will be ill prepared, by their
delicate bark and scanty foliage, to resist the blast in exposed
situations. Sir Henry’s method of Fitzhardising is extremely
judicious. (p. 218.) ‘To those who would eradicate rushes, as
directed by the author (notev. p.482.), if trees are to be
planted, I would recommend that they should peruse the 447th
page of the first volume of the Caledonian Horticultural So-
ciety’s Memoirs*, where they may see a useful hint, which my
limits do not permit me to transcribe. His defence of what
is called the “ Scotch system of planting” (p.465.) is unan-
swerable. I think I am supported by the opinion of most
practical men in this quarter, in stating that moorish soils in
particular, being naturally too loose in the texture, would, in
most instances, be rendered useless for the purpose of planting
by trenching. Although I am not an advocate for slit-plant-
ing; yet I have, on loose moor soils, found it necessary to
adopt that mode, as giving less disturbance to the soil than
even pitting. ae

Having had but a cursory glance at the second edition of
the Planter’s Guide, before I received your letter, the above
remarks are only from the notes I had taken, and may not
have done the author sufficient justice. Such as they are,
however, they are much at your service.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Aug. 29. 1829. ARCHIBALD GoORRIE.

* We shall quote this page in next Number. — Cond.

46 Quercus on Steuar®s Planter’s Guide.

Art. 1X. Remarks on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.
By QUERCUS.
Sir,

SincE the able review of Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s
Guide by Mr. Main (Vol. IV. p. 115.), I have seen the work:
t contains more egotism than might have been expected. I
will make a few remarks on the manner Sir Henry speaks of
the capabilities of gardeners and wood-foresters, in respect of
their knowledge in the transplanting of large forest trees. In
the preface he says : —‘* The gardener knows little about work
without the walls of the garden; the wood-forester is only a
mere lopper or cutter of wood.” Gentlemen themselves are
to blame for not having woodmen or planters whose practice
combines science also. It is no uncommon sight to see some
old domestic, such as has been coachman or groom formerly,
or perhaps the cart and plough wright, having the manage-
ment of the plantations, and that, too, on pretty extensive
estates. Such men may do to report a broken fence, if they
cannot mend it; or they may report to their employer such
and such people for carrying away brushwood, &c. : but they
_ know as little about the thinning for the future welfare of the
plantations, or the proper method of planting, so as to pro-_
duce such and such effects, according to the local situation of
the ground and surrounding scenery, as an old tailor would
do who had never been without the walls of a city. Let noble-
men and gentlemen give the same rate of wages to a first-rate
planter as they would do to a first-rate gardener, and engage
none who cannot give some proofs of their knowledge in the
different parts of forest management, and of the value of full-
grown timber, together with their capability to harmonise the
plantations or grounds to be planted with the surrounding
scenery. I say, let such, and such qualifications only, be the
means of obtaining respectable situations, and then Sir Henry
Steuart will see wood-foresters capable of doing something
more than /opping off a bough, or cutting down a tree. But
as I am one of those beings denominated a mere lopper or cut-
ter of wood, I must tell Sir Henry that I have transplanted
trees of from 10 to 16 ft. high, without any machine, and not
above one in sixty died. The trees were carried about a mile
on a low wood-waggon, two, and sometimes three, at one time.
After digging well round the tree and below the roots, I made
the balls be reduced with a pick (taking care of the small
fibrous roots), so that six or eight men could lift them to the
waggon with a large hand-barrow.

New Guard for single Trees. 47

By the by, I knew how to use this pick before Sir Henry’s
book was printed ; and although my employer was for pruning
and shortening the boughs, I answered in the negative. Elms
and sycamore I found do best; although horsechestnut and
service tree did very well. Spruce and balm of Gilead firs
pushed well after being two years transplanted. I consider
the elm a good tree for transplanting, from its very fibrous
roots. Of course, the trees referred to above are small in
comparison of the Allanton trees; but, if care is taken, the suc-
cess is certain. Where there are plantations of about twenty
years’ growth on an estate, clumps, single trees, park scenery,
&c., may be much improved, at very little expense. I do not
consider it needful to have a machine for lifting trees below
16 ft. in height ; for trees 12 and 15 ft. high may be lifted, two
and three at a time, as I have hinted above. I can assure Sir
Henry Steuart, there are gardeners, ** and loppers and cutters
of wood,” also, that, if they had the same means as he pos-
sessed, would execute work worthy a visit from a deputation
of the Highland Society. Through the medium of the Ma-
gazine, I wish to pay my respects to John Mogeridge, Esq.,
I never saw the gentleman, and most likely never shall; but
he manifests such a spirit of philanthropy in the means he has
used to better the condition of the labouring classes, that I
have often thought of him myself, and spoken of him to others.
The plans he has put in practice are of a more substantial
nature than what your correspondent Variegata points out as
calculated to educate the feelings of the labouring classes:
people must first have a due portion of the necessaries of life,
food and clothing, before their feelings will be any way softened
by parochial museums, dancing, Xc.

I am, Sir, &c.
September, 1829. QUERCUS.

Art. X. Notice of a new Guard for Single Trees in Parks and
on Lawns. By Mr. Joun Histor, Gardener to Colonel Howard,
at Ashstead Park, Surrey.

Sir,

I some time ago sent you a query for the Gardener’s Ma-
gazine, as to the best mode of guarding single trees, on lawns
or in parks, from the depredations of various kinds of cattle.
By the best mode I, of course, meant efficiency, lightness, and
economy. The answer returned was (Vol. III. p. 254.), “Tie

4.8 New Guard for single Trees.

branches of thorn round their stems with willow shoots ;”
which was any thing but satisfactory.

As the subject deserves some attention, I herewith send you
a sketch of a tree-guard in use at this place, which I consider
to combine all the required qualities, in a degree far beyond
comparison with any other mode I have ever seen. It is a
hexagon (jig.11.)
composed merely
ofrustic materials:
oak stumps driven
into the ground,
to rise 16 in. ave-
Hage); and) the
rails, consisting of
split hurdle poles,
or any similar ma~
terial, nailed upon
them, and a little
inclined, as shown
in the — sketch.
(jig. 12.) It is
needless to en-
ter into any com-
parison with other modes of guarding : the advantages of this
will be apparent, at a glance, to any one at all acquainted
with the sub-
ject. I shall
only add, that
its _ efficiency
has been suffi-
ciently proved
by exposure to
horses, bul- |
locks, deer, and
asses.

You are quite
aware that it is
a matter of vast
importance to
new inventions
to bestow suit-
able appella-
tions upon
them. Our new guards have, no doubt, from a conviction of
the truth of the above remarks, been styled Dendrophylac-
tics, which is to remain, when immortalised in the Gardener’s

Planting and protecting Bulbs in Flower Borders. 49

Magazine, their distinctive and characteristic name in all time
tocome. Whether any may infer that the above very appro-
priate designation shows any thing like a deriding or ironical
aspect towards the lofty and sonorous names frequently attached
to trifling inventions, must be left to the jadgment of your nume-
rous readers.
_ lam, Sir, &c.

Ashtead Park, Oct. 13. 1829. Joun His op.

Art. XI. An improved Method of planting and protecting Bulbs
in Flower Borders. By Mr. W. Seymour.

Sir,

I am surprised that the beautiful tribe of bulbous-flowering
plants are not more propagated and planted amongst the
admirers of flowers, as there are a great many of them hardy,
as Narcissus, Fritillaria, and Scilla; and some of the ixias,
gladioluses, and amaryllises are hardy enough for warm situ-
ations. As I suppose the objection to the cultivation of them
is owing to their liability to being destroyed (while in a dor-
mant state) by the operations of digging and hoeing, I will
endeavour to describe to you a method of protecting them, as
practised in the garden of Mrs. Saltmarsh, of Saltmarsh near
Howden, which is as follows : — Having determined the place
for the clump or patch, the earth is taken out to the depth of
about 6 in. ; and an earthenware rim, of the shape of a common
garden pot cut into two at half its depth, is plunged about
14 in. below the surface of the soil, the inside filled to the
proper depth with good earth, and the bulbs planted, so that
their tops may be about level with the top of the rim: by which
means they can be taken up and planted at any season of the
year, without much detriment to the plants, as the rim holds
the ball of earth together.

_ The rims can be made by any common potter, at about half
the price of garden pots of the same width; and, if tolerably
hard burnt, they will last a number of years, as they are buried
out of the direct action of the weather.

Iam, Sir, &c.
Carlton, July 25. 1829. Wm. SEYMOUR.

Vou. VI. — No. 24. E

50 Culture of Pines by Means of Steam

Art. XII. Some Remarks on the Culture of Pines, and other
Plants, useful or ornamental, in Beds heated by Steam acting
on a Mass of loose Stones. By Joun Hay, Esq., Garden Archi-
tect, Edinburgh.

Sir,

Tuar part of the pit for the reception of the pine-pots,
above the cover of the steam vault or chamber, is 20 in. in
depth. As the chamber is covered with Arbroath pavement,
a kind of stone of a very hard and impervious quality, and a
better conductor of heat than some other sorts of stone or
tiles, a layer of small cinders, or soft bricks broken very
small, 4in. deep, is laid above the cover. These retain the
heat longer, and at the same time act as a drain for carrying
off any moisture that may proceed from the bottom of the
pots or otherwise.

You will see from my paper * the reason why the pots of
pines at Cunnoquhie had to stand on the layer of cinders,
namely, the want of head room for the plants, the pits having
been built solely for the growth of melons; but now that
these pits are altered to suit the culture of both pines and
melons, the depth of the pit above the cover of the bed of
stones is the same in both: for the melons, 4 in. of cinders,
and 15 or 16in. of soil above; and for the pines, 4in. of
cinders, 3in. of the same substance in which the pots are
plunged, and 12 in. for the depth of the pots. The edges of
the pots of pines will then be one inch lower than the top of
the steam-flue.

Colonel Paterson mentioned to me that he could procure
tanners’ bark at Cupar for plunging the pine-pots in. This
I objected to, as bemg the worst substance that could be
employed for the purpose, as, being of an open nature, it
would permit the heat to escape ; but I recommended the use
of well rotted leaves, or any free gravelly soil. At Castle
Semple, this season, about 16 ft. in length of one of the steam
pits have been planted, by way of trial, with pines without
pots, in a bed of prepared soil, with a view of fruiting the
plants next summer. I also recommended Colonel Paterson
to do the same in one light of his pits, which I suppose has
been done. ‘Tanners’ bark has not been.employed at Castle
Semple for plunging the pots in; in general, it has been well
rotted leaves, firmly pressed round the pots. This season,
however, two small portions of one of the pits have been
separated from the rest by boards; and into the one fine sand,

* In the Caledonian Horticultural Transactions ; it will be given in next
Number, with correct copies of theengravings. — Cond.

acting on a Mass of loose Stones. 51

and into the other very coarse sand mixed with small gravel,
such as is found in beds of rivers, is put for plunging the
pots, in order to ascertain if any advantage will result from
using such substances.

Rotten dung may answer as well as rotten leaves, only there
can exist no necessity in this case for using nutritious sub-
stances. But I imtend to request the gardener at Castle
Semple to plant this season, by way of experiment, about a
dozen of fruiting pines in pots, with two rows of holes in the
sides, about 3 or 5in. from the edges, and to plunge them in
properly prepared soil. I shall also mention well rotted cow-
dung. ‘The holes will allow a part of the roots to run out of
the pots, and derive nourishment from the material in which
the pots are plunged; and as these pines will be grown in the
same pit with those in earth above mentioned, and with others
in pots without holes in their sides, an opportunity will be
afforded of observing what advantage would arise from such
a mode of treatment.

Sawdust I have long used in frames for striking cuttings.
It was employed in one of the first steam plant-stoves that I
erected: but an immense number of small red worms bred
among the dust ; occasioned, I suppose, by too much moisture
getting through the joints of the pavement which covered the
bed of stones, in consequence of the joints not having been
checked upon each other, and only being pointed with com-
mon lime: the use of it was therefore discontinued. I have
no doubt that ashes would do very well, but I cannot speak
of them from experience. Were it found convenient to use
them, it would give the bed a more cleanly and finished
appearance to be covered with a thin layer of gravel or small
pebbles. After all, perhaps a light gravelly soil will be found
to be the most suitable, as it will allow the moisture received
from watering the pines over-head in the summer months to
drain off readily: but it would not be proper to plunge in
this such pots as have holes in the sides.

I think this method of heating by steam is capable of im-
provement, which, I doubt not, it will receive when it comes
under the management of gardeners of experience. I am
confident that by this means pine-apples and melons, or ten-
der exotic plants for ornament, may be grown at any place
where fuel can be procured, although neither tanners’ bark
nor dung is to be got; nor have I any doubt that it could be
applied with success, under some modifications, to the different
kinds of forcing.

I am, Sir, &c.
Edinburgh, July 24. 1829. Joun Hay.
E 2

52 Culture by Steam acting on loose Stones.

September 12.—I have just received a letter from Mr.
Lauder, the gardener at Castle Semple, in answer to mine
about the pines in the steam-pits, and the substances in which
the pots are plunged. Perhaps the information it contains
may be of some service to you, before you make use of what
I formerly stated. He says, “ The pines that I planted in a
bed of soil in one of the steam-pits are looking remarkably
well. The tall-growing kinds are placed in the back of the
pit, and the queen pines in the front. Although the queen
pines are only last autumn’s suckers, they are now (Sept. 9.)
the largest and finest-looking plants that I ever recollect to
have seen; indeed, few gardeners that have seen them will
believe that they are not yet a year old. And what makes
them look better than the other plants in pots, and wrought
with leaves or tan, is, that there is not a single damaged leaf
to be observed upon them; whereas those last mentioned have
their leaves invariably injured more or less, by removing them
so often to renew the bottom heat. I have got the pots with
the holes in their sides ready for the fruiting plants, and will
have the different kinds put in next week.

«¢ With regard to the substances for plunging the pots of
pines in, I am of your opinion that light gravelly soil is better
than either rotten leaves or tan bark. As a proof of this, I
may mention, that I have plunged the two long thermometers
in the same steam-pit, the one in the earth in which the pine
plants are growing without pots, and the other among the
rotten leaves in which the pots with pines are plunged ; and
the result is, that the thermometer in the bed of earth stands
several degrees higher than the one in the bed of rotten
leaves, although both the thermometers were plunged exactly
to the same depth.”

I am sorry Mr. Lauderjhas not stated the exact number of
degrees indicated by the thermometer placed in the earth
above that among the rotten leaves, and I intend to write to him
to specify the difference ; but an opportunity having occurred
of sending you this, I was unwilling to lose it. “It will be next
autumn before the results of the experiments which I formerly
mentioned to you, as now in progress at Castle Semple, can
be properly ascertained. If I am spared till that time, I shall
be happy to communicate them to you. — J. H.

Culture of Pear Trees. 53

ArT. XIII. Remarks on the Culture of Pear Trees. By Mr. Brer-
NARD SAUNDERS, Nurseryman, Island of Jersey.
Sir,

Iy Vol. V. p.60. of your useful Magazine, Mr. Robert
Hiver has made some excellent remarks on the cultivation of
the pear tree. I perfectly coincide with him in many of his
remarks, and I am of opinion that the length of time pear
trees in general are before they begin to produce, either from
bad pruning or the over-manured borders, has prevented
many gentlemen and amateurs of this much esteemed fruit
from cultivating it more extensively: but I have found from
practice that there are many exceptions to the plan laid down
by him; for instance, it is almost impossible to lay down a
general rule for the management and pruning of pear trees.
The varieties of pears require various modes of pruning. Some
sorts seldom or never make large trees, from their great
inclination to fruit, which, in spite of the knife, you can
scarcely prevent: others, again, will produce abundance of
wood for some years, and no fruit, although left entirely to
nature: others produce fruit on their last year’s wood, like a
peach: others have a blossom bud at the extremity of every
young shoot; so that, if shortened, it destroys the fruit, and
if not shortened, it tends to stop the growth of the tree, and
prevents it from filling the space of wall allotted to it. The
object gardeners have generally in view is first to make fine,
handsome, well trained trees, either in the fan or horizontal
form. To attain this object, the knife must be very judiciously
used for a few years, without paying much regard to the
quantity of fruit produced. I agree with Mr. Hiver in his
comparison of the common thorn with the pear; and in some
degree it is applicable where fine handsome trained trees are
not desired. I know from experience that many sorts of pear
trees left to nature only two or three years will bloom and
fruit; but such will seldom or never make handsome trees,
unless previously formed and trained as I have above stated.
It would be a very desirable object, and very gratifying to me,
and I have no doubt, Sir, to many of your readers, if Mr.
Hiver would condescend, in your next Number, to give us a
few more particulars, such as the names of his pears, the age
of his trees, and how they were treated in the first stages of
their growth; and I shall feel a pleasure, in return, to send.
you a few more remarks on the sort of stocks employed for
pears, so as to render them productive in deep rich soil, and
to obviate the necessity of applying stones, as Mr. Hiver has
suggested.

E 3

54 Evils of planting Fruit Trees in too rich Soil.

There are numbers of our new sorts of pears lately intro-
duced, of a very superior quality, which deserve to be more
extensively known and cultivated ; many of which, with their
time of ripening, exposure required, as quenouilles and other-
wise, I will give you in some future Number.

I am, Sir, &c.
BERNARD SAUNDERS.
Nursery, Island of Jersey, April 14. 1829.

Art. XIV. On the Evil Effects of planting Fruit Trees in too rich
a Soil. By Mr. Ropert ERRINGTON.
Sir,

I am led to make the following remarks from observing
the evil effects arising from planting fruit trees in too rich a
soil, especially peaches and nectarines, trusting they may be
of service in preventing the misapplication of dung by those
who are not practical hands in the business. The trees
alluded to were planted in the spring of 1827, on a southern
aspect; the natural soil of the border is a very light sandy
loam, of no tenacity, but containing a trifling degree of a kind
of marly principle: this soil is about 20 in. deep, on a stratum
of red sand of 4 ft., and the subsoil altogether very dry. The
person who planted them (now no more) had a heavy coat of
rotten dung put on about 1 ft. thick, and trenched 20 in.
deep, which, of course, threw the dung with some soil on the
sandy stratum. After this another coat of dung was dug in
at top, and the trees planted in rich soil also. The trees the
first season were very vigorous, but this year they have sur-
passed all that I ever witnessed, some shoots being nearly 6 ft.
long and thick in proportion, and most of them run to laterals ;
and now it is difficult to know how to prune them to provide
for a regular succession of wood, unless, as Agronome manages
his apples, I cut off two feet from three, and so on; which
method of pruning, however it may have succeeded with him,
I distrust, and would rather follow Mr. Harrison. I find the
roots have entered the dung at the bottom, which of course
causes the redundance of sap; and when they have exhausted
that superficial fund, the reciprocal balance between the root
and branches being destroyed, many injurious effects must in-
evitably follow. Now had the soil in which they were planted
been dressed with as much sound loam, with a little dung, they
would have grown more steadily and have been incomparably

Management of the Peach Tree. 55

more permanent; for it is that adhesive principle the soil here
requires. We have many old trees at this place, still carrying
the marks of having been originally treated in the same manner,
which are now failing, when they should be in their prime. For
my part, I should advise that the soil immediately in contact
with the root be slightly inferior in point of richness to the rest,
as on the consequent formation of the head for two years after
planting, much of the well furnishing of the wall eventually
depends. ‘There may be some who are blessed with a soil so
well adapted by nature, that they may consider such particular
care superfluous; but there are many, also, who, if they do
not coincide with the opinions here expressed, know it will
not do to let them take their chance without making some pro-
vision. With regard to Agronome’s opinion, that “ trees will
never go into bad soil if they have plenty of food,” I consider
the assertion rather paradoxical; because I know that under
certain circumstances they will enter pernicious matter, and at
improper depths; and no doubt they extract thence the seeds
of disease, as may be frequently seen in the consequent failure
of their heads. I am, Sir, &c.

RoBert ERRINGTON,
Ouiton Park, Cheshire, Dec. 1828,

Art. XV. On the Management of the Peach Tree.
By H. Joun Newinecron.

Sir,

I wave heard it frequently observed by many gentlemen,
that the British gardeners are more deficient in the manage-
ment of peach and nectarine trees, than in most other parts of
their profession. This is not only the complaint of the gen-
tlemen, but the confession of the gardeners themselves, and is
equally referable to the trees on the wall and in the forcing-
house. ‘The frequent failure of these crops arises, in my
opinion, from the manner in which they prune their trees. It
is the endeavour of every cultivator to procure annually a
great supply of jong and strong wood, sufficiently large to
make basket rods, and from these he expects his crop; but
nothing can be more unnatural or erroneous than this system
of prunmg. . Whoever has seen these trees in Malta or Ame-
rica, and noticed the very short and small wood from which
such large peaches are produced, would immediately contemn
the British gardener’s practice. Mr. Harrison, the eminent

E 4

56 Management of the Peach Tree.

gardener at Wortley, succeeded well with what I consider a
bad system of pruning, by shortening his shoots severely ;
but his garden lay extremely exposed to the winds which are
beneficial in moderating the luxuriance of growth of plants, and
such situations are not as liable to chilly damps and blights as
low and more sheltered places. I hope Mr. Harrison will feel
no uneasiness at this disapproval of his system of pruning this
kind of fruit trees, as he merits so much praise as an ingenious
gardener. I have for many years past pruned my trees in a
manner that has offered me uniform success; it is simply by
diminishing the vigour of the shoots; in summer I shorten
back to a few eyes a considerable portion of the young spray,
and I retain these in the spring dressing to afford the future
crop. ‘The man who has cultivated the peach tree for some
time must have observed that the branches which have
lost their leading buds never fail to set their fruit well, and
often for a long time continue to swell such fruit faster than
branches that are crowned with luxuriant leading shoots.
This may be accounted for by the ascending sap being carried
forward by the luxuriant growth above, and thus depriving or
carrying away from the fruit its natural juice ; they then wither
and fall off. As my borders are not manured, nor made deep,
the trees therefore never create unwholesome or too much sap ;
and without much artificial aid produce the kind of wood I
require ; my crops, in consequence are uniformly good, and
the fruit large and well flavoured. As I live near London, I
never find it necessary to cover my trees In spring, when in
blossom. The flowers of well ripened wood, such as my plants
produce, are more hardy than those of more spongy growths.
Insects will be always found to do more harm in this part of
the kingdom than bad weather. In exceedingly early seasons it
may be necessary to cover the trees, and old netting, discarded
by fishermen, is the best protection, and this can be bought
for 2/. per cwt., and will last many years. It is a sure mark
of a bad cultivator to see the borders cropped with potatoes
and other gross vegetables, though it may be good, in con-
formity with nature, to shade the ground with a slight crop,
such as weak-growing flowers, small herbs, or mignonette.
Much of what you have stated respecting the Dutch forcing
at Hylands is in unison with my practice; the trees there
being frequently removed are never luxuriant, but produce
the kind of wood already described. Ihave seen that garden,
and am, perhaps, from the extent of my practice, a more effi-
cient judge than youself. From what I noticed at that place,
I would recommend to the British gardener a structure some-
thing between the Dutch frame and the English forcing-house,

Composition for destroying Insects on Wall Trees. 57

as the most certain and economical for forcing these and most
other fruits. I am now erecting an extensive range of glass
of this description, and I entertain sanguine hopes of superior
success ; but of this you shall hear more hereafter. In training
my trees, I pursue the fan manner recommended by your cor-
respondents Kendall and Hiver. The old crooked mode I
find to be particularly injurious to peach trees, by forming
obstructions to the ascending and descending sap. Thus at
the curvatures luxuriant excrescences are generated, which
in time destroy the regular balance of the tree, and subse-
quently bring on its death. If you find the contents of this
communication to merit your notice, I shall feel pleasure in
having contributed my mite to the Magazine. I have many
particulars to send you relating to the important parts of hor-
ticulture, and the difficulties and enemies incident to gardeners,
amongst the most insidious of the last may be numbered
stewards, house-keepers, ladies’ maids, grubs, and spiders.
Tam, Sir, &c. :
September, 1829. H. Joun NEwineTOon.

Art. XVI. Recipe for a Composition for destroying and guard-
ing against Insects on Wall Trees. By Mr. JAMEes Burges,
Gardener to the Rev. Richard Lane of Coffleet, Devonshire.

Sir,

WHEN insects are on fruit trees in leaf, it costs much ex-
pense and labour to subdue them; oftentimes they will make
their reappearance, and frequently the trees will, in the ensumg
spring have great numbers of the same species of insects on
them; and the remedy that is made use of to destroy them
often hurts their foliage. If the following composition be laid
on the trees in the spring after pruning annually, it will be an
incitement to the foliage, and a preservative for the trees
from insects; and I hope that none will attempt to use it
without giving it a fair and candid trial.

_ Take sulphur vivum, slaked lime sifted fine, and Scotch
snuff, of each an equal quantity, of lampblack half the quan-
tity, and let them be well blended: add to them soap suds and
urine, until it gets the consistence of thick paint. Before you
prune your trees, let them be all unnailed from the wall ; and
after pruning, let the composition be laid on the trees with a
painter’s brush carefully ; paint every pore of the branches
and buds with it. It has great effect on the bloom, and invi-

58 ; Culture of the Potato.

gorates the trees. If any of the composition be left for a
future occasion, it should be kept in a tub, or other vessel,
and urine poured on it, so as to cover the surface.

I am, Sir, &c. JAMES BURGE.
Coffleet, near Plympton, Nov. 5. 1826.

Art. XVII. On the Culture of the Potato, both in the Field and
Garden, and for early as well as main and late Crops. By Mr.
J. Exes, late Gardener to the Marquess of Bath, at Longleat.

Sir,

THE production of a good potato, whether early or late,
must at all times be a subject of importance, both to the farmer
and gardener: and although its cultivation is very easy and
simple, and no doubt appears so, even to the veriest tyro in
either calling ; yet the potatoes sold in and about London are
generally so very inferior in quality, that we must suppose the
soil either to be very unfavourable, or the cultivation defective ;
which latter supposition is rather hazardous, when we consider
the wealth, skill, and competition of such a host of market-
gardeners as supply the metropolis with this useful vegetable.
However, be the cause what it may, the article is not credit-
able to the grower, nor can such waxy watery things be very
nutritious to the consumer. If you think the following hints
would have a tendency to remedy the evil complained of, I
should be happy to see them inserted in the Gardener’s Ma-
gazine.

For alate Crop of Potatoes. — Whether the ground is light
or heavy, dig it well before planting, which may be done
about the middle or latter end of May; and if the ground is
heavy, draw the drills 2 ft. apart, or more if it is rich as well
as heavy ; room being essentially necessary in such ground, to
perfect the growth of a crop of good mealy potatoes; and I
rather think that it is thick planting in some measure which
so greatly deteriorates the produce about London. Then
plant sets with szngle eyes, 5 or Gin. deep, and 15 to 20in.
asunder in the rows, according to the nature of the soil, or
potato to be planted; cover with light muck, and after.
wards with a very little earth. In light soils the process is the
same, only let the sets be planted thicker and deeper, and
cover with as much muck as you please; but in either case,
as soon as the plants are 2 or 3in. high, take a mattock (for I

Culture of the Potato. 59

would banish entirely the common hoe, not only from the
potato yard, but from the kitchen-garden also), and with this
powerful implement move the earth about the plants and be-
tween the rows 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 in. deep, according to the depth
or shallowness of the soil, in a fine hot dry day, when the
weeds will be more effectually destroyed by this operation,
than by two or three ordinary hoeings. The plants will now
gtow rapidly; and in the course of a fortnight or three weeks
the earth should again be well moved between the rows with the
mattock, and the plants earthed up into good large ridges,
which will completely clean the ground for the season ; or only
one side of the row may be earthed up, and, after a week’s
interval, the other side may be earthed up a little higher,
which will twist the stem, and in some sorts increase the pro-
duce. LKither plan effectually secures the stems; for, being
all single, they are liable to be injured by strong winds, until
by branching out, the ground is covered, and then the danger
is over. Some sorts branch freely, others but little, which
should never be lost sight of in planting. Ordinary ground
cultivated in this manner, will generally yield 240 lbs. of
potatoes a rod.

For an early Crop.— Plant full-sized whole potatoes the first
week in October, on a south border, after the spade, in trenches
9 or 10 in. deep, and cover well with muck, leaving the bor-
der as light as possible, from which a crop of radishes may
be cleared by the latter end of March; for by that time the
plants will be showing themselves above ground, unless the
weather should prove very seyere. As soon as they are seen, let
the earth be deeply hacked with a mattock, and made very
loose about the plants; then in a fortnight or three weeks
move the surface again, but the plants need not be earthed
up, unless they are very much exposed to the wind, when a
little may be drawn about them to keep them steady. By
this method fine ash-leaved kidney potatoes may be gathered
by the 12th or 15th of May, even in situations not very favour-
able for early crops, and nearly three weeks earlier than can
be gathered from sets planted in the same situation in the latter
end of February ; and if ordinary care is taken in planting, no
danger need be apprehended from the frost.

For early crops I am not aware that any sort sent to the
table is more generally approved of than the ash-leaved kid-
ney; nor for late crops do I know a better keeper, or a more
productive sort, than the Devonshire apple, a red, round, and
deep-eyed potato. ‘The intermediate sorts are very numerous,

and some of great excellence, but mostly with local or pro-
vinclal names.

60 Culture and Produce of

The following list will show a succession of good potatoes
for the year, without artificial means : —

May, June, and July - Ash-leaved, red, and other kidneys.

July and August - Purple eyes; a fine, large, round, mealy potato.

September, October,and 2 Prussian; a red mealy potato, an excellent
November - - ‘ bearer.

November, December,
and January - -

February, March, April,

t Devonshire apple, Prince’s beauties
All good.
and May - 3

: Red colliers and white long-keepers

The above are known and cultivated extensively about
Frome, Warminster, Bradford, Trowbridge, and Westbury.
I am, Sir, &c. J. ELLEs.

198. Sloane Street, Sept. 1. 1829.

Art. XVIII. Notice of the Culture and Produce of a Patch of
Maize, or Cobbett's Corn, grown by Mr. Greig, at Bayswater.
Communicated by Mr. Greta.

Sir,

I now send you an account
of my method of growing Mr.
Cobbett’s corn, of which I fur-
nished you with a fair speci-
men. * (fg. 13.) Having got
the ground well dug early in |
May, on the 7th of that month -3
I drew seven drills, 3 ft. apart,
of the same depth as for kid-
neybeans, and planted the seed
of two ears of corn, purchased
of Mr. Cobbett, 6 in. from seed
to seed, treading the rows, as
my ground was very dry. Ina
week or ten days the corn came
up, scarcely a seed missing ;
and, about a week after that, I
gave it a good hoeing, which
greatly improved it. <A fort-
night afterwards I gave it a
second hoemg, and about the
20th of June a third hoeing,

* To enable our readers to compare the size of the ears of the plant sent
us with the ears of the large varieties grown in North America, we have

a Patch of Maize at Bayswater. 61

stirring the ground full 4in. deep. Three days after this last
hoeing I landed the corn up, and in the middle of August
topped it, cutting off the male blossom. (jig. 13. 6) I have

now gathered it; and from
the seven rows, each 38 ft.
long, the produce is 1156
good ears, and 339 de-
fective ones, which, had it
been a fine summer, would
all have been good. I
have rubbed out the corn
of seventeen ears, not one
of which was what I call a
fine ear, and the produce

is a quart of clear corn; °

therefore the 1156 good
ears produce 2 bushels and
half a peck for 34 rods of
ground, or 102 bushels per
acre. The defective ears,
being only half ripe or very
small, I do not include in
my calculation.

Mr. Cobbett having seen
my crop just aftemthe last
hoeing, stated in his Regis-
ter that it was the finest he
had seen; but, not to over-
rate the produce, say that it
takes eighteen ears to make
one quart of corn: then
there is 96 bushels per acre.

—<$——<—

Z SXY
—_-~—

15 figured one of the lat-
ter (fig. 17.), sent us
- last year
p. 211.)
Thorburn
York, to the same
- scale as the ear of Mr.
plant. (fie.
13.a) We ee
given a figure (jig.
14,), tothe same scale ©
.S as jig. 13. of the ave-
rage of a row of plants
raised in our garden
from this large variety ;
but which plants, though they had every advantage

(Vol. V.
by Messrs. (KS
of New pix

Greig’s

|
)
Heiman ee py sit
es a
‘

eh aioe
ae
i ‘ ny ff if

in point of culture, did not mature a single ear. By comparing the two

62 Culture and Produce of a Patch of Maize.

This is a great produce, and I hope every gardener will
plant a small piece, if only to send the ear to his master’s
table in its milky state. Any man who
can grow kidneybeans can .grow corn,
and any ground that will grow the beans |
will grow the corn. My ground is
light, about one foot deep, on gravel,

Ui (ey 5
ia
aren

ed

mnie
es
OTIS

3 s=3
much exposed, and liable to early frosts s2=e
in autumn, my georginas having been | ==3S7
killed three weeks ago. | 222

The middle of April, if the weather S23
be dry, will be the best time to plant; 2502
and I think 10 in. or 1 ft. apart, accord- sSS2
ing to the goodness of the ground, will SS}

Fe) 5 i 5 =SS3)
be better than 6in. Those plants S=s2
which had one sucker left, bore more <==2
ears than those that had no suckers. } ==

I had one plant with eleven ears, seve-
ral with nine and ten, and a great many
with seven and eight ears each.

I have endeavoured to give all the
information I think will be required
for growing this crop with success ; but
those who wish to know more of the corn and its uses,
should read Mr. Cobbett’s book, that gentleman being better
acquainted with it than I profess to be.

I am, Sir, &c.
JAMES GREIG.

i
ti

(|

Sieh

iz

Conduit Nursery, Bayswater, Oct. 28. 1829.

plants (fig. 13. and fig. 14), and the two ears and grains (jig. 15. and jig.
16.) belonging to them, our readers will have at least a very palpable idea
of the important difference between the two varieties; and a little reflec-
tion will convince the young gardener or farmer how much of his success
in all the departments of culture, in the field or in the garden, will depend
on the judicious selection of varieties. Botanical gardeners, we sometimes
think, are too apt to overlook the important differences, with reference to
culture and product, that exist between such slender botanical distinctions,
in consequence of knowing their ‘insignificance with reference to botanical
nomenclature ; but no gardener or farmer could raise a crop of ripe ears
from plants having the habit of fig. 14., while plants with the habit of fig. 13.
have ripened tolerable crops, even in a very unfavourable season. The dif-
ference between these two varieties, in a botanical point of view, is of the
slightest description. See on this important subject Bishop’s Causal Botany.
In the different figures (13 to 17.), the single grains (c) are all of the natural
size. The sections (d) show the manner in which the grains are arranged
on the ear. — Cond.

Experiments with Indian Corn. 63

Art. XIX. The Result of some Experiments with Ten Varieties
of Indian Corn, with a comparative Estimate of the Merits of
this Corn, as compared with those Corns commonly grown by the
Farmers of Britain. By G. C.

Sir,

As you have requested me to report on the culture of In-
dian corn in the neighbourhood of London, as an article of
garden and field produce, I have devoted some time to the
enquiry. I find that as yet no conclusive result can be safely
arrived at. In the first place, but few varieties, and those not the
best, have been selected for trial; secondly, I have not heard
of any extensive breadth, except Mr. Cobbett’s at Barn Elms,
to which I have not had an opportunity of paying any atten-
tion. Mr. Poynter of Waltham Green has cultivated ten
varieties, of which he has furnished me with the following par-

ticulars. I find the varieties were supplied to him by Mr.
W. Cobbett, jun.

No. 1. Sweet corn - - - Useless to attempt growing.
2. Maize quarantaine (ripening in forty M. lin &
days) ‘ A i ” ¢ May succeed in fine seasons.
3, Early golden corn : if ; May also do well in warm
summers.
4, Large yellow corn, from Pennsyl- Ween
vania - - - A
5. Large red = - - The same.
6. Large yellow flint - - The same.
7. Large white flint - - - The same.
Sipe meses i : -} tae oy (October 31.) in
9. Egyptian or chicken corn [Mais a .
‘poulet, le plus petit et le plus pré- Mae pases well Ibi
coce, of Vilmorin’s catalogue] y :
10. Cobbett’s early corn - i -§ Equally fect but not quite
so early.

I shall first state the course of culture pursued, and then
proceed to comment on the result. ‘The seed was planted on
the 8th of May last on a slight heat, protected by a frame and
sash, which sash was removed in fine weather. On the 19th
the plants were placed in a compartment which had been pre-
viously sown with radishes, but the crop gathered. ‘The rows
were 2} ft. apart, and the plants about 1 ft. from each other ;
a row of Cos lettuces were then planted between them. From
the extreme wetness of the season, the ground, instead of
being hoed and drawn to the plants in the rows, was simply
dug twice, and kept as clean as possible. The result as above.

The following particulars are only matter of calculation :—
On thirty rods of Cobbett’s corn, fifty-seven rows, each row

64 Experiments with Indian Corn,

containing forty plants, every four rows may be presumed to
yield about one bushel of clean corn, or fourteen bushels in
the whole, or seventy-four bushels to the acre.

No. 1. Sweet Corn is used principally as a culinary vege-
table, as a substitute for peas in a dry season, and can be
therefore of little importance in a country which at all times
furnishes such large supplies (of what I may, I trust, say there
cannot be two opinions about) of a better vegetable.

No. 2. Mais quarantaine appears to be an early variety, not
much unlike No. 10., and therefore its merits may rest on the
proof of that.

No. 3. The Early Golden, or Sioux corn, 1s a very early
variety, said to have been originally brought from among the
Sioux Indians, and, as an early bright yellow corn, may be
entitled to our consideration. .

Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7. are well known varieties, grown throughout

the middle states of North America, and I have no doubt ex-
tensively also in South America. They are admitted to yield
from forty to sixty bushels of clean corn per acre, as the soil,
situation, culture and season may admit, but at present they
are of no use here as an article of field culture.
No.8. White Pearl Corn (which I must really consider a dis-
tinct variety, despite of your doubts in the last Number, from
its very different manner of growth, yielding a much greater
foliage, and coming into bloom four or six weeks later than any
other), could a supply of seed be obtained, might be made, as
an article of forage in dry seasons, a crop of considerable value
to the farmer for the supply of his cattle.

No.9. Chicken Corn is a very diminutive variety, not exceed-
ing 18 in. in height, rarely more than one stem, and may be
planted in rows 18 in. asunder, the plants not more than 10
or 12 in. apart; consequently a great quantity may be placed
on a limited space. It is very prolific, and has ripened tho-
roughly this season.

No. 10. Cobbett’s Early Corn, which is nothing more than
what is well known in America as the Nova Scotia Corn,
grows about 3 ft. high, and may be planted in rows 2 ft. asun-
der, and the plants about 18 in. apart. It is an abundant
bearer, as all the early varieties must necessarily be, from the
expansion of their blossoms at a season when the high tem-
perature insures a dispersion of the pollen from the stamini-
ferous flower.

_ Having thus gone through this list, I have now to offer a
comparative estimate on the probable results of culture of
those varieties which may be considered available to us
from their disposition to ripen in our climate, as compared

and comparative Estimate of its Merits. 65

with other articles of established usage, and with which prac-
tice has made us familiar; such as peas, beans, oats, or barley.
Of course with wheat, as an article of growth for flour, it
would be idle to waste time in the comparison; and here I
may beg leave to correct an error of opinion which has pre-
vailed among many since the introduction of it, as to its appli-
cation in America, which is no less gross than to suppose it
is the corn which yields the fine flour of that country, — an
error so palpable as to require no refutation. It will not be
practicable, within the limits of this article, to enter into details
sufficiently at large to expose the fallacy of the attempt to
substitute it for either of the above crops, as a part of a series
in rotation on a farm of any extent; but it may suffice to show
the probable result of it, as a part of a course of culture, as
matter of profit, on the premises of its known properties and
produce. ‘To take, for instance, one acre on a soil peculiarly
adapted to it, a friable loam; admitting it to give, as an
average crop, fifty bushels to the acre, which, at the market
price of it (usually in our markets 4s. per bushel), would be
107. per acre. Now, if sown in May, the ground cannot be
possibly cleared until November, which in most situations
would be too late to get the ground ready for wheat; conse-
quently it must remain idle until March following, if in-
tended for oats, or, by a process of winter fallow, for spring
wheat or barley, thus consuming eighteen or twenty months
for two crops: whereas, if peas were sown in February or
March, they will generally be harvested and marketed in July
or August following, and the ground sown with turnips, which
may be again cleared off in October and November, by which
process the land is immediately available for wheat, at all
times the staple crop of our farmers. In comparison of value
as to produce, compared with peas, maize possesses no ad-
vantage; the general produce of grey peas is six or seven
quarters the acre, which at 36s. per quarter, will yield more
than the Indian corn, and certainly leave the ground in a much
better state for the next crop, as it is notorious that maize
exhausts the soil, whereas peas and turnips are considered an
ameliorating crop. To pursue the comparison with regard to
barley, which may be sown in May, harvested in August, and
the ground prepared immediately for wheat; the produce of
barley on soils adapted to Indian corn may be taken at an
average in good seasons (equally necessary to the perfection
of both), at seven quarters per acre, which, at 30s. per quar-
ter, would yield an equal profit. Beans, for the use of which
it may also be substituted as horse food, as with oats, are
generally cultivated on soils not at all adapted for the culture
Vou, VI. — No, 24. F

66 Experiments with Indian Corn,

of Indian corn: deep heavy loam, inclining to clay, may be
sown or planted in February and March, and reaped in
August and September; again leaving, in ordinary seasons,
time to prepare if necessary for wheat, or to get the land in
condition by a winter fallow for spring use, which it is hardly
possible to do with maize, which can rarely be cleared before
the end of November, or sometimes later ; consequently the
ground must in ordinary cases remain untouched throughout
the winter, which has the effect of rendering it unfit for early
spring use, being usually in such cases churlish and heavy,
instead of being friable and easily broken down when exposed
to the action of the weather. As to any other advantages it
may possess, as yielding a greater quantity of forage, I think
it may be proved to be equally unavailable. Barley straw, of
which two to three loads per acre are generally obtained, is
particularly valuable, more especially when the ground is sown
with clover as a secondary crop. Oat straw, in equal quan-
tities or more, is alike valuable to the farmer, as fodder, or for
sale; peas halm, when well harvested, is considered fit for
all cattle; bean halm is, when got in good condition, made
available for farm horses in all cases; so that the superabun-
dant herbage which the maize yields would afford no better
profit to the cultivator than either of those I have compared
it with.

Having thus given my opinion as to its relative merits as
an article of agriculture, it remains but to show how far it may
be made extensively useful as a garden crop, and certainly
it could only be with the smaller varieties that any attempt
should be made; for few gardeners could spare more than
twenty rods of space for its production, which, under the
most favourable calculation of its produce, would not yield
more than eight or ten bushels, which, even at 5s. per bushel,
would afford but a poor return for the application of so large
a surface during a period of six or eight months. Asan article
of summer produce for the table it is as yet but matter of
curiosity or speculation with a few, and it would require two
more seasons at least to determine its relative value to the »
gardener, as compared with the product of other vegetable
crops. By these observations I do not mean to detract from
its real value, or by any means to prevent its having a fair
trial; but merely to correct any erroneous opinions that may
have been established in its favour, and which might, like all
other extravagant calculations, be the means of great disap-
pointment, and lead to very strong and irremediable prejudices
against it. I must not omit to mention, that an extensive col-
lection of Indian corn has been cultivated by Mr. Wm. Ander-

and comparative Estimate of its Merits. 67

son at Chelsea, for M. Lagasca, who brought the seeds from
Spain. Out of 130 varieties. about forty vegetated, twenty or
thirty of which have perfected seeds sufficient for their in-
crease, but by no means in so great a quantity as to enable
me to form an estimate of their value. It is true they were
planted so late as June, but they have had all the advantages
of a favourable position on a warm border under a wall, with
every attention. Mr. Anderson considers them inapplicable
to our purposes in ordinary seasons, and supported by such
an authority, I have but little hesitation in considering it mat-
ter of very doubtful issue, which time and a better acquaint-
ance with the plant, or an improved method of culture may
alone be able to remove. If you consider these observations
as at all conducive to the generally useful purposes of your
Magazine, I thall be very happy in having been able to con-
tribute them. G. C.

Great Russel Street, Covent Garden,
October 31. 1829.

A gentleman from Sydney, now in London, who has cultivated the Indian
corn there for two years, informs us that the stems grew with him 1] and 12 ft.
high, with only one ear at top: two ears on the same stem are quite a rarity
at Sydney. The utmost produce that he obtained was 50 bushels an acre. It
appears highly probable, therefore, that some of the dwarf varieties of maize
would prove much more prolific in New South Wales than the tall varieties
at present grown there. The hint may be worth the attention of those
going to the Swan River. Probably the varieties would soon degenerate,
but the seed could be renewed from Europe or North America. The grains
of maize will retain their vegetative powers for at least six years, so that a
stock of seed might be kept on hand. We ascertained the fact of this
degree of durability of the vegetative powers of the seed of the maize from
a lady who resides at Hampstead, whose very interesting communication
on the subject will appear in next Number.

After observing all the different accounts of the crops of maize which have
appeared in the newspapers, particularly in the Marmer’s Journal, the
Country Times, and in Cobbett’s Register, in the course of this very unfa-
vourable season (1829), the conclusion we have come to is, that maize
may be worth cultivating to a limited extent, for feeding poultry, on dry,
warm, sandy soils, and in cottage-gardens, south of York. We do not like
the bread or the pudding made from it, either alone or with wheat flour, and.
should be sorry to see it in general use as food for man. We do not think
maize meal at all comparable with oatmeal; though that may be prejudice.
But we know, from what we have seen in France and Germany, that the
grain, entire or broken, is a rapid fattener of geese and other poultry ; that
the tops of the stalks and the leaves are greedily eaten by cattle; that, in
Italy, the chaff is an excellent substitute for feathers in beds ; that, the plant
being cultivated in rows, and requiring frequent movement of the soil and
to be kept very clear from weeds, it is a cleaning crop; and that, the grain
having no gluten, it might probably alternate well with wheat. On dry,
warm, sandy soils, such as at Sandy, in Bedfordshire, where Mr. Moore
raised at the rate of 105 bushels per acre (Farm. Jour., Noy. 9. 1829), we
believe it will be found a profitable crop. — Cond.

EF 2

68

PART IL.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
Vol. 1V. Part II.

(Continued from Vol. V. p. 444.)

21. On the Raising of Mushrooms during the Winter Season. By
Mr. A. Kelly, Gardener to the Earl of Moray, at Donibristle.
Read June, 1818.

Aw Oldaker mushroom-house is made use of. The dung
preferred is “ one half horse droppings, and one half short
litter, from horses fed upon hay and oats, always avoiding
dung of horses fed upon soft food.” A sufficient quantity
of this mixture is procured and thrown into a heap to heat,
sometimes mixing one fifth or sixth of sheep or cow dung.
The dung being amedioncelor twice, and in good heat, it is
thrown into the shelves or boxes, and beat as firm as possible:
till within an inch of the height of the front of the shelf, the
shelf being 1 ft.deep.

es During the process of making up the beds, the heat of
the dung will abate ; ; but, by lighting a fire in the adjoming
furnace fon a short time, it mili readily return. If it return
strong, or become violent, I bore holes quite through the bed,
to let the heat escape, and admit air freely into the house.
‘These holes, by being filled up to within 3 in. of the surface
of the bed, answer for putting the spawn into. As soon as
the heat becomes mild, I spawn the bed with pieces of spawn
about the size of common plums, placing the pieces about
9 in. or 1ft. distant from each other, and covering them
1 in. below the surface of the bed. I have sometimes put
on the mould directly after spawning, when there was no
danger of the heat returning strong ; Tone in general, I defer
this until the spawn has spr ead itself through the dung, which
I think answers better. I have tried different kinds of mould
for mushroom beds, and what I have found to answer best is
lightish loam, mixed with a small proportion of horse drop-
pings or road scrapings. I find road scrapings, when they

Botanical Magazine. 69

can be got dry, and from roads where horses have frequented,

to form an excellent composition for covering mushroom beds.
I put the mould on the beds 1 in. thick, beating it firm and
smooth. ‘This finishes the bed to the height of the front of
the shelf, or 1 ft. deep.”

The air of the house is now kept from 55° to 60°, and in
about three or four weeks the mushrooms begin to appear.
If the beds are dry on the surface, a moderate watering is
given with water of the same temperature as that of the
house. ‘This will generally send up the mushrooms in great
numbers. ‘ The admission of air into the house at this time
is very beneficial. By admitting much air, the mushrooms
will not advance so rapidly in growth; but they will be much
firmer, and of higher flavour, than if kept close shut up. I
use no covering for my beds.” The beds, on the whole,
must be kept rather dry than moist ; and much of the success
depends on avoiding the two extremes of humidity and
drought. ‘Too much moisture and dampness are the general
causes of the destruction of mushroom beds.

22. Ondestroying Slugs, Limax cinereus and agréstis. By Mr. A.
Gorrie, C.M.H.S., &c. Read June, 1818.

Mr. Gorrie discovered by accident that not only are slugs
destroyed by the urine of black cattle, or the drainings of a
cow-house or of dunghills, if poured on them, but the approach
of others to the ground so moistened prevented for a consi-
derable time. The drainings of the cow-house may be diluted
with about one third of water.

(To be continued.)

Art. II. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, &c., published since August last, with some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

Britain.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, or Flower-Garden displayed; New Series.
Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. 6d. col.; 3s. plain.

No. XXXIV. for October, contains

2938 to 2943.— Cypripedium macranthon. Beautiful showy purple
flowers. From open places or woods in Siberia; and sent by Dr. Fischer
of Petersburg, to the Glasgow botanic garden.— Ficus rubigindsa. A
small stove tree, from New South Wales, in 1789, by Sir Joseph Banks. —-
Gaillardia aristata; Composite. A tall branching herbaceous plant, with
large showy yellow flowers, from the Rocky Mountains in North America
by “Mr. Douglas and others. — Linaria equitriloba; Scrophularinese. A
pretty little tufted perennial, from the rocks at Laconi, in Sardinia, by the

F 3

70 Botanical Register.

German Travelling Society noticed in a former Number of this Magazine,
to Dr. Graham, in 1828. — A’ster salsugindsus (sa/sugo, fluid in salt pits).
Perennial ; about a foot high, with purple flowers in May. From the Salt
Plains of the Athabasca, North America, by Mr. Drummond, to the Glas-
gow botanic garden. Dr. Hooker observes, “ This might rather be called
the Spring than the Michaelmas daisy.” — Peperomia clusiefola; Piper-
acez. A stove succulent; an inhabitant of our stoves since 1793, when it
was introduced from the West Indies by Captain Bligh. It is often con-
founded with the Piper obtusifolium of Willdenow.

No. XX XV, for November, contams

2944 to 2949.— Combrétum grandiflorum. A splendid climber, from
Sierra Leone, “ discovered by Mr. G. Don while collecting for that mesti-
mable [!!] institution, the Horticultural Society.” — Pentstémon gracilis.
(The description, according to Mr. Lindley, is that of P. glaticum, Bot. Reg.,
1286.)— Vicia argéntea.— Habenaria macréceras. One of the most curious
of the terrestrial Orchidez. Sent by Dr. Distan to the Glasgow botanic
garden from Jamaica. — Stanhopea (in compliment to the Right Honour-
able Philip Henry Earl Stanhope, the noble president of the Medico-
Botanical Society of London) insignis; Orchideze. From South America to
Kew some years ago. ‘“ Preeminent for its size, and the curious structure
of the parts of its flower.” In the Botanical Register for December, Mr.
Lindley states that “ the name above assigned to this plant cannot be
retained, as it is a species of Ceratochilus, a genus long since published in
Loddiges’s Botanical Cabinet.”

No. XXXVI. for December, contains

2950 to 2955. — Ludovia* latifolia; Ardideze. The habit of this plant,
and especially of its foliage, is very similar to that of the palms: it inha-
bits Grenada, whence it was sent to Messrs. Loddiges. Whether or not it
is hardy, is not mentioned. — Lupinus littoralis. A hardy perennial, flower-
ing from June to October, and propagated by cuttings, divisions of the
roots, and seeds. Introduced by Mr. Douglas from North-west America.
— Pothos microphylla; Ardidez. A stove perennial, from Brazil.— Pent-
stémor procera. A handsome perennial species, from 18in. to 2 ft. high.
— Maxillaria squalens ; Orchideze.

Edwards’s Botanical Register. Continued by John Lindley, F.R.S. L.S. &c.,
Professor of Botany in the London University. In 8yo Numbers, monthly.
4s. coloured.

No, VIII. for October, contains
1269 to 1275.— Fachsia microphylla; Onagrarie. A small densely
leafy shrub, from the “ volcanic mountain Jocullo, in Mexico, where it was
found growing by Messrs. Humboldt and Bonpland at the height of between

3000 and 4.000 ft. above the level of the sea. It has been recently raised in

this country by R. Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hill, and Mr. Mackay of the

Clapton nursery. As a garden plant, this is, in our estimation, by far the

most interesting species in cultivation; destitute, indeed, of the glaring

colour and nodding flowers of F. gracilis and coccinea, but possessing a rich
deep green foliage ; among which the little, glowing, ruby-coloured flowers
are crowded in the greatest profusion. Like all the species hitherto known
it is strictly a green-house plant. It will thrive out of doors in a warm
summer, but it cannot bear much frost ; and must, to be kept in health and
beauty, be nursed in the winter as other green-house plants are. It increases

* « This genus was named Carludévica by Ruiz and Pavon, in honour of
Charles XI. of Spain and his queen Louisa. But such a word was wholly
inconsistent with the rules for constituting genera, and Persoon changed it
to Ludovia.”

Botanical Register. val

rapidly by cuttings, and will soon be as common as the other kinds.’ —
Pentstémon speciosa; Scrophularineze. “ A fine perennial species, native
of the banks of the Spokan river, in North-west America, whence it was
sent by Mr. Douglas to the Horticultural Society in 1827. It flowered in
the Chiswick garden from June to September. In consequence of the great
number of flowering stems and flowers which this plant produces, it in-
creases little by the root; so that its propagation will depend upon the
saving its seeds, which are brought forth in abundance. It is quite hardy,
- and grows in common garden soil.” — Acze‘na pinnatifida; “ Diandria, Tri-
andria, Tetrandria, Pentandria, &c.; Mono-di-gynia.”” [So much do the
stamens sometimes vary, and hence sometimes the difficulties of the Lin-
nean system.] Rosaceze § Sanguisérbee. “ A half-tender herbaceous
plant, native of Chile, where it was first found by the authors of the Flora
Peruviana, by whom it has been figured and described in their great work.
The introduction of it to the gardens of this country is due to the Horti-
cultural Society, in whose collection at Chiswick it had been raised from
seeds collected in Chile by Mr. M‘Rae. It is increased by cuttings of its
half-woody leafy stem, or by division of the roots, or by seeds. During the
summer it grows well in the open border, but it will not live there in the
winter. This genus offers an illustration of what is called the certainty
and precision of the Linnean system of botany, which is highly amusing.
Perhaps some of our friends at Liverpool, the last strong-hold of the rem-
nant of the followers of the great Swedish naturalist, will inform us to what
Linnean class Acze‘na should be referred.” — Thermépsis (thermos, a lupine,
and opsis, the appearance; general aspect) fabacea (faba, a bean; general
aspect); Leguminosze § Sophoree. A perennial herbaceous plant, remark-
able for the neatness of its trifoliate or quinate leaves, and bright yellow
lupine-like flowers. Found in the north-eastern side of Asia, by the Rus-
sian collectors; and in dry channels of mountain torrents in the valleys of
the Blue Mountains, by Mr. Douglas. — Tabernzemontana densiflora; Apo-
cyneze. A stove shrub, from India, by the East India Company to the
garden of the Horticultural Society. — Rzbes tenuiflora; Grossulacee. A
low North American shrub, often confounded with Rzbes atreum. — Lis-
santhe (lissos, smooth, anthos, a flower; polished surface of the corolla)
sapida. A handsome green-house shrub, from New Holland to the Clapton
nursery. In the Library of Entertaining Knowledge it is called the Austra-
lian cranberry. The fruit is a succulent drupe, and said to be of a very
delicate peach-bloom colour, having something of the consistency and taste
of the Siberian crab.
No. IX. for November, contains

1276 to 1283.—- Canna speciosa. “ A stately and ornamental species,
from the valley of Nepal, flowering and ripening its fruit there almost all the
year round.”—Pentstémon Scouléri. From the Kettle Falls of the Colom-
bia by Mr. Douglas. “ In its native country it is half-shrubby, and would
be the same with us in warm situations: it is, however, best considered as a
perennial. It is very hardy, will grow in any soil, and propagates abun-
dantly either by seeds or cuttings. It blossoms in May and June, and is
one of the handsomest border flowers of that season. The species was
named by Mr. Douglas in honour of Dr. Scouler, the companion of his
voyage to the west coast of America; who has, we understand, been recently
appointed to the chair of natural history in the university of Glasgow.” —
Ribes punctatum., A neat shrub, with berries about the size of those of
the red currant. From the high hills of Chile. Rather tender. — Ges-
néria ritila var. atrosanguinea. From Rio Janeiro, from Mr. J. M‘Cul-
loch, gardener to the Right Honourable Robert Gordon, by whom it was
presented to the Horticultural Society. — Pentstémon pruinosa. A neat
plant, with brilliant flowers. From the Colombia, by Mr. Douglas. “ It
is perfectly hardy, and perennial; but, like many of the newly introduced

F 4

72 Botanical Register.

species of this genus, is apt to exhaust itself so much in flowering, as te
become little better than a biennial. This may, however, be prevented, by
pinching a part of the flowering stems of each plant upon their first appear-
ance}; a practice which may be advantageously adopted with regard to all
plants having similar habits. It should be cultivated in a shady place in
some light soil, in which it will flower beautifully during all June, July, and
August, ripening seeds in tolerable abundance.” — Ipomopsis élegans ;
Polemoniaceze. <A beautiful biennial or perennial, with scarlet funnel-
shaped flowers. From both sides of the continent of North America, by
Mr. Douglas to the Horticultural Society. “ It is, unfortunately, im-
patient of cultivation, being apt to die off, without apparent cause, during
its flowering. Naturally, it is perhaps perennial ; but with us, owing to this
cause, it does not survive beyond two years. The best method of culti-
vating it is found to be in cold damp soil, under a wall. It will not live in
peat or light soil.”’— Lophaénthus anisatus; Labiatee § Satureinee. A
handsome hardy perennial, from the Missouri, flowering profusely in July,
August, and September, and remarkable for the strong scent of anise which.
it yields when slightly bruised. Flowers, blue and_ red. — Sisyrinchium
- odoratissimum; Jridee. From South America to the Clapton nursery,
where it is perfectly hardy. ‘“ We have here a new instance of what is
called the certainty and precision of the Linnean system of botany. Sisy-
rinchium appears to us to belong to Monadélphia Triandria, and it is so
stationed by some Linnean botanists: yet others, of great authority, place
it in Tridndria Monogynia. We will not pretend to decide between these
conflicting opinions; but we really wonder that gentlemen should be still
found, with this and hundreds of similar cases staring them in the face, to
talk gravely of the peculiar precision and certainty of the sexual system.
No one pretends to claim this character of peculiar certainty and precision
for the natural system; but to ascribe it exclusively to the Linnean is
notoriously absurd; as if the very clever artificial contrivance of the illus-
trious Swede, the utility of which is, however, most extravagantly over-
rated, were exempt from the imperfections inherent in all human affairs.
But what amuses us the most is, that while Linnean botanists are thus
anxiously endeavourmg to maintain the ground which they cannot avoid
perceiving is rapidly slipping from beneath them, they are slily adopting that
very system they deprecate, and adopting it by a sort of patchwork process,
which has the peculiar advantage of being particularly useless. (See Spren-
gel’s Syst. Veg. passim, in the arrangement of genera.) With us, so com-
pletely will prejudice blind men’s perceptions, one of the most intelligent
and amiable men that the age has seen has announced himself a defender of
the Linnean faith in a splendid work, bearmg for its name the somewhat
singular title of ‘ Monandrian Plants of the Order Scitaminee !? which is:
written, from beginning to end, wpon the principles of the natural system. In
no other country than Great Britain would remarks of this nature be neces-
sary, if we except a few of the southern kingdoms of Europe, in which
science does not particularly flourish. We trust they will soon be super-
fluous among ourselves.”

No. X. for December, contains

1284 to 1289.— Fichsia thymifolia, Lopézia thymifolia of Willdenow.
«A half-hardy shrub, remarkable for its soft entire ieaves and changeable
flowers, the petals of which are not rolled together, as is usually the case,
but spread open. The blossoms are at first pale-greenish rose colour, gra-'
dually changing to deep red; so that there are many different hues upon
the plant at the same time. It propagates very readily by cuttings, and
will soon become a common plant. It flowers continually during all the’
summer months.” — Pentstémon acuminata. “ A rival of the beautiful P-
speciosa, inferior to it in stature, but exceeding it in beauty of colouring and

Botanical Cabinet. "3

neatness of appearance.” From the sandy plains of Colombia, by Mr.
Douglas. It flowers from June to August. “ This is by far the most diffi-
cult to cultivate of all its genus. No soil has yet been found which suits
it. It flowers abundantly, but will not produce seed. It is to be feared
that unless we have a fresh supply from North-west America, the species
will be lost to our gardens.” — Pentstémon glatica. “ A dwarf species,
thriving in common soil, flowering in profusion in August and September,
and propagated by division of the roots and by seeds. It grows about a
foot high.” — Isopogon formosus; Protedcee. “ A green-house shrub,
remarkable for its hard, neat, rigid, divided leaves, and heads of purple
flowers. Propagated by ripened cuttings, struck under a bell-glass. It
blossoms in July. This plant, the most beautiful of its genus, is said to have
been introduced so long since as the year 1805, to the Kew garden. As
far, however, as the public is concerned, the date of its introduction may be
more properly fixed in 1824, when it was raised by Mr. Mackay, from seeds
collected im the neighbourhood of Lucky Bay by Mr. Baxter, on his first
visit to the west coast of New Holland. It is right that in all questions
about the period at which plants have been introduced, this distinction
should be borne in mind, and that the world should be aware that the intro-
duction of a plant to His Majesty’s garden at Kew is a very different affair
from its introduction to Great Britain. An object cannot be properly said
to be introduced from one country to another, unless it is afterwards dis-
seminated by such means as the introducer possesses; a practice which is
adopted in every establishment in the world, save in that one which ought
to set an example to all others.” There is not a botanist or gardener who
has a spark of liberality or dependence of mind who will not agree with
Mr. Lindley in the above observation. The whole system and management
of Kew gardens, as we have often stated, have long been, and still are dis-
graceful to a free, enlightened, and liberal people. — Stachys germanica var.
pubéscens. — Microstylis (mikros, small, stylis, a column ; small size of the
column) ophioglossoides var. mexicana; Orchideee.— Dendrobium sectin-
dum; Orchidez. “ It appears, from Dr. Wallich’s drawings, to be a most
lovely species in its native places of growth, forming long pendent stems,
which throw out an abundance of one-sided racemes of purple flowers, 5 or
Gin. long. The habit of this and many other dendrobiums being to hang
down from the trees on which they grow, it is impossible to cultivate them
with any success, unless they are suspended in the air in pots, or otherwise
so managed that they can shoot freely in the way that is natural to them.”

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. * In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s.; small paper, and partially coloured, 2s. 6d.

Part CXLVITI, for August, contains

1471 to 1480. — Viola ‘sagittata. — Hrica australis. — Ledntice thalic-
troides. — Orthrosanthus multiflorus. — Caméllia japonica. Very like ane-
moneflora_crassinérvis. — Viburnum obovatum.— Euphérbia lophogona.
From the Jardin du Roi, where it was lately raised from seeds received
from Madagascar.— Leucojum pulchéllum. — Grevillea rosmarinifolia, Pri-
mula decora.

| Part CXLIX. for September, contains

1481 to 1490.—A’loe humilis. — Cochlearia danica. — Scilla italica. —
Blighta sapida; Sapindacez. A native of tropical Africa, brought to the
West Indies in 1778, by Admiral Bligh, where it is now become naturalised,
and the fleshy cover of the seed used as a delicate article of cookery. The
tree in Messrs. Loddiges’ stove is 20 ft. high. — Viola dentata. — Redes alpi-
num. A stout bush, 4 or 5 ft. high, from the mountainous woods of the
north of Europe. — #. sanguineum. A hardy shrub, from the Colombia
river, with a profusion of beautiful red flowers in April.— Hovea Célsi. An
elegant plant for a conservatory, but it will not thrive long ina pot. Scarce,

74: British Flower-Garden.

because it is difficult to propagate. — Dodecatheon Meadia flore albo.
Didsma spheerocéphala.
Part CL. for October, contains

1491 to 1500. — Rhododéndron Chamecistus. “ A charming production
of the Great Author of all good,” from the mountains of Carniola, to the
Hackney botanic garden, in 1786, by the Baron von Zois. “ It is a most
delicate little plant seldom exceeding 3 or 4 in. in height, flowering with us in
May. We increase it by cuttings. The soil should be peat, and in winter
the plants may be kept in a cold frame, or under a hand-glass. In summer
it should be placed in a shady situation, and moderately watered. — Pulmo-
naria mollis. A hardy perennial from Transylvania, in 1816. — Camélla
eurydides. A slender shrub, with pendulous hairy branches, and white
flowers from the axils of the leaves in April, not very conspicuous. — An-
drémeda buxifolia. A most elegant little shrub, from the mountains of
the Island of Bourbon, by Mr. Barclay of Bury Hill. “ With us it flowers
from April to July, growing from 1 to 3 ft. high; the leaves are of a strong
ever-green texture, and the flowers exceedingly beautiful. It is preserved
without difficulty in the green-house, and may be raised from seeds, which
are perfected in this country. The soil should be sandy peat.— Erica flex-
uodsa.— Ononis rotundifolia. — Alstreeméria bicolor. “ Raised in 1826,
among some of the A. tricolor, of which it is a kind of variety.’ — Didsma
rubra. — Potentilla alpéstris. A very brilliant and showy species, from the
Alps of Switzerland. — O’xalis Déppe? (in honour of Mr. Deppe, a German
naturalist and collector, now on his second expedition to New Spain). In-
troduced from Mexico by Mr. Barclay.

Part CIA. for November, contains

1501 to 1510.— Hakea ferruginea. — Dillwynia pangens. An elegant
New Holland shrub, introduced in 1825, by Mr. Mackay. — Aphyllanthes
monspeliénsis. — A’loe incirva. — Erica cincrea. — Iris tatrica. Raised in
1826, from seeds received from Dr. Fischer of Petersburg. The plant grows
only a few inches high, and produces yellow flowers in May. — Fothergilla
Gardén’. — Kaélmia glatca. — Persodénia latifolia. A New Holland shrub,
3 ft. high, with small yellow flowers in June and July.— Saxifraga decipiens.

Part CLII, for December, contains

1511 to 1520. — Schelhammera multiflora ; Polygonateze (?). An her-
baceous plant, from New Holland, 2 ft. high, with pendulous shoots and
delicate pleasing pale red and white flowers. “ It increases itself by suckers
from the root, which are freely produced, and should be potted in loam and
peat earth, and preserved in the green-house during the winter months.” —
Cotoneaster frigida. From the northern regions of Nepal, by Dr. Wallich.
“ It forms a handsome small bushy tree, growing very freely, and is perfectly
hardy, flowering with us in May and June. One specimen, planted three
years since, is already nearly 10 ft. high. It seems to thrive in any tolerably
good soil, and has been increased by budding on the whitethorn stock.” —
Tradescantia elata. — Verbéna Melindres Bot. Reg. (chameedridides Sweet).
— Sempervivum czspitosum. — Cérbera dichétoma. A tree from India,
with fine, smooth, green, obovate leaves, and beautiful white flowers. It is
highly ornamental to the stove, may be increased by layers. — Saxifraga de-
nudata. — Azalea viscdsa rubéscens. — Erica capitata. — Fothergilla major.

The British Flower-Garden. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S.&c. In 8vo Numbers,
monthly, 3s.
No. V_ for October, contains
17 to 20.— Cobtrgia (“ We have named the present handsome genus
in compliment to His Royal Highness Leopold, Prince of Saxe Coburg, who
is much attached to botanical science, and the bulbous-rooted plants in par-
ticular, in whose collection at Claremont, several rare ones have flowered for
the first time in this country.) incarnita; Amaryllidee, tribe 2. Pancra-
tiférmes Herbert, A grand and very distinct genus ; the drawing made from

British Flower-Garden. - "5

a-bulb in full flower in Mr. Knight’s exotic. nursery, King’s Road, Chelsea
who received it from Quito in Peru two years ago. “ It was first discovered
by the noted travellers, Humboldt and Bonpland, who found it growing on
the banks of the river Machangara, near Quito, at the altitude of 8910 ft.
above the level of the sea; so that there can be no doubt but it will prove
sufficiently hardy to endure our winters, if planted about 6 in. deep in a warm
border in a sheltered situation; a rich loamy soil, that is very sandy, will be
most proper for it, and it would be the safest plan to cover it a little in winter,
till such time as it has had a fair trial, as we suspect it is at present very rare,
not having heard of it in any other collection ; but when the bulbs get well
established, there can be no doubt but they will ripen seed freely, as we per-
ceived there were a great quantity of immature seeds, in a withered capsule,
that did not come to perfection ; the seeds appeared to have a membraneous
winged margin, in the young state that we examined them.” — Asclépias
pulchra; Asclepiadee Asclepiee. A hardy herbaceous perennial, with dark
purple and red flowers, from North America. It makes a handsome stately
plant, “ attaiing to the height of 3 or 4 ft. in the common garden soil, and
considerably more if planted in peat, continuing to produce an abundance of
its curious purple flowers from July to the middle of September. The flowers
of several species of this natural order have the singular faculty of catching
flies, which are attracted to the flowers for the sake of the honey, which is
produced in most of them in great abundance; and we have sometimes ob-
served a few entrapped in the flowers of the present species, but not so often
as in some others. It is readily increased by dividing at the root, or by
seeds; the latter are produced in pods, embedded in cotton, as are those of
the whole genus.” — @nothera Lindleyana; Onagrariz. “ One of the
most beautiful species.” — Cyclobothra (kyklos, a circle; bothros, a well or
pit ; circular pit in each leaflet of the flower of the other species) purptrea ;
Tulipacee. A bulb with a nodding flower, and branched stem 2 ft. high,
bearmg bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Imported from Mexico, by Mr.
Tate of the Sloane Street nursery. Handsome. “ Like the other species
it thrives best in a light sandy soil, and will succeed well in a warm border,
planted from 4 to 6in. deep, according to the size of the bulb. These may be
taken up in autumn, after flowering, and kept dry, and out of the reach of
frost till the following spring, to be planted again the latter end of March or
‘beginning of April, or before, if they are inclined to shoot; or, if left in the
ground all the winter, they will require a little covering to secure them from
too much moisture, or very severe frost.”
No. VI. for November, contains

21 to 24. — Uvularia pubérula; Melanthacee. “ Rare and pretty.”
From Carolina to Bury Hill garden. — Georgina Cervantést#. Readily dis
tinguished from all the other species of the genus by its “ numerous slender
branches, which are nearly solid: the spathulate seeds will also distinguish
it at once from G. crocata, as well as the hollow fistulous stem of that spe«
cies. According to Lagasca, the G. coccinea and G. rosea of Cayanilles are
also very distinct species ; the G.rdsea is readily distinguished from G. varia-
bilis, to which it is nearly related by its bipinnate leaves. We have seena few
plants of it this season, and some of them producing double flowers ; we
have also seen, at Mr. Russell’s nursery at Pages a beautiful double
variety of the present species. This species requires precisely the same sort
of treatment as the more common sorts: to be taken up, and kept dry and
out of the reach of frost all the winter; and to be planted again as soon as
the weather permits in spring, when it may be increased by dividing in seve~
ral parts, or it may be raised from seeds, which ripen in abundance. — Dian-
thus Balbis#. A beautiful dark red pink, from Genoa. — Asclepias decim-
bens. A handsome and scarce species, nearly related to A. tuberdsa.

No. VII. for December, contains
25 to 28.— Fuchsia thymifolia, — Nécca (D. Nocca, an Ital. bot.) rigida ;

76 Botanic Garden. — Floral Mlustrations.

Composite. A half-hardy perennial, from Mexico, very fragrant when in
flower ; attaining the height of 10 ft. in common garden soil, by the side ofa
wall, and readily propagated by cuttings planted under a hand-glass in spring.
— Dianthus pubéscens. “ Interesting, beautiful, and superb.” From Smyrna,
to the Epsom nursery. — O’robus variegatus. A handsome perennial.

Geraniacee. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. &c. In8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s.

Nos. XVI. to XVIII. for October, November, and December, contain

61 to 72.— Pelargonium peramplum. — P. bipmnatifidum. A seedling, by
Mr. Chandler ; singularly handsome, and supposed to be a hybrid between P.
guinquevalnerum and P. triste. — P. Darnleydnwm. Raised by Mr. Samuel
Andrews, gardener to the Earl of Darnley, Sandgate, Kent. — P. anacamp-
ton (anakamptos, recurved), Recurved-calyxed Stork’s-bill. A hybrid, from
Russell’s Enham nursery, Battersea.— P. inscilptum, nutans, preeclarum,
and noddsum. — P. succuléntum, compactum, commixtum, and Littleanwm
(from Mr. Little’s collection in the King’s Road, Chelsea).

Cistinee. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, every alternate
Month. 3s.

No. XXVI. for September, contains
101 to 104. — Helianthemum Millér7. — H. thymifolium. A very pretty
little dwarf plant, with yellow flowers. — H. macranthon. A strong-grow-
ing, very handsome, white-flowered species. — H. m. var. multiplex. Same
species, with double flowers; very handsome.
No. XXVITI. for November, contains
105 to 108.— Heli4nthemum tatricum. From the nursery of Messrs.
Whitley, Brames, and Milne. — H. mutabile var. rosea. From the Clapton
nursery. — H. cheiranthdides. A handsome, bushy, upright, branching shrub,
from the Bristol nursery. — H. ellipticum. A pretty little species, from
Barbary, raised from seeds in the Chelsea botanic garden.

The Botanic Garden. By B. Maund, F.L.S. &c. In small 4to Numbers,
monthly. Large paper, 1s. 6d.; small paper, 1s.

Nos. LVITI. to LX. for October, November, and December, contain

229 to 240.— Cyclamen coum. “ Very few admirers of the Cyclamen
endeavour to increase any of them by seed; which must be regretted, both
on account of the almost certai success which would attend their attempts,
and also from their comparative scarcity being hereby perpetuated. Many
have probably been deterred from the practice, by an erroneous statement,
which has been copied from book to book, asserting that seedlings are five
years before they flower. With proper management, they flower at two
years old; and require no uncommon attention.” (See Gard. Mag., Vol. I.
p- 386.) — Aubrietia purpurea. A desirable perennial, 3 in. high, with purple
flowers in May. — Primula villosa flore albo. — Silene acailis. — Vinca her-
bacea. — Onosma tatricum. Handsome and uncommon. — Helonias bullata.
— Magnolia conspicua. — Sida malveeflora. — A’ster tenéllus. — A’rnica
montana. A tonic and antiseptic. — Andrémeda mariana.

Roscoe, Mrs. Edward, of Toxteth Park, near Liverpool: Floral Tlustra-
tions of the Seasons, consisting of Representations drawn from Nature,
of some of the most beautiful, hardy, and rare Herbaceous Plants, culti-
vated in the Flower-Garden, carefully arranged according to their Seasons
of Flowering; with Botanical Descriptions, Directions for Culture, &c.
London. In 7 Royal 4to Numbers, each with 8 Plates, and 9 or more
Pages of Letter-press. 9s.

This work is dedicated to William Roscoe, Esq., by his “ affectionate
daughter,” as a mark of respect and affection, but more particularly of grati-
tude, for the warm attachment which has contributed so much to the happiness

Florist’s Guide. lak

of her life. The object of the work is to place botanical subjects in an attrac-
tive form, and to attach to them useful and acccurate information. The first
Number contains illustrations of spring, by figures of Crocus, Hepatica,
Scilla, Narcissus, Erythronium, Adonis, Primula, and Sanguiniria; the let-
ter-press containing lists of other spring-flowering species of the same genera.
Number IT. illustrates summer by Peeonia, Phlox, Anemone, Pulmoniria,
Campanula. @’nothéra, Clarkia, and Potentilla, with lists of other summer-
flowering species. Number III. represents autumn by Eschschdltzia, Cata-
nanche, Coredpsis, Georgina, Rudbéckia, Scabiosa, Lobélia, and A’ster, with
lists as before. ‘These are all the Numbers that are published. The figures
are beautifully drawn, and perhaps, on the whole, not badly coloured;
though we must say, that, considering the size of the figures, we expected
something better. The artist might take a hint from the Botanic Garden,
the Botanical Register, and Horticultural Transactions, comparing those
plants figured in the three works; for example, Crocus with the group in the
Trans. Hort. Soc. (Gard. Mag., Vol. V. p.516.), Clarkia pulchélla with that
plant in the Botanic Garden, and Eschschéltzia with that of the Botanic Re-
gister. The letter-press is every thing that such a work requires; and it
gives us pleasure to know that the work has a good sale.

The Floris?s Guide and Cultivator’s Directory, &c. By Robert Sweet,
F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. coloured; 2s. plain.

No. XXVIII. for October, contains

109 to 112.— Titian Tulip. — Painted Lady Anemone-flowered Georgina.
( fig. 18.) “ The present handsome variety belongs to a new tribe, known
by the name of Anemone-flowered
amongst cultivators, the flowers having
their centre composed of narrow radiated
florets, like the small petals in the centre
of the double anemone; we suppose
they must have first originated by the
common double bemg mixed with one
known by the name of astrantizeflora,
which would doubtless produce the pre-
sent curious varieties. This race, from
its great dissimilarity to the common
double type, will make a very pleasing
variety, and will doubtless be in general
cultivation; grown amongst the other
double sorts, we see in some of the varie-
ties a tendency to produce large rays, in-
termixed with the smaller ones, some so
much so, that they would scarcely be re-
cognised as belonging to the tribe. They require precisely the same sort of
treatment as the other double sorts ; to be brought forward a little in pots in
a frame, or in the hot-house or green-house, if convenient, and to be planted
in the open ground as soonas possible, when there is no more apprehension
of frost for the season; if planted in the open ground at once, without being
brought forward at all by artificial heat, they will be much hardier, and may
be planted out earlier, as the slight frosts will not injure them. We have
seen them succeed quite well when planted out the latter end of March, or
beginning of April, and have even known them stand the whole winter in
the open ground without protection, but the winter was that season very
mild; so that it is safest to take up the roots, and to keep them dry and out
of the reach of frost till the following spring, when they may be increased
by dividing the roots ; but a part of the crown must be left to each root, or
they will not produce a shoot. New varieties may be raised from seed to
an endless extent, and superior ones may be obtained by taking pains m

78 Medical Botany.”

mixing the colours by fertilisation when in flower. We observed, at Mr.
Russell’s nursery, at Battersea, a handsome double variety of G. Cervantes,
of a pretty orange-colour, and not unlike a double ranunculus; it is the
first double variety of that species that we have yet seen. Mr. J. Lee, at
Hammersmith, possesses a fine collection of this
handsome tribe, having purchased the whole of the
stock from Mr. Drummond, who first raised them.”
— Nonpareil Ranunculus. “ Different cultivators
(fig. 19.) vary very considerably in the time of
planting their ranunculus roots, some putting them
in the ground the latter end of this month, or the
beginning of November, and others not planting any
until February or March ; and we believe if all the
broad-leaved varieties were planted in autumn, and
the narrow multifid-leaved varieties in spring, they
would both succeed better than by planting them
altogether, and at the same time; as the narrow-
leaved sorts, without doubt originally a distinct
species, are natives of a warmer climate than the
broad-leaved sorts.”

No. XXIX. for November, contains

113 to 116.— Young’s Marquess of Winchester Pink. A very hand-
some new variety, sold by Mr. Hogg of Paddington Green at 5s. a plant,
and “ well deserving a place in every collection of pinks, from its large size,
handsome form, and brilliancy of colours.’”’ — Bijou de Clermont Carnation.
A very handsome scarlet bizard, now selling by Mr. Hogg at a guinea a
plant. — Dark crimson globe-flowered Georgina. A pretty variety belonging
to a distinct tribe, with globular-headed flowers. This tribe was raised about
the same time as that with anemone flowers, and both are very ornamental,
and form an agreeable variety with the common forms of georgina. — Rose
Camusa de Craix Tulip. From the choice collection of Mr. Pile, Cambridge
Road, Mile End; selling price four guineas a bulb.

No. XXX. for December, contains
117 to 120. — Aurora Georgina, a variety of G. Cervantési#; “the first
double variety that we have ever seen of that species, which makes it the
more desirable.’ From Russell’s Battersea nursery. — Page’s Lord Hill
Auricula. From the select collection of J. P. Burnard, Esq., of Formosa Cot-
tage, Holloway, where the different varieties of auricula are flowered in the
greatest perfection.” —Lancashire Hero Tulip.—Maria Louisa Ranunculus.

Medical Botany, &c. By John Stephenson, M.D., and James Morss
Churchill, Esq., Surgeon. In 8vo Numbers, monthly, 3s. 6d.

No. XXXIV. for October, contains

133 to 136.— Rumex Hydrolapathum. By far the largest of our docks.
The roots strike a black colour with sulphate of iron, and give out their as-
tringent principle both to water and rectified spirit. Seldom used in medi-
cine; but a decoction of #. Patiéntia operates as a cathartic, and at the
same time improves the tone of the stomach. — #. Acetosa. The acidity of
the leaves is owing to the presence of superoxalate of potash, which may be
extracted from them, and purified by crystallisation. The juice forms with
water a refrigerant drink in fevers. For culinary purposes the French sorrel
(R. scutatus) is generally preferred; but the Parisians consider 2. arifolius
Flore Fran., as the most delicate of the species. — Glycyrrhiza glabra. The
roots of the wild Jamaica liquorice ( A‘brus precatorius), “a beautiful climbing
shrub, resemble so much the true liquorice in appearance and qualities, that
they are often sold in India, and used as such.” The liquorice is cultivated
in the neighbourhood of London, and in different parts of the country, in

Medical Botany. 79

small quantities, and the roots sold to the brewers and druggists at from
2/. to 3/. per cwt. It is propagated by cuttings of the small roots, planted in
light sandy soil, trenched three spits deep, in rows 3 ft. asunder, and the plants
18 in. apart in the row. A crop of onions, radishes, &c., may be taken the
first year, but nothing of this kind during the second and third summers. At
the end of the third summer the roots are taken up, trimmed of the side
shoots, which are reserved for cuttings, moderately dried, and tied in bun-
dles for sale. The extract is obtained by maceration in boiling water, then
boiling, straining, and evaporating. It is prepared on a large scale abroad,
and imported chiefly from Spain. The powder of liquorice sold in the shops
is often mixed with flour. “ Unlike other sweets, liquorice has had the
reputation, from time immemorial, of allaying thirst, which property is attri-
buted by Cullen to an acid and bitter matter, which follows the extraction
of the sweetness by chewing. Under the form of extract it is in common
use as a demulcent, in coughs and hoarsenesses; and is sometimes taken to
relieve acidity of the stomach. It is also employed to cover the unpleasant
taste of several bitter and nauseous drugs, particularly aloes and Peruvian
bark.” — Marrubium vulgare ; Common Horehound. The active principles
of this plant appear to be a bitter, extractive, volatile oil, and gallic acid. It
is a popular remedy with the poor, is tonic, producing an increased flow of
urine, and in considerable doses gently aperient. ‘“ The nostrum, sold as
Balsam of Horehound, consists, according to Paris, of infusion of horehound
and liquorice root, with double the proportion of proof spirit or brandy ; to
which is added opium, camphor, benzom, squills, oil of aniseed, and honey.
A remedy for consumption, forsooth !!”” — Veratrum album; White-flowered
Veratrum, or White Hellebore. A native of the mountainous districts in
most of Europe from Norway to Greece, but not in Great Britain. In the
Alpine pastures of Switzerland, this stately plant, accompanied by the G'en-
tidna lutea, makes a magnificent appearance. The root, which is the part
used in medicine, is tuberose and ramose, with a disagreeable odour, and
an acrid, nauseous, and bitter taste, “ excoriating the mouth and fauces ;
while the powder, if applied to wounds, produces effects on the animal eco-
nomy of a highly deleterious nature, the whole plant being in fact poi-
sonous. If applied to the membrane lining the nose, it proves a violent
sternutatory.” In the chemical analysis of the root, a poisonous prin-
ciple can be ‘separated, and is known under the name of Veratrine. The
same principle is discovered in every species of the genus, and also in the
bulb of Célchicum autumnale. Taken in any form, the Veratrum, or White
Hellebore, is a violent poison. In medicine it is applied in cases where it is
necessary to excite quickly a strong action of the bowels. “ When given
with this intention, it has answered very well in the case of old people, when
an enormous accumulation of feces existed in the larger intestines.” It is
employed, conjoined with opium, in gout, and was at one period considered
the active ingredient of the Haw Medicinale.

No. XX XV. for November, contains

137 to 140.— Anéthum gravéolens. “ Like the anise and caraway, the
seeds of dill are carininative and stomachic;” as are also the seeds of
fennel and angelica. — Ctiicumis Colocynthis, the Colocynth or Bitter Cucum-
ber. This trailing annual is abundant in Turkey, and is “ supposed by many to
be the plant described in the subjoined passage of holy writ : —‘ And one went
out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered thereof
wild gourds his lap full, and came and shred them into the pot of pottage: for
he knew them not. So they poured out for the men to eat And it came
to pass, as they were eating pottage, that they cried out, and said, O thou
man of God [herbalist ?], there is death in the pot. And they could not
eat thereof” ”’ Given in over-doses, it acts as a drastic purgative, to such
an extent as to bring on delirium; which, after a time, goes off by drinking

80 Medical Botany.

milk. “ No cathartic is more highly prized, nor oftener used.” — Salix
‘Russellidna. The bark of this species, and of S. alba and others, contains
tannin, and, it is said, has been found useful as a substitute for cmchona.
The S. Russellidna, or Bedford Willow, is the most profitable for cultivation
of any species of the genus, not only on account of its timber, but also for
its bark, its rapid growth, and its handsome aspect. The Huntington,
Dishley, and some other species, come very near it. — Vitis vinifera.

No. XXXVI, for December, contains

141 to 144.— Juniperus communis, “ The leaves of the juniper are
balsamic and agreeable; to the taste resinous, and somewhat bitter. The
berries have a very agreeable odour, are soft, warm, and bitterish. They
contain sugar, mucilage, a small quantity of light essential oil, of a white or
yellow colour, possessing the flavour of the juniper, and a strong smell.
A writer in the Jour. Pharm., 1827, p.215., asserts that the berries contain
an essential oil before their maturity, turpentine when ripe, and a resin when
dry on the tree. Most of those which are used in this country are brought
from Holland and Italy; and they should be chosen fresh, not much
shrivelled, and free from mouldiness. The Italian are said to be the best.
gum sandarach, or vernix, as it is commonly called, is an exudation from
the J. commtnis, growing in warm climates; though that which is generally
met with in commerce is the produce of the Thuja articulata, or Jointed
Arbor-vitee. It is commonly used as pounce. Medically, juniper berries
are carminative and diuretic; and given in the form of infusion, combined
with other medicines of the same properties, will often be found to act
freely on the kidneys. This virtue of the berries depends on their essential
oil; and as the tops of the plant also contain it, they are sometimes used.
The wood is considered to be sudorific, and has been occasionally substi-
tuted for guaiacum and sassafras. Linnzeus states in his ora Lappénica,
that a decoction of juniper berries, when fermented, is used in Sweden as
common drink ; but the assertion of some writers, that it is substituted for
tea and coffee, he contradicts.” — Juniperus Sabina. The leaves and tops
“ give out a great part of their active matter to watery liquors, and the
whole to rectified spirit; tinging the former of a brownish, and the latter of
a dark green, colour. Distilled with water, they yield a large quantity of
essential oil, on which the activity of the plant depends. Savin is a power-
ful stimulant, and was once much employed as an emmenagogue. A strong
decoction of the powder has often been given in large doses, with a view
to procure abortion; but if it be capable of producing such an effect, which
is very doubtful, it is when it acts as a hydragogue pureative.” — Huphorbia
officmarum. A prickly lactescent shrub, from Africa. The euphorbium
of the shops is obtained by making slight incisions in the plant, from which
exudes a milk-like juice, that concretes into oblong or roundish tears. This
substance excites an extremely violent local action: solid, or as milk, it
proves highly acrimonious, inflaming and ulcerating; as powder, it is the
most violent errhine that we possess. When a minute portion is mixed
with powdered starch, and taken as snuff, it has, like the powder of A’sarum
europe um, been found useful in various affections of the head. Most of
the other species of Huphérbia possess similar properties. The seeds of
#. Lathyrus, or Caper Spurge, have lately been proposed as a substitute for
the root cacuanha, and the oil expressed from them as a substitute for
Croton Tiglium. E. Ipecacudénha is both emetic and carthartic. E. corol-
lata possesses double the strength of jalap. E. helioscopia, the Sun
Spurge, or Wart-wort, is used in many parts as a stimulating application
for destroying warts and other excrescences. Two drachms of the ex-
pressed juice of this species killed a kitten in half an hour. — Eryngium
maritimum. “ Eryngo root has a sweet agreeable taste and aromatic smell,
and it gives out its properties to water. ‘This root was formerly supposed

Medical Botany. 81

to be possessed of many virtues. Boerhaave reckons it as the first of
aperient diuretic roots, and it has been recommended. in gonorrhea and
visceral obstructions, particularly of the gall-bladder and liver. Menstrual
suppressions are reported to be removed by it, and quartan agues are like-
wise stated to have yielded to it. To crown its other virtues, it is much
esteemed for its supposed. aphrodisiac qualities ; and at Colchester, where
the candied root is prepared, considerable quantities of it are still sold, we
are informed, in consequence of Her Majesty Queen Charlotte being pre-
sented with a box of it, as she passed through that town on her first arrival
in England. It is now little used by medical practitioners ; but while we
are taught to believe by respectable authorities that two grains, and even
one, of blue pill for a dose, can act beneficially on the system, we see no
reason why this root, and many others, should be destitute of all virtue,
when properly administered and judiciously persevered in, even though their
direct effects on the system manifest themselves in no very evident manner.
The #. campéstris, or Field Eryngo, with deeply divided leaves, which
grows naturally in our meadows and pastures adjoining the sea, is said to pos-
sess the same qualities and medical properties, and is preferred on the Con-
tinent.” — Geoffroya inérmis; Legumindse. The smooth Geoftroya, Bas-
tard Cabbage: tree, or Worm Bark tree, is a native of Jamaica and Mar-
tinique: it is lofty, with white wood, which is so tough as to be preferred
beyond all others for the shafts of carriages. The bark is used as a worm
powder in the West Indies; but, though included in our Materia Medica, is
very seldom prescribed.

No. XX XVII. for January, 1830, contains

145 to 148.— Dorstenia Contrayérva ; Urticee. A perennial from
South America and the West Indies, with fusiform, compact, rugose,
knotty roots, which have an agreeable aromatic smell, and a rough, bit-
terish, warm, acrid taste. It has been considered stimulant, sudorific, and
tonic, but is now little émployed — Lythrum Salicaria. Astringent and
tonic, but. little used.— Boswéllia (by Dr. Roxburgh, in memory of the
late Dr. John Boswell of Edinburgh) serrata; Nat. Ord. Melia. A
lofty tree of central India, which produces the gum Olibanum of com-
merce. This substance distils from incisions made in the bark of the tree
during the summer months. It is the frankincense of the ancients, the thus
of the Romans, and the libanos of Theophrastus and Dioscorides. “ In
the early ages, it was much used as incense in sacrifices; and, in modern
times, the Greek and Romish churches still retain the use of frankincense
in some of their ceremonies.” When heated, it burns’ brilliantly, and dif-
fuses an agreeable odour, and is chiefly employed as a perfume in the rooms
of the sick. — Saccharum officinarum. The Chinese date the cultivation
of the sugar-cane from the most remote antiquity. Dr. Roxburgh considers
the species cultivated in China as distinct from that grown in the East and
West Indies, and has named it sinénse._ It is believed to be indigenous in
the south-east of Asia. Marco Polo found abundance of sugar in Bengal in
1250. About the close of the 13th century, its cultivation was extended
to Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia. From Africa it migrated to Spain ; by the
Spaniards it was taken to the Canary Islands, in the 15th century ; and,
by the Portuguese, from Sicily to Madeira. In the beginning of the 16th
century, the sugar-cane was conveyed by the Spaniards to the West India
Islands and the Brazils. “ It is a remarkable fact, that the sugar-cane m
the West Indies never perfects its seeds, the plant being propagated always
by cuttings from the roots. Dr. Roxburgh, who resided many years in India,
never saw the seed of this plant.” There are several varieties : that chiefly
grown in the West Indies is called the country cane ; it is propagated by cut-
tings, and requires a rich soil. The cuttings are taken near the top of the

Vou. VI. — No. 24. G

‘82 Pomological Magazine.

stalk, and laid “horizontally across the ground. In Jamaica, and the other
West India Islands, the canes are usually cut for the purpose of making
sugar immediately after the autumnal rains, when the plant has acquired.
from 8 to 12'ft. in height. The arrowing of the cane isa sign of its attaining
its full growth; and it is desirable that it should be cut as early after this as
possible. As soon as they are cut, the canes are stripped of their leaves,
and crushed between iron cylinders to express the juice, which is received
into a large copper vessel called the clarifier, where it 1s mixed with lime,
in the proportion of 1 pint to 100 gallons of juice, and heated to the tem-
perature of 140°. A thick scum soon collects on the surface, which is left
‘anbroken, and the clear liquor drawn from below and introduced into a
large boiler. Here it is boiled briskly till the bulk of the liquor is consider-
ably diminished, the scum, as it forms, being constantly removed. From
this first boiler it is passed into a second, from that to a third and fourth,
in each of which the boiling is continued. When sufficiently concentrated,
it is poured into a large wooden vessel called the cooler, where it crystallises
or grains as it cools. The mass is then put into empty hogsheads, having a
hole in the bottom, into which the stalk of a plantain leaf is thrust. Through
these holes the molasses drain into a receiver, and the sugar, thus cleared, is
brought to this country under the name of muscovado or raw sugar. ‘The
thick black sirup which remains mixed with it, wel! known by the name of
molasses, is usually separated by draining. A gallon of raw juice yields, on
an average, about a pound of raw sugar. The raw sugar imported into
Europe is still farther purified. It is dissolved in lime-water, and boiled
along with a small quantity of blood. The lime abstracts any portion of
acid that may still remain; and the blood coagulates and entangles all the
impurities, which are thus easily removed by scumming the liquor as they
rise to the top. When the liquor is boiled down to a proper consistence, it
is poured into inverted conical moulds made of clay, where it consolidates ;
and any sirup which may remain is removed by allowing a little water to
drain through it. .The sugar-loaf is then thoroughly dried in an oven. The
sugar thus purified is called loaf sugar. When redissolved, and heated in
the same way a second time, it is called refined sugar. This process is said
to have been first practised by the Venetians.”

The Pomological Magazine. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s. coloured;
3s. 6d. plain.

No. XXIV. for October, contains

93. Knights Early Black Cherry. Raised by Mr. Knight, about 1810,
from the seed of the Graffion, impregnated by the May-Duke; the same
parentage as the Black Eagle and the Waterloo, and resembling them both.
* If we were called upon to state specifically the difference between this and
the Black Tartarian cherry, we should certainly be unable to do so ; but, at
the same time, we should not be the less of opinion that they were dis-
tinct. It is well known to fruit-erowers, that slight shades of difference,
fleeting characters which words are unequal to express, often alone distin-
tinguish varieties, materially different from each other, as objects of culti-
vation. In figure, size, colour, and flavour, this is nearly identical with the
Black Tartarian ; but it has the rare merit of ripening earlier. On a south
aspect, it will be ripe by the middle of June; so that it is even earlier than
the May-Duke.”
’ 34. The Devonshire Quarrenden Apple (Red Quarrenden Sack Apple of
some collections). “ There is no better autumn apple than this, either in
point of productiveness, beauty, or excellent flavour. As a standard, its
crop is always considerable ; and, if cultivated as a dwarf, the appearance of
the trees, laden with fruit, is even more an object of ornament than fruit-
trees usually are. It is fit to gather in the month of August, and in. most

Pomological Magazine. 83

seasons will last till the end of September. It was sent-from Devonshire
to the gardens about London, and was probably raised in that county, where
it is extensively cultivated.”

95. The Noblesse Peach (Noblest, Miller ; Mellish’s Favourite, Eng. Gard.;

Double Montagne, Hort. Soc. Fruit Cat.). “ For the excellent account of
this highly valued and most useful peach, our work is indebted to Mr.
Robert Thompson, under-gardener in. the fruit department of the Horticul-
tural Society’s garden, to whom we haye before had to express our obli-
gations; which, indeed, ought to be repeated in every page.” The fruit is
large, the flesh parts with the stone, and is melting and rich. It ripens in
the end of August, and is one of the principal sorts for forcing. The tree
is hardy, and a good bearer. ;
_ 96. The White Astracan Apple (Transparent de Muscovie and Glace de
Zéland of foreign gardens, Pyrus astracanica Dumont Courset). “The
waxy secretion, called bloom, which has been wisely provided by nature for
protecting the delicate cuticle of many succulent fruits, such as plums,
grapes, and others, is scarcely found in the apple and pear, or at least only
in very minute quantity. In apples, however, there are a few exceptions to
this, and, what is extremely remarkable, almost exclusively among varieties
cultivated in Russia. For instance, the apple called by Mr. Kirke the
Duchess of Oldenburg, which is known to be of Russian origin, the Em-
peror Alexander, and the subject of this article, with some others, are
covered with a coating of bloom, as copious and delicate as that of the most
beautiful plum. Independently of this, the White Astracan apple possesses
the singular property of becoming transparent when ripe, a circumstance
which is well known to occur in.a variety of crab, but which is very rare
among apples. It is on all these accounts, we presume, that the foreign
writers whom we have above cited have been induced to consider this
a distinct species of Pyrus, in which they are unquestionably wrong.” The
tree is hardy, and a good bearer; fruit ripens in August, and, when newly
gathered, is delicious, but it keeps only a few days. It is cultivated in
Russia, and said to grow wild about Astracan. It was iirst brought into
notice by Mr. Atkinson.

No. XXV. for November, contains

97. The Spring-Grove Peach. Raised by Mr. Knight from Neill’s Early
Purple and the pollen of the Red Nutmeg. A very good early variety,
ripening about the end of August; not large, but handsome and well
flavoured.

98. The Gravenstein Apple. Said to haye been introduced to the garden
of a castle in Sleswick or Holstein, called Grafenstein, from Italy ; but it is
very doubtful if the English variety of this name be the same as that of
Christ, Mayer, and others. “ An apple of great merit, and one which
should be found in all good gardens. It is a hardy tree, bearing as a stan-
dard, but becoming much improved if grown upon.a wall. Its flavour is
very high and grateful; but its merit is as a kitchen apple, as which it 1s
considered to have no equal.” The fruit is large, ripens in October, and
will keep till December; wood strong, and leaves and flowers large.

99. Lucombe’s Nonsuch Plum. Raised from seed by Messrs. Lucombe,
Pince, and Co., of Exeter. “ It is undoubtedly the nearest approach that
has yet been made on the part of a seedling to the famous Green Gage of
the English, Reine Claude of the French; and although it cannot be said
to equal in all respects that celebrated variety, it. is nevertheless entitled to
a character of very high excellence.”

100. The Irish Peach Apple, sometimes called the Early Crofton, but
not the Early White Crofton, which is a distinct variety. Much cultivated
in Ireland ;_ perfectly hardy, flowers early, bears well as a standard, and is

G 2

84 Pomological Magazine.

among the best table apples of August. Fruit and leaves middle-sized, wood
moderately strong.

No. XXVI. for December, contains 7

101. The Early Bergamot Pear. Received by the Horticultural Society
from France, under a name which belongs to a perry pear. Fruit middle-
sized, roundish, flattened ; flesh very juicy, a little crisp and gritty, but very
rich and sugary. Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September,
and bears abundantly as a standard. “ About the period when it ripens, we
have none that are half as good. It is a most excellent variety of its
season, and well worth growing.”

102. The Summer Rose Pear, the Epme Rose of Duhamel. “ The
French gardeners have a class of pears which they call Cailleoux, in con-
sequence of the resemblance their speckled appearance gives them to the
caille, or quail. To this class belongs the subject of the present article,
which is even, as Duhamel informs us, sometimes called the Cailleau
Rosat. . . . We have not adopted the name of Onion-shaped Pear, which
would have been a more expressive name, because the French apply that
term both to pears having the peculiar flattened figure of this, and to others
which grow in such clusters upon the branches, that the latter resemble a
string of onions. The form is that of an apple, rather than of a pear ; and
Noisette remarks that it is so in a greater degree than any pear he knows.
It is a most excellent and beautiful variety; not, indeed, to be compared
with the Jargonelle, with which it ripens, but greatly superior to any of the
kinds commonly cultivated, which are in eating at the same time. It bears
well as a standard. In perfection from the 10th to the end of August.”
Fruit depressed, middle-sized, skin inclining to yellow, speckled with russet ;
“ on the sunny side bright rich red, intermixed with brown spots. Flesh
white, juicy, rich, and sugary.”

103. The Morocco Plum, the Early Black Damask of Langley and For-
syth. “ One of the very best of our early plums ;” very hardy, bears well
as a standard, and ripens fully a month before the Orleans, coming in at the
beginning of August. Fruit middle-sized, roundish ; skin blackish purple ;
flesh greenish yellow.

104. Zhe Cole Apple, sometimes called the Scarlet Perfume, but of un-
known origin. “ A very excellent autumn apple, in perfection about the
end of August, remarkable for the singular beauty of both its flowers and
fruit. The former are large, and a deep rosy red, marbled with white; the
latter is of a rich sanguine colour.”

No. XXVIT. for January, 1830, contains

105. The George the Fourth Peach. One of the finest of American
peachés ; of vigorous growth, extremely healthy, and ripening its fruit about
the middle of September. The fruit is middle-sized, globular, and between
a clingstone and a melter.

106. The Summer Francréal Pear. A hardy, healthy, free-growing tree,
and a great bearer; the fruit rather large, turbinate, thickest about two
thirds from the stalk, and ripening in the middle of September.

107. The Kerry Pippin Apple. An excellent autumn fruit of Irish
origin, scarcely rivalled in its season for high flavour, richness, and beauty.
The tree is said to be broom-headed, and a great bearer. The shoots erect,
and downy at the extremities; the fruit is handsome, middle-sized, oval. It

‘ripens in September, and keeps till October.

108. The Jargonelle Pear (Epargne, Grosse Cuisse Madame, Beau
Présent, Saint Lambert, Saint Samson, Poire des Tables des Princes), Un-
equalled in flavour, and unrivalled in productiveness.

Its time of ripening and keeping not mentioned. “ Its name is derived,
according to Ménage and Duchat, from Jargon, anciently Gergon; in Italian,

Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana.— Henslow’s Catalogue. 85

Gergo ; in Spanish, Gerigonza ; all corruptions of Greecum : whence Merlet
infers that the Jargonelle was the Pyrum tarentinum of Cato and Columella,
the Numididnum gre‘cum of Pliny, and the Gre’culum of Macrobius. If this
conjecture be well founded, the kind to which the name belongs will be one
of the most ancient in cultivation. To this country it was certainly brought
from France, of which there is abundant evidence. The Jargonelle of the
French is, however, not ours, but an inferior kind, green on one side, and
red on the other. They call ours the Grosse Cuisse Madame, distin-
guishing it from the common Cuisse Madame, which is our Windsor. How
this, or any other variety, became possessed of so singular an appellation, it
is difficult to say. Mayer tells a long story of its origin, which is not much
to the purpose; and Manger relates an anecdote about Prince Eugene and
one of his officers, who did not know that Dameschenkel was a pear, which
is worth looking at.”

Tooker, William Jackson, LL.D. F.R.A. and L.S. &c. &c.: Flora Boreali-
Americana; or, the Botany of the Northern Parts of British America:
compiled principally from the Plants collected in the late Northern Land
Expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To
which are added (by permission of the Horticultural Society of London),
those of Mr. Douglas, from North-west America; and of other Natural-
ists. London, 1829. Part I. To be completed in 12 4to fasc., each con-
taining 6 sh. and 20pls. One guinea each.

We are happy to see that the arrangement of this work is according to
the natural system. The generic and specific characters are in Latin, and
the remarks respecting habitation in English. The plates are outlines, ad-
mirably drawn and engraved. The plants figured in this part are as follows :

DicoryLeDonEs. Thalamiflore. Ranunculdcee.—Clématis Douglasi, a
beautiful species, with leaves as deeply divided as Peednia tenuifolia; Tha-
lictrum Cornute ; Anemone deltoidea and Richardson ; Rantnculus cardio-
phyllus, affinis, Parshz, fascicularis, and orthorhynchus ; Caltha leptosépala ;
Céptis aspleniifolia; A‘chlys triphylla;; Hpimédium hexandrum ; Corydalis
Scouleri; Parrya macrocarpa; Vesicaria didymocarpa; Hutchinsia caly-
cina; Thysanocarpus cirvipes. There is also a large and well-engraved
map.

Henslow, the Rev. J.S., M.A., Professor of Botany in the University of
Cambridge: A Catalogue of British Plants, arranged according to the
Natural System, with the Synonymes of Decandolle, Smith, and Lindley.
Cambridge. Small 8vo. Is.

This catalogue is intended chiefly for the use of those students who
attend Professor Henslow’s botanical lectures in the University of Cam-
bridge ; but it will be found a useful companion to the young gardener who
is studying the natural system and_ has few resources but British plants. At
the end a table is given, from which the following is an extract : —

Total number of plants in Great Britain. -
Orders. Genera. Species. Varieties.

. , Indigenous - = 77 378 1099 1207
goin lediortes } Naturalised - | 17 45 47
M. léd Indigenous - 16 105 351 371

onocotyledones 4 Naturalised - 0 3 6 0

Total (Phanerégame ) - 94 503 1501 1625
Part of Acotylédones - SG) 60 4AT 499

The synonymes of Decandolle and Mr. Lindley form an exceedingly use-
ful part of this catalogue,

G 3

86 Johnson's Uses of Salt in Agriculture.

Johnson, George W., Esq., of Great Totham, Essex, Author of Essays ot
Horticultural Chemistry in the Gardener’s Magazine, &c.: A History
of English Gardening, chronological, biographical, literary, and critical.
Tracing the Progress of the Art in this Country from the Invasion of
the Romans to the present Time. London, 1829. 8vo. 9s. 6d.

" This work, by our esteemed and highly scientific correspondent, we have
sent to be reviewed by one of the few men whom we know to be capable of
forming a just estimate of its merits or demerits.

Richard, A., M:D., Member of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, &c. &c.:
New Elements of Botany, containing the Character of the Natural Fami-
lies of the Vegetable Kingdom, &c.,; translated, with Notes adapted for
the Use of Students in Medicme and Pharmacy. By P. Clinton, A.B.
M.B. T.C.D., Licentiate of the King and Queen’s College of Physicians,
Professor of Medical Botany, Dublin, &c. &c. London, 1829. 4th edit-
in one very large volume 8vo, with plates. 14s.

Till Mr. Lindley’s extended Introduction to the Natural System, now pre-
paring, or in the press, appears, this work may be advantageously studied by
the young gardener.

Johnson, William: Cuthbert, of Great Totham, Essex: An Essay on the Uses
of Salt in Agriculture and Horticulture, &c. London, 1829. 8vo, 3d
edit. 5s..

In the introduction, the author assures “ the friends to the employment
of salt in agriculture, that he is always happy to be favoured with their com-
munications, assist in any experiments, or answer any questions in a cause
which is now proceeding so triumphantly.” It is singular that such a body
of evidence should be brought together on the advantages of the application
of a moderate quantity of salt to every description of growing crop, from
grass to timber trees, and to almost every domestic animal, from the horse
to the honey-bee, and yet that salt should be so little in use. We have not
a doubt ourselves that it may be of real use to live stock ; because we have
seen it very generally given on the Continent. Mr. Johnson says, “ I have
given my own gig-horse an ounce of salt every night in his corn, for the last
five years; and though he has, during that period, worked very hard, he has
continued in the best health, never having had a dose of physic in his life.””
To be able to dispense with physic, either in the economy of men or cattle,
is a grand object ; and we certainly think the occasional, or perhaps the con-
stant, use of salt in the food of domestic animals, and especially in that of
the horse, as being in a more highly artificial state than the others, a desir-
able object. There is a tract by the same author (10th edit., Is.), contain-
ing practical directions (Vol. II. p.339.), which those intending to make an
experiment may refer to.

Dawson, Mr. Robert, late’ Agent to the Australian Agricultural Company,
New South Wales: Statement of the Services of Mr. Dawson, as chief
Agent of the Australian Agricultural Company; with a Narrative of the
Treatment he has experienced from tie late Committee at Sydney, and
the Board of Directors ir London. London, 1829. 8vo.

We do not quote this pamphlet for the sake of entering into the merits of
the subject, though it is clear to us that Mr. Dawson has been exceedingly
ill used ; but to advise such of our readers (and we know there are several )
as have shares in the Australian Company, to examine into the manner in
which its busmess is conducted. We have lately seen several gentlemen
from Sydney; and, from all that we can learn, this company is not likely
soon to become a profitable speculation. If ever it pays the salaries of the
officers, we are very much mistaken. Like most other companies for ultra-

Cree’s Hortus Addlestonénsis. . 87

marine objects, it was got up by aparticular set, for a particular benefit, and
that benefit having been attained, the shareholders are left to make the most
of their bargain. Had we ahundred shares, we should throw them up rather
than advance another shillmg. We have just heard of a Brazilian Agricul-
tural Association, the shares of which are said to be almost all taken. The
head manager is to have 2000/. a year, and the resident farmer 500/. a year,
with numerous other advantages ! !

Cree, John, of the Addlestone Nursery, Chertsey, Surrey: Hértus Addle-
stonénsis; or, a Descriptive Catalogue of Plants, &c., cultivated in the
Addlestone Nursery: containing the Botanic and English Names, with
numerous Synonyms; the Natural Order, and Linnean Class and Order,
of each Genus; proper Soil, Time of Flowering, Height, and Colour of
Flower of each Species, with References to Figures. To which is added,
a select List of Fruit Trees, with Descriptions; and also a Catalogue of
Garden Seeds, &c. London, 1829. pp.172. 5s. 6d.

Mr. Cree states his object to be “that of increasing the taste for horticul-
ture among ladies and gentlemen, by making them acquainted with the nature
and qualities of those plants and fruits which they may already possess, or
may in future wish to acquire ;” and he has certainly produced a very neat
and complete little work of its kind; perhaps, taking it altogether, the most
complete which has yet been published by any British nurseryman. We do
not allude to the number of species and varieties, but to the descriptive
details referred to in the titlepage. The only objection that we have to it is
the price, which is one half too much for a tract of 172 pages; even though
printed in columns, which is much more expensive than common printing.

A Treatise on Practical Surveying, and Topographical Plan-drawing.
London. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

We regret that this work is got up in a style too expensive for the subject ;
otherwise, it is what is very much wanted for the self-instruction of young
gardeners. The figures in plates I, Il, 1V, and some of those in III, would
have been much better engraved on wood, and printed along with the text :
a world of trouble, in referring to them letter by letter, would have been
saved to the learner; and, with a small type, the book might have been
afforded for 5s. We hope the Useful Knowledge Society will take up the
subjects of surveying and drawing in all their branches, and produce some-
thing complete and cheap. No book is more wanted among young gardeners
than one by which they might teach themselves every department of draw-
ing, surveying, and measuring.

Time’s Telescope for 1830; or, a Complete Guide to the Almanac: containing
comparative Chronology, Contemporary Biography, and the Naturalist’s
Diary. London. 12mo, cuts, pp.432. 9s.

Fall, Thomas, Surveyor of Roads: The Surveyor’s Guide; or Every Man
his own Road-maker. Comprising the whole Art of making and repairing
Roads, Prices for Work, forming of Estimates, and Office of Surveyor.
Retford, 1829. 12mo. 5s. bds.

A useful little manual, only deficient in figures of the different tools
employed.

Anon. (attributed to Mr. Sang, Nurseryman, Kirkaldy, Editor of Nichol’s
Planters Calendar): Strictures on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.
By a Planter of some Experience.

We are not sorry to see in this pamphlet, in which practical gardeners are
relieved from the aspersions thrown out against them by Sir Henry Steuart,
Sir Henry’s own merits carefully estimated, and the Committee of the High-

G 4

88 Strictures on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.

land Society most deservedly censured, and, indeed, we might say, held up
to public contempt.

Some “palpable contradictions” are first pointed out; such, for example,
as (p. 2., 2d edit.) “ when he is giving instructions for the transplanting of
great trees by the planting machine: ‘It is obvious that the art of general
planting must at the same time be taught; as both are governed by the same
general laws, and should, of course, be practised on the same known prin-
ciples.’ Yet he tells us (p.93.), that ‘to establish any just analogy between
the transplanting of young trees, and the transplanting of old, is utterly im-
possible, whatever can be said to the contrary.’ ”

Hundreds of thousands of acres, we are next told, had been planted
before Sir Henry’s time, and “ had succeeded to admiration, although gene-
rally directed and executed by gardeners, of whom he says, ‘ ninety-nine
out of a hundred know nothing of the properties and culture of a tree :’
so that, when their employers are so foolish or unfortunate as to be guided
by them, it is (in Sir Henry’s courteous phraseology) the blind leading the
blind.’

“ For the consolation of gardeners, however, be it noticed, that he adds,
‘Among more than a hundred gentlemen, and their gardeners and overseers,
with whom I have conversed, not one appears to me to possess the remotest
idea of the principles of selection. Of the preparation of the soil they seem
to know equally little ; and two only of the whole number consider either the
one or the other attended with difficulty.’ Now, supposing (for one must
make suppositions in such a loose case), that the number of gentlemen,
overseers, and gardeners, is equal, we have two thirds of a wise gardener out
of only thirty-three blockheads! So that, when Sir Henry talks of ‘ unedu-
cated foresters, and self-sufficient gardeners,’ he talks of the latter, it is to be
hoped, with the foregoing fractional reservation.

** Again, he says, ‘ It is a radical error to suppose, as is too often done by
planters and gardeners, that heat is not as necessary to the infancy of a ten-
der plant as to a new-born and helpless animal; and that the former is not
as ill adapted to resist cold, and early and undue exposure to the climate, as
the latter.’ (p. 101, 102.) Upon more cool investigation, our author may
discover that matters are not quite so bad, as a great part of the science of
gardening depends upon the knowledge of this simple fact ; and we think it
is carrying the matter too far, to represent gardeners as being ignorant of so
essential a part of their business.”

We pass over other matter to the same effect, to notice some “ redeeming
stances” of transplanters found “amongst the fraternity.” “ In presenting
these, it seems right to place age, intelligence, and experience, at the head of
the list. Mr. James Stuart, at Pinkie, as is shown in the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Memoirs, vol. i. p. 202., published in the year 1813, ‘lifted, from
the year 1807 to 1811 inclusive, above one hundred and sixty large fruit
trees, only three of which failed.’ His method of removing them is detailed
with great exactness ; and it is so analogous, in some respects, to Sir Henry’s
prescriptions, that if Sir Henry did not derive his notions from that publica-
tion, they wonderfully corroborate Mr. Stuart’s. The striking nature of Mr.
Stuart’s transplanting operations will not be disputed, when it is known that
some of the transplanted trees were two hundred years of age ; and that they
remain healthful and fruitful to the present day.

“Tt is not easy to conceive that Mr. Stuart would have been less success-
ful, at the same time, in transplanting forest trees, had his duties then im-
posed such a task upon him. Ten years afterwards, they did so; for, in the
year 1822, when Sir John Hope obtained a piece of ground between his man-
sion-house and the town of Musselburgh to the west, it became a desideratum
to have that place planted immediately with large trees, so as to exclude all
view of the town. Mr. Stuart entered on his task with his wonted skill ;
and it would be difficult to select any instance of large forest trees having

Strictures on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide. 89

been transplanted with greater success. The trees are considerably above
one hundred in number, and of many sorts: oaks, Scotch and English elm
ash, horsechestnut, beech, several of the fir tribe, black and woolly-leaved
poplar ; besides Portugal laurel, laurel-bay, holly, and other evergreens. The
finest trees are now from 36 to 42 ft. in height, and in girth, at breast height,
from 2 ft. 9in. to 1ft. 10in. Beside these, there are a good many others to
the eastward, between the house and the offices, which were transplanted at
an earlier period, all of which are in excellent health and of vigorous growth.

“ The next person we shall mention is Mr. William Macnab, now of the
Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. That gentleman was foreman to Mr.
Ayton of Kew, in the year 1807, at which time Her late Majesty Queen
Charlotte being desirous to have a new place made at Kew, with large trees
and shrubs, the removal of these, and the conducting of the whole operations,
naturally devolved upon him. Of this matter Sir Henry takes notice (p. 63.),
saying, * Of late years, however, some successful examples have been given
of what may be called horticultural transplantation, that is, the removal of
large shrubs and trees of an ornamental or exotic species.’ It is not easy to
say whether he means to impress us with the ease or difficulty of the under-
taking, by calling it a ‘ horticultural transplantation,’ and designating the
trees as ‘ ornamental or exotic.’ Almost all the transplanted trees at Al-
lanton are ‘exotic ;’ such are the lime, the larch, the sycamore, the horse-
chestnut, and even the beech, and surely Sir Henry will not deny that these
trees are ‘ornamental.’ At all events, Sir Henry admits that large trees and
shrubs were transplanted at the Royal Garden at Kew, ‘ with extraordinary
success.’

“ Mr. Macnab, therefore, was no novice in the business, when, in the year
1822, he was intrusted with the transplanting, from the old botanic garden
at Leith Walk, to the new botanic garden at Inverleith, of what Sir Henry
justly calls ‘a vast number of plants of great variety and value.’

“ Sir Henry tell us, that, a year previous to taking them up, Mr. Macnab
followed the ingenious method of Lord Fitzharding, in cutting the roots
around the plants, at some short distance from the stem. But, though Sir
Henry thinks that, ‘ more than thirty years ago, he (Sir Henry) was the jirst
to introduce this into Scotland.’ Mr. Macnab has publicly denied having
learned it at his school.

“ Indeed, his having prepared his subjects after this method, was only
according to the practice of the best Scottish gardeners; for, although our
author thinks that he has reason to believe that he himself, more than thitty
years ago, was the first to introduce this method into Scotland, there are,
perhaps, few Scottish gardeners who do not know that he thinks wrong.
For Mr. John Reid, gardener to Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, who
published his Scots Gardener in 1683, taught his countrymen this very
method. His words are: ‘ The rule for removing old large trees out of
woods or other places, which never were before transplanted, is to make a
trench at two sides of the tree, at a considerable distance, till you can force
the tree upon one side; then cut the tap-root through, saving as many col-
lateral roots as you can; lessen its head or top it, if it will suffer, and so set
up the tree again, and tread in the earth about it, as it was; let it stand two
years, to emit fibrous or feeding roots to nurse it when planted out.* So
that Mr. Macnab should have shown himself ignorant, indeed, if he had

« * First edition, small 4to, p. 80. Edin. 1683, published by David Lindsay,
foot of Heriot’s Bridge; edition, 1776, 18mo, published by James Reid,
Leith, pp. 91,92. Had such a passage occurred m any of the Scriptores de
Re Rustica, and been unknown to Sir Henry, he would have felt ashamed ;
yet no mean authority has declared, ‘ Turpe est in patria vivere et patriam |
nescire.’ ” ,

90 Strictures on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.

needed Sir Henry’s instructions in this matter, and had not known what had
been universally taught in this country, and amongst his own class of society,
at least for the period of one hundred and forty-six years! !”

“ Many more instances of the successful transplantation of large trees and
shrubs, by the class of persons we are now defending, might be produced’;
but we shall be satisfied with those at one other place.

“ Tn the year 1785, some very large old fruit trees were transplanted from
the garden at Raith to the new garden at Abbotshall, with such success,
that they bore large crops the following year; and they are still healthful
and good bearers. At the same place, twenty years ago, many large Por-
tugal laurels and hollies were transplanted by Mr. Norval, with perfect suc-
cess, as the plants now bear witness: Mr. Norval has also removed many
evergreen oaks, and other plants of very considerable size, with like suc-
cess ; indeed, seldom does a season pass without such labours being required
of him.

“ Tf, therefore, Sir Henry Steuart can boast of his success, so also can
many of that class which he has treated with such undeserved contempt.”

The following observations on the trees in the park at Allanton are par-
ticularly deserving of perusal, and are, in our jopinion, incomparably more
valuable than any thing that has issued from the Highland Society on the
subject: —“ That Sir Henry has merit in the transplanting of his large
trees at Allanton, we are far from disputing; indeed, we admire the living
evidences of his success. There are, perhaps, 200 of the subjects which
have been transplanted now very fine trees. As specimens of their excel-
lence, we may notice the largest and finest, a beech, said to have been
transplanted 25 years ago. Its girth, at breast height, is 5 ft. 7m., and, by
estimation, it is 50 ft. high. Another beech, said to have been lifted 18
years since, is 4ft. 10 in. in girth at the same height, and is estimated to be
45 ft. high. A larch (of which sort there are few others in the park, and
these small) is in girth 4. ft. lin. at breast height, and, by estimation, is
55 ft. high. This tree is said to have been transplanted 20 years ago.
There are many limes, oaks, and sycamores, said to have been lifted 12 or
13 years ago, which are, by estimation, from 30 to 40 ft. in height, and in
girth from 2 ft. 6in. to 4ft. 7in. There is a good horsechestnut, lifted seven
or eight years ago, in girth 3 ft. 1 in. and estimated 20 ft. high. These trees
are generally from 34 to 5ft. high in the boles, and are for the most part
clump-headed, being in breadth to height as 20 to 30.

“ Such may be considered a fair specimen of Sir Henry’s success, to the
the extent of 200 at least. But, while we give him all credit for these, we
cannot shut our eyes on some other facts. There are in Allanton Park a
good many trees, transplanted about two or three years ago, the girths of
which are from 14 to 15in., and the heights from 12 to 24 ft., generally as
poor specimens of transplanted trees as ever were seen, having still but few
and small leaves, with many of the poimts of the top branches dead. There
is, however, every chance that, as the others have done, they will obtain a
different character in the course of years. The experience of such back-
wardness is very judiciously expressed by Sir Henry. ‘ It sometimes
happens, when the progress of removal has been conducted in the best man-
ner, and on the best soil, when the sun has shone, and the rains have de-
scended most profusely on the plants, that six, and seven, and a greater
number of years will elapse without any decided proof of advancement.’
* For such exceptions to general success it is not easy to account; but it is
certain that such exceptions occasionally do occur.’

“ Tt would seem the above confession (which, by the by, would intimate a
greater proportion of deaths than ‘ one out of forty’) had been made just
after reading Mr. Pontey’s opinion of the art, namely, that ‘ large trans-
planted trees are “like the stricken deer,’ and incapable of harmonising

Strictures on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide. 91

with any thing about them.’ Of this sentiment, Sir Henry says, ‘ The
justness of the remark cannot be questioned.’

“In some such perplexing circumstances Sir Henry must have been,
when he cried out, ‘ The truth is, vegetable physiology is in itself an ob-
scure subject!’ He might have added, without any great deviation from
truth, that the removal of large trees is, in many instances, extremely pre-
carious.

“ Tn evidence of the uncertainty of success, we could produce abundance
of examples in Allanton Park, this very season (1829). At that place, on
the west side of the lake, where the water discharges itself, the bank has
been wooded last winter or spring; and there may have been some 80 or
100 trees, of various sizes and ages, planted there, almost every one of
which looks ill, while a good number of the largest are quite dead.”

We pass over several pages which might be advantageously quoted, and con-
clude with the review of the Committee of the Highland Society, than which
we have not met with a more striking detection of error and exposure of ab-
surdity for along time. “The expense of removing large trees is an important
consideration in the machining system. Mr. Meason of Lindertis, one of the
members of the Highland Society Committee, gives an account of the
transplantation of two trees in his presence at Allanton Park, the one 28
and the other 32 ft. high, and from 30 to 36 in. in girth. (Planter’s Guide,
p- 525.) The expense of lifting and replanting the two was 15s., so that
each tree cost 7s. 6d; but there are several items in the account unfortu-
nately overlooked or omitted. He does not inform us whether the trees
had been replanted lately before, not an unfrequent circumstance at Al-
lanton, though a material one as regards the expense; and the account of
expense includes only the more obvious cost, the men’s wages, overlooking
altogether the pair of horses, the driver, &c.

“ Indeed, Sir Henry himself, in giving his statements to the public, makes
some very strange omissions and miscalculations, involving very absurd re-
sults. In examining this matter, we shall quote his words (Planter’s Guide,
p- 356.): ‘ In looking up the lake, the reader will observe a bold promon-
tory or headland, situate on the right hand side, near the bridge, which was
seen by the Committee of the Highland Society. This prominent spot was
wooded by an open disposition of trees, twenty-two in number, and consist-
ing mostly of sycamores, with a few oaks and elms interspersed. A few
bushes which are close to the water-edge, have recently been added.

“««« The dimensions of the trees were from 25 to 28 ft. high; and, as the
situation was one of very open exposure to the west, care was taken to
select such subjects as possessed, in a considerable degree, all the protect-
ing properties. This plantation was executed in nine days, by nine work-
men, and a horse to draw the machine, the distance not much exceeding a
quarter of a mile. The expense, which amounted to 10s. a tree, is as
under : —

9 workmen, 8 days - - - £6 0 O
1 horse and driver, 15 days - - 315 0
Dung, compost, 44: loads, at 9d. = - Ty)

£11 8 O

« ¢ Now,’ he goes on, ‘ we shall suppose that the art of giving immediate
effect to wood had been altogether unknown to me, and that I had wished
to procure 22 fine trees, for so prominent a situation, by the ordinary sys-
tem of planting: the first thing I should have had to do, according to the
most speedy method, would have been to enclose, trench, and manure the
ground for a green crop, and to plant it with nursery plants of four or five
years’ growth. The next thing would have been to keep it with the hoe for
two years, until the plants shoot freely, which they were likely to do within
that period; and, after about thirty years in this climate, the whole would

92 Strictures on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.

have been of the size wanted. Had no means been taken to cultivate the
ground, forty years at least would have been required.

“© According to the former supposition as to time, and that the trench-
ing and manuring for a green crop were properly executed, the crop would,
in common cases, pay the cost of both these operations; and the ground
being rather more than a quarter of an acre, and ready for planting, without
preparatory expenditure, the outlay would be the following : —

Enclosing 4 acre, double railing, 45 ft. 90 yds., at 6d. - £2 6 0
Planting the ground with various trees - - 110 0
Keeping with the hoe for two years - - - 016 8
Renewing the railing four times - - - 9 4 0
Rent of 1 acre for 30 years, at 15s. - - =e 2 OLuO
Accumulated interest for 30 years - = - 115 10 0

Total expense - -£151 16 8

“<< Thus, then,’ continues the honourable baronet, ‘it appears that, by the
ordinary method, you may have a group of plantation, consisting of 22 trees
for 151U. 16s. 8d.; and, by means of the transplanting machine, for 11/. 8s.,
or nearly the thirteenth part of the money!!!’* And he adds, triumph-
antly, ‘I conceive that it would not be easy to give a more complete
answer than this comparative statement, to the persons who object to trans-
planting, on the score of eapense ; exclusively altogether of the difference of
obtaining the effect of wood, in the one case at once, and of waiting thirty
years to obtain it in the other.’

«“ That our author was capable of making the foregoing statement will

surprise no one who has attentively read the Planter’s Gude ; but that the
Committee of the Highland Society, composed of noblemen and gentlemen
of the highest name and literary fame, could have heard it without having
their risible faculties excited, is not to be believed; and that they did not
take care to caution their constituents against the delusive estimate, is asto-
nishing.
_ © We shall admit that the trees were actually transplanted for the sum of
11/. 8s.; but who, in his sober senses, can believe that that sum was the
actual cost of the 22 trees, from 25 to 28 ft. high, and which, of course, had
been prepared with such diligence and science at least for four years before ?
If they would cost him, as he has stated, 151/. 16s. 8d., raised on the pro-
montory, how does it appear that they did not cost him the same sum when
raised on a spot of the same field a few hundred yards distant ?

“ The statement which Sir Henry made to the committee is equally just
and convincing as if he had affirmed that the calves he had bought, and which
he had carefully fostered in a well-trenched and manured pasture field, till
they had grown large oxen, had cost him nothing more than the expense of
removing them from one field to another !

“ Ts it not plain that, instead of contrasting the sum of 151/. 16s. 8d. with
112. 8s., he ought to have added together these two sums, in order to discover
the total expense of his 22 transplanted trees; which, mstead of being 117.
8s., really amounts to 163/. 4s. 8d. ?

“ We fairly confess we cannot see any way of accounting for the lords,
the learned baronet, and the gentlemen giving their countenance to such a
piece of arrant nonsense. Indeed, one is at a loss whether most to admire
Sir Henry’s dexterity in passing off so palpable a joke upon his visitors, or
their extreme good-humour or politeness in not noticing and resenting it ;
for, to consider both parties serious is impossible.”

After arguing that transplanted trees, with trunks of from 15 to 18in, in

“ * The three notes of admiration are in Sir H. Steuart’s work.”

Library of Entertaining Knowledge. 93

diameter, can never form valuable wood for future generations, he con-
cludes : — “ While we state these things, we are far far from wishing to
undervalue Sir Henry Steuart’s efforts to diffuse the knowledge of an im-
proved method of retransplanting large trees ; which, we think, must be of
advantage to landscape-gardening. All that we wish is, that the system may
rest upon a sound basis, and occupy its legitimate place in arboriculture.
From the very nature of things, this place must be both subordinate and
circumscribed; for, before a proper subject can be obtained, it must be
nursed for many years, with great assiduity and much outlay. Therefore,
to talk of a person by such means anticipating so many years of his life is
sheer drivelling ; for no man, by labouring fifty years to obtain an object, can
be said to anticipate that period, merely by removing the object from one
place to another.”

In p. 17. 21., the author points out an error into which we have inadvert-
ently fallen in the Encyclopedia of Agriculture, in attributing to Mr. Sang the
doctrine that plants have not a power of renewing their tap-root, and that
the tap-root is of importance to full-grown trees; and a further error which
we have committed is, in making him say “ that strength is gained as effec-
tually by a few branches to a head as by many.” It appears from quotations
given in the pamphlet from the Planter’s Kalendar, that Mr. Sang is of the
same opinion with Sir Henry and ourselves, and that he had published this
opinion sixteen years before either of us. We have not the Planter’s Ka-
lendar before us ; nor, if we had, is it probable that we could, at this distance
of time, account for having fallen into the very singular error of misrepre-
senting the sentiments of an author whose work every page in our article
Planting, in the Encyclopedia of Agriculture, will show that we took as a
text-book : but, in the edition of the Encyclopedia now passing through the
press, we shall take care to rectify the error; and this, we trust, will be a
sufficient apology to Mr. Sang, than whom we do not know a man more
worthy of esteem, both in his professional and moral character.

Whoever possesses the Planter’s Guide will do well to possess also these
Strictures.

The Library of Entertaining Knowledge. Vol. I. Timber Trees and Fruit
Trees. London. 12mo. 4s.

The following letter is from a scientific practical gardener of considerable
experience. What he says respecting pruning the pine and fir tribes we
consider highly important.

“ Sir, In turning over the leaves of Vol. II. Part I. of that delightful
publication the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, it is most gratifying to
find so rich a store of useful as well as entertainmg information, compressed
into so small a compass, and yet written in a style so well calculated to
please and excite the general reader, for whose use and benefit this volume
on vegetable substances was avowedly published.

“ However, notwithstanding every disposition to be pleased with the per-
formance, should it appear that even but a few errors have crept into it,
no matter whether through inadvertence or otherwise, it is, I conceive,
every man’s duty, if able, to correct them, especially when we consider the
high character of the Society for intelligence, by whose sanction and under
whose superintendence the work in question was ushered into the world: a
Society whose object is not to perpetuate but to correct error, by dissemi-
nating truth; and, certainly, the correction of an error, however trifling,
under these circumstances, must be commendable.

“T have been led into these remarks from observing a few inaccuracies in
this amusing little book, and will briefly state them as they occurs

Tn page 6. there is a quotation from the Quarterly Review, respecting
the introduction of a spurious foreign variety (sessiliflora) of our old Eng-
lish oak (Quércus Robur); and awful misgivings we ought to have if what

94 Library of Entertaining Knowledge.

this writer states be true, viz., that, owing to its introduction, there is too
much reason to be believe the complaints about the dry rot originated.
However, it seems, this impostor ‘ may thus be discriminated from the true
old English oak: the acorn-stalks of the Robur are long, and its leaves
short ; whereas, the sessiliflora has the acorn-stalks short, and the leaves
long: the acorns of the former grow singly, or seldom two on the same foot-
stalk ; those of the latter, in clusters of two or three, close to the stem of
the branch. This distinction, as far as language is concerned, appears
conclusive as to our misfortune ; but let. us hope that we have not been so
long in error on this momentous subject, and that the dry rot has originated
some other way. For the Quércus Robur will, I believe, afford us specimens
of both characters, and even sometimes from the same tree ; indeed, it is not
common to find two alike; and the supposed varieties arising, in my opi-
nion, from circumstances purely local, are sufficient in number to fill up, in
every shade and degree, the distinction made between the Robur and the
sessiliflora. Nor is this surprismg, when we consider that this tree, on
account of its great value, has been cultivated, or attempted to be cultivated,
in almost every possible situation, and that it has been propagated by seeds
alone, for thousands of years, without degenerating.

** But there is one species which, I think, retaims its character with more
constancy, and probably is the impostor complained of; this is the pedun-
culata, and a most stately and magnificent tree it is; perhaps more generally
planted than the Robur ! and for this simple reason, viz. gentlemen, nursery-
men, and gardeners, one and all, like to see a fine sample when they either
gather or purchase acorns; and the fruit of the Quercus pedunculata is
usually one third larger than that of the Robur m trees of equal age and
vigour ; it is also considered excellent timber.

“ The Quércus 4’gilops, which furnishes the velani or velonia of com-
merce, is not mentioned, although, I think, it deserves some notice in a
popular work of this kind. ‘The cup or calyx only is imported from Turkey,
for the purpose of tanning leather im this country, in which process a decoc-
tion as powerfully astringent is made from 1 lb. of velani as from 3lbs. of oak
bark.

«We next meet with a most interesting account of the Scotch pine, its
various uses, localities, its remains in bogs, peat-mosses, &c.; but no notice
is taken of the manner in which it is generally mutilated in the plantations in
this country, by the adoption of that system usually termed, par excellence,
the Scotch system of pruning: why it should be so called, I do not know ;
but I hope our. brethren beyond the Tweed will show us a better example,
and discontinue the wretched hack-and-hew method so ruinously adopted by
many foresters in England. A plantation is made ; after ten or fifteen years
it wants thinning and pruning ; mm a few years more it wants a repetition of
this thiming and pruning; the work must be done neatly; the branches
must be cut, secundum artem, close to the stem, and this in midwinter, too !
What is the result ? Every pruning inflicts a corresponding injury on the
timber ; for wheresoever a branch is cut close off, there also will be found
invariably a corresponding blemish in the timber, when it comes into the
hands of the carpenter.

“ But if the plants are left tolerably thick, so that the lower branches,
being deprived of light, may dwindle and die, the wood is gradually conso-
lidated around the gradually decreasing, or, at least, stationary branches,
till, by this slow but all-healing process of nature, the branches ultimately
drop off, without leaving those unseemly scars which exhibit and loudly
proclaim the handy but unnatural work of man. Of course, I do not mean
that thinning and pruning should be wholly omitted, but that both should
be done with caution; and that the latter operation should be confined
chiefly to the large branches, which, if left, are likely to disfigure the trees.
Perhaps this last observation relates more to the deciduous forest trees than

Withers’s Letter to Sir H. Steuart. 95

to the Scotch pine, yet it may be usefully applied to both; and it never
should be forgotten, that the best time of the year for pruning forest trees
is at or a little before midsummer, instead of midwinter.

“ An error occurs in page 71., where the juniper is mentioned both as
a moneecious and dicecious plant: it is the latter.

“ «The beech,’ the author says, ‘ will, when sheltered, grow to a high tree.’
So it will; and it will likewise, in the West of England, form hedges and
trees, in situations so bleak and exposed, that even the Scotch pine finds no
little difficulty in establishing itself alongside of it.

“< The ash,’ it is justly observed, ‘is different from many trees ; its value
is increased rather than diminished by the rapidity of its growth.” It might
have been added, that there are three distinct trees of the common ash, viz.
the male, female, and hermaphrodite, the male differing decidedly in growth
and quality from the other two ; for, in a wood or coppice, a practised eye
will readily distinguish this sort by its superior growth and beauty ; it is also
more elastic, and consequently more valuable, than either of the others.

“ Under the article Pyrus doméstica, the author says, ‘ the fruit of the
service remains on the tree during a part of the winter : they have cathartic
properties ; but the people of Kamschatka use them as food when they have
been mellowed by frost. In some parts of the North, an ardent spirit is pro-
duced from them by distillation.’ In this passage, the author has confounded
the Pyrus doméstica with the Pyrus aucuparia: it is the latter which is
used as food by the people of Kamschatka ; and which, in some parts of the
North, produces an ardent spirit by distillation.

“ In speaking of the poplar, the writer has, I think, rather ‘ overstepped
the modesty of nature ;’ for he says the poplar (no species is mentioned
will, in favourable situations, make shoots 3 in. in diameter, and 16 ft. long,
im one season. I presume he meant 3 in. in circumference and 6 ft. long.

“ These, with, perhaps, a few more inaccuracies or omissions of still less
importance, are the only drawbacks on the real pleasure, satisfaction, and
improvement, which are derived from a perusal of this excellent little book.
Tam, Sir, &c.— Sylvanus. Chelsea, Dec.22. 1829.”

Withers, W., Esq., Attorney at Holt, Norfolk; Author of several Tracts on
Planting: A Letter to Sir Henry Steuart, Bart., on the Improvement of
the Quality of Timber to be eftected by high Cultivation, and quick Growth
of Forest Trees; in reply to certain Passages in his Planter’s Guide.
Holt, 1829. 8vo.

We sent this letter to be reviewed by Mr. Gorrie, a gardener and planter
of well known science and experience both in gardening and agriculture, who
has sent us the following : —

“ This letter, which Mr. Withers has contrived to extend over 133 pages,
is the finest specimen of bookmaking we have seen. Sir Henry Steuart,
author of the Planter’s Guide, had, it seems, in that work made some obsery-
ations on two pamphlets formerly written by Mr. Withers, ‘stating that their
object is to show, that by trenching the ground previously to planting, and
by keeping it clean for some years afterwards, greater progress will be made
by wood of every sort, and that a greater return will be made to the planter
thereby, in ten or twelve years, than in twenty-five or thirty years by the
common method, and that the system is not neat,’ &c. Mr. Withers com-
plains that Sir Henry ‘ misrepresents the object of’ his ‘ pamphlets, by
confining it to trenching and subsequent culture, the declared object of the
first of them being principally to show the effect of manuring land for forest
trees.’ (p. 14, 15.) Now, we would ask Mr. Withers, does he really esti-
mate the common sense of mankind so low as to believe it necessary for
him to write a pamphlet on such a subject? Can they be so_ thoroughly
cockneyfied as not to know, that a ‘ dock will grow on a dunghill p? Well,
it was too bad in Sir Henry, if he attempted to deprive him of the merit of

96 Withers’s Letter to Sir H. Steuart.

such an immense discovery ; it was cruel in the baronet to throw cold water
on the subject, by saying that ‘ from the very nature of the thing it is evident
that it cannot be adopted for general planting, or ever come into universal
use.” (p. 17.) This was rather a home thrust, and Mr. Withers seems to
have some misgivings on the vulnerable point ; he is evidently embarrassed.
‘T have never, says he, ‘ recommended its universal application.’ (p. 9.)
© The general adoption of this method of planting poor lands would, T feel
confident, be attended with great individual and national advantage, and I
claim the credit of being its author. (p. 16.) ‘ I cannot perceive any thing
in the nature of trenching and manuring, which must preclude its adoption
for general planting, or prevent it ever coming into universal use.’ (p. 18.)
And neither do we, with this single exception, that manure is not to be had.
Every method which ingenuity can invent is resorted to, for accumulating
an article of so much immediate necessity. Such is the demand, that it is
_ but lately we noticed in the newspapers an account of a vessel freighted with
bones from the trenches at Leipsic, bound for Britain, these bones to be
ground into dust to increase the stock of manure for agricultural purposes ;
and numbers of human teeth may be seen bleaching on the surface
of turnip fields, which ia all likelihood were lately brought from a similar
quarter. If we are (at the expense of the finer feelings of human nature)
brought to submit to such shifts for manure where it is dispensable, what
degree of ‘ credit’ can we afford to spare to the man, who, although he
© does not recommend,’ yet ‘ cannot perceive any thing to prevent its uni-
versal application to forest trees. The substitute of ‘ peat moss and lime’
we cannot see to be of universal application. Peat moss is not to be met
with every where; there is nothing deserving the name within twenty miles
of the spot where we reside, nor is the situation singular in this respect ; and
what is still more unfortunate for its general application, where moss is most
plenty, the adjoming waste grounds have often too much peat in the compo-
sition of their surface soils to be benefited by such substitute. — Lime in-
deed might be a sort of panacea alone, in such cases, when there is much
vegetable matter in the surface soil to be acted upon, or ferrugineous matter
to neutralise; but then some say lime is not a manure, and, except in cases
where coal is near the lime quarry, its application to arboriculture will not pay.
“ With regard to trenching, where the subsoil is tenacious, and consists of
nothing injurious to vegetation, if the operation of trenching is performed
carefully, by mixing the surface mould regularly with the subsoil, a more
extended nidus will thus be prepared for the roots of the young trees, which
for some time may prove advantageous ; but soils of this nature are but
rarely to be met with in ‘ waste lands,’ and where they are to be found, they
are generally of the best description of wastes. Now were the expense of
trenching and manuring such lands extensively gone into, and if the happi-
ness of the ‘ surplus population,’ about which Mr. Withers expresses so
much becoming concern, occupies so much of his mind, as does his favourite
theory of manuring ground for plantations, we would put it to his good
sense and good feeling, to say, whether such ‘ surplus population’ would
not derive greater benefit by becoming occupiers of small portions of soil
so trenched and manured, at fair rents, the grounds being sheltered with
judiciously laid off slips of planting. Would not this enable them to con-
tribute something towards their future subsistence? For, granting that the
trenching, and manuring, and planting system were carried as far as he could
wish, a single quartern loaf would not thereby be added to the home pro-
duce of human food; but much pasture, and consequently much animal food,
would be for a time withdrawn. The work of planting once accomplished,
they would have to emigrate, or still continue m the condition of ‘ half-
starved labourers,’ unless they could continue to live on the roots of oak.
trees, like the mice in Dean Forest. We do not say this to discourage any
from the useful operation of planting; we can have no possible interest to —

Withers’s Letter to Sir H. Steuart. 97

serve in limiting the employment of the labouring poor; our sincerest plea-
sure has, for these thirty years past, proceeded from planning and directing
such employment; but an indiscriminate trenching of ground for planting
would, in many instances, we fear, be attended with less advantageous con-
sequences than Mr. Withers will be willing to admit.

“ Where the surplus soil consists of a few inches of peat, or moor earth,
incumbent on epen gravelly ferrugineous subsoil, which, undisturbed, would
carry larch and Scotch fir, trenching, we know, from a little dear-bought
experience, would be highly injurious, and a great breadth of moorish waste
lands is of this description ; nor have we ever seen trenching be of any bene-
fit to planting on soft soils where broom predominates. There are nume-
rous tracts of calcareous sandy subsoils, sufficiently porous for admitting
the roots of trees, where trenching would render the trees liable to wind-
waving, and could otherwise be of no benefit. There are also many swamps
on our waste lands, for which effectual draining, paring, burning, and pitting,
would be sufficient preparation, equal, if not superior to trenching. Such
soils, when properly drained, become sufficiently open, and the spreading
roots of trees would soon increase the pulverisation. A melon thrives best
when the soil in which it grows is not too much broke, and every farmer
prefers land which carries a clod.

“We now come to the ‘sole object’ of the second pamphlet, which ‘ was
to expose the fundamental errors of Sir Walter Scott’ in his essay on planting.
‘ The heresy there broached, that the preparation of land for pianting would
cease to have any effect after a few years, excited rather strong feelings in the
mind’ of Mr. Withers (p. 20.); but whatis still more afflicting, his friend, ‘John
Kershaw, Esq.,’ who, by the by, seems to speak from experience, and whom
he produces as exculpatory evidence, seems a little tinctured with the same
heresy. ‘ With respect to manure on poor land,’ says Mr. Kershaw, ‘ it
can be of no consequence, in my opinion, to timber, particularly to oak, as
that wholly depends on the subsoil for its growth to perfection.’ (p. 85.)
* But all the manure and care possible will not produce good oak timber, if
the subsoil is not congenial to its nature, although strong plants may be
raised at first.’ (p. 86.) We confess, too, that we have long been infected
with the heresies of Sir Walter and Mr. Kershaw, and our heretical opi-
nions are supported by the following facts: — In field culture, even where
additional vegetable matter is afforded by the ploughing in of three ‘ white
stubbles’ in the course of a six years’ rotation, the dung laid on at the be-
ginning of the course is found to be exhausted by the sixth year on soils
naturally the richest; and in poor lands it is found necessary to dung
twice in the course of a six or seven years’ rotation! It will not be pre-
tended that forest trees are less greedy feeders than wheat, clover, oats,
peas, and barley; every cottager in the kingdom, who has the misfortune to
have a forest tree in his garden, and we are sorry to say there are many
such, and every farmer who has hedge-row timber on his farm, will bear us
out in saying, that the roots of such trees exhaust manure in less than half
the time in which it is exhausted by ordinary crops. We do not mean to
advocate the cause of Sir Walter Scott. His character as a writer places
him above our censure or praise; with men of experience the attack by
Mr. Withers on his essay is a sufficient advocation. Here lies the secret :
Sir Walter is a Scotchman, Sir Henry is a Scotchman, and we see what a
horrible thing it is in the eyes of Mr. Withers for Scotchmen to write
common sense, or to give their opimion on any subject, if it should not
exactly correspond with his. We quote the following specimen of his
urbanity :—‘ These three gentlemen were all Scotchmen, men of rank, and
great landed proprietors, and it is natural that Lord Glenbervie, a Scotch-
man also, should be influenced by their opinions. The Scotch generally prac-
tise the pitting method, (what an indelible reproach!!) ‘ and we see that
in the case of Dean Forest, it is more than probable that the opinion of

Vou. VI. — No. 24. H

98 Withers’s Letter to Six H. Steuart.

Scotchmen caused it to be adopted there.’ (p. 41, 42.) ‘ Where wert thou
then, Grillon! !!? We know that Mr. Cobbett was perpetually slashing at
Scotchmen, because he found them too knowing to be gulled by his puffing ;
we have heard that an English drover now and then had the baseness to
gibe ‘ Sawney’ with national distinction ; but, till we read this letter, we did
not believe that there was a man in South Britain (Cobbett excepted), who
could sign his own name, capable of displaying so much silly imbecility.

“ We have now noticed the ‘ objects’ of the first and second pamphlets.
One of the multifarious objects of the present ‘ Letter’ seems to be to con-
tradict an assertion said to be made by Sir Henry Steuart, viz. ‘ That the
culture of the soil will have an effect on the quality of the timber. The
importance we attach to this question will appear from what we have
already stated regarding the effects of that culture. Our attention has
been more directed to the culture than to the quality of timber ; but, in
conducting sales, we have uniformly remarked that purchasers preferred ash
trees of slow growth, to those of the same dimensions that had grown more
rapidly. We believe there is much in accidental varieties of the same spe-
cies, with regard to strength and durability, though cultivated under the
same circumstances; this we have observed most conspicuous in the ash,
the oak, the larch, and the beech. When Sir Henry contends that a ‘ cer-
tain slowness of growth is essentially necessary to the closeness of texture
and durability of all timber,’ we do not think he is fairly met by Mr. Withers,
or he would not have brought the rapid growth of the locust tree as an in-
stance. The yew tree, as an instance of s/ow growth, firmness of texture,
and durability, might in this case be adduced by Sir Henry ; and the poplar,
as a rapid grower, possessing neither firmness of texture, nor extraordinary
durability. Each tree should, in fairness to the question, be pitched against
its own species.

“ Eighteen letters are produced to show that rapid-growing timber is
good in quality, and that manure promotes the growth of trees; these
letters serve at least to fill about fifty-six pages of the pamphlet. The
second letter is very lengthy, a sort of a rambling review of Sir Henry’s
book, attempting to display much profound knowledge of arboriculture.
‘ Sir Henry,’ he says, ‘in confirmation of his arguments, refers to the Editor
of the Gardener’s Magazine. 1 am aware that Mr. Loudon is high authority
in the present day; no one who has seen his bulky volumes will dispute his
claim to very great learning, both in the theory and practice of rural economy ;
but his great work, the Encyclopedia of Gardening, is, in many instances,
nothing more than a series of contradictory opinions strung together con-
junctively, without any decided opinion of his own to assist the ignorant
reader, calculated rather to mislead than instruct.’ (p.71.)

“‘ We reckon it would be a work of supererogation to attempt seriously
to refute these ill-natured remarks; the high merits of that work are well
known and highly appreciated by every professional gardener who under-
stands the English language. Mr. Loudon does not too often, nor unne-
cessarily intrude his own opinions, nor does he require the aid of anonymous
scribblers to bolster up absurd theories. That work is a faithful record, in
an abridged form, of every thing of importance that had been written on
gardening up to the time it was published. Any work attempting to recon-
cile all the conflicting statements that have been written on gardening, or on
any other art, would be almost as preposterous as the Letter of 133 pages
we are now reviewing. Mr. Loudon did not consider his readers as mere
machines, to be impelled by the power of steam; he laid a vast mass of
opinions before them, and occasionally his own; thus giving them an oppor-
tunity of exercising their own judgment. We do not say that his work is
fitted for ‘ babes in knowledge ;’ but we know that there is no book in the
English language where the young gardener will find an equal mass of mate-
rials from which he can form his judgment; and, we believe, few will deny
that the materials there furnished, and which in his other works that author

Harleian Dairy System. 99

continues to furnish, are well calculated for enabling his readers to form a
correct judgment, if they have mind to enable them to think. But we must
ask Mr. Loudon’s pardon for noticing the effusions of this anonymous writer,
who, Mr. Withers informs us, is ‘a considerable land-owner, and a gentle-
man.’ We thank Mr. Wirhers for the latter piece of information ; for, ten
to one, if from his writings we could have made the discovery. How
could we? Is it like a gentleman to fire mcognito, right and left, and, when
his ammunition is spent, to conclude by saying, ‘ I hope, Withers, you are
not sufficiently sick of it to allow these Scotchmen to imagine they have
discomfited you. (p.75.) This, we are willing to believe, is not a fair spe-
cimen of an ‘ English gentleman.’ It is unnecessary for Scotchmen to give
themselves any trouble about ‘ discomfiting’ Mr. Withers. He has taken
the matter into his own hands, and is perhaps the best hand in the world for
‘writing himself down.’ ””? — Archibald Gorrie. Annat Gardens, Dec. 25. 1829.

Harley William: 'The Harleian Dairy System, and an Account of the va-
rious Methods of Dairy Husbandry pursued by the Dutch. Also, a
new and improved Mode of ventilating Stables. With an Appendix,
containing useful Hints (founded on the Author’s Experience) for
the Management of Hedge-row Fences, Fruit Trees, &c.; and the Means
of rendering Barren Land fruitful. London, 1829. 8vo. 21s. bds.

Mr. Harley had the merit of introducing various improvements in the
neighbourhood of Glasgow, besides his dairy system, such as warm baths, a
baking establishment; and he gave a powerful stimulus to the spirit of build-
ing in the Willow-bank suburb. Like many practical men, however, he
is but a poor book-maker, and has produced a bulky volume, rather dull and
heavy to read. His dairy system is essentially that of the Dutch and
Flemish ; and the only novelty that we can find in his manner of treating
pigs is that of having a trough of water as _a sill te the opening which sepa-
rates their feeding place from their sleeping place; so that the animal can-
not pass from the one to the other without wetting, or, as Mr. Harley says,
washing, its feet. The utility of this conceit may be questioned. We
know Mr. Harley personally to be a worthy good man, and wish, for his
own sake, he had published a half-crown pamphlet with wood-cuts, instead
of his guinea book with copperplate engravings and his own portrait.

M‘Intosh, Mr. Charles, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Prince Leopold at Clare-
mont, Author of the Practical Gardener and Modern Horticulturist :
Flora and Pomona; or, the British Fruit and Flower Garden: contain-
ing Descriptions of the most valuable and interesting Flowers and Fruits
cultivated in the Gardens of Great Britain, the Period of ther Intro-
duction, Botanical Character, Mode of Culture, Time of Flowering, &c. ;
with a Definition of all the Botanical and Classical Terms which may
occur in the description of the respective subjects. To which will be
added, Instructions for Drawing and Colouring Fruits and Flowers, with
Directions for mixing the Colours, &c., by Mr. E. D. Smith, F.L.S.
London. In Parts.. 8vo, plates plain in outline, Is. 6d. each Part;
coloured, 2s. 6d.: 4to, plain, 2s.; coloured, 3s. each Part. —

Bishop, Mr. David: Causal Botany; or, A Treatise on the Causes and

Character of Changes in Plants, especially of Changes which are pro-

.duetive of Subspecies or Varieties. London, 1829. 8vo. 8s.

This is an original work on a subject of far more importance than would
at first view appear from its title. 'The author, a scientific botanist, and a
practical eardener of great and yaried experience, shows that all improve-
ment in the plants of agriculture and horticulture, with reference to man,
is to be sought for in subspecies or varieties. We have already alluded to
the importance of this subject (p.62.), and in our next Number shall
examine Mr. Bishop’s treatise in detail. In the meantime, we can safely
recommend it to public patronage, as one of the most original works on.the
science of vegetable culture which has appeared in our time. .

H 2

100

PART IUl.
MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

SCRAPING and sweeping Roads.—We rejoice in every invention calculated
to lessen the number of human beings put to clean or mend roads, and
therefore have great pleasure in laying two inventions by Mr. Boase before
our readers, which will henceforth, wherever it may be thought fit to em-
ploy them, render sweeping unnecessary in towns, and scraping in the
country. The two operations of scrapmg and sweeping were originally
performed by one machine, the brooms and scrapers being attached to the
same frame: but it was found, on trial, that either operation rendered the
road sufficiently clean ; and Mr. Boase accor dingly made distinct machines
for each purpose, of which the following is his description : —

The Scraper ( fig. 20.) consists of an oblong frame of iron, supported on
three wheels, two of which are common carriage-wheels, about 3 ft. in
diameter, working on an axle fixed to the frame: the third is a small cast-

iron one, placed under the centre of the front bar of the frame. Below the
frame, and obliquely to it, is placed the flexible scraper, consisting of a
number of plates of sheet-iron, arranged in a line, and connected to each
other by small bolts. On the back of each plate is bolted a piece of iron,
in the shape of the letter T inverted: the stem of this iron is continued to
the upper end of the plate, and then bent forward in a horizontal direction
to a shaft (secured to the frame) parallel to the scraper, at the distance of
about 18 in. from it, to which it is jomed. By this arrangement, when the
machine is moved forward, the shaft draws after it the series of plates form-
ing the scraper, which being attached to each other by joints, or bolts acting
as such, each plate has sufficient freedom of action to adapt itself to the
inequalities of the surface. Springs, equal in number to the plates, are
fixed to the shaft, by which any degree of pressure required can be given to
the scraper. As the machine proceeds, a portion of road, equal in width to
the quadrilateral figure of which the scraper forms the diagonal, is cleared ;

and the mud or dirt, as fast as it collects, is slid off by the oblique surface
of the scraper, and finally left in a line on the off-side of the machine. This
process is commenced near the centre of the road, and the machine,
having gone a conyenient distance in a straight line, is turned and brought

General Notices. 101

back on the other side of the centre, removing the dirt in an opposite
direction. For the next course the machine is brought to the side where
it first acted, and removes the dirt from a like portion of ground, and with
it the line formed by the preceding course. This is continued until the
scrapings are brought to the side of the road.

The manager is enabled to lift the scraper by turning a wooden roller
fixed above it, and attached to each plate by a corresponding chain. This
is done in order to pass over parts of roads recently repaired; and, when
going to work or returning, the plates are kept in this elevated position by
a ratchet and catch at the end of the roller. A curved scraper is attached
to the back part of the frame at the off-corner, to be used only during the
last course of the machine, for the purpose of collecting the scrapings into
heaps ready for removal. 4

The Sweeping Machine ( fig. 21.) has a frame similar to that of the
scraper, supported in front by two common wheels about 4 ft. in diameter
and behind by two small iron wheels with vertical axles, one under each

21 <i |

oe
nn

corner. Within the frame, and diagonal to it, is the cylinder of brooms,
consisting of five rows of heath, each row secured between two boards by
screws, and attached to an axle by radiating arms of cast-iron. This
receives a rotatory motion from the carriage wheels, by means of a beveled-
tooth wheel fixed on their axle-tree, working in another half its size on
the axle of the brooms. When the machine is drawn forward, the brooms
are thus made to revolve twice to each revolution of the carriage wheels,
and in an opposite direction to them. The brooms are regulated so as to
bear more or less on the ground, according to the state of the dirt; and, as
the heath wears shorter, they can readily be drawn out from the centre, in
order to preserve a proper bearing. The dirt is removed from the space
over which the brooms pass to the right or off-side of the machine. Like
the scraper, the work is commenced near the centre of the road or street,
and carried on in a similar manner. When this machine is wanted to pro-
ceed without sweeping, the larger beveled-tooth wheel is thrown out of
gear by a lever for that purpose. The brooms are covered and the frame
enclosed by oil-cloth, to prevent any splashing or dirt from escaping beyond
the machine.

The Scraping Machine, drawn by two horses, and attended by one man,
will clean five miles of road, 24 ft. wide, in eight hours. Two additional
men will be required to throw the scrapings off the road, and clear the water-

H 3

102 General Notices.

courses. The same work would require twenty-five men per diem, with
scrapers, according to the present method.
Comparative Expense.

Two horses, at 6s. each - £0 12 0
Machine. ¢ Three men, at 2s. - SO. 6 0 £1 0 6
Wear and tear of machine, &c. O 2 6) -
Manual § Twenty-five men, at 2s.each - 2 10 0 ‘ 210 6
Labour. } Wear and tear - = (OF ONG
Daily saving - - £110 0
Supposing a road would require cleaning but twice a week,
the yearly saving at this rate would amount to - 156 0 0
If but once a week, to - - - - 78 0 0

On only five miles of road.

The Sweeping Machine, with the same power and attendants, is capable
of cleaning three miles, 20 ft. wide, daily. — John Boase. 53. Albany Street,
Regent’s Park, Nov. 23. 1829.

New Mode of propagating the Pednia Mottan. — Our readers will recol-
lect Mr. Maund’s promise (Vol. V. p. 526.) of a mode of propagating this
splendid and most desirable plant, that would enable the nurserymen to
sell them at Is. each; he has=now fulfilled it; and, for the benefit of those
who do not possess his elegant work, we quote it at length, well knowing
Mr. Maund’s liberality, and that the love of nature more than the love of
money stimulates him as an author.

“ In February select any of the stems of the Paeonia Movtan, or all may
be used: and at the distance of half an inch from the centre of each bud,
both above and below it, cut out entirely round the stem a small ring of
the bark, rather more than the sixteenth of an inch wide, in the manner of
common ringing, as practised on fruit trees. Thus every bud will occupy
one inch of the stem, where the direct continuation of its bark is obstructed,
both above and below, by the rings which have been cut out of it. The
stems so prepared are then to be laid horizontally about 3im. beneath the
soil, leaving only the leading bud at the end of each branch above the sur-
face. In six months every bud will have made a vigorous shoot, and, in
general, will have two radical fibres at its base. In August remove the soil
from above the layers, and having raised the newly made roots, carefully
separate each young shoot from the main layer, by passing a small knife
from one ring to the other, cutting out about one third part of the old
stem. The young plants should then be immediately potted, to remain till
they are required for planting out in their final situations. After thus gather-
ing the first crop of young plants, the old layers should be again covered
with good soil, and left as before; and in the following summer a second
and greater crop of plants will be produced than in the first season, and,
what is most remarkable, they will issue from various parts of the stem,
where no trace of a bud was previously indicated.

“ Again, if a stem be detached from the parent plant and treated as
described above, and then laid in soil in a pine-pit or stove, it will shoot
almost as freely as if connected with the original root.

“In another experiment, cuttings, of about an inch in length, were made
of the Pxdnia Mottan, in the manner of vine cuttings, having one bud on
each, and about half of the stem behind the bud slit up, and the pith
removed. These were put 3in. deep in pots of soil, and plunged into an
exhausted bark bed, having a temperature of about 60°. In the space of
oe these cuttings made young shoots through the soil, and grew
reely.

“The above ready methods of propagating a plant hitherto expensive
are truly valuable: they are not the results of our own experience; but we
witnessed the success of part of the experiments, and can rely upon the
accuracy of the whole.” (Botanic Garden, part v. No. 241.)

in.

Foreign Notices. 103

Indian Corn. — Produce, upwards of 105 bushels an acre = 3 tons of
good meal for feeding stock. Wheat, barley, peas, or beans will not average
15 ewt. of meal per acre. Cobbett’s, i.e. Nova Scotia, corn used. (J. Moore,
Sandy Beds, in Farm. Jour. of Nov. 9. 1829.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.

NORTH AMERICA.

GENERAL Education—I enclose you two annual reports, one of the com-
missioners of common schools, and the other from the board of regents of
our university, of which I have the honour to be a member, in order to give
you an opportunity of judging of the means provided by the government of
our state, for disseminating, among all classes, the blessings of education.
We are yet very deficient in elementary books, adapted to our principles of
government, and the future employment in life of our youth. Our legisla-
tors are not yet capable of appreciating the importance of science to the
productive labours of society, nor the influence of refinement in rural pur-
suits upon the morals and happimess of society. Yet we are making rapid
progress; and in our country, where constant intercourse is had between
the inhabitants of remote sections, every useful improvement is disseminated
with uncommon speed. You may form some idea of the travelling propen-
sity of our population, when I state, that, during the summer months, 130
stages, and from six to eight of the largest steam-boats in the world, arrive
at and leave this city daily, brmging with them and carrymg out, on an ave-
rage, 2000 passengers daily. Ihave travelled to Philadelphia (260 miles) in
24 hours, at an expense of 6 dols. The fare now, including board 160 miles,
is but 3 dols.50c. — Jesse Buel. Albany, New York, July 24. 1829.

The Horticultural Society of Philadelphia, Dr. Mease informs us, “ are
duly sensible of the kindness of Messrs. Noble and Jessop, in sending them
sea-kale and rhubarb seeds;” and he has requested us to thank them in the
name of the Society, which we now do. The seeds, Dr. Mease states, are
growing finely. — Cond.

Maclira aurantiaca. — Dr. Mease has sent us a specimen of the fruit of
this tree, which grew in the nursery of Mr. M‘Mahon near Philadelphia.
“ Tt weighed 15 oz. when pulled, but it is not ripe. Isee no reason why
this tree should not bear the open air in England [it does, quite well] ; but,
I presume, a green-house would be necessary to bring the fruit to maturity.”
We have had a drawing and section of it made, of the full size, by Mr.

=SSS2zaz 327 === a=
Sep Se
EZ MMIEBN NS SS

Sowerby. ( fig. 22.) It measures 9in. round, one way, and 9zin. the
other. The colour isa greenish yellow ; the taste acid, it not being half ripe.

H 4A

104 Domestic Notices : — England.

We should be glad if Dr. Mease would supply us with any further in-
formation in his power respecting this fruit ; its taste, when ripe, in a wild
state; whether cultivation has yet had any effect on it; and whether he
thinks it likely ever to become useful in the kitchen or the dessert. — Cond.

Massachuset?s Horticultural Society. — This Society was established in
February, 1829; and we have just received a pamphlet, containing the char-
ter, constitution, by-laws, &c., of the Institution, with a letter announcing
our being elected an honorary member. For this honour, which we duly
prize, we hope the present acknowledgment will be deemed satisfactory.
The constitution of the Society is modeled a good deal on that of London ;
the by-laws, however, are of quite a different description: there is no gag-
ging clause; and there is an article which provides that “lecturers on botany
and vegetable physiology, on entomology so far as it relates to horticulture,
and on horticultural science, shall be appointed. They shall be nommated
by the council, at a stated meeting of the Society, and elected at that or a
subsequent stated meeting, by a majority of votes.” There is something
grand and refreshing in the simple form of the Act of Incorporation, as
compared with the highly aristocratical royal charters of the London, Paris,
and Berlin Societies. In the printed letter, he informs us that, for such
favours of seeds, plants, scions, or trees, as may be procured or transmitted
to the Society, it will afford them “ great pleasure to reciprocate.”— Cond.

Brassica olerdcea var. arboréscens. — This valuable plant has been, this
month, introduced into Philadelphia. Mr. Elias Durand, an apothecary,
who knew its value in France, sent to his brother for a parcel of the seed ;
and he lately received 2 lbs. of it, which he presented to the Horticultural
Society of Pennsylvania. It has been widely distributed, and we promise
ourselves great benefits from the naturalisation of the plant. In the southern
states, where artificial grasses are but rarely attended to, these cabbages will
be invaluable for stock. In this state, and further north, they will require
to be protected by Indian corn stalks, capped by a sheaf of straw, during the
winter. Mr. Durand says that the leaves, in France, are constantly used in
soup; and that, after they have been bitten by frost, they are delicious when
boiled. The same remark is made in respect to the sprouts, which succeed
in the autumn to the leaves previously detached. As “ bacon and greens ”
constitute a dish as fully national in the southern states as the pot @ feu
among the ters état, or soup with the bonnes gens in France ; the abundance
of food which this cabbage furnishes to man and beast will render it a fa-
vourite vegetable with the people of the south, among whom, with some
exceptions, horticulture, I am sorry to say, is little attended to.—J. 1.
Philadelphia, April, 1829.

Art. III. Domestic Notices.
ENGLAND.

The Medico- Botanical Society.—There has lately been, what is vulgarly called a “ blow up” at
this Society, and our active friend, Mr. Frost, the founder and directer, has, it is said, lost bis
directorship. ‘The entire Society, we think, might have been “ blown up,” without any loss to
the public. The object of the Society is to look out for new medicinal plants; but we cannot
_ bring ourselves to attach much importance to the multiplication of medicines. The Society, how-

ever, go upon the old doctrine of specifics, and are looking after them. But it is well known that
as the healing art has improved, the materia medica has diminished. As mankind become en-
lightened and ameliorated in their physical condition, there will be proportionably less occasion
fcr both medical men and medicines. One of the greatest opprobriums of the metropolis is the
multitude of chemists’ shops, and shops for patent or quack medicines, in which are displayed
an array of phials of wrath truly alarming to the imagination. A healthy state of society, by
which we mean a state in which every man and woman is actively and usefully employed, will
require little more doctoring than what every individual may do for himself or his family ; with
the exception of the office of the surgeon. Nine tenths of the diseases in England, among the
active classes, are the consequence of bad or insufficient food 3 and, among the inactive classes, of
too much or too rich food, and the neglect of exercise. Every medical man knows this, and
knows also that when the time comes in which labour and property shall be more equally distri-
buted, as, for instance, they are at present in France, what is called the respectability, that is the
money-making part, of the physician’s occupation, will be gone; the guinea trade will cease.
With this view of things, we consider the Medico-Botanical Society as oue of the least necessary

Domestic Notices: — England. 105

that exist, though we admit it is always good to promote the personal assemblage of literary and
scientific men, whether in a society or a club-house: we confess we prefer the latter, as every
thing connected with letters ought to be republican rather than autocratic. Free personal inter-
course, in our opinion, is the chief good which has resulted, or can, or ever will, result, from
literary and scientific societies as such, from the Royal Society downwards. No great mind will
ever set much value on the medals or other rewards granted by such societies ; the public voice
can alone bestow a reward worthy of the greatest minds.

We cannot quit the subject of the Medico-Botanical Society without noticing the fact of its
reckoning among its members almost all the crowned heads of Europe, and a great many of the pub-
lic characters of all countries. There are, we are told, eleven or twelve kings, and some hundreds of
titled nobility. The merit, such as it is, of bringing these names together, belongs entirely toMr. Frost
and as that gentleman cannot be considered as eminent either in science or in rank, the fact of
his having had so much influence shows the possession of some extraordinary tact. ‘The foreign
monarchs were evidently not enlisted against their will, for three of them have conferred on Mr.
Frost orders of knighthood, and the Duke of Cumberland created him surgeon-extraordinary.
It is, however, extremely difficult for kings and princes to distinguish brass or mosaic from ster-
ling gold. They accept the currency of the day, provided it will but pass, and looks bright to the
eye. Wescarcely think there is an instance of success parallel to it, except that of Mr. Sabine
in the Horticultural Society. ‘The test of any principle, it is said, is to push it as far as it will
go; but this test, it would appear, was too much for Mr. Frost’s principle of action, whatever
that may be; for the Duke of Cumberland, who had consented to become president of the Society,
has withdrawn his consent, and deprived the Knight of the Polar Star of the office of surgeon-ex-
traordinary ; and the Society have deprived him of the office of director, by abolishing that office.
We hope these reverses of fortune will be useful to Mr. Frost, and that the history of this Society
will not be lost on the scientific part of the public. — Cond.

The Colosseum, Regent's Park. — The panoramic view of London is finished,
and this picture, and several other things here, are well worth going to see.
It is deserving of remark, that the picture is seen to most advantage in a
foggy day, and the reason is, the light thrown on it is received through the
dome at the height of upwards of 100 ft. from the surface, and consequently
through a less dense stratum of fog. The spectator, on arriving at the gallery
from which the view is obtained; cannot help imagining that he is in a different
country, or that the day has suddenly become clear and fine. This is calculated
to give a good idea of the value of elevated situations and lofty buildings in
such a valley as that of the Thames ; and if a wealthy man were to build a
lofty house, with his living rooms at the top, and all his offices, even to
coach-houses and stables under, we do not see that he could do better, than
have a balanced platform, like that at the Colosseum, for ascending and de-
scending. This platform is a small room, balanced by two iron weights,
exactly on the principle of the common chandeliers in churches, The mo-
tion is procured by a man in a concealed situation operating on machinery ;
but it might easily be communicated by the party to be raised or lowered,
in the manner adopted in Bentham’s Panopticon, as executed by General
Bentham at Petersburg.

Among the models in the Saloon of Arts, we observed one, by Mr. Fowler
(the ingenious young architect who reduced to regular architectural design
the magnificent conservatory at Syon House), of a market intended for
Covent Garden, but not exactly the design now executing. The same artist
has since formed a design and model for Hungerford Market. It is grati-
fying thus to see the public attention directed to the improvements of
buildings and establishments of common every-day use. How incomparably
superior in every point of view are such public monuments as the bridges
over the Thames, the London University, the Hungerford Market just
completed, and the Covent Garden Market far advanced, to the columns,
obelisks, and pyramids, proposed by some architects to be erected to com-
memorate the late peace, or the battle of Waterloo! The age for useless
national monuments is gone, and, we trust, for ever. The builder, who erects
such a line of street-houses as that of Anderson in the Regent’s Park ; and
the association, parish, or proprietor, that erects such bridges and markets as
those which we have mentioned, and such public offices as those of Day and
Martin in Holborn, Hoare in Fleet Street, or Thompson and Fearon in
Bond Street, deserve far more of their country, than the designers of triumphal
arches, metropolitan gateways, and other architectural extravagances, which,
in as far as they can have any effect, are calculated to carry the mind back
to ages of tyranny and slavery, instead of forward to equality and liberty.

The line of conservatories is completed, and, considered as a passage, It 1s
tolerable. There is a fountain, consisting of a circle of jets, which throw

106 Domestic Notices : — England.

the water up, in the form of a cone, into a basin on the summit of a column
of shellwork ; through the bottom of that basin the water runs into the buckets
of an overshot wheel, which, being disguised by shellwork, turns the shells
continually, and for that kind of beauty is very effective:

The view from the Swiss Cottage is to rockwork and a waterfall; the
rockwork is an imitation of a broken stratified precipice, and is admirably
done. A part of this rockwork was superintended by Mr. Paris, the emi-
nent artist, and the remainder by Mr. Gray, also an excellent artist both in
architecture and landscape, who designed and executed the shellwork of
the fountain, and a great variety of other improvements within and around
the Colosseum. Mr. Gray is one of those variously talented men, who are
sometimes produced by accident. He can draw every description of subject,
and that accurately and beautifully; engrave both on copper and stone,
model, measure, calculate ; he is a turner, was brought up a cabinet-maker,
and has been in business as an upholsterer; he understands something of
gardening and laying out grounds, and in every thing he undertakes evinces
a ready and fertile invention. Such a man, about a great nobleman’s house,
would be invaluable, particularly where theatricals were to be got up, pic-
tures to be hung and kept in repair, or where there was much valuable furni-
ture to keep in order, or new buildings or alterations going forward.—Cond.

Sabots. — Sir, I feel obliged by your hint respecting the French sabots.
I have generally eight or nine young men, and a large share of winter nail-
ing, and I have often thought of having the kind of clogs used by coachmen in
washing their carriages ; but these are not to be had here. [have now ordered
twenty pair of the sabots of Mr. Smith, nurseryman, Worcester, which, I
hope, will be the means of introducing them into that district, as well as into
this neighbourhood. I do not notice this with the view of your reward, but
to encourage emulation. Iam, Sir, &c.— John Mearns. Oct. 10. 1829.

The Ploughing Match of the West Kent Agricultural Association, the founder
of which was Mr. Dickson, the very intelligent and active occupier of the farm
of Kidbreok, near Deptford, took place Noy. 3. The great object of the
association is to introduce two-horse swing ploughs; seven of these started,
* on a piece of pure clay,” but we are told that this clay was in such a state
that the teams could only get through their work “ by snatches.” We
notice the statement chiefly for the sake of hinting at the great disadvantage
to the landlord, the farmer, the community of England, and we may say to
the whole world, of that monopoly which forces such land into cultivation.
if the trade in corn were free, no such soils in a moist climate would ever
be ploughed at all; they would be employed in the production of cheese,
butter, and butchers’ meat, or they would be planted. In either case the
public would gain. It is now perfectly clear to us that land may be ploughed
incomparably cheaper by steam than by horses, the engines being stationed
from point to point, in the manner of the fixed machine employed in drawing
Lumbert’s mole plough ; and whenever this shall take place generally in the
corn countries of Europe, the price of corn must inevitably fall so low, that
only the best corn soils will for a while be cultivated. Then will be found
the advantage of having grass-lands and woodlands, and the parks and lawns
of England will be found doubly useful and ornamental. — Cond.

The Invention of a Steam Plough. — Henry Handley, Esq., of Culver-
thorpe, near Sleaford, i Lincolnshire, has, in the Farmer’s Journal of
December 14., offered a reward of one hundred guineas for the invention
of a steam plough. We cannot but highly applaud such a spirited pro-
posal, and we are convinced that a very few hundreds more would produce
the invention. A very little reflection will convince both landlord and
tenant that they would be great gainers by the substitution of steam for
horses in ploughing, harrowing, and thrashing, if not in reaping and other
operations. Less capital would be required of the farmers, who would, at
the same time, have more disposable produce. — Cond.

Domestic Notices : — England. 107

New Alms-houses at Edgeware. (Vol. V. p. 558.) —We were not aware,
when we mentioned these buildings, rather in a heedless way, that they
were erected at the expense of Miss Day, a young lady just come of age.
Mr. Day and his family deserve the highest applause for the taste and spirit
which they have displayed in architecture. Mr. Day’s mansion and offices in
the New Road, near Mary-la-bonne church, is exteriorly one of the hand-
somest in that part of London: the new front, erecting, in a beautifully
coloured stone, to the manufactory of Day and Martin in Holborn, will
rank with that of Hoares’ banking-house in Fleet Street. Mr. Day’s
country-house at Edgeware is also architectural; and a lodge recently
erected there, of which we wish the architect (whose name we do not
know) would enable us to give a figure, is very handsome, and, what is
better, obviously commodious within. Lastly, Miss Day’s alms-houses,
which, it is said, are to cost 10,000/., may be compared, in style and neat-
ness, with those of Saint Catherine in the Regent’s Park. Mr. Day, whom
we know to be a cultivated and highly intellectual man, has for some time
past laboured under the dreadful misfortune of the loss of his sight. We
cannot help often wishing, in passing his different edifices, that he could see
them and admire them as we do. Only one suffering can be greater than
the loss of sight, the loss of reason; but the loss of sight, like all losses
short of the loss of reason, may be borne by a calm and a philosophic
mind, previously stored with various and useful truths. Such a mind is Mr.
Day’s. It must be a consolation to him to reflect that he has added
objects of surpassing beauty, to a metropolis already abounding in architec-
tural productions. — Cond.

The Spectator. — In recommending certain newspapers (Vol. V. p. 604.)
we inadvertently omitted this very superior weekly publication, which,
taking it altogether, is perhaps the very best weekly political and literary
journal now published. Twelve gardeners joining together might read it
for a year at the rate of 3s. 3d. each. — Cond.

The Country Times. — A weekly paper of this title has just commenced,
the object of which is chiefly to supply professional and agreeable miscel-
laneous reading to the English farmer. We do not know what may be the
politics of this paper; but we hope it will steer a different course from the
Farmer's Journal, which, with the intention of doing the farmers a service, has,
we firmly believe, had a contrary effect, by concealing from them what they
will ultimately find to be true, viz. that there is no safety for either farmer
or proprietor but in a free trade. We recommend to the editor of the
political department of the Country Times the following passage in a recent
leading article of the Times : —“ The interest of the tenant is the same
with the interest of the community ; it is to have land open, and prices low.
The landlord passes a gross cheat upon his tenantry when he persuades
them that they are benefited by his enormous rents. The ‘ agricultural
interest’ is properly the interest of those who till the ground; and they
who cry out in favour of a corn monopoly speak only on behalf of those
who wring from the tenant the highest possible tax on his skill and in-
dustry, and capital employed in agriculture; namely, on behalf of the
gentlemen owning and living out of their land.’ (Times, Jan. 4. 1830.) _

Speaking on the same subject, with reference to America, the Morning
Chronicle observes :—“ Let both nations retrace their steps; let England
encourage the application of American capital to land, by offering a ready
market for agricultural produce of all kinds; and America. cease to en-
courage, by restrictions, the application of capital to manufactures. In this
way both would thrive. Our landlords would gain by the most unlimited
importation, for we could only import by exporting the produce of our
own industry in return; and what a market would besides be opened by
the purchases of an increasing manufacturing population for all the products

108 Domestic Notices : — England.

of agriculture which cannot be imported! Let our landlords abandon the
absurd idea that they can gain by monopolies, which deprive industry of
the means of purchasing.” The Globe, the Scotsman, the Spectator, the
Examiner, and many of the country papers, concur in these views, and
believe with us that the interests of the agriculturist and the manufacturer
are essentially the same.

The editor of the professional and miscellaneous department is a particular
friend of ours, of various scientific acquirements, and of very considerable
experience in the management of landed property, and as a rent-paying
farmer on a large scale in Lancashire and Norfolk. A new feature in this
paper is that of embracing horticulture; on which account it deserves the
particular patronage of gardeners. — Cond.

Methley’s Fire-places have been recommended by us ( Vol. V. p. 238.) as
more to our taste than any which we have ever seen. We have this winter
had a good opportunity of observing to what a very considerable extent
these fire-places burn their own smoke, more especially when a large fire is
kept up. We therefore again recommend them}; and at this season, when
heat forms an important subject of consideration, we would also call
attention to Mr. Cottam’s mode of heating the rooms of a house, or an
office, library, or conservatory, by circulating hot water from the boiler
of a common kitchen range; and to the great improvement on Sylvester’s
mode of heating, by White and Veitch. — Cond.

Sylvester’s Mode of heating by hot Air is admirable both as a system of
diffusing heat and of diffusing fresh air; but, in London at least, it has two
objections, that of being very expensive, and of carrying in dust to the
rooms. Messrs. White and Veitch have succeeded, if not in entirely re-
moving, at least in greatly alleviating, these objections. That of first cost
they have lowered fully one third, by the employment of a cylindrical
cockle of more than double the height of Mr. Sylvester’s, and by heating
the air by simply passing it in a thin stratum between this cylinder and a
cylinder of brickwork, every where of equal width, and perfectly smooth.
The air passes so rapidly that it is not burned. Those who are acquainted
with the intricate but highly scientific form of Mr. Sylvester’s cockle, will
easily conceive that Mr. Veitch’s must come much cheaper at first, and be
less likely to go out of repair afterwards. The air is freed from the dust or
soot, which it holds in suspension, by passing it over water before it enters
the funnel which conducts it to the cockle to be heated. It may easily be
conceived how this may be done, and that different modes may perhaps
answer equally well. Mr. Veitch collects the air from four openings in
opposite directions into one perpendicular funnel, perhaps a foot in height ;
he next spreads it thinly over a surface of perhaps two square yards of
water ; from this it rises several inches, and, descending 2 or 3 ft. m four
thin sheets, it is again united over a broad surface of water, and thence
passes into the funnel leading to the cockle. The water is renewed once
a week, and is found to contain a considerable deposit, the grossest in the
first or upper basin. The objection that immediately occurs to passing
the air over water is, the moisture that it will take up; to which Mr. Veitch
replies, that when fires are wanted in his cockles, or those of Mr. Sylvester,
the open air is at a temperature which scarcely admits of any evaporation.
This purifier of the air may be placed before the entrance to the funnel of
any of Mr. Sylvester’s stoves; and we have no doubt it will be adopted by
all who have an opportunity of witnessing its effects. Mr. Veitch has
applied them at the British Museum, the Post-Office, and at the London
University. Heating by hot air requires a great deal more fuel than heat-
ing by hot water, which, whether in dwelling-houses or hot-houses, is the
most economical of all modes of heating; but the hot-air system must be
more healthy, because the air is continually renewed. To render the hot-
air system perfect, at least for small houses, it should be connected with a

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 109

Kewley’s regulating thermometer, to lower a sluice or valve to the cold-air
funnels whenever the temperature in the hot-air funnel fell below 55°. We
have suggested to Mr. Cottam, how very easily this might be done.

Since writing the above, we have seen Mr. Cottam, who has described to
us a mode which he has most successfully adopted, in a large mansion, of
heating air by hot water, and which appears to us to possess two important
advantages over even the improvement of Messrs. White and Veitch; those
of costing less at first erection, and of requiring less fuel afterwards. It
seems to us that Mr. Cottam’s improvement only requires the introduction
of a regulating thermometer, to render it by far the most perfect heating
apparatus which has yet been invented. — Cond.

SCOTLAND.

Edinburgh Frut Market. — Sept. 26. Fruit is uncommonly abundant
this season, and consequently it is selling remarkably cheap. Baking apptes
are selling at 1s., and best at 1s. 6d. a peck of 16 lbs. Pears are nearly
over, Magnum Bonums are from 8d. to 1s. a dozen. Orleans, 4s. a peck.
Black damsons are selling at 6s. a peck. Last year they sold from 18s. to
a guinea the gallon, that is, one peck and a half. Grapes are Is. 6d. to
Is, 10d. a pound. Black damsons, from Cheshire, known as the Wine
Grape damson, sell at 23d. per pound. (Scotsman.)

Dec. 26. Pine-apples sell at 6s. 6d. and 8s.; foreign grapes at Is. 3d.
to Is. 6d.; Scotch ditto at 2s. to 2s. 6d.,and American pippins and French
rennets at 6d. to 8d. a pound. Malaga oranges are in the market, and sell
at Is., and pomegranates from 4s. to 6s.a dozen. Portugal onions sell from
4d. to 5d., filberts at Is. 3d., and Spanish melons at 11d. and 1s. a pound.
(tout is scarce, and sells from 10s. to 15s. a Scotch pint, weighing 5 lbs.

id.

Certain Improvements in Garden Syringes have been made by Mr, D.
M‘Dougal, of Edinburgh, horticulturist, for which he has taken out a
patent, dated Noy. 10. We shall be glad of further particulars. — Cond.

Labourers Cottages. — In this country the cottage of the labourer is
never (with hardly one exception) picturesque nor so comfortable as it
might be; consisting, as you are aware, of two side walls and two gable
ends, the door in the centre of the house, and an apartment at each side,
with the fire-places in the gables, and not even a porch to break the dead
appearance of the side wall, and contribute warmth to the house. By such
cottages the most picturesque scenery is destroyed. From your intended
designs in the Gardener’s Magazine * I anticipate two results: that gentle-
men will not destroy the scenery upon their estates by any longer allowing
the present style of building to be continued ; and that, from the comfort and
elegance afforded by your designs, the labourer will consider himself in honour
bound to attend to his cottage, and even acquire a taste for having it, inside
and out, more tidy than it is too frequently found. I allude to Scotland only ;
where, however, there has been great improvement in that respect of late
years. I think nothing contributes more to the sobriety, comfort, and
cleanliness of a labourer, than a taste for gardening, when it can be in-
stilled, and which, I think, a proprietor ought to promote by every means in
his power. I have seldom known a labourer who was fond of and kept his
garden neat, whose house and family also were not so, and who did not spend

* We have upwards of two hundred of these designs ready for the
engraver, and intend to publish part of them in the Magazine, and part of
them separately. In the mean time, we can furnish copies of them, and
send a young architect to direct their execution, to any part of the country,
at a very moderate charge, and on the shortest notice. Any gentleman, on
calling here, may turn over the whole two hundred finished drawings, and
make his choice, and have working drawings or models made, — Cond,

110 Retrospective Criticism.

his leisure hours with them, and in his garden, instead of in the alehouse. I
have generally found them fond of gardening; but, for want of sufficient
knowledge, they often get disgusted by their not succeeding to their wishes.
Most books upon the subject are beyond their means, and too voluminous,
and, for a proprietor who wishes to promote the science, too expensive to
present to all his cottagers. Could you inform me of any concise pub-
lication upon the subject, mentioning briefly the proper time for sowing the
different vegetable seeds, the treatment in the seed-bed, &c., the time for
transplanting, &c., and for the management of such fruits as a labourer
might have in his garden, to the great additional comfort of his family,
without his incurring any great additional expense or trouble? — R. C.
Kirkliston, Aug. 22. 1829.

The late Mr. Nicol wrote such a work as R. C. wishes for Scotland, and
Mr. William Salisbury for England; but they have both been for some
time out of print. With a view to the same objects, we offered premiums
(Vol. V. p. 713.); and we have received three most excellent essays on the
subject, the best of which, with notes from the others, we shall put imme-
diately to press, and publish, along with a model plan of a cottage, in a one
shilling pamphlet. As such a publication will not bear the expense of ad-
vertising in the newspapers, it will only be known to the cottagers through
the readers of this Magazine. — Cond.

Art. IV. Retrospective Criticism.

Mr. KNIGuT’s Pines. — Sir, [beg to trouble you with a few lines, in con-
sequence of observing, in the last Number of your Gardener’s Magazine
(Vol. V. p.717.), an account given you by my friend Mr. Mearns, of a
journey which we in company had made to Downton Castle, and of my
conversion, “ under certain circumstances,” to Mr. Knight’s mode of pine
culture.

The great luxuriance of Mr. Knight’s plants afford sufficient evidence
of the practicability of growing the pine-apple without the use of the bark-
bed. So far I am perfectly convinced; so far I never doubted. But the
idea which struck me when I saw his plants in October last, and also when
I saw them in the spring of 1826, was, that the plants, though strong and
healthy, did not produce fruit proportionably large. My friend must, there-
fore, have misunderstood me in conceiving that I had become a convert to
Mr. Knight’s mode of culture ; for 1am not yet thoroughly convinced of its
being the most eligible: I am only convinced, as I have already stated, that
the pine-apple can be cultivated in that way.

My opinion is, that the common mode of culture is the best ; that the
bark-bed is of great importance as a steady source of heat, less fire being
necessary when it is used, and consequently the temperature of the house
being less liable to fluctuate. Plunging the pots, in order to maintain a steady
temperature at the roots, I consider also of the utmost importance, par-
ticularly when the plants are in fruit ; and where tanners’ bark or leaves
cannot be obtained for that purpose, I would plunge them in earth, saw-
dust, or any such material, which will, of course, soon assume nearly the
mean. temperature of the house.

Being actuated neither by feelings of prejudice nor motives of interest,
I have thus stated my opinion candidly, and have but little fear of bemg
told by practical men that it is erroneous. If, however, I am wrong, I shall,
upon conviction of my error, most willingly give the preference to what-
ever mode of pine culture shall be fairly proved (all circumstances con-
sidered) most worthy of it. Having trespassed too far on your pages,
permit me only to add, that my remarks, in returning from Downton, would

Retrospective Criticism. 111

probably have been of a less speculative character, had I been aware my
triend was “ taking notes.” J am, Sir, &c.— Andrew Begbie. Yatton Court,
Leominster, Dec. 18. 1822.

Mr. Knight's Pines — Xt would be satisfactory to some of your readers,
if Mr. Pearson (Vol. V. p. 717.) would state by what means he ascertained
the weight of Mr. Knight’s Mountserrat pines. Was it by “ rule of guess ?”
[ ask the question, because nothing can be more fallacious than this way of
ascertaining the weight of pine-apples. Had Mr. Pearson seen some of the
“black kinds” which I saw the other day, not many miles from this, he
would not “ think” that Mr. Knight might “ challenge any pine-grower in
the kingdom,” unless he can produce fruit of greater weight even than he
has stated. — E. N. of Stafford. Dec. 10. 1829.

The Anson or Otaheite Pine.— Sir, A constant reader, who has the care
of a few sorts of pines, wishes to know what name Mr. M‘Murtrie intends
giving a pine which is known by the name of Anson’s, and by some Anson’s
Queen. I see, in the last Number of the Gardener’s Magazine (Vol. V.
p- 608.), that Mr. M‘Murtrie means to call the Otaheite pme Anson’s for
the future. Now, I think, before that Mr. M‘Murtrie should have assumed
an authority to change any of the names of pines, he ought to have made
himself well acquainted with all the actual varieties now in cultivation in
England ; or, at least, he should have been certain that the name he has
now given the Otaheite pine had never been given to any other pine before.
Mr. M‘Murtrie, or any other person who knows more than twenty sorts of
pines, must acknowledge that the multiplication of the names of pines is
too great already: therefore, to prevent any more confusion, I thik the
best way would be to let the Otaheite pine still go by its old and well
known name. I can give no information respecting the origin of the Ota-
heite pine, but I think it is as likely to have been imported from some of
the West Indian islands, as raised from seed at Shugborough. What ever
could have mduced them to call a pine, raised from seed in England, after
an island of the South Seas? JI shall be much obliged to Mr. M‘Murtrie,
or to any other person who can inform me where the Anson’s pine (which
I allude to) was first discovered. It is a very distinct variety, and differs
widely from the Otaheite, both in the fruit and general habit of the plant.
Was it not the pine which is known by the name of Allen’s Seedling that
met the eye of Mr. Dermott? It is a fine strong-growing sort, somewhat
resembling the Otaheite in colour and erect position of its leaves, but their
fruit is very different. — A Constant Reader, Nov.'7. 1829.

The Anson or Otaheite Pine. — Sir, I beg leave to send you a few remarks
upon Mr. M‘Murtrie’s letter (Vol. V. p.607.), which contains some re-
flections upon me and the statement I sent you of the introduction of the
Otaheite pme. In the first place, Mr. M‘Murtrie calls my letter an inge-
nious one, calculated to mislead the public, &c., and insinuates something
about caprice and falsehood. Now, Sir, I affirm that what I wrote con-
cerning the Otaheite pine is substantially true ; and, if any one doubts it, let
him go or write to Mr. Hodson, and he will confirm it. Mr. M‘Murtrie
then gives an account of the origin of the Anson pine, confirmed by
Mr. Dermott, which may be all very true for any thing I know; but it does
not at all validate my account of the Otaheite pine; and if I confounded
the names of the two pines, it appears, from Mr. M‘Murtrie’s own state-
ment, that the confusion first took place at Shugborough.

He then goes on to say that Mr. Hodson expressed himself indignant,
&e. [believe Mr. Hodson was surprised; but his indignation would not
have been so great, if Mr. M‘Murtrie had shown him the whole of the cor-
respondence, instead of telling him that I had grossly insulted him (Mr.
M‘Murtrie) in the Gardener’s Magazine. With respect to Mr. Hodson’s
saying that the Otaheite suckers did not fruit from 1797 to 1810, I beg
leave to inform Mr. M‘Murtrie that his memory must have been treache-

2 Fforticultural Society and Garden.

rous; for Mr. Hodson never told him any such thing, but merely said he had
more business on hand at Colton than he could well manage, and took no
particular notice of the Otaheite pine; indeed, it is not very probable that
any man would keep a pine plant thirteen years without fruiting it. I am,
Sir, &c. — C. F. Webster. Drayton, Dec. 24. 1829.

Art. V. Horticultural Society and Garden.

SEPTEMBER 15. 1829.— Read. On the Destruction of Snails; by Mr.
James Corbett. ;

Exhibited. Symphytum aspérrimum, food for cattle, from Mr. D. Grant of
Lewisham. [Mr. Grant sells the plants at 1/. per 100; we would strongly
recommend a trial; possibly the Sjymphytum may become a valuable cot-
tage forage plant.] Drawing of a species of Dryandra, exhibited by the
Comte de Vandes, drawn by Madame Robin. Wheatear Carnations, Kirke’s
Seedling Plum, and twenty-two sorts of Apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke,
F.H.S. Seedling Georginas, from Mr. William Wells, F.H.S. Seedling
Georgina, from Mr. Sutton, nurseryman, Andover. This was a double
purple tinged with violet, and was one of the best of the season. Cocks-
comb, from Samuel Paynter, Esq., F.H.S., a particularly handsome speci-
men, Twelve sorts of various Flowers, from Robert Barclay, Esq. F.H.S.
Brunswick Figs, two Queen Pine-apples, two Seedling Peaches, and a Nec-
tarine, unnamed, from Mr. William Greenshields, F.H.S. Nutmeg in
spirits, from William Henry Merle, Esq. F.H.S. Black Hamburgh Grapes,
from Mr. Henry Bailey, F.H.S., gardener to the Earl of Jersey. Otaheite
Pine, from Mr. Patrick Flanagan, F.H.S., gardener to the Right Hon.
Robert Peel. Cooper’s large Plum, Williams’s Bon» Chrétien Pear, and
eight sorts of Apples, from Mr. Thomas Gibbs, F.H.S. Specimens of a
Seedling Apple, from the Rev. Mr. Dewhirst of Bury St. Edmunds. Seed-
ling Apple, from Mr. John Burton of Oxford. Three sorts of Apples, from
Mr. John George Fuller, F.H.S. Four sorts of Pears, from the Rev. Fur-
ney Belfield.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers of Eccremocarpus scaber,
Coreépsis Atkinsoniana, Gaillardia aristata, Dona villosa; Double, Dwarf,
and Anemone-flowered Georginas; Argemone grandiflora, Stévia serrata,
Trachyméne ceerulea; Verbena Melindres, Aubletia, and pulchella; Esch-
schéltzia califérnica ; G’nothéra viminea, pallida, odorata, and Lindleyana;
Clarkia pulchélla, Agératum mexicanum, Helianthus lenticularis, Mule and
China Pinks, China-asters, Ipomépsis élegans, Centauréa americana, Lupinus
plumosus, ornatus, and polyphyllus ; Chrysanthemum monspessulanum, //a-
lope malacoides, and French Marigolds.— Fruits: Green-fleshed Melon,
eleven sorts of Apples, thirteen sorts of Pears, five sorts of Peaches, and
five sorts of Nectarines, also Five sorts of Leaf Beet.

October 6. — Read. Upon the method of setting the flowers of the Cactus ;
by Mr. Henry Groom, F.H.S. An account of .a Gansell’s Bergamot Pear
Tree; by the Rey. John Calthorp. On the cultivation of the Camellia, by
Thomas Carey Palmer, Esq. F.H.S.

Exhibited. A collection of remarkably fine seedling Georginas, from Mr.
James Veitch, F.H.S. Eight sorts of Flowers, from Robert Barclay, Esq.
F.H.S. Specimens of a Seedling Grape, and seven sorts of Apples, from
John Williams, Esq. C.M.H.S. Specimens of Gansell’s Bergamot Pear,
from the Rey. John Calthorp. Five sorts of Pears, and five sorts of Apples,
from Mr. Peter Langelier, C.M.H.S., of Jersey. Seedling Cider Apple,
from W. R. Churchill, Esq. Godfrey's Defiance Apple, from John Moxon,
Esq. Five sorts of Apples, from John George Fuller, Esq. Sixty-one sorts
of Apples, from Mr. Hugh Ronalds, F.H.S.

Horticultural Society and Garden. 113

_ Also, from the Garden of the Society. Thirty-seven sorts of Apples, twelve
sorts of Pears, twenty-twe sorts of Capsicums, eleven sorts of Endives, Vac-
~cinium padifolium, from Madeira and Caucasus.

October 20.— Read. On the cultivation of the Alpine Strawberry; by
Mr. William Hughes, gardener to Charles Baring Wall, Esq. F.H.S.

Exlubited. A Stick made frem a branch of the Cow Tree of the Caraccas,
together with a piece of the bark, a phial of the milk, and a drawing of the
tree, exhibited by Mr. Fanning. [This drawing was lent us, but it was too
inaccurate to be worth engraving.] Alpine Strawberries, from Mr. William
Hughes ; these were sent to illustrate the pape rread this day. New Seedling
Georginas, grown in the garden of the Hon. Society of Lincoln’s Inn, from
Mr. John Maher, F.H.S8. Two sorts of Grapes, from Edmund Tattersall,
Esq. F.H.S. Two sorts of Grapes, from Mr. Henry Bailey, gardener to the
Earl of Jersey, F.H.S. Seedling Grape from the Zante Currant Grape,
from Mr. Robert Buck, F.H.8. Four sorts of pears, and 103 sorts of Ap-
ples, from Mr. John Haythorn, F.H.S. A Seedling Apple, from J. P. Powell,
Esq., of Quex Park, Kent. Three sorts of Seedling Apples, and Tythorp
Pippin, from P. T, Wykeham, Esq., of Tythorp House, Thame, Oxon.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers: Lupinus polyphyllus and
lépidus, Gaillardia aristata, Coredpsis atrea, Clarkia pulchélla; Verbena
pulchella, Melindres, and Aublétia; Gfnothéra Lindleyéna and viminea ;
Eschscholtzia californica, Malope malacéides, Collinséa grandiflora, Tagétes
lucida, Poppy Anemones, Chrysanthemum menspessulanum, and Gila capi-
tata. — Fruit: Nineteen sorts of Pears, and Thirty-six sorts of Apples,
Orange and Sugar-loaf Pine-apples.

November 3.—Read. On the Degeneracy of the larger and finer Varieties
of Persian Melons in the climate of England; by Themas Andrew Knight,
Esq. F.R.S. and President.

Hxhbited. Sixteen sorts of Apples, and six sorts of Pears, from Mr.
Peter Langelier, C.M.H.S., of Jersey; these were very fine interesting spe-
cimens. Three sorts of Apples, from Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, Bart.
F.H.S. Sixty-one sorts of Apples, from Mr. Hugh Ronalds, F.H.S. Three
sorts of Apples, from Mr. Marshall of Southborough Lodge, Kingston, Sur-
rey. ight sorts of Apples, from Charles Worthington, Esq. F.H.S.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers: Ginothéra Lindleyana and
viminea, Z'agéfes lucida, Poppy Anemones; Lupinus polyphyllus, blue, and
white, L. lepidus ; Gaillardia aristata, Collinsia grandiflora, Clarkia pulchélla,
and Gila capitata.— Fruit : Thirty-nine sorts of Apples, Enville Pine-apple,
thirty sorts of Pears, seventeen sorts of Turnips, four sorts of Cabbages, Por-
tugal Quince, Chinese Plum, and Pyrus sinénsis (Sandy Pear).

November 17. 1829.— Read. On the cultivation of the Vine upon the
Open Wall at Croxdale; by William Thomas Salvin, Esq. F.H.S. On the
propagation of Orchideous Plants; by Mr. William Perrin. me

Exhibited. Nepal Berberries, and Jam made fromthe same, from William
Wells, Esq. F.H.S. Tripe de Roche, from James Webster, Esq. F.HLS.
This is the lichen upon which the travellers and hunters in the arctic
regions of America are frequently obliged to subsist. Six sorts of Seedling
Apples, from John Crump, Esq. Twenty-seven sorts of Apples, from Mr.
John Maker, jun., gardener to Lady East, at Tifield, Berkshire. Two
sorts of Pears, from John George Fuller, Esq. F.H.S,

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers: Eleven sorts of Chrysan-
themums.—Fruit : Thirty-six sorts of Apples, and eighteen sorts of Pears.—
Vegetables: Eight sorts of Radishes, Chinese Cabbage, three sorts of Kohl
Rabi, and Oxnoble Potatoes, forced in boxes.

December 1.— Ewhibited. Forty-five sorts of Apples, from Mr. Hugh
Ronalds, F.H.S8. Specimens of a Seedling Apple, from Lieut.-Gen.
Marriott. Root of Rhéum Emoddi, from Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.
F.H.S.; a fine root, exhibited as a specimen of true Rhubarb. A Melon
from Cephalonia, from -—— Green, Esq.; it was a fine specimen.

Vou, VEL —— No. 24. I

114 Horticultural Society and Garden.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers: Eighteen sorts of Chry-
santhemums. — Fruit: Nmeteen sorts of Pears, thirty-four sorts of Apples,
Elford, and new Demerara Pine-apples, and Psidium Cattleianwm.— Vege-
tables: Seventeen different varieties of Cabbages, and Mushrooms.

The Affairs of the Society. A rumour having reached us of a letter
having been printed on this subject, addressed to Mr. Sabine, we wrote to
the gentlenian said to be the author of the letter, and the following 1s his
answer. The substance of the answer has also appeared in this day’s
(Jan. 15.) Times : —

Sir, In answer to your letter, I beg to inform you that I have not published any letter to Mr.
Sabine. I printed, for private circulation, an answer to two minutes which were sent to me by the
Council of the Horticultural Society : I do not know whether you will find it worth while to insert
this answer in your Magazine.* I find, since, that there was a party in the Council (at the head
of which, I am told, was Mr. Sabine) to recommend the General Meeting to expel me. This,
however, failed, and two minutes were sent instead. Since the statement I send you was printed,
I have discovered, in the archives of the Society, a written report, by a servant of the Society (Mr.

. Douglas), of a conversation with me, which report is wtterly false; and on this report the abuse
in the minutes of the Council was partly founded, although the report was never shown to me. I
cannot prove that he was employed as a spy ; but I can only say, that he came, after his report had
been made, twice to my house; and at one time represented Mr. Sabine as no better than he
should have been, in having taken some birds of him (Douglas). I did nut, however, move in the
matter beyond writing to the Society to ask as to the fact ; but I will not trouble you with my own
affairs. I have made a discovery which, I think, will so completely implicate all the present
members of the Council, and the officers, that I think their reign must be nearly at an end. The
Society owes from NINETEEN TO TWENTY THOUSAND PouNDS!!! This was admitted by Mr. Lindley
tome. It owed nearly 19,0002. last year ! and this year the debt is considerably,increased ; and, in
addition, many members have withdrawn, and many, I know, are about to withdraw. As to the
tradesmen’s bills, some are unpaid for 1826, and, I believe, earlier. The auditors have no balance-
sheet when they audit, so that they never know the real state of affairs of the Society ; nor has
there been a balance-sheet laid before the Society at the General Meeting for these_two years!
nor can I find that the Council are bound to take or give any account of the debts. ‘The debts
consist of tradesmen’s bills and loan debts (about 11,0002.). The tradesmen having become clamor-
ous, they had donds givento them: Nicol, the printer, has bonds for more than 1800/., bearing
interest; so has a builder, for some thousands, I believe. All the property I can find the Society
have is a small arrear due from the members, the value of some houses in Regent Street, and
their stock at the garden. Mr. Frost and the Medico-Botanical are nothing to this! Iam not
much of a lawyer, but, I suppose, somebody is liable for this mass of debt ; of which no one, that

.I can hear of, knew, until I heard, when a poor man was arrested, and he gave asa reason that he
could not pay because the Society would not pay him a heavy bill which had been long due to
him; and this gave me the clue. But, in addition to this, there may be claims outstanding of
which I know nothing, and which have never been brought into account. One there is, I know,
which has been omitted ; it is as follows: — Mr. Atkinson, one of the earliest patrons of the So-
ciety, conducted all the architectural business of the Society gratis, but stipulated to be paid his
expenses actually out of pocket. Mr. Atkinson also, when the Society was in great distress, pro-
cured a gentleman to lend 1000/. to the Society. The Society, long after the time arrived for repay-
ment, refused to pay; and Mr. Atkinson was obliged to take legal proceedings, and to threaten
them, to get the money back. He never made any charge against the Society beyond the expenses
of his clerks in making drawings, &c. He estimates his services to the Society, charging after
the rate which he charges in other cases, at between 300 and 4007. All this he forewent; but he
wrote some letters about the 10002., and also sent in his bill, with a request that it might be laid
before the Council. Mr. Atkinson never got any answer. I heard of it, insisted on seeing the
letters: I found the letters and bills had been mislaid by accident ; and Mr. Lindley admitted he
believed they were never laid before the Council. Whilst prosecuting this curious enquiry, I found
that part of the letters of the Society were kept at Mr. Sabine’s private house. Now, thisis a thing
which never ought to be permitted ; and I wonder at the supineness of the President (for you
must not mix him up with the Council) in permitting this. I should add, that it is impossible to
find out what is done at the Society, as the Council will not let any member see their ménutes, as
is done in other Societies, nor can you see the minutes of the committees. No wonder, therefore,
the members get up some fine frosty morning, and find themselves hard in debt 20,0002, and
nothing to pay it with. The profusion is inconceivable: Nicol, the printer, who cannot get paid,
takes a bond, and, I believe, makes the Society pay pretty dearly for credit. I am, however, going
to check his account against one by another printer for the same sort of work. Would you believe
that the stupid, trumpery, childish, absurd plate of the crocuses, in the last part of the Transactions,
cost the Society about 220/.? I took the trouble to make the calculation. I have not time at present
to send you more: ifany thing occurs before you go to press, I will send it to you. The fact is, I

have got scent of many other things, and I am not yet in possession of all the materials ; and, besides,
there is much to do at the Zoological. I propose looking at the dis in that Society : it is said
there is more profusion there than at the Horticultural ; I hope that they will keep out of debt.
Mr, Sabine is the treasurer. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.—B. Jan. 14. 1830.

P. S. Can you tell how much Turner stole of the Society; and do you know any of the
mysterious facts as to allowing him to escape? Iwish you could learn them for me. — B.

At the Meeting, on January 19., it was admitted that the Society was in
debt upwards of 19,0002, and a proposition was made, and afterwards
advertised in the newspapers, “for the appointment of a committee to
enquire into the general expenditure and management of the Society at
the next General Meeting.”
oe eae en ee eet RUNNER OLN eA EN 112 Te se OI

dipt * We shall give the essence in next Number. — Cond. ,

London Nurseries. 115

Art. VI. London Nurseries.

Epsom Nursery. — New or rare plants which have flowered during the
months of September and October, 1829 : —

DICOTYLEDO'NE ~.
' Subclassis 1. THALAMIFLO'R-A.
Nat. Ord. Ranunculdcee.

‘Trib. 2. Anemonee. Anemone (Dec.) multifida Dec.
Trib. 4. Helleboree. Aconitum ( Tourn.) pallidum Nutt.
Papaveracee.

Argemone { Tourn.) grandiflora Sweet, B. F. G. t. 226. This fine plant is
not noticed on account of its novelty, but for the purpose of correcting an
error of botanical writers, in considering it an annual. No plant is more
decidedly perennial; for plants are now growing in this nursery, raised from
the imported seeds in 1827, which are also much stronger, and the flowers
are considerably larger than those of one year’s growth. It requires the
protection of a frame or green-house. ‘The name was first given, and the
species correctly defined, by Mr. Sweet in his Flower-Garden, which seems to
have escaped the observation of the writer of the Bot. Reg. t. 1265., who has
adopted the name as of garden origin. — A. Barclaydna Penny in Hort.
Eps. ed.2. ined. Another perennial species! of great beauty (from the
inexhaustible store of rare plants belonging to R. Barclay, Esq. ), with spot-
ted stems and sulphur-coloured flowers. It possesses abundant specific
difference from the other recorded species. The treatment advised for A.
grandiflora is applicable to this species also.

Droserdcee.

? Parnassia ( Tourn.) asarifolia Vent. This pretty plant has not, I believe,
found a place in any of the botanical periodicals, although the most inte-
resting species in cultivation. The radical leaves are reniform, cauline
leaves cordately orbicular; flowers large, white, marked with green lines,
branched at their apex: thrives in a moist, shady, peat border, or in small
pots of turfy peat placed in a pan of water. In your Encyclopedia of Plants,
this genus is iadvertently referred to Hypericinee. Mr. Lindley has more
recently referred it to Saxifrageae. Synopsis Brit. Hora, p. 68.

Geranidcee. ‘Trib. 3. Pelargoniée.

Pelargonium (L. Herit.) peraémplum Sweet. Ger. t.61. (Stent’s Leopold of
the gardens about London). — P.- Cameronidnwm Penny in Hort. Eps.
part 2.ined. This beautiful hybrid plant is mtended to commemorate a
most excellent practical botanist, and one of the best of cultivators. It was,
I apprehend, raised by Mr. Young of Taunton, and is recognised in the gar-
dens about London under the name of P. guercifolium coccineum.— P.
nutans Sweet. Ger. 2ds. t.66. (Smith’s Nonpareil of the gardens about
London). — P. succuléntum Sweet. Ger. 2ds. t. 69.

Ovalidee.

O’xalis (Lin.) carndsa Molina. Bot. Reg. 1063. A pretty species, with
“ singularly fleshy ” leaves and yellow flowers. If planted in the open bor-
der, early in summer, it acquires a considerable stem, and its lively flowers
are produced in great abundance until November: frame or covering in win+
ter. It possesses a most agreeable acidity, far greater than has been observed
in other species of the genus.

Rutdcee. Trib. 1. Didsmee.

Rita (Tourn.) albiflora Hooker. Ex. Fl. t.79. R. Dampatis Hamil. MSS.
This is certainly a Ruta in habit and odour, but evidently departs from
that genus in several particulars. Suffruticose ; stem erect, 1-2 ft. in height,
the extremity paniculately branched ; leaves bipinnate, leaflets obovate re-
tuse; flowers white! tetrapetalous, 8-stamened; ovaritum on a yery long

iy ee

116 London Nurseries.

pedicle, 4-lobed. It has been considered an herbaceous perennial, but it is
truly suffruticose. It is generally treated as agreen-house plant. If planted
on a warm border, it forms an elegant bush; but will require to be well
protected, as several plants perished in that situation the preceding winter.

Subclassis 2. CALYCIFLO'RE.
Legumin0se.

Subordo 1. Papilionacee. Trib. 3. Hedysdree. Subtrib. 1. Coronillee.

Hippocrépis (L.) prostrata Penny, Hort. Eps. p. 1. p. 26. No. 1798. An
undescribed species, introduced, I believe, in 1825, from Switzerland. It is
probably H. comodsa of the Swiss botanists, but is, undoubtedly, very dis-
tinct from that species. The flowers are of a fine yellow, nearly double the
size of H. comosa, and appear in the greatest profusion in May and June,
but more sparingly in the subsequent .part of the season, A lovely rock-
plant, propagated by cuttings. ;

Trib. 5. Phasedlee.

Canavaha (Dec.) ? bonariénsis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1199.

Lupinus ( Tourn.) pulchéllus Penny in Hort. Eps, part 2. ined. This is a
suffrutescent species, of considerable beauty, from Mexico. I shall probably
offer a few remarks upon it in a future Number. — LZ. polyphyllus Lindl.
B pallidus Penny. — L. lépidus Doug. B. R. 1149. A very fragrant as well as
elegant species.

Subordo 4. Cesalpinee. Trib. 10. Cassiee.

‘Cassia (L.) Barclayana Sweet. FI. aust. t. 32.

Rosdcee. Trib. 5. Dryddee.

Sievérsia (Willd.) triflora Spreng.

Onagraria. Trib. 2. Fuchsiéz.

Fachsia (Plum.) ¢hymifolia H. B. et Kunth. Sweet. B. F. G. new s. t. 25.
Like the other species of this admired genus, it should be planted im a bed
exclusively devoted to them ; and, if situated according to their affinities, will
facilitate the enquiries of the scientific botanist, and be highly ornamental.
The abundance of flowers (though inferior in size to the other species), and
their mutability, succeeded by globose purplish-black berries, render this a
very pleasing object. The absence of botanical erudition appears in desig-
nating this species ¢hymifolia, which is absolutely inapplicable, especially to
a plant which might evidently have had a name more expressive.

Melastomadcee. Subordo 1. Melastomee. Trib. 2. Rheviee.
Rhéxia (R. Br.) ciliosa Mich. Sweet. B. F. G. t.298. Exceedingly rare.

Paronychiée. Trib. 2. Wlecebree.
Paronychia (Juss.) bonariénsis Dec. Curious; proper for rockwork.
Savifragee.

Astilbe (Hamil.) decandra D. Don. This singular plant is of rare occur-
rence, and is only adapted for the gardens of the curious. It is the Tiarélla
biternata Vent.

Rubiacee. Sect. 5. Hedyotidee.

Hedyotis (Z.) campanuliflora Hook, Bot. Mag. t. 2840.

Sect. 9. Galea.

Aspérula (Z.) longiflora Ait.

Composite. Subordo. 1. Cichoracee.,

Prenanthes (L.) racemosa Mich,

Subordo. 3. Cardudcee. Div.3. Vernoniacee.

A’ster canus (Kit.), radula Ait., gravéolens Nutt,

Grindélia (Wild.) nitida, coronopifolia.

Subordo. 4, Expatoriz.
Stéyia (Cay.) incanéscens Lag.

London Nurseries. 117

Subordo 5. Jacobée.
Senécio (L.) lildcinus Schrad.
Subordo 6. Helianthee.
Encélia (Adans.) canéscens Cav. Bot. Reg. 909.
Rudbéckia (L.) columnaris Pursh. Bot. Mag. 1601.
Coredpsis (L.) ? attrea Ait. Bot. Reg. 1228.

Subordo 8. Anthemidee.

Pyréthrum (Sm.) uligindsum 7.

Lobeliacez.

Lobélia (L.) maculata Penny. Hort. Eps. ed. 2. ined.

Seeds of this interesting species of Lobélia were transmitted by Philip
Barker Webb, Esq., to his gardener, Mr.Wm. Young, at Milford House. It
is, I believe, a new species (as Mr.Webb suspected), as I am unable to cite
a description to which it is referable. It is a neat little plant, with numerous
spotted stems rooting in every direction; leaves roundish, toothed; pe-
duncles axillary, solitary, twice the length of the leaves; flowers white.
Native of New Zealand ; protection of a frame.

E'scalloneze.
Escallonia (Mut.) bifida Link et Ott.

Asclepiadez.
Asclepias (Z.) verticillata L. Sweet. B. F. G. t. 144.

Polemoniacee.

Phl6x (L.) pyramidalis Sm., elata Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2. ined.

The present plant is distinguished from P. pyramidalis by its taller and
more robust habit ; the flowers are also twice the size, of a lilac colour. No
other differences having been observed, it has been deemed advisable to con-
sider it a variety of the above established species. It is next in beauty to
P. réflexa Sweet.— P. tardiflora Penny in Hort. Eps. part 1. p. 38.
No. 2725. Plants of this species were imported from North America, in
1825, by Messrs. Young, under the name of P. suaveolens tardiflora. It was
first ranked as a distinct species in the above-cited work, and subsequent
experience appears to justify such aprocedure. The stem is erect, 2 to 3 ft.
in height, smooth or upper part slightly pubescent, minutely spotted; leaves
various, lower lanceolate, upper cordate acuminate, shining on the upper
surface, pallid underneath ; flowers white, fragrant, tube very long, segments
cuneate, rounded, imbricate. A very elegant plant, succeeding best in peat
soil; frame. It received the expressive name of tardiflora, in reference to the
time of flowering, and the near affinity it has to P. suavéolens; P. longiflora,
as has been suggested, may to some appear preferable; I have, however,
preferred its prenomen. — P. proctimbens Lehm. Alpha in Gard. Mag. v. 5.
p-471. This species has again flowered: instead of a few-flowered panicle,
it has produced a large corymbose panicle, extremely elegant.

Boraginee.

E‘chium (Z.) aspérrimum Lam. A biennial species, with rose-coloured
flowers.

Scrophularinee.

Digitalis (Z.) laciniata Lindl. Alpha in Gard. Mag. vol. 5. p.471. Ihave
already given some remarks upon this charming plant: it only remains for
me to add, that it has continued to flower until the first week in December.
The suffrutescent habit, to which I have also adverted is characteristic of the
species all along the chain of mountains from Caratreea, near Malaga, to the
mountains of Ronda, near Gibraltar, though not in very great abundance.
The figure in Bot. Reg. t. 1201. conveys no correct idea of the beauty of the
plant.

HG}

118 London Nurseries.

Pentstémon ( Willd.) barbitum (Penny) 8 majus. This fine variety was
produced among a number of seedlings in 1827. It is a stronger grower,
the flowers are considerably larger, and of a finer colour. — P. glaticum
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1286.

Gratiola (L.) atrea Muhl. Lod. Bot. Cab. t.1399. This charming little
plant appears peculiar to peat soil.

Labiate.

Cimila (Z.) mariina L. Sweet. B. F. G. t. 243.

Salvia (L.) nubicola Wallich. Sweet. B. F.G. t. 140., amarissima Ort. Bot.
Reg. t.347. This species forms a fine bush, entirely covered with racemes
of beautiful blue flowers from June to October.

Myoporinee.
Stenochilus (R. Br.) viscosus Graham. B. M. 2930.

Acanthacee.
Justicia (L.) speciosa Wallich.

Plumbaginee.
Taxanthema (Neck et R. Br.) echioides.

Proteacee.

Grevillea (R. Br.) concinna R. Br. Sweet Fl. austr. t. 7.

This exceedingly rare plant is limited, at present, to a few collections ; it
is now, however, perfecting seeds. It may, therefore, be anticipated shortly
to become more plentiful. It is a most desirable conservatory plant, pro-
ducing its fine red flowers nearly the whole year. Cuttings are rooted with
great difficulty.

MONOCOTYLEDO'NE. Subclassis 1. PHANEROGA‘MER.

Iridee.
Sisyrinchium (L.) cceléstis Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2. ined.
Cypélla Herbert: Bot. Reg. 909.

Hypoxidee.
Hypoxis (Z.) gracilis Lehm.
Amaryllidese.
Alstroeméria (L.) psittacina Lehm. Alpha in Gard. Mag. p.615. This
magnificent plant has continued to flower until the end of November.

Commelineze.

Tradescantia (L.) crassula Link. Bot. Mag. 2935. This most singular spe-
cies of Tradescantia was received from Berlin in the spring of 1827, by Robert
Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hill (by whom it was presented to Messrs. Young),
in whose-collection it must have been prior to its introduction to the Edin-
burgh botanic garden. It is seen in the highest state of perfection in the
open border, in the summer months, where it evades the severity of our
clime, if protected by a mat in severe weather ; if kept in the stove or green-
house, it is in flower the greater part of the year. T. congésta D. Don.
Penny in Hort. Eps. By far the most beautiful of the hardy kinds, attaining
the height of 2 to 3 ft., producing crowded umbels of flowers of a vivid blue
colour. It succeeds in any kind of soil, but prefers peat. It has the closest
affinity to T. virginica, but is specifically different.

Filices.
Bléchnum (L.) brasiliénse Desv. A magnificent stove species.
Woddsia (R. Br.) Perrinidna Torrey. An extremely rare British species.

I learn from Messrs. Young, that they are desirous to obtain the corre-
spondence (either by exchange or otherwise) of the directors of all the
botanic gardens throughout the world. — Alpha. Jan, 1.1830.

Covent Garden Market. 119

Exotic Nursery, King’s Road. — Mr. Knight has recently completed an
erangery, and heated it by hot water, on a plan combinmg Comte Cha-
bannes’s idea of having the fire in the centre of the boiler, and Mr. Weeks’s
plan of circulating the water in a thm stratum. We have prepared an account
of it; but the engravings not being done, it must be deferred till next Num-
ber. We never enter Mr. Knight’s hot-houses without feeling surprised that
camellias thrive so well in the dark. They seem, in this respect, to resemble
the box and the holly; and, if so, they would form excellent underwood for
ornamental plantations in the south of England ; prebably even in the mid-
land districts. The splendid conservatory here, the iron sash-bar roof of
which was put up by Mr. Bramah, never looked better. Mr. Knight’s hot-
houses and working-sheds afford valuable lessons to the young gardener, in
arrangement, orderly management, and continual neatness ; the last a mat-
ter of some difficulty with a nurseryman in full business. — Cond.

Art. VII. Covent Garden Market.

co Ths From To q From To
EE UGA LCS allo ieek call eigen? 36 Ae ad
Cabbages, per dozen Purslain, per punnet a 1 @ 0 Gy @ al
Red - - - |0 4 0/0 6 Q]| Thyme, per dozen bunches} 0 0 0/0 6 O
Plants, or Coleworts - | 9 2 6}|0 6 O/|/ Sage, per dozen bunches OQ Bao O96
Saveys,perdozen - - |0 0 6|0 1 6]| Mint, forced, p. doz.bunch.|0 0 0/0 1 3
German Greens or Kale, Peppermint, dry, per dozen
perdozen - o off @ O)O 2 © bunches - - |0 0 0;0 1 O
Broccoli, per bunch Marjoram, dry, per doz.bun,)0 0 0/0 1 0
White - - |0 1 6/0 4 O]| Basil, dry, perdoz.bunches|0 0 0/0 2 0
Purple - - - |0 1 6/0 3 6]| Rosemary, dry, p.doz.bun.|0 0 0/0 6 0
Cape - - - |0 1 6) 0 3 O}|| Lavender, dry,perdoz.bun.;0 0 0|0 3 0
Fer GhA ROOFS Tansy, dry, per ee bunches} 0 0 0/0 1 0
per ton 310 0/5 0 0 Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,
Potatoes - § per cwt.|0 40/0 6 0 Pickling, $c.
‘Cperbush.| 0 2 0|0 3 0|] Gourds, perdozen - - |0 2 0/0 4
Kidney, perbushel - | 0 2 6]|0 3 (|| Tomatoes, per sieve - 10 20/050
Scotch, per baste) - |0 2 0/0 2 6|] €apsicums, per hundred 0 4 0/010
Jerusalem Artichokes, per ; ae eae alle
TRAIVESIET® < 2 [10.0 BIO 2.6 Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Turnips, White, per bunch] 0 0 1/0 0 6]} Mushrooms, per pottle - |0 1 3/0 1 6
Carrots, old, perbunch - |0 0 3/0 0 6/| Morels, dry, perlb. - - |0 0 0/016 0
Parsneps, per dozen - |0 0 9|0 1 3/)| Truffles, per pound ,.
Red Beet, per dozen - |0 1 0/0 2 Gj . English - - - 10 3 6/0 5 O
Skirret, per bunch SO LOO) iG Foreign, dry - - |0 0 0/016 0
Scorzonera, per bunch - |0 2 0/0 3 0 Aine
Salsify, perbunch - - |0 10/0 1 6 Fruits.
Horseradish, per bundle- | 0 1 0/0 5 0 Apples, Dessert, per bushel 4%
; i onpareils +s « - |0 090
The Spinach Tribe. Golden Pippins = = 060/012 0
Suinach per sieve 0 16/0 26 Blenheim Oranges = NO A BNO GY oO
Pp per half sieve |0 1 0/0 1 6|| | Pearmains 2 S10 2 ONO Av
Sorrel, per half sieve - 0 10/0 5 O|| Apples, Baking, per bushel
; é Baking = = - |0 30)/0 46
The Onion Tribe. American - - - 1015 0/1 5 0
Onions, old, per bushel - 046/05 0 From Jersey - = Oe Gio 3 6
Leeks, per dozen bunches | 0 0 9/0 1 6 Royals S - - |0 4 6/0 6 O
Garlic, perpound - - 0 0 0}]0 1 O]| Quinces, per half sieve - 016/020
Shallots, per pound oO BPO OG Medias, per half sieve - |0 2 6/0 3 6
f monds, per peck - |0 00/0 7 0
Asparaginous Plants, Elderberries, ee bushel - |0 00/0 8 0
Salads, &c. Cranberries, per gallon - |0 26\/0 3 0
Sea-kale, per punnet - |0 2 0|0 8 6|j Chestnuts, French, perpeck| 0 2 6/010 0
Cardoons, per bunch (three)| 0 1 6/0 2 6]|| Filberts, English, per100lbs.| 2 5 0/3 0 0
Lettuce, Cabbage, per score| 0 0 6) 0 1 O|| Nuts, Spanish, perpeck - |0 3 0/0 3 6
Endive, per score - = 0 1 0/0 2 O|| Pine-apples, per pound - 05 0/010 0
Succory, per bunch - |0 0 0/0 O 6]/ Grapes, per pound
Celery, per bundle (12to15)}0 0 9/0 2 6 Hor house aes = |0 4 0/0 6 0
perisieve}0 2 0/0 3 0 ortuga Se oO OO Io
Small Salads qher punnet|0 0 2/0 0 3 Oranges, $Perdozen - |0 0 6|)0 2 0
Watercress, per dozen small BES; per hundred 03 0;014 @
bunches - - = |0 0 4/0 O 6|]| Bitter Oranges, per hundred!) 0 0 0/010 0
ew 19)
Pot and Sweet Herbs. Lemons nee eae v a : 19 5
Parsley, per halfsieve - | 0 Sweet Almonds, per pound! 0 2 9|0 3 0
Tarragon, per bunch 0 | Brazil Nuts, per bushel - | 012 0/016 0

or~
oom
oo
on
et OO

4

120 Covent Garden Market.

Observations. — The remarks in the last Number (Vol. V. p.741.), re-
specting the probable result of the extreme wetness of the season, have
been fully borne out. The supplies of coleworts, savoys, and other vege-
tables, have not been abundant; consequently, very fair prices have been
obtained, which have been considerably advanced by the setting in of the
severe frost during the last fortnight. The prices marked in the list may
be considered not only as the extremes, but as indicating more particularly
the change produced by the alteration in the weather; in which, should
any sudden alteration take place, an equally rapid depresion in prices might
be expected. A very material difference now exists in the metropolitan
markets respecting the purchase of very many articles from what obtained
formerly. When such articles as broccolis, sea-kale, asparagus, coleworts,
turnips, and other choice vegetables, from whatever cause it may arise,
become scarce, the prices readily assume a maximum, which has the effect
of throwing them out of immediate use, and very generally there is no fur-
ther demand or even enquiry for them until the prices again assume a
moderate rate. To speculate on the cause of such difference might be
foreign from the nature of these observations, but I think it may be fairly
attributed to the diminution of resources among the mass of society, and
the appropriation by the richer classes of their incomes to other enjoy-
ments than those of the table, and the hospitalities heretofore exercised by
them.

The supplies of apples have been very abundant; but in consequence of
the reduced prices, not so great as the crop would have indicated, the ex-
pense of carriage from the remote counties consuming, in some instances,
the whole produce of the inferior sorts, the better varieties only bear a
remunerating price, but so totally different from what has been sometimes
obtained, that I cannot forbear stating an instance or two. Old Golden
Pippins, which have brought 42s. per bushel, and even 84s., now produce
10s. or 12s., and not in demand at that price; fine Old Nonpareils, former
prices 30s. to 50s. per bushel, now at 5s. and 10s., and could not be sold at
all if held at a higher rate. Is this attributable to the change im the relative
value of money, as it regards articles of more immediate necessity, or deter-
mined by the same cause as that I have intimated respecting vegetables ?

Our potato market has not been so freely supplied as usual at this season,
which may, in a measure, be accounted for from the circumstance, that the
quantities necessary for the amazingly increased consumption of the metro-
polis has rendered it essential to look farther off for a supply, and, being a
heavy article, it must be conveyed by water; consequently, a much larger
quantity is obtained in that way than formerly, when only the Yorkshire
Red-nosed Kidney used to reach our market by that channel. Now the
trade on the Thames is so much increased in this article, that vessels from
the remotest parts of Scotland are constantly to be found with ample sup-
plies. From this I conclude that the delivery from the river is more
immediate than through the medium of the public markets, as heretofore.
Shallots and garlic have become very scarce and very dear; a small supply
of the former has been procured from France, but with some difficulty ;
from which it would appear that the prevailing wet throughout the summer
on the Continent, as well as in this country, has been unfavourable to their
growth. Onions come to hand freely, but obtain fair prices. The growth
of celery has been much deteriorated by the excessively wet season, which
shows that superabundant moisture is not necessary to it in its cultivated
state. Formerly nothing but the Italian white variety was esteemed in the
London markets; now the solid-stemmed sorts are considered best; and
those grown upon fresh soils are found to be of superior quality, and most
in demand. The supply of turnips has been good, and the prices moderate
until the late severe frost set in; since which the prices have advanced

Provincial Horticultural Societies. 121

considerably, and the quality being much injured by the weather, renders
them unsaleable at any rate in quantities. All other articles are in less
abundance than usual at this season, but no very sensible difference in value
has been created by this circumstance. —G. C. Jan. 2. 1830.

Jan. 20. — Prices not materially different.

Art. VIII. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

ESSEX.

' The Chelmsford and Essex Horticultural and Florists’ Society. — The last Show for this season

of georginas, fruits, &c., was held on September 15. The exhibition of the georgina was the
grand effort of the day, and the specimens were generally fine. ‘The first prize for eight georginas
was awarded to the Rev. W. Jesse, Vicar of Margaretting, for Veitch’s Apollo, Veitch’s Sultan,
Veitch’s Lady Acland, Veitch’s Le Grand Seignor, Veitch’s Navarino, and Wells’s Vesuvius. The
second prize to Mr. Geo. Howard, for Phoenix, Aurantia Supérba, Wells’s Superb Yellow, Fair
Helen, Lateritia, Comet, Empress, and Madame Crommelina. ‘The third prize to Mr. Sorrell, for
Comet, Agathe Imperial, Eclipse, Variabilis, Black Prince, Superb Yellow, Belvidera, and one
unknown. Mr. Hogg, Mr. Saltmarsh, and Mr. Ceely, each showed some good flowers. The seed-
lings shown by Mr. Copland and by Mr. Hogg were much admired. The fruit and vegetables were
very fine, and consisted of peaches, nectarines, apples, celery, potatoes, and onions, particularly the
peaches of W. Wicks, Esq., and the Quarrenden apple exhibited by Mr. Sorrell. ‘The prizes for
fruits and vegetables were awarded to Mr. Saltmarsh and Mr. Davis. Two fine pines were shown
by Mr. Howard, from the garden of Lord Viscount Maynard. The Society is rapidly increasing.
(Chelmsford Chronicle, Sept. 18.)

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

“ The Buckingham Horticultural Society. —The last Annual Meeting was held on August 4. The
grand stand exhibited a fine display of carnations and picotees; and the stages were filled with
beautiful specimens of exotic plants from the Duke of Buckingham’s gardens at Stowe ; and were
also contributed to by several gentlemen of Buckingham, amongst which the cockscombs of Wm.
Stowe, sq., were particularly conspicuous. The dessert was furnished by Mr. Brown, gardener
at Stowe ; besides which, a great variety of fine specimens of large gooseberries, currants, apples,
peas cherries, &c., were furnished by different members of the Society. The prizes were awarded
as follows : —

Flowers. Bizards. Scarlet : 1. Wild’s Standard of Perfection, and 2. Smalley’s Foxhunter, Mr.
Horwood, Bicester. Crimson: Gregory’s Alfred, Mr. Horwood, Bicester. Purple: Pyke’s Emi-
nent, Mr.'Horwood, Bicester. Flake. Scarlet: 1. Lord Anson, Mr. Horwood, Bicester; 2. Ma-
dam Mara, Mr. Elkington of Buckingham. Purple: Wood’s Commander, Anonymous. Rose:
1. Duchess of Devonshire, and 2, Kenney’s Excellent, Mr. Elkington of Buckingham ; 3. Madam
Vestris, Mr. Brown of Stowe. Picotees. Red: 1. Martin’s Favourite, and 2. Hufton’s Will
Stukely, Mr. Horwood of Bicester. Purple: Madam Tooley (Seedling), Mr. Box of Radclive.
Seedling Carnations and Picotees, not claimed. — Fyuzt. Melons: Scarlet Rock, Mr. Jas. Brown,
sen., of Stowe. Plums: New Orleans, Mr. James Brown, sen., of Stowe. Apples of the preceding
year’s growth, Mr. Hartley of Bodicot. Currants. White: 1. (22 bunches to the lb.) Mr. James
Brown, jun., of Stowe ; 2. (24 bunches to the lb.) Mr. Wilson of Astrope. Red: 1. (32 bunches to
the lb.) Mr. Horwood of Bicester ; 2. (40 bunches to the lb.) Mr. Coleman of Buckingham. Goose.
berries : Heaviest four, 68 dwts. 4 grs., Mr. Hartley of Bodicot. Heaviest: Red, 20 dwts. 20 ers.,
Mr. Woodward of Bicester; Green, 14dwts. 12 grs., P. Box, Esq., of Buckingham ; White, 14 dwts.
8grs., Mr. Horwood of Bicester; Yellow, 15 dwts, 14grs., William Stowe, Esq., Buckingham. —
A Member. Oct. 29.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. —The October Show was held on October 16., and was rich
in fruits, and well attended. Amongst the articles sent for exhibition was a very fine apple, called
the Torbay Pippin, belonging to Mr. Richard Clark, and weighing 1 lb. 30z. ; also a fine variety of
apples (101 in number), belonging to Messrs. Ronalds of Brentford, corresponding member of the
Society. Prizes were awarded as follows : —

Flowers. China-asters. Six best: none exhibited according to the rules; no prize, therefore,
awarded. Three best, Mr. Catling. Marigolds. French: Double-striped, Col. Pemberton ; African,
Mr. Palmer. — Fruif. Grapes, out-door (best cluster, not less than 3 lb.): White, White Clus-
ter, Col. Pemberton; Black, Cambridge Botanic Garden, Mr. Biggs. Peaches: Admirable, Mr.
Dall. Plums: Coe’s Seedling, Mr. French. Apples, table: 1. Ribston Pippins, Mr. Haylock ;
2. Golden Pippin, Mr. Gimson. Pears, table: 1. Brown Beurré, Mr. Nash, Foulmire; 2. Cras-
sane, Col. Pemberton. Currants, White, Mr. Dall. Raspberries, Antwerp, Mr. French. Figs,
Red, Col. Pemberton. — Culinary Vegetables : Peas, Colonel Pemberton. Cauliflowers, Colonel
Pemberton. Endive, Mr. French.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Grapes, out-door: 1. Sweetwater, William Smith, gamekeeper, Trumping-
ton; 2. Black Cluster, Joseph Beales, Cherryhinton. Apples, table: James Tuck, Windmill
Cottage, Harston ; baking, George Dickerson, Trumpington. Pears, table, James Tuck, Hars-
ton; baking, James Tuck, Harston. Celery: 1. Red, James Tuck; 2. White, Joseph Beales,
Cherryhinton. Cauliflower, Wm. Harris Marshall, Trumpington.

Extra-Prizxes. Lettuces, Mr, Lestourgeon. Apples. Cambridge Pippin, Mr. French. Seedling :
Kitchen, Mr. Brown, Fordham; Table, Mr. Brown, Fordham. Celery, Mr. Hudson. Georginas ;

122 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Suffolk,

Black Turban, Coronation, Marshall’s Purple, Perfecta, Achilles, Triumph, Mr. Biggs. Plant ia a
pot, Xylophylla latifolia, Mr. Biggs. Bunch of forced Grapes (Syrian), Mr. Palmer. Cottager’s
Broccoli, James Tuck, Harston. Cottager’s Seedling Apples, Sam. Beales, Cherryhinton.

A communication from the Rev. J. Brown, one of the Senior Fellows of Trinity College, on the
propagation of fruit trees, and on the cultivation of the Trifdlium incarnatum, was read.

A proposition was also made, that, in future, cottagers who shall compete for prizes shall be
labouring cottagers, not receiving parochial relief (but not gardeners’ labourers) ; and shall, before
they are allowed to exhibit, present to the secretary a certificate of the above facts, and that the
articles are grown entirely by themselves ; each certificate to be signed by any resident member of
the Society, or the clergyman, or one of the churchwardens or overseers of the parish where such
cottager resides. (Cambridge Chron., Oct. 23.)

The last Show of this Society, for the year 1829, was held in Cambridge on Dec. 4. Considering
the unfavourableness of the season, the Show was well supplied with flowers ; and the fruits and
vegetables were most excellent and various. Henry John Adeane, Esq., took the chair, and
announced the following awards of the judges : —

Plants. Plant in a pot, of any description, in bloom: 1. Superb ClusteredYellow Chrysanthemum,
Mr. Searle ; 2. Superb Tasseled Yellow Chrysanthemum, Mr. Biggs. —Flowers. Chrysanthemums.
Double. Six bloom, one of a sort: 1. Superb Clustered Yellow, Superb White, Tasseled Yellow,
Quilled White, Curled Lilac, Changeable Buff, Mr. Searle; 2. Tasseled Yellow, Clustered Yellow,
Superb Straw-coloured, Paper White, Superb White, Ranunculus-flowered, Mr. Catling. ‘Three
best, one of a sort: 1. Superb Clustered Yellow, Superb White, Tasseled Yellow, Mr. Biggs ;
2. Superb Clustered Yellow, Superb White, Curled Lilac, Mr.Widnall. Superb Clustered Yellow,
Mr. Haylock. — Fruit. Grapes: 1. Nice, Mr. Dall; 2. Syrian, Mr. Searle. Apples. Table, two
sorts, five of a sort: 1. Ribston Pippin, Green Nonpareil, Mr. Palmer ; 2. Fearn’s Pippin, Golden
Reinette, Mr. Widnall. Kitchen, two sorts, five of a sort: 1. Normington Wonder, Caldwell
Apple, Mr. Widnall; 2. Torbay Pippin, Warrington Pippin, Mr. Cranfield. Pears. Table, two
sorts, five of a sort: Marie Louise, Gloux Morceaux, Chris. Pemberton, Esq. Baking, three
heaviest: Cadillac Pear (the largest weighed 16 oz.), Mr. Brown, Fordham. — Culinary Vegetables.
Sea-kale, Mr. Searle. Broccoli, Grange’s White, Mr. Dall. Celery, Mr. Searle. , Mr. Hudson
would have gained the prize, but the celery was not in show trim.

Extra-Prizes. Pears, table: Crassane, The Master of Downing. Apples, table, Mr. O’Robin.
Kitchen, Cambridge Pippin, Mr. Widnall. Bouquet, Mr. Catling.

A letter was read from Christopher Pemberton, Esq., proposing to give his year’s prizes (to
which he was entitled at the annual distribution last September) to the Cottagers’ Fund. The
following regulation was also made respecting the class of cottagers contemplated by the Society,
viz., That im future the cottagers who shall compete for prizes shall be labouring cottagers, not
receiving parochial relief; and shaJl, before they are allowed to exhibit, present to the secretary a
certificate of the above facts, and that the articles are grown entirely by themselves, and in their
own gardens ; such certificate to be signed by any neighbouring member of this Society, or.the
clergyman, or one of the churchwardens or overseers of the parish where such cottager resides.
(Cambridge Chron., Dec. 11.)

This Society, it appears from their fifth Report, dated March, 1829, intend to publish, ‘‘ in the
course of this year or the next, the first number of their Cambridgeshire Horticultural Papers.”
A fund for ‘* Cottagers’ Prizes has been formed, by the voluntary contributions of several mem-
bers. The cottagers must be residents in the Isle of Ely or County of Cambridge, not members
of the Society, nor receiving parochial relief. ‘They are also required to produce a certificate from
a member of the Society, that the articles exhibited are of their own growth and culture exclu-
sively. ‘This fund deserves the support of all who feel that the comforts and respectability of our
poorer neighbours are much promoted by habits of industry and cleanliness, which result from
the encouragement afforded to cottagers, to occupy their leisure in the cultivation of their little
spots of ground. It is desirable that gentlemen would make this fund known to the objects of it
in their respective neighbourhoods. Many of the articles exhibited during the past year by cot-
tagers deserved the highest commendation, and evinced the utility of drawing forth their exer-
tions in the humble cultivation of fruits, flowers, and vegetables.”

The Society have procured bronze medals, which may be taken, by gainers of 15s. prizes, in lieu
of the money, at their option. ‘The silver medal is the highest prize. Among the prizes offered
for 1830, we observe a great number at 7s. ; which we think very commendable, as it must greatly
increase the number of competitors. — Cond.

SUFFOLK.

Ipswich Horticultural Society. —The Fifth and last Meeting for the year 1829 was held at Ips-
wich on November 17. The judges appointed to award the respective prizes were the Rev. J. S.
Matthews, Mr. Vaux, and Mr. Garrod, who decided as follows : —

Flowers. Plant in bloom in a pot: Tasseled Yellow Chrysanthemum, Mr. Lovely. Bouquet of
Border Flowers, Mr. Sally. — Fruit. Apples. Table (plate of): 1. Ribston Pippin, Mr. Allen,
gardener to Colonel Edgar; 2. Golden Harvey, Mr. Burn, gardener to the Right Hon. C. M.
Sutton. Kitchen (best plate): 1. Norfolk Beaufin, Mr. Bird; 2. Royal Russet, Mr. Sally, gar-
dener to R. N. Jarrett, Esq. General Collection. Table: 1. Mr. Sally; 2. Mr. Allen. Kitchen:
1. Mr. Sally ; 2. Mr. Milborne. Pears. Table: 1. Potter’s Fame, Mr. Potter ; 2. Chaumontelle, Mr.
Kerridge, gardener to Sir William Anson. Kitchen: 1. Black Pear of Worcester, Mr. Milborne ;
2, Black Pear of Worcester, Mr. J.Smith. Medlars, Mr. Bird. Grapes, out-door: White, Royal
Muscadine, Rev. C. Fonnereau ; Black, Burgundy, Mr. Sally. — Culinary Vegetables. Cape Broc-
coli; White, Mr. Bird; Purple, Mr. Lovely. Celery, red and white, Mr. Milborne. Salad, Mr.
Sally. f

Mr. Turner of Capel St. Andrew presented to the Meeting a small loaf, made entirely of Cob-
bett’s corn, grown by him this season: a species of grain which, he thought, might be cultivated
to advantage in this country ; and he offered it to the notice of those present, deeming all produc-
tions, which promised to be of national benefit, to come within the province of the Horticultural
Society. About 300 dishes of fruit were exhibited, amongst which were at least 150 varieties of
apple. (Ipswich Journal, Nov. 21.) &

Bury Horticultural Society. —'The last Show of this season was held Noy. 24., and was very
excellent. The prizes were awarded as under; == Oe

Ne orfolk. 128

_ Planis. Chrysanthemums (six): 1, Mr. Barrett; 2. Mr. Knight. Chrysant i
Mr. Barrett. Plant ina pot: 1. Canarlna campanulita, R. Bega Esq. ; 2 Tea Me
Rogers, — Flowers. Bouquet of tender Flowers, Mr. Hammond. Hardy, Mr. Barrett. — Fruit.
Grapes, out-door: White, Mr. Lord; Black, Mr. C. Adams. Plums, Coe’s Golden Drop Mr.
J. H. Payne. Pears. Table: 1. Maria Louise, Mr. Barrett’; 2. Crassane, Mr. Ward Drinkston.
Kitchen: Uvedale St. Germain, Mr. Rogers, Redgrave Hall. Apples. Dessert: 1. Royal Nonpa-
reil, Mr. Stacey; 2. Golden Pippin, Mr. Steele. Collection of Table (30 sorts), Mr. Bariete:
Kitchen : 1. C. Blomfield, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Knight. Seedling: 1. Mr. Barrett 5 2. Mr. Stacey. French
Filbert, Mr. Musk. — Culinary Vegetables. Cauliflowers, Mr. Kent. Celery, Mr. Rogers. Endive
Mr. Payne. Broccoli, Mr. Hammond. Potatoes, Cambridge Kidney, Rey. C. Dewhirst Giant
Capsicuins My. J. SG ae Lettuces, Rev. B. Norgate. f
Jottagers’ Prizes (17 candidates). Potatoes: Pine-apple, Ely, Bury ; Red, Bra < g
Onions, Palfrey, Rushbrooke. Celery, Last, eon eherea| arenene micioroad: TOE ee
Beaufin : Musk, Horringer. Russett: Elmer, Barton, and Last, Rougham. Grapes Fisk Barton.
Extra-prizes were given for a loaf entirely of Cobbett’s corn, sent by Mr. Stacey gardener to
O. Ray, Ksq., which was very palatable bread; and another to Mr. Lines, for loaves one third
maize and two thirds wheat. (Norfolk Chronicle, Nov. 28.)

NORFOLK.

Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society. The first General Meeting of the members of this
Society took place on Nov. 25. Notwithstanding the unfavourable weather, the show of flowers,
fruits, and vegetables surpassed the most sanguine expectations. Several contributions to the
Show were withheld, in consequence of the inclemency of the weather. One lady (Mrs. Ives of
Catton) had ordered 100 ornamental plants to be sent, and they were ready packed up, but she
dared not allow them to be removed from her conservatory to Norwich. Although the Society
has been established only one month, there are now 215 members, and 702. has been received in
donations, This being only an experimental Show, no prizes were distributed. The following is
an account of the principal specimens exhibited : —

From Messrs. Mackie. — Forty-six varieties of Apples, among which (for the dessert) the Court
of Wick, the Carse of Gowrie, Acklam’s Russet, and the Summer Nonpareil, were remarkably
fine. Of the Sauce Apples, perhaps the Green Cluster, Ray’s Apple, the Winter Broad End, Syke
House, and Royal Russet, deserve peculiar notice. A very beautiful specimen of the Alétris
undulata attracted general attention. To the liberality of Messrs. Mackie the Society is also
indebted for specimens of the Caméllia Théa, Thuja cupressOides, AmaryYllis crispa, Statice mu-
cronata, Lechenatltia formdsa, and Erica autumnilis, with a great variety of Chrysanthemums
and Primulas. We must not omit to mention a very beautiful specimen of honey in the,comb,
contained in a cylindrical glass in which the bees worked, weighing altogether 17 lbs., which was
obtained without destruction of the bees, and was wrought in the course of a fortnight, in a bee
box invented by Mr. Strutt of Suffolk, elegantly ornamented with dried flowers.

Mr. Middleton. — Between 40 and 50 pots, containing 15 varieties of Chrysanthemums, among
which the Tasseled Lilac and Early Blush were extremely elegant ; also 30 pots of Chinese Pri-
mulas, one of which, a fringed White Seedling, was remarkably beautiful.

Coloured drawings of 2 group of georginas, of a seedling georgina, and a flower of the Cactus
speciosissima, by Mrs. John Middleton, were much and ‘deservedly admired.

Rey. Wm. Gunn. — Celeriac, and Nutmeg Pippins.

John Gordon, Esq.— A very fine collection of Apples, among which the Palestine Pearmain,
Aromatic Russets, and Margils, were of-a superior description.

Mr. George Thurtell sent splendid specimens of the Union and Cadillac Pears, Pitmaston Non-
pareils, Golden Gloucester, and Court of Wick Pippins ; also some very fine white Spanish onions.

E. Lombe, Esq., President. — A very dainty dish of Mushrooms, grown on shelves at the back
of his vinery; also some Rampions, a plant of the Cineraria cruénta, and Chinese Primulas.

Lieut.-Colonel Mason. — Forbidden Fruit (Citron), matured without any fire heat; and Crim-
son-fleshed Potatoes.

Mr. Warman. — Specimens of the Gloux Morceaux, and Passe Colmar Pears.

Rey. T. S. Buckle. — Specimens of a seedling Apple, raised in his own garden at Hethersett ; and
of the Norfolk Pippin.

Rev. Jeremy Day. — Gansell’s Bergamot Pear, and Striped Beaufin.

Mr. Norgate. —White Muscadine and Black Cluster Grapes, well ripened on the outward wall.

John Browne, Esq. — Hethersett Pippins, raised in his own garden from seed.

Mr. Matchett. — Potatoes called “ Fair Ladies,’ being remarkably delicate ; Black Worcester
Pears ; and the Cast (coloured to imitate nature) of a Union Pear grown in 1818, in the garden of
the late Mr. Crowe of Lakenham, the original weighing 2 lbs. 20z. Some sprigs of Arbutus, or
strawberry tree, in flower, and with ripe berries ; also a Dutch Codlin, weighing 13 oz., grown by
Mr. Knights of Pulham Market.

Mr. Henry Muskett.—Very fine Celery.

Mr. John Smith. — A very beautiful seedling Rose, in full bloom.

Mr. Springall. — French Red Potatoes.

Mr. Root, gardener to the late Mrs. Crowe. — A very excellent seedling Apple from the Nonpa-
reil, and striped Beaufins.

Rey. E. J. Howman sent some Mangold Wurzel, of great size and weight.

Mr. R. R. Priest.—A Pineoly [?], brought from America, and containing nuts which are eatable.

Mr. G. Thurtell and Mr. Wilson also furnished the Society with some biscuits and specimens of
bread made from Indian Corn, 4 :

After the Show, between fifty and sixty of the members (amateurs and practical horticulturists)
dined together at the Swan, where an excellent dinner was served up by Mr. Asker. Edward
Lombe, Esq., the president, was in the chair, supported by Colonel Harvey, Colonel Mason, Dr.
Yelloly, Rev. Dr, Sutton, Capt. Custance, Stratton Marsham, Esq., J. Goraon, Esq., &c. Among the
toasts given (after the King, and the Army and Navy) were: — Success to the Norfolk and Nor-
wich Horticultural Society, and that of Bury ; the Lord Bishop of the Diocese ; with the health of
the President (by Colonel Harvey) three times three; the Ladies Subscribers; the Treasurer
(J. Kitson, Esq.) ; the Vice-President (R. Crawshay, Esq.), who was detained in London ; the
Originator of the Society (T. S. Norgate, Esq.) ; the Secretary (Mr. E. Norgate) ; Messrs. Middle-
ton, Mackie, and Geo. Thurtell, and with thanks to them for their choice and splendid contribu-
tions of flowers and fruits, &c.

124 Prow. Hort. Soc. : — Worcestershire, Durham,

The Chairman observed that “ this Institution is to be regarded not merely for the gratification
of our own tastes, not merely as promoting a luxurious display upon the tables of the rich, but as
having for its object also to raise the moral character of the poorer classes of the community. I
have seen,” said Mr. Lombe, “‘ above halfa century, and I can truly declare that the labourers of the
present day are altogether an altered class to what I remember them. I am most anxious to see
this Society firmly established, because I do regard it as a means of reviving the character of the
good old English peasantry, and which I conceive to be one of its most legitimate objects.” Sin-
cerely do we join in this hope: the plan adopted by Mr. Lombe and other gentlemen of fortune,
and becoming, we trust, universal, of appropriating to each cottager his rood of land for cultiva-
tion, is the first step to the attainment of this object ; the encouragement of the labourer in work-
ing his strip of ground (and Mr. Lombe said, “* if my poor cottagers cannot sell their produce I
become the purchaser myself’’), is one means of raising his character; it gives him a degree of
independence ; whilst the prospect of a prize from this Society adds another inducement for exer-
tion, and a praiseworthy motive for emulation and for industry, which is invariably found accom-
panied with honesty and good order. In support of the idea of the effects tobe produced, we were
happy to hear the statement of the secretary (Mr. Elias Norgate), that he knew that its establish-
ment had already created an activity amongst the working gardeners, and that its proceedings
were looked up to with attention. (Nozfolk Chronicle, Nov. 20.)

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society. — At the Meeting of the Committee on Oct. 15., the
London Horticultural Society’s medal, presented to this Society, was awarded to Mr. John Hunt
of Pershore, for his various fine specimens of fruits, particularly strawberries, and other horticul-
tural productions, exhibited by him at all the meetings of the Society, since its first establishment,
as well as during the present year, for which many prizes have been awarded ; and for his success
in cultivating and raising as seedlings, and by grafts, on 27 acres of orchard ground, between 3000
and 4000 seedling apples and pears, and above 800 named grafted fruits, many of which are new,
and of improved quality and flavour. — Edward Savage. Evesham, Nov. 13.

DURHAM.

- The Botanical and Horticultural Society of Durham, Northumberland, and Newcastle. —A
Meeting was held on Nov. 13., in Newcastle. The show of fruits, particularly, was very large ;
and such is the interest now created by the Society, that many of the competitors (of whom there
were nearly 30), travelled upwards of 20 miles to attend. The prizes were adjudged as follows : —

For the best dish of dessert apples, and the best dish of plums, two silver medals ; anda bronze
medal for the best six roots of rampion, to Mr. Robert Turnbull, gardener to the Rev. J. S. Ogle,
Kirkley. Best dish of dessert pears, the silver medal; and best dish of mushrooms, the bronze
medal ; to Mr. Wm. Lawson, gardener to Matt. Bell, Esq. M.P., Woolsington. Best dish of grapes,
and the best dish of currants, two silver medals to Mr. Jos. Cook, gardener to Miss Simpson, Brad-
ley Hall. Best bouquet of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers, and the best exotic plant in flower,
Salvia spléndens, two silver medals ; and for the 12 largest onions, the bronze medal ; to Mr. John
Ward, gardener to C€. J. Clavering, Esq., Axwell Park. Best six heads of endive, the bronze
medal to J. C. Lamb, Esq., Ryton. Best dish of broccoli, the bronze medal to Mr. William Kelly,
gardener to Armorer Donkin, Esq., Jesmond Cottage. Best six roots of beet, the bronze medal to
Mr. John Moderill, gardener to J.C. Anderson, Esq., Point Pleasant. Best bouquet of flowers,
the silver medal; and the best six roots of Hamburgh parsley, the bronze medal ; to Mr. James
Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandoe.

There were also exhibited a dish of very fine quinces, from an old tree in the garden of the
Rev. Mr. Baker of Whitburn, which had been removed a few years ago, and has borne plentifully
ever since. They were very much admired for their size and fragrance, and afford a proof that
this fruit may be brought to great perfection even in this northern climate.

Twelve new kinds of apples from the garden of the Rev. Mr. Edmonston of Newburn, among
which were some very fine dessert apples; and some of the largest and finest oranges we ever
saw, from the garden of Charles Bacon, Esq., of Styford; some very curious potatoes, called the
pine-apple potato (having very much the appearance of that fruit), from the garden of Mr. Straker
of Jarrow Lodge; some very large grey Leadington apples, from the garden of Mr. Laidler ; and
some remarkably large celery, from the garden of Miss Simpson at Bradley, measuring near 4 ft.
6in., and about 14 in. in girth at the root, were exhibited.

The show of flowers, particularly of Chrysanthemum indicum, were very superb ; and the num-
ber of beautiful bouquets upon the tables tended very much to increase the interest of the exhibi-
tion. Upon the whole, at this season of the year, the Show was of the most splendid description.
(Newcastle Courant, Nov. 21.)

HAMPSHIRE. 2

Hampshire Horticultural Society.— A Meeting was held ‘on Sept. 4., and was numerously at-
tended. The exhibition of fruit and flowers was magnificent, being produced from the gardens of
Lord Ashtown, Mr. A. Baring, Mr. Beadon, Mr. Fleming, Mr. Garnier, Mr. Ricketts, &c. Flowers,
particularly georginas, were in immense numbers;|: those from Mr, Page’s nursery, Mr. Ricketts’s,
and Mr. Garnier’s, excited much attention. The grapes from Mr. Baring’s were very fine: the
Black Hamburgh highly flavoured. Peaches and nectarines were neither fine in appearance nor
good in flavour. A few specimens of early apples were fine and good. Melons, particularly the
Netted Green-flesh, from Colonel Wall’s, were very good. A fine specimen of onions from Mr.
Fleming’s; and a fine melon and an excellent specimen of cockscomb, from the garden of Miss
Smith, were also exhibited. Two plants of Cobbett’s corn were shown ; one in full leaf, with tassel
displaying the plant complete, 43 ft. high, bearing five cones; the other with seven cones, topped and
stripped of the leaves, in progress of ripening. ‘These plants were produced on the estate of S. R.
Jarvis, Esq., and in the garden of John Hampton, blacksmith, at Fair Oak; the latter of whom
received the prize awarded by the Society for the production of any plant. Ona spot of ground, six
paces by two, cultivated by Mr Jarvis, 98 stalks are now standing, having 316 pods, all of which are
in a very luxuriant state, and likely to come to the utmost perfection. Hampton hasa still greater
number in his garden. ‘The Society expressed an opinion that attention to the cultivation of this
species of grain cannot fail to become highly beneficial to cottagers. (Winchester Newsp, Sept. 5.)

Hampshire, Devonshire, Dumfriesshire. 125

DEVONSHIRE. oe

A new Horticultural Society. — A prospectus has been issued of a plan for the establishment of
a Society at Plymouth for the improvement of horticulture in the southern parts of Devon and
Cornwall, to be called ** The South of Devon, Cornwall, Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse
Horticultayal Society,”’ from which we make the following extract, as likely to be generally
useful : —

“¢ The inconveniences to be apprehended from the scantiness of the funds during the infancy of
the Society might be obviated by borrowing a hint from the economical plan of the Dumfermline
Florists’ Society detailed in the October Number of the Gardener’s Magazine for the present year
(p. 618.), which consists in adjudging numerical in place of pecuniary prizes, at the several exhi-
bitions ; and, at the close of the year, distributing the sum allotted for prizes to the successful
candidates in the ratio of their numbers. For example : — Suppose six prizes to be contended for
at each exhibition, let these be entered in the prize-book in the following method, with numbeys
annexed to them in an inverse order: Ist Prize, No.6; 2d, No.5; 3d, No.4; 4th, No.3; 5th
No. 2; 6th, No.1. All numbers under 12 to be disregarded. Now let six candidates, A, B Gay
E, and F, get numbers to the following amount, — A, 21; B, 21; C,20; D,18; E, 16; and F 20:
in all 108 ; and the sum for distribution be 29/. 14s. ; divide this sum by 108, the proportion for each
108th share would be 5s. 6d.; of which shares A will be entitled to 21, or 5/. 15s. 6d.; B to the
same; C to 5/. 10s.,; D to 4d. 19s. ; E to 47. 8s. ; and F to 3. 6s.; in all 297. 14s., the sum to.be dis-
tributed. By this means, not only will the prizes be more equally proportioned to the respective
merits of the competitors, but the competition be kept alive to the end of the season, with a com-
paratively small fund ; since the most successful competitor, at the first, or even second exhibition
may, without a steady continuance of exertion to the end of the season, be distanced by those who
were far behind him at the first, and possibly thrown out altogether at the end ; while much more
emulation may be excited by a small fund in this, than by a much richer one in any other, mode
of distribution.’’ :

An outline of the plan, and farther particulars, may be obtained from Messrs. Pontey, nursery
and‘seedsmen, Cornwall Street, Plymouth; or Mr. Banks, lecturer on botany, &c., No. 45, St.
Aubyn Street, Devonport. The plan seems judicious, and we hope its projectors will be enabled
to carry it into execution. Our indefatigable correspondent, Dr. Hamilton, will be an invaluable
officer in such a Society : noman is more unceasingly active in his endeavours todo good. —Cond.

DUMFRIESSHIRE.

“ Dumfries and Galloway Horticultural Society. —The Seventh Anniversary Meeting of this So-
ciety was held on Sept. 17. On no former occasion was there ever so fine a show of fruit produced ;
the quantity was large, and the quality very superior. The peaches and nectarines were excellen Q
but the plums in sorts, and apples, were much admired, and evinced the great improvement which
bas faken place in the quality of fruit since the institution of the Society. Premiums were awarded
as follows :—

An extra-premium was awarded to James Hennan, Drumlanrig, gardener to His Grace the
Duke of Buccleugh and Queensberry, for peaches. (The competition was confined to him and
James Younger, gardener to W. Younger, Esq., of Craiglands, in consequence of their having been
equal last year for that article.)

Flowers. Double and Dwarf Georginas, Thos Kennedy, gardener, Nithbank. Hollyhock, W.
Crosbie, gardener, Dabton. —Fruit. Peaches: i. A. M‘Gillivray, gardener to C. G. S. Menteath
Esq. ; 2.W. Moffat, gardener, Barjarg. Nectarines : 1. A. M‘Gillivray ; 2. R. Clark, gardener, Rae.
hills. Grapes, Red: 1. James Webster, gardener, Munshes; 2. R. Clark. Plums. Green Gage:
1. W. Moffat ; 2. James Webster. Best variety: 1. R. Ross, gardener, Mount-Annan; 2. James
Hennan ; 3. James Younger, gardener, Craiglands. Pine-apple, R. Clark, Raehills. Melon, Jas.
Younger. Pears, from the wall : 1. James Hennan, Drumlanrig; 2. A. M‘Gillivray. From stand-
ards, John Learmont. Apples. From the wall: 1. A. M‘Gillivray ; 2. James Hennan. From stand-
ards: 1. James Webster ; 2. W. Moffat ; 3. R. Carson, gardener, Palmerston. —Culinary Vegetables.
Celery, R. Clark. Green Peas, J. Learmont. Red Beet, James Webster.

Extra-Premiums. Silver Beet, James Webster. Magndléa grandifldra, Mr. Porter, gardener
to P. Johnston, Esq., of Carnsalloch. Currant Wine, Mrs. Jardine, Assembly Street. A fine new
apple, named the Nithbank Pearmain, T, Kennedy, gardener. (Dumfries and Galloway Courier,
Sept. 22.)

The following address was delivered by the secretary, Mr. Grierson : —

‘* Since the institution of the Dumfries and Galloway Horticultural Society, in 1813, great has
been the improvement in horticulture in all parts of the kingdom, to which the formation of
similar societies has materially contributed. At the formation of our Society, very few provincial
societies existed ; and we had no small degree of merit in starting so early in so important an
undertaking, and in attaining a degree of respectability which has rendered our Institution an
object of imitation; and I have the satisfaction to say, that the Dumfries and Galloway Society
has received the approbation of eminent horticulturists in various quarters; and we have the
assurance of their countenance and support to stimulate us to new and continued exertions. It is
fortunate that horticulture has attracted such genera] notice: it is one of those sciences which
require zeal and perseverance to bring forward their advantages to view ; as the stores of nature are
unbounded, so is the progress of improvement, when skill and attention are applied to cultivation.
It has been said, that he who causes two blades of grass to grow, where only one was produced
before, is a patriot to his country. Such is the happy result of horticulture properly understood :
not only the increase of quantity, but the improvement in quality ; and not confined to quantity and
quality, but the endless new varieties of produce which the persevering skill of the horticulturist
may discover.

*¢ The happy effects of the great attention bestowed on horticulture of late years, now begin to
appear all over the country. To the late Sir Joseph Banks, the father of many important improve-
ments, we are indebted for the progress of horticulture as a science; by his indefatigable zeal and
abilities, many new plants were discovered, and introduced into cultivation in this country.
Humble as the pretensions of our Society were at its institution, it did not escape his notice and
approbation. ‘To diffuse the advantages of his knowledge and industry, I believe, the London
Horticultural Society was formed ; and, from its extensive influence, persevering labours, and
liberal views, the advantages of that Society are now extended, not only over our own country, but
have attracted the attention of all Europe; and from every part of the world are the rich stores of

126 Prov. Hort. Societies : — Lanarkshire,

its industry collected, to enrich and adorn our native country. It may be looked upon as the
parent stem from which branches have sprung and extended all over the land; and, like a parent,
also, its fostering care is every where felt, not only by the premiums it bestows, but by sharing the
produce of its labours, and stimulating by example : our Society has long had to acknowledge its
bounty in various ways.

« The Caledonian Society was the first to follow its example; and now there are few counties
in England or Scotland but can boast of a Horticultural Society, many of which display a zeal
well worthy of so important an object; and, every year, the advantage to the country must more
and more appear. The operative gardener finds a new stimulus to his industry, and is induced to
acquire that knowledge which alone can improve him in his profession, and enable him to excel
in the art; he becomes acquainted with the names, qualities, and proper cultivation of plants ; he
sees that it is not enough to put a plant into the ground that it may grow, but he finds it necessary
to become acquainted with its nature and properties, the proper soil and manure, in order to cul-
tivate it to advantage, and produce all the improvement its nature will admit of.

« Such are some of the happy effects resulting from the attention paid to horticulture of late
years ; and still it may be said only to be in its infancy, as it admits of endless improvement, which
must now be more rapid from the opportunities afforded by the experimental gardens, and to
which the attention of provincial societies should be particularly directed, as the best means of
extending the progress of horticulture, and rendering its advantages permanent. The encourage-
ment held out by the premiums of societies, for the production of new and improved varieties of
flowers, fruit, and vegetables, have done much, and may still be continued with great advantage ;
but if experimental gardens were formed, even on a limited scale, in various districts, the result
would be more important. Gardeners, in general, have neither time sufficient, nor the means
necessary, to bestow on experiments ; but in a public garden, devoted solely to that purpose, and
managed by men of science, experiments can be followed to their utmost extent ; and those con-
nected with the Institution, as well as the country in general, will gain the advantage of their
labours, without the risk of being disappointed in the result of the experiment. Combined with an
experimental garden, a library of books on the science will prove of great importance to profes-
sional men, affording a source of information not otherwise to be obtained. Much useful know-
ledge and information has of late been diffused by the labours of Mr. Loudon, and particularly by
his Gardener’s Magazine, which is within the reach of every operative man. It is a work emi-
nently calculated to promote a taste for horticulture, and to communicate all the new improve-
ments inthe art; and it affords an easy opportunity to gardeners to make the result of their
experiments known to the public.

“© Of all studies, the study of nature is the most interesting to the eye of the curious : the beauty
in plants and flowers is endless, something new is always presented to view, and we feel more and
more disposed to admire the wonders of creation. Is it surprising, then, that a study so interest-
ing, so pleasing, and combining so many important objects, should be pursued with so much Zeal
and attention, when, at every step we advance, the treasures of nature are unfolded to our admir-
ation ; and the greater our exertions, the more is our industry rewarded by the satisfaction of
having conferred a lasting benefit on mankind. From these general observations, it would be easy
to enlarge on the particular and more minute advantages derived from horticulture.

« In former times, little attention was bestowed on the cultivation of the garden ; consequently,
the store of fruit and vegetables was very limited. But it must be obvious to every person, the
vast increase of fruit and vegetables; even potatoes, which, at no remote period, were unknown ;
and, not more than eighty years ago, the cultivation of them had to be encouraged by premiums.
What would have been the situation of the population of our country without that useful vege-
table alone? ‘To the increased use of vegetables is to be attributed the decrease or almost extinc-
tion of some disorders * which proved the scourge of the human race at one period. But, even as
a luxury, and as a rational increase to the pleasures of life, we are equally indebted to horticul-
ture: the great variety of new vegetables with which our tables are supplied in succession ; the rich
-and delicious fruits introduced into cultivation; together with the extensive variety and beauty
of the flowers and shrubs which now adorn our walks and gardens, will prove the truth of all that
has been asserted in favour of horticulture.”

LANARKSHIRE,

Glasgow Hortieultural Society. — On Sept. 9., this Society held their General Meeting, in the
Black Bull Hall, when prizes were awarded as follows : —

Flowers. Double Stocks, of six varieties: 1. Wm. Munro, gardener to James Campbell, Esq.,
Muirpark; 2. Wm. Knox, gardener to Mrs. Dixon, Levengrove. Double Hollyhocks, six varie-
ties’: 1. Wm. Knox, gardener to Mrs. Dixon, Levengrove; 2, Wm. Rankine, gardener to John
Hamilton, -Esq., Northpark. Double Georginas, three varieties: 1. George Duncan, gardener to
Miss Oswald, Scotstown; 2. James Rutherford, gardener to Miss Fulton, Park; 3. John Wilkie,
gardener to John Wardrop, Esq., Dalmarnock. — Fruit. Grapes (best-flavoured), of three varie-
ties, excluding Frontignac and ‘Tokay: 1. James Ross, gardener to Mrs. Dewar, Muirbank; 2. Ni-
nian Niven, gardener to James Stirling, Esq., Keir; 3. Peter Donaldson, gardener to Robert
Watson, Esq., Linthouse. Peaches, from unflued walls: 1. Laurence Niven, gardener to James
Finlay, Esq., Blochairn ; 2. James Ross, gardener to Mrs. Dewar, Muirbank ; 3. Wm. Crawford,
gardener to Robert Finlay, Esq.. Easterhill. Pears, three varieties, excluding Jargonelles: 1. Peter
Donaldson, gardener to Robert Watson, Esq, Linthouse; 2. John Wilkie, gardener to John
Wardrop, Esq., Dalmarnock ; 3. John Gressock, gardener to James Hamilton, Esq. Apples (best-
flavoured), six varieties: 1. George Duncan, gardener to Miss Oswald, Scotstown ; 2. J. Gressock,
gardener to James Hamilton, Esq., Middleton; 3. Lachlan Campbell, gardener to Lord Blantyre
Northbar, — Culinary Vegetables. Onions, heaviest spring-sown: 1. John Smith, gardener to the
Marquess of Bute, Mount Stewart ; 2. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to Sir Archibald Campbell,
Garscube. Carrots: 1. John Smith, gardener to the Marquess of Bute, Mount Stewart; 2. James
Sinclair, gardener to Kirkman Finlay, Esq., Castle Toward ; 3. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to
Sir Archibald Campbell, Garscube. Red Beets : 1. William Rankine, gardener to John Hamilton
Esq., Northpark ; 2. James Walker, gardener to Archibald Douglas, Esq., Bredisholm. ¢

Any varieties different from those specified above. Flowers: 1. John Gressock, gardener to
James Hamilton, Esq., Middleton ; 2. John Brown, gardener to Charles Todd, Esq., Plantation. —

* Particularly the leprosy : vegetables have sweetened the blood.

Stirlingshire, Perthshire. 127

Fruit: 1. Thomas Carswell, gardener to Andrew Buchanan, Esq., Drumpellar ; 2. James Ross,
gardener to Mrs. Dewar, Muirbank. — Vegetables : 1. James Sinclair, gardener to Kirkman Fin-
lay, Esq., Toward Castle; 2. Charles Ross, gardener to George Buchanan, Esq., Woodland.

The following articles were exhibited, without reference to prizes, viz. : —

From Erskine House, very fine black Damascus grapes, and white Nice grapes, grown in the
vinery, and several well-ripened bunches of grapes grown on the open wall; also some peaches, a
pine-apple, &c. From Bargany, Ayrshire, a pine-apple, a melon, grapes, apricots, plums, and
_pears, all in a high state of perfection. From Golfhill, two enormous cabbages, weighing 29 lbs.
and 39 lbs. From Scotstown, some Altringham turnips, a fine new variety. From Bredisholm, a
quantity of excellent raushrooms, Maltese turnips, French beans and cauliflower. From Gil-
mourhill, a selection of best sorts of apples, pears, and plums; also extra-fine cauliflower, onions,
&c. From Muirpark, Linthouse, Drumpellar, Muirbank, Whitehall, &c. &c., various specimens
of fruits and vegetables were exhibited, highly creditable to the gardeners. From Woodhall,
most beautiful and well-grown specimens of Erica retdrta, Saviledana, and jasminifldra, a splendid
cockscomb, and a very superior variety of the Schizanthus pinnatus, allin pots. From the botanic
garden, Catasttum Clavering# (very curious), Amaryllis psittacina var. Fachsia virgata, Fachsia
(new and fine), all in pots; and cut specimens of Clarkia pulchélla, and passion flowers of many
species, two of them_in fruit. From Mount Stewart, Rdsa multifldra, and varieties of myrtles,
from the open ground. From the nurseries in town, a number of green-house plants and hardy
evergreens in pots, and cut flowers; and from Kenmuir and other gardens, ample supplies of
evergreens and other flowers, with which the hall was richly and tastefully adorned.

To a stranger insufficiently informed as to the state of gardening in the west of Scotland, a visit
to this exhibition would have given a strong impression of the professional talent, of the per-
severing industry, and of the great zeal of our gardeners; and likewise of the wealth, taste, and
liberality of the patrons of horticulture in this district. (Glasgow Free Press, Sept. 12.) _

STIRLINGSHIRE. z

The Stirling Horticultural Society was instituted in 1812. It holds three Meetings annually, on
the second Tuesday of May and of July, and on the first Tuesday of September. By a recent
communication from the secretary, we learn they are preparing to establish a horticultural library.
We have recommended to them Richard’s New Elements of Botany, according to the natural sys-
tem, Kirby and Spence’s Entomology, and the Library of Useful and of Entertaining Knowledge,
for gardeners under thirty ; and a few practical works for readers of a more mature age. — Cond.

\

PERTHSHIRE.

Dundee Horticultural Society. — The Spring Meeting was held on May 10., when the successful
competitors were as follows : —

Flowers. Auriculas: 1. Mr. Thomas Spalding, gardener, Arthurstone ; 2. Mr. John Hampton,
gardener, Crescent. Selfs, Mr. John Hampton. Seedling: 1. Mr. James Smith, gardener, Ellan-
gowan; 2. Mr. J. Bisset, gardener, Methven Castle. Polyanthuses: 1. Mr. J. Smith, gardener,
Ellangowan ; 2. Mr. Thomas Spalding. Seedling: 1. Mr. T. Spalding; 2. Mr. J. Smith. Hya-
cinths, Mr. J. Smith. Bouquet of Flowers, Mr. J. Hampton. — Fruit. Apples, preserved, Mr. J.
Kidd. Best variety: 1. Mr. J. Kidd; 2. Mr. T. Spalding. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers, Mr.
James Kidd, gardener, Rossie Priory. Broccoli: 1. Mr. David Stewart, Lilybank; 2. Mr. James
Kidd. Sea-kale, Mr. J.Smith. Lettuce: 1. Mr. John Hampton; 2. Mr. Radley of the Asylum.
Leeks: 1. Mr. James Kettle, gardener, Glendoig; 2. Mr. J. Hampton. Onions, Mr. Radley.
Cabbage, early: 1. Mr. Alexander Gowck, gardener, Mayfield; 2. Mr. David Mitchell, gardener,
Carolina Port. Asparagus: 1. Mr.W. Brow, gardener, Meigle House; 2. Mr. J. Kidd. Apples,
preserved: 1. Mr. J. Kidd; 2. Mr. Thomas Spalding. Best variety: 1. John Dick, gardener,
Ballindean ; 2. Mr. D. Mitchell.

Some early potatoes, full grown, were produced from Ballindean ; some good auriculas from
Dunhope nursery; a splendid plant of Acacia armata from Carolina Port ; and some fine stocks
‘and wallflowers from Crescent and Mayfield.

A sweepstakes between Messrs. Baxter and Martin, who did not compete for the Society’s prizes
this season, was gained by Mr. Baxter. Among those exhibited by Mr. Martin, were two flowers
which deserve special notice: they were of his own raising, and attracted the notice of every
connoisseur of a fine flower. — Daniel Urquhart. Dundee, May 14. 1829.

The August Meeting of this Society was held on the 7th of that month, when the successful com-
petitors were as follows :— ‘

Flowers. Pelargoniums: 1. Mr. James Smith, gardener, Ellangowan; 2. Mr. John Hampton,
gardener, Crescent House. Seedling: 1. Mr. J. Kidd, gardener, Rossie Priory ; 2. Mr. Thomas Spal-
ding, gardener, Arthurstone. Roses: 1. Mr. James Howe, gardener, Roseangle ; 2. Mr. J. Hampton.
Seedling: 1. Mr. William Brow, gardener, Meigle House ; 2. Mr. J. Howe. Herbaceous: 1 Mr
John Dick, gardener, Ballindean ; 2. Mr. D. Mitchell, Carolina Port. Bouquet, Mr. J. Hampton.
—Fruit. Strawberries: Roseberry and Keen’s Imperial, Mr. William Anderson, gardener, Cor-
tachy. Seedling, Mr. A. Gowck, gardener, Mayfield. Currants. Red, Mr.W. Anderson. White,
Mr. Wm. Brow. Black: 1. Mr. W. Brow ; 2. Mr. D. Mitchell. Raspberries, Red and White, Mr. Jas,
Smith. Seedling, Mr. A. Gowck. Gooseberries. Red and Seedling, Mr. Thos. Spalding. White,
Green, Yellow, and Largest, Mr. Jas. Kettle, gardener, Glendoig. Second Seedling, Mr. A. Gowck.
Cherries, May Duke: 1. Mr. Thomas Spalding ; 2. Mr. J. Smith. Black Hearts, Mr. J. Smith. Bi-
garreaus, Mr. J. Kidd. — Culinary Vegetables. Cauliflower: 1. Mr. D. Mitchell; 2. Mr. William
Anderson. Cabbage, early, Mr. J. Hampton. Early Carrots, Yellow Turnips, Imperial Lettuce,
and Artichokes, Mr. D. Mitchell. Kidneybeans, Mr. J. Kettle. Green Cos Lettuce, Mr. Thos.
Spalding.

Eeamnigld apples, in good preservation, were produced from Glendoig ; and some large carrots
and endive from Carolina Port. Some fine carnations and seedling picotees were produced from
Rossie Priory; some fine picotees from Crescent; and some fine seedling carnations from Mr.
Howe’s garden, Perth Road. Some very fine seedling pinks were produced from Ellangowan, and
a very beautiful variety of seedling carnations, selfs, and picotees, from Dudhope nursery. (Dun-
dee Courier, Aug. 11.) 3

ee Festival Meeting of this Society was held on Sept. 11. The successful competitors were as
follows :— 7

128 Prov. Hort. Societies ; — Aberdeenshire.

Flowers. Carnations: 1. Mr. John Hampton, gardener, Crescent House ; 2. Mr. Alex. Gowck,
gardener, Mayfield. Picotees: 1. Mr. J. Hampton; 2. Mr. J. Kidd, gardener; Rossie Priory.
Seedling Carnation and Seedling Picotee: 1. Mr. Thomas Spalding, gardener, Arthurstone ;
2. Mr. J. Smith, gardener, Ellangowan. Georginas. Double: 1. Mr. J. Kidd; 2. Mr. Wm. Brow,
gardener, Meigle House. Seedling, Mr.Wm. Brow. Single, Mr. Thomas Spalding. Hollyhocks,
Mr. J. Smith. Stocks (unclaimed), Mr. A. B.C. Border Flowers, Mr, J. Kettle, gardener, Glen-
doig. Tender Annuals, Mr. J. Kidd. Hardy Annuals: 1. Mr. Urquhart; 2. Mr. J. Kettle. Bou-
quet of Flowers, Mr. J. Hampton.— Fruit. Pine-apple, largest, Mr. James Kidd. Melon._ Best-
flavoured: 1. Mr. J. Kidd; 2. Mr. J. Dick. Green-flesh: 1. Mr. J. Dick, Ballindean; 2. Mr. J.
Kidd. Peaches. From“open walls: 1. Mr. J. Kettle; 2. Mr. J. Dick. Hot-house, Mr. J. Kidd.
Best variety, Mr. J. Dick. Nectarines, From open walls, Mr. J. Dick. Hot-house : 1. Mr. J. Kidd ;
2. Mr. Thomas Spalding. Apricots. Moorpark: 1. Mr. Thomas Spalding; 2. Mr. J. Bisset, gar-
dener, Methven Castle. Brussels, Mr.J. Kidd. Plums. Assortment of: 1. Mr. Dick; 2. Mr. A.
Smith, gardener, Cunnoquhie. Green Gages, Mr. Thomas Spalding. White Magnums, Mr. J.
Kidd. Some other sort, Mr. J. Kettle. Grapes. Four bunches: 1. Mr. J. Dick; 2. Mr. J. Kidd.
Heaviest White Muscats and Black Hamburghs, Mr J. Dick. Heaviest Grizzly Frontignacs, Mr.
Thomas Spalding. Heaviest White Muscadines, Mr. A. Smith, Cunnoquhie. Some other sort,
Mr. J. Kidd. Pears. Largest Jargonelle: 1. Mr. J. Kettle; 2. Mr. J. Howe, gardener, Roseangle.
Farly,: 1. Mr. Kidd; 2. Mr.,Thomas Watt, gardener, Ruthven House. Late: 1. Mr. J. Kidd; 2. Mr.
J. Smith. Apples. Keeping: 1. Mr. J. Kidd; 2. Mr. J. Kettle. Early, Mr. J. Kettle. Largest,
Mr. J. Dick. Figs: 1. Mr. J. Kettle ; 2. Mr. J. Kidd. Gooseberries, Mr. J. Howe, gardener, Well-
bank. Cherries, Mr. J. Kidd. Best variety of Dessert Fruit, Mr. J. Bisset. —Culinary Vegetables.
Celery and Cauliflower, Mr. Thomas Watt. Beet and Cabbage, Mr. Radley ofthe Asylum. Car-
rots, Mr. J. Dick. Onions, Mr. J. Kettle. Savoys, Mr. David Mitchell, gardener, Carolina Port.
Best variety of Vegetables: 1. Mr. J. Smith; 2. Mr. D. Mitchell.

A very fine bunch of the Syrian grape was produced from Murie, and a specimen of the parsley-
leaved vine, in fruit, from Errol Park; several large bunches of very fine grapes were produced
from the garden of Sir John Ogilvy of Bank, and some very fine plums from Annat Gardens, Rait 5
a very good seedling plum was produced from Arthurstone, anda half-hardy melon from Mr. Dick,
Crawfurd Priory ; a very large gourd, and a goad specimen of Cobbett’s corn, were produced from
Glendoig; two very large turnips, one measuring 30 in. in circumference, were produced by Mr.
Crammond of Craigie ; a very large savoy by Mr. David Forrest, Blackness, and a very fine variety
of carnations from Dudhope nursery. (Dundee Courier, Sept. 15.)

ABERDEENSHIRE.

Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society, — At the Competition of this Society, held in Aberdeen, on
Aug. 26., the judges awarded the prizes as follows : —

Flowers. Carnations: 1. David Gairns, Glenbervie; 2. James Cruickshank, Carnation Cottage.
Pinks: 1. William Barron, gardener to Colonel Campbell of Blackhall; 2. David Gairns, Glen-
bervie. Georginas: 1. Mr. William Davidson, jun., Aberdeen ; 2. Mr. James Walker, nurseryman.
—Fryuit. Melon: 1. Geo. Johnston, gardener to the Earl of Aberdeen, at Haddo House; 2. Wm.
Gallow, gardener to Sir Michael Bruce of Stenhouse and Scotstown, Bart. Grapes: 1. Thomas
Milne, nurseryman, Sunnyside; 2. John Davidson, gardener to Lord Kennedy, Dunottar House.
Peaches and Nectarines: 1. William Anderson, gardener to David Young, Esq., Cornhill ; 2. David
Gairns, gardener to J. M. Nicholson, Hsq., Glenbervie. Apples, Dessert : 1. Mr. Thomas Wilson,
Clinterty ; 2. William Smart, gardener to Dr. Bannerman, Polgownie Lodge. Plums: 1. Charles
Berry, gardener to R. B. Allardyce, Esq., of Ury; 2. Peter Archibald, gardener to Wm. Moir,
Esq., of Park. Gooseberries. Largest: 1. David Gairns, Glenbervie; 2. James Walker, nursery-
man, Aberdeen. Quart of: 1. William Gallow, gardener, Scotstown ; 2. Robert Adam, School-
house, N. Banchory.

An extra-medal was awarded to William Wales, gardener to R. W. Duff, Esq., Fetteresso Castle,
for 36 sorts of new seedling gooseberries. There was a beautiful and numerous display of very
fine melons; and the grapes and other fruits, georginas, carnations, and pinks, were of the best
description. Among the many exotic plants placed on the table, were very beautiful specimens of
double balsams, double Russian stock, yellow Chinese rose, &c, &c. (Aberdeen Journal, Sept. 2.)

The November Meeting of this Society was held on the 4th of that month, when the judges
awarded the prizes as follows :— a

Flowers. Stocks: 1. Mr. William Davidson, jun., Aberdeen ; 2. Capt. Anderson, Skene Square.
—Fruit. Apples: 1. Emperor Alexander, Mr. William Davidson, jun., Aberdeen; 2. Ribston
Pippin, George Johnston, gardener to the Earl of Aberdeen, Haddo House. Pears: 1. Swan Egg,
William Wales, gardener to Colonel Duff, Fetteresso Castle; 2. Autumn Bergamot, John David-
son, gardener to Lord Kennedy, Dunottar House. — Culinary Vegetables. Onions, Reading,
sown Ist of August, 1828: William Lawson, gardener to Major Fisher, Devanha: 2. Red, Wm.
Wales, gardener, Fetteresso Castle. Beet Roots, George Cardno, gardener to Geo. Hogarth, Esq.,
Woodhill. Carrots: Altringham, Duncan Cadenhead, gardener, New Bridge; Long Red Surrey,
Alexander’Diack, Mile-end. Celery, blanched: 1. George Cardno, gardener, Woodhill ; 2.Wm.
Lawson, gardener, Devanha. — Forest Trees: Thomas Milne, nurseryman, Sunnyside.

Two specimens of seedling apples, melons, and cucumbers, at this season, a large vegetable
marrow, naturalised exotics, large groups of double and seedling georginas, &c., were entered for
the extra-medal: when, after investigating the whole, the judges awarded the medal to Mr. James
‘Walker, nurseryman, for a very large group of beautiful double georginas. Among other articles
produced was a specimen of bricks, manufactured by Mr. Allardyce, Clayhills, designed as edg-
ings for garden beds or borders, that will, it is presumed, supersede that of box, either for neat-
ness or durability. [We should be glad to have one or two of these bricks sent us as specimens,
with the price per hundred ; some of the nurserymen may include them in a parcel, when they

are sending, at any rate.] (Aberdeen Journal, Nov. 11.) As 1%

THE

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,
APRIL, 1830.

PART I.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. On the Anatomy of the Vine. By WattTerR WILLIAM
Capprr, Esq., Bath.
(Continued from p. 25.)
Sir,
Berore I proceed with my second description of the ana-
tomy of the vine, I beg to express my best acknowledgments
to you for the superior manner in which my drawings have
been engraved; and, I can assure you, such attention will
stimulate me in my future exertions. I have again to lament,
as I shall on every communication, the great expense you
incur respecting them; but I rely more upon the drawings
than I do on my own remarks, to make the subject understood
by the practical gardeners, whose attention, as I said before,
J wish most particularly to attract. .

In the latter part of my former letter, which I had the
pleasure of addressing to you, I described the external appear-
ance of the elongated vessels of six divisions, which had
united to form the base and stalk of a leaf, as in p. 13. jig. 2.,
ate fghik. d

I will now represent the internal organisation of the three
vessels (e fg) which are shown in fg. 23., and also part of a
joint, with the upper and lower ends of two collets attached ;
the cuticle and cellular texture are removed, that the twenty-
four bundles in front of the vascular texture may be distinctly
seen; the upper end of it also represents a horizontal view of
the 48 divisions of a collet, as before explained.

The seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-first divisions, reckon-
ing them across at the bottom, are supposed to be the lower
ends of the divisions of e fg in fig. 23. The twenty-first, or

Vou, VI. — No. 25. K

130 Anatomy of the Vine.

g, has its bundle of vascular texture raised up to £, to. show
how distinct it is, and how easily it is removed from the liber
underneath ; its upper end separates into three divisions, and
they continue so up the stalk of the leaf, forming three bands,
or sets of vessels, / mn.

The fourteenth, or f, division, has its vascular texture en-
tirely removed, that the whole of the liber may be traced from
the bottom to the top; at the joint, or letter f it divides inte
several bands, which continue upwards to p qg r, the lowermost
on the right-hand side joins the band /, and another on the
opposite side is connected with the band o by its lateral
branch at the lower end. ‘The seventh, or e, division, from
the bottom to the letter e, represents the alburnum entirely
divested of its bundle of vascular texture, and also of its
liber, that the spiral and ascending sap vessels may be dis-
tinctly seen protruding from the upper end of this division at
e, between the arch formed by the sixth and eighth divisions

Anatomy of the Vine. 131

closing over them. These vessels separate as the others have
done, uniting in like manner with those on each side; the one
on the right hand joins the band p, the other on the left side
joins a band from the opposite side of the stalk. Although
the spiral and ascending sap vessels of the band o are only
represented in the figure, yet they have been covered with
the liber and vascular texture from e upwards to the top at o.
The number of bands, as I have called them, by the subdivi-
sions of the vessels of the six claws are generally from four-
teen to eighteen. At the base of the stalk of the leaf, they
unite or inosculate one with the other the whole way round, as
may be easily conceived from those represented in, fe. 23.

The various vessels of these bands, which have arisen from
the six divisions, proceeded from very opposite directions of
the collet; yet the whole of them, except the concentric
layer, are now collected together, to form the stalk of the
leat, where they are placed similarly to what they were origi-
nally in the collet. Let us compare them together, as we
have a drawing of each in fig. 23. First, the medulla is in the
centre of both, round them are the divisions, but those of the
stalk of the six divisions are divided into sixteen bands or
parts, by which they possess sufficient strength to support the
broad leaf above them; yet their spiral vessels are upon the
margin of the medulla; next to them the ascending sap-ves-
sels, as those of the alburnum would be, if the concentric
layer did not exist in the collet; round each are the vessels of
the liber, to which are attached the vascular texture; the
cellular texture fills up the space between the bands, as it
does between the collets, and both are covered with the cellu-
lar texture and the cuticle. So that the most scrupulous
examiner must admit the correctness of the comparison, that
they are not only similar in their component parts, but also in
their situations.

The vessels of these bands are extremely delicate during
the summer, so much
so, that I should recom-
mend their being ex-
amined just before the
fall of the leaf, when
they are much firmer,
and somewhat more
distinct. fig. 24s,
which ‘represents «a
band, may assist the
examination; for @ is
supposed to be the

K 2

132 Anatomy of the Vine.

spiral vessels, as they appear within the narrow point of a
band, lying next to the medulla. Each of them consists of a
single vessel, which is coiled round, so as to form a tube, just
as a long piece of very fine wire would be, if twisted upon a
round iron rod. ‘The edges of these twists lie on each other,
and are united, forming a tube; otherwise these vessels could
not receive and carry forward the secreted juice of the liber,
from the horizontal vessels of the alburnum, to the extending
shoot in the spring, and afterwards to the leaves. .
The next in the band are the ascending sap-vessels (jig. 24.
6). They are somewhat larger than the spiral, and like them
in appearance; it is only by examining them with a very
powerful short-focus glass, that the difference can be dis-
tinguished ; for they consist of four vessels coiled round upon
each other, forming a tube, instead of one, as was the spiral
vessel. By referring to the jigs. 25. and 26., the difference
between them. will be easily per-
ceived. Owing to their trans-
parency in their natural state, they
are as difficult to be distinguished
as the spiral vessels. I should
therefore recommend the examiner
to place first a lower collet, with a
joint and leaf upon it, in the solution
of the prussiate of potash, and
afterwards in a weak solution of
the sulphate of iron, when the
spiral and ascending sap vessels of
the stalk will be filled with the blue
precipitate, which will enable him
the more readily to distinguish them. He may find
the following hints useful :— Let him procure an
ivory tambour needle handle, and place in it a fine
common needle, which should be made extremely
sharp on an oiled Turkey stone; let him afterwards
press the point against it, to bend it round: with this
fine hook he may separate these vessels of the band
tolerably well from each other. With needles, first
softened in the flame of a candle, I have made for
myself, with the assistance of a small anvil, and a
light watchmaker’s hammer, various small dissecting knives,
chisels, &c. The half of these ascending sap-vessels may
be seen lying in the alburnum, by their shining, silvery
paper-like appearance; but to detach an entire one, as they
are found in the stalk of the leaf, is extremely difficult: in
consequence of which, it was a long while before I could

Anatomy of the Vine. 133

Satisfy my mind respecting their form and external organisa-
tion. fig. 27. represents one as it is found in the alburnum,
consisting of an entire tube; for it will not sepa-
rate into the four distinct coils, as the one will
readily do when taken from the stalk. The in-
ternal surface of these ascending sap-vessels, both
in the alburnum and in the stalk of the leaf, have
attached to them an innumerable number of short
projecting fibres, somewhat like @ in jie. 27.;
whether they are absorbents in these tubes, like
the lacteals in the animal stomach, or moving
mechanical agents, excited into action by the vital
principle to propel the sap forward, I do not pre-
tend to say. The same kind of vessels will be
found in the alburnum of the common cane (Calamus rudén-
tum Lour.), where they are much larger and firmer; and, with
a little trouble, an entire tube may be extracted.

The part ¢ of fig. 24. represents the liber of a band. As I
described its organisation before, when I referred to jigs. 3.
and 4., I have now very little to say respecting it, except that
it is a continuation from the collet, and that these vessels are
extremely difficult to be distinguished in the band. Perhaps
the readiest way, and one that will prove the most satisfactory,
is to cut a stalk through with a sharp razor, as it leaves the
smoothest surface, and apply to it the sulphate of iron; when
the vessels of the liber will be discovered by the black preci-
pitate upon them, as I mentioned before, from their naturally
containing gallic acid.

The vascular texture is marked d in jig. 24.: it will be
readily found at the back of the liber ; but whether it is sur-
rounded in the band by the cellular texture, as it is in the
collet, I have not been able to ascertain. By looking on the
outside of the stalk of a leaf of a vine, it will readily be dis-
tinguished from the cellular texture that lies between the
bands, from its being of a darker colour ; and, on removing the
cuticle, the vascular texture will be immediately recognised
by its fine ligneous hexagonal vessels, which are rather like
those at d in fig. 24.; but they are in no wise tubular in the
vine, either in the band, or in the bark of the collet. ‘The
horizontal view of these vessels in the two bundles at ¢ c in
Jig. 4. ought to have been represented hexagonal, instead of
round: it was drawn in my early days of investigation.

Fig. 4. is a tolerably good representation of part of a
collet, cut with the assistance of the little regulating machine ;
but jig. 24. has not the most faint resemblance to the ori-

GE)

1394 Anatomy of the Vine.

ginal band, although the character of the vessels is tolerably
correct ; for they are so extremely small, and so closely con-
nected together, that the figure may be considered more to
show their relative situation than for any other purpose.

The vessels of the claws, with the base and stalk of the
leaf, may be dissected in two ways. The first, by filling the
spiral and ascending sap vessels with the precipitate of the
prussiate of iron, as I] mentioned before, which will discover
them when the cuticle and cellular texture are removed, by the
black shade through their vascular texture and liber. The
second, without making any such preparation, but removing
directly the cuticle, the cellular and vascular texture, and also
the liber; when the spiral and ascending sap vessels will be
readily discovered, by their delicate silver-like appearance.
On reaching the separated bands of the stalk of the leaf, it
would be better to leave them entire, and to remove only a
little of the cellular texture from between them.

For the present, I shall defer exhibiting the continuation of
these vessels from the stalk into the leaf, until I have described
those of the vascular and cellular texture, and also the spiral
vessels, because an explanation of them will facilitate my com-
munication upon the subject of the leaf. But I beg to premise
that whatever I may advance respecting them will be very
short of the clear and voluminous description given of the
various vessels of leaves, by Dr. ‘Thomson, in his Lectures on
the Elements of Botany; which volume should be in the hands
of every person, not only the anatomist but the botanist, as it
is superior, in my opinion, to any ever published : and I have
to lament, with many others, that this gentleman has not fa-
voured the world with the second volume, to complete sucha
very valuable work.

The vascular texture has not been so much noticed by the
anatomists of vegetation as I think it deserves ; but this observ-
ation may arise from my great partiality for these vessels:
for they have been a beacon to me in my researches, by the
prominence of their large bundles, which have directed me to
a very interesting object, and removed very conflicting cir-
cumstances, as the following description will show. ‘These
bundles distinctly exhibit the outside of every division of the
collet, as well as every band in the stalk of the leaf, when
the cuticle and cellular texture areremoved. ig. 23. repre-
sents 24 of them, though reckoned across both at the top
and at the bottom, although three divisions have been taken
from them to form part of a leaf. I hope it has been clearly
proved that 6 divisions out of the 48 are appropriated to

Anatomy of the Vine. 135

form a leaf. Now, admitting my average statement of 48
divisions forming the whole number of a collet, such a num-
ber would be disposed of in forming the first 8 leaves; be-
cause the 6 divisions, multiplied by the 8 leaves, would be
equal to the 48 : consequently, reasoning from the above con-
clusions, a shoot could not extend in length beyond 8 leaves.
There is another fact, which is well known to every gardener,
that a summer shoot of a vine will extend 10, 20, and 30 ft.
in length, and produce at least 2 leaves on every foot of its
growth.

These are certainly three very conflicting circumstances, as
far as relates to those facts ; but how easily are these apparent
inconsistencies removed, when we further investigate the
beautiful arrangement on the outside of the divisions of a
joint, and discover that some of the remaining divisions are
paradoxically divided into two parts; and that each of them
should become in size equal to the original one from which
they proceeded, for the purpose of replacing those which had
been appropriated to form the leaf! ‘These subdivisions may
be readily understood by referring to fg. 23., and tracing
from the bottom the 9th, 11th, and 16th bundles, upwards to
the joint; where it represents those three bundles of vascular
texture, each dividing into two parts, forming, in the upper
collet, the 8th, 9th, 11th, 12th, 16th, and 17th divisions,
being the additional number of three divisions; and three
others would be formed, in like manner, on the opposite side
of the joint. So that, although 6 divisions were taken away
from the lower collet, others are subdivided to make up
that deficiency which otherwise would take place in the upper
collet ; and a similar operation takes place at every joint.

How two halves should, in every respect, be equal in size
to the original division from which they proceeded, and con-
tain a similar number of vessels, each consisting of medulla,
spiral vessels, alburnum including its vessels, liber, vascular
and cellular texture, may be considered another of those won-
derful and secret works of nature which it is beyond my abili-
ties to explain: I shall, therefore, only proceed to describe the
further supposed subdivisions that may take place in an ex-
tended shoot of a vine, forming a nominal calculation upon
one of 20 ft. long. We will suppose, on every 4 ft. in length,
that 8 leaves shall be growing : consequently, those leaves will
require the 48 divisions of a collet, as before mentioned. As
we proceed, we will make a slight sketch (7g. 28.) of our
progress, for it will facilitate the calculation.

The 9th division in fg. 23. shall be the one selected ; and
it shall be a in the sketch.

K 4

136
28
z
Aig rvex _- 20 ft. high.
312 ; ‘S)
G
a),
SE —~ 16 ft. high.
TH 2 Ie 1g
vr
h
1 2 12 ft. high.
Fal ebeae
po
a
le 2 8 ft. high.
a 5
i
d
4 ft. high.
4e -

a

Anatomy of the Vine.

a, then, is the supposed divi.
sion, during its growth in the shoot’
from a to c, the first 4 ft.: it is
divided at 6 into two parts; con-
sequently, at c, it has only half its
original vessels of a.

At d it is again divided; so
that, at ¢, it has only one fourth of
its original part of a, and the
shoot is extended 8 ft. long.

At fit is further divided ; and,
at g, it can only have one eighth
of the original parts of a, and the
shoot is extended 12 ft. long.

At h it is also divided; and, at
i, it can only have one sixteenth
of the original parts of a, and the
shoot is extended 16 ft. long.

At & the last division takes
place; and, at 7, it can only have
one thirty-second of the original
parts of a, and the shoot is ex-
tended 20 ft. lone.

Yet this are portion of the
thirty-second part of a is sufficient
to form an entire division, equal
in size to the original from which
it first proceeded.

Now, admitting such calculation
to be tolerably correct, this thirty-
second part must be connected
with the vessels of the five leaves
below, at mnopq; and, in ad-
dition, this upper leaf marked z
has five other such subdivisions,
to which it is, in like manner,
united. Therefore, to find the
number of leaves laterally con-
nected with this upper leaf, we
must multiply these five leaves
below mn opq by the 6 divisions
of the leaf z, which will give 30;

so that the upper leaf will be actually united with 30 leaves
by this beautiful and paradoxical operation of Nature.

I have many times reckoned the divisions of the collets of
a long summer shoot, and I have found, invariably, a differ-

Anatomy of the Vine. 137

ence in number at every joint: sometimes an increase, at
others a diminution; but, upon the whole, the number of
divisions at the top corresponded nearly with those at the lower
end, although the shoot was of considerable length.

I flatter myself that many will repeat these experiments.
Should any one have the patience to examine and dissect the
whole of the bundles of a summer shoot of a vine, I should
esteem the communication of it, either to Mr. Loudon or
myself, with a drawing, a particular favour; but, I can assure
him, it is a labyrinth only to be discovered by one of great
patience and perseverance. I have many times attempted the
task without success: as far as I went, I could clearly perceive
the system was extremely regular, and that every bundle had
its particular place of destination. The middle of July is the
best time to make the experiment, when the bundles of vas-
cular texture are firmly attached; but, a month later, they
lose a little of their vital action.

The use of the vessels of the vascular texture of the bark is
to convey part of the descending sap, or secreted juice, down-
wards, during the summer. My endeavours have not been so
successful as I could have wished, in filling these vessels with
a black precipitate, similar to my experiments in p. 24., by
the sulphate of iron. It is fortunately, however, of little con-
sequence, as these vessels in some other plants are filled with
a milky fluid, which arises in the leaf, and descends by similar
vessels. It requires some little management to retain this fluid
in the branch, when it is detached from the parent tree, dur-
ing the time of removing the cuticle and cellular texture while
you lay bare these bundles of the vascular texture. The
plant I should recommend for that purpose is commonly called
the caper shrub (Huphorbéa Lathyris): it is found in most
gardens ; the seeds of it are about the size of caper buds, the
stem is of a tolerably hard substance, and these vessels in it
are firm, and readily discovered. Choose for the experiment, in
the autumn, the lower part of a summer shoot of a two years old
plant: tie a collet tightly round, with some thick cotton thread ;
then cut it off below the bandage, when you will find very little
discharge from the upper separated parts, owing to the ligature
upon them ; but the lower remaining stem will bleed profusely.
These vessels, by the above precaution, will be tolerably well
under your control while you try any experiment upon them.
The moment that one is punctured, it discharges immediately
its milky fluid: they must be separately cut, to empty them,
which shows they have no communication with each other.
These vessels of the vine commence at the lower end of the
summer shoot, and continue to the point of the leaves, carry-

138 Anatomy of the Vine.

ing downwards, as I said before, the descending sap of the
‘leaf. I could enlarge further on the important use of these
vessels, but I beg to defer it until I have described other ves-
sels, into which, I apprehend, they convey their contents ; and
I will endeavour to have it prepared for your June Number.

Innumerable are the experiments that may be performed
on a vine, by those who have an active mind, and a know-
ledge of the vessels as set forth in p. 16. and 17. of this Volume,
with the assistance of the chemical tests; and to the young
anatomist of vegetation I will apply the same words as those
which have so often been repeated by the able anatomists
of the human frame: “ That it is only by dissection a tho-
rough knowledge can be acquired.” What I can describe by
words or drawings will ever fall short of the sublime and
beautiful organisation of the different parts of a vine. For
instance (to simplify the subject), jig.23. is drawn, showing
only the 9th, 11th, and 16th bundles of the vascular texture,
tamely branching off, each into two divisions; but, in the
original, the diversity of the separation and reunion of some

.divisions of the joint can only be compared to the tracery or
open work of the upper part of a Gothic church window ; and
the divisions from a bundle, to the beautiful groming of the
arches of that style. I would recommend not only the ad-
mirers of this science, but those of the Gothic style of archi-
tecture, to dissect a joint: they will be highly gratified by the
elegant display of these bundles at the joint, before they take
their perpendicular direction into the upper collet.

I purpose, in the autumn, to point out some interesting ex-
periments respecting the formation of the second year’s liber ;
but it will require a previous preparation of the vine to per-
form them well. Those who are disposed to investigate the
subject should train some of the last summer’s shoots, at least
15 in. apart, and nail the extending shoots of this year in a
regular open manner, stopping them at the 10th or 12th leaf,
or 4 leaves above the fruit. But the part to which most atten-
tion should be paid is at the base of the shoot, where the -
remains of the winter cradle is to be found, as shown in jg. 1.
between the letters 6 and d. This rough part I wish to be dis-
placed by the fingers; and, should any buds arise, these are
to be removed without bruising the cuticle; and frequently,
during the summer, the place is to be rubbed gently with the
fingers, to keep it clean and smooth.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Bath, Feb. 7. 1830. Water WILLIAM Capper.

I observe some of the letters of the figures belonging to

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 139

my former communication are misplaced; but the following
alteration with a pen will correct them ; —

Fig.3. The upper letter f, above z, should be g; the second g, above z,
should be /; the first a, above z, should be f; the letter a, below z, should
be placed just above z, to point out the spiral vessels; the letter s, near the
bottom, should be struck out.— Fig.4. The two letters mm should be
changed into //; and the two letters // into mm,

Arr. [I. On Cottage Husbandry and Architecture, chiefly with
reference to certain Prize Essays received on Cottage Gardening,
and to projected Encyclopedias on these subjects. By the Con-
DUCTOR.

Ninz prize essays have been received, to three of which, instead of one, as
promised (Gard. Mag., vol. v. p.713.), we have awarded the first prize (a
copy of the Encyclopedia of Plants, and a copy of the Hortus Britannicus), and
they are published in the three articles succeeding to the present. To each
of the remaining six essays we have awarded the second premium, a copy
of the Hortus Britannicus), and from them we have published extracts, in
the form of notes, to different parts of the essay immediately following the
present article. This essay, by “ A Practical Gardener,” we know to be writ-
ten by an Englishman, a chemist, a general reader, and an excellent practical
gardener ; he has a family, and has for several years been head gardener at
an extensive residence in the west of England, and kept a cow and pigs. This
essay may be considered as particularly adapted for England. The third
essay, by “ The Cottarman’s Friend,” is by a Scotchman, a scientific and
experienced gardener, farmer, and general manager of an estate in Perth-
shire; it is excellent, and may be considered as particularly adapted for
Scotland. “ J. P.,” the author of the second essay, is a stranger of whom
we know nothing further than that his essay is exceedingly well drawn up,
and altogether worthy of the first prize. It contains an excellent calendar,
and tables, and may be considered as a manual of culture, both for the
cottage labourer, and the independent cottager. Some of the authors of
the other essays we know, or think we know, from their handwriting, and
others we do not know. The most scientific of these essays is iy, <2 AAS 332?
but his calculations are founded on the very best crops, and therefore im-
practicable. They are all written with the best feeling, and there is not
one of them that would not have been worth publishing under ordinary
circumstances.

The present introductory essay is to be considered as supplementary to
the three which follow, and chiefly as an attempt to show the practicability
of every cottager growing his own fuel. We have also shown how in-
dependent or proprietor cottagers may grow their own malt, hops, sugar,
cider, perry, wines, spirit, tobacco, substitutes for tea and coffee, opium,
and other medicines. We have added a plan of a labourer’s cottage,
chiefly with a view of showing the mode of heating and cooking by the
description of fuel (faggot-wood), which we recommend to be grown. (We
might have also given a plan for an association of dwellings to be heated
by steam, as a substitute for detached cottages, in manufacturing towns.)
All the subjects touched on in the three following essays, with several
others, will be farther developed in intended Mncyclopedias of Cottage

140 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

Husbandry, and of Cottage Architecture, outlines of the contents of which
works will be found in the advertising sheet to the present Number. To
these outlines we earnestly invite the attention of such of our readers as
are able and willing to render us any assistance.

Twenty years ago, during the war, landed proprietors found it most
profitable to pull down cottages and to let their lands in large farms ; and
that they should follow the course which they found most lucrative was
very natural. It is just as natural, in the present times, for them to return
to the cottage system, in order to save the rent of land from being eaten up
by the poor’s rate.* It forms no part of our plan to recommend indis-
criminately the building of cottages, and the attaching of land to them; but
we do presume to recommend, without any exception, that no cottage
should be built without a certain quantity of land being attached to
it unalienably; and that every cottage now existing, and without land, or
without one or other of the quantities of land that we shall define as requi-
site for certain purposes, have, without delay, as much land added and
unalienably attached as makes up the quantity alluded to. We repeat,
that, wherever it is deemed proper that a cottage should exist at all, we -
recommend, without hesitation and without exception, that land be attached
to it, and the following are our reasons : —

1. Every cottager requires, for the consumption and use of his family, a
certain quantity of culinary vegetables and fuel.

2, Every labourer, mechanic, operative manufacturer, or small tradesman,

ee nape A ee SSA AP CIE AC i A A EE

* « A system has been acted upon for some years of taking the small
farms from the occupants, and adding them to the large farms, already too
large in many instances; hereby, not merely hundreds, but thousands, of
honest, industrious, frugal, and hitherto independent, yeomen, with their
families, have been turned adrift, and reduced to absolute beggary. Yet,
truly deplorable as is this statement, it is not, by any means, the worst part
of their case. Lam painfully compelled to add, that by thus depriving them
of their honourable support, and driving them in crowds to the parish
officers for relief, a dreadful injury has been inflicted upon their morals and
principles: able healthy men are no longer ashamed of receiving parish
relief, even the desire to avoid a workhouse, which was formerly such a
spur to honest industry and frugality, exists no longer; and I shudder to
say, that crimes, which were almost unknown in this class of society, are
now becoming common and familiar. And what is, perhaps, not the least
dangerous circumstance, a large share of our population feel no longer an
attachment to their native land, its government, or its laws; the game laws
they hate even to execration ; and, in fact, seem almost ready to welcome
any change, however violent, under an idea that their condition cannot be
lower or worse than it is at present.” (G. Z. [whom we know to be a
highly respectable man], in Farm. Journ., Feb. 22. 1830.)

“ Out of the pecuniary distress of the country have arisen acrimonious
and hostile feelings between the different orders of society, which threaten
the security of society itself.’—Lord Radnor in the House of Peers, Feb. 25.

“ The landowners of England have sinned grievously towards the labour-
ing classes ; they ought, for very shame, to hide their heads, whenever the
condition of the labourer is mentioned. But we are told that the sins of
the father shall be visited on the children, and their day is now come.
It is useful that the world should sometimes see examples of retributive
justice.” (Morn. Chron., February 26.)

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 141

has, or ought to have, some hours of leisure every day, for the purpose of
health, recreation, and enjoyment.

3. Recreation is not idleness, but a change in the kind and degree of
Jabour or occupation.

4, The raising or culture of all his vegetables, including potatoes for his
family, and one or two pigs, poultry, &c., and fuel, may be made the recrea-
tion of the cottager and his family, without infringing one hour on the time
allotted to his business.

5. Being so raised, they will cost the cottager less than what they could
be produced for by those who raise them as a matter of business and not
of recreation.

6. The sense of property, the possession of a comfortable home, and the
social affections and local attachments thereby produced, will greatly
increase the enjoyments of the cottager, and m every way render him a
better member of society.

These reasons are unexceptionable in point of theory, and confirmed by
experience and observation, not only with respect to this particular country,
but to one country as compared with another. Compare Tuscany, Switzer-
land, and Bavaria, with any part of Great Britain. In all the reports that have
been published respecting the poor and the poor’s rate in England, it will be
found that those were always the last to seek relief from the parish who
occupied land. If the case of the cottagers of Ireland should be brought
forward to show that a cottager may occupy land, and even possess a cow,
and yet be very miserable, we reply that the land of the cottager in Ireland
constitutes his busimess, that is, his main source of existence; whereas we
propose that only such men as have and follow some regular business as a
means of existence, such men in short as are required by the existing
demand for labour, should have a cottage and garden, and that they should
depend on the latter for such a part only of their means of existence as
they can procure during their hours of leisure.

As what we recommend, therefore, cannot ‘be considered as forcing the
cottage system, we do not think it liable to the reprehension of those who
maintain that by adding to the comforts of the poor we are only preparing
for their future misery by facilitating their increase. The more a man’s
enjoyments are increased and his character raised, the less likely will he
be to risk the dimimution of these enjoyments, and the loss of respect
among his equals, by an early or rash marriage, and by the creation of off-
spring without regard to what is to become of them. The most destitute
are always those who marry first; because, when the degree of suffering is
at the lowest point, any change is sought for relief.* The possession of

* Speaking of the wages of farm-servants in Cambridgeshire being scarcely
sufficient to maintain them, the excellent and practical John Denson
observes, — “ Thus knowing their situation cannot possibly be worse, and
seeing no hope of it being made better, they marry; and I believe it will be
generally found that those who have the least prospect of being able to
support a family are the most eager to rush into the cares of one.’ (A
Peasant’s Voice, §c., p. 19.)

“Tt would be natural to suppose that distress so aggravated would
reduce, or at least check, the increase of an unemployed and now burdensome
population, — that no man would marry with misery thus staring him inthe
face; but, so far from this being the case, on the contrary, in the present
horridly perverted state of things, want actually drives the pauper to
marry. He says, ‘ I have now about 3s. or 4s. per week; I will get a wife,
and then the parish must give me a maintenance.’ This is both the language
and the practice; population is, in consequence, advancing rapidly, and so
is our poor’s rate.” (G. Z. [before quoted], in Harm. Journ., Feb. 22. 1839.)

142 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

comfort is by far the best security for prudent conduct in the passing
generation *, not only of the poor, but even of those who are better off; and,
for that generation which is in progress, our safeguard is comfort jomed to
high and equal education. (See Parochial Institutions, &c., Gard. Mag.,
vol. v. p. 692.)

Having shown the necessity and advantage of attaching land to all cot-
tages whatever, we shall next endeavour to ascertain what quantity ought
to be attached. For this purpose we shall first enumerate the different
objects to which the land may be applied, and we think these for the de-
pendent or labouring cettager may be reduced to the first four following,
and for the independent or proprietor cottager to the succeeding three.

1. To supply the cottager’s family, including pigs and poultry, with vege-
tables and potatoes.

2. To supply the cottager’s family, including pigs and poultry, with vege-
tables, potatoes, and faggots for his oven.

3. With vegetables, potatoes, fuel, and barley for his malt.

4. With vegetables, potatoes, fuel, barley for his malt, and the keep of
a cow.

5. With vegetables, potatoes, fuel, barley for his malt, the keep of a cow,
and bread corn. :

6. With vegetables, malt, a cow, and bread corn.

7. With vegetables, malt, a cow, bread corn, and mangold wurzel for his
sugar and spirits; fruit trees and vines for his cider, perry, and wine; tea
and coffee, or substitutes for these articles ; tobacco, opium, and tlie ordi-
nary family medicines.

8. All these objects, with flax or hemp for his linen, and wool for stock-
ings, flannel, and upper clothing.

On the last three objects we shall for the present say little, as they are
not so applicable to this country as to other countries less advanced in the
division of labour; and especially as they would entail on the cottager
labour which might interfere with his regular employment, instead of
recreative labour to be performed in his mornings and evenings. The first
four objects may all be attained by the labour of any able-bodied man with
the occasional assistance of his wife and children, in hours which would be
otherwise spent unproductively, or perhaps viciously.

1. For the first object it seems to be allowed by almost all the writers on
the cottage system that one rood is the average quantity that will suffice.
It has been shown by some of our prize competitors that less will do; but
this proceeds on the supposition that every process succeeds and produces
a full crop, which is never the case in even the best-cultivated gardens.
There may be cases, however, as in those of yearly farm-servants, in which
the potatoes are grown by the farmer, and in that case the quantity of land
may be reduced we think one-half, i. e. to 20 rods. +

2. and 3. For the second and third objects, that is the whole or a part

* « The idea that a certain degree of comfort causes an increase of
population is visionary ; to prove the fallacy of it, we need only look at the
numerous progeny of our half-starved labourers; and to compare it with
the progeny of those who spend more for a dinner and wine on a market-
day than they give to support the family of a labourer for a week ; some of
whom have not even a child to inherit their property.” (A Peasant’s Voice,
Sc}, pe L9s)

+ John Denson is decidedly of opinion that no cottage ought to have
less than an acre, because less than that quantity, he says, will be insuffi-
cient to employ the labourer and his family during leisure hours. (A Pea-
sant’s Voice, p. 25.) ‘

-

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 143

of the fuel required in addition to vegetables, the quantity will vary con-
siderably, according to the part of the country where the cottage may be
situated. More fuel will be wanted m the northern than in the southern
parts of the island, and in districts where coal is so cheap that fuel for a
year may be purchased for the rent of an ordinary acre of land, we should
propose that the cottager raise only fuel for his oven or stove.

To raise the whole of the fuel for a cottage of the lowest class will
require | acre of middling land. To raise faggots sufficient to heat the oven
or stove, say 170 times a year *, will require about three fourths of an
acre ; and hence we may conclude 1 acre to be the minimum, and 1. acre the
maximum, for this class of cottages. The data on which these quantities
are founded will be afterwards given.

4, The fourth object, which to vegetables and fuel adds barley for malt,
requires a rood more than the third object, or from 14 acre. to I acre.

5. For the fifth object, which includes vegetables, the whole of the fuel,
barley for malt, and the keep of a cow, the quantity will vary according
to the quality of the soil, the climate, and the circumstance of its being in
aration or in pasture; because, though in the latter case he will not derive
so much produce from a given surface, what he does obtain will be got with
less labour. In Rutlandshire it has been found by Lord Brownlow and others
that 24 acres were sufficient to keep a cow a year; and that there, where
every cottager has a cow, from that quantity to 3 acres was invariably allowed.
Probably, at an average of the country, 3 acres may be requisite; and this,
with one acre for fuel, a rood for malt, and a rood for a garden, will give
42 acres for the maximum quantity of land for this class; or, if only part of
the fuel is to be grown, 44 acres.

6. The sixth object, to vegetables, fuel, malt, and the keep of a cow, adds
the requisite quantity of bread corn. John Denson says, “ He could men-
tion several labourers that have brought up their families and paid their
way entirely on the produce of 2 or 3acres of land:” (A Peasant’s Voice,
p- 12.) and we do not doubt it; because, in that case, his whole labour
being bestowed on the land, it would be cultivated to the utmost, and pro-
bably a part of the horticultural produce sold at good prices. The same
practical writer is “ convinced that a sober active man would keep a cow,
a breeding sow, a good fat hog in the sty, and grow plenty of corn and
vegetables for the consumption of his family, and pay rent, rates, and taxes,
from the produce of 3acres of land.” (A Peasant’s Voice, p.27.) If we add,
in countries where fuel costs more than the rent of an acre of land, an
additional acre for wood, and a quarter of an acre for malt, this will give
41 acres; but we should say, for the average of soils and situations, 5 acres.
It is obvious that this quantity of ground could not be cultivated by a
labourer at his leisure hours; nevertheless, if we suppose one acre devoted
to wood, another to permanent pasture, and that the remaining 3 acres are
in part worked by the hired labour of a steam or horse plough, we shall
find that the labourer would still have a good many weeks’ labour, in the
course of the year, to dispose of to others.

7. Vegetables, malt, a cow, bread corn, sugar, spirits, cider, perry, wines,
tobacco, substitutes for tea and coffee, opium, and the ordinary family

* Supposing one faggot to be used every time the oven is lighted, then

twice a week in May and September gives - - - - 16
Once a week for baking, during June, July, and August - - 12
Three times a week, during October and April - - 24:
Four times a week, during November and March - - - 32
Seven times a week, during December, January, and February - 84

144 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

medicines, might easily be obtained by an additional half acre. From 4
portion of mangold wurzel as much sugar as would supply the family could
easily be extracted, and the rest of the roots and the refuse of the sugar
manufacture given to the cow. <A part of the sugar in its first, or molasses,
state might be fermented and distilled, so as to produce a good spirit ;
and another part fermented with yest and hops, or the substitutes for hops,
so as to make a very good beer. Where bees can be kept, sugar, beer,
wine, and spirits can be prepared from their honey, and candles from their
wax. The cider and perry might be obtained from standard fruit trees in
the ring-fence of the premises, or from standards thinly scattered throughout
the whole 53 acres. The wine might be made from gooseberries, currants,
elder berries, and other fruits, and from the grapes of a vine made to cover
the whole of the house and offices. Coffee might be obtained from chiccory
or dandelion roots, or from the seeds of the Astragalus bee’ticus, which 1s
extensively grown for that purpose in Hungary and Bavaria; and. tea
(though not so good an imitation as the substitute for coffee) from the dried
leaves and flowers of different species of Verdnica, from the leaves of Dryas
octopétala as in Sweden, of Rubus Arcticus as in Norway, of Saxifraga
crassifolia as in Siberia, of Primus spinosa and avium, and of the leaves of
the common sweet briar, as in different parts of Europe. The dried leaves
of the common black currant afford a substitute for green tea, which very
few can detect, and perhaps these leaves, and those of the common sloe,
or plum, in the proportion of one fifth of the former and four fifths of the
latter, form as good an imitation of the tea generally used by cottagers as
can be obtained. Every cottager may distil a coarse brandy from goose-
berry or other wines, and whisky from wort of malt, or from beet root
molasses ; and he may give the former the flavour of noyeau with the ker-
nels of cherries or with a few peach leayes, and the latter the flavour of gin
with juniper berries.

g. An additional acre would keep three or four sheep for wool, and
admit of a rood of flax or hemp every year, which would keep any ordinary
family in linen of every description, and for the most part in woollen; but
in scarcely any part of the world could it be desirable to attempt the home
erowth and manufacture of these articles, now that the influence of ma-
chinery and steam is felt from pole to pole.

We shall now give our reasons for proposing to introduce a new feature
into the cottage system of Britain, that of every cottager (not living in a
coal or peat district) raising a part, or the whole, of his own fuel. Every
person who lives in the country, or eyen looks at a newspaper, is aware
that the sufferings of the poorfrom cold, during the winter season, are fully
as great as from want of food; and that pilferig from woods, hedges, or
fences, is one of the commonest of crimes. In former times the cot-
tager’s fuel was obtained from the bushes which grew upon the commons
and waste lands; but, since these have been enclosed, the poor man has no
resource but those of purchasing, stealing, or begging. In the coal dis-
tricts, or in those where turf is used as fuel, or where wood is very abun-
dant, a common day-labourer may perhaps be able to procure his fuel by
purchase: but these districts are few ; and in by far the greater number the
labourer of necessity procures fis fuel by pulling the hedges, cutting here
and there a branch of such trees as come in his way, breaking gates and
other wooden fences, and pilfering from the coal heaps or faggot stacks of
his richer neighbours. :

Where there are children, the task of catering for firewood is generally
committed to them. The mother sends them out, as soon as they can walk,
to bring m sticks ; and they may be seen gathering them in the nearest planta-
tions or woods, and pulling them from the hedges along the roads and lanes ;
in short, wherever they can get them. This is the commencement of the
modern education of the peasant. In this way the first lessons of thieving

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 145

are taught to both sexes; the endeavours at concealment lead to lying, and
to the dread and hatred of all those who have any thing that can be stolen;
thus crime is rooted in the infant mind, and long before the age of man-
hood it ripens into habit. But all the fuel that a labourer can procure in
this way is still insufficient for his purposes, and he is only kept from
absolute starvation by a parochial supply, cr charitable contributions. If,
therefore, the labourer could be rendered as independent in his fuel, as he
frequently is, and in all cases might very easily be, in his potatoes and
vegetables, his comforts would be greatly increased, his moral character
raised, and the parish and his neighbours who have property would in every
way be gainers. That this fuel may be provided, and that very easily, we
can prove beyond contradiction.

We shall first endeavour to show the proper use and economy of fuel,
and in what manner common faggot wood, or the spray and shoots of lig-
neous plants of three or four years’ growth, may be rendered as effective as
billet wood or mineral coal, both in warming the air of a house, and in the
operation of cooking. By the use of mineral coal, both these objects may
be effected by means of our common open fire-places ; but it would not be
easy to maintain this temperature by burning spray or faggot wood in the
same manner; it might no doubt be done, but the quantity of fuel con-
sumed would be out of all proportion to the benefit obtamed. The failure of
spray or faggots in heating the air of an apartment, does not arise from defi-
ciency of the heat produced, but from the rapidity of combustion, by which
great part of the heat is carried directly up the chimney, and such a cugrent of
air produced there, that, after the flames of the spray have subsided, the draft
is continued in consequence of the heated sides of the chimney, and thus the
warm air of the apartment is rapidly exhausted to supply the current. The
place of the warm air in the apartment is as readily occupied by cold air, and
the room, which ten minutes before was very hot, is now very cold. A second
fire of spray is immediately required, to be attended in its turn by the same
results. The same effects, but in a less degree, are produced by fires of
billet-wood, roots, or in fact any description of wood. There is one reason
for this which deserves to be mentioned, because it is not very obvious to
those who are accustomed to coal fires. Wood fires, and especially the
non-resinous kinds, produce very little soot, and scarcely ever a soot which
adheres to the chimney. The sides of the chimney being therefore free
from what every body knows to be a powerful non-conductor, a coat of
soot, they become rapidly and powerfully heated, which consequently acce-
lerates the current of air, and continues this current at a rapid rate much
longer after the fire has gone out than in the case of a chimney where the
fuel is coal. It is clear, therefore, that wood is not a proper fuel for the
‘description of fire-places in use in this country. Burnt in the centre of an
immense hall, and its smoke allowed to fill the upper part of this apartment,
as in former times, or in logs or thick chumps on the ground, as in the
wide open fire-places of America, it is more effective; but in small raised
fire-places, with narrow chimneys, it is very inadequate.

On the Continent, where the fuel is almost every where wood, and where,
from the greater severity of the winter, greater attention is required to
heating apartments, the air is warmed and cookery effected by distinct
processes. The air of the room is warmed by burning small wood, spray,
fageots, or wood of any sort in a stove, and cooking is performed on raised
hearths by charred wood, or on low hearths by chump wood. Something
of the same kind is what we propose to introduce ito the cottage system
of this country. Heating we would effect by flues in the floor of the kit-
chen or living-room, when that floor was on the ground, and could be com-
posed of vertical strata of gravel or small stones alternating with smoke
flues, the whole being covered with tiles or broad pavement. But when
the kitchen or room to be heated was so situated that the flues could not

Vou. VI. — No. 25. it

146 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

be made in the floor, we would effect heating by a very simple stove com-
posed of common bricks and paving tiles, and occupying the whole, or a
part of one side of the room. This side should always be one of the inner
sides in cottages already built, and in cottages to be built, the stove may in
almost every case be made to serve as a partition wall. Cooking we would
effect in open fire-places as at present, and either with large wood, that is,
pieces of 2in. and 3 in. diameter, or with the half-charred faggot wood that
is produced in stove fires when the furnace and ash-pit door are closed
before combustion is completed. Whoever has seen the heating and the
cooking of the Continent will allow that the methods we have proposed
would completely answer the ends in view, and, to all who could not pur-
chase coal, be a great improvement in the economy of fuel.

Having shown how we propose to apply faggot wood to the purposes of
heating and cooking, we shall next endeavour to show that 1 acre of land
of middling quality will produce a sufficiency of this wood for an ordinary
cottager.

In order to ascertain what quantity of ground will grow a faggot, we
shall consider a faggot to consist of eighty black Italian or Lombardy pop-
lars, or Huntingdon willows, of three years’ growth. These we shall sup-
pose to be grown in rows, 2ft. apart, and the plants 6in. distant in the
row. At this rate every plant will occupy a square foot, and as there are
43,560 ft.in an acre, that space will consequently produce 544: faggots every
third year, or every year 181 faggots of three years’ growth, which are thir-
teen more than will be wanted for the purposes of baking and warming through-
out the year. Now these 13 faggots being composed of 1040 shoots, say only
1000, suppose them to be distributed at equal distances throughout the acre,
and allowed to attain five years’ growth instead of three, this will give 200
trees a year, three fourths of the length of which will eut up into bundles of
billet wood from 2 in. ta 5 in. in diameter for cooking on the open fire; and
the side spray, and the remaining third part of the stem, may be made into
faggots, to make good the requisite number for the oven, or to compensate
the injury which these 1000 larger trees may do to the 33,560 among which
they are placed: this calculation we think is sufficient to show that an acre
of wood applied to cottages on our construction, and probably even to those
on the ordinary plan, will supply fuel for every year. We are confirmed in
this calculation by several experienced gardeners whom we have consulted
on the subject. When a plantation was once established perhaps the
simplest mode of management would be, to fill a fifth part every year,
separating the larger wood for the open fires, and faggoting up the smaller
for the oven.

When a part of the fuel can be purchased, say coal, or turf for the open
fires, half an acre might probably be found sufficient for the oven, more
especially if the garden were surrounded by a hedge in which were a few
poplars, and the interior contained a few standard fruit trees. The prunings
from all of these, and the occasional cutting down of a poplar, would become
effective to a certain extent both in the oven or stove for heating, and in
the open fire-place. *

Whatever quantity of ground is allotted should be trenched 3 ft. deep
at least ; but, if the soil is dry, it may be trenched 5 ft., not casting the top
in the bottom, but mixing them together. (Zincyc. of Gard., § 1870.) A
plantation so formed would give a produce very superior to that of com-

* John Denson says, “ that the haulm of half an acre of potatoes will
serve for heating a cottager’s oven;” but we would rather litter the pig
with the haulm, and no doubt he would agree with us in opinion had he fuet
otherwise provided.

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 147

mon native copse, where the soil has never been touched; it would continue
improving for many years, and, when it began to be less productive, might
be trenched over at the rate of one division a year, and replanted with trees
of a different natural order. The locust, the ash *, or the bird cherry might
succeed the poplar or willow families, or the site of the copse might be
changed, and the ground cropped for another series of years with culinary
vegetables and potatoes. The rooting up and replanting would of course
not take place with the whole quantity at once, but only with a fifth part
at a time, which would equalise the labour, and enable the cottager to effect
it with ease at his leisure hours. The cutting over should be done in the
autumn, or beginning of winter, and the carrying home and faggoting, or
otherwise preparing for the fire-place and oven, may take place in dry wea-
_ ther during winter as opportunity offers. In thin barren soils, a larger
quantity of ground than an acre may be required, and it may be advisable
to plant the Scotch pine or larch, or birch, or possibly even furze or elder ;
but we do not believe there is either a soil or a situation in Britain where
2 acres, properly planted and managed, would not produce all the fuel which
_ a cottage would require, if it were economised in the manner we have
described.

An acre of land of average quality being thus estimated as sufficient to
produce the whole of the fuel required bya common cottager, we think that
in all those parts of the country where the fuel a cottager requires would
cost a sum equal to the rent of such acre, it would be his interest to pay
that sum for the use of an acre. As he could receive nothing from this
acre for four or five years, and must bestow a great deal of labour in
trenching it, and procuring and planting the sets or trees, he ought to have
it for at least ten years without rent. But, in consideration of this, he
ought to be held bound to trench and plant it in a proper manner, to cut it
down in regular portions, and to leave it in a proper state, and fit for the
immediate use of his successor:

Malt. — To grow his own malt would perhaps be of no great advantage
to acottager in this country, and at the present time ; but, where an oppor-
tunity offers, it may be well for him to know how easily it can be done.
The average produce of a rood of barley may be taken at 20 bushels,
which properly malted will produce 25 bushels of malt, and this brewed
will produce, according to Cobbett, 450 gallons of good beer. But, as Cob-
bett only allows a labourer’s family 274 gallons a year; viz. 2 quarts every
day from the Ist of October to the Ist of March inclusive, 3 quarts a day
during the months of April and May, 4 quarts a day during the months of
June and September, and 5 quarts a day during the months of July and
August; and as this quantity of 274 gallons can be produced by 15 bushels
of malt, or 12 bushels of raw barley; a rood of a fair crop will give the beer
requisite, and 8 bushels of barley more for the pigs and poultry, for distilling
a little whisky, or for husking as pot-barley.

* According to Marcus Bull the ash is one of the most valuable of
woods as fuel; the birch is also very valuable; the wild cherry (Cérasus
virginiana) is to the ash as 55 is to 77; the Lombardy poplar as 40 to 77.
(Experiments to determine the comparative Value of Fuel, &c., Philadelphia,
8vo, 1827.) The comparative quantity of these and other woods produced
on an acre in a given time, say from three to seven years, would be valu-
able data with a view to cottage economy. Any nurseryman, by devoting
a few square yards to each sort of tree, could make the experiment with
very little trouble, and with no loss; because the trees might be taken up
by the root, weighed, and sold, or, if not sold, replanted. We commend
the experiment to Mr. Donald of the Goldworth nursery, who has proyed
himself a real friend to the cottager.

4, 2

148 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

Pot-barley. —The husking can only be well done at a barley-mill ; but, by
steeping the barley for six hours, and then kiln-drying it, or drying it on the
flued floor, or on the stove, or in the oven, the husks will come off ma
common corn-mill, or by rubbing in a mortar with a pestle. The garden and
also the field pea are steeped and husked in this manner for split peas and
pea-meal ; but the pea is not, in general, a profitable crop for the cottager.

Malting is nothing more than an artificial mode of making the barley
vegetate, by steeping it in water, and fermenting it afterwards in a heap, to
produce heat enough for germination ; and then arresting its progress towards
forming a plant, by kiln-drying. The cottager may put the quantity of barley
which he intends to brew in a bag, and immerse it in a tub of water for an
hour ; then take it out, lay it in a heap on the floor of a warm place, and
cover it over with straw, or with two or three bags, to produce a moist heat,
and bring on vegetation : when the radicle is three fourths of an inch long,
he may spread it out and dry it, either on the hottest part of his flued floor,
or on his heating flue, or in his oven. But, according to some, very good
ale may be produced by grinding or bruising unmalted barley, and mixing it
with a small quantity of ground malt, leaving it in mash at a heat of about
150° for two or three hours. The malt is introduced to hasten the ferment-
ation of the bruised grain, which is said to be as complete as if it had laina
fortnight on the malting-floor. Cobbett disapproves of this mode of making
beer which, he says, produces strength; but a flat heavy beer, that lies heavy
on the stomach, has a bad taste, and is unwholesome, and therefore we do
not recommend it, unless in cases of necessity. Perhaps sweet beer, such as
is easily made from honey, treacle, or beet-root molasses, might be preferable.
As unripe potatoes, and the point or least matured end of ripe potatoes, are
found to vegetate soonest, so unripe seeds of every sort are also found to
vegetate soonest ; therefore, that part of a cottager’s plot of barley which he
intends for malt, should be cut a few days sooner than the remaining part
which he intends for pot-barley, meal, or feeding his pig.

It is a very common practice in several parts of England, when wheat,
barley, or other grain is sprouted in the ear in consequence of a wet harvest,
to carry home these ears, dry them, and use them as malt. The seeds of
ryegrass, if sprouted, we have no doubt, would make very good malt.

There is a mode of making beer from sugar described in the Cabinet
Cyclopedia, vol. ui. Domestic Economy, p. 207., which is almost as easy
as making tea. The flavour, the writer says, is superior to that from malt ;
and its lightness on the stomach places it above all competition.

Hops.—Nothing can be easier than for every cottager to grow his own hops.
He may either plant a single hill, as the term is, of four plants on a surface of
a square yard, to run up four poles 12 or 15 ft. high; or he may plant five or
six roots round an arbour ; or, if his cottage has a rustic veranda, a plant
may run up each column. Asa substitute for hops, the marsh trefoil (Je-
nyanthes trifoliata) is employed on the Continent; and, it is said, was for-
merly used in this country. One ounce of the dried leaves is said to be
equivalent to half a pound of hops. The plant is of easy culture in moist
soil. All the plants of the same natural order, Gentidnee, and especially
the different species of Gentidna, might be used in the same manner, more
particularly G. lutea, rubra, and purpurea. In Switzerland, a spirit is dis-
tilled from the roots of G. lutea. The dried roots of Géum urbanum,
common in hedges, are sliced, enclosed in a thin linen bag, and suspended:
in the beer cask, by the brewers of Germany, to prevent, it is said, the beer.
from turning sour, and to give it the odour of cloves. There can be little
doubt that several other plants belonging to the Rosaceous tribe Dryadeze
would have a similar effect: such, for example, as Agrimonia, a most fra-
grant bitter, and Dryas, Comarum, Potentilla, and Tormentilla, powerful
astringents. A similar use is made of the roots of A’corus Calamus and

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 149

ginger, the seeds of coriander and caraway, and the skins of oranges and
capsicums.

Sugar. — The idea of every cottager growing his own sugar is, perhaps,
of still less value than the preceding one respecting malt; for, assuredly,
when the West India colonies become independent, and trade becomes
frée, events which must happen ere long, cane-sugar will be much cheaper
throughout Europe than that of the beet-root or any other plant of the tem-
perate zones ; unless, indeed, chemistry should discever an easier mode of
transforming starch into that principle. However, in the interior of Ger-
many and America, it may be desirable sometimes to have home-made
sugar ; and, therefore, we shall here state that the produce, in France, of a
ton of mangold wurzel is a ewt. of sugar ; and, as half a rood will grow at
least 3 tons, here are resources for 3 cwt.; or say only half that quantity,
which is as much as any cottager will use in a year. The pulp of the root,
after the juice is pressed out, it is found in France, will fatten at the rate of
a bullock an acre: and hence the pulp of half a rood will be found of no
small value for the cottager’s cow and his hog-tubs. The following process
for manufacturing beet-root sugar, most suitable for the cottager, has been
kindly furnished to us by our intelligent and much esteemed friend Mr. 8.
Taylor, the editor of the professional department of the Country Times : —

Sugar from Mangold Wurzel.—“ Dear Sir, I believe you are aware that
the manufacture of sugar from the beet root or mangold wurzel is more
likely to succeed on a large than on a small scale. Still, I see no reason
why, because we cannot do all we wish, that therefore we should not do all
we can. If we cannot, on a small scale, get 5 per cent, let us put up with 3.
* Half a loaf, whether of sugar or of bread, ‘is better than none.’

“ The quantity of land required to produce 1 cwt. of brown sugar, will, of
course, in some degree depend on the quality of that land, and its state of fer-
tility, natural and artificial. On this Ihave a word to say. The occupier of
a poor hungry soil may fancy that he has but to apply an additional portion
of good rich manure to obtain as great a weight of root as his more fortu-
nate neighbour on a kind deep loam. ‘ Let him not lay that flattermg unc-
tion to his soi ;’ for assuredly he will find himself in error therein. As great
a weight of root J think it likely he might get; that is no hard matter to
effect by dint of artificial means: but the question is, what would be the
probable amount of sugar from roots so obtained? You will not be sur-
prised to hear that the weight of roots may be doubled ; and yet not only
shall the weight of sugar not be doubled, but even that it shall be dimi-
nished thereby. We grow enormous crops of mangold wurzel near London ;
but they are unfit for the purposes of sugar-making, and the reason is ob-
vious : the weight is made up of aqueous, not saccharine, matter. I say this
to caution the occupiers of small patches of ground against the practice of
over-manuring. The French crops do not average 15 tons an acre of root :
this is, undoubtedly, a lower rate of produce than even, for sugar-making,
they might safely resort to: 20 and 25 tons might, and ought to be raised
on an acre. Now for the quantity of sugar from a. given weight of root:
5 per cent of brown sugar is now generally obtained in the French manu-
factories ; that is to say, 1 cwt. of sugar from 1 ton of root; but, as I have
observed in a former part of my letter, it is not likely that a cottager, with
his imperfect apparatus, should be able to obtain any thing like this amount.
However, he must do the best he can, recollecting that even half this quan-
tity will pay him.

“ Suppose, therefore, we call it half the quantity which a large manufac-
tory would obtain, or 24 per cent, and suppose that he grows 25 tons an
acre of root, he must have about 15 rods of land in order to produce 1 cwt.
of brown sugar. This, be it observed, is a low estimate, and, I have reason:
to believe, far inferior to what would be obtained by common care and a

lig ow

150 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

judicious application even of the general run of utensils to be found in most
cottages and small farm-houses.

“ The Variety of Mangold Wurzel made use of.— The next thing to be
considered is, the variety of mangold wurzel the best adapted for making
sugar. Without stopping to particularise all the different varieties, it 1s suf-
ficient to state that the one known by the name Béta 4lba is by many held
in great esteem for this purpose, though much depends on the season. A
friend of mine in France, who has given the subject much consideration,
assures me that any of the common varieties will answer ; and that, though
usually called dcet-root, it is not hence to be inferred that the garden beet
alone is used for this purpose, but the common field mangold wurzel. The
time of sowing is from the middle of April to the middle of May. Clean-
liness, by repeated hoeings, is essential. This, I take for granted, every
good cultivator is well aware of. As soon as the leaves begin to turn yel-
low, the root may be said to have arrived at maturity ; and it is time to take
up the erop, and to begin the process of sugar-making, an operation which
continues from October to February in the larger manufactories. Take the
roots up dry, and keep them dry; the smaller the heap the better, because
the least fermentation will effectually prevent the formation of sugar. The
difference in amount and quality of sugar is always in favour of that made
at the beginning of the season. The root, in keeping, undergoes a chemical
change, often amounting to a total loss of its saccharme matter ; although
its outward appearance indicates no such change.

“ Process of Sugar-making. — The roots should first be washed, and then
rasped, to reduce them to a state of pulp. Of course, in large manufacto-_
ries, they are provided with rasping machines ; and it is somewhat difficult
to find a substitute on asmall scale. I shouldimagine, though, that a stout
iron plate, punched with triangular holes, the rough edges of which are left
standing, somewhat after the manner of a nutmeg-grater, might answer the
purpose, only that I would have it somewhat concave instead of convex.
Upon the rough side of this plate I would rub the roots by hand. If there
should be a cider-mill and press within a reasonable distance, it might
answer to take the roots thither, slice them, and pass them through the
mill. When by these or any other means they are reduced to pulp, the juice
should be pressed from the pulp, which is thus done: — It is put into can-
vass bags, not too fine, so as to impede the running of the juice, nor yet so
coarse as to let the pulp through the meshes. The bags should be so fitted
as, when pressed, to occupy about an inch in depth. Most manufactories
use about 25 of these bags at one pressing, but this depends on the power
of the press.. Between every bag of pulp is laid a sort of osier hurdle, to
allow the juice to percolate freely from the press into the juice-cistern below.
The operation of pressing should immediately follow that of rasping. This
point should be particularly attended to.

“ Defecation.— The juice being expressed from the pulp, the next process
is the defecation of the juice, and here, too, no time should be lost. This
is effected by boiling :.a copper boiler should be used. Get up the fire till
the thermometer indicates 170° or 178°. Then add sifted lime (quick) pre-
viously mixed with water, at the rate of 5 or 6 lbs. for every 100 gallons of
juice. Stir it well up, and skim the liquor. Heat it till the thermometer
reaches 200°. Add sulphuric acid in small portions, diluted with six times
its bulk of water, to neutralise the effect of the lime, stirring it briskly
each time. The proper quantity is ascertained by carefully examining
the juice every time the acid is added, with a drop of syrup of violets in
a spoon, which ought to turn of a green colour. About 30 oz. of the acid
to every 100 gallons of juice will be necessary. This done, the fire is
quenched, and the boiler left to settle for half an hour; at the end of which
time, the liquor is drawn off: by some, bullock’s blood is added when the
temperature of the juice reaches 190°, in the proportion of 24 pints to every

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 151

20 gallons of juice. Some, too, apply the sulphuric acid to the juice when
cold, instead of hot, viz. before the boiler-fire is lighted; and one recom-
mends its being applied to the pulp before it goes into the boiler: but all
this practice will decide.

“ Concentration. — The next process is concentration of the juice, which
means nothing more than evaporating from it the water therein contained.
This is effected by flat pans, over a brisk fire, but not so as to burn the
syrup, which is the great danger in this operation. When reduced in pan 1
from 4 to 2 in. or so in depth, it is put into a smaller pan (2), and reduced to
the same depth, and afterwards into a third pan. These three removals are
the work of an hour and a half. If the syrup rises, and threatens to over-
flow the pan, put in a small lump of butter, which will make it subside.

“ Clarification. — This is the next operation, and may be carried.on in
one of the pans used for concentration. Animal charcoal (some have even
used wood charcoal) is now applied, at the rate of half a pound for every
gallon of syrup, which renders it perfectly black and muddy. In this state,
add blood mixed with water (stirred up well with the syrup), in the propor-
tion of about 14 pt. of blood to every 20 gals. of syrup.

“ Boil it a short time, after which it is filtered, and then boiled again, care
being taken not to burn the pan. Great care is necessary in examining the
state of the syrup from time to time. The thermometer ought to stand as
high as 234°; on attaining which, the pan should be emptied: 18 gals. of
syrup will be#educed, by boiling, to 11 gals. The syrup is next cooled in a
suitable vessel to 182° or 190°; and then run into moulds, but the cooling
is very gradual. The pan is covered, and the heat kept in by closing the
edges with flannel. The syrup is then poured into large earthen moulds,
cone-shaped, and with a hole at bottom, through which the molasses drains.
This hole is temporarily stopped till the mould is full. A mould contains
10 or 12 gals., and requires a month to purge itself. As it cools, it crystal-
lises. The syrup, whilst filling, is at 67° to 77°; but, in the course of
purging, it is raised to 120° and even 145°, which expedites the flow of the
molasses. Our next process is twrning the moulds, i. e. setting the cones on
their bases, and taking them out of the moulds. The point of the cone is
moist and syrupy: this is cut off, and boiled over again with the molasses.
‘Thus far the process of making brown sugar: refining is a different business,
and one which there is no occasien to particularise here. You will observe
that copper utensils are preferred to those of iron, the latter having a chemi-
cal effect on the sugar. ;

“| have thus endeavoured to present you with the leading features of the
system of sugar-making adopted in France, though I am aware that much
yet remains to be told on this interesting subject. In fact, the experience
of every year keeps adding to the general stock of knowledge thereon ; and
one main source of improvement consists in the application of steam to the
evaporating process. However, as this would be of no use to cottagers, I
have confined myself entirely to the plain common method by open fires.

“ From what has been said, you will perceive that the process is neither
very easy nor very simple. On the contrary, it requires great attention and
accurate discrimination. Still, Iam of opinion that a clever intelligent cot-
tager, even without the aid of chemistry, may succeed in making sugar for
his own use, albeit not of the very first quality. — Samuel Taylor, jun. Lon-
don, 139. Fleet Street, Feb. 25. 1830.”

Cider, Perry, Wines, and Spirits. — No labourer who has a clever, cleanly,
industrious wife need be without these drinks, provided he has land enough
to grow two or three standard apples, as many standard pears, gooseberries, ~
currants, elder-berries, and mountain-ash berries. South of York we should
add vines, perhaps Miller’s Burgundy and the common Muscadine; but,
north of the Trent, we should prefer covering the walls and roof of the cot-
tage with apple trees or currants. In choosing the standard apples and

L 4

152 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

pears for a cottager’s garden, trees should be preferred which grow in nar-
row, conical, erect forms, in order that they may shade the crops below as
little as possible, and the fruits of which are small in size, in order that they
may not be easily blown down with the wind. Apples, suitable for this pur-
pose, Mr. Ronalds of Brentford states to be, the Manks Codlin, Red Quar-
renden, Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Striped Juneating, New Cluster, Golden
Pippin, King of the Pippins, Little Beauty, Pomegranate Pippin, Royal
Pearmain, Cockle Pippin, Kerry Pippin, New Lemon Pippin, and Carlisle
Codlin. Pears possessing similar qualities are, the Royal Bergamot, Yellow
Beurrée, Red Catherine, Hampden’s Bergamot, Red Auchan, Ashton
Town, Bishop’s Thumb, Summer Portugal, Green Pear of Yair. The best
sorts of gooseberries for the cottager are, in like manner, those which have
upright shoots, and in which the bushes assume narrow conical forms ; such
as the Ironmonger, Warrington, and Manchester, Reds; the Bright Venus,
Beaumont’s Smiling Beauty, Broadman’s Transparent, Cheshire Lass,
Whites; Rumbullion, Golden Drop, Golden Eagle, Cayton’s Venerable,
Goldsmith, Yellows ; and Green Donington, Warnman’s Ocean, Parkinson’s
Laurel, Perring’s Evergreen, Biggs’s Independent, Early Green Hairy, Greens.

Of red, white, and black currants, there scarcely can be said to be more
than one sort of each. The Orleans, the Mussel, the Winesour, and the
Damson are among the most useful plums for baking, and are easily pre-
served ; and the leaves of the damson form as good an imitation of black tea
as those of the common sloe. The Green Gage and Orleans are two of the
best cottage table plums.

Hedges for Cottage-Gardens. — In many parts of the country, all the plums,
and even all the apples and pears, which a cottager could require for drink-
making and culinary purposes, might be grown in his ring-fence ; by allowing
the plants to attain their natural height, and by trimmmg the sides of the
fence to the height of 7 or 8 ft., allowing the shoots above that height to
spread out, either inwards only, or on both sides, according to the nature of
the adjoining surface. We have seen such hedges in Worcestershire and in
different parts of the Netherlands and Germany, 30 ft. high, 3 ft. wide at the
bottom, 2 ft. wide at the height of 8 ft., the space between formmg an mmpe-
netrable fence, and 20 ft. wide immediately above. Where, from the nature
of the soil or climate, neither the apple, pear, nor plum, will make hedges of
this description, the sloethorn may be employed, the fruit of which may be
used for all the purposes of the damson ; and, bruised and fermented, makes
excellent wine; or fermented with the stones broken and the kernels bruised,
and then distilled, it affords a brandy much used in Hungary, and, as we can
affirm from experience, of an excellent flavour. In good soil, the sloe will
erow 30 ft. high. The whitethorn should never be planted as a fence to the
cottager’s garden when the blackthorn can be got: the latter forms as
good a fence, and has only one objection, an objection common to all the
genus Prunus, that of being prolific in suckers ; these, of course, the cottager
must take care to remove. A sloe hedge once established, on the sheltered
and warmest sides of it different varieties of plums may be grafted ; the more
hardy kinds on the east and west aspects, and the better kinds on the south
side of the northern boundary. A south wall, it is estimated, is equivalent
to the removal of the trees which are trained against it 7° farther to the south;
(Perth Misceliany, vol. 1. p. 42.) if we take the effects of the south side of a
hedge as equivalent to one third of the effects of a south wall, we shall find
no situation in Britain or Ireland in which the cottager may not grow apples,
pears, plums, and cherries. The principle is to form the hedge of ‘a double
row of wildings; and when it is grown 5 or 6 years, to cut down the inner
row, and graft it with the cultivated varieties of the species; apples on a
crab hedge, on hawtherns, or quinces; pears on wild pears, on hawthorns,
mountain ash, or service; plums on sloes, and cherries on bird cherries or
geans,

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 153

In this way, a considerable part of the advantages of a high wall would be
obtained for the cottager’s garden ; but, in grafting, he must take care that
the scion receives the whole of the nourishment produced by the stock. For
this purpose, a double row of plants would form much the most suitable
hedge. Where a good fence of whitethorn already exists, rather than remove
it and plant another of fruit trees, it may be worth while to cut down every
third or fourth plant to the ground, and graft them with pears, apples,
quinces, and medlars, all of which will grow on the common thorn; the
medlar more especially.

Tobacco, — Many cottagers, both male and female, smoke tobacco; and
we do not see why they should not, if it procures them any enjoyment, and
does not annoy others. Tobacco, in decoction, is also one of the most univer-
sal and efficacious poisons for insects; and the cottager ought to know, that,
with a stock of tobacco which has been fermented in the manner of hay, and
with quicklime for forming lime water, he may destroy every insect, worm, rep-
tile, or fish, with which he can bring one or other of these articles in contact.
Lime water, which is made by throwing a pint of quicklime, in powder, into
40 or 50 gallons of water, stirring the mixture well, and letting it stand half:
an hour to become clear, will destroy earth-worms, snails, frogs, lizards,
snakes, and most kinds of caterpillars before they are fully grown. It will not,
however, destroy the scaly insect, woolly insect, or red spider, on trees; or
the grub of the cockchaffer, or the wireworm (the grub of a species of Ti-
pula), in the soil : but for these a strong decoction of tobacco will be found
effectual. Every cottager, therefore, ought to grow 30 or 40 plants of to-
bacco. He may sow the seed in a pot, and place it in the inside of the glass
window of his cowhouse, where it will get heat from the cow, and light from
the open air, in the beginning of April; and transplant it into his richest soil,
in a month afterwards. When the stem begins to show flower, or has
thrown out five or six leaves, he may pinch out its centre bud ; this will in-
crease the magnitude of the leaves, which may be gathered just before they
begin to show symptoms of decay. The bottom leaves will be first ready, and
there will be three gatherings in the season, each of which should be first
slightly dried in the shade, and then put under a mat to be fermented in the
manner of new hay. After having lain in this state for some weeks, it may be
moistened with salt and water, rolled up into balls, and kept in a cool and
rather moist place till wanted for use. In the north of Europe, where the
common or round-leaved tobacco (N. rfstica) is grown by every cottager for
smoking, they do not take the trouble of fermenting it, but smply dry the
leaves, and keep them in bundles in a dry place, till wanted for filling their
pipes. We see no reason why a cottager should not manufacture both his
tobacco and his snuff, and we shall hereafter give him copious directions for
both.

Medicinal Plants. — Every cottager may grow two or three of these. The
stalks of the medicinal rhubarb are as good for tarts as those of the species
generally grown for that purpose ; and the roots of every species of rhubarb
partake considerably of the medicinal properties of the officinal species.

“Chamomile may be grown on a seat, or on the slope of the platform on
which, according to our plan, the cottage should stand. Opium is a most
important medicine as a general alleviator of pain, and every cottager may
produce it either from the common lettuce or the garden poppy. As a sub-
stitute for the cinchona, the A’corus Calamus may be grown. But to enter
into details of matters of comparatively secondary importance to the cot-
tager would exceed our limits.

A Model Cottage for a Country Labourer. ( figs. 30. to 40.) — We pro-
pose that, in all cases, cottages should stand on platforms of earth raised
from 2 to 4 ft. above the natural surface ; that the mmimum accommodation
should be a kitchen, back-kitchen or wash-house, parlour, bedroom for the
man and wife, one for girls, and one for boys. These accommodations may

154 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

either be arranged on one floor, as in fig. 30., or on two floors as in jig. 38.
The offices or outdoor appendages we propose, in either case, to be, a cow-
house, wood-house, tool-house, pigsty, dungpit, faggot-shed, and tanks for
liquid manure. The external form of the plan of the house we propose in
all cases to be the square, as containing the greatest accommodation with the
least quantity of walling, and as best calculated for accumulating and retain-
ing heat. We would place this square so as that a south and north line
would form its diagonal, or nearly so; by which means the four sides of the
walls and roof would receive the sun’s rays every day in the year. We
would always, if possible, place the out-offices on the north-west side of the
square, and the entrance on the south-east side; but the entrance, by means
of a porch, and by placing the door of the porch on either of the sides or the
front, according to circumstances, may be made from any side,so as to accord
with the road or street, or other houses to which the cottage may be consi-
dered as belonging, and exactly the same internal accommodations retained ;
the out-offices also may be placed on any side at pleasure. The dairy should
_always be placed on the north-west or north-east side. The materials of the
walls of this cottage we have shown in the plan as brick, and the walls them-
selves as built with a vacuity in the centre of each. This we propose to
be done in common brickwork, by keeping the width of the wall at 11 in.,
working the outside fair (even); and, on the inside, keeping the headers or
cross bricks 2 in. within the line of the stretching or lengthway bricks, and_
keeping these lengthway bricks 2in. apart along the centre of the wall.
Walls built in this way are much handsomer on the fair side ; at least equally
strong with_solid walls; always dry, and less easily penetrated by the cold in
winter or the heat in summer. The inner surface being uneven, is peculiarly
favourable for receiving and retaining the plaster. Hollow cottage walls may
also be built by placing the bricks, both headers and stretchers, on edge, as
practised by Mr. Silverlock of Chichester, and exemplified in several cottages
built by Mr. Donald at Woking. They may be also built with bricks halved
lengthways, by cutting with a wire before burning, as recommended by Mr.
Dearn. (Hints on an improved Method of Building, §c. London, 8vo, 1821.)
The roof may be covered with tiles, slates, thatch, &c., at pleasure; we
should recommend a de-
scription of tile recently
manufactured at our re-
quest by Mr. Peake of the
Tunstall Potteries, New-
castle under Lyne. It
consists of a flat tile, with
the side edges turned up
(fig. 29. a), and a semi-
cylmdrical tile for cover-
ing the edges (6). These
tiles are much in use in
Tuscany, and form a very
handsome roof, which may
be tolerably flat, and yet
perfectly water-tight, as
in the elevation of the
cottage fig. 40.

In countries where stone is cheaper than brick, that material may be used
for the walls, building them at least double the thickness, and adding that
thickness to the outside, as the dimensions of the apartments are already so
small as not to admit of any reduction. The walls may also be built of com-
pressed lumps of earth, or in the pisé manner, or in the Cambridgeshire or
West of England method of building mud walls. The latter is shortly de-
scribed by Mr. Denson, in A Peasant’s Voice, Sc. p. 28.

155

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

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156 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

Figs. 30 to 40. Plans, sections, and elevations in perspective, of a cottage
with the requisite accommodations for a labourer and four children, on one
floor ; and for a cow, pigs, ducks, hens, pigeons, and bees, in the out-offices.

Fig. 30. a, The kitchen or living-room ; the floor of tiles, or paved ; in the
ceiling, nearly over the hearth, a trap-door to the loft, which, in summer,
may be partially opened to promote ventilation, there being a false flue in the
chimney for that purpose, which will hereafter be described.

6, A small parlour, witha fire-place and boarded floor ; as it will receive a
good deal of heat from the kitchen fire, it will seldom require a fire made on
purpose for it. It ought to have a small ventilator in the ceiling, near the
stack of chimneys, communicating with the false or air flue, for summer use.

c, Family bedroom; the floor of tiles, or paved, of the same material as
that of the kitchen.

d, Bedroom for girls ; the floor boarded.

e, Bedroom for boys; the floor boarded. There may be a door in the par-
tition between these small rooms, which it may be convenient in some cases
to use instead of the door between the girls’ bedroom and the family bed-
room.

jf, Water-closet for the mother, girls, and females, supplied by water as to

be hereafter described.

The basin may be of brown earthenware or of cast iron, so as to cost very little; the door
ought to open inwards, and the small window outwards, so that every movement of the door may
act asa ventilator. The basins of both closets communicate with an earthen pipe, which empties
itself into the reservoir of the cesspools for liquid manure. The liquid {manure thus gained will
be of so much value to the garden, as alone, independently of cleanliness and decency, to justify
the expense of two closets, and both of these water-closets.

g, Tool-house, and man and boys’ water-closet, with an opening to the
loft for ventilation : supplied with water from the same source as the other
water-closet. 2

h, Cowhouse, with a post and trough for food in one corner, and a loft
for hay and straw over ; this loft may be got at through a trap-door, by the
use of a common ladder.

2, House for fuel, lumber, or for various other purposes, such as roots or
other food for the cow and pigs. In cases where the cottager grows corn,
it may be made his barn; and if it were desired to have this barn larger, it
could easily be made so, by projecting the whole lean-to 2 or 3 ft. farther
from the main body of the house.

k, Place for ducks or geese, with a small poultry-staw or ladder to hen-
loft over fand g. This loft ought to be lined with straw on the top and
sides, in order to keep the poultry warm in winter and cool in summer.

/, Cistern for receiving half of the water which falls on the roof.

© Considering it to be desirable that every cottager should be perfectly independent in respect of
water, and also that rain-water is the purest of all water, we propose, in every case, to collect the
water which falls on his dwelling ; to filter and preserve one part of it, in a tank, for cookery pur-
poses; and to preserve the other part unfiltered, in this cistern and in a large tank below it, for
the purposes of the water-closets f and g, for the use of the cow and pigs, washing and clean-
ing, and the garden. It is calculated by Waistell that the average quantity of water which falls
on a square yard of surface in Britain, in a year, is 126 gallons, which for this building, containing
upwards ef 100 square yards of roof, will give 12,600 gallons ; an ample quantity for the purposes
mentioned. A cottage constructed on this principle, therefore, may be set down in any situation,
without reference to a natural supply of water. The cistern Z may be of cast-iron; or of five slabs
grooved into each other, and made water-tight with Roman cement ; or of five plates of Welsh
slate, or of 24 large flat paving tiles set in cement; or it may be made of wood, plastered inside
with cement, or of bricks sent in cement, and plastered within with the same material ; or it may
be simply an old cask. However constructed, it must have a waste-pipe, which, when the cistern
is full, will flow over into the tank or well below, shown in jig. 33. This well or tank is to be con-
sidered as the grand reservoir of the premises; and if there should be a natural spring in it, so
much the better.. Should the culinary or filtering tank fail at any time, water may be drawn from
this tank, and introduced into the filtering tank.

m, A pump, which ought to be one of Siebe’s rotatory pumps (Gard.
Mag., vol. v. p. 545.), and arranged so that, in addition to the common uses of
a pump, the water can at pleasure be raised from the tank below into the cis-
tern above. Siebe’s pump is particularly adapted for this purpose: it costs
no more than a common pump, and is much less likely to go out of order.

n, The open yard, which should have a gentle inclination from all sides
towards the dungpit ( p).

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 157

0, Pigsty, with a rubbing-post in the open area or feeding-place.

Two old barrels, for pigs’ food, will require to be placed under cover; and where they can be
kept from freezing in winter, and from being extremely hot insummer. One of these ought to
be filling while the other is emptying, and the contents should not be made use of before ferment-
ation’ has commenced (see p. 171.). The fuel-house (2) will be a very good situation for these
tubs in summer, and a corner of the cow-house (/) in winter.

q, Shed for faggot-wood. 0, p, and q, may be roofed with one lean-to or
pavilion roof of uniform height and width ; or if corn is grown by the cot-
tager, then, instead of a roof of slates, tiles, &c., may be substituted a floor of
joists of the same width as required for the roof; and on this floor may be
laid, first, a layer of faggots, and on these built the corn or hay asa stack or
stacks, and thatched in the usualmanner. This would save the expense of
tiles or slates, and also the ground that would otherwise be requisite as a
rick-stand,

rr, Two cesspools for liquid manure, i. e. for all the drainings of the open
yard after they have passed through the dungpit ( p), for the water of the two
closets, and from the sink to be described under jig. 31.(7), including soap-

suds and all waste or foul water made on the premises.

As it is found advantageous that this liquid manure should undergo fermentation, no less than
pigs’ food, before it is used, two cesspools become necessary, and also an arrangement by which
the supplies from the different sources can be turned into either cesspool at pleasure. This is to
be effected by the plug-hole s, 3 ft. deep, the sides of which are built of brick or stone, and the
bottom formed of one stone containing two holes, each 3 in. diameter ; the left-hand hole communi-
cating with the left-hand cesspool, and the right-hand with the other. A plug, with a handle 4or
5 ft. long, is to be used for stopping the communication with the cesspool which is filled or under.
going fermentation ; and as these pools are alternately filled and emptied, the plug can be removed
from the one hole in the regulating well to the other. These pools are placed without the open
yard, in the supposed garden, for the greater convenience of emptying them.

The platform on which the house stands, or appears to stand, and which
will be better understood by referrmg to jigs. 36. and 40., is level on the
entrance front (¢¢), and on the other fronts or sides it forms inclined planes,
for the sake of easy ascent and descent to the out-offices or to the garden :

the inclined plane commences at w and ends at v.

The platform is 5 ft. broad, and includes a border of 1 ft. for wall trees and flowers next the
house, and a margin of 1 ft., which should be of turf on the outer edge, leaving a walk between
of 3 ft., which ought to be gravelled. The exterior sides of the platform (w) may have different
degrees of slope, according to the nature of the soil and the culture or application of the “plat.
form. For aloamy soil, where the platform is to be covered with turf, with a furze or a box hedge
about 2 ft. high along its upper angle, the slope may be 45°; where a loamy soil is to be cultivated
as a flower-border, the slope may be from 30° to 35°; a sandy soil should have a still greater slope.
Where stones are abundant, the slope may be formed into rockwork, with a small hedge at top,
or a dwarf wall, or a row of rough stones. Along the upper edge of the slope, in the line of the
small hedge, we should recommend, in almost every case, some standard fruit trees to be planted ;
in order that their roots might bring into use the soil accumulated in the platform, and their tops
the vacant space, speaking with reference to vegetation, over the roof of the house. In some
situations, it might be worth while to form a rough trellis over the roof, and at about a foot above
the roof, and on this trellis to train either gpules, pears, plums, or vines ; in severe climates, ivy, ~
for the sake of retaining heat in winter. On the side walls of the cottage we would have fruit
trees or vines, together with ever-flowering roses, honeysuckles, clematis, white and yellow (J.
frtiticans) jasmine, Chimondanthus fragrans, and Wistaria Consequana.

The platform may be ascended from the garden, either by the inclined plane (7 v) leading to the
out-offices ; by a similar inclined plane directly in front; or by steps (y). ‘The descent tothe cel-
lar is by 6 or 7 steps (x). 9 =" : wens

The platform may be ascended from the garden, either by the inclined

plane (wv) leading to the out-offices ; by a similar inclined plane directly in
front; or by steps (y). The descent to the cellar is by 6 or 7 steps (z).

Fig.31. Plan of the Cellar Floor, Heating Flue, and Foundations.

a, Steps of descent. If the front of such a porch were to any other quar-
ter than the south-east, the porch should be larger with an exterior door; if
it fronted the south-west, the entrance to the porch ought to be on its
south side, for the sake of protection from the weather.

6, Apartment serving as a back-kitchen, wash-house, brew-house, bake
house, &c., as well as for boiling or scalding food for the cow, pigs, and
poultry.

c, Store cellar for potatoes, beer, home-made wines, salt meat, and simi-
lar articles of permanent provision.

d, Milk-house and pantry ; in the farther corner in the ceiling ought to be
a small grated opening, communicating with the vacuity in the wall, to pro-
mote ventilation; the exterior window ought to be of wire or hair cloth,
which both excludes air and heat or cold,

158 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

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e, Copper for brewing, washing, &c., unless a copper pot or iron box is
fixed over the oven, when a separate copper becomes unnecessary.
J, Oven for baking, and also for heating the floor of the living-room and

family bedroom. :

The courses of this flue are so contrived that the covers, supposing them to be one-foot tiles,
will form the floor of the two rooms which it-heats. The flues maybe of any convenient depth
exceeding 18 in., their sides built of brick on edge not plastered, and the intervals between the flues
filled up with loose stones or rough gravel. If the flues are made deep, which in some cases may
be found cheaper than preparing a raised solid basis on which to build shallow flues, then the side
walls may be tied together by brick-on-edge work (), and the foundation of the partition wall,
which separates the family bedroom from the kitchen will contribute to thesame end. ‘To equalise

_ the heat given out by the flue, and to prevent the kitchen floor from being too hot where the flue
proceeds from the oven, a double covering is there shown, with a vacuity of 6 in. between the
under cover and the floor, from the oven f to g; a section of which may be seen in /ig. 32. at g.

As faggots are intended to be burnt in the oven, the soot produced will be very trifling ; but the
flues may be cleaned once a year by taking up a tile at each end of the different courses of the
flue. A little reflection will convince any one of the immense superiority of this mode of heating
the air of a room over any other whatever. By open fire-places, by stoves, steam-pipes, or water-
pipes, unless indeed these are in the floor, and, by heated air, the coldest stratum of air is always
found immediately on the floor, where, for the sake of the feet and legs, the air ought to be hot-_
test ; by the method of under-ground flues the lowest stratum is necessarily the hottest, which
mnust be preferable for the feet and legs of grown persons, and for the whole bodies of little chil-
dren. The heat being diffused over the whole surface of the floor, must contribute greatly to the
equality of the temperature throughout the apartment, and the mass of loose stones will continue

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 159

to give out heat for a day or two, according to the season of the year, after every time that the
oven is heated. The heat from the floor, in its ascent to the roof, will warm whatever it meets
with ; but this is not the case with either raised stoves or open fires. In heating by open fires or
common stoves, the heat ascends directly to the ceiling, and is there in a great measure wasted as
far as it respects the bodies of the persons in the apartment ; but by this mode the ceiling will not
in general be hotter than the floor. Except when there is a fire in the oven, its door must be
kept perfectly close, and a damper in the upright flue, to be afterwards mentioned, nearly so.

Over the oven, and as a cover to it, instead of brickwork, might be placed, or built in, a cast-
iron box or iron pot for heating water, as shown by the dotted lines in the plan jig. 31., and by
in fig. 32. The upper surface of this box or pot might form a part of the kitchen floor, as in
Jig. 39. ; and might have a properly secured flat lid on that side, to admit of putting in and taking
out water : or the box might be entirely buried in masonry, as in fig. 32., and in that case a part of
it should project from the wall into the back kitchen, and should have a lid to open, for the pur-
pose of filling and cleaning out, and a cock (2) for the purpose of drawing off the water. If this
box were 2 ft. or 23 ft. square, and 9 in. or 10 in. deep, it would supersede the necessity of the cop-
per (fig. 31. e), and in summer, when the heat of the flue was not wanted, a damper withdrawn
would admit the smoke to ascend directly to the chimney top.

A family with a pot or box of this kind over their oven, the box or pot either opening only from
the kitchen above, or both from above and from the back kitchen, would, throughout the
year, scarcely require any other fire than what was made in the oven; all their roasting and bak-
ing would be done in the oven, and all their boiling in the pot or box over it. As it might not
be always convenient or desirable to boil the large box or pot full of water, there might be a well
of Gin, diameter and 9 in. deep cast in its bottom, and the small quantity of water which this well
would contain would be boiled with very little fuel; for tea, or any similar purpose, a tin jug of
water might be set in among the water in the well, which would keep the former perfectly pure.
A very small quantity of fuel consumed in such an oven will have a powerful effect in heating the
water above it, from the difficulty of the heat escaping by the sides. Water might easily be drawn
out of this well, or out of the box or pot when in common use, from the upper kitchen, without
stooping, by a soude (Gard. Mag., vol. v. p.656.) with a long handle. One half of the water which
falls on the roof of the building, we have before stated, is proposed to be conducted into the
cistern (2), for general purposes ; the remaining half we propose to conduct into a tank, thence to
pass through a filtering stratum into a reservoir, for culinary use.

m, The receiving tank, which, in addition to the pipe from the roof, has
another pipe from the inside with a funnel, into which to pour a supply for
filtration, from the pump (fig. 30. m), in times of great drought, or at any
time when the culinary reservoir was exhausted.

n, Waste pipe from this tank, communicating with the drain pipe.

o, Drain pipe, communicating with the well of the cesspools. (sin jig. 30.)

p, Filtermg tank, consisting of sand and charcoal, placed on a bottom

raised 4 in. from the bottom of the receiving tank.

The filter, including the false bottom of slate pierced with holes, and the top a thin plate of
filtering stone, is 1 ft. in thickness ; the water ascends through it, and then runs off into the reser -
voir tank, so that the operation of filtering cannot go on unless there is a depth of at least 1 ft. 6in.
of water in the receiving tank. There is a large cock or hole, stopped with a plug, near the bot-
tom of the receiving tank, by opening which, when the reserve tank is full, the filtered water will
rush backwards through the filter, and thus free it from impurities. There are several advan-

general purposes, and for supplying
the filtermg tank in times of extra-
ordinary drought.

Fig. 32. section on the line G@ Hin
i, bon Fig. 31. to show the depth of the
“TO Ee fy flues; the double cover and vacuity
between the covers at g; the cast-
iron box of hot water, £; the cock
for emptying it, 7; the small lid for
Ft. 5 0 10Ft. filling it, m; the oven, n; the cop-
per, 0; the natural surface of the
ground, p; and the surface of the platform, g.

Fig. 33. Section on the line1 K of Fig. 30.

a, Natural surface of the ground. h, Siebe’s pump, with an ascending pipe into
b, Surface of the platform. the general cistern.
c, Level of the foundations of the cellar. i, Cistern for the water-closets.
d, Foundations of the other walls. k, Place for ducks or geese beneath. ‘
e, Foundation of the oven. 7, Hen-house, with tool-house and man’s water-
f, Foundation of the partition wall between closet under.

the living-room and family bedroom. m, Family bedroom.

g, Well or tank. n, Loft, with ventilator, or trap-door, from the

160

kitchen, and opening near the false or venti-

' lating flue.

o, Kitchen.

p, Porch. :

q, Cover to the false or air flue, which is only
kept open during summer to prevent exces-
sive heat at that season; it is simply a tile
supported by an iron stalk, in order to exclude
rain, instead of being entirely removed.

ZEAE aI gl pe PLDI

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

7, Oven.

s, Water-box over.

¢, Commencement of flue from oven.

u, Continuation of flue. m

v, Cornice to chimney top, made large, for
the purpose of encouraging swallows to build
their nests there; these birds being of great
importance as destroyers of winged insects, on
which they live entirely.

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the steps of the porch, the inclined plane; the bee-house, as a substitute

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Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

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162 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

Fig. 35. Plan of a Cottage with the same accommodations as the foregoing, but
differently arranged, and with a veranda. The difference in the aspect of
this cottage will be ascertained by observing the compass; the north and
south line being in the direction of from left to right, whereas in plan fig. 30.
it is from right to left. The entrance, therefore, is placed against the north-
east front, in order that, by placing the door on one side of the porch, it may
open to the south-east. An interior arrangement is shown, which we con-
sider preferable to that of jig. 30., because the communication with the
cellar, by means of the stair (a) in the lean-to and the direct entrance to
the yard (2), is more convenient. The size of the cowhouse (c), though
somewhat diminished, is still large enough for a small cow; the space (d)
for ducks or geese, and for a ladder to the hen-house, is not quite so com-
modious as in the other plan; but on the whole, notwithstanding these
drawbacks, we consider this plan as more conveniently arranged than the
preceding one. y

Exteriorly the platform is level as far as the steps to the porch (e), and

thence it forms an inclined plane to the natural surface.

fy The veranda, which is supported by trunks of larch or spruce fir trees, with the bark on, will
add much to the comfort and economical uses of this residence. It willserve every year for drying
kidneybeans, and other beans and peas in the straw; for hanging up Indian corn or tobacco, or
any sorts of garden seeds or garden terbs which the cottager may wish to dry. In wet seasons
he may dry the whole of his wheat, barley, oats, or even hay there; the family washing may be
suspended on lines, and dried there in all weathers ; as well as various sorts of work performed
with comfort, and children sent out to play during rain or snow

Fig. 36. The perspective elevation shows the bee-house, with pigeon-house
over, and a place for a dog or for rabbits, entering from beneath the steps
to the porch.

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of a bedroom floor.

Fig. 37. Ground plan.

a, Kitchen.

é, Parlour.

c, Back kitchen, the descent to which is by five
steps.

d, Stair to bedrooms, under which are the oven
and boiler, the former with its flue under the
kitchen and parlour floors, which are both
paved with tiles or stone.

e, Sink, supplied as in jigs. 30, and S4., from a

_ filtering tank.
J, Dairy and pantry.
g, Women’s wator-closet.

h, 'Tool-house and men’s water-closet.

z, Cistern for water-closets, with tank or well
under, and place for ducks and geese, and
ladder to poultry-house at one side.

k, Cowhouse.

2, Wood, or other fuel.

m, Open yard.

n, Pigsty.

o, Dung-pit.

p, Faggot-shed.

q, Well for regulating plug,

7 7, Cesspools. :

163

Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

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Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

The platform is the same as in the other plans, the inclined plane begin-

ning at c,
Fig. 38. shows the bedroom floor,

and continuing to the extremity of the outbuildings.
in which the bedrooms a and 4, over the

back kitchen and dairy, are on a lower level than the bedrooms c and d, over

the kitchen and parlour. TI ¢ it b
drawers, and dressing-tables, in the different rooms, are indicated,

vacuity in the exterior wall is shown as in the ground plan.

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e, Two closets.

This design is more particularly calculated for low, moist, shady, or con-
fined situations, where it might not be considered. advisable to sleep on the
ground floor; it is of course somewhat more expensive in execution than
either of the two preceding plans, and not quite so well adapted as they
for walls built in the pisé manner.

Fig. 39. Section on the lines a B in figs. 37, 38., showing the level of the
open yard, a; passage from the back kitchen, 6; sunk area under the stair
to give head-room for attending the oven, c; oven, d; water-box over it on
a level with the kitchen floor, e; flues for heating the kitchen, f; plat-
form, g; natural surface, /; lower bed-room, ?; larger loft over, /; closet, /;
situation of openings to the false flue for ventilation, mx; cornice for
swallows, o o. ;

The positions of the different beds, chests of
and the

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Cottage Husbandry and Architecture. 165

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Ft. 10 5 0 5 20 Ft.
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Fig.40. Perspective elevation of figs. 37. to 39., in which are seen the
bee-house with pigeon place over, and, on the left, the window to the cow-
house and the door to the yard.

Zi
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f Pits eenrogrartranccoon te

No estimate is given of the expense of erecting these cottages, because
that will vary exceedingly in different parts of the countr y. For 20 miles
round London, the design jigs. 30. to 34. would cost, according to the esti-
mate of an eminent builder, upwards of 300/.; jigs. 35, and 36. upwards of

M 3

166 Cottage Husbandry and Architecture.

350/.; figs. 37. to 40. upwards of 400/. The same extensively employed
gentleman informed us, that in Sussex these designs might be erected for
less than half the above sums. A proprietor, with the materials on his
own estate, whatever might be the part of the country in which that estate
was situated, might erect the first two designs at little more than 100/., and
the third at less than 150/. Provided an industrious labourer could get a
lease for a long period of years, or in perpetuity, at a moderate rent, he
might erect an excellent cottage, with all the above accomodations, by
cooperation or exchange, on one or other of the following plans : —

1. By contracting to exchange a part of the labour of his hours of recre-
ation with the tradesmen requisite to assist him with labour. By entering
into a similar contract with those proprietors or dealers, or with the parish
to which he belongs, for timber and other materials, to be placed against a
certain portion of his hours of labour; all the walls being formed of earth
in the pisée manner, or otherwise, by himself and another labourer, and by
degrees, even if the time occupied should be two years. Labourers who
so occupy themselves ought to have a magistrate’s permission to do so on
Sundays for a certain period.

2. Six persons, viz., a bricklayer or mason, a carpenter, a plasterer,’ and
a slater or thatcher, and two labourers, might jom together and construct
such a cottage at their leisure hours and on Sundays; they might then
either let it for rent, or sell it and divide the profits :' or they may build six
houses, and each occupy one; priority of occupation being determined by lot.

The great secrets, by which a labourer can obtain a cottage of this sort, are
cooperation, and exchanging labour for labour, and labour also for mate-
rials. It is true this is rather a retrograde step in the progress of civilis-
ation, but we apprehend it to be the most suitable one to the present
circumstances of the labouring classes in Britain. The great difficulty, we
are well aware, will be in getting land sufficiently cheap, and on a long
lease. For our own part, we think there ought to be no leases for build-
ing shorter than for perpetuity; and justice and equity seem to us to
require that the annual rent for land so let in perpetuity to be built on,
should be less, rather than more, than the common rent of such land when
used for ordinary purposes in its neighbourhood. We say less, because
rent, where there is the security of a house for its being regularly paid, must
eventually be a more certain annuity than a rent depending on the suc-
cess of crops. We are here speaking of the reason of the thing, -and
with landlords in our eye, of moderation, joined to a little humanity, which,
we have no doubt, always produces a policy which will be found best in the
long run. We are well aware that in most cases the landlord accepts the
offer of as high a rent as,he is promised, and that the powerful natural de-
sire of possessing land, often induces the poor man to promise more than
he can pay. For our own part, we have no hesitation in saying, that, were -
we an active young labourer, gardener, or mechanic, without property, we
should greatly prefer emigrating to America or Australia, where we could
get land in perpetuity, to building here on any shorter lease. -

Perhaps we may be asked why we have not given simpler and cheaper
plans, such as might be built any where for 50/. or 60/.; our answer is, that
for such cottages no plans are wanted; they may be seen every where. In
England they can be built by any hedge carpenter, with the assistance of a
labourer: in Scotland what is called a “ decent cottage” consists of two
apartments, a butt and a den, with earthen floors and without ceilings; in
Treland a hole is dug in a dry bank on the side of a hill, and a roof of rungs
and turves put over it. We have no wish to increase the number of such
wretched habitations ; we think labourers, as a part of the human family,
deserve something better, and we wish to raise their taste, and give them
some idea of the natural rights of man. There is abundance of land, of
materials, and of labour, in Great Britain, for transforming every two-roomed
hut into such cottages as we have described; and there can be no reason

iy

Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager, &c. 167

why this, or something better, is not done, the root of which may not be
traced to ignorance, and that depression of circumstances and want of per-
sonal comforts which preclude taste and the pride of appearances. We do
not, therefore, expect much, till a generation arises sufficiently enlightened
to know their natural rights, and sufficiently skilful and energetic to assert
them, and to cooperate in such a way as to obtain them. All useful
knowledge, and all useful food, lodging, and clothing, are surely destined
to be common to all men.

Art. III. On the Extent and Culture of Cottage Gardens with
and without Cows, and on Brewing, Baking, and other Points of
the Husbandry of the Cottager. By a PRacTicaAL GARDENER.

Sir,

In attempting to digest a plan of cottage economy for a labouring man,
its utility will chiefly depend on its simplicity. To accomplish this as well
as I am able, I will arrange and consider the departments as they naturally
occur in practice, beginning with the man himself, as the primary cause of
enquiry, and proceeding in the following order, viz. : —

1. A Man, Wife, and Three or Four Children; Cottage and Garden;
making Bread, and brewing Beer; Provision for a Pig; Hog-tubs; Sty,
Cesspools, and Pig; Fowls and Ducks ; Cultivation of the Garden.

2. A Man, Wife, and Seven to Eight or Ten Children; a Cow; Advantages
of keeping a Cow; Ground necessary to keep one, and its Culture; Rab-
bits and Pigeons.

1. A Man, Wife, and Three or Four Children. — It would be a libel on
human nature to suppose that any young man, about to enter the married
state, is totally indifferent to the consequences likely to arise from a change
of such magnitude. He must naturally expect a young family; and for
this young family it is his imperative duty to make a provision. He must
expect, likewise, that, year after year, the wants of this family will be con-
tinually increasing; and, consequently, demanding greater and greater sacri-
fices, with increasing exertions on his part; and that these sacrifices and
exertions will be required of him, not merely for a short season, but for
almost an unlimited, or, at least, an indefinite period. These weighty con-
siderations, one would reasonably suppose, would induce any man of ordi-
nary prudence to examine into his “ ways and means;”’ and if his little
stock of money is low, as is too frequently the case, let him immediately
begin to hoard, week after week, with unremitting care, every sixpence ; for,
after all his care, he will still find great difficulty in answering the demands
made upon his pocket by such an eventful change. He must provide a
cottage, and furnish it ; he must have a garden to produce vegetables for
himself and family, with nearly as many more as will keep a pig. With
these to make a beginning (and they ought to be considered indispensable),
a poor man may, by great industry and good management (to teach him the
latter is the object of these remarks), contrive to rear a family of three or
four children, and live with his wife in comparative comfort and respectabi-
lity. While, on the other hand, when a man is so unfortunate as to be
drawn into a hasty and improvident marriage (and this is too frequently the
case), his friends are probably displeased, and unwilling, or, what is more
likely, unable, to assist him. Thus he is compelled, being pennyless, to take
up his abode with his wife’s relations, who are as poor as himself (save a
little old furniture, of which he has the use); and here he thoughtlessly
spends, year after year, his scanty earnings, without attempting to purchase
the few little necessaries to furnish a cottage for himself with, merely because

M 4

168 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

he is not in the immediate want of them, until his increasing family absorbs the
whole. His wife’s relations quarrel with him, or can no longer accommodate
him; he applies to the overseer for a house or employment ; is insulted and
exposed before his neighbours ; and soon, very soon, the same individual who
would, in all probability, under more favourable circumstances, have become
a useful member of society, now gradually becomes a careless, reckless, con-
firmed pauper ; is pronounced “ incorrigible” by the magistrates and parish
officers; while he does not lack offensive epithets, nor the disposition to
bestow them, upon those whom he only considers as enemies and oppres-
sors. This melancholy, and, I fear, too true, picture, clearly shows how
necessary, how essential, to the future happiness and well-doing in life it is,
for a man to commence his matrimonial life with possessing himself of a
decently furnished

Cottage and Garden. —With a cottage of at least two rooms; with a dairy,
pantry, and a coal or wood house; and a garden of not less than 20 rods of
ground adjoining ; and with a clean industrious helpmate in his wife, a labour-
ing man is a person of some consequence. He fills a station which, though
humble, is yet important; because, from the moral or immoral conduct of him,
and the class to which he belongs, much good or evil will ensue to society.
He becomes, as it were, the first link of an ascending or descending chain of
causes, which lead to moral rectitude or moral turpitude; for his actions
will not only have a baneful or beneficial influence on his own immediate
offspring (“ as is the father so is the son”), but, through them, on society
at large: and, if this view of the case were generally taken by the wealthy
portion of the community, I think it would induce them to assist their
humble neighbours, not only with their purses, in cases of emergency, but
with their advice and countenance, when both may be required, as in the
case of an improvident marriage. If distress and difficulties are allowed to
accumulate around an individual so unfortunately circumstanced, it is idle
to suppose that such a poor, deserted, despised creature, whose character
none respects, will long continue to respect himself. Profligacy and dissi-
pation ensue: his home becomes wretched; and, with a wretched home, a
man has no motive to be industrious, save merely to obtain the means of
dragging out his existence. Without a character, he has no motive to be
honest but the fear of the tread-mill: therefore, a man, to be both honest
and industrious, must have motives sufficiently influential to counterbalance
any propensity to be otherwise ; and these motives will always be found in a
comfortable clean home. For it ought always to be kept in view by the rich,
that a poor man’s self-respect, his desire to improve his condition, to pro-
vide for and rear his family in a decent and creditable manner, all proceed
from this simple fact, that he has a comfortable home, a home which he loves.

Let us, then, suppose a new-married couple in possession of a decently
furnished cottage : the first resolution they will, or ought, to come to, will
be to live within their income; and, for that purpose, will consider how they
can limit or entirely get rid of the baker’s, butcher’s, and grocer’s bills. The
following, I trust, may be of some assistance to them in so doing : —

Making Bread and brewing Beer. — A sack of flour, a flitch of bacon, and
a barrel of beer, are as agreeable articles, in the shape of household stuff, as
any poor man can wish to contemplate; nor would any labouring man ever
be without them, if I could induce him to adopt the system I propose.
With regard to the first, let a sack of wheat be purchased at the market, or
at the market-price from a farmer. After grinding it at the nearest mill, let
but the very coarse bran be taken out of the flour: it will, when made into
bread, be fine enough for any healthy person; and be more nutritious than
the compound of flour, potatoes, alum, and burnt bones, which otherwise
he will have to purchase of the baker, at an exorbitant price : and, as to the
making up, why, every woman ought to be able to make bread ; indeed, the
process is so simple, and generally known, that it would be useless to state
the particulars, unless it be to observe, that, after the dough has been well

and Cottage Economy. 169

kneaded, and risen with the yest, in afterwards making it up into loaves or
cakes, the less it is worked with the hands the better, as, if kneaded much,
the bread will always be heavy. Another advantage attends the poor man
who purchases his own wheat. There is the bran, every now and then, for
the hog-tubs ; and, as for yest, I will soon show him how he may obtain a
regular supply the year round, and some to sell besides, with very little
trouble or expense, when I speak of brewing.

No man can be said to be very poor who has got a good flitch of bacon
or two hung up in his house: it is a great promoter of happiness, and makes
a man independent of the butcher; he can at any time have a good supper
or dinner, without sending his wife, or running himself, to the market or
butcher’s shop, to get a bit of meat at an extravagant price, more than a
quarter of which will be wasted in dressing. How this bacon may be pro-
cured I will afterwards show.

In brewing, as in baking, the wife must likewise be the operator, for one
is as easy to do as the other : indeed, it is as easy to brew as to make tea;
and, unfortunately, most women are too dexterous at making the latter ; nor
does it require any very large vessels for either brewing or preserving beer.
A pot or boiler that will hold four gallons; with two or three tubs, say a
small square washing-tub, and a bucket or two ; and, if a small cask cannot
be got, two or three large jars, to preserve the beer in, are all that need be
required in the shape of utensils.

Surely no maltster would refuse to let a poor man have a peck of malt
and two ounces of hops.* With these his wife may go to work, and boil
rather more than three gallons of water; as soon as it boils, take it off, and
let it stand till she can see her face in it; then (having previously put the
peck of malt into a tub, say a washing-tub, with a small hole bored in the
side, level with the bottom, and covered inside with a few small birch twigs
and a piece of coarse canvass, while the outside is stopped with a wooden
peg), then, I say, pour the hot water upon the malt, stir it well for a few
minutes to mix it, cover it over with a sack or cloth, and set it by the
fireside, to keep it warm, for three hours; after which, pull out the peg, and
drain the whole into a bucket. Immediately after, put in the peg, and pour
in upon the wet grains as much water as before, quite as hot, or a little hot-
ter than the first; then cover it over, and set it by the fire, as before, for
two hours. This finishes the mashing. The moment the boiler is emptied
the second time, put into it the first run [the first quantity run out], boil it a
quarter of an hour: add the two ounces of hops, and continue the boiling
half an hour longer. Then strain the contents through a fine sieve (to keep
back the hops), into as shallow vessels as can be procured, to cool the wort
as quickly as possible. Boil the second run half an hour with the same hops
as before, and cool the wort in the same manner. Mix them, and there
will be above five gallons, which, when mixed in the washing-tub with a
small teacupful of yest, will ferment for two or three days. It should,
during this time, be frequently skimmed ; for this is yest as well as the sedi-
ment. When this fermentation ceases, the beer may be put into jars, where
it will probably ferment, but slightly, for two or three days longer, after
which it is fit for drinking. A good cask would, of course, be better than
jars ; and better, also, would be the beer, if brewed im larger quantities : but
if beer cannot be brewed except in large quantities, then that alone would
ever be an insurmountable obstacle to the poor man; and my object is to
show that beer, and good beer, may be brewed with common domestic
utensils, with great facility, and without at all injuring them ; for, surely, a
washing-tub is not a straw worse for having a hole bored into it, a small
cork will effectually repair it in half a minute.

* We have suggested the idea of every cottager growing his own hops;
and also his own barley, and making his own malt. (p. 14:7.) — Cond.

170 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

This, then, is the beverage which most assuredly ought to supplant the
pernicious and expensive use of tea. Beer is always ready; it 1s whole-
some, it is hearty, and it is cheap ; it does not require the ceremony of boil-
ing the tea-kettle, nor the parading of teacups and saucers, twice or thrice
a day; it does not require the adjuncts of sugar and milk to make it palat-
able; it does not exhilarate to produce palsied debility, but, while it exhila-
rates, it nourishes and strengthens. It does not require more than a quarter
of a man’s earnings to purchase it, as is the case with tea, whereby he is
deprived of some of the real necessaries of life ; but a tenth portion of his
earnings is sufficient to supply him luxuriously with this good and truly
English fare. Look at the comparative cost of tea and beer for one week.
No woman, if the money can be got by hook or crook, will use less than
3 oz. aweek, at 5d.an ounce, equal to 1s. 3d.; 1 lb. of sugar *, at 8d.; milk,
7d.; amounting to 2s. 6d., without reckoning any thing for butter, fuel, loss
of time in boiling the kettle and in gossiping, or for breakage; while, on
the other hand, a peck of malt and 20z. of hops cannot amount to more
than 2s. This malt and hops will produce upwards of 5 gallons of

* We have shown how the British cottager may grow his own sugar, or
substitute honey ; and what substitutes he may grow and use for tea and
coffee. In the milder parts of England, he may grow his own Chinese tea.
— Cond.

+ We warmly approve of every cottager brewing his own ale or beer ;
and would wish him to brew it good, and drink it twice every day ; but we
would not deprive his wife of a cup of tea, at all events, once a day, and
twice if she chose it, unless she preferred coffee in the morning. We object
to the principle of diminishing the articles which constitute the necessaries
of life for the labouring classes, by which we mean all those who have no
other capital than their hands or their heads ; because nothing can be more
certain than this, that the value of labour will always be estimated by what
constitutes the necessaries of life for the labourer. The price of labour
for the time is always regulated, to a certain extent, by the supply of
labourers; but the fundamental principle upon which this price hinges, like
the fundamental principle of the price of any piece of goods, is the cost of
production. A mud cabin, a bundle of straw, and potatoes, are the raw
materials out of which is formed a country labourer in Ireland, and he is
paid with 5d. a day ; but, as we have lately seen, he will work for 3d., or even
lid. In Scotland, the huts for labourers are of stone, often colder than
those m Ireland, and, as a shelter from the weather, nearly as wretched ; but
the inhabitant is a little more particular respecting his bedding and body-
clothing, and to potatoes he adds oatmeal. 'The cost of production bemg
thus greater, the wages vary from Is. to 3s.a day. Before a Scotch labourer
will work for Is. a day, he will emigrate; because he cannot live upon that
sum, and has not such a ready claim on his parish as the English labourer.
In England, no man will work for twice the regular wages of Ireland: he
will rather go on the parish, by which he is, in general, certain of better
food than is procured by the labourer in Scotland ; and, at least, of as good
bedding, and better lodging. If English labourers could be made to live
upon potatoes, and lodge in mud cottages which they could erect themselves,
the number of labourers would soon be as great, and the price of labour as
low, as in Ireland, bating the difference of the cost of raising potatoes in
the two countries. If, on the other hand, the labourers of Ireland could be
refined to such a degree as not to be able to exist without good bread,
butcher’s meat, beer, and tea and sugar, the wages of labour, even when there
was a glut of labourers, would bear an approximation to what was equal to
the purchase of these articles. We are justified in saying this from what
takes place in England and Scotland, when labourers superabound: and
we are supported by all political economists when we say, add to the enjoy-

and Cottage Economy. 171

good beer, affording three pints a day for a fortnight: and this, too, with-
out any extra-expense; for nothing can be fairly charged against the beer
for fuel, &c., for the grains and yest cover all expenses; the yest will keep,
and will always be ready for baking. Thus, in addition to all the benefits
attending baking and brewing at home, there is this important advantage, in
having a quantity of bran and grains occasionally to add to the daily accu-
mulating mixture of cabbages, greens, carrots, turnips, greasy wash, &c. &c.,
in the hog-tubs, to make a provision for a pig.* I say hog-tubs ; for be it
remembered that one tub is not enough even for one pig; and, however
contrary it may be to general opinion or common practice, it will be found
(and it is a thmg worth knowing) that a pig will fatten sooner on stale food
than on fresh: why I do not know, unless it is owing to the more uniform
quality of the food; for, although a pig is a gross, and certainly an accom-
modating, feeder, nevertheless he prefers a regular or a gradually improving
diet to one of a fluctuating nature; and great mequality must inevitably
attend the daily mixture of fresh food. + For this reason, two tubs should

ments of all classes, and especially of the lowest ; introduce luxuries among
them to such an extent as that they may become necessaries ; you will thus,
as long as they can procure them, increase their happiness, and, by increas-
ing the consumption of produce and manufactures, promote general pros-
perity. Let every labourer, therefore, have good ale, at all events, and try
hard for tea, coffee, and sugar for his wife, and milk for his children: what
is powerfully desired will be found, and what is found essential will be
retained.

At the same time it must not be forgotten, that the only way in which a
labourer, or any one else, can acquire capital, is by saving it out of his in-
come ; and, therefore, having once procured such wages as wili enable him
to enjoy tea, coffee, and other things, the secret of his making a little money
is to deny himself such a part of those things, to which he is entitled, as he
can do without, and yet not lessen his strength, nor injure his health. In this
view of the subject, the objections of our correspondent against tea may be de-
fended ; but, on general principles, we would no more banish tea and sugar
from the cottager’s table than we would flowers and fruits from his garden.

Our correspondent mentions gossip as one of the products of tea; but
why should not the cottager’s wife have her gossip as well as the wife of the
landlord? Some relaxation is necessary to every human being; let the
wife, therefore, enjoy herself in the evening over a cup of tea, and it will
be something for her to look forward to during the labours of the morning.
Neither man nor woman can go on for any length of time without relax-
ation; nay, even dissipation. Our correspondent hints that tea exhilarates to
produce palsied debility ; but surely this can only result from an immoderate
use of the article : ale will do as much, if taken to excess. We have no fear
of the labourer’s injuring himself with tea, or even spirits, respecting which
so much has been said lately in the newspapers and magazines ; all that we
are anxious for is, that they should have plenty of both. If aman chooses to
kill himself with spirits, ale, or tea, so much the worse for him; he is to be
pitied for his bad taste: but the government need not legislate on this ac-
count; all they have to do is, to take care that men who are killing them-
selves do not kill, injure, or demoralise their neighbours. The cares of life
must be forgotten at intervals; and, therefore, the greater the care and
misery, the greater the necessity for dissipation: nobody hears of men in
comfortable circumstances killing themselves by drinking. Make labourers
comfortable, therefore, and you may safely leave spirits as low in price as
they can be sold: any evil result will soon cure itself. — Cond.

* Let the cotter’s. children collect all the acorns and beech-mast they
possibly can. — Shibboleth.

+ The Pig.— The sty ought to be constructed with a shed-roof, and

172 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

be placed, side by side, one always being filled while the other is being
emptied ; and a portion of this stale wash daily mixed with a few potatoes
that have been boiled, bruised, and put away dry in a box or basket, will
make good food for a growing pig during the summer season; though, of
course, more substantial food will be required before the animal can be pro-
perly fattened.

Sty and Cesspools. — If a sty has not already been erected near his cot-
tage, no industrious man will rest an hour until he has constructed one;
which may easily be done, when no better materials can be got, with a few
posts, well wattled and thatched with heath or furze. For paving a sty,
large flat stones are better than bricks; and, where the pig has to lie, the
ground should be kept high and dry. A channel on the lower side should
likewise be made, to take the washings of the pig and rain into two cisterns
or cesspools, which should be sunk, side by side, close to the sty*, so as

should be about 6 or 7 ft. wide, with height in proportion. In order to keep
the pigs dry, a sufficient slope must be given, not only to the floor of the
inside, or sleeping-place, but to the outside, or eating and exercising area ;
and, according to Marshal, every pig should have a rubbing-post.

The pig is an animal by no means nice in its food, as he will graze, eat
cabbage leaves, common turnips, Swedish turnips, turnip tops, potatoes,
&c. &c.; but the potato is the most nutritious article generally produced
from the garden. They ought never to be given in a raw state, for it is an
established fact, that, when so given, they will scarcely keep swine alive;
but, when boiled (and the water in which they are boiled should be in-
variably thrown to the dungheap or cesspool), potatoes will contribute not
only to the growth but to the fattening of pigs. Such food, given in abun-
dance, will make a pig grow freely, and keep him in tolerable condition ;
but, for properly fattening him, food of a more nourishing quality must
be given. Barley-meal, buck wheat, or barley-meal and pea-meal, given in
a state of acetous fermentation, is considered very excellent for fattening
hogs. The animal ought to be inured to this food by degrees, to prevent a
surfeit. — A Friend to a Cottager. ss

* Manure. — A very great deal of manure may be collected from the road
and lanes. A pit should be sunk and puddled near to the privy. In this all
soapsuds and other refuse should be preserved. The privy manure is very
useful, when mixed in a compost. Quite sufficient manure may be collected
in this way for a cottage garden of a quarter of an acre. The pig and
poultry will make as much dung as will manure ground sufficient to grow
potatoes to supply the family a year; and any farmer will gladly let
ground to a cottager for that purpose, rent-free, for the sake of the effect of
the dung on the succeeding crop. — Shibboleth.

Management of Manure. — The manure may be procured from the pig-
sty, the cleanings of the rabbit-hutches, and the litter of the garden, all of
which should be collected into a pit, and covered-with a layer of earth to
prevent the escape of the gaseous part. Care should be taken to throw a
layer of earth over every additional quantity of manure; and if a little lime
or salt could be afforded, and strewn over it beneath the layers of earth,
decomposition would be accelerated, and the quality of the dressing greatly
improved. Manure may also be increased by collecting dead leaves, which,
in autumn, may easily be procured in considerable quantities, wherever
there are hedges or trees, and which may be added to the other refuse.
It is also a custom, im very general use amongst cottagers, to collect manures
from the roads and commons. For the reception of the manure, it will be
requisite to have two pits, otherwise part of it will become too much de-
composed before the other is fit for use. If possible, these should be situ-

and Cottage Economy. 173

to catch every particle of manure, liquid as well as otherwise *; and,
though this simple provision may at first appear trifling, it will soon be
found of great importance to the garden; for it is chiefly on his pig that he
must depend for a supply of manure, without which his garden will soon
become unproductive. Let any person try the experiment of watering with
_ liquid manure but for one season, and he will soon find out the truth of the
observation, if he diligently water his cabbage bed, by alternately emptying
the cesspools. I say alternately, for, even in this case, the liquid manure is
improved by time; though, whether this improvement is the effect of an
imperceptible fermentation, by which the greater portion, by further decom-
position, is more readily absorbed by the roots, or whether this property is
superinduced through the stagnancy and partial exposure to heat, by which
myriads of animalcules are generated, and which may possibly operate ulti-
mately as an animal manure, I do not know. But such is the fact: and, if
any person wishes to have a few early cabbages, let him apply liquid manure
in abundance, and he will seldom fail of having a dish of cabbages a month
before the usual time, if the plants are managed as will be hereinafter
directed.

Having now got his sty in order, let him look round among the neigh-
bouring farmers, and try if he can purchase a young spayed sow, that has
had but a litter or two of pigs. * Such an animal will grow faster, and fat-
ten quicker, than a younger pig, however good the breed. At last, having

ated adjoining the pigsty, in order that the drainage from thence, and the
spillings of the food, may not be wasted. — Practical.

Manure is the moving power, and according to its richness and quantity
the abundance of crops will in a great measure depend. It will be abso-
lutely necessary to have a small cesspool, or cask, perfectly water-tight,
placed in the dung-yard, into which the drainings from the pigsty, &c., may
have free access ; and all water from the house must be emptied into the
reservoir, such as soapsuds, urine, &c. If there is not a sufficiency of these
ingredients to fill the cesspool quite full, let it be filled with water ; and, on
the following day, let it be taken up with a scoop, and thrown over the heap
of dung : let this be done at least two or three times a week. No opportu-
nity should be allowed to pass which can be given to enlarge, or in any way
contribute to, the stimulating or enriching qualities of the compost heap. In
forming which, grass from the sides of ditches or hedges, ferns from com-
mons, all weeds from the garden free from seeds, mould, or, what is prefer-
able, thin turf from commons or the sides of roads, and, failing that, mould
from the quarters of the garden, the [wood or pezt] ashes from the house,
the sweepings of the premises, &c., must be carefully collected, and carried.
to the heap of dung. The pigsty must be cleaned every week, and fresh
litter given, the manure being carried to the general heap, which must be.
frequently turned over, in order to accelerate its decomposition, and to more
regularly mix the animal with the vegetable substances. At the end of every
month or six weeks, the dung-yard is to be thoroughly cleaned: or, what
will be better, put the prepared manure into one corner; cover it over with
sods, which will prevent the fermentative heat from evaporating, and the rain .
from penetrating into the heap, which would check fermentation. Then bring
a fresh quantity of compost, and prepare it in the same way, and for the same
length of time, when it will take place of the other, which, most likely, will
have been used in the interim. — A Friend to the Cottager.

* He is only to keep one pig at a time, when he has no cow; but when
he has a cow (as every country labourer ought to have), he can keep two.
In either case, he can kill one for pork, say on the Ist of August; one for
bacon, about November; and the other at Christmas or Candlemas. One
of these he can sell, to help to defray the expenses of purchasing. — B. R.

174 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

got such an animal fairly lodged under the roof of his sty, it will daily be-
come of more importance in his eyes ; it is his live stock ; is constantly in-
creasing in size and value; and, in fact, is continually uppermost in the poor
man’s mind. If he observes but a few dry leaves blown into a ditch, he bags
them, and brings them home for bedding; or he picks up a bundle of fern by
the road-side ; in short, any thing which he can honestly lay his hands on
will always be brought home, and he will never grudge any trouble of this
kind. Besides, all this helps to make manure: and no manure is so rich as
that which is taken from the pigsty. This animal is now, however, to be
well supplied with food, and fattened against Christmas. The hog-tubs will
now be had in requisition ; and their great value will be properly appreci-
ated, for there will be no necessity for messing every time the pig wants a
meal : with a portion of stale wash, and a few mashed potatoes, the pig will
grow and do well till the end of September or beginning of October (po-
tato-digging time*). At this season, a sack of barley-meal should be pur-
chased ; and about 3 or 4 lbs. of this meal, with 13 lbs. of mashed potatoes,
which, I will show, may be set apart for that purpose, when I speak of the
produce of the garden, being daily added to thicken the stale wash, will
make excellent food; and, if the pig has been well attended to during the
summer, should not fall short of weighing fifteen score pounds by Christ-
mas, to which time the food is calculated to last.

There will, of course, be no want of good meat when the pig is killed;
and he may, perhaps, without injury to himself, dispose of a few joints, such
as the spareribs or loins, which his more opulent neighbours will always be
ready to purchase. + This trifle may assist him to buy another pig, for he
should never be long without one. I should think it almost unnecessary to
observe that, in fattening a hog, he should always be kept clean, warm, and
dry ; never have more food given at one time than he will consume ; should
be fed four times a day ; and not killed till he is almost too lazy to come to
his trough. A few peas are at all times desirable; and it is a good plan to
have a dry corner boxed off for holding a few. After eating a few peas, a
pig always wants to drink, and the stale wash will be ready for his use.

I do not mean to say that bacon fatted in this manner will be equal to
that fatted on barley-meal and skimmed milk. Certainly not. But this I
assert from my own experience, that, under the present supposed existing
circumstances, this mode produces the best quality and greatest quantity of
bacon, from a certain given quantity and quality of food, and which quan-
tity and quality can only be procured by the labouring man. f

* The quantity of potatoes requisite to feed a bacon pig of 20 stone, or
320 lbs. weight, allowing 1 peck per day, from the Ist of August to the 31st
of December, is 38 bushels ; and a load of oatmeal, of 16 stones’ weight, will
be required to finish fatting.

Potatoes to feed a pork pig of 8 stone or 128 lbs. weight, from the 15th
of July to the 14th of September, allowing 1 peck per day (without oatmeal
pork will be quite fat enough), 153 bushels.

Potatoes to feed a pork pig of 6 stone or 96 lbs., 1 peck per day, from the
31st of December to the 12th of February, 114 bushels. — J. A.

+ I would also strongly recommend the keeping of bees, as a source of
profit, with almost no expense; the produce might be advantageously laid
out in the purchase of pigs, garden-seeds, tools, &c. — J. A.

{ Rather less than a quarter of an acre will produce an abundant supply
of culinary vegetables, bacon, or pork, for a labourer, his wife, and four chil-
dren, for a year, allowing upwards of 10 lbs. avoirdupois of bacon, ham, or
pork a week: as, however, hams are not the most economical of food, I
would recommend them to be sold, and, with the produce, to purchase a
pig, to make pork of. — J. A.

and Cottage Economy. 175

owls and Ducks. — Every man who keeps a pig should keep fowls.
Three or four hens and a cock will prove no small addition to a poor man’s
stock ; and a few potatoes and peelings, with the run of the pig’s trough,
which they will always keep clean, will be all they require in the summer ;
but to make them lay eggs, when eggs are valuable, they must be well fed
with oats, barley-meal, or Indian corn; have a dry place to roost in, to shel-
ter them from the wet weather ; and be kept quite clean. * Young pullets,
9 or 10 months old, are the best for laying in winter. Ducks are both use-
ful and profitable: they clear away a deal of unsightly offal, will travel a
great distance from home in search of food, require but little at home, and
lay a great number of eggs ; but they are not good mothers, and seldom rear
half their brood, where there are many hedges and ditches in the neighbour-
hood; they likewise very frequently drop their eggs in the water, if not
carefully watched and shut up when expected to lay. A hen answers bet-
ter for a mother to ducklings than their natural one. Not less than a drake
and two ducks should be kept. i

Cultivation of the Garden. — 1 will now proceed to show how 20 rods of
ground may be cultivated so as to produce vegetables sufficient for a man,
his wife, and two or three small children (for, for every child above 4 years
of age to 7,2 rods of ground ought to be added); besides enough, with the
stale wash and barley-meal, to keep a pig, fowls, and ducks, all the year round.

I will divide the garden in the following manner : —

{ 1 Rod of Onions and Leeks; the product will be 3 bushels.

% do. Carrots - - - a Gh
2 do. Windsor Beans - - - - 3
1 do. Parsneps : = Z “ u D)
wilh do. Cabbages, with a row of Scarlet Runners to be ; 525, cabbages.
planted round the edges - - -
204
recy
4 do. Early Potatoes, - - 480 lbs.

being upwards of 43 lbs. from the middle of
June to October, for each day.
4 do. Prussian Potatoes
L6 do. Devonshire Apple Potatoes [ ieee neceee
Which will afford 5 lbs. a day from the beginning of
October to the middle of June, for the use of the man
and family, being 258 days; and 13 lbs. a day from
the Ist of Oct. to Christmas, for the pig, 86 days:
the whole amounting, by this calculation, to 2408 lbs.
or 40 bushels ; or 640 bushels of 60 lbs. per acre. +

The ground must be good, well manured, and well managed, to produce
the above crops. Let us now see how this is to be effected, which will
be no difficult matter if the following details be attended to : —

Onions may be cultivated for many years on the same ground, when pro-
perly manured, without failing to produce a good crop { ; but, if the manure

* In the depth of winter, take care to feed geese and other poultry, as
they cannot obtain much out of doors; and, if suffered to get lean at this
time, they will not lay well or early in spring. — Shibboleth.

+ We think this calculation too high; an allowance should always be
made for bad seasons, and unforeseen accidents. If 15 rods were allowed
for growing these 40 bushels, this would still be at the rate of 420 bushels
per acre, which is a very good field crop. It is true, nevertheless, that Mr.
Knight (Gard. Mag., vol. v. p. 294.) has grown at the rate of 665 bushels
of 82 lbs., which is 890 bushels of 60 lbs., per acre. — Cond.

{ In exposed situations, onions should not be sown early, as they are

176 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

is not plentiful, let it be pointed in just below the surface.* The ground
having been previously well dug, sow the seeds, broad-cast, in March,
and edge the beds with a row of leeks, for no ground must be lost.- A
pinch or two of the yellow Florence or Bath Cos lettuce, with a few scarlet-
topped radish seeds, may be thrown in with the onion seed, to serve for a
treat during the hot weather. The seeds should be sown thick, to have
plenty of scallions to thin out; and a dozen onions, planted in the autumn
or winter, in a warm situation, will always produce seed in abundance. Half
a dozen leeks may be left for the same purpose.

Carrots do not require much manure, and are not so liable to be eaten
by the slugs, when sown in April, as they are when sown a month earlier.
The seed should be sown in drills 9in. apart, very thick, so that they may
be thinned out for the pot twice or thrice a week during the summer. The
crop should be dug up the moment any maggots make their appearance {,
no matter how early, and pitted; half a dozen roots planted in the spring
will always produce more than enough of seed; but a little of the early
short-horn carrot seed should likewise be sown for an early supply : the cot-
tager would find his advantage in so domg. However, let him never try to
save seeds of both sorts in one season.

Windsor Beans cannot well be planted too early; but the best time to in-
sure a crop is the latter end of January or the beginning of February; and
if well managed, and carefully looked after, that is, if they are manured,
hacked, earthed up, and the insects destroyed as they appear, a rod of
ground, planted with broad beans, will, with a bit of bacon, afford many an
excellent meal to a hungry labourer; but, if he live in a coal country, let
him beware of using too freely the coal ashes § about his beans or scarlet
runners, for they are poisonous to both as well as to peas ; indeed, they are
not of much value as a manure, except on grass land: but they do the least
harm to onions and potatoes in the garden. Windsor beans are generally
dear at the seed time, so, as a matter of course, a cottager will save his own.

Parsneps should be sown in March, in drills 18 in. apart, and left from 6
to 9in. apart in the row. This is an excellent vegetable, and will be found
useful all the winter: indeed, some people think them better for having had

generally hurt by frosty winds; and, if this should happen when they are
from 4: to 6 in. long, they seldom turn out well. Perhaps the grub in onions
is often brought on by injuries of this kind. I have myself observed, that,
when onions were protected by pea stakes or bushes from being injured by
frosty winds in the spring, they escaped disease in the summer ; while others
in the same bed, that were damaged, were entirely lost ; which has made me,
when I sow early, to stick pea stakes on the north side of the beds, and I
have always found such practice successful. — B. R.

* A quantity of hen’s dung should have been saved, and it may be
sown moderately thick on the beds, either before or after the seeds are
sown ; or after covering the beds out of the alleys. Pigeon’s dung, and the
dung of poultry, should be collected with great care: in some places, more
is thrown away than would manure a large garden. — Shibboleth.

+ It would be desirable to sow a small plot of onions early in August,
to draw green in the spring ; and such as do not run to seed will make fine
heading onions in June and July. — J. A.

{ The best method T have found of destroymg the worm in carrots is, by
watering between the rows, in June, with sea-water ; a large garden panful
to about 9 to 10 yards a row; after which, a watering of common water,
from the rose of a pan, will be useful to wash the tops: this to be done in
the evening in a dull day.— B.R. In all probability, lime water would
have the same effect. — Cond.

§ Collect wood ashes, but by no means coal ashes. — A Countryman.

and Cottage Economy.

Ew)

77

a sharp frost or two uponthem. Be that as it may, when the crop is taken
up they should not be pitted very close, else they will heat and rot: avoid
this, and any place free from rats and mice will answer the purpose. Three
or four roots, planted early in the spring, will yield plenty of seed.

For Cabbages, three rods of ground will afford upwards of 500 the first
cutting, and double that quantity during the summer and autumn; consi-
derably more than half of which, together with the leaves, will go, when
boiled, into the hog-tubs, forming, altogether, no trifling quantity of food for
the pig.

To make sure of an early crop of cabbages, the seed should be sown
about the middle of July and the first week in August, of the Fulham kind;
but be sure to get a good sort, for there are numerous varieties. Prick out
the seedlings as they advance in growth; and finally plant out, for the win-
ter, the first sowing in the last week in August, and the second sowing in the
last week in September. The prickings-out and final transplantings may all
be done on the ground, which is now being daily cleared of early potatoes.
The sugarloaf and drumhead cabbage-seed may be sown in August, and left
in beds to be planted out in the spring, where and whenever a corner can
be found for them. A few seeds of the early York and sugarloaf may be
sown likewise in the spring, to fill up with, or even to plant whole rows, as
it may appear necessary. If, towards the winter, the plants of the first
Sowing appear very strong or topheavy, a little earth may be drawn about
them to keep them steady ; but it is not a good method to earth up cabbage
plants before winter, unless, as I have observed, they are very early: it
enables the slugs to get to them with greater ease; it is apt to make them
long-legged, and, what is worse, late in cabbaging. Cabbage plants should
always be transplanted in dry weather. Two or three of the best may be
marked when cut, and left for seed. *

French Beans, or rather scarlet runners, may be planted in the middle and
latter end of April, with great advantage, round the cabbage bed: they will
benefit rather than injure the crop, and need not take up more than a few
square yards of ground. They should be staked early, and carefully pro-
tected from the frost. A second sowing, in the latter end of May, will be
found of great service when the first sowing has become nearly unproduc-
tive. In dry and airy situations, scarlet runners should not be allowed to
run more than 5 ft. high: they will break out below, and bear plentifully. +

* A cottager might often make a few shillmgs by saving seeds, and selling
or exchanging with his neighbours, or with the seedsmen. In different
parts of Scotland this is done by labourers, weavers, and other mechanics.
Torrieburn is, or used to be, famous for its seeds of German greens; an-
other village near Stirling for leek-seed ; Dumfermline and Paisley were also
noted in this way; and what are called the Russian stocks are raised from
seeds saved by the weavers of Silesia and Saxony. — Cond.

+ If sticks are scarce, sow the scarlet runners 18 in. apart, stopping the
runners as they advance ; and, by this means, they will bear most abundantly,
till the frost destroys them. If they are to be supported by sticks, sow
them in lines in different parts of the garden, as they bear more abundantly
when detached from other plants. This is a very useful vegetable ; and, if
preserved in the German manner, by salting, like sauerkraut (Gard. Mag.,
vol. iii. p. 343.), these and many other vegetables will be rendered of great
value to the cottager. — Shibboleth.

When sticks cannot be got, strings will do. Stretch a strong string, or a
straw rope, horizontally, 7 or 8 ft. above the row, supporting it by a stick
at each end, and at every 10 or 12 ft. distance; stick a peg in the ground,
at the root of each plant, and from that stretch a string to the horizontal
cord above.— Cond.

Vou. VI, — No. 25. N

178 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

But, if the ground is wet, and much sheltered, they will bear better by
allowing them to run. 7 or 8 ft. Seeds are always abundant.

Early Potatoes. — To have a crop of potatoes very early, plant ash-leaved
kidneys, whole, about the middle or beginning of October, in drills 9 in,
deep, well covered with muck, 8 in. apart, and 14:in. between the rows:
they will be full a fortnight earlier than if the planting be delayed until Fe-
bruary, and will be quite ready by the middle of June. An excellent crop
of radishes may be grown on the same ground, for the mould should be left
as light as possible above the potatoes; and, if radish seed be sown in the
beginning of January, and covered over with some straw or long litter, to
preserve the seeds and plants, as they come up, from the birds (protecting
them, of course, in severe weather ), he may, by a little extra-diligence, sell
from 10s. to 20s. worth of radishes out of this small plot of ground. *

In the middle of June he will begin to dig a few potatoes daily, always
remembering to bury the tops ; and as soon as half a rod is cleared, let it be
sown immediately with some Dutch or six-week turnip seed: let the same
be done with the next half red. + The middle of July will now approach,
and this is the time to sow Fulham cabbage seed; for which there will
be plenty of ground, not only for sowing but for pricking out ; and, finally,
the whole three remaining rods may be planted with the cabbage plants,
which will finish cropping the ground from which the early ash-leaved kid-
neys have been dug. However, in this piece of ground, when the first

* By the Lancashire mode of raising early potatoes, which seems parti-
cularly suitable for the colder parts of Britam, they are generally ready
about the begining of May. Mr. Saul of Lancaster says, “ Put the pota-
toes in a room, or other convenient warm place, in January ; about the 2d
of February, cover them with a woollen cloth for about four weeks; then
take it off, and by so domg you will make the sprouts much stronger. To-
wards the latter end of March set them, covering the sprouts about 2 in.
deep. If the sprouts be about 2in. long when set, the potatoes will be
ready in 7 or 8 weeks afterwards.” (Gard. Mag., vol.ii. p.48.) The sets
of the extreme end of the potato are found to grow faster, and ripen about
a fortnight earlier, than those from the root end. In Lancashire, therefore,
the sets from the two ends are separated ; and, if planted at the same time,
form an early and succession crop. (Gard. Mag., vol. i. p. 406.) In Den-
bighshire, the potatoes intended for seed for the following year are taken up
before they are ripe, just when the outer skin peels off, and before the stalk
or stem begins to wither; they are then laid upon a gravel-walk, fully ex-
posed+o the sun, for a month or six weeks, when they become quite green and
soft, as if roasted, and often much shrivelled: they are then put away, and
protected as other potatoes are. In February they are examined, when
every eye is generally found full of long sprouts fit to be planted. Only
two sets are made of each potato, the eye or top part, and the root or bot-
tom part. They are separated as in Lancashire ; and, when planted in the
common ground, the eye or top sets are earlier by a fortnight than the
others. They are generally fit to gather before the middle of May. (Gard.
Mag., vol. ui. p. 172.)

_ + The fly is very hurtful to this crop. I have tried common soot dusted
over the plants infested, and afterwards given a good watering, which banished
every vestige of fly from them in a very few days. — B. R. The cottager
may consider the appearance of the turnip fly as the appearance of a crop of
weeds ; let him, therefore, dig down the whole, and sow again immediately.
Before a second crop of flies can appear, the seed must be sown, that is, the
eggs deposited ; and this is not very likely to be the case. — Cond.

_and Cottage Economy. 179

cabbage seed is sown, some seed of the common rape should be sown for
winter and spring greens ; they are very good and very productive.

Late Potatoes form an important crop to the cottager; for upon this he
relies for a supply both for himself, his family *, and his pigs, so that no
trouble must be spared in digging and manuring the ground.+ All the scrap-
ings, the mixture, and pig’s litter will now be found necessary ; for, from these
10 rods of ground, 10 sacks of potatoes, each weighing 240 lbs., must be
obtained. Two sorts may be planted as follows :— Some time early in
April plant 4 rods with the Prussian potato; it is an excellent sort. It is
productive, and, if necessary, it keeps well; although it is quite fit to eat
after the early sorts are over, being an intermediate sort between the early
and late ones. This sort should be planted (single eyes) 7 or 8 in. apart, m
rows 18in. asunder. They will be ripe, and must be dug up in the beginning
of September, whether they are wanted or not ; and immediately plant the
whole 4rods with the rape plants above mentioned. The remaining 6 rods
of ground may be planted, the first week in May, with the Devonshire
apple, or prince’s beauty potatoes : both red, and excellent sorts. Plant
single eyes, cut from prime potatoes (as all single eyes should be), the same
distance as directed for the Prussians, unless the ground should be wet; in
which case, 2 ft. between the rows will be preferable: but, at whatever
period potatoes are planted, in all cases, as soon as the plants show their
heads, let the ground be well moved about them], that is, hacked with a
light mattock. This will destroy the weeds §, and cause the plants to grow
rapidly, till it is time to earth them up, which should be done when they are
about 6in. high. This operation, with the previous “hacking,” if done in
fine dry weather, will most effectually destroy the weeds for the season. ||

* Potatoes, after being washed, may be put on to boil in cold water with-
out being peeled. When half done, the water may be poured from them,
and fresh cold water added, which is also to be poured away when they are
boiled sufficiently. They are then to be left by the fire to dry for a short
time, before the skins are taken off, and will be found more floury when
boiled in this way than when the water is not changed. This quality, so
valuable to those who make the principal part of their meal of this vege-
table, and which renders them a better substitute for bread, may be con-
sidered as making amends for the greater length of time taken in cooking,
and, consequently, larger consumption of fuel.— Practical. The Lanca-
cashire mode of cooking potatoes is as follows : — “ Brush off the skins, set
them on the fire in cold water : when boiled, pour off the water completely,
add a little salt, and dry them well on the fire.’ (Gard. Mag., vol. 1.
p: 407.)

- + The richness, the quantity, and the healthiness of his crops will depend
on the abundance and judicious application of manures ; the complete ex-
tirpation of weeds and noxious roots; regular, deep, and repeated forking ;
a careful choice of seeds for sowing; and, as far as his confined space will
admit, a proper rotation of crops. — A Friend to the Cottager.

_{ Hoe between ridges of potatoes and cabbages, 6 or 7 in. deep, with a
two-pronged hoe. — 7°. A.

§ As soon as any plants sown in drills make their appearance, be very
careful to stir the soil between them with a thrust or pronged hoe, whether
weedy or not. This is of most essential service to a garden, and is very
seldom sufficiently attended to. Where this is practised, there are no weeds ;
and less manure, with this treatment, is better than more manure without
it. — Shibboleth.

|| During this and the following menths, let the ground be deeply and fre-
quently hoed among all the crops, particularly during dry weather. Weeds

N 2

aN fo

180: Cottage Gardens, live Steck of the Cottager,

By way of experiment, a handful or two of Cobbett’s dwarf Indian corn
may be planted, in the latter end of April, round the edges of the potato plot,
or against a fence with a warm aspect; but the corn must be planted consi-
derably thicker than what Mr. Cobbett recommends. In order to produce
a crop worth growing, 9 or 10 in. in the row is wide enough ; and, as single
rows only can be grown in this case, the corn might even be planted thicker.
In favourable situations, I know that it will ripen well. Indian corn is good
for fowls, and excellent for fattening pigs; but it must not be given in too
large quantities at a time to the latter, for it is of a very heating nature. *

Fruit Trees I have entirely omitted, because I think +, upon the whole,
a small garden, such as I have described, is better without them. However,
against his cottage let him train currants, gooseberries, cherries, apples,
pears, or any sort of fruit tree he can procure, likely to thrive. Nor should
I object to, but would rather encourage, the cultivation of a few carnations,
picotees, pinks, Brompton and ten-week stocks, &c., with which he might
ornament his little dwelling. { In doing the work necessary to crop and clean
a garden of 20 rods § of land as I have directed, no labouring man who has

are no criterion for the regulation of these operations. — A Kriend to the
Cottager.

No plant is so much improved by deep pronging or mattocking between
the rows, as the potato. With this treatment it will grow most vigorously
in the driest weather, and in a very poor soil. — Cond.

* Respecting the propriety of introducing Indian corn, I am decidedly
opposed to it, as no dependence can be placed on its successful cultivation.
Our climate is not adapted to this species of grain, and I very much ques-
tion if it ever will answer in this country, except in very favourable situations.
If its cultivation were practicable with certainty, I would most strongly ad-
vocate its adoption; but I require a little more proof that it will answer in
this country before I should consider myself justified in recommending it as
a proper corn for the cottager to cultivate. My objection, I would be under-
stood, rests solely on the unfitness of the climate; for the grain would be
a favourite with me. J have sufficiently proved it to make myself perfectly
satisfied with it as a wholesome, palatable, and nourishing food; and, if I
have said little on its merits, it is because I consider it useless in this coun-
try, and not from any antipathy towards it as a proper species of aliment. —
A Countryman.

On dry, warm, sandy soils south of York, we think Indian corn may be
well worth cultivating in the cottager’s garden for the purposes of feeding
pigs and poultry. At Sandy, in Bedfordshire, it produced, m the very un-
favourable season of 1829, at the rate of 105 bushels per acre, equal to
3 tons of good meal for feeding stock. Wheat, barley, peas, or beans, will
not average 15cwt. of meal per acre. (Gard. Mag., vol. vi. p.103.) —

+ The roots of the hop may be brought from the hedges, and planted in
corners of the garden; their tops are very wholesome, and are as tender as
asparagus ; they climb and make a good summer-house. — Shibboleth.

{ These flowers and prize gooseberries are well known to be great
sources of amusement, and of harmless betting, to the Lancashire and other
weavers and mechanics. We should wish to see fruit trees, ornamental
shrubs, climbers, and flowers in every cottager’s garden, with bees, poultry,
rabbits (if only for the children), a singing-bird, pigeons, and a cat and a
dog. Nature has kindly ordained all these little matters to be great things
in the eyes of the owner and his children. — Cond.

§ Fifty perches of land, exclusive of that occupied by the buildings and
pigyard, are sufficient to supply every requisite culinary vegetable, including
potatoes, to a labourer’s family, and to his live stock ; the former consisting

and Cottage Economy. — 181

regular employment, from six to six o’clock in summer, and from Hecht to
dark in winter, ought to lose one hour; and, likewise, the man who would
require to be taught how to crop his ground the second year, would require
it all his life. No person can go wrong if he but change the crops as much
as possible in rotation, and observe, if the ground is of greater extent, the
same proportions of different vegetables, potatoes and cabbages being
always considered the most important crops. With regard to a few herbs *,
any gentleman’s gardener could, in one season, supply a whole village with
as many as they could possibly require : a sage bush, a bit of thyme, a few
roots of parsley, with balm and mint, are enough, and to spare.

In concluding these remarks, I may observe that I am perfectly aware a
Jabouring man and a very small family usually consume a greater quantity
of potatoes than I haveallowed. The cause, I apprehend, will be found in
the want of other vegetables, and good bread and meat. If a man has
14: score of bacon every year, this alone will afford him upwards of three
quarters of a pound for every day, a greater quantity than 99 poor families
ina 100 have throughout the country; indeed, no man wants to cram such
a quantity of watery stuff down his throat, when he has a good slice or two
of boiled bacon, cabbage, carrots, and good wholesome bread and ale.

I]. I shall now consider how a Man and his Wife, with from Seven to Eight
or Ten Children, may be supported with the assistance of a Cow ; show the
Advantages of keeping one; what Ground is necessary, and its Culture ;
and also treat of Rabbits, Pigeons, 5c.

Poverty will never enter the dwelling of an industrious labouring man (1
proceed on the supposition that he is constantly employed, at from 9s. to
12s. a week), if he once can obtain possession of an acre of ground at a
moderate rent, and a cow f, provided that it please the Almighty to bless
him and his family with health. So numerous are the benefits derived

of two grown persons and four children, and the latter, at an average, of one
pig, three rabbits, three hens, and three ducks. This quantity of land will
be found enough in a stiff soil; but if, on the contrary, the soil is rich and
light, a less quantity may be found sufficient, and will certainly be more
advantageous to the labourer in every respect, as it will require less time to
be bestowed on its cultivation, and yield earlier and better crops. — Prac-
tical,

* A collection of herbs are very necessary, as distilled waters, wines,
decoctions, and infusions, which may be obtained from the cottage-garden,
might ward off diseases, and save the disagreeable appearance of a doctor’s
bill. — Shibboleth.

, To keep a Cow, upon hay and grass, will require 24 acres of land capable
of producing 13 tons of hay per acre. A couple of Leicester ewes will prove
much more profitable than a goat; they will bring at least two good lambs
in the spring, that will sell well; and, should they be milked after the lamb
is weaned, they will produce about one quart per day each, for three months.
Their fleeces will help to clothe the family, either manufactured, or in wad-
dings for bed and body clothes. — A Countryman.

Should the Puruk sheep of Ladusk be introduced, and be found to
succeed as well as Mr. Moorecroft anticipates (Trans. R. Asiatic Soc.,
vol.i.), they will be found invaluable for the cottager. They are said to
be as easily kept as pigs, to give two lambs in twelve months, and to admit
of being twice shorn within that time. (See Mag. Nat. Hist., vol, ii.

. 144.
4 t Dea added. — Now comes by far the most useful animal to the cot-
tager : here is a caterer for him and his family. That man who possesses a
cow and a pig possesses a means of maintaining his wife and children in

N 3

182 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

from this inestimable creature, that no man ought to rest satisfied til he
has accomplished the object of what ought to be his constant and unceasing
endeavours. A good cow will supply a large family with milk and butter
(and a great deal of the latter to spare) for 40 weeks, and with cheese all
the year round. I made from one cow 217 Ibs. of butter in 39 weeks. But
suppose an ordinary cow to produce 180 lbs., and allow 80 lbs. for the use
of his family, and no poor family ought to use more, there will then be
100 Ibs. to dispose of, say at Sd. per pound, there is upwards of three
guineas at once, ready to pay the rent, &c. &c., or to buy a couple of pigs ;
for a man who keeps a cow should never have less than two in the sty.
A cow produces a great deal of wash for the hog-tubs; there is the
washing of the milk-bowls twice a day ; a lot of whey three or four times
a week, for a skimmed-milk cheese should be made twice a week, while the
milk is plentiful: if the curd is made while the milk is sweet, it will keep
well for three or four days, with a little salt sprinkled over it, and covered
with a cloth, in a cullender. Twice a week there will be the washings of
the butter and churn; the little urchins will drink the buttermilk. Indeed,
the refuse of every thing connected with a dairy becomes an excellent ngre-
dient in the hog-tubs.
To find food for this very valuable animal becomes the next consideration.
Besides a comfortable, dry, fern-littered cowhouse, either to take shelter
in or to be tied up in, to make the most of a cow, she should at all times,
especially after calving, be abundantly supplied with food, and with as much
water as she likes to drink. Now, to effect this, and to produce vegetables
for a family of 8 or 10 persons and a couple of pigs, not less than an acre *
will be required; and this acre of ground I would divide as follows :—

80 rods of grass land.
‘1 acre < 40 do. mangold wurzel.
40 do. kitchen-garden.

Let the 80 rods of grass land, then, be carefully cleaned of nettles, docks,

comfort. There are instances [ could mention where a gentleman’s labourers
receive 9s. 6d. per week. One of these pays 5s. per week for his cottage,
his garden, a field, and hay for his cow. Still, himself and his family appear
clean (ruddy) and healthful ; while other labourers, having the same wages,
but no cow, appear ragged and pale, and themselves and families receive
pay from the parish. Other labourers in the same township, keeping a cow,
though poor, are still in comfort, the produce of butter more than sufficing
for the family. — Shebboleth.

* For garden, &c. - - - - 1400 square yards.
For goats - - - = 300
For a cow = - - 1700
An additional cow - - - 1700
Horse - - - - 3 eB

For growing bread - - - 4991
Barn, and addition to the dung-yard for the goat 70

i or 2A. 3R. IP.
13378 Oia
A Friend to the Cottager.

A plot of ground about 400 square yards, sown with lucerne, and mown
once over, will keep a cow for 4 weeks. When it comes into full bearing, it
will-always be fit to mow once over by the Ist of May, and will serve through
that month ; and, if sufficient to grow a month after cutting, it will be fit to
mow again, and will then serve other four weeks. — J. A.

and Cottage Economy. 183

thistles, and broad-leaved plantains ; let it be yearly well manured with coal
ashes, soot, and road-scrapings, &c, for it must be mown every year ; and to
make it produce as much as possible, the cow should never be allowed to eraze
upon it in wet weather, or after the Ist of March. By this plan it may be
expected to average upwards of half a ton of dry hay annually, besides the
aftergrass. A portion of this hay or grass, or both, should be given daily ;
it will be found to correct any disposition in the cow to scour: the hay will
be found particularly useful in the calving season, or in sickness at any time.
Let 40 rods of mangold wurzel be sown in the latter end of April or
beginning of May, in rows 2ft. apart, and 18in. in the row. * This root
requires good, strong, rich land ; it must be well dug, and, when the plants are
up, well mattocked, and kept clean. The produce, in this case, will seldom
or never fall short of 10 tons, being a supply of 1 cwt. a day from October
to May, and leaves in abundance may be gathered in September and Octo-
ber, leaving 4 months out of the 12 to be supplied with cabbages, greens, &c.
I know that it has been said that a cow will only consume 1 ewt. of fresh
vegetable food in a day, but I must beg leave to dissent from this opinion ;
for some cows will eat more than double that quantity. However, as
40 rods of mangold wurzel is a fair proportion of this excellent root, for it
is greatly superior to the Swedish turnip for a milch cow, we must con-
trive to have the same quantity yearly, by changing the ground, which may
thus be effected : —In October, as soon as the leaves are cleared away to the
extent of 20 rods, dig up the roots, and pit them in a dry situation, and
immediately dig and plant the ground with early potatoes, as before directed.
This crop of potatoes will be succeeded by turnips and cabbages; and 15 or
16 rods of the latter will supply Gncluding the first and second cuttings),

* Mangold wurzel may be sown in beds, thinly, for transplanting, on
ground previously occupied with early potatoes, peas, &c., and along with
turnips for the cow. — B. R.

Mangold wurzel is the principal article on which I propose to keep the
cow in winter. Four roots of 6lbs. each, I have proved, would be suffi-
cient for a meal to an ordinary-sized cow. Two of these meals, morning.
and evening, are 8 roots a day. From the first day of October to the last
of April are 212 days, at 8 roots a day, are 1696 roots. A root of the above
weight requires 240 square inches to grow in, that is, 12 mn. in the row, and
20 in. from row to row: so that 1696 roots will require 314 yards. Man-
gold wurzel by itself is, however, too opening: it will be necessary to feed
alternately with it and hay, 8 lbs. of hay at noon, and 8 lbs. at bed-time. With
the requisite attention to watering, bedding, and cleanliness, &c., a cow will
certainly be kept in good health, and yield milk and butter, if a good sort of
cow for those purposes, in great abundance. — J. A.

Mangold wurzel delights in a rich loamy land, well dunged, and may be
sown in rows, or in broad cast; and as soon as the plants are the size of a
goosequill, they may be transplanted in rows of 18 in. distance, and 18 in.
apart, one plant from the other; sow very thin, and cover the seed to the
depth of an inch only. In transplanting, the root is not to be shortened,
but the leaves cut at the top; and, in planting, let the upper part of the root
appear about half an inch above ground. In the seed bed keep them clear
of weeds: when planted out, after once hoeing, they will suffocate every
kind of weed near them. The best time to sow the seed is from the begin-
ning of March to the middle of April, although they may be sown any time
between then and the end of June. — A Friend to the Cottager.

Sow mangold wurzel in rows 2 ft. apart, and drop the seeds into holes
made by the dibber, at 10 or 12 in. asunder in the row: to make sure, drop
two or three seeds into every hole; and when the plants come up, should
there be any failures, make good by transplanting with the trowel. — J. A.

N 4

184 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

upwards of 40 cabbages a day for the remaining four months, forming 2
regular and an abundant supply the year round. In cropping ground, it
certainly is a good rule not to crop two seasons following with the same
vegetable; but this must, I think, be occasionally excepted, when we take
into consideration the paramount necessity of a constant succession of crops
to produce the greatest possible quantity of food from a limited space of
ground. This necessity, then, I think, will justify the adoption of the fol-
lowing, perhaps more useful, rule, viz. never to suffer a square yard of
ground to lie a day idle during the growing season. * The remaining 40 rods
of garden ground may be managed as directed. for 20 rods, growing, of
course, more potatoes and cabbages in proportion than any thing else. +

Rabbits never thrive well unless they are kept dry, and have plenty of
food, such as clover, ribgrass, lettuces, dandelions {, sowthistle, &c. &c.,
indeed, almost any thing; but afew oats should be frequently given them in
a little dry trough. These little creatures devour a prodigious quantity of
food, considering their size, and certainly would never pay for keeping ; but,
in a family, nothing can be better amusement for a parcel of boys than to
cater for their rabbits. They are excellent eating, and very prolific, if
well attended to, but every thing depends on that.

Pigeons I would rather keep for their companionship’s sake than for pro-
fit: every little extra tie or enjoyment makes a man’s home dearer to him.

Having now gone over all the subjects I proposed to consider, I have
nothing further to add, save that the dime that [ would allow to mow the
grass, rick the hay, and cultivate the ground, should not, on any consider-
ation, exceed a week, viz. ; — 1 day (two halves) to mow and rick ; 33 days
to dig the ground, and sow the mangold wurzel seed; half a day to clear,
dig, and plant 2 rods of ground with early potatoes ; half a day to clear and
pit the remainder of the mangold wurzel.

All the other cleaning, digging, cropping, &e., most assuredly ought to
be done, but always, be it understood, with the assistance of his children,
by himself at nights and mornings. His wife will have enough to do to
manage her household affairs, her dairy, her pigs and fowls, and milking the
cow, and with the help of the boys foddering her too.

* This is most important advice; and on it, on pronging well, whether
there are weeds to destroy or not, and on diligently collecting and pre-
serving both solid and liquid manure, will depend much of the cottager’s
success. — Cond.

+ Symphytum aspérrimum, a native of Siberia, and one of the most rapid-
growing of herbaceous plants, has been recommended for culture as food for
cows. (Gard. Mag., vol.y. p. 442.) This vegetable is full of mucilage ; and
we certainly think it deserves to be tried by every cottager who can procure.
plants. It seeds freely, and propagates most readily by division of the root.
We would strongly recommend gardeners to gather, propagate, and distri-
bute it. — Cond.

{ Suecory, or wild endive, forms excellent food for rabbits; the tops,
blanched, either by covering with pots, or by planting in sand in a cellar,
make an excellent spring salad, much used in Germany (Gard. Mag., vol. ii.
p- 460.) ; while its roots, and also those of the dandelion, form one of the
best substitutes for coffee. Dr. Howison of Edinburgh prefers dandelion
coffee to that of Mecca; and many persons, all over the Continent, prefer
a mixture of succory and coffee to coffee alone. Dig up the roots of dan-
delion, wash them well, but do not scrape them; dry them, cut them in bits
the size of peas, and then roast them in an earthen pot or coffee-roaster of
any kind, and grind them in the coffee-mill, or bruise them in any way. The
ae secret of good coffee is to have it fresh-burnt and fresh-ground. —
Cond.

and Cottage Economy. 185

And now, Sir, before I transmit these remarks to you, allow me to state
that I have recommended nothing which I have not either practised myself
or seen others practise with success. Still | am aware that many, very
many people will most conscientiously differ from me in opinion; for, after
all, the truth may be, that

“ The difference 1s as great between
The optics seeing, as the objects seen.””
Iam, Sir, yours, &c.
Jan. 23. 1830. A Practical GARDENER.

.

Art. 1V. On the Extent and Culture of Cottage Gardens, the
live Stock of the Cottager, and various Points of Cottage Economy,
with reference to the Hints for Prizes for Papers on the Subject.
(Gard. Mag., vol. v: p. 713.) By J. P.

Sir,

Iv is with the highest degree of pleasure that Ihave read the pages of the
last Gardener’s Magazine which are devoted to the most truly philanthropic
and benevolent purpose of ameliorating the condition of the labouring classes
of society, which we see, year after year, becoming more oppressed and de-
graded, and which will yet sink deeper into degradation and moral depravity
unless some timely means be devised to enable the agricultural labourer to
support himself and family without parochial assistance; for we see the
paupers of every parish yearly increasing; and it is the opinion of the most
experienced farmers that, in a little time, the land will not be able to sup-
port the poor, and the poor’s rate must be paid whether the landlord gets his
rent ornot. The farmers say, “ Relieve us from the poor’s rate, and we can
live and pay our rents.” But how is that to be effected? By nothing but
improving the condition of the labouring classes; by letting them have a
portion of land to raise a sufficient quantity of vegetables, and to supply
them with the most common necessaries of life, of which, at this present
time, there are thousands of fellow-creatures that have barely sufficient to
support the cravings of nature; or else submitting to the most servile de-
gradation, quite revolting to the feelings of a civilised people [the work-
house ?].

Every landlord that can devise any plan for the benefit of the poor, who
are dependent on his tenantry, ought to lose no time in bringing it forward ;
and every one that can suggest any means to better the condition of his
starving fellow-mortals, ought to come forward boldly and avow his senti-
ments: for it is certain that something must be done very soon (ere it be
too late). This has caused me to commence writer; and, though I am
unable to transmit to you elegant compositions, yet what I do write shall
be founded on truth, either from facts which have come under my own
observation, or from the enquiries that I have made among labourers on
whom I can depend for the veracity of their information. The vegetables
that I shall recommend are those which are generally found in cottage
gardens: their culture as simple as is consistent with good management
to insure a crop; for I conceive that the knowledge of the agricultural
labourer is not yet sufficient to appreciate the value of any new vegetable,
or any new mode of culture. I therefore wish to give him the best methods
which I have seen and practised myself of cultivating the vegetables in
common use; and, as he improves in mental knowledge, and in the manage-
ment of his garden, any new vegetable may be recommended to him, as he
will then be able to perceive the benefit likely to result from its culture. A

186 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

multiplicity of new names, and long directions, would not only puzzle and
perplex the illiterate labourer, but quite discourage him from ever venturing
on the management of a garden.

T shall now endeavour to answer the three questions you have proposed
(Gard. Mag., vol. v. p.714.), in as brief a manner as I possibly can.

I. What Quantity of Land will keep a Family in Culinary Vegetables and

Pork and Eggs?

The quantity of land requisite for the above purposes depends on soil,
situation, and climate; but, in answering all the three questions, I shall
suppose the land to be of a light sandy loam, upon a dry bottom, in an
open situation; worth from 15s. to 20s. per acre at the present time, and in
the county of Kent, about 20 miles from London. The plan which I sub-
join is rather more than a quarter of an acre, which I think sufficient for a
man, his wife, four children (the children’s ages being from 10 to 2 years),
and two pigs and two hens.

No.1. Potatoes and Radishes, 19 yds. long by 44 yds. wide. Quantity of
seed, and price: 2 gals. potatoes, 6d.; radishes, 1d.

In the last week
of February, take 6 Plan 1. 35 yards by 40.
barrows of manure,
spread it regularly
over the ground,
and commence dig-
ging at one end for
1 foot. Thenstretch
the line across the
border, and cut
down a trench 3 in.
deep, and plant the
early frame potato
at 9 in. distance, im
the row; then dig
again for 18 in., set
the line, make a
trench, and plant
as before. Con-
tinue this for 7
yards; then dig and rake the remaining 2 yards, and sow the short-topped
radish, which may all be done in 6 hours; or in 3 days, at 2 hours each
day. The potatoes will require hoeing m the beginning of May, half an
hour; earthing up in the middle of the month, 1 hour. They will be
ready for use by the end of May, and will serve the family until the end
of August. Radishes ready in April.

No. 2. Karly Peas and Beans, 18 yds. by 43 yds. Peas, 3 pts. 1s.; beans,
1 pt. 2d.; pea-sticks, 6d.

In the beginning of January dig all the ground, and then sow 14 yards
with early frame peas, at 3 ft. from row to row, and the remaining 4: yds.
with Mazagan beans, in rows 13 ft. asunder, takmg 44 hrs. work. They will
require twice earthing up: first in February, then in March, a quarter of
an hour each time. The peas must be sticked in March, which will take
half an hour. After that, they will only require beg kept clear of weeds,
and will be ready for use from the latter end of May to the end of July.

No. 2. a I reserve for sowing small seeds, as shall be afterwards ex-
plained.

No. 3. Early Barnes Cabbage, 9 yds. by 114 ft.

In the middle of October spread regularly 4: barrows of manure, and let
it be well dug, which will take 3 hrs. work ; then plant in rows 14 ft. asunder,

and Cottage Economy. 187

and 1 ft.in the row, 200 plants, halfan hour’s work. For the-raising of the
plants, see No. 2.a.

No. 4. Dwarf Marrow Peas and Windsor Beans, 9 yds. by 113 ft. Peas,
1 qt. 8d.; beans, 1 pt. 2d. ; pea-sticks, 6d.

In the middle of February, dig and sow 2 rows of dwarf marrow peas,
44 ft. distant; and 2rows Windsor beans, 2 ft. distant, 14 hrs. work ; earth
up and stick the peas the beginning of April, lhr. They will be in use
from the end of July to the beginning of September.

Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8. must have 6 barrows of dung, and be well dug in the
beginning of March, 4: hrs. work.

No. 5. Onions. 102. seed, 6d.; produce, 2 bushels ; 27 ft. by 5 ft.

Rake it level; then stretch the line, and draw drills half an inch deep, and
at 6 in. distance. Sow the seed; then rake it gently over, 1 hr. work. When
the seeds come up, and are fit for eating, thin them out to 3in. distance;
keep clean all summer: they will be ready for pulling up the latter end of
August.

No. 6. Prickly Spinage, 6ft. by 27 ft. 10z. seed, 2d, Ready in June.

Rake the ground even, and sow broad-cast in March, half an hour ; after
they are come up, thin out to 4:in. every way, and keep clear from weeds.

No.7. Early Turnip, and Bath Cos Lettuce, 7 ft. by 27 ft. Seed, turnip,
ld.; lettuce, 1d.

Rake it level, and sow at the latter end of March, half an hour’s work.
Thin the turnips in April to 9in.: they will be ready in May. Thin the
lettuce in May to 9 in., and they will be ready in June. They must be kept
clear of weeds.

No. 8. Scarlet Runners, 30 ft. by 9 ft. 1 pt. seed, 3d.; sticks, 6d. Ready
in July, and im season till destroyed by frost.

Lightly dig the ground in the beginning of May, and plant 2 rows of scar-
let runners at 3 in. distance in the row, 1 hr. work; earth up and stick when
31n. high, half an hour.

Nos. 9. and 10. Dig in January and February, which will take 10 hrs.

No. 9. Parsneps, 6 yds. by 9yds. Seed, 2d. Ready for use im October.
Sow in February, in drills 14 ft. asunder, and 1 in. deep, 1 hr.; keep clear from
weeds, and they will be ready to take up-in October, 2 hrs. work. Pro-
duce, 4: bushels.

No. 10. Carrots, 14:yds. by 9yds. Seed, 4d.; produce, 12 bushels.

Lightly dig the ground, and sow in drills 1 ft. distance, and half an inch
deep, the first week of March, 2 hrs. work. Thin out where too thick,
from 4 to 6 in. distance; keep clear from weeds, and they will be ready to
take up in October. Then they must be taken, with the parsneps, nto the
open shed, and covered with straw, to exclude the frost, 3 hrs. work. From
6 to c plant a row of gooseberries, red, black, or white currants, as each of
these will be useful in summer for pies or puddings.

No. 11. Barley, 19 yds. by 20 yds. _ Seed, 14 gal. 1s. 3d. ; produce, 4bush.

The ground must be well dug in November, 12 hrs. work ; then let it lie
until the last week of March, when it must be lightly dug, and the barley
sown in drills, 6 in. distance, and lin. deep, 6hrs.work. After it has been
up three weeks, it must be rolled or beaten with the spade, J hr. Nothing
more will be wanted till hoeing-time, which may be performed in lhr. It
will be ready for reaping in August, 2hrs. If the weather be unfavourable,
take into the shed to dry ; thresh in October, 5 hrs.

No. 12. Potatoes, 19 yds. by 15 yds. Seed, 1 bush. 1s. 6d.; produce,
25 bush.

_ Dig the ground in December, 10 hrs. work. Let it lie until the first week
of April; then spread 8 barrows of manure on it, and commence lightly
digging at one end of the piece. Stretch the line at 1 ft. from the edge; cut
down a trench 4 in. deep, and plant the potatoes. Then dig for 3 ft. more,
set the line, and make a trench, and plant as before; and so on to the end

188 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

of the piece, 7 hrs. work. About the latter end of May they will require
-hoeing, 2hrs. In a fortnight they must be earthed up, 1 hr.; and the final
earthing a fortnight afterwards, | hr. They must be kept clear of weeds
until October, when they will be ready for digging up, 8hrs. To keep
potatoes, make two holes, 1 ft. deep and 4:ft. diameter, which will -hold
8 bushels each; lay some straw over them; then cover up with soil 13 ft.
thick. The remaining 9 bushels may be put in the shed, and covered with
straw for use.

No.13. Sugarloaf or large York Cabbage, 19 yds. by 5 yds. ; 220 plants. For
the raising, see No. 2. a.

Dig well over in December, 2hrs. work; then, in March, lightly dig in
3 barrows of manure, 2hrs. work. Plant in rows 2 ft. distant, and 14 ft. in
the row, Ihr. Earth up in April, half an hour. They will be ready in July.

Nos. 14. to 20. must be well dug in January, 4 hrs. work ; then, in March,
they must be planted in beds with chamomile, hyssop, sage, marjoram, and
chives, which will be all useful as pot or medicinal herbs. Nos. 19. and 20.
must be planted with balm and spearmint, which will serve as substitutes
for tea in the winter months.

No. 21. Mercury (Chenopodium Bonus Henricus), as a perennial spi-
nage, will be found exceedingly useful. The roots may be taken out of the
fields in September, and planted, 1 hr. ; and they will yield a sufficient sup-
ply the next spring, and throughout summer. The other herbs must be
planted in the beginning of April, 3 hrs.

No. 2. a,as before mentioned, is reserved for raising seedlings, &c. In the
last week of February, sow about 2sq. yds. of Savoy cabbage, a quarter of
an ounce ; likewise 2 yds. of green curled borecole, or Brussels borecole, a
quarter of an ounce, 1 hr. work: and as the potatoes come off No. 1., the
Savoy and borecole may be planted in rows 2 ft. asunder, in July or Aug.,
2hrs. work. Then sow in No. 2.a, in the first week of August, half an
ounce of early Barnes cabbage, 6d.; transplant in any vacant piece of
ground, in September, at 3 in. distance every way, lhr.; there to stand till
finally planted in October in No.3. Likewise, about the middle of August,
sow half an ounce (6d.) of the large York or large sugarloaf cabbage, and
transplant in September, 2 hrs., in any vacant ground, where they will have
to stand till March, to be planted in No. 13.

Leeks. — Sow in a No.2. half an ounce of leek (2d.), im March, half
an hour ; for transplanting into No. 7. after the turnips have come off, 1 hr.
A little lettuce may be sown, to transplant in May or June, and will be
ready in August and September.

Cucumbers. — In the first week of May, between three of the rows of peas
No. 2., dig a small place, 18 in. wide, and put in 8 or 10 cucumber seeds,
which will come up and be sheltered with the peas, and, when the peas
come Off, will be fit for fruiting.

I have now gone through the cropping and routine culture for one year.
The next years of cropping must be changed as in plans Nos. 2. and 3. ; and,
by so doing, a regular succession and rotation of crops will be maintained
through the ground, always giving the same kind of culture to each indivi-
dual crop, which I have pointed out, in every quarter of the garden.

Manure. — Every exertion must be used to collect manure ; that from
the hogs will be the best, and must be applied to the poorest ground. All
the weeds and litter of the garden must be laid in a heap to rot, and any
scrapings of roads that can be collected, and all the ashes burnt in the house
must be taken care of, as every kind of manure will be found useful and
beneficial.

Hoeing, weeding, and gathering the Vegetables must be done by the wife
and children; for which I shall not account, as every hour that is to spare
may be devoted to some useful purpose in the garden.

Hogs. — Some time in May two hogs must be got, which may be bought

and Cottage Economy. 189

for ‘7s. each; and, Plan 2. Second year’s cropping.
with the wash of GIL GG I LIES

the house, cabbage-
leaves from No. 3., 2 1 a
refuse of spinage,
small potatoes, &c.
they may be kept
till the sugarloaf
cabbage is ready in
July, with which,
the wash, small po-
tatoes, tops of the
carrots, and all the
greens not wanted,
they will be kept
in good condition
until the latter end
of October. Then
feeding them must
be begun as fol-
lows: — In the first fortnight they must have, boiled either together or
separately, 2 bushels of potatoes and 1 bushel of carrots each week, mixed
with the wash to a

proper thickness Plan 3. Third year’s cropping.
for eating during
the whole time of l 9
feeding. In the %
next fortnight, boil $$ |
them 14 bush. of 14
otatoes, 14 bush. eta
re carrots, and half 1 i 15
a bushel of barley- k 16.
Tila MCACHBRWEC Khun ys |mary ott a iste ec ean cece Gn A me ene ba aie
In the last fort- : cla ha flere Ali 17
night, 1 bush. car- ; bay) hac Sel EP 0 0Nt
rots, 1 bush. pars- 4 ; a 3 a o ee ne 18
neps, and 14 bush. : 19.
barley-meal, each Raha
week; by which % :
time they ‘il have . 10 eg ae
attained the weight : : 21

of 13 stone each
(14 Ibs. to the stone), which will be 26 stone of pork for the year, or 7 lb.
per week, exclusive of the heads, hearts, and all the pieces at the time of
cutting up, which will serve for three weeks or a month.

Hens. — Two hens may be kept, as there will be 1 bush. barley, 1 bush.
carrots, and half a bushel of parsneps (they are particularly fond of carrots
or parsneps when boiled), and 1 bush. of potatoes, which may be given raw,
but are always best if boiled and mixed with a handful of barley-meal ; which,
with what they peck up about the house, will be sufficient for the year.
Their produce will be 70 eggs each. ,

Having thus briefly stated the culture of those vegetables which I think
the most profitable to a cottager, I shall next present the whole ina tabular
form, which might be hung against the wall im a cottager’s kitchen; and
would show, at one view, the work to be done, the time necessary for per-
forming it, and the produce that he might expect from his labour, with good
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Cottage Economy, §c. 191

Having thus provided him with vegetables, pork, and. eggs, I shall next
calculate his other expenses as moderately as possible.

£5 Ob s. d.
House and garden rent, perannum- 3 12 0 | Then suppose a labourer’s wages at 12s.
Taxes, rates, &c. upon do. - - 09 0 per week - - - 31 4 0
Coals and wood = = - 3 0 0 | His wife in hay time, harvest, &c., 16
Tea = = - - 018 0 weeks at 5s. per week. - - 400
Sugar - - - - 110 0 —
Butter - - - 5 aiky @ 35 4 0
Bread, flour - - - 11 10 0 Annualexpenses 34 8 0
Milk - - - - - 012 0 —_—
Salt, pepper, soap, &c. =) 50 leaving a balance of £0 16 0
Man’s shoes, clothes, &c. - - 3 0 0
His wife’s do. - = - 20 0 T have not accounted for the garden seeds, nor
Children’s do. > =f - 5 0 O | for the price of the hogs when bought; but a

few vegetables may be sold, to balance the seeds,
and the heads, hearts, &c. will balance the hogs’
price.

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By the above it is seen that nearly every farthing of a labourer’s wages
is expended without being able to procure one morsel of animal food. So
how is it possible for the labouring class to live, as they are at present
situated ? They cannot! They must starve! I am convinced that the only
plan to strike effectually at the root of the evil, and to raise the labourer
from his present degradation, is to allow him a small allotment of land,
which, as above shown, will produce him vegetables, pork, and eges ; and
these, with his earnings, will just be sufficient to maintain his family, and
render him once more a faithful and productive member of society.

Il. What quantity of land is sufficient to maintain a family with pork, vege-
tables, eggs, and milk ?

Plan 4, contains 2 acres: the part a, one fourth of an acre, to be cropped
the same as Plan 1. &c., except the sugarloaf cabbage, for which there will
be no necessity in that place; 4, for green food for cow; c, the pasture
for the cow; and d, the meadow for winter food.

Directions for cropping b.

No. 1. Sugarloaf, or large York Cabbage, 11 yds. by 35 yds. Seed 1s. ; pro-
duce, 23 cwt. Manure with six barrows of manure, and dig the ground in
January, 12 hrs. work; plant in February (having previously raised the plants
in a, No. 2., as directed for first class, which part must be a little enlarged),
at 14 ft. distance in the row, and 2 ft. from row to row, 1100 plants, 2 hrs.
work. LEarthin March, }hr.; April, $hr. They will be ready in the middle
of July, when they must be cut, and taken into the pasture (c) : beginning
with a small quantity, and increasing as the pasture decreases.

No. 2. Turnips, 24 yds. by 17. Seed, 2d. ; produce, 26 ewt. Dig in March,
12 hrs. work. Let it lie until the 20th of June, then lay on six barrows of
manure, dig it lightly in, then sow 3 oz. of Tankard or Norfolk turnip, 7 hrs.
work; hoe in July, 1 hr. ; the same in August, lhr. Ready in November.

No. 3. Drum-headed Cabbage. Seed, 14 0z., 1s. ; produce, 2 tons. The seed
must have been sown in a, No. 2., the latter end of August, 4 hr., and trans-
planted in October, 1 hr. Sometimes the severity of the winter may destroy
part of the cabbage plants; then sow again in the beginning of February,
which will be ready for planting in May. Dig the ground well in February,
12 hrs.; then lay on six barrows of manure about the middle of April,
lightly dig and plant, 6 hrs;-earth up in May, $hr.; the same in June, $ hr.
Keep clear of weeds all summer, and they will be ready for use in February,
and till May.

Rotation of Crops. — After having given the rotation of crops of Plans 1,
2, and 3., it is unnecessary to say much more; but the crops as they stand in
Plans 1, 2, or 3. of the first class, and in a of the second class, Plan 4., may
be removed to 4, Plan 4., by beginning with the barley, a, into 1. 4, when 2. 6
will be removed to 3. a, and 3. 6 into @; and so-a regular succession and
rotation of crops may be obtained.

192 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

PastureGround, c, halfan acre. Plan 4. 40 yards by 140 yards.
The cow to be turned in on the
12th of May, where there will
be a sufficiency until the middle
of July; then the sugarloaf
cabbage must be begun with a
by cutting and giving them as
the eatage of the pasture re-
quires. They will continue
until the lst of October. There §|_—————————__ é
will be plenty of dung on the 1
PAS EULCIOLOUIG gy a een fre Tole: Fant BUR. 6

Meadow Ground, d, 1 acre,
produce 2 tons, About 20 :
barrows of dung must be laid @
upon one third of the meadow
ground every year in January,

4 hrs. work. Mowing may be

begun in July, 12 hrs. work.

The time of getting the hay

depends on the weather, but to

average one year with another,

three days for the man, wife,

and children will be sufficient ;

stacking, 1 day; thatching,

i day. Turn the cow into the

rowen on the Ist of October, ee

till the severity of the season
obliges you to take her ito the
house, when the turnips will
come into use; but as long as
open weather continues turn
her out in the day time, giving
in the field about 40 lbs. of
turnips each day, and about
4. lbs. of hay in the night time,
till she must be taken entirely into the house; then she must have 14 Ibs of
hay, and 70 lbs of turnips each day and night. After the turnips are done,
begin with the drumhead cabbage, at 50 lbs. each day, with 18 lbs. of hay,
increasing the quantity of hay and lessening the quantity of cabbage as the
cow is getting dry, which will be about the middle of March; then let her
have from 25 to 30 Ibs. of hay each day, until she calves, in the latter end
of April; she must then have plenty of hay, and the remaining part of the
cabbage, until she is turned into the pasture on the 12th of May. The calf
may be suckled ten weeks, and then it will be worth about 4.

Breed of Cows. —1 think the most profitable breed for cottagers is the
Scotch or Irish, as they are more hardy, and can live upon coarser food than
the higher breeds of cattle can. Their milk is rich, and yields a quantity
of cream, and they are never dry so long as the larger breeds, which makes
them the more valuable to a poor man. The Alderney gives a great quantity
of milk, and exceedingly rich cream, but are not hardy, and they require
very good food, which makes them unfit for a cottager, except in the most
southern parts of the kingdom.

Hogs.— The same as cottagers of the first class. There will, in this case,
be skimmed milk, which will keep them in better condition.

Hens.— As there are all the advantages of the first class, together with
more dunghill, the cowshed, stackyard, &c., three hens may very well be
kept ; which will lay lay about 200 eggs in the year, part of which may be
sold. But for further elucidation, I subjoin a tabular summary of the whole.

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Vou. VI. — No. 25.

194 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

By the above calculation, the labourer of the second class is provided with
vegetables, pork, eggs, and milk for his family throughout the year, and
has a balance over expenses of 6/. 18s. 4d., being 6/. 2s.4d. more than the
first class, which makes him a more profitable and productive consumer.
Thus, if 1000 such were established in any one county, and to lay out each
on an average 3/. (putting the remainder in the savings bank for old age),
30007. more would bein circulation in that part of the country, as it would
be laid out in extra food and clothing amongst the small tradesmen, who
always keep the money in circulation from one to another; which, I pre-
sume to assert, would do more real good to the country than 20,000/. paid
to a landlord or a merchant, who perhaps has nothing else to do with it
but lay it up in his coffer, or put it in the bank and receive the interest,
where it continues accumulating without ever being above 1 per cent value
to the public.

Ill. How much land will maintain a family with pork, vegetables, eggs, milk,
and bread corn ?

A quarter of an acre of land added to the cottager’s of the second class,
will be plenty for supplying him with the above necessaries. The arrange-
ment is shown in Plan 5. :

Plan 5. e, Autumn Wheat. 5 pecks, 8s.; produce, 15 bushels. Dig in May,
40 hrs. Let it lie until the last week of September; then light dig and

Plan 5.

sow in drills 6 in. distant, and 1 in deep, 5 pecks of corn, which may be done
in 25 hrs, It must be well rolled in March, 2hrs.; then in May it will re-

and Cottage Economy. 195

quire hoeing, 4hrs.; after that it will want no more until ready for the
sickle in August.

J; Spring Wheat. 6 pecks, 9s. 6d.; produce, 15 bushels. Dig in No-
vember, 20 hrs., and December, 20 hrs., then let it lie till the last week
of March; then dig, rake, and sow broadcast 6 pecks of spring wheat, 20
hrs. ; roll in April, 2 hrs; weed in May, 5 hrs ; nothing more will be wanted
till August, when the reaping of both e and fmust be commenced, if ripe;
which, by the man, his wife, and children, may be done in two days, or 24 hrs.
If the weather be unfavourable, take into the open shed to dry. An open
shed I consider of primary importance to the cottager ; for, if the weather
is unfavourable for one week after he has cut his corn, his subsistence
for the next twelyemonth is entirely wasted; therefore give me leave
again to recommend to you, in your proposed plans of cottages, not to omit
this most useful of buildings. Threshing may be performed at three dif-
ferent times, viz., September, 16 hrs., December, 16 hrs., January, 16 hrs.
Keep some straw for the thatching of the haystack, and the rest may
be sold, which will pay for the expense ef the seed; or lay it out in dung,
which, I think, will in the end be most profitable.

Rotation of Crops.— In the second year the crops of a and 4, with the cul-
ture directed, must be removed to f, and f to e, and e to a and }, and the
third year remove round again, so that in the fourth year it will be again
the same as Plan 5, by which rotation good crops may be produced.

Hogs. — Exactly the same as classes first and second, which see.

Cow. — As class second, which see.

Hens. — More advantages are presented to this class for fowls than either
of the others ; therefore four hens and one cock may be kept, and a brood
of chickens may be raised every year, which will sell for 18s. Produce of
eggs, 230, of which 100 may be sold, 8s. 4d.

From g to i may be planted a row of gooseberries or currants.

By the following table it will be seen, that as the labourer’s comforts and
means of getting his livelihood are increased, he will become a more profitable
member of society ; for, as I have shown in class second, the benefits resulting
from keeping a cow are still greater if he can grow his bread corn. As ap-
pears from my calculation, there is 13/. 19s. 10d. at the disposal of a labourer
of the third class; so if 1000 of these were established in any part of the
country, and were only to spend 5/. a piece, it would be 5,000/. more in cir-
culation in that part of the country ; and then if the remaining 8/. 19s. 10d.
were lodged in a savings bank every year, it would entirely free the parish from
this class, when they were no longer able to cultivate their land, or earn their
bread; they would have an independency of their own, gained by ther own
industry.*

* Tt would thus appear that a man in possession of 23 acres of land, by
bestowing on it 186 hours of labour in the' course of the year, may main-
tain himself and family. This labour, with the exception of 3 weeks, our
correspondent proposes to be wholly performed as a recreation during lei-
sure hours. We scarcely think he has allowed time sufficient; but if the
object can be. attained with so small a quantity of land, and even double
the number of hours’ labour, it affords a gratifying prospect of the comforts
and enjoyments that humane and sympathising landlords in Europe might
confer on their labourers and mechanics, and of what emigrants to America
and Australia may look forward to for themselves and their children for an
indefinite number of generations. It is useful to view such an important
subject as the prospects of the labouring, or what always has been and
always will be the very lowest, class of society, in every possible way, —
Cond.

0 2

Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

196

———

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and Cotiage Economy. 197

But perhaps you may now say that I have made every thing appear easy
and plain, without any difficulty attending it, but still how is it at all to
be effected ? You have not proposed the question, but I beg leave to give
My opinions by answering it.

It is practicable in two ways, by landholders and by parishes,

1, By Landholders, — It is in the power of landholders to effect the pre-
sent plan of amelioration, without any loss, and in the end areal gain of pro
perty ; and they would be also rewarded by seeing an increase of industry
and a decrease of crime upon their demesnes. But to the plan ; suppose a
landholder has 40 acres of good arable meadow land, that he is letting at
15s. per acre, that is 30/. per annum ; I will show how to make something
more of his property, for

; £ a. d. zt 4. d.

Six cottages of the Ist class might Then the rental of Istclass = . 2112 0

be built at 552. each = - 330 0 0 Do. 2d class - - 36 0 0

2d class, at 657. each - - 390 6 0 Do, Sd class - - 4 00
3d class, at 702. each = - 420 0 0

i - Rental per annum 102 12 0

£1140 0 0 Deduct the land rent 30 0 0

There remain 7212 0

per annum for the interest of 1140/., which is above 6 per cent for the
money laid out, and the advantages to his tenantry will be incalculable.

2, By Parishes. Upon an average, the different parishes in this part of
the country are paying 5s, per pound poor’s rate; so, if a parish is assessed
at 4000/., they are paying 1000/. annually for the regular weekly and
casual relief of the poor, which I shall divide into six classes, in order to
give a clear elucidation of my plan, viz. —

£ s. d. =, Ss: ds

10 families at 10s. per week - ~- 260 O O| 3 familiesat10s.perweek , - 78 0 0
10 do. at 8s. per week - = 208 0 Q| 3do, at 8s. per week 6 5 62 8 0
10 do. at 6s. per week » 156 0 Qj} 3 do. at 6s. per week * 5 46 16 0
10 do. at 4s. per week - 104 0 0} 3do. at 4s. per week * - 3014 Q
10 do. at 3s. per week - - 78 O 0} 3do. at 3s. per week - 3 23 8 0
10 do. at 2s. 6d. per week - 68 0 0} 3do. at 2s. 6d. per week ° e 19 10 0
60 874 0 0 Saved 260 16 0
= For casual expenses 126 0 0 874 0 0
£1000 0 O 613 4 Q

= — = Casual Relief 126 0 0

First year’s assessment 739 4 Q

To demonstrate the above still more clearly, suppose a parish were to
take a long lease of 40 acres of land for 30/. per year, and to borrow, at as
low an interest as they could, 1140/., for the building of eighteen cottages ;
that they were to place three families out of each of the ten in my first
statement; by their removal from the parish books, the assessment would
be reduced 260/. 10s., as shown in statement 2., making the assessment only
7391. 4s., which would only be 3s. 9d. in the pound instead of 5s. The pro-

fits of the parish would be as follows : —
£s.d, £58. d.

Ground rent & - © SOOO MnO)
Interest at 4 per cent of 11402. - = - i Stoel Ze ON
‘- ——_-—— 5 12 0
Rental of cottages = - c . S 102 12 0
Reduction of rates - - - es - 26016 0

—— _ 363 8 0

ne 3 Annual saving £287 16 0

By the annexed calculation, the parish is enabled to pay the rent and
interest of building money, and has 75/. in hand, which, with the 2602.
reduction in the rates, would save 287/. annually; and I have no hesi-
tation in saying, were either of these plans acted upon, the rates would soon
get much lower ; so, ultimately, the demand for labour would be greater,
and wages would be higher, and the poor’s rate would only have to be levied

Oo 3

198 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cotiager,

for relief in sickness, infirmities, and old age; or, as they were originally
intended, when first enacted in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, for the impo-
tent, blind, and those who were not able to work.

IT have now answered all your three questions, in as clear and compre-
hensive a manner as I am able, and am ready to attest the truth of what
I have written; for I have given the cultivation of each individual crop
which I have practised and found to answer. The different items of
expenditure I have been furnished with by labourers chiefly on my em-
ployer’s estate, whom I can depend upon, as being as economical a calcula-
tion as it is possible for a family to be supported with. But, fora cottager,
I would always recommend the land to be of a good quality. It is of no
use putting a cottager upon a common, where the produce will not pay for
the labour. The experiment has frequently been tried, but has always failed
of the anticipated results; and such experiments have deterred improve-
ment in the lower classes. But give them land that will reward their labours ;
it will stimulate their industry, check their immorality, and ultimately tend
to link each class of society in inseparable bonds for the preservation of
national order and tranquillity throughout our favoured isle.

As the cottagers may not be able to purchase the implements of hus-
bandry, nor the second and third classes their cows, I should say, let the
landlord or parish lend them the money, and each class will be able in three
years to pay off the debt.

- T entirely agree with your plan of national education, but it will not be
accomplished in the present age; but the sooner it is begun the better, as
it will have many difficulties to encounter, before it can be permanently
fixed. :

January 22. 1830. J. P—.

Art. V. An Essay on Cottage Gardens, with reference to the Prize
Question in the Gardener's Magazine. By the CoTTaRMAN’S
FRIEND.

To contribute in any way to the real comforts of the labouring classes,
or to the improvement of their condition, must always afford pleasure to
the benevolent and philanthropic mind, and at the present time, when the
“ poor’s rates” are making such fearful inroads upon property, any thing
that may better their condition, and render them less dependent on public
support, must appear agreeable to the wealthy, and doubly so to him who
is wealthy and avaricious. These facts, I presume, are incontrovertible ;
and yet a system which has for its sole object to enable the poor man to
do something for himself, by occupying a small piece of garden ground, has
already met with some opposition. I have always observed, in the vege-
table kingdom, that when a plant, a flower stem, or a shoot of a fruit tree
was tied to a pole, or nailed to a wall, it in a short time became so feeble
as to render future support absolutely necessary, while its fellows, that
were left to balance themselves when shaken by the blast, acquired a vigour
which fitted them for their exposed situation: exactly such takes place in
the animal kingdom; and such is the case with man. It may not, therefore,
be out of place here to notice some of the objections brought against that
system, which seems so well calculated to encourage the labourer to depend
on his own exertions. One of the most formidable, and the only one to
which I will at present reply has appeared in a late Number of the Farmer’s
Journal by a correspondent who signs “ A Yeoman,” who doubts that cot-
tagers would keep such lots of pigs and poultry as would induce them to
steal for their support. Absolute want may induce a man to put forth his
hands to his neighbour’s goods, but a mgderate competence cannot contri-

and Cottage Economy. 199

bute any thing towards such inducement. The cottager will soon learn,
even if he were formerly inclined te pilfer, that one pig, properly fatted, is
of more value to his family than ten starved ones ; he will also soon learn,
from experience, that “ Yeomen”’ are pretty sharp-sighted, and that, to use a
Scotch proverb, “it is no easy matter to take oats from geese.” To the
uncharitable theory of the “ Yeoman,” and all such, I may be permitted to
oppose some experience, that convinces me of the tendency which the cot-
tage system has, to promote habits of honesty and industry ; and in doing
this I conceive I am only paying a just tribute to human nature.

In a populous village of which I have long had the charge or manage-
ment, where all have gardens, where each family keeps a pig, and some of
them a cow, and where the garden and park of which I have the charge is
situate within a gunshot of that village, although there is much fruit
without the garden walls, much young wood in the plantations, and although
the villagers have at all times access to the park for grass, turnips, potatoes,
&c., which they purchase, I can say, that during these twenty-one years
I have not lost a sixpence-worth of fruit, nor have I had the smallest reason
to complain of any depredations in the plantations or fields. Their rents
are most punctually paid half-yearly. The conditions of their tenure are
honesty, sobriety, cleanliness, and industry ; and J have only had to remove
one tenant for a breach of these conditions. In order to inform their minds,
I established a village library eighteen years ago, which, by the small sum
of 6d. quarterly from each member, now contains upwards of three hundred
volumes. To diffuse a taste for flowers and the finer vegetables, I esta-
blished a “ Village Gardening Society,” which has been productive of
much advantage, and which has, even to the aged, opened up new sources
of innocent pleasure; in short, I treated the villagers as rational beings,
and I have received corresponding treatment in return. The parish school
being distant, they have established a subscription school in the village,
and there is not a child in the neighbourhood, of ten years of age, who
cannot read, write, and cast accounts. Such habits it may be easily infer-
red, save us from any thing like assessment or poor’s rate. So far is the
cottage system from having any tendency, in my opinion, to produce dis-
honesty, that in all my intercourse with mankind I have found that state of
moderate competence which it affords, generally speaking, most favourable
to genuine piety, to excite a greater dread of breaking the laws of an Om-
niscient Being, and an humbler and steadier dependence for daily support on
his bounty, amongst those who had “ neither poverty nor riches,” than in
the state of that man who could “ say to his soul, Soul thou hast much
goods laid up for many years.” Wer ce ‘

Assuming, then, that the “ Cottage System” has nothing in it hostile to
the purest morality, I shall attempt to enquire to what extent it may be
carried, and endeavour to show that its general adoption would prove more
favourable than injurious to the “ Yeoman.”

All farms, to be managed with profit, should be of such extent as to be
fairly wrought by one, two, or more ploughs. On black lands a pair of
horses, with one plough, will, or ought to, work about 40 Scots, or 50
English acres, arable land, in a six-course shift; in clay lands, 10 acres
less: but, as I would wish cottage gardens chiefly to consist of what is
generally termed “ black land,” it is to this description of soils that I will
refer in my following remarks, keeping in mind that on clay lands spade
culture will be in the ratio of three to four, and the crops less certain, A
farm of three ploughs of black land should contain 120 Scots, or 150 Eng-
lish, acres. More would prevent the work from being properly performed,
and less would be a less, as the farmer could not proportionally diminish
his annual expense of farm servants, or horses’ keep. I would propose
that over and above such extent of ground for each plough, a breadth
equal to 5 per cent of arable land should in the first instance be laid off, or

o 4

200 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

attached to each black land farm, or farm which had as much black land,
as that for every Scots acre, or 5 roods English, a cottage should be
built, the ground to be divided in such portions as might suit the inclination
or ability of the cottagers. On a farm of three ploughs there will be six
cottages, with 6 Scots, or 74 English, acres. In building the cottages I
would recommend strict economy, as far as it can be practised with proper
attention to the comfort and health of the cottagers; for, whether such
cottages are built by the farmer or proprietor, the rent must amount to
from 5 to 7 per cent on the outlay, to insure any thing like a general
extension of cottage building. This small colony will form an excellent
and useful appendage to the farm. From among the inmates the farmer
will get as many young people as will perform all the manual labour on the
farm by the day; and in autumn, together with the families of his own
farm-servants, he will be able to muster as many as will cut down his crops,
of which they would be more careful than strangers; nor would he require
to provide bedding, or pay for idle time. The rent of the houses and
ground would be punctually paid in harvest labour, without the farmer

aving to encroach on the proceeds of the farm for that operation. If the
farmer is possessed of an ordinary share of humanity he will soon become
the patriarch of his colony. In their petty squabbles they would look up
to him as an umpire, and, when oppressed, his influence should be extended
in their behalf, If he perform his part well, I promise him they will not be
deficient in theirs. Farmers need not be alarmed about too much produce,
from 5 acres in 100 being subjected to spade culture, It will only employ
some of our own poor in raising what otherwise would be raised by the
serfs of Russia or Poland. From such a system industrious young men of
sober and industrious habits may be expected to arise, who shall be attached
to home because they have a property in the soil; and, in place of emi-
grating to foreign lands, they will only remove to cultivate our own waste
lands, and form new yillages or pendicles, where their labour will yield
abundance of produce to supply the surplus population of some centuries
to come; and amongst this class will always be found virtuous and indus-
trious mechanics, able-bodied soldiers and sailors, to live in, or to defend, the
land of their fathers. Believing, therefore, as I do, that the cottage system
is favourable to the poor, to the farming interest, and to the state. I shall
attend to the following queries, in the order in which they come :—

I. What quantity of garden ground does it require to supply all requisite
culinary vegetables, including potatoes, to a labourers family, and to his
live stock the former consisting of two grown persons and four children,
and the latter, at an average, of one pig, three rabbits, three hens, and three
ducks? (Gard. Mag., vol.y. p.713.) —

As -to the quantity of ground, supposing the soil to be of moderate
quality, and not stiff clay, I conceive that 1 rood of Scotch land measure, °
which is nearly equal to 1 rood 10 poles English will be requisite; and this
ground I would lay out in two equal divisions (having Scots measure in
‘view in my remarks, whieh is in the ratio as four to five English measure). .
The one division of 20 falls (in English, rods) to be under late potatoes
and oats, the other division under early potatoes and the different culinary
vegetables; and, for the sake of perspicuity, I shall suppose the thing has
been for some time established, and shall offer a few remarks on the mode
of cropping.

Supposing that 4 falls of ground had been under early potatoes the year
before, and that 2 falls of those first taken up had been succeeded by broc-
coli plants in the end of July, and the other 2 by cabbage plants in the
end of August, with a plant of winter lettuce between each of the cabbage
plants; and that 4 falls of the first taken up late potatoes had been planted
with greens to come up in spring; that the broccoli and early cabbage of |
the former year had been followed by savoys and greens ; the ground at the
ist of March will appear thus : —

and Cottage Economy. © 201

Plan |.

1. Savoys ; 2, German greens; 3, winter dug; 4, broccoli; 5, early cabbage; 6, late greens ;
7, winter dug.

March, — In the first week of March the cottager will dig 2 falls, to be
sown with beans, onions, leeks, carrots, and succory. The onions and
leeks may occupy half a fall, and should be dunged with a compost of soot
and dung from the poultry-yard, previously prepared. Some seeds of the
magnum bonum lettuce may be dropped into the onion bed to be trans-
planted in May. The leeks may occupy a small space, as they will also be
transplanted ; the carrots and succory need not be sown till near the end of
the month. Half a fall may be planted with the long-podded bean, at
18 in. distance between the rows, and 6in. between the plants; 2 falls
adjoining may be dunged with four barrow-loads from the pigsty, for
early ash-leaved potatoes, with a double row next the carrot ground of
early dwarf peas. This, with dunging, planting, and sowing, will require
ten hours of the cottager’s time. The second week he will dig 4 falls of
the other division, and sow with the common oat; as this will not require
to be so finely broken, and no dung to carry, the digging, sowing, and raking
will occupy eight hours.

The third week he will throw out the savoy roots, and dig half a fall for
plants of cabbage, cauliflower, greens, savoys, broccoli, a few radishes and
lettuce to be transplanted, leaving a small piece of ground for sowing a
succession of lettuce; this operation will occupy two hours.

The fourth week he will pass 2 falls for American early potatoes, and dig
1 fall for early cabbages, to be planted at 20 in. between the rows, and 18 in.
plant from plant. Sowing carrots and succory will take three hours’ work.

The vegetables in season in March are, late potatoes, yellow turnips,
early broccoli, greens, and winter lettuce. At the beginning of April the
ground will stand thus : —

Plan 2.

J, plant bed; 2, empty; 3, German greens in use; 4, empty ; 5, oats; 6, broccoli in use; 7,
early cabbage, the winter lettuce in use ; 8, late greens ; 9, early cabbage ; 10, empty; 11, early

otatoes, and a row of peas; 12, onions, carrots, succory, and beans. The time employed in
arch is twenty-three hours. ;

202 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

April. — The first week of April he will dig, dung, and plant the
2 falls left for the American early potato; and next the cabbage he will
sow another row of dwarf prolific peas, which, with the assistance of a
young person to plant, will occupy five hours. WHoeing and earthing up
the cabbages which stood the winter will occupy two hours.

The second week he will begin to plant late potatoes, if in Scotland or
the north of England; if farther south, it may be too early. Dunging
from the pigsty, and planting 22 in. between the rows, and 8 in. between
the plants, he may do at the rate of 4 falls each week as long as it lasts.
I would recommend the York kidney and Scots red varieties. Although
the pig may have been moderately well littered, dung will still be scarce ;
but any green weeds that can be collected about hedges or way sides will
form an excellent substitute. If the pig’s dung has been turned over once
or twice, and mixed with ferns and other herbage, it will be more bulky and
better for producing mealy potatoes. Imay mention here that, with the excep-
tion of the onions and early potatoes, the other division will be supplied with
Ziquid manure from a tank, in which soap-suds, chamber-lie, dish-washings that
may not be wanted for the pig, &c., are thrown and allowed to ferment ; which
should be carried out in the evenings and laid between the rows. It should
also be carefully observed that all green herbage that can be had before
seeding will yield a rich manure, by being dug in, and allowed to ferment in
the soil; whatever, therefore, is not wanted for the pig and rabbits should
be dug in ina green state. In the third week dig another fall, and plant with
sugarloaf cabbage, with a row of cauliflower plants if they can be had; this
will occupy two hours. If 12 falls of late potatoes are planted, this will
have occupied thirty hours, besides the same time for a young person to
cut, and plant the sets; there will therefore be, at the end of the month,
about four days of a man’s labour, and three of a boy’s or girl’s ; when the
ground will stand thus : —

Plan 2.

1, plants ; 2, empty; 3, late potatoes; 4, oats; 5, broccoli in use; 6, early cabbage and winter
jettuce in use; 7, young tender greens in use; 8, empty; 9, cabbages and cauliflowers ; 10 and 11,
potatoes and peas ; 12, succory, carrots, beans, onions, &c. The vegetables in season in April are,
late potatoes, broccoli, winter lettuce, tender greens, radishes, &c.

May. — Yn the first week of May sow a row of scarlet runners between
the divisions. Dig 2 falls, and plant with late or drumhead cabbage for the
pig in winter ; and 1 fall to be sown with royal dwarf or green Prussian
peas and turnips. Hoe and earth up peas and beans, and earth up winter
cabbages. Finish planting potatoes. This will require thirteen hours of a
man’s work, and five of a young person’s.

In the second week dig half a fall beside the turnips, and plant with let-
tuce from the onion bed, two hours’ work. What of this is not used by
the family will bea treat to the pig. The third week sow half a fall of yellow
Aberdeen turnips ; the 2 falls under broccoli, No 5., will be now clear,
dig and plant with sayoys, which will occupy five hours.

and Cottage Economy. 203

In the fourth week dig and sow half a fall with marrow-fat peas, and hoe
the late potatoes with a two-pronged hoe, 4 or 5in. deep. This will occupy
ten hours. In this month there are required thirty hours, or three days, of
a man, and five hours of a young person. At the end of the month the
ground will stand thus ; —

Plan 4.

1 ; 2 3

Scarlet Runners.

A

Gx
for)
3
@
No)
—
(=)
a
i
—
(2)

13

|

_ 1, plants; 2, late potatoes; 3, oats ; 4, Savoys; 5, cabbage in use; 6, greens in use ; 7, marrow-
fat peas; 8, Aberdeen yellow turnips; 9, green Prussian peas and turnips; 10, late cabbage ; 11,
cabbage and cauliflower; 12, early potatoes and peas; 13, carrots, onions, beans, &c.

June. — As soon as the greens and cabbage are over, dig and sow with
yellow Aberdeen turnip, and plant with early cabbage and cauliflower,
which may be about the second week of June, at which time the ground
will be full. Earth up slightly early and late potatoes, as the stems
lengthen. Weed and thin carrots and onions. Thin turnips; hoe and
earth up cabbage and cauliflower; keep watering between the drills from
the tank regularly over the whole, according to the supply. The amount
of work in the garden this month may occupy about six hours each week,
or about two and a half days in the month. The vegetables in season in
June are, early cabbage, tender under leaves of Savoys, late potatoes, let-
tuce, onions.

July. — In the beginning of July the ground will stand thus : —

Plan 5.

nn

1, plants; 2, late potatoes; 3, oats; 4, Savoys; 5, yellow turnips; 6, early cabbage and cauli-
flower ; 7, peas; 8, turnips: 9, peas and turnips; 10, late cabbage ; 11, cabbage and cauliflower
now using; 12, peas and early potatoes about ready for use; 13, succory, carrots, onions, and
beans; 14, 14, a row of scarlet runners.

By the middle of July, the early peas and early ash-leaved potatoes will
be inuse; and by the end of the month the ground will be dug over and
planted with broccoli, A ridge of celery may divide the ground from the
carrots, which will afford a substantial salad, and also foliage for soup in
winter and spring. A foot thick of green manure laid in a weck before

204 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

planting, and slightly covered with earth to promote fermentation in the
green herbs, with an occasional watering from the tank, will produce excel-
lent celery. Give the late potatoes a final earthing up; weed carrots and
onions; earth up cabbage and cauliflowers; rod the marrow-fat peas and
kidneybeans. The work may this month occupy twenty hours of the cot-
tager, or five hours every week, and about a day and a half of a young
person. The ground being now full, and No. 11. and the remainder of
No. 12. only to be cropped in August, it may be unnecessary to continue
the sketches of the ground, and it may be here observed that the division
under late potatoes and oats the one year will fall to be under the peas
and cabbage tribe next season. The vegetables in season in July are, early
potatoes, green peas, cauliflowers, cabbage, lettuce, onions, carrots, tur-
nips, &c.

ie. — The yellow turnips should be thinned to stand 4 in. apart in the
rows, and at least 18 in. between the rows early in August. The onion bed
should get the final weeding, and the alleys be dug, and planted with let-
tuce, of which a succession should be sown in the plant bed monthly. The
ground under the American potatoes will be getting partly clear, and
should be dug as the potatoes are taken up, to be planted with early York
cabbage, and winter lettuce, in the following month. The ground should
also be turned over as the cabbage and cauliflower are cut, or the cabbage
may be allowed to stand to give young tops till winter. The work in this
month will not exceed four hours each week, or a day and a half. The
vegetables in season are, American early potatoes, turnips, cabbage, cauli-
flowers, lettuce, peas, kidneybeans, carrots, &c.

September. — The ground under early American potatoes will be
clear, and ready for cabbages and winter lettuce, which should be
planted by the middle of the month, by which time the late potatoes will
come in; a few rows of leeks may be transplanted to blanch for winter
use. The oats will be cut down and stooked when ripe; the grain should
be beat out and reserved for the poultry and pig, and the straw laid up for
litter. Take up onions as they ripen, and tie in bundles when dry. Keep
down weeds and earth up Savoys. Plant 1 fall with German greens for
winter, as soon as the ground is clear of late potatoes. The work this
month will occupy about five hours in each week, or about two days. The
vegetables in season the same as last month.

October. — Plant to the extent of 3 more falls after late potatoes,
as soon as the ground is clear. Take up the whole by the 12th, and
pit or secure them in a house. The stems should be previously cut and
dug into the oat ground; the roots may be thrown into the pigsty. Tak-
ing up the potatoes and digging the ground, and also the ground under
oats, will form the chief employment in October, and will at least occupy
the cottager about four days, or a day every week. Much, however, of the
time requisite for the garden may be spared in by-hours, if the cottager is a
mechanic, or if he gets employment by the day near home. The vegetables
in season are the same as in the two former months, with the exception of
peas and beans.

November. — There is little to do. The yellow turnips should be
all taken up, and secured with a slight covering from the frost. Carrots
should also be stored up in sand or dry earth; succory may be blanched
within doors, but the root, as coffee, will be of most value; it sells in
Scotland as high as 6d. the root, of no great size, to be mixed with the
coffee of invalids, and consequently cannot be bad for people in health.
Cleaning the ground of summer crops, as they are over, and winter digging
the same, will be easily performed in one day each month, from November
till March.

I have gone thus minutely into the operations of every month, and
although on stubborn soils more time may be requisite, yet, on light easy

and Cottage Economy. 205

soils the time employed will be less; twenty-six days of a man and about
six of a boy will be an ordinary average to make the most of the ground.
With regard to cooking, I must confess, I know little about it, and I think
I will maintain my credit best with the housewife to say little on the subject.
She is certainly not deserving the name of wife or mother if she cannot
dress the vegetables ; I have given directions about raising, in various ways,
to suit the taste of her husband, her children, and herself, and that to every
advantage. I may mention that potato flour made in the way which
every housewife knows to make potato starch, makes an excellent dish
boiled with milk, @ /a Sir John Sinclair; but labourers think it rather soft.
I fear the mode of cooking kidneybeans dry, that Iam acquainted with,
takes too much fire and time for a cottager’s wife. The offals of the
kitchen and garden, however, will feed two pigs annually, of about seven
months’ age each; the one to be bought in about February, and the
other about September; one to be killed in November, and the other in
March, weighing about 144 lbs. each. The poultry should be of the Polish
or Cossack breed: I mean the hens; those I have of that breed, having their
feet feathered to the ground, scrape little, seldom hatch, and lay eggs al-
most perpetually. Ihave taken no account of the time the wife or children
take in feeding the pigs, rabbits, and poultry, as it is only a recreation.
Fruit Trees and Shrubs, —1\ have hitherto said nothing of fruit; but as
some can be easily obtained, I would recommend a few apple trees to be
trained as espaliers between the divisions, and the kidneybeans could be
raised somewhere else. One tree of the white codlin, one of the eve, one
of the Cambusnethan pippin, or Scots redstreak, and one of the winter
wine apple, one of the Crawford and one of the black Auchan pear trees,
with six currant and ten gooseberry bushes trained on an espalier rail,
would afford some of what the cottager esteems as the real luxuries of a
garden, without occupying much room. Having thus far endeavoured to
procure pork, eggs, and vegetables, I shall now attend to the second query.

IL. What additional ground and what arrangements will be necessary to add
two goats for milk to the stock ?

Goats are easily tamed, and may be easily habituated to eat any thing; —
but they are volatile and mischievous, and will require to be confined, and
to have room to frisk about in that confinement. Their dung, too, will be
of little consequence ; but as it is requisite to notice this part of the query,
I shall humbly submit to the philanthropic querist a mode of obtainmg
milk, on a small scale, with the same ground as would be requisite for the
keep of two goats, and put it in the cottager’s power either to have two
milk goats, or one small Shetland cow. The ground requisite for both being,
in my opinion, nearly the same, I shall give the directions which may suit
for either.

Shetland cows, I may remark, may be had as small as 10 to 12 stones
Amsterdam, and such will yield from 8 to 10 quarts of excellent milk daily ;
they are easily kept, easily fed, and when fat afford the best beef in the
world ; besides, the dung and urine to the cottager’s garden are of immense
importance. To keep either two milk goats, or one small Shetland cow,
another three roods of ground would be necessary; this would be on the
whole one acre, Scots measure. If goats are preferred, about ten falls
would require to be enclosed with a railing at least 6 ft. high, with a door
at one side to enter for the purpose of feeding and milkmg. A covered
track should stand somewhere near the centre, so contrived as to keep
them and their food dry in the time of rain, with access to scramble over
its top. The cow would dispense with either the ground or the fence, 1
shall therefore proceed to give directions about the management of the
ground, as it is the same in both cases, with this difference, that if goats
are kept, the ground and the produce, as well as the expense of culture,

/

206 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager,

will be less, in the proportion of ten falls. I shall be the more particular
in this department, as the very same directions on a large scale will suffice
for keeping of an ordinary cow. In either case the division under potatoes will
be attached to the new rotation, and the kitchen-garden work will not be
repeated. We have, therefore, 140 falls, Scots measure, which I propose
laying out in four equal parts, to be subjected to the following rotation, viz.
potatoes and turnips with dung, barley with grass seeds slightly dunged,
grass, oats, 35 falls in each division. ;

Supposing the work to be performed by the spade, 35 falls will require
to be dug in March, and sown with oats, about a bushel and a half; this
will require six days’ hard work in that month.

Twenty falls of potatoes, digging, dunging, end planting in April, and 35
falls for barley slightly dunged, will require about ten days of a man, and
five of a young person, in that month. A bushel of barley, 3 lbs. of clover,
and a quarter of a bushel of rye grass, will seed the barley division. If any
of the potatoes are not planted in April, they may be got in in May.

In June 15 falls will require to be dunged and sown with field turnips,
at 27 in. between the rows; this will take three days work ; hoeing potatoes,
collecting dung, &c., one day’s work.

A young person will clean the turnips in July, and earth up the potatoes
in two days and a half.

The same time will be requisite in August. If goats are kept, 20s. worth
of bone-dust will have to be purchased yearly. If a cow is kept, no pur-
chase of dung will be necessary. I have, in such cases, found the cottager
able to sell some, and keep his ground in good order.

A man or woman will cut the barley in one day. The oats will take
the same time. Stooking and stacking, a day. Taking potatoes up in Octo-
ber, and digging the ground, four days. Threshing oats and barley in course
of the winter, making up the straw, and cleaning the grain, four days in all,
or thirty-three days of a man and ten of a woman; but the work in the
garden will be proportionally lessened as the late potato division is attached
to this rotation, which, including the garden, may amount in the whole to
forty-eight days of a man and sixteen of a young person in course of the
year; for which the cottager has the above vegetables in regular supply ;
pork, eggs, milk, to supply an ordinary family ; 2 bolls, equal to 12 bushels,
oats, and 2 bolls barley, besides seed for next year.

Ill. The ground requisite for a labourer’s family, pigs, and a cow?

I now proceed to notice the third query, respecting the keep of an
ordinary cow, which may weigh about 24 stone, Dutch. To support a cow
of this weight, 1 Scots acre and 3 roods of ordinary land will be necessary,
including 20 falls for garden ground, which will be divided in four equal
parts, besides the garden; or 65 falls in each part, to be cropped in the
same manner as above, with this difference, that the potatoes and turnips
shall occupy equal proportions of that division. The turnips to be followed
with barley, and the potatoes with oats. The barley to be sown with grass
seeds, and half the grass division to be laid out in equal parts, with some of the
larger late cabbage and peas shifting with the grass alternately, so as clover
will only succeed clover once in eight years, which will insure good crops.
This ground should be let to plough, and might cost the cottager about
1/. 15s. annually, or work to that amount to have it done; which would
much abridge the necessary labour by spade work: but, as work is scarce,
I shall suppose that the whole is done by the spade, which would be sixty-
one days, with five days added for the peas and cabbage in the grass divi-
sion, or sixty-six days of a man and twenty of a woman, to which we may
add fifteen days of a man for the garden and six of a woman, making in all
on this establishment eighty-one days of a man and twenty-six of a woman.

and Cottage Economy. 207

Haying now concluded my remarks on culture, I shall endeavour to form
an estimate of profit and loss on each establishment.

For the lowest grade: —
The house rent should not, if possible, exceed 27. at 5 or 6 per cent. on the outlay,
One half of garden ground, or 20 falls at 1s. per fall, which is the ordinary rate for
such ground in Scotland, or at the rate of 87. per acre, makes 17. rent of the other
half, which should be rented as ordinary land, 6d. per fall, or 10s., ee that the
rent will amount in the whole to a 81)
Vegetables and potatoes used daily, as stated i in the remarks, will not # s. a.
be overcharged at 3d. per day, making in the year - - 411 3
Two pigs, one killed in spring, and one in autumn % = = 310 0
Eggs, from three Cossack hens, and three ducks, 365 015
(If the boys attend to the rabbits, a dish of them, and occasionally
a dish of young ducks with green peas may be had.)

From which deduct, for man’s work, 26 days, at 1s, 6d. = 12. 19s, ; six
days of a boy or girl at 8d. = 4s, ° - Ss

Price of two pigs, at 10s. each - fs : - - 100
5013) 5%

Leaving a balance in favour of industry of 2. 13s. 5$d., besides covering house rent, which falls
to be paid with or without a garden.

In the goat and Shetland cow division: —

ES CR Gh
The house rent . : 6 RY 20 0
Rent of barn and byre (tithes always commuted) - co 10 0
Rent of 20 falls garden ground, 20s. ; 3 roods of land at 42. per acre 5 40 0
33 days of aman at 1s. 6d., 2/. Qs. 6d. ; 10 Bays ofa poner at (ee 6s. Bay - 216 2
. Price of two young pigs : = 100
ke
£10 16 2
5s. d.
Vegetables and potatoes, as above ° - 2 411 3
4 falls additional potato ground - iin - ay VOROINO
Two pigs, fatted as above - g 5 = 310 0
Eggs, as above - 015 2
. Milk of a Shetland cow, at A quarts daily,” for four months; “6 quarts
daily, for two months; 4 quarts cally, for two months: 2quarts ~
daily, for two months ; "ary two months: equal to 43 quarts daily,
or 1460 quarts yearly, at 1d. each = 6 1 8
2 bolls of oats, at present low prices, 17. 15s. 3 3 do. of. Barley, Ql. 45, - 319 0
3619 2 12

Leaving a balance in favour of the cottager on this establishment of 8/. 5s. 113d.

Being able to speak with most certainty as to the cow, I have stated her
proceeds ; probably the goats might yield nearly as much, although from
their nature, and the little quantity of dung they make, I ‘think the Shet-
lander will be the greatest favourite.

Amongst the generality of the second class of cottagers : —

The rent of house and offices in the highest class Ss

Rent of garden, 17.; of land, 220 falls, at 6d.=5/. 10s., tithe free

81 days’ work of a man, 61. 1s. 6d. ; 26 days ofa woman at 8d., 17s. 4d. -
Price of two pigs, as above = = 2
Interest on 10/. for an Ayrshire cow = - - a

Dow OAD

Proceeds of garden, as above eas 2
16 falls of potato ground more than in 1 the garden - =
Two pigs, fatted as poe = = = 5 5
Eggs, as above -
Milk of an Ayrshire cow, 16 quarts daily, t two months ; 12 quarts daily,
two months; 8 quarts daily, two months; 4 quarts daily, two
months; 2 quarts daily, two months; dry, two months : or 7 quarts
for every day in the year, 2550, at ld. agi quart = - 101211
Oats, 53 bolls, besides seed os - - Pac
Barley, rebel besides seed - = - - 118 6
Peas, 4 bushels, at present prices - - -
: ae 3 £21 17 104
Leaving abalance of 97, 19s. 02d. in favour of the cottage system, besides charging all along house
rent.

I am sensible that the cottager, when his cow gives most milk, cannot
deriye the same adyantage from it as if he had exactly as much as would

208 Cottage Gardens, live Stock of the Cottager, SC.

supply his wants. I have rated the produce of the cow low, and its value
at ld. per quart, sweet, at the lowest country rate ; near towns it 1s doubled
or trebled in value. About 3/. might be saved in labour on the large
establishment, by employing the plough; but circumstances will always
regulate this. With regard to the produce of the field department, its
application by the English and Scotch is widely different. In Scotland the
oats will be ground into meal, and the barley into barley flour ; the five and
a half bolls oats is within one boll of what would suffice a family all the
year over for breakfast, with milk, made into pottage. The barley flour
will make bannocks, which are always on the table at dinner; potatoes and
milk, cooked in one or other of the “ hundred and one” ways of which
they are susceptible, furnish a light supper for the greater part of the
year. In the highest establishment, therefore, very little will require to
be purchased, and about 4 lbs. of butter may be sold weekly during the
summer months, by a frugal wife, to assist in getting clothes to the children,
paying books and school fees, &c. This is the way we live in Scotland:
we like our oatmeal pottage, our barley bannocks, and our independence.
As wheat cannot enter into the culture suited to a cottager, whose cow
would perish on wheat straw, the system will not be so profitable to an
English family. While a Scots housewife would have her oats, barley,
and peas made into meal and flour, for bread and pottage, an English
cottager’s wife would convert the barley into malt, if His Grace of Welling-
ton allowed; the peas she would have split for making into soup, a very
excellent dish, too; but the oats, so necessary for “ hawkee’s”’ fodder,
would have to be sold and converted into quartern loaves, which might
bring about two and a half loaves in the week, at 9d. The prejudice,
however, in the south is so strong against the use of oatmeal, that I shall
not attempt to remove it. With regard to mills, in Scotland we are every
where supplied with water-mills, the owners of which drive our corn to
and from the mill, and grind it for an allowance of a twentieth part. Where
such cannot be got in England, one of the hand-mills must be resorted
to; but it might be better if a miller by profession would purchase one of
the most approved, and grind the corn of the cottagers at the same rates
as they do in Scotland. The only implement I have to recommend to
abridge labour is a kind of plough-hoe, which I invented last season; it
operates on the same principle as a Dutch hoe, and for surface weeds a
man may push it before him,and work as fast as he can walk; it will go to
any depth, being guided by a wheel before the hoe. A drawing of this
implement will be sent for the Gardener’s Magazine. With regard to a
horse, this can only, in my opinion, be adopted when the country is ina
state to improve waste lands; at present the poor are in ?mmediate want of
some means of support. The improvement of waste lands for cottagers or
pendiclers would require a long essay of itself.

The facts I have stated being familiar to my mind, I do not know that I
have exaggerated in any one instance; if what I have stated be thought
worthy of publishing, and be of any benefit to my fellow-countrymen, it
will give me much pleasure.

Tue CorrarMAn’s FRIEND.

January, 1830.

PART U1.
MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Noiices.

WitK1E’s Wheel Plough, and Liston’s Wheel Plough. —\ have not seen Mr.
Wilkie’s wheel plough, or parallel adjusting brake, and I cannot, therefore,
give any opinion of them; but, so far back as the-year 1813, I conceived the
idea of introducing a wheel into the body or bosom of the common plough,
about 15 in. diameter, to act as the sole, and made several exhibitions of a
plough so constructed before numerous scientific gentlemen and practical
farmers, including the Dalkeith Farming Society. The result was highly
satisfactory, so far as it lessened the draught ; and this was not confined to my
own ploughs, but a similar result was produced when the wheel was applied
to those of different makers. Of these trials I have, or had very lately, a
memorandum of the particulars; but I cannot lay my hands upon it at pre-
sent. From recollection, however, I may state that the average draught of
the ploughs was about 3 cwt. 2 qr., taking a furrow of about 10in. wide by
8in. deep; but when the wheel was applied to the ploughs, their average
draught was reduced one fifth, that is, they were drawn by about 2cwt. 3 qrs.
But notwithstanding this decided advantage, it was observed by some of
the farmers as a great objection, that it would require some attention
from the ploughman to grease the axle of the wheel [!!]._ This objection
I thought lightly of, and said so at the time: the reply was, that they
found difficulty in getting men who understood the management of the
plough in its simplest form. I, however, made a good many of them for a
year or two, and sent several to the West Indies and to other parts abroad ;
but they never came into general use. The Rev. Mr. Liston, some years
afterwards, introduced into his patent plough a wheel of larger diameter
than mine, with a narrow rounded sole: the wheel was placed at such an
angle as to remove or lessen both the sole and land-side friction. I made
a good many of them for that gentleman; but, as was the case with my
own ploughs, they never came into general use. I am, Sir, &c.— Sam.
Morton. Leith Walk, Edinburgh, Oct. 27. 1829.

The Stone-breaking Machine consists of a rotatory steam-engine attached
to a machine similar to a bone-mill, but considerably stronger, which breaks
the stones to cover the road at the astonishing rate of 70 or 80 tons in ten
hours. The engine is mounted on wheels, so that it can be removed to
any part of the road without being taken to pieces. (Newton’s Journal,
vol. iv. p. 164.)

Substitute for the Term Bailiff. —T quite agree with you as to the ex-
pediency of confining the hateful term bailiff to the law officer so called,
and of banishing it altogether from the language of agriculture. Must we
choose a substitute from the words farmer, agronome, steward, and inten-
dant? I prefer the last word.— W. October, 1829.

The word intendant, without a prefix, does not appear to us sufficient ;
we prefer the word farmer. When used alone, it is to be understood in the
same manner as the word gardener when used alone, that is, generically.
Why should not we see gentleman’s farmer, commercial farmer, &c., as
well as gentleman’s gardener, commercial gardener, &c. ? — Cond.

Vou. VI. — No. 25. P

210 General Notices.

To destroy Slugs. —1 have always remarked that slugs will attack the
leaf of a somewhat withered cabbage, in preference to those in a more
thriving condition. When I plant out a bed of cabbages, therefore, I strew
the leaves that I cut off all over the bed, and the slugs will lie under them,
and feed on them in the shade. Every day or two I have the leaves
gathered up and given to the pigs, and then strew more leaves; and so on,
till I get rid of the slugs entirely. — W. B, Rose. Foxcote, June 10. 1829.

To destroy the Caterpillar.— A person has tried successfully, for a num-
ber of years, “ 20z. of white hellebore dissolved [infused] in three gallons
of water.’ —R.C. Kirklston, August 22. 1829.

Propagating the Genus Pinus by Cuttings. — Since I last saw you, I have
succeeded in propagating, by cuttings, several species of Pinus, in addition
to those you have mentioned in the Magazine. It is a curious fact that
the young glaucous shoots that spring from the collar and a little way up
the trunk of P. longifolia, P. canariénsis, sinénsis, &c., strike readily, and in
a short time make as handsome plants as if they had been raised from seeds.
T have at this moment plants of the P. longifolia, canariénsis, sinénsis, and
occident&lis, which cannot be distinguished from seedling plants. When-
ever trials were made with the extremities of the proper branches, they have
with me invariably failed. A good example of the young shoots I allude
to may be seen in a two or three years old seedling stone pne.— W. Baillie.
Dropmore, Dec. 22. 1829. ;

Canavalia ? (Dec.) bonariénsis ; Leguminose § Phaseolee, Lindl. Bot. Reg.,
t. 1199. — This “ lovely climber” has been noticed as a “ tender stove
plant ;” but it is a most important addition to the green-house or conser-
vatory, flowering, as it does, the whole summer. The stem is woody, sar-
mentose, extending to a great length; the leaves are ternate, smooth, and
shining; the flowers appear in axillary racemes, of a most beautiful reddish
purple. Propagated with facility by layers. Cuttings are also rooted with-
out difficulty in sand under a glass in bottom heat. A rich loamy soil is
suitable for it. — Botanicus.

Encélia (Adans.) canéscens Cav.; Nat. Order, Composite § Heliinthee,
Bot. Reg., t.909.— Plants of this interesting species were subjected to a
warm border in May, which have, notwithstanding the unfavourable season,
thriven with marked vigour. The stem is shrubby, 2 to 3 ft. in height; the
leaves are large, ovate triangular, clothed with soft hoary down. The
flowers appear in corymbs ; florets of the ray about twelve, of a fine
yellow; disk dark purple. It requires to be an inmate of the green-house
during winter in an airy situation. — Id.

Shallots. — \ frequently hear it mentioned by different persons, that they
find a difficulty in growing these useful and piquant roots. I formerly did
so.. Ihave for several years past planted my shallots in drills about the
middle of March, putting in each drill a small sprinkling of salt; upon that
a layer of dry soot, about half an inch thick. I then plant the roots upon
it, about 6 in. apart, and immediately cover in and beat down the soil with
the back of the rake. By this method I uniformly succeed in getting
excellent crops of large and sound clusters of bulbs. —Ovres. Yorkshire,
lat, 54°, Oct. 31. 1829. ; Des

Marking Geraniums. — It occurs to me that my method of marking gera-
niums might be useful to Mr. Daniel and others, and I therefore beg to
send it for insertion in your useful work. I make my tallies 3 and 4 in.
long, and one quarter and three eighths of an inch wide. I paint them

black ; and as I use them, I cut the mark m the Seton method, which then
appears white and visible. I am quite satisfied with the plan, and don’t
‘doubt it will be approved of. — X.Y. Sept. 15. 1829.

Prolific or conical Hautbois Strawberry. — 1 last year received a parcel of
strawberry plants from the garden of the Caledonian Horticultural Society
at Edinburgh, and among the varieties was one bearing the above name. It

Foreign Notices. 211

produces good fruit. The flowers have the rich scent of the sweet violet
(Viola odorata), though not so powerful as that of the delicate harbinger of
spring. As I have not access to the monograph of the strawberry, by
Mr. Barnet of the Horticultural Society, I am not aware whether cr not he
has noticed this peculiarity. — Ovtws. Yorkshire, lat. 54°, Oct. 31. 1829.

Art. II. Foreign Notices.

FRANCE.

SCHOOLS in Auvergne. —Mademoiselle d’ Orleans, sister of the Royal Duke,
has a seat at Raudan, in Auvergne, where the princess has established a
great number of benevolent institutions. Among them are a lace school for
girls; a school of drawing and elementary architecture for workmen; an
evening school for workmen and artists; a school of mutual instruction for
girls ; a gratuitous pharmacy, and a school of mutual instruction, for all the
children of Raudan and the environs. (Galignani’s Messenger.)

Rural Coffee-houses at Lyons. —On a fine Sunday afternoon, all the popu-
lation of Lyons, in their gayest attire, seem to come out on this road. In
London the people scatter themselves on such an occasion in all directions ;
in these French towns all seem to direct their steps to one point, and pains
are taken by the government, or the community, to make the point agreeable.
This coftee-house has, however, at present one disadvantage; the garden
is on a terrace level with the saloon, and a row of young plane trees by the
side of the road below, is just of a height to shut out the prospect from
the whole range. Another coffee-house, which has its little summer houses
and Chinese pavilions scattered about at different elevations, is better in
this respect, but inferior in every other. (Wood’s Letters of an Architect,
vol. i. p. 134.

Hee Ue, Charlatans. — The department of grafts, in the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris, contains a number of curious particulars, and M. Thouin,
the professor, was so good as to accompany me, and to explain the various
experiments. Virgil has said, that if you pass a vine through a walnut tree,
it will bear the most large and beautiful fruit, but bitter and uneatable. To
use M. Thouin’s expression, “/e fait est faux :”” he made several attempts to
conduct a vine through the trunk of a walnut tree; but as soon as it began
to enlarge sufficiently to feel the confinement, it uniformly died, and he was
never able to procure any fruit from it. He then passed a vine through a
pear tree, whose wood being softer, did not compress it so much as entirely
to stop its growth; but the grapes produced above this insertion did not
differ in size or flavour from those below. If then, he reasoned, the grapes
are altered in size or flavour by passing through a walnut tree, the converse
of the proposition ought to hold good, and we shall alter the walnuts by
passing a branch through a vine. The experiment was tried, but both grapes
and walnuts remained as they were before. Another graft is called “ des
charlatans.” Pliny says that Lucullus showed him a tree producing grapes,
apples, pears, cherries, and other fruit, belonging to trees having no relation
to each other, from the same root; and this, he tells, was effected by graft-
ing. It has been a problem ever since among gardeners, to produce this tree
of Lucullus. M. Thouin has succeeded, not by grafting, but by planting
the several stocks in a hollow trunk. (Jdid.)

Currants. — The French are about to introduce into Corsica the culture
of the raisin de Corinthe (currants), for which purpose a thousand plants
have been imported from the Morea. It is thought by the best horticul-
turists, that the climate of Corsica is well adapted to the growth of this
excellent grape. (Lif, Gaz.)

P2

212 Foreign Notices.

GERMANY.

Pinus resindsa Aiton. —I have made further enquiries respecting the Pin de
Hagenau : it is said to be nothing but Pinus sylvéstris L., growing more lux~
uriantly in a rich, than in a poor, soil. I send you, for farther experiment,
one pound of seed, and also two branches with cones from the Pinus resi-
nosa (Ait.), rubra Michaux, which grows in the Hartwald, in Leimerslichle,
whence I brought them myself: this species is remarkable for its sturdy
growth, and deserves every attention.— Von Hartweg, Garden-inspector,
Carlsruhe, Oct. 24. 1829.

We have put up the seeds in twenty packets, and sent five of them to
Mr. Charlwood, Great Russell Street, Covent Garden ; five to Mr. Barnet,
Caled. Hort. Soc.; five to Mr. Sidey, Perth; and five to Mr. Mackay,
Dublin. — Cond.

Vienna, Sept. 18. 1829. — I was much taken with the Pfauen Insel, near
Potsdam, which we had the advantage of seeing under the guidance of your
friend, M. Fintelmann, jun., who talks of sending you an account of their
late improvements, which I strongly urged him to do. Vienna thus far sur-
passes my expectations, but we have not yet seen enough of it to form any
decided opinion. One fact places its morality or excellent police, one or
both, in a striking point of view. »This morning a man was hanged, an
event which our valet de place declares has not happened for three years
before ; and his account is confirmed by the intense interest which the event
excited, nothing else being talked of by every. one. — WW. S.

DENMARK.

Royal Gardens, Rosenburgh, July 4. 1829.— Sir, I am now, I believe,
fixed here at Rosenburgh. His Majesty the King of Denmark was most
graciously pleased to install me, in July last, as assistant gardener to P. Lin-
degaard, Esq., His Majesty’s head gardener, on account of his old age and
indifferent health. I have at present nothing more to wish for, but the
pleasure of seeing you here some time or other. M. Lindegaard again
asked me to invite you to stay at his house while you remain here, if you
should visit this country * * * * *; and I offer myself as your guide or con-
ductor (particularly if in the summer time) through a part of the country,
flattering myself that I shall be able to procure all the information you may
wish in Denmark. By the first convenient opportunity, I will send you the
long promised Hortus Hafniénsis [since received, with several other works],
along with the Supplement. The work is now out of print. There is at
present very little to be said in the horticultural way. Our very severe
winter lasted from the 24th of last December till April 14th, freezing every
night, and the thermometer standing for a long time at from 8° and 9° to 14°
Reaum. (11 °and 12° to 1° Fahr.) and upwards, according to reports, out of
town. There was also a great quantity of snow, and the winter altogether
was not equalled in the remembrance of the oldest people here. My time
was entirely and continually occupied in our extensive forceries, as M. Lin-
degaard was confined to his bed and room for several months. Yet we have
occasionally had a ripe pine-apple, and we cut one on the 19th of January,
of the sort called in Holland Montserrat (?), weighing a little more than
3 Ibs. Danish, 16 oz. to the Ib. It was grown in a temporary pit similar to
what is used in England, and which I have exclusively introduced into this
country with great success. If we could get pineries constructed exactly in
the English style, we should perhaps succeed still better. A pine pit is at
present about to be built in this garden, according to a drawing I have made,
with a small flue in front, and brickwork all round. I will, if you desire it,
send you a sketch of the plan. The peach trees against the wall have suf-
fered, even though they were covered with straw mats; all our peach trees

Foreign Notices. 213

being covered every winter with old pieces of mat nailed on the wall, and the
trees unnailed in the autumn, and tied together in four or five bunches,
quite flat against the wall. Even the apricot and mulberry trees, which
were on the wall, but uncovered, have been injured by the severity of the
winter,

A small flower-garden belonging to Her Royal Highness Princess Caro-
line Amalie, at Sorgenfrie, which I laid out in the spring of 1828, and planted
with a select collection of several sorts of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Kal-
mias, Maenolia glaica, Calycanthus fléridus, and other shrubs, from Mr.
‘Booth, at Flotbeck, was properly covered in the autumn with spruce fir
branches and spray, and hardly any injury was done during the whole win-
ter, while similar plants in the gardens at Rosenburgh suffered very much
under a cover of reed mats. However, the former garden has a N.N.E.
aspect, and the borders of it I had prepared with peat and leaf mould, sand,
&c. In the garden at Rosenburgh, Rosa semperflorens, VibGrnum Z'inus,
Prunus Laurocérasus, and other plants, were frozen down to the ground,
and many of them killed, under a very thick covering of mats.

In the middle of April last we gathered the first kidneybeans grown in
hot-beds, and also the first strawberries (Boskopper) forced in pits con-
structed for the same purpose. About the same time we also cut the first
cucumbers. Our first-forced carrots and cauliflowers we took on the 13th
of May. In the latter end of June we sent the last of the Newtown Pippins
to court, as fine as if they had been gathered from the open trees the same
day ; also a couple of peaches, the first ripe fruit this year. In November
last His Majesty was pleased to confer on M. Lindegaard, and the late M.
Holboll, the honour of knights of the order of Dannebrog; they were the
first and only gardeners in this country ever distinguished in this manner.

Last summer a green-house was erected in the Royal Gardens at Fri-
dericksberg, by Mr. Wolff, the royal gardener, heated by hot water accord-
ing to Mr. Atkinson’s plan, and it succeeded very well. I will send you a
further account of it for a future Number. ‘Yours, &c. — Js. P. Petersen.

ITALY.

The Bread at the Foot of the Alps is made of chestnuts; in the Abruzzi,
and in Calabria, of Indian corn, and the two kinds are equally wretched.
The chestnut bread of the Alps occasions nodosities, swelled joints, and
ultimately contracted limbs. The Indian-corn bread gives swine the mange,
and man the scurvy. But where nothing else can be procured, man must
be content to sustain life on such terms as he can. (Times, Oct. 28.)

The Malaria. — The bad air of Rome and of the Campagna have, I sus-
pect, been greatly exaggerated. In the latter there seems to be a want of
wholesome water; Rome is abundantly supplied, and this is perhaps partly
the reason why the city is more wholesome than the country. Another
source of disease is-to be sought in the nature of the food eaten by the
poor. When a man breakfasts on cucumbers, dines on melons, and sups on
love-apples, what has he to support him? In the spring they have, in-
stead of these, purslain, artichokes, and lettuces. Fruit is dearer at Rome
than at Bologna, but vegetables are good and plentiful. A lady, last night,
was complaining that she could only get fifteen pauls for a cart-load of let-
tuces, forty-five pauls being equal to a pound sterling. A mass of artichokes,
consisting of twenty-six, cost, this spring, two bajoes. They are small, and
being boiled till they are soft, are eaten whole. Love-apples have sometimes
been sold as low as twelve pounds for abajoe. Wheaten bread, at the same
time, bears about two thirds of the price it does in England. Polenta is
cheaper, but the temptation is greater to fill the belly with a food, which, if
less wholesome, is more savoury, as well as at a lower price. (Wood's Let-
ters of an Architect, vol, ii. p. 173.)

P 3

214 Retrospective Criticism.

GREECE.

Laconia is susceptible of the greatest improvements ; the land there is
extremely productive, though, from being badly managed, every kind of
agriculture and gardening are in a state of infancy, and the fruits and herbage
of all kinds is of a very inferior quality. When it is considered that this
defect may be remedied, and that the unwholesomeness of the marshy lands
may be removed by bringing thither a considerable number of exotic plants,
of which they do not know even the names ; it may be imagined that even the
least political commotion, and the smallest change in the usages of the
country, have been of service to this part of Greece, and will become bene-
ficial to humanity. (Report of the French Expedition sent to Greece.)

Art. IIL. Retrospective Criticism.

Mr. Tuompson’s Experiments in Vegetable Physiology. — Sir, Every practical
man must be pleased to see contributions from the able and experienced Mr. Thompson of
Welbeck. It is from such sources wecan only expect to derive legitimate information on the still
obscure science of vegetable physiology. It can only be illustrated by patient investigation and

‘daily opportunities of witnessing the silent processes of vegetable lite. For such investigation
Mr, Thompson has peculiar facilities, as well from situation as from characteristic penetration,
long experience, and a refined love of his business.

In reading Mr. Thompson’s papers I was forcibly struck with the truth of what has often been
said of other matters; viz. that two observers of the same phenomena will often come to different,
and even opposite, conclusions, either as to the causes or effects. This, I regret to say, appears to
be the case between Mr. Thompson and myself on the present occasion, and on the same subject ;

‘namely, the circulation, or rather the primary motion, of the sap. We have both seen and
studied the growth of the vine, as well within as out of doors; the flowing of the sap in pruned
ar felled birch and other trees ; the facts noticed by Miller and Bliss; the growth of plashes, of
quickset hedges, and felled trees; and, moreover, the well-known circumstance of the bark of
oak running sooner at the top than at the bottom of the boles. Strange as it may appear, how-
ever, these very circumstances were proofs to me of the ascent, not the descent, of the sap.

I presume not to justify this my opinion, especially as it is, or seems to-be, so directly opposed
to that of one who has had, no doubt, opportunities for observation equal, if not superior, to
mine; but the least I can do is to submit to Mr. Thompson the reasons that weighed with me, and
served to confirm my idea of the subject.

That the primary motion of the sap begins at the top before it is in motion at the bottom of
the trunk ofa tree, is an obvious fact. How then can it be said to ascend? This-question can
only be satisfactorily answered by referring to other, though exactly similar, natural phenomena.
Besides the direct motion of fluids, a retrograde motion is also, at the same time, in certain cir-
cumstances, observed ; which was a great puzzle even to philosophers, till it was explained by
the indefatigable and accurate Franklin: — A dreadful storm once crossed the United States of
America. The accounts of its ravages on the line of its destruction showed that it began fo lee-

_ward, and ended to the windward, of its course! This was accounted for by Franklin by instancing
the effect of opening suddenly one end of a full canal: the motion of the retiring water begins at
the outlet, and generates backward till the whole flows out. Such is the case with all ponderous
fluids which escape from any confinement, whether canal, trough, pipe, or tube, and such is the
case, I humbly apprehend, with the elastic sap of a tree. It is contained in the tubular structure
of the stem; it is liquified by the vernal heat of the sun, and, as connected with heat, ascends
while it isexpanded. The bursting buds give way to this internal impulse, and become the outlets
to the rising stream. In course, the actual motion is vertical, while it also apparently retrogrades,
as Mr. Thompson has truly described it todo. In fact, there is no other way for its escape; the
vessels below are replete with sap, and it cannot be supposed that the roots can discharge into,
that which it is their peculiar function to imbibe f7'om, the earth.

As intimately connected with this curious subject, and which, as Mr. Thompson truly observes, is
still “* clouded in darkness,’’ I beg to submit a few additional remarks, which may be perhaps wor-
thy of regard in physiological researches. I conceive that the sap of plants is a component quality
only, notan organ, nor organisable ; it pervades the whole living system, and particularly that part
called alburnum, which is the organ of vitality. This last invests the whole internal structure of
_the plant, is elongated downwards into every rootlet, and upwards into every twig, as well as
laterally expanding itself; thereby increasing the volume of the stems. In this the vital gems
‘are seated: in some cases dispersed over its whole surface; in others at the joints only, as inthe
vine. The alburnum of one plant readily unites or anastomoses with that of others of kindred
nature, as it happens in budding or grafting; it conveys or furnishes the roots of buds already
-formed (or incipient gems arising from them) into the soil, and retains its vitality, either ina dormant
state or in action ; expanding its buds or gems for a considerable time after it has been separated
from the system of which it was originally a part. This is exemplified in the instances of the
growth of fallen trees, of a. graft inserted on a dormant stock, referred to by Mr. Thompson.
The fibrous residuum (if I may so call it) of the alburnum which remains to become hard wood,
originates unaccountably. Whether it isan annually expanding body from the first corculum of
the seed, or the fibrous descending processes from former buds, is a question which I take the
liberty to propose to Mr. Thompson’s special notice. ‘That there is a descent of distinct organs, or
of distinct qualities, is incontrovertible; but which of the two it is remains to be ascertained.

That the stock affects the graft or bud in some cases is well known; but this influence extends
no farther than as affecting the vigour of the growth, or the time of ripening the fruit (unless
we admit the mysterious report recorded in page 334. of your Fifth Volume now before me,
relative to Captain Smith’s apple, in the minutes of the Caledonian Horticultural Society) ; but

Retrospective Criticism. 215

that there is an actual and visible ascent of the sap in all healthy plants, while in growth, is also
certain, as well as an issue of it in all directions from wounds, whether on the roots, stem, or on
the branches. js

There is no doubt that the knowledge of this branch of physics has been obscured by both
ancient and modern terminology. The young man, whose mind is occupied with notions of the
circulation of the sap; its ascent in spring, and its descent in the autumn; its simple state as a
-pure liquid, and its matured quality as cambium ; its organisable properties, &c. &c., will be sadly
perplexed while he endeavours to reconcile the doctrines he has been taught, with the phenomena
before his eyes. ‘To account for the direct, lateral, and retrograde motions of the sap, he must
call to his assistance almost all the powers of nature, before he can form any thing like a rational
idea of one of her most common processes. :

A clearer view remains to be opened to the young botanical physiologist. No individual has a
better opportunity to enter on such a scrutiny than Mr. Thompson himself; and it is to be hoped
his brethren will hear from him again, and that he will excuse the liberty I have taken in what I
have offered to his notice. —I am, Sir, &c. J. Main. Chelsea, July 10. 1829,

Qualities of Composts and Soils. —- Sir, On the very sensible remarks of your
correspondent W. R. Y. of Sheffield, p. 404. Vol. II., and your own observations accompanying
his communication relative to the qualities of composts and soils, 1 am induced to hand you a
few remarks : —

That there is great variety in soils; that they differ in respect of constitution and qualities ;
and that plants are variously affected by such constitution and qualities, are universally evident
and well known. Their luxuriance and perfection depend entirely on the suitableness of the
station: and not only are their characteristic properties liable to be changed, but even, as has
been proved by your correspondent, the colour of their flowers. Hence the necessity of some
test, furnished by the science of chemistry, which would enable practitioners to ascertain as easily
as possible the inherent noxious qualities of soils or composts, together with instructions for ap-
plying counteracting properties in the preparation for a crop. This, notwithstanding all that has
been written by Sir H. Davy and his chemical brethren in France, is still involved in technical
obscurity, and consequently out of the reach of plain practical men : so that, as you very properly
advise, it would be well worth the attention of some chemist of leisure to collect what is already
known, and by experiment confirm or dissipate what only rests on suspicion, in order that some
brief manual may be published for general infcrmation.

That the colour -of the hydrangea is mutable has been long known, and attributed to the
qualities of a certain kind of loam found somewhere in the neighbourhood of London; but lam
not aware that the peculiar essence has been detected, as it appears to be by W. R. Y. On the
subject of the accidental change of the tints of flowers, M. Decandolle (Hort, Soc. Trans.)
alleges that ‘‘ blue and yellow are the fundamental types of the colours of flowers, and that they
mutually exclude each uther. Yellows pass readily into red or white, but never into blue; and
blues are changed into red or white, but never into yellow.”’ In the case before us, we observe
pink changed into purple by the agency of “the oxide of iron.’’? This fact is curious, and
interesting to the practical florist ; especially if assisted by chemistry in the application of gaseous
or other qualities. It is said that the Chinese florists are acquainted with the secret of changing
the tints of flowers, and particularly those of the Pednia Movitan, by the addition of certain qua-
lities to the soil.

As to the aeration of soils, it isincontestible that they are deteriorated by unnecessary exposure
to the sun andair. That precious pabulum, or vegetable food, in maiden earth, or even in com-
posts collected and amalgamated with the greatest care, may, by repeated turnings, be com-
pletely exhausted, and much sooner than by the heaviest crop! I cannot, as a chemist, describe
what those peculiar qualities are; but, as a gardener, I am certain that the best and most nutri-
tious element in soils is fugitive, and, whether aqueous or gaseous, flies off in exhalation: and,
as a farmer, I know well that one light, thin, straggling crop, which too freely admits the parch-
ing rays of the sun throughout a whole summer, will certainly be succeeded by another thin
crop; that aclover ley, which has been mowed twice, is in better order for wheat, than the same
would be if constantly divested of its herbage by cattle; and that the ground under a heap ot
stones, which has lain in a fallow field throughout a summer, will, by bearing superiorly, be
wisible for the two succeeding crops! So much does the shading of ground preserve its nutritious
qualities. Salts, in their concrete or crystalised state, perhaps may remain undiminished in a
parched soil, but other substances certainly fly off.

But it is necessary to add, that all soils whatever require occasional fallowing, for the purposes
of cleaning from weeds, and pulverisation for the reception of seeds. The ‘summer sun and
drought are necessary for the first; and both the summer heat and winter frost are absolutely
necessary (on heavy clayey soils) for the last. Such practice is sufficiently obvious ; but let it not
be imagined that the rays of the sun in summer, or the want of them in winter, can ever add one
particle of vegetable pabulum to the staple of the ground.

Spade-ridging wet or clayey land, for the purpose of drying or pulverisation in gardens, and
clasp-bouting or back-bouting with the plough in fields, are both judicious practices; but
ridging sandy or light soils can do no good any where.

Connected with digging and ploughing, trenching the surface of the ground is one of the most
effective operations for securing the prosperity of trees, and indeed of any crop. It not only gives
scope for the extension of the deep-rooting plants, complete pulverisation, and admixture of the
superstratum, but also for an effect which very often escapes notice; namely, the facility it gives
for the ascent of subterranean heat and dew!!! I have used these marks of admiration merely
to save you the trouble of placing them; because it is more than probable you will think the
expression, if not the idea, a wild one.

But let us consider : — It cannot be denied that there is an inexhaustible fountain of both heat
and moisture in the bowels of the earth ; miners, well-diggers, all attest this. ‘(he heat of main
spring water is never, summer or winter, at a lower degree of temperature per Fahrenheit than
409. According to the depth, the heat increases; so that water drawn from the depth of 300 ft.
yields a temperature of 56°,and in some instances even a higher temperament. From this grand
source of heat and humidity there is constantly issuing forth a united stream of these two ele-
ments, in the shape of vapour. ‘Look ut the mouth of a well, of a coal-pit, or other mine ;
observe the steam from the door of an ice-house, cellar, or from any deep excavation in the earth ;
and last, not least, see how much more copious this vapour is from loose or new-trenched ground,
than appears, or can be condensed, on the firm and indurated surrounding surface. If light pre-
vents seeing this, place a well-glazed hand or bell glass on the trenched ground, and another on
a sravel.walk or road, and then see which receives and condenses the greater share of this

P 4

216 Retrospective Criticism.

‘ascending vapour. The roots of plants on trenched ground, therefore, receiving a greater share
of both this heat and moisture (and which their prone direction is always in quest of), accounts
sufficiently for their superior growth in such circumstances. That this fountain of subterra-
nean heat and moisture is also “ the mother of dew” may be easily proven: but, as this perhaps
would be trenching on the confines of the constituted authorities of science, T shall desist 5
though I believe no practical gardener, who has observed what takes place in hot-beds on trenched
‘ground, &c, would hesitate one moment in agreeing with, Sir, yours, &c.—dJ. M. Chelsea.
Sept. 21. 1827. 3 a e u:

Dove’s Dung in Samaria. — During the famine in Samaria, a cab of dove’s
dung sold for five pieces of silver. Josephus (Ant. Jud. 9. c.4. 4.) says this was used as a
substitute for salt. (Buckingham’s Travels in Palestine, vol. ii. p. 396. 1822.) In the Encyclo-
pedia of Gardening, \ 34. you have followed the opinion of Sir J. E. Smith, that it was used for
the purpose of forcing some species of vegetable. — A. G. Near Barnsley. y

The Gardens of Brighton — Sir, In your Gardener’s Magazine for this month, i
observe that during last August you passed through this town in your route to the Continent,
and that you honour us with your passing observations on our state of gardening. You are, I
am sure, aware of the different obstacles with which we as gardeners have to contend in this
place ; the most prominent of which are the rapid increase of buildings which deprives us of the
free circulation of air, and the destructive effects of the sea breezes ; these last are so fatal to
almost all garden productions, that our very market is supplied principally by gardeners residing
from one to forty miles from the town. You will readily perceive that under these circum-
stances it requires some fondness for the pursuit to engage an amateur to attempt forming a
garden, and I admit we. do not rank high as gardeners. Mankind however are generally sti-
mulated to exertion by encouragement ; a horticultural society established here a few years since
has done much for us, and I have to regret that, without meaning to detract from the merits of
those gardens which you accidentally saw, your attention was not called to some others which,
I flatter myself, would not have been entirely unworthy of your inspection. You would at least
have discovered a zeal in the pursuit, we should have been flattered by your commendations or
improved by your suggestions, and your public remarks might have been applicable to other
places struggling with similar difficulties to our own. Should chance lead you again to this
town, I beg to call your attention to the gardens of Mr. Gulburd, Mr. Juds, Mr.Tamplin, Mr.
Thunder, Mr. Mitchell, and Mr. Strange, all of whom will, I feel convinced, be happy to receive
your visit. — J. M. November, 1829.

Chemical and Geological Elections of Plants — Your readers are under great
obligations to Mr. A. Gordon for his catalogue of American plants, with some reference to their
habitats given in Vol. IV. p. 463. of your Magazine. That gentleman would however have greatly
enhanced the benefit, had he extended a more particular observation to the chemical nature of
the soil in which the several genera and species grow, and favoured us with an account of the
results. The deficiency of information in this particular is, however, a failure in which Mr.
Gordon is not singular: almost every botanical writer is grievously wanting in this respect. The
chemical character of the soil is in almost all instances intimately connected with the texture of
the soil, and in that respect influences the vegetables which it bears ; but, independently of that
circumstance, the chemical composition of the soil exerts a more direct and more important
influence on the election which plants have for any given situation, than either the elevation,
aspect, texture of the soils, degree of moisture, temperature, or shade. Cultivators will never
tearn from books what plants are appropriate to their respective situations, until writers on
botany and travellers shall designate the abodes of plants by their chemical site, or by their
geological site, wnich includes and pretty accurately expresses their chemical site; instead of
referring, as writers of good repute now do, to the adventitious characters of banks, barren grounds,
barren pastures, wet sandy places, wet thickets, and the like. A calcareous sand differs as much in
its native produce from a silicious sand, as a limestone wood differs from a forest on argil. We have
not yet even a book which alludes to the geological or chemical elections of plants, and we pine
in ignorance till Mr. Bicheno shall please to give us a guide to that geological knowledge of our
native plants, of which he has given us a tantalising specimen in a communication to the
Linnean Society. If Mr. Gordon would carry back his recollection to the regions he has visited,
-I doubt not, he could give us some very important particulars, of which he has left us ignorant.
What is the base of the alluvial sand, in which he finds five species of maple to flourish? Is it
the detritus of a limestone ridge of hills, or is it siliceous ? The vegetable matter we can easily
assume to be common to both’; yet the compost will afford a congenial nidus to widely different
plants. Is his marshy s., which I conceive to be marshy sand, calcareous or siliceous? Or does
it mean marshy soil? If the latter, isit purely vegetable, or mere peat or bog? And, if not,
are the earthy materials aluminous, calcareous, siliceous, or what other? Are the hills all of
similar substance (which is most improbable)? If not, are they of granite, mica slate, gra-
wacké slate, porphyry, limestone, sandstone, clay chalks, magnesia rocks, coal-measures, or of
what other substance? Are they clothed with a thick coat of vegetable matter, or are the plants
rooted in the clefts of the rocks, and in the native earths, without much adventitious covering?
What is the soil which Mr. Gordon designates as var. s.? and what are the chemical cha-
racters of the earthy parts of it? Mr. Gordon’s communication is so interesting and important,
that I hope he will view with indulgence this attempt to render his observations as extensively
instructive and useful as possible. — Cawsidicus. Jan. 18. 1829.

The Term Humane Mousetrap. — Sir, As you applied the term humane to my
method of catching mice (Vol. V. p. 109.), you must bear the blame of the criticism of Mr.
French (Vol. V. p. 724.) ; for though my method of drowning is not so cruel as that of starving
to death, still I did not callit humane. Iam, Sir, xc. — James Rollins. Liverpool, Jan. 7. 1830.

The Soude, as invented by a Wrexham Mechanic. — Sir, in the last volume of the
Gardener's Magazine (Vol.V. p. 656.) you mention a machine called the soude, and say that ‘one
of the simplest, cheapest, and best shower baths hitherto in use may be formed from it.” Allow
me to lay before you the following extract from a Jecture delivered to the Wrexham Artisans?
Society by John Murray, Esq. F.L.S. F.G.S., Sc., on the 30th of April, 1828, with a note appended
to the manuscript of the lecture by the highly respected and talented treasurer and secretary of
that Society. Iam, Sir, &c. — Thos. Edgeworth, jun. Wrexham, Dec. 30. 1829.

“JT have to exhibit a very useful and ingenious piece of mechanism made by one of the
Wrexham mechanics, who is a member of this Society.” (The lecturer here produced a
nursery shower-bath, and thence took occasion to explain the philosophical principle of its

Retrospective Criticism. 217

4] action.) The annexed (fig. 41.) isa representation of the
g bath ; the construction of its valve is shown at a in the
section. The vessel is made of sheet iron tinned, japanned
on its outside surface; the valve is of brass, and it is pro-
tected from oxidation or rusting by the contact of slips of
zine plate ; a galvanic principle, the zincs being positive to
all the other metals employed. The excellence of this shower
bath consists exclusively in its adaptation to the use of the
nursery, and its light expense. Its simple principle had
been very neatly appropriated to the same purpose, but for
the use of adults by the lecturer who published a “ Descrip-
tive account of a Shower-Bath constructed ona principle not
hitherto applied to that machine,”? &c. which see. (This
pamphlet is No.81. in the Wrexham Artisans’ Library.)
“It is right to acknowledge that the nursery shower-bath
was first suggested by the following quotation from 4
Treatise on Derangement, &c.’? in the descriptive account,
p. 8. :—“ The utility of cold bathing as a remedy sinks into
comparative insignificance when contrasted with its im-
portance asa preventive of disease, and as a temperer of the
Constitution when early begun and long persevered in. The
shower-bath, so easily constructed in private houses, would
be a valuable apparatus to the nursery, whereby a hardy
race of children would be sent forth to meet the varied
vicissitudes of our climate.’ (Johnson, London, 1820.) “In
5 | the novel structure of our shower bath the convenience of

Ili th adults was never considered ; they are already more suitably
| HA | accommodated in a variety of other forms. It was only de.
wii 4 signed to render the shower-bath more generally available
in the nursery. In this respect suitability of size, cheap-
ness, and convenience of form, advantages inseparable from
its object, are so peculiarly possessed by it as to claim for
its own the title of the nursery shower-bath, and place
that valuable machine within the reach of every one. The
method of filling the bath is from below by plutiging it into
a can or pail (of sufficient diameter to receive the vessel into
it) about half filled with water, at the same time holding
the valve open to permit the escape of the air from within

cy

Li the bath until it be filled with water, when the valve being
- allowed to close, the water is supported in the bath by the

resisting upward pressure of the atmosphere. ‘Fhe child is

put to stand in or is held over a small tub, and the bath is

held merely by the hand at any desired height above. the

height of the child. Besides this there isno preparation, no

shutting up as it were in a closet; circumstances which

frequently intimidate ehileren ore than eal eas hee
al i are scarcely aware of what is going on before all is over. he repetition
does 5 sete eee they. are quick, eer! and light, at pleasure ; and, what it can be scarcely
necessary to add, either warm, tepid, or cold water may be used, as occasion requires. At the
trifling expense of (I believe) 10s., parents may now be furnished with a _useful and durable
machine, which it is hoped they will no longer suffer their nurseries to be without. F
Destroying Caterpillars on Gooseberry Bushes as Practise by ihe Bar ne : of
<ni ; idging this paper you have omitted to state Vv ipplying
ames eee he NPY eae erey Ea and that part constituted the whole merit of the
paper. — 7. 4. K. Oct. 25. 1829, i : m N ae a
Lvil effects of Reaping and Threshing Machines. — Sir, Being a constant reader
of your valuable Magazine, allow me to offer a few remarks upon what I consider the bad conse-
quences resulting from the use of threshing and reaping machines in this Soe Wer Ne
p. 600.) In the first place, it is a diminishing of labour; and surely that is not Heed ulin this
country, where labourers are so abundant. According to the statement in the Magazine, this
reaping machine, with eight men, in one day would do work equal to ENS Hey foun men: You
acknowledge “ the want of employment is general throughout the country ;”’ and wil this be a
remedy for the baneful eyil? From local observation, I can see the mischievous effects of
threshing-machines, several being used in the parish where I live. In the severity of winter
where is the resource of the labourer but in the flail? and consequently, if he is thrown out of
employ by these machines, he must come directly to the parish for support. Were therea greater
demand for labour, higher wages would be given, which would render the labourer capable of
maintaining his family without being obliged, after he hasreceived his week sane of seven e
eight shillings, to go to the parish for his wages to be made up sufficient for f oe support : auc 5
Mr. Editor, in my humble opinion, these machines will rather tend to aggravate than reme y the
cause of distress. Some few individuals may benefit by them, but, according to your very just
remark, ‘* No good is worth much that is not good for all.” My wish is that the sickle may still
bear the sway, and the barn still echo with the well wielded flail. If, for the good of farming
labourers, you should think these few beinarks OEE, ef ser on in your useful pages, it would
h oblige — ub-Gardener. Worcestershire, Jan 21. 1830.
oe ene aigeriet ane communication to gratify our correspondent, and because we are happy
to find young men who think in any way, and are able to express their thoughts distinctly.
Having said this, we shall leave A Sub-Gardener to be answered by some of his brethren ;
simply observing, that every improvement when first introduced has a tendency to injure some
one: in fact it may be said, that unless it had this tendency it would be no TERNS _ Cond,
Treatment of Mr. Knight. The high and equal peau Canon vi nine. eine
readers to believe that you are actuated by the kindest spirit imagina
Suan Me Reece but many of them must think with me that you have a most strange way
of showing it in your remarks upon him, which appear to savour more of acrimony anda CAtDIDE
spirit than kindness of feeling. However, I will give you credit for not wishing worse to tha

Witte ac all
er

Lili:

LHL

218 Retrospective Criticism.

gentleman than to any other of attainments superior to yourself, or otherwise more eminent,
whether by fortune or fame. Your wild, your wnjust scheme of ‘* equal education,” and your
trembling anxiety “ to guard, above all things, against any thing like a hierarchy or an oligarchy
creeping into the system,” speak sufficiently that your rancour has a wider range than one or two
‘individuals, and would not stop short of turning the world topsyturvy. Ifan attempt at such a
revolution be made in the field during your lifetime and my own, I should be happy to meet you
there ; but, mark me, we will have no child’s play — one or both shall go to hell or heaven.

In the mean time, however, I will attempt to convince you of your folly by words, hoping that
they may render blows unnecessary : and, first of all, let me take your mad scheme of ‘‘ equal
education.”? I have called it wjust, because it casts the burthen of education and maintenance
the poor’s children, till they become fifteen or sixteen years old, upon the parish ; which is under
no moral obligation to grant such indulgence, in like manner that it is under no tie to maintain
those who are able to provide for themselves. But it is unjust in another point of view, inasmuch
as it would deprive sin of its sorrow, which was affixed to it in mercy by that Votcr, whichno less
mercifully spake midst lightnings and thunder. Poverty is a most salutary check upon the evil
which produces it ; and it would be no mercy, but cruelty, to attempt to remove that check until
it shall have prepared man to act with prudence from higher motives than the inconvenience of
beggary, for we should thereby increase the evil. In whatever proportion the wants of the im-
provident are supplied, in still greater proportion will that Supply be needed ; and any endeavour
to prevent the consequence of existing imprudence would prove as fruitless as the attempt to
extinguish a raging flame with oil, or check the occasional overflow and abrasion of a river’s
banks by damming up the current, which sooner or later would burst its bonds and devastate all
the country to which it had before been a source of fertility.

To the species of injustice already shown, another may be added ; namely, “ teaching no par-
ticular religion,” which you defend with something of ostentatious shrewdness, by saying (most
-truly, I confess) that ‘¢ thés will not hinder parents from teaching their children whatever religion
they choose.’? Now it appears to me, that if the poor children have to pick up religion with their
improvident parents they will have very poor picking indeed; and “ the wisdom of this world”
that may be picked up at school will be but as “ foolishness ’”’ to those who are without religious
principles. Education in arts and sciences may polish, but cannot make man better or happier.
For a proof of this you need only walk abroad some evening in a large city, and you may have
ocular demonstration of the fact. You seem to think that ‘‘ high education” is only another
term for happiness, when you assert that he who might be highly educated after your scheme
“© would Live well and be happier ; because he would have more wants, and more means of supply-
ing them.” A wiser man than you, Sir, has said that ‘‘ a contented mind is a continual feast ;””
but you say that a craving mind is a continual feast ; and would affirm the summit of luxury to
be the summit of happiness. Pray, have you heard of such a place as Greece and Rome? If
you have, I do not suppose that if they were to rise from the dead to warn you against luxury,
that it would open your eyes to its evil consequences.

But you may say that “‘ xeading, writing, arithmetic, geography, drawing, geometry, anatomy,
physiology, vegetable culture, the care of live stock, natural philosophy, political economy (!), morals,
and natural theology, with a knowledge of French, and the rudiments of Latin” might, with the
assistance of ** dancing, singing, music,” &c., so humanise youth as to give greater tacility to-
wards their reception ofa ‘‘ saving faith.” I reply, look to the effects which those circles of
sciences and accomplishments have already had in such respect. Christian principles, Sir, are not
often imbibed on the lap of luxury ; and it is not amidst numerous appliances to ease and comfort
that the “ one thing needful” is solicited ; and without it, however you may seem to consider it
of secondary importance, all the wealth of this world is but as dross, and the knowledge “ foolish-
ness.” In the patriarchal age, it was not amongst “‘ the cities of the plains ” that purity of life
was most predominant ; but in pastoral districts, where wants were few and less easily supplied
than there. . It was not amongst the luxurious that Christ selected his disciples, any more than
it was from “ the cities of the plains” that God chose the man with whom to renew his covenant
of mercy in a more early age. It was not in fertile plains that the first Reformers of the Romish
Church found their followers, but amongst the Alps and the Pyrenees, where rugged nature still
preserved the truth of better times; and it is to poverty and bleak nature that Scotland owes its
superiority in morals and education, as well as every other country under similar circumstances
of religious and civil government. Amongst mountains and valleys the terrors and mercies of
Jehovah are more visibly displayed, and their contrasts so exhibited as to force one to “ Look
through nature up to nature’s God.” It is there where we may have the best illustration of the
vengeance of the Gospel, as the ‘ live thunder leaps from crag to crag ;” and it is there where
its mercy is most amply portrayed in the smiling valleys. But with the sublimity of nature and
my present subject there is no relation, the principal aim being to prove, that so far from education
without religion being conducive to happiness, it has a contrary tendency ; making men sinful,
and therefore miserable: and how far that object has been attained is for you to judge. Itis my
decided opinion, however, that unless man’s affections be previously or simultaneously cultivated,
any attempt to produce happiness by the education of the mind must frustrate its own end; and
I consider that it would be worth the while for all advocates of gratuitous education, however
unobjectionable in system, to deliberate whether it would not be more preferable to devise some
plan by which the poor may possess means for their own elevation, rather than be dependent on
the rich tor that purpose. What is easily got is, most generally, lightly esteemed ; and that
which is dearly bought and hardly earned seldom fails to be highly prized. Let me not be mis-
understood, however; I would still let charity have ber pleasure in beneficence, where it was
deserved ; and would only banish that false charity which has already got so mixed up with our
institutions, as though there should be permanent need of her aid, the supply being so excellently
adapted to create a demand.

Before [conclude thisletter I must not fail to remark on the self-congratulatory feeling with which
you talk of rents coming down one half, and landlords not consenting, but compelled to it. You
have written a book on agriculture, and know} or ought, at least, to know, the expenses of culture
and probable produce of a given quantity and quality of land. Now, if you are acquainted with
such like matters, I wou!d have you to select a piece of ground, and ascertain the rent and taxes,
and, having deducted all expenses of tillage and taxes, to see how much produce, after such de-
duction from the whole, remains for the landlord. Then you may compare his money-rent with
the natural rent of produce, and I shall be much deceived if his money can buy for him as many
comforts or days’ labour as the produce ought naturally to command. Iam, &c.—0O. Near
Lancaster, December, 1829.

Music, Dancing, and Singing, as branches of Education for the Labouring Classes.

fietrospective Criticism. 219

— Sir, As you have kindly allowed my remarks on the propriety of instructing the labouring
classes in music and dancing, and I would now add singing, to appear in the last Number of your
Magazine, I intend troubling you again with a few lines, should you deem my observations
worthy of your notice. Did I stand alone in my objections to this system of education, I would
not, indeed, have ventured for a moment to obtrude myself on your attention ; but, knowing it
to be the unprejudiced opinion of many of your sober-minded and intelligent readers, that this, as
well.as every other blessing, is liable to be misused and misapplied, I speak with the greater con-
fidence, and hope you will yet bear with me a little longer. The object of education I conceive
to be to enable a man to occupy, with the greatest credit to himself and benefit to his fellow.crea-
tures, that station in life which it has pleased Providence to assign to him ; neither holding him-
self as superior to his employment, which must necessarily cause neglect ; nor yet sinking into
that abject state of servitude which is only compatible with an uncivilised state of society. The
question then is, what sort of education is best calculated to promote this our mutual desire ?
Doubtless the mind must be matured and cultivated by education, as the body is by nourishment
and clothing; and we may add, that it must be cultivated with the utmost discrimination, and
such food only administered as shall produce a healthy and vigorous understanding ; carefully
avoiding whatever may tend to vitiate the taste or corrupt the appetite. he analogy between the
growth and perfection of the body and the increase and developement of the mind is exceedingly
striking. As the body requires food and clothing in order to its perfection, so the mind must be
nurtured by instruction in order to the developement of its powers; and, as according to the
quality of the food will be the strength of the body, so according to the propriety of the education
will be the strength and activity of the mind. Would you then introduce the superfluous luxu-
ries of the rich into the humble cottage of the poor ? Would you attempt to satisfy the cravings
of his appetite with those unsubstantial dainties, which rather weaken and debilitate than
strengthen and confirm the constitution ? Oh, no! Neither then should his intellectual appetite
be pampered with vain accomplishments, which would cloy rather than satisfy, would impede
rather than promote his progress. His mind should be clothed with the simple but durable gar-
ment of common sense, and finished with the *‘ ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in
the sight of God of great price.’’ We should do well to remember that there is a ‘* modus in
rebus.” Consistency should govern all our actions, nor should we suffer ourselves to be car-
ried away by an immoderate flow of generous feelings into any dangerous extremes. Reason
should bridle affection, and thus prevent zeal from running into intemperance. The mind, if it
is to be productive of real and lasting comfort, must be plentifully supplied with the wholesome
food of substantial knowledge: if it is contained within a body destined to fill an inferior station”
in society, then its improvement must be regulated by the circumstances of its proprietor; un-
necessary ornaments and useless embellishments must be neglected, and the attention directed to
those things only which shall yield abundantly the happy fruits of an enlightened understanding.
However innocent these accomplishments may be in themselves, they most commonly have a
baneful influence on the mind; they hold out a strong temptation to waste time, and to associate
with bad company. By these means evil habits are contracted ; the mind, even of the virtuous,
becomes contaminated, the morals corrupted, and the relish for intellectual enjoyment destroyed.
Thus are the avenues of vice carefully strewed with flowers ; the unsuspecting are easily drawn
into them, and, allured by the gay scenery that surrounds them, pass on, ignorant that they are
in the high road to destruction. Youth are too apt to judge of things from appearances, and to
regard only present enjoyment without casting a glance at their future comfort. They naturally
prefer whatever is easiest of acquisition, and it requires no strong arguments to persuade them
to follow where they so soon find the ‘* labor ipse voluptas.’’ The leisure hours of the labourer
are but few; I would not then that a moment of this precious fleeting blessing should be wasted
in trifling amusements, but rather that his occupations should be such as would stand the strict
test of a scrutinising conscience. Whilst we are thus boldly emerging from the gross darkness
of utter ignorance, let us not be dazzled by the delusive glare of empty knowledge, lest we become
blind to our best interests, and in the pursuit of trifles lose sight of the very fundamental princi-
ples of a good education. L

As the pleasures to ke derived from the fashionable diversions are of a far lower cast than what
are to be obtained from study and meditation, so are they of an infinitely more transient character.
As soonas the dance is finished the enjoyment is at am end, and the mortifying reflections of mis-
spent time immediately ensue. Nor is it for lack of subjects worthy his attention that the poor
man must thus fill up his vacant hours. Let him be thoroughly instructed in whatever tends to
elevate the mind without filling it with vanity ; let the whole range of the useful arts and sciences
be opened to him, and let him learn the practice of the various necessary trades, that he may not
be so totally dependent on his fellow-men for the needful furniture of life. Such is the know-
ledge requisite for him whose bread depends on the labour of his own hands; such information
would be really useful to him, and might be turned to his great advantage throughout life. —
P.R. Guildford, Jan. 26. 1830. i

Washing Salads in Sea Water, I found, completely destroyed all the crispness of
the lettuce, and left it as if it had been frosted.— W. M. Argyleshire, Nov. 6. 1828.

Designs for laying out Flower- Gardens. — Sir, In p. 570. of the Fifth Volume
of your Magazine I read that you intend publishing designs for laying out flower-gardens on the
natural system, which I think is rather unfair dealing with your correspondents ; for I sent youa
communication on the subject of laying out gardens on the natural system, Dec. 28. 1828, and
likewise another, April 10. 1829, wishing you to state the advantages of systematic arrangement as
far superior to the mixed disordered plans we generally see ; which had you done [They areboth
inserted ; see List of Correspondents. ], and invited botanists and gardeners to have sent in their
plans, as you did landscape-gardeners (Vol. LV. p. 537.), 1 make no doubt but you would have
received a great many plans before this time. But if neither botanists nor gardeners were to be
found qualified to commence the task, then, Sir, you would be justifiable in publishing your
designs, and free yourself from that self-arrogant monopoly which is the most conspicuous cha-
racteristic of a body of self-acting, or rather self-serving, pretended friends to gardeners. Before
you procee any further with your plans try the abilities of gardeners, &c., and give all your cor-
respondents a fair chance, or else a sufficient reason in your next Number.—J. P. Oct. 14. 1829.

We shall be particularly happy to receive the description of plans alluded to by J. P., who
need be under no fear of our anticipating him. — Cond.

The Gardener's House in Bagshot Park. — Sir, From your well-known liberality,
and your generous invitation to receive correction whenever inaccuracies occur, which must, in

220 Retrospective Criticism.

the nature of things, sometimes happen, Iam induced to trouble you with the following lines, in
answer to your remarks relative to my house in Bagshot Park. z

Nothing, truly, is more likely to promote improvement than plain and disinterested criticism 5
but I must assure you that your candour and sincerity have led you intoa mistake in the particu-
lars of my house. The house stands on a gentle rise one foot above the level of the ground in its
immediate vicinity, which I consider quite sufficient to carry off all rain. The subsoil is a gravel,
and it isthe driest situation within the range of the garden. Having no occasion for the two
underground cellars which you mention, that would have been a useless trouble and expense.
The bedrooms are not six but eight feet high in the clear. You proceed by stating, that the
humane way of keeping the house from obtruding on the walks would have been to have had all
the rooms on the ground-floor. Now, in my humble view of the case, even supposing the rooms
as low as you state, 1 would rather be in danger of knocking my head occasionally against the
ceiling than of risking the pains of rheumatism, ague, &c., from sleeping on a ground-floor over
cellars. I have delayed writing to you hitherto in order that I might prove the dryness and comfort
of my new residence ; and I am now happily settled in it, and congratulate myself for so great an
improvement in my domestic comforts. I am under no inconvenience from damp or any other
disagreeable, and find the rooms quite high enough for an honest man to walk uprightly, and
therefore feel no disposition to follow your advice in pulling down and rebuilding. Whatever
fault, however, may exist in the construction of the house, I believe I must take it entirely on
myself. With my best thanks for your kind intentions, I am, Sir, &c. — Andrew Toward. Bagshot
Purk, Jan. 5. 1830. : of

Hanwell Souring Apple. — Sir, Mr. Lawrence (Vol. V. p. 731.), in reply to an
enquiry about the best sorts of apples to be planted in an orchard, recommends a few kinds, of
which I will say nothing, as they are, for the most part, nearly unknown to me. Without mean-
ing, therefore, to find fault with his selection, I may be allowed to observe “ unus abest,”’ one is
wanting, which for its merits is deserving of a place in every orchard, though large enough only
to contain two individual trees: I mean the Hanwell Souring, of which a short account will be
found in the fourth volume of the Horticultural Transactions, p.219. This apple takes its name
from Hanwell, a village on the S. E. borders of Warwickshire, where I conclude it was originally
raised. It is recommended as a baking or kitchen apple; and its merits are, that it is a good
bearer and an excellent keeper, retaining its flavour and firmness till very late in the season. I
have found them very good in the end of July, and have no doubt they would have kept longer had
T not had occasion to use them. As the apple is not, I believe, generally known in the nurseries,
nor, perhaps, much cultivated out of the midland counties, I shall be happy to send you grafts
for cierDa ee should you think them acceptable. Yours, &c.— JV. T. Bree. Allesley Rectory,
Dec. 12. 1829. ;

Our correspondent has sent a few grafts to Mr. Charlwood’s seed-shop, Great Russel Street,
Covent Garden, which Mr. Charlwood will distribute among the trade. — Cond.

The deterioration of Orchard Fruit. —When I first read Mr. Knight’s book on
this circumstance, I was a convert to his opinion. Since, then, however, I have observed that
the same trees which from their decaying appearance seemed to justify his assertions are now
recovering, and promise restoration to former vigour. This, then, would seem to have been a
temporary defect, rather than a general failure. — Superficial. Feb. 1829.

Bailly’s [French| Pamphlet on ringing Fruit Trees. —This is a very old affair ; it
js mentioned in Loudon and Wise’s translation of the Jardinier Solitaire, p.22.; and being in
italics, it is probable was an addition of their own. They mention it as having been tried ten
years before, and that though some trees had perished from the operation, many had borne it
without damage, and had in consequence become more fruitful. — Id.

Preservation against Insects. —This, it was supposed, could be effected by boring
a hole in the stem or branch of an infected tree, filling it partly with quicksilver, and plugging it
up. The destructive quality of this mineral was expected to diffuse itself throughout the whole
structure of the plant, and in course destroy or offend the insects, But this expedient has been
found to be completely nugatory. — Id. :

Mr. Harrison’s method of pruning the Peach and Nectarine. — Sir, Observing in
p.55. an article on the pruning of peach and nectarinetrees, by Mr.J.H. Newington, in which mention
is made of the mode of treatment practised upon the peach and nectarine trees at this place by
my father when gardener here, and that such practice Mr. Newington considered a bad system, I
beg leave to inform him, through the medium of your Magazine, that the same principle which
he recommends, and upon which it is stated his trees are pruned, is that which has uniformly
been practised here for many years, and which is minutely described in the Treatise upon Fruit
Trees, published by my father ; upon the perusal of which Mr. Newington would find it sytemati-
cally and clearly stated, or by viewing the trees at this place, or in the gardens of the Earl ot Egre-
mont, Petworth House, Sussex, where my father is now gardener, he would find it in operation.
The uniform system acted upon by my father in the treatment pursued with all fruit trees under
his care, ‘‘ but particularly with peach and nectarine trees,” has been, as far as practicable
(keeping in view a supply of healthy bearing wood for succeeding years), to divest the trees of
every shoot, or part of a shoot, that could possibly be dispensed with. This is strictly attended to
in the spring dressing of the young shoots, ana in cutting away the shoots in May or June; also
by the early autumn pruning of the trees. The attention thus paid is not performed in a random
manner, but systematically done. Permit me to add, that the same system, acted upon here, has
not only been abundantly successful at this place, but, having been pursued in many other situ-
ations, and in some such as Mr. Newington considers unfavourable, in none has it failed for a
season that I have heard of ; but even in very unfavourable seasons has been uniformly successful.
If the trees be planted, pruned, and otherwise attended to as directed in the treatise already
mentioned, the same advantages will be realised which have attended its practice here, Iam
Sir, &c. — Joseph Harrison. Wortley Hail, Feb. 5. 1830. 7

Mr. Newington’s Remarks on training the Peach Tree. (p.55.)— Sir, Mr.
Newington says that he has frequently heard complaints from gentlemen, with the confession of
gardeners themselves, that they are more deficient in the management of the peach than in most
other parts of their profession. It is true that there is an equal degree of skill required with the
peach as with most other products of the garden ; but this does not prove that ‘‘ every cultivator ”
of the peach is less acquainted with its culture. Mr. Newington says, “‘ the failure of these crops
arises from the manner in which they prune their trees,” and that “ it is the endeavour of every

Retrospective Criticism. 221

cultivator to procure annually a great supply of long and strong wood, sufficiently large to make
basket rods, and from these he expects his crop.””? Mr. Newington ought to be aware that there
is no gardener who does not know that the system is erroneous and unnatural; and he also knows
that this statement of his is ungenerous and untrue. What! with the directions of a Miller, a
Smyth, a Nicol, a Knight, a Hayward, a Macphail, a Harrison, with the numerous publications
in our day? Indeed, if he is right, you, Sir, must have had many numskull readers, or else
you would have told them better before this. What will the braw lads of Scotia say, when
they are told that a brother has discovered, in the year 1829, that they all prune their trees in
order to produce, and expect their crop of peaches from basket rods? I think they will tell
him that for at least 100 years a very different method has been pursued. His observations
on the peach trees in Malta and America cannot apply to the British gardeners’ practice in their
culture in the open air of Britain. Standard trees in hot-houses and trees in pots are those only
that will bear any resemblance to the trees he has mentioned; so that here ‘‘ the British gar.
deners’ practice ” will not be so soon contemned as he imagines. Mr. Newington considers
Mr. Harrison’s a ‘‘ bad system of pruning,” but the frequent production of good crops of fine-
flavoured fruit, with the healthful vigorous state of the trees at Wortley, has been so well
attested, that Mr. Harrison’s method is considered of great excellence. Mr. Newington’s method
of “ shortening back to a few eyes a considerable number of young spray ” (or summer shoots) in
summer, would be ruinous to peach trees; for if the trees are well established, it takes a whole
summer to swell off and ripen their shoots in the open air of Britain. The “long and strong”
shoots Mr. Newington speaks of, are the only ones that will bear his mode of treatment ; but as
the peach tree bears transplanting so well, a few careful transplantings will reduce them to a
regular degree of growth. I presume that he has not seen all the newly invented materials
for the protection of fruit tree blossoms, or else he would not give preference to old fishing-nets.
Mr. Newington is quite right in disapproving of the bad method of cropping fruit tree borders
with “ gross vegetables ;” but he is equally wrong in recommending mignonette, or any thing
else that makes a compact surface to the border. There should be at all times a circulation of air
on every part of the border, which should never be cropped within one yard of the wall. If Mr.
Newington’s trees are planted in the kitchen-garden, and the borders managed and cropped as
under, other things being the same, the trees will remain healthful and vigorous a long time. In
November, when the leaves are all fallen, unnail the trees, leaving nails sufficient to hold the
shoots fast to the wall. Stretch a line lengthways 1 yard from the wall, and with a fork throw
the soil up carefully into a ridge, and so proceed till all is done, which, if the border is 12 ft. broad,
makes four ridges. Having saved in a dry place a quantity of the droppings of pigeons, hens, &c.,
proceed to throw it on with the hand, on the surface of the border. This, by being applied
annually (the border being well drained, and on a good subsoil), will keep the soil in good heart
without any other manure. In February level down the ridge next the wall, and place a trellis
18 in. wide, formed of rough spars 3 in. wide, nailed on cross pieces of wood; the inner edge of
the trellis 18 in. from the wall, which will keep all plants sown on the border 1 yard from the
wall. It has been a common practice to prick out in autumn, at the foot of the wall, lettuce,
cauliflower, &c., but these can be better protected under hand-glasses, which are mostly standing
idle at this season of the year ; neither is this a good place for them to be matured in spring, as
the soil becomes so soddened during winter as to prevent the roots penetrating for sufficient food.
Cast-iron trellises have a neat appearance, but any rough wood will answer. The proprietor of
the garden can walk and examine his fruit at all times, and the gardener can do the necessary
work ; and as the soil is loose under, it receives moisture with more certainty. Ata proper time
the border may be levelled, and the following vegetables sown in drills, keeping the soil frequently
stirred between the rows, viz. onions, garlic, shallots, radish, lettuces, endives, rampion, spinach,
&c. These vegetables must be all removed by the first of November. The greatest evils
gardeners have to contend with, are the first three enemies Mr. Newington has mentioned. If
he can remove these, he will confer a lasting benefit on gardeners. I remain, Sir, &c. — James
Housman, Gardener. Toft, near Knutsford, Cheshire, Feb. 12. 1830. i

Defect in the Ripening of Grapes.— Sir, Your correspondent, Mr. Archibald,
has described a defect that took place in his vineries, some years ago, when the grapes were
approaching a state of maturity ; and Mr. Judd has also given the subject his consideration. It
is of the utmost importance to the grape-grower to ascertain the real cause of this very prevailing
disease, that he may guard against every circumstance having the least. tendency towards so fatal
a result.

Mr. Archibald attributes its origin to a deficiency of fibres; Mr. Judd to an over-moist atmo-
sphere, and the palliative he recommends is, a more early and regular admission of air, previously
to the atmosphere of the interior of the house being too much heated; or, as he considers,
before the cuticle of the berries is scalded. But I think Mr. Robert Fletcher’s system of cul-
tivation gives this opinion the negative as he is by no means particular in the admission of air
(Vol. I. 254.), and the superior grapes he produces are convincing proofs that nothing is radically
bad in his practice. There may be more than a plausible pretext for the doctrine of Mr. Judd. The
opinion of so distinguished a cultivator deserves its merited portion of attention and respect ;
yet, with all deference to that gentleman, I cannot admit the justness of his reasoning. My own
opinion, grounded on experience, coincides with Mr. Archibald’s view of the subject, considering
the fundamental defect to lie in the radicule. When the efficient members are diseased, it isa
natural consequence for the subordinate parts to suffer ; and every possible precaution ought tobe
used in guarding against circumstances which may have the least possible tendency in producing
a disorder in that part by which the vegetable world is nourished and supported, viz. the root.
But here I cannot exonerate my practical brethren from blame; for they have long pursued a
system which, certainly, is now partially, but ought to be universally, abjured and repudiated by
every gardener alive to the improvements in his profession: that is, the cropping of borders, par-
ticularly that of the ‘vine, with vegetables, thereby depriving the roots of the primary occu-
pant of the due action and influence of the.sun’s rays. From its advantages over the other parts
of the garden in accelerating esculent productions, every advantage is taken of the vine border,
never calculating the injurious effects such a system is sure to produce: but to the observing
cultivator and scientific physiologist, this practice will at once appear fraught with the most
dangerous consequences to the vinous production from the border. In my humble opinion it
frequently is the anterior cause from which originate many defects in the vinery. But one fact
is worth a volume of theoretical speculations, and I am furnished with one in point. A friend of
mine, who has the management of extensive gardens, for several years suffered less or more in his
crops of grapes in the same manner as deseribed by Messrs. Judd and Archibald. I happened te
visit him in the beginning of June 1816, when his grapes had suffered to a very great extent. On

229 Queries and Answers.

examination I found the borders completely covered with a heterogeneous mass of vegetables,
which, at my suggestion, were immediately cleared away, and the border pointed over. Since
then the vine border has been held perfectly sacred, and in 1827 very few of the grapes suffered ;
and, from a letter received from my friend a few days ago, I understand that, during the summer
and autumn of 1828, the grapes have invariably remained perfectly sound, the last being cut on
the 18th ultimo (December) ; and I venture to assert, grapes have a greater tendency to shrivel in
such a season as last, owing to the humidity of the atmosphere, than generally occurs in such
summers as those of 1825 and 1826, ‘his circumstance corroborates my opinion, that the defect
originates from the incapacity of the absorbent orifices of the fibrillze to imbibe the nutritive juices
requisite for the well-being of the vegetable dependent on this source for life and vigour. AS
there is naturally a deficiency in the solar influence during such a humid season, so, consequently,
the soil becomes sour and unpalatable to the roots that depend on it for their vivifying aliment.
When these natural defects are artificially extended, which is the case from cropping the border
with a dense mass of vegetables, a corresponding share of disease may naturally be expected,
But, independently of the effect in depriving the border of the influence of the sun’s rays, there is
another consideration which ought to operate as a serious objection to the cropping system, the
injury the border suffers from the impoverishing nature of the crops generally cultivated. Yet,
so tenacious are the generality of gardeners of this absurd practice, that tor a partial and evanescent
benefit they sacrifice the principal object, and thus, con amore for their favourite system, they
keep on from year to year; the results are bad crops, or good crops spoiled. — Alexander Gordon.
Apsley Castle, Jan. 16. 1829. pies

Verbéna Melindres Bot. Reg., chamedrifolia Sweet.—Sir, Observing in the Gar-
dener’s Magazine, Vol. V. p. 106., a communication to you from Mr. Perry, gardener at Bignor
Park, Sussex, in which he appears to be very anxious to communicate to the public, as exten-
sively as possible, by whom the Verbéna Melindres was introduced into this country, and by whom
the first plant was raised; also, as to how it came into my possession, and the subsequent
manner in which I took the liberty of disposing of a specimen of it when it bloomed at Pet-
worth, and from which circumstance (though unintentional on my part) it was afterwards figured
in the Botanical Register; in order to forward Mr. Perry’s object, and to correct some errors in
his communication, as well as to afford him some degree of satisfaction, by proving to him that I
have been more grateful for the favour of having the Verbtna Melindres presented to me, than is
imputed to me in his statement sent you, I beg the favour of you, Sir, to allow me the
privilege of endeavouring to prove as extensively “‘as Mr Perry has circulated my want of grati-
tude,” that I have, in the way desired by him, evidenced my sense of regard for his kindness,
Early in March 1828, Mr. Perry called at Petworth Gardens, and, whilst I was in the act of ridging
out some cucumber and melon plants in frames, he came up to me and very obligingly said he
had brought me two cuttings of seedling verbenas, stating that he had raised them from seeds
sent by a gentleman from Buenos Ayres, in 1826. It was in this way the Verbéna Melindres came
into my possession, and at no other time did I ever receive from Mr. Perry either a cutting or a
plant of it. On my going up to the horticultural féte in June following, I took a specimen of it
in bloom to show to some of my friends, and having the favour granted of exhibiting it to some
members of the Council of the Horticultural Society, they very much admired it, and as it was
presented to them they had an undoubted right to dispose of it as they pleased, without asking
either myself or any other person for leave to do so; this circumstance led to its introduction into
the Botanical Register. Shortly afterwards application was made to my father from the Horticul-
tural Society, for information relative to his knowledge of the history of the Verbéna, and how it
was received into Petworth Gardens: the substance of his reply was, that it came into his pos-
session the preceding spring, by a cutting presented by Mr. Perry, gardener to John Hawkins,
Esq., Bignor Park, Sussex, and that Mr. Perry had told me he had been successful in raising it
from seeds sent from Buenos Ayres in 1826. If Mr. Perry had been as candid as he considers I
ought to have been in stating from whom I had the plant, he probably would have taken a much
readier method, and one far more to his credit, of obtaining information that I had done so, and
he then might have omitted in his communication the assertion, that I (not any other person) had
not stated from whom I received it.

During the summer of 1828, Mr. Perry, accompanied by two other gardeners, called at Petworth
Gardens, and (it may be as he states) he named his intention of getting it figured ; but if it was
mentioned in the course of conversation in going round the gardens I do not recollect it ; but
admitting I had heard it so stated, I cannot see any necessity I was under to inform Mr. Perry
what I had done with what I had given to others. The cutting was not given to me with any
stipulated conditions, but unconditionally ; I therefore considered I was entirely at liberty to avail
myself of the privilege Mr. Perry considers I had a right to. If Mr. Perry chooses to dictate about
others, Ibeg to be excepted in future, and thus be saved the trouble of writing to, and presuming
upon the kindness of, my friends, as I fear I am now doing in transmitting this to you. I am,
Sir, &c. — George Harrison. Petworth Gardens, Feb. 26. 1829,

Pentstémon glatca and specidsa should be written P. glaticum and specicsum,
as in Lindley’s Botanical Register. Graham, I perceive, makes it masculine. — George Penny.
Epsom, Feb. 12. 1830.

Celery. — Celery, Salisbury says, in his Botanist’s Companion (vol. ii. p. 102.),
© should be used with great caution, if grown in wet land, as it has been considered poisonous in
such cases.” Does not this deserve the consideration of those who recommend in its culture an
imitation of its native ditches? — £#. H. of Stafford. Dec. 10. 1829.

Art. IV. Queries and Answers.

Names of Secretaries of Provincial Horticultural Societies. — Sir, I beg, through
the medium of the Gardener's Magazine, to suggest the usefulness of the secretaries of provincial
horticultural societies sending their names and addresses for insertion in that publication. My
object in throwing out this hint is to facilitate communications with each other. I should
have found a great advantage in it at this time, being desirous of ascertaining the mode of ap-
pointing and remunerating judges at the various shows of any repute or extent in the kingdom ;
but, on referring to the accounts of such shows in the Gardener’s Magazine (which our society

Queries and Answers. . 223

has taken in from its commencement), 1 cannot ascertain who are the official persons to apply to
Perhaps this hint (if you think it worth insertion), will induce the secretaries of provincial societies
to send their names and addresses. I am, Sir, &c.— IW. G. Ashton, Honorary Secretary of the
Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. Bridge Street, Cambridge, Dec. 11. 1829.

If all the secretaries of British horticultural societies will send us their names and addresses, on
or before the Ist of May next, we will publish them in an alphabetical list in our June Number,
— Cond.

Provincial Horticultural Societies. — Is the Editor of the Gardener’s Magazine
in possession of any copies of the rules of provincial horticultural societies ? if so, has hea sufii-
cient number to collate, and from the collation can he not show, better than by a letter from JV.
an original subscriber, the fundamental principles on which those institutions are in general
founded? Or, it W. sends his opinions, can the majority of rules be tried by them, without such
a previous collation. JV. is convinced that much money is squandered by the societies in prizes
not given solely to skill and merit, because not regulated by fair competition among individuals in
eeeumiblances strictly similar, or for objects of sufficient importance in a national view. — W.
Feb. 11. 1830.

We entirely agree with our correspondent, that much money is squandered by horticultural
societies, of which the recent disclosures at the London Horticultural Society afford proof suffi-
cient ; but we have neither leisure nor inclination to enter on the subject of their reform farther
than in a general way. — Cond.

A Chimney-sweeping Apparatus. — It is common about London to bring down,
or drive out by the chimney-pot, the soot of the chimneys of furnaces and boilers, by discharging
agunin them. Might not chimneysin general have the soot driven out at the top by discharging
condensed air in them below? Ifa proper condensing machine were procured, the soot of the
throat of the chimney swept down by hand regularly once a week, and afterwards the conductor
from the condensing machine introduced, might not the remainder of the soot be blown out by
the chimney-pot ? If not blown out, it would be loosened and fall down ; and, if one operation were
not sufficient, two or three might be used. Possibly some sort of puff or brush might be blown
through.—C. May 1829.

Healing by Hot Water. —J observe, in Vol. V. p. 544. of the Gardener’s
Magazine, an improvement in the mode of heating houses by hot water, made by Mr. Weekes,
which appears perfect, if the steam or vapour from the hot water in the tube or broad plate can
be confined. Whilst reading this, it occurred to me that you, or pethaps your ingenious corre-
spondent, Mr. Bierly of Swansea, might be able to inform me how heat may be effectually cut off
in the hot-water system, where one boiler serves for two houses. The valve I have made use of
in my reservoir for that purpose was lined with leather, which soon was found faulty, and lead was
substituted but does not answer the purpose. 1 have a similar valve in my boiler, to stop the
circulation at pleasure. I put up my apparatus under the directions given in your Magazine, with
the assistance of acommon bricklayer, and a very clumsy hand from the foundery where I ordered
my castings; this man could not secure the joints of the cylinders, which here and there still leak
though he has made two attempts to stop them. About twelve months ago, I noticed, in your
Magazine, an account of a patent taken out by some person at St. Albans, for heating walls; I also
noticed it amongst the lists of patents to be taken out in the Journ i of the Arts and Sciences, but
hitherto no specification has, I think, appeared. Is it your opinion that hot water could be in-
tended by the individual in question? and do not you think that I could, by lateral pipes from my
boiler, heat a wall of 20 or 30 ft. in length, constructed for the purpose? [Doubtless.] My vinery
is only 42 ft. in length, with a glass division, the cylinders 43 in. diameter, and the boiler and reser-
voir capable of containg 18 or 20 gals. I have no doubt in my mind that it might be accomplished,
but an effectual valve or stop-cock is necessary, and I should esteem it a favour it you could give

‘me any assistance in accomplishing this object. I am, Sir, &c.— William G. Walmesley. The Plats,
near Wigan, Oct. 26. 1829. Apply to Mr. Cottam. — Cond.

Water Rats. — Sir, If any of your correspondents would point out a good
mode of destroying water rats on pond heads, it will much oblige a subscriber to your Magazine
if you will insert it in the next Number.— A.B. April 25. 1829,

Sayings as to Bees.—Is the following current in any other county than Norfolk ?

A flight in May is worth a load of hay.
A flight in June is worth a silver spoon.
A flight in July is not worth a fly.
— Samuel Tyssen. Narborough Hall, near Swaffham, Norfolk, Feb. 1. 1829.

The Wood-louse devouring Nectarines. — ] had this season a fine young red Ro-
man nectarine, upon which an excellent crop of fruit set. Just as they were beginning to soften,
they were attacked by numbers of a kind of insects which are known in Scotland by the name of
slaters (the woodlouse, or Oniscus). These insects almost invariably attacked the fruit near its
stalk, and devoured a great portion of its pulp, which shortly after shrivelled, and dropped off with-
out coming to maturity. By this means I lost almost the whole crop of beautiful fruit. Although
I hung up bean stalks, I could not entrap any of the insects, which always retreated to the cre-
vices of the wall on being disturbed. I shall feel much indebted.to any of your ccrrespondents
who will point out a method of preventing such damage occurring in future. — John Ferme. Had-
-dington, Dec. 16. 1829. y

The Caterpillar on the Oak Coppice. (Vol. V. p.610.)—Sir, I should think it must
‘be the caterpillar of the Phale‘na viridana (see Albert’s Hist. Inst., pl. 72. under fig.), that made
such havoc on the leaves of the oak coppice, as related by Mr. Owen (p. 610.) ; and the moth, Mr.
Owen saw, the insect in its perfect state. Whether fumigation in severe frosty weather, in the
depth of winter (taking care that the fire is extinguished before night), under the trees, or in the
early part of the spring, would destroy the eggs or not, I leave to the consideration of those much
‘better qualified to inform the enquiring mind, and thus advance the progressive state of know-
ledge from minute objects to those of greater importance and benefit to mankind. — Thos. Haw-
kins. The Haw, near Gloucester, Oct. 21. 1829. ‘

Caterpillars. — What will destroy those common ones which infest gooseberry
.and currant bushes? I have tried very strong lime water, lime, and tobacco water, soot, soap-
suds, sulphur, and ammoniacal liquor, but all failed. —J. M. Brighton, Nov. 1829.

There must be some mistake as to the strong lime water ; for we can affirm, from almost daily

224 Queries. and Answers.

experience, that strong lime water will kill every kind of caterpillar, and even worms, snails,
lizards, frogs, toads, snakes, and fishes. — Cond. i i :

Caterpillars on the Constantinople Nut. — Sir, I shall feel greatly obliged if you
or any of your correspondents will give me a little information, through the medium of your
Magazine, respecting a peculiar sort of caterpillar, which has this season attacked with great
severity, at this place, the Constantinuple nut trees (Corylus Coltrna), and divested them of nearly
all their leaves. The colour of the insects, when full grown, is of a light transparent green, 1n-
termixed with golden yellow, black heads, and rows of black spots up and down their bodies. They
grow to.a much larger size than those which infest the gooseberry and currant bushes, and are
first observed by eggs stuck fast to the veins on the back of the leaves. After gaining animation,
they fasten themselves on the edges of the leaves, with their extremities curled upwards, and in
a short time reduce them to skeletons. We have several sorts of nuts here, and not one has been
attacked except the above-mentioned sort.—J. Smith. Cantley Hall, near Doncaster, Oct. 20.
1829.

An Insect infesting the Plum and Cherry.—In the garden of Sir Charles Taylor,
Bart., of Hollycombe, Sussex, near Liphook, Hants, some trees on the wall, of pear, plum, and
cherry, have for about six years past been infested with an insect unknown to all my gardening
friends, nor have they elsewhere seen it. The perfect insect I have never been able to discover,
although almost daily, during the months of July, August, and September, looking after the
larva in order to destroy it, unless the insect herewith sent, caught yesterday on a pear tree,
lately infested with caterpillar, is it. A specimen of the larva I also take the liberty of sending to
you with a few of the leaves on which they have fed. An attempt I made some time ago to confine
the caterpillar, supplying it with leaves, in order to observe the change to the perfect insect,
proved unsuccessful, the caterpillar dying on the leaves. I could never find the insect in the pupa
state, nor could I ever discern an egg ; for its first appearance to me was a small black point, with a
tail, apparently a perfect caterpillar, generally solitary. On closely examining the under side of
some pear tree leaves that had been partly eaten by the caterpillar, I this morning found a dry
cover, which I take for the skin of the pupa or chrysalis; such as it is I also send. I am unable

“to discover the insect in your Encyclopedia of Gardening. 1am a subscriber to, and an admirer
of, the Gardener’s Magazine, and areader of the Magazine of Natural History, and a notice in
either of the last two works of the accompanying insect, if worthy of a place, would confer an
obligation on, Sir, &c. — John Thom. Hollycombe, near Liphook, Hants, Nov. 1. 1829. .

Sir, I have examined your insect, and believe it to be Cr¥ptus instigator of Fad. Syst. Piezat.,
p.85. No. 61., or a variety of it, with the posterior tarsi darker than usual, This insect is not the
enemy of the fruit trees, but the parasitical destroyer of thei enemy. One only of its larvee would
live in one large lepidopterous larva, which last probably was the devourer of the leaves of the
trees in question ; and the way to find this destroyer of leaves would be to seek it at midnight,
when feeding, by candle light ; or by day, lurking either under leaves, stems, or, more likely,
under hiding matter on the ground near the wall, or stumps of the trees. I remain, &c. — A. H.
Haworth. Chelsea, Nov. 7. 1829.

The technical Name of a Cape Plant. — Sir, Can you or any of your corre-
spondents inform me of the botanical name of a plant, the following meagre notice of which I find
in Grant’s History of the Mauritius, p. 51. :—‘A reed that does not exceed the size of a large hair,
and bears a bunch of white and blue flowers, which, at some distance, appear to be floating in the
air; it comes from the Cape.” —Philagros. Jan. 31. 1830.

Collection of American Plants. — Where could I purchase the cheapest and
most complete collection of American plants. An answer to this will much oblige your constant
reader. —L. L. Ireland, Jan. 1830. ;

Try the Woking nurserymen, and particularly Mr. Waterer, who has the best collection of
azaleas in the country; many of the kinds are of unrivalled beauty, and haying been raised by
himself from seed, are not yet given out to the trade. — Cond.

Gram is said to be much used for feeding poultry, horses, and cattle in India ;
it is a sort of pea, but I should be glad to know its scientific name, and whether it is cultivated
in this country. — G. Jan. 29. 1830.

Marshal Tallard’s Garden. — Sir, In reply to a correspondent in a late Number
of your Magazine, who makes enquiries respecting the celebrated garden of Marshal Tallard at
Nottingham, which was in its time considered as the model of French taste in gardening, I beg
to inform you that I have met with a description of it in a book, which I presume to be rather an
uncommon one, as it is not included in the catalogue of English works in the Encyclopedia of
Gardening. The following is a copy of the titlepage : —

“* The-Retired Gardener. Jn2volumes. Vol. i., being a translation of Le Jardinier Solitaire,
or Dialogues between a Gentleman and a Gardener, containing the methods of making, ordering,
and improving a fruit and kitchen garden, with many new experiments, from the second edition,
printed at Paris. Vol. 2., containing the manner of planting and cultivating allsorts of flowers,
plants, shrubs, and undershrubs, necessary for the adorning of gardens ; in which is explained
the art of making and disposing of parterres, arbours of greens, woodworks, arches, columns, and
other pieces and compartments usually found in the most beautiful gardens of country seats. ‘The
whole enriched with a variety of figures, being a translation from the Sieur Louis Liger. To this
volume is added a description and plan of Count Tallard’s garden at Nottingham. The whole re-
vised, with several alterations and additions, which render it proper for our English culture. By
George London and Henry Wise. London. Printed for Jacob Tonson, within Gray’s Inn Gate,
next Gray’s Inn Lane. 1706.’ -

Messrs. London and Wise, in the preface'to this work, state that the two French works were
Le Jardinier Solitaire, the author whereof had concealed his name, and Le Jardinier Fleuriste
et Historiographe, written by the Sieur Liger of Auxerre; that Mr. Tonson got them translated,
see they revised and corrected whatever they found directly contrary to the practice in

ngland.

The original treatises are both particularised in the list of French works on gardening in the
pt Fe tad where the former is attributed to Francois, one of the brothers of the Chartreuse
at Paris.

At the end of the 2d volume of the Retired Gardener are a plan and explanation of M. Tal-
lard’s garden in Nottingham (jig. 42.), of which the following is a copy: =

Queries and Answers. 225
42

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m, The little court at the south entrance,

n, The little yard to come out of the house info the terrace.

o, The terrace and border next the house and yard.

p, The steps, verge, slope, and footing of grass.

q, The parterre, consisting of one oblong quarter of grasswork, which we call a fund of grass,
upon which many varieties of works are cut out, as angles of several forms, squares, circles, semi-
circles, ovals, and branch-works ; all which composed together, the French call Gazon coupé, and
we cutworks in grass. These cutworks are covered with varieties of colours: for example, —a@ is
covered with red sand or brick dust; 6 with the slug of pit coal fine beaten ; c witha yellow sand ;
d with spar that comes from the lead mines, or cockle shell, beaten very fine; fare verges of
grass ; g, grass at the corners; h, the grasswork of the quarters; k, the gravel walks, which are
covered with the finest gravel that can be got, and of various colours; some are bright, some a
yellowish brown, some greyish, &c., as the country affords, At the several centres are pots and
plants.

7, A slope up from the parterre.

s, A gravel walk, with a verge of grass and flower pots.

t, The second slope up to the second level.

uw, A flatwork of grass, with a border on the south side, upon which are pyramid plants and
pots ; the borders are adorned with plants and flowers. On the same level is a border and hedge,
which is the boundary of the second parterre.

w, Four quarters, with verges ‘of grass, borders for pyramids and flowers, verges of grass
within, and white lines of spar; then the four grass quarters, grayel walks, and an oval centre of
a grass verge and border.

v, The third parterre, which lies under the other levels, and consists of cutwork in grass, of pots,
and standard evergreens at the centres, a fountain in the middle, gravel walks round the quarters,
with two borders at the side for flowers.

a, The upper terrace being a grass walk with a border of pyramids and flowers on the east side,
and a border of flowers next the west side.

y, Vhe banqueting-house.

%, The way into the cellar under the banqueting-house.”

Marshal Tallard was taken prisoner by the Duke of Marlborough, at the battle of Ulenheim, in
1704, and remained a prisoner on his parol, with liberty ten miles round Nottingham, several

Vou. VI. — No. 25. Q

———

226 Queries and Answers.

years. Deering, in his History of Nottingham, published in 1750, says, that “ there were very few
gardeners, and those but indifferently skilled in their art, till after the arrival of Marshal. Count
Tallard, and the rest of the French prisoners of war (who were persons of rank), in Nottingham,
when encouragement was given to men of industry to render themselves useful, by raising all
kinds of garden stuff, in which now they were come to a competent perfection, andnotwithstand-
ing they are increased to above four times the number they were formerly, yet can they all get
their bread ; and in summer peas and beans would be hardly sold at a reasonable rate, were it
not that the Newark gardeners think it worth their while to come to this market twelve long
computed miles.

*¢ Our bakers have likewise reaped the advantage of making French rolls as well as they are
made in London.” d

It is supposed that tlie cultivation of celery was introduced by M. Tallard, who found it wild
in the neighbourhood of Nottingham.

The house in which Count Tallard resided is still standing at the top of the Castle Gate, Not-
tingham, in good preservation, and is now the residence of Mr. 8S. Hollins. Part of the garden
has been built upon, the remainder is converted into a modern grass plot and flower-garden, but
several large trees are standing adjoining the street, which may have been planted by Marshal
Tallard. I am, Sir, &c.—J. P. Nottingham, June 7. 1828.

Laying out a classical Residence.—Sir, I have purchased twenty acres of land
on the coast, not a great way from Sittingbourne in Kent, and being a great admirer of Grecian

43

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Queries and Answers. 297

architecture, I intend building a house on it in that style, and if possible laying out the grounds
in a manner which might be considered by my friends as classical. Iam no classical scholar my-
self, and therefore do not know much of what has been done in this way either by the ancients
or moderns ; but I venture to ask you for such information as you can conveniently give, and
for a reference to the best books on the subject. Trusting that my queries are fairly within the
limits of that part of your work set apart for this purpose, I remain, Sir, &c. — Romanus.
Dec. 3, 1829.

Our correspondent may consult Castell’s Villas of the Ancients, Pliny’s Letters, and above all
G. Laing Meason’s Landscape Architecture of the Great Painters of Italy. From the first
named work we give the plan (fig. 43.) of Pliny’s Laurentine Villa, the situation of which was
analogous to that in contemplation by Romanus.

a, Atrium, or court of honour. k, Sylve et montes, woods and hills in the dis-
6, Hortus, or pleasure-garden. tance.
c, Gestatio, or place of equestrian exercise. Z, Villa vicina, adjoining villa.
d, Vinea, or vine garden. m, Equilia, stables,
é€, Xystus, or terrace. n, Tecta vehiculis, carriage-house.
J, Hortus pinguis rusticus, or kitchen-garden — 0, Lignarium, place for wood.
and orchard. p, Feenile, place for hay.
g, Mare, the sea. Piscine duz, two fish-ponds.
f, Littus, the shore. 7, Celle cervorum, place for deer.

z, Gymnasium, or place of exercise.

Scotch Pine. — Sir, Having examined several curious notices in your Gardencr’s
Magazine, upon the very important question of whether the Scotch Fir [Pine], at present so
universally planted, is of the best sort of that kind, such as grows in Norway and the aboriginal
forests of Scotland, or whether it is an inferior sort more recently imported from Canada, I
-take the liberty of sending you an extract from a very valuable and curious book printed in
Edinburgh, 4to, in 1778, and written by William Boutcher, nurseryman at Comely Garden,
Edinburgh, called a ‘* Treatise on Forest Trees, with plain directions for removing the most
valuable kinds tothe height of thirty feet and upwards with certain success.” (The latter part
of the title called my attention to it as it lay on a bookstall, and I strongly recommend it to
every forest planter who can lay hold of it.) The passage (p. 137.) is as follows: — “‘ It has been
an old dispute which still subsists, whether there are more sorts than one of the Scots pine or
fir; and it is commonly asserted that the difference we find in the wood when cut down and
polished, is owing only to the age of the tree or the quality of the soil where it grew. But this
assertion, I believe, is not just, and proceeds from want of proper observation, as I have seen
many fir trees cut down of equal age in the same spot, where some were white and spongy others
red and hard, from which to me it appears evident that there are two distinct species of them, and
indeed the difference of colour may easily be discovered by any one who walks. through a newly
pruned plantation even of young trees.” I consider this passage as very curious, and well worthy
the attention of the Highland Society. Perhaps you might be able to obtain some refutation or
confirmation of these facts and opinions from some of the agents of great forest-owners in Scot-
jand. If it should turn out to be true, perhaps some nurseryman in the neighbourhood of the
forests might undertake to collect the seed from the red variety, and send the plants down to
us in the south. I am quite sure that no planter would hesitate to give a large additional
price for his trees, if it were made known through your Magazine where he might apply for them
with certainty of having them true. I should think, too, that a large quantity of the cones might
be easily disposed of in London: for my part, I should readily take a good many. I observe that
the Highland Society has offered a premium for raising seedlings of the Scotch pine (Pinus
sylvéstris) from seeds imported from Norway, or from the natural-grown pine in the Highland
districts of Aberdeen, Moray, and Inverness; and a similar premium was offered ‘some time
since by the Society of Arts, for trees raised from seed imported from Christiana. I should think
that it might be worth the while of some merchant connected with Norway to import a few
cones , at all events, if it were not much of a mercantile speculation in extent, I will undertake
to say that it would pay its own expenses, and be of essential benefit to the country in respect to
one of its most important and universal improvements ; it being, in fact, the question, whether a
really good and valuable timber shall be planted all over the land instead of a very bad or useless
sort. — W.N. July 1.1829. i ‘

Pinaster (Pinus Pindster). — Being on these subjects, I would beg to ask any
of your correspondents if they are acquainted with the nature and qualities of the timber of the
Pinaster. During a recent ride to Weyhill, I saw several very fine trees which had been cut
at Oatlands, lying by the river side, affording capital opportunity for observation and experiment
on its strength and value. — Id. if ”

The Deciduous Cypress and Cork Tree. —I observed near Esher, in the front of
a new stone building by Mr. Malcolm, a few very fine plants which had originally stood in a
nursery ground, among the rest a fine deciduous cypress, say 40 feet high, and avery fine cork
tree. Do either of these trees ripen their seeds in this country ? Wouldnot the cork tree thrive
in the West Indies? and how could a quantity of its acorns be procured and safely sent out ?—
id. ; 2 5

The Antarctic Beech { Eucaljptus sp. ?]— Capt. Forster, who sailed in His
Majesty’s ship Chanticleer on a scientific voyage to the south, tells us that Station Island, on the
east coast of Terra del Fuego, is covered with woods to the very summit of the hills ; and that the

rincipal tree is the Antarctic Beech, an evergreen, clothing the country with perpetual verdure.

hat an acquisition would this evergreen be tous! ‘Try to introduce it. — Z. December, 1829.

Would the Water Lily of the Ganges, with a blue flower, succeed if planted in
the hot water at Bath 2? I think it would, and would be worth trying ; perhaps in time we might
naturalise [acclimatise] it in those springs of cold water which never freeze. I should like also
to try gold fish in the hot water, they are said to breed prodigiously in it. — Jd. ; 3

The Culture of the Bamboo in England. — A correspondent having enquired
in Vol. LV. p. 535., whether it may not be practicable to introduce the culture of the bamboo
into this country, I think it will not be an unwelcome thing to you anda your readers, if I point out
what appears to me to be a reasonable probability of introducing with success at least one species
of this most valuable and useful vegetable. Since the genus, as well as all the species, is little

9 2

228 Queries and Answers.

known in this country, some of your readers may be gratified by a translation of the generic as
well as specific characters, from the description given by Humboldt in his rare and expensive
work, Plantes Equinoctiales, which can be accessible only to very few of your readers. Pil.
Equinoct., No. 20. p. 68.

Bambisa, Bamboo, Hexand. Monog. Linn. ; Nat. Ord. Graminee, Juss.

Reformed generic character. The common husk of two to five valves, many-flowered ; the
valvules distinct, and successively increasing in size; the spikelets or small shoots (locustz),
sometimes somewhat flattened, two-ranked, few-flowered, sometimes cylindrical, pointed, many-
flowered. ‘The partial husk two-valved; the outer valvule lanceolate, concave, embracing the
inner valvule, which has its margins folded together, is three-sided, and is placed round the
pistil and stamina. ‘Two innermost little scales are placed in contact with the ovary. Stamina :
filaments six, external (exserta), of the fineness of a hair; anthers incumbent. Pistil: ovary
sometimes furnished with a short partial flower-stalk; style, single, short; stigmata, two or
more, feathery. Seed-vessel, a single seed covered with the interior valvule of the partial calyx.
— Habit. Plants perennial, lolty, of the habit of the reed; the younger branches curved back-
wards ; pungent ; leaves jointed, deciduous.

Species.*
arundinacea, reed-like ; De Retz. obs. 5. p. 24. Linn. sp. pl. 120. Nastus, Juss. Gen. Pl. p. 34.
agréstis, wild; Rumph. Amb. 1. 6. cap. 6. tab. 3.
mitis, reclaimed ; Rumph. Amb. 1. 6. cap. 6. tab. 3. 2 j
miltiplex, manifold; Rumph. Amb, 1, 6. cap. 1, tab. 1, verticillata, or whorled, according

Willdenow.
maxima, largest ; Rumph. 1.6. p. 12.
fax, torch ; Rumph. Amb. 1. 6. cap. 2.
tabacaria, tobacco? Rumph. Amb. 1. 6. cap. 3.

Qu. whether this be not a variety of B. verticillata or whorled. c

To these Humboldt has added two species, natives of South America, which he has figured
under the names of latifdlia, broad-leaved, Guadua, Guadua; Humboldt. PZ. Equinoct. No. 20.

.68. which he thus describes : — ‘‘ Panicle loose, with few spikelets, of one or two inches in
leneen somewhat rowed. Leaves narrow, lanceolate. Stalk, tree-like, straight, of six fathoms
long and more, knotty, polished, branching from the bottom to the top; the branches closer
at the summit, the space between the knots of the length of a foot, and of six inches in diameter,
pipy, surrounded with sheaths which are close set without with stiff hairs, smooth within, and
at length fall off. Branches cylindrical, heaped together, the younger ones before they are un-
folded piercing at the point, and curved backwards ; but after they are unfolded, upright. Leaves
alternate, flat, jointed at the point of the sheath, deciduous. Sheaths long-continuing, hairy at
the neck. — Flowers, loosely disposed in subdivided panicles (subpaniculati). The common husk
two-valved, many-flowered, the florets disposed on a cylindrical rowed spikelet of one or two
inches in length. The partial husk two-valved. Pistil hairy. Ovary placed on a short partial
flower stalk. Stigmata, three, violet-coloured. Two small scales, oval, fringed (fimbriato-
ciliate). Seed oblong.

“ This species inhabits the warm regions of America, where it is called Guadua by the natives,
whence its specific name.

“¢ The bamboos of America offer the same advantages as in India. The Guadua bamboo is
solely employed for the construction of entire houses. The oldest and largest stalks serve to
form the walls; with the smaller ones the inhabitants form the main roof. The upper cover-
ing is composed of the young branches of the plant, furnished with leaves as they are, and
of which they put many layers one over the other. The doors, the tables, even the beds,
are made of bamboos. Theadvantages which the inhabitants of America find, in making use of
this plant, rather than of the very lefty and very hard timber which surrounds them, are, 1.
the facility with which they cut them, and transport them to very great distances; 2. the
small degree of labour which is required, since the inhabitants employ the plants entire, or only
split lengthways into two parts; 3. in its durability, which may be compared to that of the
best timber; 4. and lastly, in the circumstance that their houses, all open to the air, and
protected from the heat of the rays of the sun by a wide and thick roof, preserve within doors
a cool and agreeable temperature in the midst of the strongest heat of the day.

“It is particularly in the mountain of Quindiu, that the Guadua bamboo grows; it forms
forests of many leagues in extent, and appears to delight in elevated situations, which offer ita
mild temperature. It descends also into the very hot valleys, but is never seen on the high
mountains. We have cut a great number of bamboos, and in all of them we have found clear
water of an agreeable taste.” .

From other parts of Humboldt’s works it appears that this plant has taken its name from the
little town of Guadua, around which it flourishes in great abundance, and which is not very
distant from Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital of New Granada, or Colombia; that it grows
principally in the mountain bogs, in the like elevation as many of the beautiful species of oak
which-enrich the forests of that country, and at which elevation snowoccasionally falls, though
far below the regions of perpetual snow; it is in the terra templada, as it is called, or temperate
region. It therefore appears by no means impossible, and even very probable, that this bamboo,
which seems to flourish in a lower temperature than any other known bamboo, may succeed in
the temperate climates of Guernsey, Jersey, Cornwall, Devonshire, and the back of the Isle of
Wight; and that its culture may possibly be gradually extended to more inland and colder
situations. 1t would at all events add a new and interesting inmate to our green-houses; I should
delight to see it aspiring above Mr. Loddiges’ palms, by the side of the Ceréxylon andicola, which, I
am sure, he will soon obtain. But I by no means despair of seeing the bogs and marshes of our
southern counties rendered productive of these gigantic reeds, furnishing to the fenmen longer
and lighter stilts and leaping poles ; more magnificent cover for wild fowl ; better poles for punts
and barges, and all inland navigation ; better spars for vessels ; lighter, stiffer, and more portable
materials for bridges, rafts, hurdles, fences of every description, for supporting stack cloths ;
shafts for wheel-carriages, for scaffolding poles, rafters, principals, and side timbers of roofs,
flooring joists, beams; and for every other purpose wherein a light, elastic, stiff, straight, and

22

* R. Sweet, in his Hortus Britdunicus, enumerates only two species as known in our hot-houses
Bambisa arundinacea and B&. verticillata, ’

Queries and Answers. 299

a

‘durable material is required ; turning such lands to infinitely better account than can be obtained
He any reed bed, willow bed, fishery, decoy, heronry, or other present application of the like
ands,

I therefore sincerely hope that among your readers will be found some who have connections
with some of the numerous Englishmen, who, for military, commercial, or scientific purposes
have emigrated to Peru and New Grenada, and that they may succeed in obtaining either roots,
or seeds, or plants of this valuable vegetable from the country and climate of the potato, the
El Achiro, and the Arracacha, which may be a gift to Britain, little less beneficial than the
former of these, descending from the Andes, and diffused from Van Dieman’s land to Siberia,
has already proved, and the other two may prove. It is to be expected that either the ripened
seeds or the ligneous fleshy root of the Guadua bamboo, with its strong-pointed buds, protected
as they must be by their hard flinty case, may, when embedded either in powdered charcoal, or
even in earth, or at all events in the powdered chloride of lime, be conveyed from Colombia or
New Granada to this country, without losing their vegetative power; and I sincerely hope that
some patriotic cultivator will make the experiment.

It was said about twenty years since, that the Earl of Moira had introduced some species of
bamboo into Ireland with success from Hindostan ; can any of your readers give me information
upon this subject? Iam, Sir, &c.— Causidicus. January 11.1829.

The Lilac Tree is said, in Phillips’s Sylva Florifera (vol. ii. p. 49.), to be met
with in full perfection in Paris in the months of August and September, a season in which I have
not even seen them in flower in this country. Have we not the same means of retarding their
flowering as the French, for which some latent cause must be assigned, or is it a different variety
from any of the sorts we cultivate ? Perhaps yourself, during some of your Continental tours, might
have seen it; if not, some intelligent correspondent will give some further particulars, for which
I should feel obliged ; and remain, Sir, &c. —J. H. Linden Hill, near Matdenhead, Jan. 18. 1830.

Stretlitzia regine. — In answer to G.G. (Vol. V. p.239.), I beg to say I flower
this plant very freely under the following treatment :—At the time I place my green-house plants in
the open air, I bring plants of Strelitzza from the stove, and place them in the grecn-house. In
September the plants are removed to their winter quarters, the Strelitzie are taken to a cool part
ofthe stove. I like them to be under-potted ; the mould used is sandy loam and peat ; rich mould
I think improper, it makes them produce too many leaves, which some persons cut off to the great
injury of the plants, With respect to water, I use it sparingly until they show flower, which is
Bencrally about January or February, I then give it more freely. — W. Boyce. Kingscote Gardens,

ipril, 1829.

Strelitzia regine. —- Sir, In answer to the query of G.G. (Vol. V. p. 239.),
with respect to flowering the Strelitzia regine, I wish to inform him that we flower it in the
winter months here, both in pots and also planted out with stove and green-house plants, in made
soil in a large house for various kinds of plants, where the temperature in the winter months, with
fire heat, is about 55°. The soil isa light red sandyloam. The plant, from its fleshy or soft
roots, requires but little water to keep it in a healthy or growing state; but when coming into
flower it may be watered more freely, when it will blow fine for several weeks. The low tempe-
rature of the metal-roofed hot-houses in the winter here, and the sudden transition to heat as
soon as advantage can be taken of the sun’s rays in spring, form, no doubt, one cause of many of
our old inhabitants of the stove flowering more frequently than they did formerly in wooden
houses. I am, Sir, &c.<— George Fulton. Northwick Park, Jan. 30. 1830.

Preserving Florists’ Flowers. — Sir, Every botanist who has endeavoured to dry
plants, must regret the rumpled state of the flowers, owing to the thickness of the stems and
jeaves preventing the pressure reaching the thin and delicate flowers. ‘To remedy, in some mea-
sure, this failure, I would propose cutting off the flowers, slightly pressing them till flat, and
gumming them on while fresh, Specimens of flowers thus treated are herewith sent. If done by
a person of more ingenuity than the writer, would they not be useful to the florist to preserve
prize flowers ; and likewise to the nurseryman to show in winter what flowers his plants will pro-
duce? —W.f. May, 1827.

The flowers in the book sent, it is stated, were collected in the spring of 1819: they are gummed
on, but not varnished in any way, and certainly retain their colours remarkably well. ‘They are
‘chiefly polyanthuses and auriculas; but there are also stocks, wallflowers, daisies, narcissuses,
and several other genera. — Cond. July 9. 1827. :

Rose Tree. — I have a small tender-twigged rose bush, which bears very delicate
flowers, having the exact smell of vanilla. As I have never seen such a rose as my own, nor
found such a one described in any horticultural work, I should be glad to be informed, by any
gentleman possessing the kind, how it is propagated, every means I have tried having proved
abortive. — Oyras. Yorkshire, lat. 54°, Oct. 31. 1829. y

List of acclimated Exotics. — Sir, Permit me, through the medium of your
Magazine, to solicit from some one or more of your numerous correspondents, a list or
lists of such exotics indigenous to warmer climates than our own, as upon trial have been
found to endure our most severe winters without protection. If amateurs, as well as those in the
profession of horticulture, would favour you with the names of plants of the above description
that have come under their notice, a valuable list might soon be formed for the use of such as may
wish to have an enlarged collection of exotics growing in their pleasure-gardens and shrubberies.
Iam, Sir, &c.— 7. R. Clowance, Cornwall, Jan. 26, 1830. : ,

Earlier bearing of Fruit Trees now than formerly. — Sir, Can you in any way
account for apple and pear trees coming much sooner into bearing in the present day than for-
merly? It has struck me, but I cannot say it from experience, that it may arise from grafting on
apple and pear stocks, raised from the pips of cultivated sorts, and not on stocks raised from pips
of the crab and wild pear.— H. Gray’s Inn, Nov. 12. 1829. ; 4

Fruit Trees on Wired Walls. — Sir, Although it is a very long time since I last
addressed you on the subject of your Magazine, yet I have not been altogether inattentive to its
object ; for I have relinquished the larger undertaking of a farm for the more pleasing occupation
ofagarden, In this new profession (if 1 may use the expression) I have met with the greatest
assistance from your Encyclopedias and Magazines ; for I extract from them all, and in return
shall endeavour to furnish you with something now and then from my pen, when the fit comes on,
Among the various new improvements in training fruit trees on walls, 1 think the wiring the walls
seems to promise considerable facilities, especially when plastered or stuccoed. J recollect the late

Ons

236 Queries and Answers.

Mr. Carr of St. Ann’s, near Leeds, recommending strongly the use of eyed cast-iron nails, which
were not drawn from the wall, but when it was wanted to remove a branch, the strings or willows
were untied, and drawn from the nail. Now the wiring the wall would be attended with similar
advantages, although I suspect at greater expense. I would submit for your consideration, whe-
ther softened copper wire might not be used safely for tying up the branches to the eyed nails ; if
so, the disfiguring party-coloured shreds of cloth would be avoided, and thus the nests or lurking
holes of insects be done away with. In order to prevent the smallness of wire from injuring the
bark of trees, it might be passed two or three times evenly round and through the eye each time,
and then, with one or two twists, made fast in front. Dark-coloured walls are by some strongly
applauded for training fruit trees, from the greater power of radiating heat, and thus forcing, as it
were, earlier to maturity the trees trained on them. The danger and disadvantages seem to be,
that they are apt to force into blossom at too early a season in spring, rendering them liable to be
injured by frost ; and in summer the trees are liable to be overheated or scorched. I look on the
first of these objections as the most weighty, as the latter can be removed by leaving a closer foliage,
or by a partial or temporary screen during the brightest and hottest hours, or perhaps by partial
waterings by means of an engine. I think the forcing at too early a season might be in some
measure avoided by 4 coat of whitewash in March or April, which would most likely be all
washed off before the summer was far advanced, but not before the spring frosts were most danger-
ous; or the trees might be loosed from the walls, as practised successfully at St. Ann’s. — W. M.
Argyleshire, Nov. 6. 1828. E :

Apples for a small Orchard. —Sir, Observing in your Magazine for February
(p. 111.) a query from J.S. L., wishing to know the best varieties of apples for a small orchard, I
beg leave to offer a few observations. Your correspondent wishes them to be founded on expe-
rience, to which, by the by, I do not claim any great pretensions, though I have been amongst
fruit and orchards some small part of my life, which is not very far advanced. My employer,
Mr. J. Pearson, of Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, who is, I believe, one of the greatest fruit-growers
in this part of the country, if not in England (except cider-growers), is particularly careful in
selecting fruits that keep well, and likewise those that succeed each other in their regular stages
of keeping ; thereby, from the beginning of the season, always having an abundant supply of
marketable fruit. If J. S. L. were to have one apple tree of a sort, it would, to plant two acres,
require far above the number of real good sorts planted in this part of the kingdom. I shall
endeavour to give a short list of those considered here the best for keeping and bearing, as well as
for the table and kitchen; and as, in the course of a few years, when the trees get into full
bearing, your correspondent would find, to keep the different sorts separate, it would require
much more trouble and room than a small well selected variety would; an orchard of that de-
scription would not suit a person who made supplying the country with fruit part of his business,
and would not yield so much profit, which is a very great point, and which we all aim at, more or
less. I shall only mention sorts that I have actually seen bear as standard orchard trees in this
county.

Tabre APPLEs.

The Burgin Apple. A conical yellowish fruit, middle-sized, fine flavour, middling bearer.

Lord Lennox. A fine scarlet new variety, rather flat, with very superior flavour, a strong up-
right grower, well adapted for situations where the trees are not required to spread much.

Clifton (Nottinghamshire) Nonesuch. A very handsome apple, good flavour.

Keddlestone Pippin. A Derbyshire apple, originated (I believe) at the village from which it
derives its name; a great bearer, middle size, and very superior flavour.

Wollaton Pippin. A very handsome flat apple, supposed to be of French origin; one of the best
keeping table apples we have, good flavour, very juicy.

Blenheim Orange, or Woodstock Pearmain. A very large handsome apple, fine flavour, but
considered rather an idle bearer.

pace Pearmain. A beautiful fruit, great bearer, and very good flavour; well adapted for
market.

Waterloo Pippin. A middle-sized early scarlet fruit, good. ;

Garret’s New Golden Pippin. A great bearer and fine flavour. ‘

Hertfort’s Russet. A great bearer, middle size, and keeps remarkably well.

Egglestone Summering. A handsome early fruit, good bearer. }

Bess Poole. One of the best apples we have for baking, table, size, and colour; a very grea
bearer after the trees get a certain age, and keeps very well. If I recollect right, some years ago
you called at the time we were getting the crop, you may, perhaps, be able to speak to the fine-
ness and beauty of the fruit.

KitcHEeN APPLES.

Malister Apple. A very fine large fruit, comes in just before the late keeping sorts ; good bearer,
and free grower. -

Mank’s Codlin. A great bearer and bushy grower, suitable for growing in small gardens, and
from the very scarlet appearance of the outside of the petals, and free blooming, would make a
very handsome feature in a shrubbery, with the single almond, and other early-flowering shrubs.

Keswick Codlin, or Westmoreland Pippin. Karly and a great bearer, rather getting out of favour
in consequence of not keeping well, and sinking a great deal when baked.

Hawthornden, or White, Apple. A fine handsome early fruit, good bearer.

Northern Greening. A rather conical greenish apple, great bearer, good keeper, and capital
for baking; much cultivated.

Normanton Wonder. A very superior apple, free.growing, very large and yellow, and one of
the best keeping sorts; a variety much planted.

Greenup’s Pippin. A handsome large apple, with rather a long stalk, which makes it unfit for
exposed situations ; good bearer. :

Beautiful Stripe. A Lancashire apple, a very great bearer; and from the fine colour of the
ruts and being a compact grower, the trees present a complete surface of scarlet when in full

earing.
i ie Hunthouse. A middle-sized apple, great bearer and long keeper; sometimes used for the
able.

Woodborough Pippin. A large handsome apple, and an immense bearer, very good for baking.
but when used in its raw state has an unpleasant bitterish taste; keeps very long. ?

The Caldwell, or Padiley’s Pippin, is a sort much grown here, and is an excellent apple for
profit, it bears abundantly, good size and colour, bakes and keeps well.

Barton Free-beare?, as its name intimates, produces abundantly, good size.

. Wareham’s Russct. A very fine fruit, keeps well, and excellent for kitchen use.

Queries and Answers. 231

- TE have now mentioned those sorts that I should consider best adapted for profit, and should plant
six or seven of each in preference to a greater variety.
: PEars.

In giving a list of pears for making orchard trees, as they are not grown here toa very great
extent, I shall limit myself to a few sorts that both grow and bear wellin this county. I dare say
all ef hem may be known to your correspondent ; but, nevertheless, a_ list may not be unac-
ceptable.

The Crawford. “Early yellowish green pear, good bearer.

Green Chisel. Great bearer, rich, melting, much liked here as an early fruit.

The Huntingdon. A great bearer, well adapted for a market fruit, but apt to turn mealy.

Welbeck Bergamot. A very fine fruit, superior flavour, good bearer, and keeps well.

Swan’s Egg. An old pear, bears abundantly, and keeps well; melting, and good flavour when
kept late, but in some situations is apt to die at the top.

Aston Town Pear. ‘The most abundant bearer of any, and of very good flavour.

T have now, as far as lies in my power, answered J. S. L.’s queries; but he must bear in mind,
I only state what are chiefly cultivated in Nottinghamshire, and I trust it will meet his views.
Yours, &c.— T. Wood. Chilwell Nurseries, March 23. 1829.

Select List of Apples and Pears. — In answer to Mr. R. Errington (p. 111.),
I should recommend for early dessert the Egglestone Summering, Waterloo Pippin, and Perfect’s
Juneating ; for middle season, the Burgin, Lord Lennox, Pike’s Pearmain, and Blenheim
Orange ; for late keeping, Wollaton Pippin, Bess Poole, Keddlestone Pippin, and Hertfort’s Russet.
For kitchen use: Early, the Mank’s Codlin, American Summering, and Hawthornden; for
middle season, Greenup’s Pippin, Maltster, and Barton Free-bearer ; tor long keeping, Caldwell,
Nounaulonayondes and Northern Greening. All of the above will do wellas dwarfs on Paradise
stocks. — Id.

The Bess Poole Apple, and the Advantage of raising Seedlings. — The Bess
Poole is much used in this district. There has been much controversy about the origin of its
name, some calling it Best Poole, others Bell Poole or Powe; whereas, in fact, it took its name
from one Elizabeth Poole, in whose garden it was raised; and I lately conversed with a brother
clergyman on the subject, who was personally acquainted with the said Elizabeth. Query, May
there not possibly be more than one apple confounded under the same name? We have also a
local apple in these parts called the Low bough, with small fruit, but an immense bearer, and
keeps till summer, when it is by no means to be despised for dessert. I have raised a great many
apples from seed, which have now come into bearing ; none first rate for dessert, but many valu-
able for baking. We lie near the rock here, and apples in general do not succeed very well ; but
these seedlings, reared on the ground, succeed better; and the consequence is, that, whereas for-
merly we had scarcely enough for the use of the house, we have now abundance, unless it be ina
very bad year.— W. T. Bree, Allesley Rectory, near Coventry, Jan. 16. 1830. X

Vines for a Geranium-house. — Sir, Your correspondent who styles himself
** A Constant Reader,” (Vol. V. p. 733.) requests some advice in the enoice of vines for his gera-
nium-house. I will endeavour to give it him, and shall, at the same time, throw out a few hints
on the cultivation of them, which may be acceptable to those of your readers who are not exactly
practical cultivators. Your correspondent must not think of planting late vines for that purpose,
as one of his chief difficulties will be (if the geraniums are of paramount consideration) to get the
wood of the vines well ripened before the geraniums are housed for the winter; and if he can
manage to get the geraniums all turned out of the house by the end of April, he may probably
shine in the grape way; if not, it will be complete hodge-podge, and, as usually happens, neither
vines nor geraniums will be worth looking at. Now, supposing the geraniums out, and the period
in question the beginning of May, my advice is, keep up a day heat of from 65° to 80°, and a
night heat of 55° to 659; the chief object in this case being to get the grapes well flavoured, and
the wood well ripened for the ensuing year. Again, in the autumn, unless there has been a long
and warm summer, the fires should be at work towards the end of August, and if the heat can be
kept from 75° to 85°, night and day, so much the hetter, as night heat, in this part of the process,
cannot do any harm. The leaves of the vines, when the geraniums are housed for the winter,
should be quite yellow, and if they are dropping so much the better. The six vines for this house
I should choose as follows :— Two Black Hamburgh, two White Muscadine, one White Frontignac,
and one White Sweetwater, observing to put the Frontignac at the warmest end of the house.
With regard to their general cultivation, I shall contend that although the spirit of the age,
shaped by the progress of scientific research, has sufficiently, in theory, exploded the notions
formerly held of making deep borders, thinning the leaves to admit light, and other erroneous
works of supererogation ; yet in practice they are still followed, more or less, by one half the
horticultural world. One of the most valuable papers that has appeared in your Magazine is,
in my opinion, one by Mr. Robert Hiver (Vol. V. p. 60.) (whom, by the by, I know not) ; and had
i a score vine borders to make, I would not make one of them more than 1 ft. 9 in. deep in soil,
but would depend considerably on top dressings for their atter support: for, in my opinion, the
quantity of heat required, whether natural or artificial, to flavour the fruit, and properly mature
the buds for the next season, is in direct proportion to the average depth of the roots; therefore,
if this hypothesis be right, those who deepen their borders 3 and 4 ft. are only creating extra-ex-
pense in fuel hereafter to ripen the wood or fruit. Here I must observe that by ripening the wood
I do not mean simply turning its colour, but enabling the vine to cast its leaves spontaneously
through the medium of heat alone and a dry atmosphere; a process which many a one gets the
frost to do instead (a sad mistake). I need say nothing about the formation of the borders, the
systematic draining, or the air pipes of Mr. Forrest (an excellent plan), as those things, I pre-
sume, cannot be better done than at Syon, as described in Vol. V. p. 502. of this Magazine. All I
shall now say is, that I think it would be highly desirable to get a perfect command over the sur-
face of the vine border (of such, of course, as are planted outside) with regard to wet, and this
may be accomplished by having a tarpawling made to roll and unroll occasionally ; and 1am sure
that in seasons anywise wet and cold it would be found extremely advantageous. I would have
tarpawling rolled on the border in all heavy rains from the middle of July until the fruit and wood
were ripe; and towards October I would remove it altogether, and give the border a heavy top
dressing of rich manure, and this should again be removed to any of the garden ground in March,
to give place to as much more of fresh manure. This latter dressing, I think, should not remain
on after the middle of July, but be removed altogether, and the border raked smooth, as the
deeper the sun’s heat penetrates the border at this season the better. It isa common practice to
keep applying top dressing in large quantities, without taking any off, by which means the depth

Q 4

232 Queries and Answers.

of the border will, in a few years, increase considerably. I must remark, lastly, that vines are
often ill used by over-bearing ; those who want large and fine-flavoured grapes must not spare
either knife or scissors. If I am in error inany of these points, I trust I shall call forth correc-
tion from some master hand, and which, if honest, I shall be thankful for. I remain, Sir, &c. —
Robert Errington. Oulton Park. »

Vines for a Green-house. — In answer to a Constant Reader (Vol. V. p. 733.),
who wishes to know what vines are proper to plant in a green-house, chiefly for geraniums, the
health of which is entirely studied. 1f I must be candid, I should say plant none. Why, it
would naturally be asked, should such an extent of glass be unoccupied, since the practice of
planting vines is, I may say, universally adopted, nursery houses alone excepted? That vines will
grow and bear in a green-house, I readily admit; but that geraniums and other green-house
plants generally will do well I flatly deny; either the one or the other must suffer, because the
plants want all the air possible in open weather, particularly in the months of April and May, both
day and night, They should enjoy all the air possible in May, previously to their being removed
into the open air in June, or they become drawn and dwindling. On the contrary, the vines want
the house to be more close, as they break generally in the end of April, and produce their bloom
in the month of May, when a little fire should be made night and morning, in dull cold weather,
which would greatly accelerate the growth of the vines. That light and air is indispensably
necessary to the good culture of geraniums, in keeping them what we term s/ocky, every cultivator
must agree; and that shade, and keeping the house to a higher temperature than is required,
must be highly improper, is also obvious. If your correspondent is desirous of having his gera-
niums fine, let him plant no vines; but if he must have both geraniums and grapes, let him plant
only three instead of six, training them to every other rafter. I know of none better to plant than
three of the sorts named by himself, viz. Royal Muscadine, Early White ‘Teneriffe, and the Black
Hamburgh. These I would train very thinly over the house; if lofty, they might be trained to
wire, in the manner described by J. Haycroft (Vol. V. p. 733.) I am, Sir, &e.—J. H. Linden
Hill, near Maidenhead, Jan. 18. 1830.

Vines for a Green-house. — I observe that one of your correspondents (Vol. V.

. 733.) wishes to know whether the six kinds of vines he mentions will succeed in a green-house.
if think only two of the six will succeed, viz. the Royal Muscadine, and Black Hamburgh: the
others, although all of them good kinds, require a strong heat ; indeed without it they will not
ripen their fruit well, and are only fit for a pine stove. ‘The kinds I would recommend as most
suitable for a green-house, in addition to the above-named two, are the White and Black Musca-
dine, and Black Cluster (not the Miller Grape) ; and although I have not tried the Verdelho variety
in a green-house, I am inclined to think it will do very well, as it forces well in pots in a stove,
and, although a small variety, is, upon the whole, a good grape. —G. Fulton, Northwick Park,
Jan. 30. 1830.

Muscadine and Muscat Grapes. — In reply to different queries respecting the
identity of the Chasselas and Muscadine grapes, an experienced nurseryman, who has beena good
deal in France, has furnished us with the following list of names and synonymes : —

Chasselas blanc, Bar sur Aube blanc, Chasselas d’Or. These are different names of our JVhite
Muscadine. Bunches closely set and middle size; clear white, or amber colour ; flavour, delicate
and sugary; early and great bearer; certainly one of the best white grapes we have. ‘

Chasselas de Fontainbleau. Our Royal Muscadine. Distinguished from the former, by its
stronger wood, larger leaves, longer bunches, thinner set and more fleshy: an improved variety
of the former.

Chasselas Musqué. The La Cour of Miller, the Tvwe Muscadine. The bunches of this species
are not quite so large as those of the White Muscadine, are of a greener tint, and ripen later ; the
leaves are smaller, and not so deeply lobed ; a good bearer, and excellent grape, combining the
hardiness and fertility of the Chasselas, with the high musky flavour of the Frontignac. In these
respects, it js the only one of the family to which the name of Muscadine is strictly appropriate.

Petit Chasselas. Our Parsley-leaved Grape.

Chasselas Violet. Our Black Muscadine, or Frankenthal.

Chasselas Noir. Black Muscadine, with a thick set bunch.

Chasselas Rouge. _ Red Chasselas. ”

Chasselas Rose. The last five sorts, though good grapes, are not equal to the former, and ripen
somewhat later.

The White Sweet-waters are also Chasselas grapes, if we regard their affinities in size, shape, and
flavour, their period of ripening, the family character of ruddiness in the young leaves and extre-
mities of the shoots, and the absence of pubescence thereon.

The Muscat, or Frontignac grapes, form another class, which, though not generally ripening
on the open walls, is not so valuable as the former for ordinary use ; yet, from the superiority of
flavour, they are indispensable wherever artificial heat can beapplied. The French enumeratein
their catalogues, the Muscat Blane, our White Frontignac, a close long conical bunch, exceeded
by nene in richness, and high musky flavour.

Muscat Rouge. ed Frontignac. Of a light purplish red to the sun, looser in the bunch than
the white, and akin to it in flavour.

Muscat Gris. Our Grixzled Frontignac. Of a striped brick colour; the bunch not so large or
close, but a better bearer, and earJier than the foregoing, and equally high flavoured.

Muscat. Our Black Frontignac, Black Constantia, or Muscat of Jerusalem. A long black
bunch, high-flavoured, but a thin bearer.

Muscat Noir, Our Blue Frontignac. Bunch short, very closely set ; ripens unequally, but ear-
lier and a better bearer than the former: leaves slightly lobed.

‘ Sroshuels Musqué. A large black-shouldered bunch, but delicate, and sets badly; leaves
eeply lobed.

Muscat noirde Jura. A black Frontignac, from Mount Jura: bunch middle-sized ; high fla-
vour ; good bearer, and ripens early

Muscat d’Alexandré, or Passe longue Musquée. Our White Muscat of Alexandria. —
Kilkenny, April 19. 1828. ir ne

Best Sorts of Pine-apples for Cultivation. — Sir, C. F. W. wishes I had answered
his query respecting the pine more fully. My answer is in Vol. IV. p. 186., and, though brief, is
I think, fully to the point. C.F. W. says the Enville, Globe, Otaheite, &e., are in high repute in
his neighbourhood, and that these sorts are not mentioned in your Encyclopedia, or your Treatise
on the Pine, by an F. H.S. With regard to the Enville, it is as generally known as any pine in
cultivation, and was long since raised in C. F. W.’s neighbourhood ; the Globe is grown in some

Queries and Answers. 933

coilections, but not plentifully ; the Otaheite has not long been known in tals country, not is it
of much consequence if it had never been known at all. -I tasted one lately at a meeting of the
Horticultural Society, and, though a handsome fruit, the flavour was little better than that of an
early Dutch turnip. This fact was observed by several persons then in the room, though I have
no doubt that the flavour was much deteriorated by its culture, as the Secretary remarked that
it had been ripened in a very low temperature, and that it was found to be much heightened in
flavour when subjected to the above low temperature. Plenty of air and heat is necessary to the
high-flavouring of most kinds of exotic fruits. C. W. F. says, suppose J. H. confined to four sorts

which would they be? I answer, Black Jamaica, Black Antigua, New Providence, and Enville;
or, if confined to one sort, C. F. W. asks, would I prefer the Jamaica tothe Queen? I answer, I
should prefer the Jamaica, which is a very high-flavoured fruit, good at all seasons, fruiting freely

very juicy, and remarkably heavy for its size. If well grown, it generally attains to from 3 to 4
Ibs. weight. If C. F. W. had wished five sorts, I should have included the Queen, the acid
flavour of which is much admired ; besides, it is by far the best to be placed in the hands of a
novice, being a very free grower, early fruiter, and of more easy culture than any other variety.

But this and all other kinds of pines should be grown separately ; the Queen to come in first,
then the Enville and Providence, and then the Antigua and Jamaica. “These sorts will supply
the table till Christmas. But let me not be understood to say the Antigua and Jamaica should
be ripened in autumn, as the best season is from the;Ist of July to the Ist of October ; but they are
better winter pines than any other. The Queen seen by C. F. W., with a small crown, may have
been the Ripley ; but the size of the crown is a poor criterion to judge by, as all kinds of pines
will bear crowns of various sizes. Icut an Enville pine, in 1826, which weighed 72 \bs., 16 oz. to
the pound, with a remarkably small crown. .In the same pit were others weighing not more than
13 lb., with crowns extremely large. The Ripley has generally a small crown, with the spines on
its leaves bent inwards, and is the improved variety of the Queen, and the best kind of pine for a
beginner to cultivate. I wish C. F. W. to know that I am aware there are some very eminent
pine-growers in his county, from whom he may obtain much better information than I am able
to give on the culture of the pine-apple; and although this fruit is now very generally grown

the best method of its culture 1s as generally very little understood ; indeed it is astonishing to see
the difference in the appearance of pines in visiting gardens in a district of a few miles.: Wishing
C. F. W. success in all his horticultural pursuits, I beg to say that I shall be always most ready to
answer every question he may ask on the culture of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, Yours, &c,—
James Housman. Sept. 1828. :

The Culture of Ginger, with the best receipt for preserving it, and the season of

the year when it is fit for that purpose, is much desired by—C. M. Dec. 5. 1829,

We shall be glad to hear from Mr. Duff, or some other correspondent, on this subject. — Cond.

Failure of Early Charlton Peas. — Sir, 1 am not certain whether what I am
about to propose is a very foolish question, or whetherjit is a question for the learned; but of

’ this I am certain, that it is rather a serious matter with me; and I therefore beg that you will be
so indulgent as to allow it to occupy a spare place in the next Number of your Magazine, whereby
I doubt not we shall ascertain its true weight. 5

On the 13th of last January I sowed some Early Charlton Peas, on a tolerably rich, dry, well-
tempered soil; on the 6th of February I sowed some more of the same sort adjoining the first, and
other sorts adjoining these ; shortly after I began to think the first-sown ones long in coming up,
examined them, and found them rotten in the ground. I then examined the second-sown Charl-
tons, and found them in the same state. The other sorts were coming as wellas ever peas did, and
ultimately brought an excellent crop. Now, the question is (seeing that the Charltons had equal
advantages with the other sorts), what is the most probable inference to be drawn from the failure
of the Charltons ? that it was an improper sort to be sown at that season ? or that the seed was
bad ?_ I think I may as well tell you, that I found it necessary to mention the failure of the
Charltons to my master, and the most probable cause (as I thought), that they were old seed.
My master happening soon after to meet with the seedsman, mentioned the affiir to him, and he
pronounced me “‘ the most ignorant man in the world,” for supposing that they were old seed.
He stated the failure to be caused by “‘ the sudden changes they were subject to feel at that season,”
heat and cold, drought and wet, &c. &c. Iwas very much surprised to learn that my master cre-
dited this statement; and, of course, he doubted mine. He, being an upright man, detests an
imposition, and doubtless thought himself imposed on by me, in one shape or other; he men-
tioned to me the seedsman’s reply, which caused some unpleasantness between us. I disputed
the truth of the seedsman’s philosophy, and shall continue to do so, until I see it either supported
by facts, or demonstrated by philosophical truths. I trust that your readers will either correct or
confirm my opinion, for I am always glad to learn, and beg that you will favour me with your
opinion on the matter, in some spare corner of your next Number, which will greatly oblige, Sir,
yours, &c.— Pisum. Nov. 10. 1829. :

Comparative Advantages of Smoke and Hot water in heating Hot-houses.— Sir, I
have for some time employed myself, preparatory to building a range of forcing-houses, in enquir-
ing as to the comparative advantages of the old smoke flues, and the recently introduced system of
hot-water pipes. ‘The opinions of the most experienced horticulturists are so equally divided and
opposed regarding these two methods of generating heat, that I feel quite perplexed which to
adopt; and therefore take the liberty of addressing this letter to you, in hopes that, through the
medium of your Gardener’s Magazine, you will be kind enough to communicate either your own
sentiments on this subject, or to request some of your numerous contributors to favour the
public and myself with a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of both systems. I
ought, perhaps, to mention the opinion given to me by one experienced gardener, who has been
for some time working houses on both constructions, that hot water causes a decidedly more
luxuriant growth of wood and larger fruit, but that the flavour is always inferior to what is
grown in houses on the old principle. He believes the pipes are perfectly air-tight, but has never
used a hydrometer, and on that account the accuracy of the comparison may perhaps be ques-
tionable. You will also, I think, be conferring a benefit on the public, by a paper respecting the
application of hot water to the growth of melons, cucumbers, early potatoes, &c., in pits, accom-
panied by a plan. In districts where coals are plentiful, the annual expense (independently of the
first cost) would probably be considerably less than the use of fermenting horse-litter, and tend
much to prevent the disagreements between the gardener and farmer, which in all establishment
too frequently occur. Iam, Sir, &c.— A. H. R. Feb. 24, 1830,

The result of what we see and hear is, that the mode of heating by hot water, whether in stoves,
forcing-houses, green-houses, or hot-walls, is decidedly preferable to steam or smoke flues, or any
other mode hitherto in use. For hot-beds we do not say that hot-water is superior to dung, but
we think it-at all events equal to that material, — Cond.

234 FAforticultural Society and Garden.

Art. V. Horticultural Society and Garden.

Dec. 15. 1829. — Read. On the cultivation of the Pine-apple; by Mr.
William Jarrett. On raising Apple Trees from Pips; by the Rev. James
Venables, C.M.H.S.

Exhibited. Stachys palistris, forced, from Mr. Green, 23. Alpha Road ;
good specimens of the manner in which this plant may be forced, and very
similar to asparagus in appearance (see Vol.V. p.546.). Black Jamaica
Pine-apple, from Mr. William Jarrett. This was a remarkably good specimen,
in illustration of a paper read this day. Seedling Apple, from the Rey. Jas.
Venables, C.M.H.S.; a handsome ‘good variety, illustrative of Mr. Venables’s
paper read this day. Yorkshire Greening Apple, from Adams, Esq.,
of Enfield. Three sorts of Apples, from the Rev. Frederick Beadon, F.H.S.

From the Garden of the Society. Forty-one sorts of Apples, fourteen sorts
of Pears, Fruit of Passiflora malifé6rmis, Montserrat Pine-apple, Enville
Pine-apple, four sorts of Cardoons, nine sorts of Celery, and fourteen sorts
of Chrysanthemums.

Jan. 5. 1830. — Read. On the cultivation of Mushrooms; by Mr. Joseph
Parker. On the cultivation of the Chrysanthemum ; by Mr. R. L. Howes.

Exhibited. Madras Citrons, from the Earl of Aylesford, F.H.S.; noble
specimens, in the greatest perfection, Oranges and Lemons, from William
Wynne, Esq. F.H.S., the produce of Mr. Wynne’s garden at Camberwell.
A Melon from Cephalonia, from Green, Esq. This melon was exhi-
bited at the Meeting on the Ist of December last: upon being tasted this
day, it was found to have a green flesh, and to be of no good quality, as
winter melons usually are. Seven sorts of Grapes, from Mr. John Hay-
thorn, C.M.H.S. The specimens were well preserved, and good of their
kinds. ‘Torreneuvaise Pears, from Captain Le Couteur, C.M.H.S. The
Bezy de Caissois, and the Hessel or Nutmeg, are all synonymes of this very
useful and good variety of pear, which is usually in perfection in March.
Six sorts of Apples from Mr. Hugh Ronalds, F.H.S. Seedling Apples from
Nonpareil Pips, from Captain Le Couteur, C.M.H.S. It proved an excel-
lent variety ; and, upon tasting, was found to possess so much of the Golden
Pippin flavour, as well as of that of the Nonpareil, that it was difficult to
decide to which it bore the greatest resemblance.

From the Garden of the Society. Forty-six sorts of Apples, fourteen sorts
of Pears, nine sorts of Beet-root, and Oxnoble Potatoes forced in boxes.

Jan. 19.— Mr. R. Gordon of Leweston House, near Sherborne, M. P. for
Cricklade, asked Mr. Sabine whether the facts stated in a letter in the Times
of Jan. 15. (a copy of which, with some variations by its author, appeared
in our last Number, p. 114.) were correct; to which the latter gentleman
replied that they were, except as to minor points. After some discussion,
the following notice, having been signed by six or more Fellows, in compli-
ance with the by-laws, was read from the chair :— “ To the Chairman
presiding at the Meeting of Jan. 19.1830. We, the undersigned Members
of the Horticultural Society of London, beg to give notice, that a proposi-
tion will be made for the appointment of a Committee to evquire into the
General Expenditure and Management of the Society at the next General
Meeting. (Signed) R. Gordon, Thornhugh Gurdon, Charles Edw. Pigou,
Henry Rycroft, Lewis Hayes Petit, G. A. Thursby, Charles Webb, William
Bromley.”

It was resolved that, in this particular case, the by-laws requiring all
“notices to be suspended at the next Meeting, and discussed at the Meeting
next following, should be dispensed with; and that the subject should be
brought forward immediately after reading the minutes at the Meeting on
the 2d of February.

Exhibited. ambert’s large Nut of the years 1828 and 1829, from Aylmer

Horticultural Society and Garden. 235

Bourke Lambert, Esq. F.H.S. The former of these had been so well pre-
served, that they were not distinguishable from the fresh ones.

From the Garden of the Society. Thirty-eight sorts of Apples, nine sorts
of Pears, Asparagus forced in the open ground, seedling Rhubarb, large-
rooted Succory, Italian Succory, and Chicorée sauvage panachée.

Feb. 2. — After a motion of Mr. Gordon, in pursuance of his notice
on the affairs of the Horticultural Society, the following letter from the
president, Mr. Knight, was read: — “ Gentlemen, I address the follow-
ing letter to you, respecting the reported embarrassed state of the funds of
this Society with exceedingly painful feelings: but I am very anxious to state
to its members the circumstances under which I remained unacquainted, till
within a few days of the present time, with the existence of such embarrass-
ments.

“When the honour of being made president of this Society was first pro-
posed to me (I had never previously, for a moment, entertamed a thought
of aspiring to the office), I stated in answer, that, if I became president, the
distance of my residence, and the nature of my pursuits, must preclude the
possibility of my being present in London to attend to the local management
of the affairs of the Society; and I only assented to be nominated on the
condition that no other person was proposed; and, subsequently, when the
wealth and number of the members of the Society had greatly increased, I
addressed a similar declaration from the chair, and expressed my willingness
to resign my office. I had then reasons, which were very flattering to me,
to believe that the Society did not wish me to resign my office; and I re-
tained it, requesting, however, that the members of the Society would not,
through ‘ any tenderness of feeling towards me, retain me in office a single
hour to the injury of the Society.’ I therefore trust that the local management
of the official business of the Society was not amongst the duties which
the members who did me the honour to elect me expected me to perform.

“ Tn thus exculpating myself, I do not mean to shift or cast any blame
upon the other officers of the Society. They were misled by apparently
well founded expectations of assistance, which subsequently proved falla-
cious, to take too large a garden, with too great a consequent establishment,
and from that source all our subsequent difficulties appear to me to have
sprung. I trust, however, that our present embarrassments will be, without
much difficulty, overcome; and I beg to say, that, individually, I shall be
happy to contribute my assistance in any way which may aid in restoring to
prosperity an Institution which has already done much, and is calculated to
do much more, public service. I beg to add, that I would have attended this
Meeting, if I could have made myself in any degree useful. Iremain, Gen-
tlemen, &c. &c. — (Signed) Thos. And. Knight. Downton, Jan. 27. 1830.”

A Committee of Enquiry of thirteen was then appointed, viz. : — The
Earl of Sefton, Sir J. Paul, Mr. R. Colborne, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. W.
Blake, Mr. W. Bromley, Mr. G. Silvertop, Mr. J. Pontifex, Mr. W. Murray,
Mr. Orde, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Ellice, and Sir John Sebright.

A good deal of discussion took place at this Meeting, in which, as it may
be supposed, Mr. Sabine was rather roughly handled, and accused of having
wilfully concealed the real state of the Society’s affairs. Mr. Sabine ob-
served, that the appointment of the committee gave great satisfaction to him,
and, he was sure, to every other officer of the Society. He had held his
present situation of honorary secretary to the Society for 14 years, and he
had attended to it, even to the neglect of his own private affairs. He had
never got, nor had ever sought, any remuneration for his services, but the
consciousness that he was doing good in promoting the objects of so useful
an Institution. For the last four years, the busmess of the Society had
become extremely onerous, and he would have resigned his situation but for
the persuasion of some of his friends. In the course of his services m the
Society he might haye committed errors, but he hoped that the members of

236 Horticultural Society and Garden.

the Society would give him credit for their not being intentional; and he
had the consciousness, and it gave him great pleasure to reflect on it, that
much good had been done by the Horticultural Society through his instru-
mentality. If any persons were offended at any part of his conduct, he was
extremely sorry for it ; and he could assure them, and every member of the
Society, that, whatever he had done, he never meant any thing unkindly.
(Hear, hear.) He most cordially gave his support to the motion, and
would promote the objects of the committee to be appointed by every
means in his power.

Evhibited. Raphia Palm and Vaquois Plant, from Rear-Admiral Gage,
F.H.S. Forty sorts ef Apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke, F.H.S. Fifty-two
sorts of Apples, twelve sorts of Pears, Oxnoble Potatoes forced in pots, Bucks
Rhubarb, Elford Rhubarb, Rheum undulatum, and Large-rooted Succory.

Feb. 16.— Mr. Gordon made the following Report from the Committee of
Enquiry :— “ The Committee appointed at the last General Meeting beg
leave to report that they are diligently proceeding in their investigation, and
intend to lay before the Society a full statement of its affairs with as little
delay as possible. The Committee consider it as an imperative duty, to
report that considerable embarrassment has arisen to the Society from the
arrears of subscriptions not having been paid up; and that, according to the
statements laid before them, such arrears, on the Ist of January last, toge-
ther with money due for Transactions sold, exceeded the sum of 6000/.*, of
which but a small portion has since been collected. They therefore strongly
recommend that every Fellow should be called upon to lose no time in pay-
ing up his subscription.’

Exhibited, from the Garden of the Society. Forty-two sorts of Apples, and
seventeen sorts of Pears.

March 2.— Exhibited. Five sorts of Apples, from George Tollet, Esq.
Oranges and Lemons, from the Rey. J. L. Luscombe, Coombe Royal, De-
vonshire. A seedling Pear, from George Tollet, Esq., of Betley Hall.
Fifty-eight sorts of Apples, and nine sorts of Pears.

The Report of the Committee was read by Mr, Gordon, its Chairman, and
the following is its essence : —

Accounts. — The Committee have commenced their enquiries into the
finances of the Society from April 30. 1815, it being found impossible to
commence a useful investigation at an earlier period. From 1815 to the
present time the accounts have been annually audited, and a “ State of the
Accounts of the Horticultural Society of London” (which did not mclude
the Garden Account), printed and distributed to the Fellows at the Anni-
versary Meetings. But the Committee observe, with regret, that the prac-
tice of stating in such audit-sheets the amount of debts due to and from the
Society was discontinued after the Ist of May, 1826. The Accountant of
the Society, in his evidence, says that he was specially ordered, in the year
1827, in making up the account, not to add, as he had formerly done, a
statement of the debts of the Society. From this omission, the auditors,
such of them at least as did not belong to the Council, may have been
unable to obtain a just view of the affairs of the Society. Audit-sheets
have also been delivered at the Anniversary Meetings, entitled “ A State-
ment of the Accounts of the Garden of the Horticultural Society ;” but
such audit-sheets never contained any entry of the debts, either on bond
or simple contract, due for garden expenses. The Committee consider that
these audit-sheets, taken either separately or together, did not give the Fel-

x A considerable number of Fellows are in arrear with their subscriptions, and upwards of
twenty have not even paid their admission fees. The list includes one king (George IV.), for his
subscription to the garden, 500 guineas ; one duke, one marquess, thirteen earls or lords, seyen-
teen honourables or sons of lords, and twelve clergymen. The amount of unpaid admission fees
amounts to upwards of 100/., and they are almost entirely due by honourables. In the list of com-
moners there is not a name of an obscure individual, of a nurseryman, or serving gardener: these
were made to pay regularly. — Cond.

S)

Horticultural Society and Garden. 37
lows of the Society such information as they had a right to expect. The
Committee observe, in the audit-sheet of May, 1826, the following entries :-—
“The Society is indebted to various persons about 2800/.” “ The So-
ciety is indebted on bonds, to Fellows, 550/.” By a statement of the simple
contract debts of the Society produced before the Committee, it appears
that the Society was then [viz. in May, 1826] in debt not 2800/., but 3914/.
3s. 10d., exclusive of garden debts, which, at that period, amounted to
3483/.: making the whole of the simple contract debts then due 7397/. 3s.
10d. In addition to the 550/. stated to be due on bonds to Fellows
(balance of money borrowed for the purchase and fitting up of the house),
11,000/. was then due on bonds on the garden account. [Thus, while, by
the audit-sheet of May, 1826, the Society appeared to be in debt, in all,
28002. and 550/., equal to 3350/., it was in reality indebted to the enormous
amount of 7397/. 3s. 10d. and 11,000/., equal to 18,3977. 3s. 10d.]

The Accountant of the Society considers that, from the way in which the
books of the Society were kept, no Fellow of the Society could have been
aware of the state of its debts, because no book of debts was kept.

The Committee hesitate not to advise, that no auditor should hereafter
be appointed who is a member of the Council or of the Garden Committee ;
and that the auditors (appointed annually at a General Meeting) should not
merely compare the treasurer’s accounts with the banker’s books and the
vouchers, but should examine the bills, enquire into the debts, and remark
upon the expenditure of the Society; and that they should have power to
suggest, from time to time, alterations in the form of keeping the accounts
or of preparing the audit-sheets, which they might deem best calculated to
convey correct information to the Fellows of the Society.

Debts and Assets. —The debts of the Society amount to 14,200/. on bond,
of which 11,700/. were incurred on account of the garden. The simple con-
tract debts amounted to 5507/. on the 31st of December last ; and, in con-
sequence of the advertisement directed to be inserted in the public papers,
only 477. 2s. 8d. of debts not previously delivered in have been claimed : in
all, 19,7542. 2s. 8d.

The assets of the Society are estimated at 16,500/., exclusive of the sub-
scriptions payable in May next.

Retrenchment. — The Committee are of opinion that a saving of not less
than 2120/. per annum may be effected.

Estimate of future Income and Expenditure. — The average income of the
Society amounted, for the last three years, to 7900/.; but the Committee
have thought it more prudent, and with a view to calculation of expendi-
ture, not to estimate the future income of the Society at more than 6000/.
The Committee consider that all the expenses ought to be, and may be,
brought for the future within a sum not exceeding 4000/. a year. They hope
they may fairly calculate on a surplus income of 2000/. per annum at the
least, to be applied to the payment of interest and capital of debts.

Management. — The Committee conceive that the embarrassments of
the Society have chiefly arisen from the imprudence of the Council in
taking a garden on so large a scale, without having secured adequate funds
either for its formation or maintenance. The cost of the formation, and ex-
penses of cultivating and maintaining the garden for the eight years from 1822
to 1830 have exceeded the amount of all separate subscriptions for the form-
ation, annual subscriptions, admission fees, produce sold, and incomings of
every description for the same period, by the large sum of nearly 29,000/.

The Committee believe that the gardener has been too much under
control, as he has not the power to appoint, promote, or dismiss his
labourers, and, consequently, is deprived of proper influence over them ;
nor can he direct works to be done in the garden without a previous
report to the Secretary, and a subsequent permission granted by him.
- They further believe that such and other multiplied and useless reports

238 Horticultural Society and Garden.

have caused much expense and waste of time, without producing adequate
advantage.

Some dissatisfaction has arisen from the garden regulations, as to distri-
bution of cuttings, seeds, &c.; and some allusion has been made to a sup-
posed partiality in the selection of Fellows, to whom such distribution has
been made. The Committee, however, although their attention has been
directed to this point, have received no satisfactory proof that there is any
ground for such an imputation, saving that a preference, according to the -
rules of the Society, has been given to those Fellows who have contributed
to the funds exclusively applied to the formation or maintenance of the
garden.

The orchard has been universally acknowledged to deserve great praise,
and is admitted to be a most useful and important experiment for the pur-
pose of ascertaining the different sorts of apples and pears, their various
synonymes and relative merits, and by affording the means of obtaining
grafts of any particular sorts that may be wanted without risk of mistake.

It is incumbent on the Council to take the most efficient means for cul-
tivating the garden in future in the best possible manner, so that it may be
a pattern for neatness, regularity, and proper arrangement ; and may afford
the best opportunities for instructing young men, of comparing different
systems, of trying new improvements, encouraging useful and ornamental
productions, and of introducing, preserving, and even acclimatising new
flowers, fruits, and plants.

The Committee are of opinion that the cultivation of plants which can
only be considered as botanical curiosities, was not one of the original
objects of the Society ; they therefore recommend that such plants should
be disposed of, and that the future cultivation of them should be dis-
continued. :

The Committee report that, notwithstanding the great number of clerks
employed in Regent Street, much of the material business of the Society
has fallen greatly into arrear. Neglect has taken place in the correspond-
ence of the Society, in the transmission of medals and diplomas, in regis-
tering resignations, and in recording in proper time the minutes of the
Council.

The Committee are unwilling to refer to any of the circumstances relat-
ing to Mr. Turner’s defaleation : but they feel themselves compelled to state
that, by evidence taken before them, it appears that, before the transaction
took place which caused Mr. Turner’s dismissal, a deficiency in his accounts
to the amount of 500/. had been discovered ; and that, on the amount being
repaid by his friends, no notice of the fact was communicated either to the
Council, the Auditors, or the General Meeting, and Mr. Turner was con-
tinued in the service of the Society.

The Committee trust that hereafter the greatest care will be taken in
selecting the papers to be printed in the Transactions, and that the more
economical plan of publication recommended by them to the Council will
be adopted.

The whole cost of Transactions appears up to the present time to have
amounted to about 25,250/., and the amount received back for copies sold
to have exceeded 19,000/.; so that the cost of about 15,000 copies deli-
vered gratuitously in the last ten years has not exceeded 6000/., the particu-
lars of which account are inserted in the Appendix.

Mr. Sabine having signified his intention of retiring from the office of
Honorary Secretary, the Council communicated to the Committee their
intention of recommending an officer with a salary, who should perform the
united duties of Secretary and Assistant Secretary.

The Committee highly approve of a salaried officer performing all the
executive duties of the Secretary, and that he should be required at every
Meeting of the Council to. lay before them a detailed account of the finances

Horticultural Society and Garden. 239!

of the Society ; and that a form should be adopted for bringing before the
Council a statement of all that is due to and from the Society, together
with the amount of monies paid and received since the previous Meeting.
As, however, it is very desirable that such salaried Secretary should not
have a seat in the Council, nor a vote in its deliberations, but should only
attend the Council when required, it will be necessary to appoint a new
Honorary Secretary, such officer being directed by the charter to have a
seat in the Council.

The Committee are further of opinion, that every officer of the Society
who is hereafter to be entrusted with the collection or receipt of monies,
should find adequate security.

Conclusion. — The Committee having thus prepared their Report under
separate heads, take leave to offer a few concluding remarks : —

The Committee disapprove of the manner in which the accounts were
prepared, and particularly remark that the amount of debts was never sub-
mitted to the auditors; and that no entry can be found in the Council
minutes subsequently to the 15th of October, 1824, of the attention of that
body having been specially directed to this subject. They notice the inaccu-
rate statement of debts in the audit sheets of 1826 [3350/. instead of
18,3977. 3s. 10d.], and the omission of all statements of debt in subsequent
years ; and they consider that the Fellows could neither obtain an accurate
knowledge of the affairs of the Society from the annual accounts passed
by the Auditors, nor from the books, if they had been disposed to examine
them.

The Committee complain of want of courtesy to the Fellows, of negli-
gent management, of profuse expenditure, and of injudicious engagements
contracted without due consideration of the means by which they were to
be fulfilled ; but while they regret the necessity of stating these opinions,
they have the highest gratification in maintaming that there is not the
slightest reason for suspecting any of the present officers of fraud or pecu-
lation, nor do they conceive that interested motives can by any possibility
be attributed to those who without salary or reward have conducted the
affairs of the Society..

The Committee report, that notwithstanding they have felt themselves
obliged to animadvert upon various instances of mismanagement of the
affairs of the Society, yet it is in evidence before them that many objects _
of the Society have been substantially fulfilled; that the foreign missions
for collecting plants, and more especially that of Mr. Douglas, have been
eminently beneficial; that the Transactions contain a body of valuable
information upon various subjects of horticultural interest, and have been
published and distributed to the members without exhausting in any mate-
rial degree the funds of the Society ; that on the merits of the orchard, as
an important and useful experiment, there is not the smallest doubt. The
Committee are sensible that these results could not have been attained
without continued exertion and superintendence ; and they are satisfied that
whatever errors may have been committed have arisen from mistaken judg-
ment, rather than from any want of zeal in promoting the objects and the
success of the Horticultural Society.

The Committee indulge the pleasing belief that there still exists the
same kind feeling in favour of the Society by which it was first established
and for many years so liberally encouraged: relying upon this feeling, the
Committee have no reason to doubt but that, under more economical
arrangements and a system of management more efficiently controlled and
more generally acceptable to the Fellows, the present embarrassments may
be surmounted, the debts gradually liquidated, and the approbation of the
public deservedly bestowed upon the useful discoveries, the valuable com-
munications, and the beneficial exertions of the Horticultural Society.

(Signed) . R. Gorpon, Chairman of the Committee.

240 Horticultural Society and Garden.

On the margin of the Report, references are made to the documents on
which it is founded. These documents are chiefly the examinations of Mr.
Sabine, Mr. Lindley, Mr. Munro, and other officers or servants of the So-
ciety, and of some private gentlemen, nurserymen, and gardeners, including
ourselves, as taken by the short-hand writer employed for that purpose.
We have glanced over these documents, and made a few extracts. The
essence of the whole may be considered as comprised in the two papers first
following by Mr. Lindley.

Letter from Mr. Lindley to Mr. Sabine, written soon after the Committee
began to hold their meetings, and placed among the documents marked 8.

Sir, Acton Green, Friday evening. Feb. 12. 1§30.

It has been impossible for me to misunderstand what occurred in the Council to-day. Upon
being called into their presence, I found that an impression had been made upon them, that cer-
tain estimates, prepared by the last Council, and sent to the Committee, had been first assented to
by me before the Council, and then dissented from by me before the Committee. It is possible
that this impression may have ceased with my disavowal of the charge, and that the Council see
that no such stigma attaches to me; but this does not satisfy me. 1 conceive that you, as a gen-
tleman, and professing to be my friend, were bound not to have allowed any such impression to have
existed, as you must have known that I was above suspicion upon such a point. You know per-
fectly well that I have always protested against the statements by which the Council have frequently
been deluded into sanctioning measures and expenditure, which, had they known the real state of
the Society’s affairs, they could not have countenanced ; and that I was entirely opposed in opi-
nion to the very heads of estimate objected to by the Committee. You know I have always dissented
from any higher value than 2000/. being placed upon the library, drawings, and models, which are
estimated in the return to the Committee at 35802. You are perfectly aware that I remonstrated
against the exaggerated amount of assets in the balance-sheet laid before the Council, and I believe
given to Lord Essex so recently as Jan. 22. last; that on account of those exaggerations I did not
comply with your request to put a copy of that document into the hands of Mr. Gordon ; and that
one of my objections to it was the valuing of the Transactions at 9691. ; the information I had
obtained at your request was, that they were only worth 1000/., as I told you over and over again ;
and, consequently, you’must have known that I could not have assented to a statement in which
their value is fixed at 20002. You cculd not be ignorant that I should have objected to 500Z. being
estimated as the value of the fruit-room and sheds; for you yourself, not a month since, told me
that, by the lease, no buildings except the glass-houses at the garden, are the property of the So-
ciety. All these things being thus, | think I have a right to enquire why you allowed the Coun-
cil to suppose that I had assented to their estimates. You may perhaps say that you can explain
this to my satisfaction; but I have both seen and heard lately too much of explanations to take
them against the evidence of my senses. I see clearly that an intrigue is going on for the purpose
of making it appear that I am at one time allowing myself to be identified with those miserable
proceedings which have brought the Society to its present state, and to which I have been con-
stantly and openly opposed, and at another disavowing those proceedings before the Committee.
I have never been a party to the exaggerations of the Society’s means, and concealment of the
Society’s debts, by means of which many honourable and excellent men in the Council have been
unfortunately induced to believe a ruined Society to be in a state of prosperity. I have been stea-
dily opposed to the measures by which that ruin has been brought about; and I do not choose,
now, at the eleventh hour, either to be cajoled into a suppression of my opinions, or to allow you
to make the world believe that I now, for the first time, entertain sentiments adverse to your pro-
ceedings. ‘Chat there may be no farther misconception upon this and other points, I have written 3
you this letter, a copy of which I shall give to all persons whom it is likely to interest.

Tam, Sir, &c. JoHN LINDLEY.
To Joseph Sabine, Esq. &c. &c. &c.

Statement given in by Mr. Lindley, respecting mismanagement in the garden
at Chiswick, and in the office in Regent Street, marked 8. 2.

The mismanagement of the garden may be reduced to the following
heads : —

1. The Control exercised by the Secretary on the Details of the Gardener's Business. 'The gar-
dener has no power to hire or dismiss, to promote or degrade, to punish or reward, his labourers ;
he can neither determine the duties they have to execute in the garden, while under his direction,
nor recommend them to places if their conduct is satisfactory to him. All these things are done by
the Secretary; and the consequence is, that the gardener has no control over his men, who
know that they hold their places at the will of the Secretary, and that the authority of the gar-
dener is only nominal. -

I understand it has been stated to the Committee, that not a tree can be moved, or a border
dug, without a written order from the Secretary. This is not literally true, but it is so substan-
tially ; the fact is, that the authority absolutely insisted on by the Secretary has been of such a
nature that no important work, and very few unimportant ones, can be executed without a writ-
ten report being first made ¢o him, and his sarction having been obtained; in consequence of
this it has frequently happened that many of the most important operations in the garden have
been delayed for weeks, or even until it was too late to execute them; as the Committee will
learn from any of the under-gardeners, or the garden clerk, if they think proper to examine
them.

To these causes, which must be fatal to the wellbeing of any establishment, I think the errors
and failures of that of the Society ought to be attributed: to these causes I should refer the un-
neatness of some parts of the garden, particularly the flower-garden, which I certainly think dis-
graceful, as I have repeatedly stated in writing to the Secretary years ago; and the instances of
bad cultivation, which any experienced gardener could point out, and which have existed to such

Horticultural Society and Garden. 244

an extent, that I have been for a long time ashamed to show the garden to any of my friends. It
is obvious, that undey such circumstances as those I have pointed out, the gardener can take no
personal interest in the welfare of an establishment in which he is a cipher rather than a respon-
sible officer, and that to a cessation of personal interest, apathy and neglect must succeed.

I should, perhaps, hereadvert to the occupation of portions of the garden by objects of no horti-
cultural interest, to the exclusion of other things; but it would perhaps be better to refer the
Committee, if they wish for information upon this point, to the written reports made by the As-
sistant Secretary to the Secretary, from time to time (often weekly), up to some period in 1828,
when, I think, they ceased. I particularly refer to those which were last made, and which are in
the possession of the Secretary.

2. The Excess in Quantity of Writing. This is not only my experience, as in Regent Street, but
perfectly absurd. Every trifling occurrence at the garden is positively required by the Secretary
to be reported to him in writing, a system which goes so far as even this, that persons attending
visitors at the garden are required to communicate the substance of what they hear to the Secre-
tary ; a fact upon which, if the Committee entertain any doubt, I refer them to the gardener and
gardener’s clerk.

3. Distribution of Articles from the Garden. Thechief defects in this are, that persons not sub-
scribing specifically to the garden, cannot procure objects from the garden, —a rule which is not
only unjust, but which has been the cause of the loss to the Society of a great number of mem-
bers; and that there is too much form observed in making their distributions. Nominally they
are made under the direction of the Garden Committee, to which body all applications are sup-
posed to be referred ; but, in point of fact, the Garden Committee has little or nothing to do with
them. The distributions are made under the order of the Secretary, who also possesses a power
of directing, upon his own authority, any article or articles to be given away, without any refer-
ence to the Garden Committee. I do not mean to say that this leads to the irregularities that
have been imputed to the Secretary. On the contrary, I think that the distributions are con-
ducted generally with fairness, or, at least, that the instances to the contrary are few in number ;
but I think there should be no fiction in the case. It would be better if a set of fair and intelli-
gible rules were drawn up for the regulation of distributions, under which they should be made
avowedly, by order of some officer, who shall have the power of referring any doubtful case to the
Garden Committee for decision, and be responsible for any deviation from his duty on this head.

A system of allowing the gardener to give away common things to the Fellows of the Society,
when visiting the garden, has been lately introduced, at my instance, and it has been found to be
attended with the happiest effects.

4. Showing the Garden. This is at present the duty of the labourers, one of whom is in attend-
ance upon any party which visits the garden; and is not only a source of great expense to the
Society, but is attended with very bad effects. In the first place, it is in many cases extremely
disagreeable ; in the second place, it rarely produces one of the ends proposed, that of conveying
information to visitors. The men are in general ill-informed upon the subjects upon which they
are questioned, and we find that they not only give no information at all, but, what is worse, inac-
curate information. This must, I think, have been apparent to any person who has ever visited
the garden, and beenso attended on. It would be much better if the measures now recommended
by the Committee were carried into effect ; I may add, that the plan of labelling every thing was
commenced by me several years since, but was stopped by the Secretary, who appeared to consider
it an improper interference with his authority.

5. Admission to the Garden. At present no Fellow is allowed to issue orders for the admission
of visitors, except such as have subscribed a sum of 10/., or upwards, to the formation of the gar-
den. Restraining admission within these narrow limits is not only impolitic, but unjust, and has
given so much dissatisfaction, that I have no doubt that many members have resigned in conse-
quence of it only.

The mismanagement of the office in Regent Street consists, —

1. In the excessive multiplicity of minute details, which are of no importance whatever, and which
cause a large expense in the shape of salaries of clerks, consumption of stationery, postage, and
other incidental charges, without any corresponding advantage. The intention of this detail, it
is presumed, has been to insure a more accurate and perfect execution of the business of the So-
ciety ; but this is so far from being the case, that I do not know any office whatever, in which it
is so ill executed. Correspondence falls into arrear till it becomes useless to maintain it, or until
parties become extremely dissatisfied. Minutes of the Council are frequently not made until a
long period, weeks, or even months, after the Councils are held ; medals and diplomas are not
transmitted for months or even years after they are awarded ; for example, there is at this mo-
ment in the Secretary’s possession a medal awarded to Signor Piccioli of Florence in Feb. 1824,
which has never been sent, notwithstanding the repeated offers of individuals to take or forward
it ; another was awarded to Mr. Foster, the British Envoy at Turin, which was kept in the office
for I think two years, and finally delivered to Mr. Foster in person ; and there are undelivered
diplomas in possession of the Library Clerk, which have been sealed in Council so long since as
1823.

The resignations of members are not recorded, or the steps necessary to this record are not
taken, for very long periods after they have been tendered ; and thisis the real cause of the large
deductions (estimated only) which we are obliged to make from the nominal amount of our arrears ;
for example, Sir Richard Boroughs resigned previously to January 1826, as appears from his cor-
respondence, and from an entry in the Council Minutes of the 19th Jan. 1826, yet his arrears have
been allowed to accumulate, the form necessary for his resignation not being complete, until they
amount to 187. 18s., at which they now stand in the Society’s books. I mention this as an instance,
to which there are very many parallels,

2. In the Publication of the Transactions. The Committee is already aware of the expensive
mode in which they have been got up; but there is another and perhaps a worse evil, namely,
the entirely irregular periods at which they appear. The practice of the Society has been to pub-
lish two parts annually, but only one was distributed in 1828 and one in 1829, although a notice
was publicly suspended in the meeting-room, that a second would make its appearance in July
last. The plates for the part now due have been coloured for months, but the letter-press has not
yet been commenced ; there is also a Report of the Garden Committee still unpublished, which has
been standing in type ever since May last. We have lost great numbers of members by these
irregularities.

Vou. VI. — No. 25. R

242

Horticultural Society and Garden.

Espionnage. — Extracts from Mr. Lindley’s evidence. - v3

Q. Are you aware whether there was a regis-
ter at the garden in which reports were made
of the observations made by visitors on the
Management of the garden ?

A. They were put in general terms, — very
general terms.

Q. Describe the way ?

A. If any body had come tothe garden, and
had spoken in strong terms of any body, an
entry to this effect would have been made;
*‘ Such a person visited the garden, and was
attended by such an individual, and he made
use of some very strong remarks —very abusive
remarks.’”? Mr. Sabine, without knowing what
they were, of course would send for the la-
bourer, and question him privately as to what
had passed ; in short it was a kind of espionnage.
It was one of the most monstrous things that
were ever put in force. I hada battle about its
being attempted to be put in force here, and it
is one of the causes, 1 dare say, why the letter [a
letter from Mr. Lindley to;Mr. Sabine, referred
to in other parts of the evidence] of October,
1828, was destroyed,; for I remonstrated in that
letter most strongly against it, as being most
improper, and perfectly disgraceful, that such
a system of espionnage should be attempted to
be put in force; that attempt, therefore, failed,
which was made to carry if into effect here in
Regent Street.

Q. What! in Regent Street ?

A. Yes, but I would not submit to it.

é Q. Was it attempted to establish the same
system in Regent Street; that every observa-
tion made by the Fellows whocame here should
be inserted in the Register ?

A. Jt was an order for me to keep a journal
of the occurrences which passed here; that
journal has been kept, but not in the spirit in
which it was intended to be kept.

Q. In what spirit was it intended to be kept ?

A. I should note down observations made in
the same manner that the people of the garden
noted them down.

Q@. Personal observations ?

A, ¥es.

@. By personal observations do you mean
observations totally unconnected with the gar-
den, or with any thing relating to the garden ?

A, ¥ should not have done so, I know ; but I
was to note down what persons said when they
came here.

Q. Supposing a visitor at the garden should
have disapproved of a person, and said of one
of the officers of the garden that he was “a
great fool, a drunken fool ;”? would that have
been reported ?

A, That would have been considered some-
thing to note down. 5

Q. Would that have been remarked upon as
a person having said something abusive, or
would it have been passed over altogether ?

A. No; there would have been some state-
ment made, something which would have led
to an enquiry. I resisted that system here. If
would not submit to it.

Q. In short, any conversation of a Feliow of
the Society visiting the garden as a visitor
would have been reported to Mr. Sabine ?

A. In that way certainly.

Q. Do you know whether it originated en-
tirely with Mr. Sabine 2?

A. There is no question about it all, I pre-
sume.

Q. Was that ever submitted to the appro-
bation of the Council or of the Garden Com-
mittee 2 5

A, I don’t know about the Council, but cer-
tainly not of the Garden Committee.

@. Do you know where that order is to be
found ?

A, I dare say it is to be found at the garden
somewhere. I dare say it is there.

Q@. Are those reports kept in a book ?

A. No; they are only on sheets of paper,
which may be destroyed.

Q. Those reports were destroyed from day
to day then ?

A, I presume so.

Espionnage. — Extract from the evidence of Mr. Booth, the Garden Clerk.

Q. It has been stated to the Committee that
the head gardener and the under gardeners,
and the labourers who were in attendance upon
the visitors, were directed to take notes of the
observations that were made by the visitors,
and to report the same to the officer of the

hands ?

A, They were all made by me.

Q.-Have you made reports of observations
that visitors have made frequently ?

A. Every day, in a journal called the “‘ Ge-
neral Occurrences of the Garden.”

Q. What did you report ; what was the sub-
ject of the report ?

A, Why it was mentioned in the copy-book
of visitors of the garden. If Sir John Sebright
had been at the garden with a party, it would
have been stated in this way :—“ Sir J. Se-

“bright visited the garden, and was attended by
so and so ;”’ or, if any particular visit, a mem-
ber of the Society, it would be stated ‘* he was
attended by so and so.”

Q. “ By such a labourer 2”

A. Yes,

Q. Well?

A. If any remarks were made, whether they
found fault with the garden, or approved of it,
they were noted down, sometimes on paper, or
told to me in the afternoon, and sent in to Mr.
Sabine.

Q. If any observations were mace upon the
officers, or any comments upon the system of

the garden, were those observations: reported
and copied by you ?

A. Yes; if any visitors made any particular
remarks they were noticed.

Q. Upon the cultivation of the garden ?

A. Yes.

4 Q. Or not upon the cultivation of the gar-
en:

A. And upon the officers of the Society.

Q. Supposing a visitor, without making any
observations upon the cultivation of the gar-
den, had disrespectfully spoken of Mr. Sabine,
would that have been reported 2

A. It would.

Q. Have you ever known an instance of such
personal observations made upon any officer of
the Society having been reported ?

A. Yes ; but I cannot specify any report, be-
cause they are given to Mr. Sabine.

Q. But, in point of fact, you have known
personal observations on the conduct of an
officer made by some visitors, reported by the
labonrets, and transmitted to Mr. Sabine ?

es.

Q. Were those observations addressed to the
attendant, or did they pass between the visitors ?

a. Sometimes they were addressed to the
attendant, and sometimes they were not.

Q. Obseryabons between each other ?

| xes:

Q. Then this attendant was a sort of spy
upon the conversation of the visitors, as I un-
derstand you ?

A. In one respect he was a spy, but he was
an attendant.

Horticultural Society and Garden.

Q. But has it been of frequent occurrence
that the conversation between two indifferent
persons going to see the garden has been re-
ported by the attendant, and that report has
been made to Mr. Sabine ?

d. Yes.

Q. Are you aware whether those reports
were submitted to any Garden Committee ?

A. No, I do not think they were.

@, The attendant had directions to report, I
presume ?

A, I believe there is an order for the purpose
in the order book.

Q. Now do I distinctly understand you to
say that the attendant upon visitors actually
received an order to report what they said?

A. Yes.

Q. Did that order give them instructions as
to hee they were to report ?

A. Yes.

you can recollect ?

A. The order was, * That visitors were to be
attended by Mr. Munro, or, in his alsence, by
me or the under gardener, and that we were
to report to the Secretary the particular re-
marks that they made upon the garden, the
management of it, or whatever things occurred
in the course of their visit to the garden.”

Q. Now, in point of fact, has an instance ever
occurred where the attendant reported private
conversations between the visitors, which were
not addressed to the attendant ; observations
made between them ?

A. Yes.

@: Were any remarks made upon that report
by Mr. Sahine ?

A, He always, when he came to the garden,
sent for the person who attended upon these
particular visitors, and then enquired more
particularly into what they might have said.

Q. Has Mr. Sabine ever given any officer of
the garden, that you are aware of, any orders
to report conversations that ensued between
two indifferent persons ; has he ever given any
orders to report conversations which the at-
tendant upon visitors might hear them make
relative to the management of the garden ?

A. They were to report generally every thing
eonnected with the garden which they might
hear the visitors say, in order that the Secre-
tary might be informed, and know what to do
when he saw the party afterwards.

Q. He gave that reason for it, did he ?

A. Yes, that he might be informed of what
they said, that he might know what to say to
the party afterwards when he met them.

243

Q. Did it ever occur to you, in those reports
which you have made of the conversation and
observations of visitors, that you have ever
inserted in such report, “‘ That Mr. So and
So has visited the garden, and has expressed
himself in strong terms of disapprobation
eeeiy the conduct of such aid such an offi-
cer?’

A. Yes, it has.

@. In case you had made such an entry in
the registers, what steps would have followed
from it ?

A. Mr. Sabine would have taken the papers,
and have enquired for the parties.

Q. Supposing any visitors had made an ob.
servation reflecting upon any officer of this
Society, but totally unconnected with the
objects of the Society, would that have been
reported ?

A, If there was any thing that applied tothe
garden, that would have been reported.

Q. But supposing there was nothing that
applied to the garden, but to the people of the

arden ?

A. If it had applied to the officers of the So-
ciety, it would have been reported.

Q. But supposing that observation, though
it applied to one of the officers of the Society,
was totally unconnected with the objects of the
Society in general, would it have been re-
ported ?

A. Yes, it would.

Q. If it referred to an officer ?

A, Yes, if it referred to an officer of the So-
ciety.

Q. If any observation had been made de-
tracting from the character or the conduct of
one of the officers of the Society upon a subject
totally unconnected with the garden, would
such an observation have been noted ?

A. Those are not transactions we should
take so much notice of; if it was very violent
against Mr, Sabine or Mr. Lindley, it would
not be put in the exact words, but it would be
put in this way, ‘“‘ Mr. So and So was very abus-
ive of a certain person.” 3

Q Then it would be sent to Mr. Sabine, or
any body else, and they would send for the at-
tendant, and so obtain the particulars ?

A. Yes.

Q@. Did you ever know Mir. Sabine cross-ex-
amine a labourer for the particulars of any
conversation which was represented in the re-
gister ?

A. Yes.

Q. Did you ever know Mr. Lindley do the
same ?

No.

Espionnage.— Extracts from the evidence of Mr. Munro, the Head Gar-
dener.

Q. Did it ever fall to your province to trans-
mit any conversation that took place in the
gardens between the visitors and the persons
who attended them? Do you know whether it
was any part of your office to do so?

A. Yes, it was.

Q. To repeat to whom?

A. To repeat it at the Council Room to the
clerk, what took place with the visitors when
they were going round the garden.

Q. At the Council Room?

PALY(eS:

Q. Well, was there ever any Conversation
that took place between the parties visiting the
garden ?

A, I was only required to state what was
said to me personally concerning the garden.

Q. If any observations were made?

A, Yes, if any observations were made upon
the garden.

Q. If any visitors, speaking to you, made
any observations relating to the garden, were

you directed to go and report those observations
at the Council Room?

A. Yes; to be put upon a sheet of paper, and
laid before Mr. Sabine.

Q. Were those observations relating merely
to horticulture ?

A. Merely to horticulture and different other
things.

Q. What do you mean by other things ?

A, With regard to the management of the
garden and offices, and the people connected
with it.

Q@. Supposing some of the visitors made re-
marks either upon Mr. Sabine, or upon the
office of the Society, was that expected to be
reported ? y

A. If I chose to do it, it would have been
put upon paper.

Q. But would you have put down any con-
versation that visitors carried on between
themselves, which was not addressed to you ?

A, No, certainly not; and it was seldom I

1

244

put any conversation to myself upon paper,
because I thought it was too ridiculous to do
it.

Q. Did you, in point of fact, ever state to
the clerk, any comments which you heard
visitors make on the conduct or character of
the proceedings of the officers of the Society ?

A. I believe I did.

Q. In what manner ?

A, Merely telling him what was said about
the officers of the Society, either regarding the

_ Garden Committee or the Council.

Q. Any accounts which you heard, finding
fault, or either approving or disapproving of
the proceedings ?

A. Yes.

Q. Were those observations addressed to
you, or was the conversation of the visitors
between themselves ?

A, No; they were addressed to me.

Q. Were any of the visitors aware that you
would make such a communication to the
clerk?

Horticultural Society and Garden.

A. No, certainly not.

Q. You never stated to any visitors “ the ob-
servations you make to me I am bound. to
communicate to the Secretary or the Council?”

A. No; I never did. It is very seldom that
I made any communication, without it was
something very severe, which I wished should
be made public, for my own sake, as well as for
that of the officers.

Q. Are you aware whether the labourers
who went round occasionally with the visitors
were also expected to make similar communi-
cations ?

A. They were ordered to do so. -

Q. Did they make it through you to the
clerk of the garden, or did they make it dis-
tinctly to you as gardener ? .

A, They made it to the under-gardener, or
they came to the clerk of the Council to re-
port it in the evening. -

Q. Were those reports sent to the Garden

~ Committee, or merely to Mr. Sabine ?

A. To Mr. Sabine.

Garden Reports and Management.— Extracts from the evidence of Willam
Beattie Booth, the Garden Clerk.

Q. What are the principal parts of your du-
ties ?
A. My duty is to attend to the things that

are received in the garden, and the things that”

are sent from the garden, and to enter ina
book the different lists and names of the things.

Q. Is it not customary, before any works are
commenced in the garden, for reports to be
submitted to the Secretary, describing what
those works are to be?

A. Yes, it is.

Q. Were those reports copied by you, or
drawn by you ?

A. Yes; formerly they were all copied be-
fore they weresent into Mr. Sabine, but latterly
they have been discontinued by Mr. Sabine’s
orders.

Q. The copying ?

A. Yes, the copying; and they have not
been delivered in to Mr. Sabine for, I should
say, three months.

Q. But previously to that period reports were
made and delivered in to Mr. Sabine, upon all
‘the minute works that were to be carried on
in the garden ?

A. Yes.

Q. Describe the sort of report ?

A. There were six reports given in: one
from the experimental ornamental garden ;
another from the flower-garden, and another
from the arboretum, by the under-gardenerts.
There was another from the experimental
fruit and kitchen, another from the kitchen-
garden, and one from the orchard ; those were
the six. And they were weekly given in, —on
Monday they were arranged into two heads,
the ornamental garden, and the fruit and
kitchen garden ; they described the work that
was to be done in the course of the week in
each department: and there was another re-
port of what had been done; a detail of the
work that had been done in the last week.

Q. Was this done every week ?

A. Every Monday morning.

Q. Did it not occupy a great deal of time?

A. A very great deal of time; they were not
got rid of till night, and they were always sent
to Mr. Sabine with the daily report.

Q. Were there daily reports besides ?

_A, Yes. -

Q. Written daily reports ?

A, Yes.

Q. Do you not consider it an unnecessary
waste of time, the preparing of all these various
reports and written documents ?

A, There is a vast deal of labour, as well as
expense, incurred.

Q. Does ever any inconvenience arise from
the delay in the progress of the work, in con-
sequence of its being necessary to give in pre-
viously a report of them to obtain the sanction
of Mr. Sabine before they are commenced ?

A, If all the other works that are ordered to
be carried on by Mr. Munro had to wait for
Mr. Sabine’s sanction, the season would be lost.

Q. Do you consider that the garden, and more

especially the horticultural garden, has been
kept with as much neatness and regularity as
it ought to have been 2?
. A. Yes, I do; considering what the flower-
garden is, that it is laid out in beds very dif-
ferent from what we generally understand to
be a flower-garden.

Q. But do you consider that those beds and
borders, and the digging of that flower-garden
have been kept with as much neatness and re-
gularity as would have been expected in a gen-
tleman’s garden ? :

A. The beds and borders may not havebeen
as clean at certain seasons of the year, but ge-
nerally they have been kept very clean.

Q. In the summer ?

A, Yes.

Q. Taking the whole of the garden together,
do you consider that it has been kept with as
much neatness as a gentleman’s garden would
have been kept ? :

A. Yes, I do.

Garden Reports and Management. — Extracts from the evidence of Mr.
Munro, the Head Gardener.

Q. Do you consider that you have been pre-
vented occasionally from carrying on works in
the garden as expeditiously and as scientifi-
cally as you could have done, in consequence
of the necessity you were under of giving weekly
reports to Mr. Sabine of the works of the week
before they were carried into effect ?

A, Certainly; I could not carry.on any but
what was ordered to be carried on.

Q. Were those orders sometimes so long de-

layed, that. inconvenience arose in the conduct
of the garden?

A, Why, I believe very few have been an-
swered for the last twelve months.

Q. Explain ? f

A. Reports were made and laid upon the
table in the Council Room, but were never
looked at.

Q. Has not great inconvenience in the gar-
den arisen from these reports ?

Horticultural Soczety and Garden.

4. Yes, very great inconvenience.

Q. You could not act in consequence of their
not being attended to?

A. No, certainly not.

Q. Did you ever act of your own will in any
thing relative to the garden, without reference
to any report, and did you ever receive a re-
primand for so doing ?

A. Sometimes I did, certainly ; I was obliged
to act without getting an answer to the re-
ports very often.

Q. Was it contrary to the wish of Mr. Sa-
bine that you should so act ?

A, I cannot say for certain that those re-
ports though they have never been answered,

ave not been looked at.

Q. I did not so understand ; but have you
ever been reprimanded for acting without or-
ders ?

A. Yes, I have been.

Q. In your opinion, don’t you think there
has been a considerable waste of time in the
perfection of those reports, ac well as a waste
of paper and stationery ?

245

A. Certainly, a great waste of time, and a
great waste of paper.

Q. Without any sufficient advantage ?

A. Without any good whatever.

Q. Do you consider that the control under
which you act as gardener of the Society so
far interferes with your business, as to prevent
you in some instances cultivating the garden
in the best manner ?

A, In a great many instances.

Q. Do you think if you had been allowed to
act on your own discretion, that you would
have produced more beneficial results from the
cultivation of the garden ?

A. Certainly ; had I been allowed to do as
I pleased, instead of being called upon to do as
the Secretary thought proper. If the garden
had been under my charge, the things would
have gone on in the regular way, and the gar-
den would have been a great deal better.

Q. In short, the interference of the Secre-
tary produced an inconvenience ?

A, Certainly, as far as cultivation goes.

Gardeners sent out by the Society. — Extract from the evidence of Mr. Sabine.

_ Mr. Sabine produced to the Committee a
list of the gardeners who had been recom-
mended by the Society, and expressed himself
proud of them. The first class of men are
those who receive about 1002. a year, some of
them much more; they are first-rate gar-
deners. Has had some applications for gar-
deners a second time, and mentioned Walter
Burrell, Esq.,and some other gentlemen. The
second class are fit to be gardeners to any gen-
tlemen, and are going on well. M*Culloch is
with the Pacha of Egypt, who has two gar-
deners from the Society, The salaries of one
of the gardeners who went from this Society is
said to be equal to 500. per annum, and of
another 300/. a year. The gardeners are in-
structed at the garden, their conduct and be-

haviour is under the inspection of Mr. Sabine.
The gardeners are there sometimes three or
four years. He does not wish them to come
quite as youngsters; they could not obtain
much knowledge in forcing vines. Those who
had no instructions when they came were kept
acertain time, then sent out to private gar-
dens, and afterwards taken back. They could
not learn the forcing of vines, but would learn
especially the manner to force pines, and every
thing relating to training trees. The trees are
well trained and pruned, Stephenson never
came back to Mr. Sabine, after losing his
place, therefore he supposes there was some-
thing wrong. Watching the moral conduct of
the gardeners has been particularly observed.

Gardeners sent out by the Society.— Extract from the evidence of Mr.
Munro.

Q@. A great many men have been sent from
the garden to different situations as gardeners
since you have been there, I believe ?

; A. Yes.

Q. Do you consider that those gardeners
who have turned out well, and been highlv.
approved of at the different places, have ac”
quired the better part of their information
from the Horticultural Garden, or that they
were good gardeners before they came 2?

A. They are a great deal in the garden.

Q. But were they good gardeners before
they came?

A. Some of them were, and some were not,
and some according to the nature of the pu-
pils themselves ; they could learn a great deal
if they were willing to learn.

Q. Certain experiments were going on there,
and if they liked to attend to them, and read
at the same time respecting them, they had
the means of getting a good deal of inform-
ation ?

A. Yes, we had plants, trees, and different
things, — proving the names of things of that
sort is very useful, and this they could not get
in a great many gardens.

Gardeners sent out by the Society. — Extracts from the evidence of Mr.
Witham Beattie Booth.

Q. How long have you been in the employ-

ment of the Society ?
- A. Six years.

Q. Do you conceive, if you had come to the
Society without having any previous know-
ledge of gardening, you could have acquired
sufficient knowledge in the service of the So-
ciety, so as to become what is called a good
gardener ?

A, No, ido not.

‘ @. Do you conceive you have generally
greatly improved yourself in your profession
as a gardener ?

A. In various branches I have.

Q. In some branches you have ?

A, Yes.

Q. Should you say that, upon the whole,
the garden of the Society was a good and effi-
cient school for young gardeners ?

A, Not such as a gentleman’s garden is.

Q. Why is it not so good a school as a gen-
tleman’s garden is ?

A. Because there is no family to supply in
the kitchen department. In a gentleman’s
garden there is always a supply required at
the seasons of the year when the different pro-
ductions should be in season, and the gardener
always studies to have them at that period ;
but in the Society’s garden it is not the case,
there is no supply.

Q. Have there not been various gardeners
recommended by the Horticultural Society to
different gentlemen ?

A. Yes.

Q. Have they given satisfaction generally ?

A. I conceive many of them to have given
satisfaction, but then they were good gardeners
before they came to the Society.

Q. You do not think, then, that those gar-
deners who have been recommended by the

BSL

246

Society, and have given the greatest satisfac-

tion, have acquired much of their knowledge
in the garden of the Horticultural Society ?

. No.

Q My.

he came ?

was a good gardener before

Horticultural Society and Garden.

A. Yes; and there have been none recom.
mended but what have been good gardeners
before they came to the garden.

Q. Those are the gardeners who have given
satisfaction ?

Yes.

What is called holding a Council. — Extracts from the evidence of N. A.
Vigors, Esq.

Q. You are a member of the Committee of
the Horticultural Society, I believe ?

A. Yes; I have been so since May last.

Q. Is this the first year that you have ever
been a member of the Council ?

A. It is.

Q. Has it been the custom of the Council to

have material business transacted by them ?—
Has material business been transacted by the
Council in your presence ?

A. have understood that the whole busi-
ness of the Society has been transacted by the
Council, but I cannot answer that that has
been so; but we have always understood so: it
is supposed that it is the case. We take it
for granted to be the case, that the whole
business of the Society is transacted by the
Council in the first instance.

Q. In point of fact, when you have attended
Council meetings, has business been submitted
for their approval ?

4. The business, generally speaking, is sub-
mitted for their approval, but it always hap-
pens that the business of the Society is settled
beforehand, by some of the more efficient mem-
bers, who take a greater interest in the mat-
ters of the Society. What is generally laid
before us is the business of the day ; those are
in form introduced by the members who are
the official members of the Society, and who,
of course, are looked upon to be the most ac-
quainted with the business ; it is their duty to
lay them before us. It generally proceeds in
this form :— The matters of finance are stated,
and a list of bills is laid before them which are
to be paid. It is generally assumed that these
bills have been examined, and our approbation
is asked for the payment of them. It gene-
rally follows, asa matter of course ; and it very
seldom, in fact, happens (I have never known it
either in this Society, or the Zoological Society,
or any others, and there are many others which
I could mention that are modelled upon the

same principle), that any question ever arises
on thesubject. It is generally taken for granted
that the bills, which are laid before us to be
approved, have been submitted to the proper
officers of the different departments ; it is eti-
quette not to examine into the matters which
are laid before us. It is mere matter of form.

Q. Then the Council have not at all inter-
fered in the management of the Society ?

A. It isnot the custom, I think, to do so.
It is a species of etiquette, of delicacy of the
members of the Council towards those who
are the efficient members. We take for granted
that they have looked: into the detail of the
matters, and that every thing is correct. It
is more, I believe, a matter of etiquette than
any thing else, passing our approbation, —a
matter of course. I believe that it is decidedly
felt to be so by the members. I could saythat
I might at any time have asked for the ac-
counts, and have looked into them; perhaps
it was my duty to have done so, as a member
of the Council. Isay, Ido not conceive myself
in the right for not having done so; but I
must say, that never was there the smallest
suspicion of any thing that was necessary to be
looked into, upon any matter, or any thing,
upon the minds of the rest of the members of
the Council, otherwise we had the opportunity
of doing so, as the accounts were before us,
which we never examined, from motives of
delicacy. We were all invited to do so, but
feeling that there was nothing that required
our superintendence, it is a mere matter of
etiquette, and considered as such. I believe
it is usual for most of the members of societies
who are not actually employed in affairs of the
society, to pass over matters with the same in-
difference. It is a sort of feeling we had, not
to interfere in these matters. It might be
considered as a kind of indelicacy towards the
officers who laid the matter before us.

What is called a Garden Committee. — Extracts from the evidence of Peter
Grant, E'sq., one of the Members.

@. I believe you are one of the Garden
Committee ?

A. Yes.

@. Are you in the habit of attending often
at the Garden Committee ?

_A. Yes. I have attended regularly every
week, with the exception of one day, since
May last.

Q. Does the Garden Committee superintend
very accurately the management and labours
of the garden?

A. No, certainly not.

@. It does not 2

A. No, it does not. The Garden Committee
does not certainly. I have not. There never
has been any thing of the kind done when I
have attended.

Q. There is a quarterly meeting of the Gar.
den Committee I believe ?

No. There is a monthly meeting of the
Garden Committee.

Q. During the adjournment of the Garden
Committee, who gives directions as to the ar-
Zangement and superintendence of the gar-
den ?

A. 1 am unable to answer that question.

@. What are the duties of the Garden Com-
mittee ?

A, I cannot answer that question. I don’t
know what they are.

Q. Are you not able to give us an opinion
what the duties are?

A. \ can give but very little information ; I
attended regularly as one of the Garden Com-
mittee, but I am sure I don’t know at this
moment what their duties are.

Q. What do they do?

A. I may answer, nothing. There-are mi-
nutes read, as it is usual, of the former meet-
ing, but it is only matter of form; and then
the issues of several things from the garden,
which have already been made, are read over
for the sanction of the Garden Committee.
In fact I have never sanctioned them. I don’t
consider I have given a sanction to any thing.
I have never been asked. The truth is, that
only in one instance have I ever been called
upon to perform any duty at all, and that
was in approving of a boy to be employed in
Cotnyang: messages from the gate to the Coun-

Q. I think you have stated that you have
regularly attended all the appointments of the
Garden Committee since May last ?

A. Yes.

@. Is the Committee to understand that no

Horticultural Society and Garden. 24:7

business has ever been brought under the dis-
cussion of the Garden Committee ?

A. No, certainly.

Q. No business at all ?

A. With one exception, as I have stated.
There was a certain routine gone through, the
minutes have been gone through, but nothing
ever was submitted for the approbation or dis-
cussion of the Committee. he thing was
all ready prepared, J believe, whatever it was.

Q. Have the Garden Committee, since their
apap emene, ever examined into the expendi-

ure;

A. They have not.

' Q. Have they ever enquired as to the ma-
nagement or the expenditure of the garden ?
No, they have not.
' @. Are you a member of the Council of the
Society ?

A. No. There are no instructions for the

duties of the Garden Committee laid down in
the book that I have seen. If you look over
the by-laws of the Society, I believe you will
not find any instructions for the guidance of
the Garden Committee with respect to their
duties.

Q. Then no account whatever of the duties
of the Garden Committee was ever submitted
to you?

A, No, never.

Q. Then you do not conceive the Garden
Committee has a right to take credit to them-
selves for any good management of the garden,
or any discredit for very bad management ?

A. Certainly not.

Q. Did any discussion ever arise in your
presence among the different members of the
Garden Committee, as to the proceedings that
should take place ?

A. No.

The Plan of the Garden, and of the different Horticultural Structures erected
in tt. — Extracts from the evidence of Mr. Atkinson, the Architect.

Q. Pave you any complaint to offer to this
Committee?

A. Yes. I consider that I have been treated
very unhandsomely, and very ungentlemanly
by the Society. At the first commencement,
after the Society had taken the ground at
Turnham Green, I happened to be here one
day with Mr. Sabine, and he put some ques-
tions to me about what I would charge to make
a plan for him ? I told him I would consider of
it till the next day, and I would write to him,
and this is a copy of the letter which I wrote
(producing the letter). In consequence of this
I went on, and made all the plans, and all the
designs, and every thing they wanted. I never
neglected them a single moment. But what
Was very extraordinary, when the buildings
were to be erected, or there was any thing to
do, never, except in one instance, was I called
upon to attend the Committee or Council to
give my opinion. The plans were agreed to in
some way or other, and then Mr. Sabine, as he
constantly does, made some alteration of his
own, so that hardly a single plan was executed
correctly.

Q. You mean that the Council took no su-
perintendence of the plans that were submitted
Dy you?

A. I doubt it very much. I should like to
know whether this letter was ever laid before
the Council er not. I rather doubt it.

@. When is the date of this letter ?

A, The 5th February, 1822. Asan instance
of the interference of the Secretary, he wanted

a plan of the first pine-house that was built.
It was only upon a small scale, and I made out
a plan for the house, as I supposed it was or-
dered by the Council. When it came to be
executed Mr. Sabine insisted upon the tail of
the “house forming the walls of the back pit.
Now any person that knows any thing about
that at all, must know that the back pit would
be endangered by drying the bricks with the
flue, and if it got overheated it would set fire
to the back pit.

Q. State what you suppose to be the result of
your plans not being attended to ?

A. I wrote a strong letter to Mr. Sabine on
the subject, telling him what would be the
consequence. Mr. Sabine still persisted that it
should be according ‘to his plans and not mine,
till, at last, when the thing was going to be
done, Mr. Lindley went to him, and said,
‘* Now, Sir, is it to be done according to your
plan or Mr. Atkinson’s?” He said, ‘ Mine,
certainly.” Mr. Lindley said, “ You know
what the consequences may be; will you be
answerable for the building if it should be
burnt down?” ‘* No,” said he, ‘* I will not
be answerable for any thing.” Then it was
built according tomy plan. Afterwards there
were two other pine pits built, which I remon-
strated against as bad things, and very expen-
sive things, and it was proved so afterwards by
me, which they called Buck’s Pit. There were
two, one called Buck’s Pit, and the other

-Scot’s Pit.

General Management. — Extracts from the evidence of Henry Bellenden
Ker, Esq.

. The expenditure on the gardener’s house,
_ which I took considerable interest in, you will
find from Mr. Lindley’s letters. The gar-
dener’s house was taken at 84/. a year, for the
purpose of lodging Mr. Munro, the gardener,
and some one clerk. Mr. Sabine conceived the
house too large, and at too high a rent, and he
said he would pay 50/. of the rent. The taxes
are considerable: 342. a year, I think, and the
rent 84/.; and Mr. Sabine paid 502. a year of
the rent. There appears to have been an ex-
pensive housekeeper, and expensive repairs,
amounting to 41(/7..or more, for putting up
water-closets, and making the house comfort-
able; and there is the housekeeper’s board-
Wages, and coals and candles, and so on: so
that, allowing 10 per cent on the money laid
out on repairs, and allowing for Mr. Sabine’s
advance of 502. a year, it makes the expense of
lodging the gardener and clerk 230/. a year ;
and that J consider to be a grossly indecent
and almost fraudulent mode of applying the
funds of the Society. If the house is now
given up, it will have cost the Society, includ-

ing repairs, more than 3002. a year. I have not
the slightest doubt about that. I consider this
sort of jobbing as to the houses, thatis, getting
a good house for the Secretary, under pretence
of its being for the gardener, one of the great-
est grievances of an honorary secretary, and
which I consider to be a main feature in the
management of this Society.

If there were a little more democracy intro-
duced, and the members had a little more
influence in the Society, instead of the oligar-
chy of the Council, I think it would be a great
improvement.

Q. Do you say that the minutes of the Gar-
den Committee are kept secret ?

A. Yes, they are kept secret; so, as 1 before
said, are the minutes of the Council. I wish to
observe, that there is no library for the young
gardeners. According to my opinion there is
not a man in the garden, except, perhaps, Mr.
Munro, fit to teach them to prune a tree. No
one gives them_lectures, and the result is, they
send out ignorant uneducated gardeners.

R 4

248
General Management, and

I consider that the Horticultural Society,has
no more occasion for a garden than the Society
of Arts has for a workshop or a manufactory.
No Society ought to attempt any thing that can
be done by individuals. ‘There is nothing that
has been attempted by the Horticultural So-
ciety that could not have been better done by
individual gardeners. andnurserymen. Instead
of collecting and cultivating all the fruits, with
a view to naming them, if the Society had
offered handsome premiums to the nursery-
men, and arranged with a different nursery-
man, or other gardener, commercial, private,
or amateur, for every different fruit, all the
fruits would have been collected and named,
and might have been published by the Society,
at a fraction of the expense which is now
incurring for the same object.. This plan
would have been attended by this great addi-
tional advantage to the public; that the nur-
sery where any particular fruit was proved
would. have been ever afterwards the stock
nursery for that fruit, and would have been
applied ‘to by all the country nurserymen. I
should say the same thing as to culinary vege-
tables, flowers, and experiments of every kind ;
firmly adhering to the general principle of the
Horticultural Society’s acting as a stimulus to
others, and entering into no detai(s itself.

But supposing the Society determined on pos-
sessing a garden, and having obtained the
33.acres at Chiswick for that purpose, I con-
tend that it is most improperly laid out. It is
begun on so extravagant a scale, I mean with
reference to walls, hot-houses, buildings, &c.,
that its completion could scarcely ever have
been contemplated by its founders without go-
vernment’s assistance. Itis too much frittered
into parts; it contains miles of hedges, not
one yard of which was necessary ; it contains
three times the requisite length of gravel
walks, and more than double the requisite ex-
tent of walling. It contains some acres of
grass, and a serpentine canal, which were to-
tally uncalled for. These hedges, walks, walls,
grass, and water, have added much to the
first cost, and greatly increased the annual ex-
pense of management.

The orchard is the most valuable department
in the garden ; but even here there are hedges.
A great error in the management has been,
first, sowing down the compartment containing
the standard trees, with tap-rooted plants, such
as the red vlover; and next, breaking it up and
planting it with exhausting plants, such as the
potato. After the trees were planted, it ought
never to have been once dug or cropped in any
way; it ought merely to have been hoed, to
destroy weeds. All digging among fruit-bear-
ing trees is highly injurious to them, by pre-
venting their roots from coming near the sur-
face. This hoeing, or slightly stirring the
surface with a fork, would have cost incompar-
ably less than the crops of clover and potatoes,
and the trees would have been in a far better
state. Having said this, Imust not omit to
state that I consider the orchard by much the
most valuable part of the garden, and, indeed,
worth all the other parts put together; and
this the more especially, as the young man,
Thompson, who has the management of it, has
paid the greatest attention to the subject of
fruits, and is likely to bring the experiments
going on to a useful conclusion.

The next division is the flower-garden,
which, with the exception of some plants from
North America, and perhaps a few ponies
and phloxes, contains nothing that could not
be found in every nursery, before the Horticul-
tural Society had its existence. It is full of
walks and box edgings, which add to the ex-
pense of keeping,

Horticultural Society and Garden,

the Plan of the Garden.— Extracts from Mr.
Loudon’s evidence.

Of the arboretum I have given my opinion
in the Gard. Mag. (Vol. V. p. 344.) ; whether it
is considered in the light of a botanical collec-
tion, or a specimen of landscape-gardening
(and it is evident, from its plan, that it is an
attempt to combine both), 1 consider it a dis-
grace to the country, hitherto eminent for
ornamental and landscape-gardening.

With respect to the general arrangement of
the Society, I think some alteration would re-
quire to be made in the charter, and that a new

_ set of by-laws should be framed. The Council,

I think, should he liable to be totally changed
annually, as in the Geological Society, and the
President should not hold his office more than
three years, or even, perhaps, one year. Much
of the evils of the Horticultural Society, as
well as of other societies, originate in the per-
petuity of the president. I should prefer a
president elected by the general sense of the
Society, instead of one chosen by the Council,
and balloted for by the some half dozen of
members who attend at the annual elections,
Men that can speak (and there has not been
one in the chair that could, in my time),
and have a talent for eliciting discussion,
such as takes place at meetings of the Geolo-
gical Society, should be chosen. Much good
would be done by free discussion on the sub-
jects of the papers read or fruits presented ;
or, at any rate, there would be some entertain-
ment. There ought not to exist that invidious
distinction between Fellows of the Society who
are, and those who are not, subscribers to the
garden. Nota plant, cutting, or seed ought to
be given away direct from the garden, or in
consequence of written applications to the So-
ciety, but to nurserymen or other commercial
gardeners. All spare plants, cuttings, or seeds,
ought to be given away at the meetings of the
Society to those who happen to attend; and
the officers of the Society ought on no account
to be liable to be written to by country or
other members (always excepting commercial
gardeners) for grafts, seeds, plants, &c. There
can be no end to these sorts of applications
which add much to the expense of conducting
the business of the Society, and cannot be
otherwise than sources of dissatisfaction to
all parties. Every Fellow of the Society ought
to be allowed free access to all the books, pa-
pers, accounts, and other documents of the
Society, at all reasonable times, without ap-
plication to the Council as at present. All
Fellows ought to have aright to give orders
to see the garden, and the library, and models
of fruits; and all practical gardeners -what-
ever ought to have free access to the garden
at least on one day of the week. A profes.
sional accountant of eminence ought to in-
spect the accounts of the Society once a year,
and prepare a balance-sheet ; and he ought
to be made responsible for its correctness.

The garden, in my opinion, might be given
up without the slightest injury to the advance-
ment of horticulture; and all the objects pro-
posed to be effected by the Society might be
attained in a better manner than they possibly
can be in any wholesale experimental garden,
by the separate experiments of individuals. A
garden of an acre, near town, for the purpose
of laying in articles by the heels, as the techni-
cal expression is, when they were received by
the Society, and to contain them till it was con-
venient to send or deliver them out, is all that I
can conceive necessary ; but even that, I should
say, would be more cheaply done by any re-
sponsible nurseryman, who should consent to
devote a plot of ground, and the requisite as-
sistance when wanted, to the purpose in view.

But as the Society have got a garden,should
they wish to keep it, and render it useful, then

Aforivcultural Society and Garden.

I should propose the following arrangement,
already hinted at in the Gardener’s Magazine
(Vol. II. p. 359.) [and roughly indicated by the
accompanying sketch] (jig. 44.) :—

44

7
Z

w 5
vit) og
iy

WO wy
wy dy

ay ww
w

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rag

‘

retum, I should suppose, might be about ten
acres. I would cut the main roots of all the
trees to be removed from the present arbore-
tum to the new one this spring, and, in the
next autumn I would remove them thither,
arranging as hinted in the Gardener’s Maga-
zine. Having planted them, I would never
afterwards crop or dig the ground, but merely
keep it clean of weeds by hoeing. I wish this
to be particularly kept in view ; because, applied
to the arboretum and the orchard, it is one of
my main sources of lessening the annual ex-
pense of keeping the garden. The pruning,
hoeing, and filling up deaths, of these 10 acres,
could surely not amount to more than 1002. a
year ; I think I could get a nurseryman to un-
dertake it for seven years at half this sum.

Within this arboretum I would have a zone
for acollection of herbaceous plants, and more
particularly of such as were ornamental. This
might contain one acre (bd).

A circumferential walk might contain ano-
ther acre, or three fourths of an.acre (c).

Another zone for roses, alternating with
georginas and hollyhocks ; and with a zone or
endless bed in front, to contain all the different
sorts of florists’ flowers, and bulbs and other
finer herbaceous plants, of which there are
numerous cultivated varieties, might contain
another acre (d).

It will be observed that one walk serves for
the arboretum and two beds for these herba-
ceous and border flowers, instead of the hun-
dreds of beds, and miles of walks and alleys
and hedges, which are required in the present
arboretum, flower-garden, rose department,
and in different other parts of the garden, as
now laid out [See the plan, as originally
published by the Society, in Encyc. of Gard.,
§ 7508., and here repeated, to admit of compa-

249

I would place the arboretum in the circum-
ference (a), filling up all the irregular angles,
and reducing the space within to a perfect
circle. The ground thus occupied by the arbo-

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a

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rison, fig. 45.]. The saving in the annual ma-
nagement, by my arrangement, will be great in
proportion to its simplicity.

The next zone I have indicated as orchard,
and I should propose it to contain at least
15 acres. I would cut the main roots of all the
standard fruit trees now in the garden, in
March or April, and remove them in Novem-
ber next. Having planted them, I would never
afterwards dig or crop the ground, but keep it
clean by hoeing. The annual expense of hoe-
ing 15 acres could not exceed, at an average of
7 years, 15/. a year. Pruningthe trees, renewing
deaths, collecting, sorting, and keeping the
fruits, and making alterations, I do not take
into consideration, as this would form one of
the principal annual expenses of the garden.

The border (f) within the orchard I would
devote to collections of gooseberries, currants,
and raspberries. The walk (g) need not be
above 4ft. broad. ‘The border (A) I would de-
vote to a collection of strawberries ; the com-
partments (2) to culinary vegetables ; and the
borders (t and Z) I would not dig, but devote
entirely to the roots of the wall trees.

For the experimental kitchen-garden, 2 or
3acres would be amply sufficient; nay, even
half that quantity : because, as all culinary ve-
getables cannot be proved at once, one sort
might be first proved, and then dismissed alto-
gether from the garden, to make room for
another. On this principle, half an acre would
be as good as 10 acres.

The centre of the garden, open to the sun in
all directions, I have laid out as a forcing-gar-
den, containing about an acre, and surrounded
by about 850 ft. of walling. Ihave shown, in
the interior, one forcing-house for proving
vines; and when that was done, it might be
employed in trying to grow other ligneous

Horticultural Society and Garden.

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exotic fruits, such as the mangosteen, bread-
fruit, &c. I have shown a range of pits for
proving pines, and for different experiments ;
and also a range of frames for proving melons,
and raising seedlings. I am prepared to argue
that.every thing that the Society could reason-
ably wish to undertake, with a view to the pro-
gress of horticulture might be accomplished
by these three ranges of glass, each about
100 ft. in length. All the glass and frames,
with the requisite sheds, &c., for this purpose,
and a good deal more which might be dis-
posed of, are already in the garden, and only
require removal to this enclosed area, and
rearrangement there. The brick walls already
the garden I propose to be entirely taken
down; the 850 ft. requisite to enclose the
acre in the centre built, and the remainder of
the bricks sold; unless it might be thought
advisable to build a gardener’s house, and gar-
den offices, &c., with a principal entrance, as
indicated (m). I feel confident that there
would be spare bricks to.defray a part of the
expense of the remoyal of the hot-houses and
rearrangement of the walls; and I should re-
commend this work to be done by contract, by

responsible men. The diminution of expense
by this arrangement is obvious; and to lessen
the expense still farther, I would not com-
mence forcing with hot dung, nor incur much
expense in any way in the forcing-department
for a year or two, till I saw how the Society
was supported. If the Society were not well
supported, the forcing-houses and pits might
be abandoned, and the space used as an ex-
perimental kitchen-garden, and the proposed
kitchen-garden turned into an orchard. The
garden, in this case, would be supported by
the sale of its orchard fruits. Even the arbo-
retum might, as a last resource, be made an
orchard. I would sell the greater part of the
botanic exotics now in the stoves of the So-
ciety, and only keep specimens of such as were
likely to be required for experimenting on,
with a view to additions to the edible fruits or
esculent vegetables.

The peach trees and other trees on the walls
T would cut round, and remove next autumn
to both sides of the wall of the forcing-garden,
and if there were not room enough for all of
them, sell the rest.

I have to beg the Committee will now pause

Explanation of References to fig. 45:

The fruit and kitchen department(A)contains—
Eastern slip for herbs, perennial esculents, and
strawberries, and border of east wall, A 1

Orchard, A 2

Southern slip for strawberries, gooseberries,
currants, and raspberries, and borders of

* south wall, A3

Kitchen-garden, A 4

Miscellaneous standard fruit compartment, A 5

Site for fruit glass, A 6

Pits and forcing ground, A7

- Garden for small fruits, A 8

Western slips for stocks, and fruit-wall bor-
der, AQ

Experimental garden, A 10
The ornamental department (B) contains —

Entrance to flower-garden, B 1

Flower-garden, B2

Site for ornamental glass, B 3
Arboretum, B 4 }
Rose-garden, B5
Experimental garden, B6

The lodges, roads, and yards (C) are— ”
Entrance from London, and gardener’s pro-
_ posed ornamental lodge, C1
Assistant secretary’s proposed lodge, C2
Space unoccupied at S.E. angle, C 3
Eixate road outside of the fence on the south,

Kitchen-garden proposed lodge, C 5

Space unoccupied at S. W. angle, C6

Yards for stables, sheds, composts, &c., C7

Private road, to Turnham Green, C8

Entrance by the National School from Turn-
ham Green, C9

&

Horticultural Society and Garden.

a little, and imagine this plan executed, and
then compare it in their mind’s eye with the
garden as actually existing. In my plan every
part has such a definite use, that it could not
be applied to any thing else without an ob-
vious derangement; in the plan existing the
objects and purposes are so mixed up, and so
often repeated, that a great many parts may
be said, using a common phrase, to be neither
one thing nor another ; without definite pur-
pose, and without character. According to
my plan, there would not be a repetition of any
plant or tree throughout the whole garden ;
according to the present plan, the same sorts
of fruit trees, ornamental shrubs, and flowers
are many times repeated. According to my
plan, there is no one part which may be de-
scribed as common-place ornament; in the
garden, as actually existing, there are nume-
rous borders and patches of shrubs, as at the
old entrance, at both ends of the flower-gar-
den, and the borders and walks between hedges
on two sides of the arboretum, which are no-
thing more than common-place shrubbery, of
no use whatever. I repeat, that in my plan
there will not be a single tree, bush, or plant,
or walk, that could be dispensed with or trans-
posed.

251

form for the area within the arboretum, I have
little other objection to it, than that it requires
a greater proportion of walk than a circle.
Neither do I think a square so handsome, or
so suitable for a public garden. The sketch of
the plan now submitted, is calculated to effect
the maximum quantity of objects, with the
minimum extent of walks, walls, and glass,
and without a single hedge. I have reflected
on this plan since I first saw the Chiswick Gar-
den, and with all the various details that are
requisite to its complete developement. I con-
sider it not only very complete in its kind, but
calculated to be more economically kept than
any plan that I could devise for a piece of
ground of similar extent and shape.

I think botanical travellers are unnecessary,
and not within the legitimate objects of the
Society; and that furnishing gentlemen with
gardeners is calculated greatly to increase the
business of the Society, without at all advanc-
ing the interests of horticulture. By adopting
and carrying into every department of the
Society the general principle of attempting
nothing that could not be done by individuals,
the business of the Society will be greatly sim-
plified, and the objects for which it was insti-
tuted much more effectually attained.

Should a square be preferred to the circular

. We regret that our limits do not admit of our quoting various other portions of the evidence
which, to gardeners in general, as well as to Fellows of the Society, would be both instructive and
amusing. The result of the whole, considered with reference to general principles, shows the
little use of societies for the promotion of science in a reading age like the present; and the
absurdity in all governments, from that of a few clerks and gardeners to that of a kingdom ora
republic, of excessive legislation. Considered with reference to previous remarks on the Horti-
cultural Society, which have appeared in this Magazine, the result proves the truth of what we
have all along asserted to exist, viz. a narrow-minded system of management, the object of which
was, in effect, not to advance gardening, but to aggrandise the Horticuitural Society, and to ingra-
tiate the honorary secretary with the higher classes of society. A part of the unhappy results of this
narrow-minded system springs from the constitution of the Society, which requires or permits it
to attempt doing those things which it ought only to have stimulated others to accomplish ; which
permits its affairs to be managed by an unpaid officer, and, in consequence, precludes the interfe-
rence, except by etiquette, of any other member of the Society. A part, also, of this result has
arisen frem the personal character of that unpaid officer: ambiticus, and yet without great views:
zealous, sanguine, active, and jealous of his power. ‘The impracticable plan of the Chiswick Gar.
den; the system of concealment which prevented that plan from being known to the Fellows
before it was executed,‘and, consequently, from being interfered with, and which has ended in the
present enormous debt ; the ridiculous rules and regulations ofthe garden, by which not a structure
could be erected without being subjected to some of his alterations, nor a border dug, nor a common
operation performed, without his written authority; and what is called the system of espion-
nage, which Mr. Lindley has truly designated as monstrous*, may all be traced to these qualities
of mind in the honorary secretary.

Had the President and Council of the Society been, of necessity, changed every two or three
years, and the Secretary been a paid officer; had the minutes of councils of committees been
open to the inspection of the members of the Society generally, errors might have been commit-
ted, but they would have been corrected, and the present state of things could never have arrived.

Some years ago we made repeated endeavours to obtain a knowledge of the number of members
of the Council required to be present to constitute a council, and _a list of those who had attended
at each of the councils held in the course of any one year. Our correspondence on this sub-
ject is in existence, and can be produced. The result, after a great many letters had passed, turned
out to be, that the Council had a right to refuse any thing and every thing, and that to us they
did refuse every thing. The fact is, as one member lately observed to the Society, and for-the
truth of which, in a general way, we may appeal to Mr. Lindley, as under-secretary, it was utterly
impossible for any one to acquire any information respecting the affairs of the Society who was not
in the favour of Mr. Sabine.

Had the Gardener’s Magazine not appeared, our belief is, that things would have been even
worse than they now are; and, in addition to some thousands now due for printing and engraving
the Horticultural Transactions, there would have been others due for the splendid 4to work on
fruits, and the corresponding 4to work on plants flowered in the garden of the Society, of which
prospectuses were circulated four years ago (Gard. Mag., Vol. I. p.88.); but which we remon-
strated against, as interfering with works already in existence, and very well conducted. The
object of the Society, about that time, appeared to be, to monopolise every thing connected with
gardening or botany, from the placing of a journeyman gardener to the publishing of a new fruit
or plant. Even a Gardener’s Magazine was projected; and the assent of what zs called the
Council obtained to use the badge of the Society on the cover, in the manner in which the
seal of the Royal Institution is used on the cover of Brande’s Journal. The object of this Maga-
zine was clear enough to all the world at the time, that of putting us down ; in consequence of the

* Mr. Bellenden Ker ‘stated to the Society, at their Meeting yesterday (March 16.), that the
whole of the present enquiry had resulted from a report of one of his conversations, whilst walk-
ing with Mrs. Ker in the garden, last summer. The report was so offensive to Mr. Sabine, that he
proposed to the Council to expel Mr. Ker from the Society. Mr. Ker declared that the report was
a tissue of falsehoods, got up, as he imagined, to please Mr. Sabine. In this way, Providence
brings good out of evil. Every thing tends to a crisis, bad things the most rapidly,

252 Horticultural Society and Garden.

different animadversions which appeared in our early Numbers on the Society, and especially on
its garden. The first of these papers was by H. B. Ker, Esq., who, as the Committee have
acknowledged, has led to the present investigation into the affairs of the Society: and it must be
no small satisfaction to him, as it certainly is to us, to mark the present result of his labours.

The Report of the Committee may, on the whole, be considered very lenient on the subject of
accounts and management, and perhaps in other matters it may be more correct than we are in-
clined to believe. We must confess, however, our entire want of faith in the assets of the Society
being any thing like equal to itsdebts. The arrears stated at upwards of 60002., we should not
value at above 8002. or 10002. ; and estimating all the items at what they would bring, if now sold,
we do not believe there would be 10s. in the pound.

The great object of all observations on the past is, or should be, to render them available for the
future. Whatever may be said in palliation of Mr. Sabine’s conduct, nothing can be more clear
than this, that he is the main cause of the present state of things in this Society; he it is, and he
alone, who, by a system of concealment and monopoly of power, has brought the Society to the
brink of ruin.

At the same time, while we express our opinion thus freely as to what are considered the bad
points of Mr. Sabine’s horticultural policy, we shall not withhold from him that justice which we
should desire for ourselves under similar circumstances. Mr. Sabine has involved the Society in
a debt which threatens its dissolution, but he has also been the cause of the greater part of the
good done by the Society ; and that the Society have done good, even we who are no friend to
monopolies, or systems of exclusion in any way, readily allow. The springing up of so many hor-
ticultural societies throughout the country, and throughout Europe, has been mainly owing to
the éclat of the London Horticultural Society, in consequence of the great accession of noble
and even royal members since 1815, when Mr. Sabine undertook its management. The principal
part of the Transactions of the Society have been published since that period, and they include a
considerable number of good practical papers. We do not attach much importance to what has
been brought from India or Africa: but certainly the Chrysanthemums, Chinese Primrose, Wis-
taria Consequana, and other hardy or half hardy articles from China ; and the numerous Lupines,
Pentstemons, and other hardy plants brought from North America, by Mr. Douglas ; are invalu-
able additions to our gardens, and will probably continue to ornament them while this island en-
dures as terra firma. All these objects of beauty and interest have been introduced under Mr.
Sabine’s auspices. Other services might be mentioned: but we shall only add that Mr. Sabine
has been the means of bringing forward Mr. Lindley, who unquestionably is a man of extraordi-
nary talent, and no less extraordinary industry ; who has already done more for botany in this
country, by proving in the London University that the natural system may be effectually taught
to youth, than any one else has done in our time; and who, if he lives, and does not become over-
elated with public applause, or, by his intercourse with the aristocracy, get into that sort of affect-
ation which was the weak point of Sir Humphry Davy, will, in our opinion, be the greatest
botanist that has appeared since the days of Jussieu. Mr. Lindley might possibly have event-
ually risen to eminence under whatever circumstances he might have been placed: but he has
been upwards of ten years in the office of the Horticultural Society, and we will venture to say.
that at the age at which he entered, with his previous education, and with the active friendship
of Mr. Sabine, in no other office or situation whatever, in London or elsewhere, could he have
enjoyed the same advantages, or advanced himself so rapidly as a man of the world, a man of
gcience, and a gentleman.

The evil days which may be said to have fallen on Mr. Sabine, not merely as connected with
Regent Street and Chiswick, but as an active member of the Zoological Society, are the result of
his making these societies stepping stones to his intercourse with men of rank ; and the lesson his
fate has read to us will, we trust, not be lost, either on ourselves or on our professional readers.
As society advances, men will be valued according to their worth as men, and not according to
any factitious distinctions whatever. It is consolatory to think, and to believe, that every man’s
real character is sooner or later made known and appreciated by his fellow-men.

It is curious to reflect on what may be the consolations of Mr. Sabine under his present cireum-
stances. Driven, like Adam, from the garden to the field — to the Zoological farm at Kingston —
what will be his next pursuit? Having no wife or child, whither will he turn for consolation ?
But Nature, ever kind, has a provision for every thing ; and there can be no doubt of this, that
Mr. Sabine is supported by some feeling or other. Ignorance, or indifference, or vanity. or self-
conceit, all bad of themselves, may prove a good to an individual, under particular circumstances.

What is now to be done? First ascertain who will really continue paying members. If as many
remain as will produce 3000/. a year, go on; if only a smailer income can be obtained, break up.
and begin another Society. If you go on, commit the affairs of the Society to an active, effective,
paid officer, of whom none will be found equal to Mr. Lindley ; let him be as much the President,
Secretary, Council, and Garden Committee, as was Mr. Sabine; but let him not be quite so much
the gardener, and by no means the accountant: let every act done by him, or letter or paper
which passes through his hands, be rigidly scrutinised by the Council, or even open to every
Fellow of the Society; there will always be some one on the look-out for faults; let it be made
worth his while to rule well ; let him then rule as he will (because no Council will ever take the
trouble necessary for real effective management), at the risk of dismissal on conviction of misrule,
Either this must be done, or you must have a paid council, as well as a paid secretary and account-
ant. This will eventually be found to be the true practical view of the case. After all this is
done, eae phe Roney coe WOH St me benefit to horticultura} science will not be much.

ood whic e Horticultural Society in thi i i
aiomiy beenidone. y in this age or country is capable of doing has

March 16.— Some discussion took place on the Report, in which a vote
of censure on the conduct of Mr. Sabine was proposed, but withdrawn at
the earnest recommendation of Mr. Gordon, the Chairman of the Com-
mittee, as unnecessary, and likely to injure the interests of the Society

with its creditors and the public in general. (See Times and Chronicle of
March 17.)

Art. VI.

From

The Cabbage Tribe.
Cabbages, per dozen:
ed

Plants, or Coleworts -
Savoys, perdozen - -
German Greens or Kale,

per dozen = =
Broccoli, per bunch:

White = -

Green - C c

Purple = = c
Turnip Tops, per bushel -

Legumes.

Kidneybeans (forced), per
hundred - 5 =

Tubers and Roots.

per ton
Potatoes = Sper ewt.
per bush.
Kidney, per bushel 5
Scotch, per bushel &
New, per pound - -
Jerusalem Artichokes, per
half sieve - - -
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, old, per bunch -
Parsneps, per dozen
Red Beet, per dozen
Skirret, per bunch
Scorzonera, per bunclt
Salsify, per bunch -
Horseradish, per bundle

The Spinach Tribe.
2 per sieve
Spinach per half sieve
Sorrel, per half sieve -

The Onion Tribe.

Onions:
Old, per bushel - »
Pickling, per half sieve
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound - -
Shallots, per pound -

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, &c.

Asparagus, perhundred -
Sea-kale, per punnet _—-
Lettuce, Cabbage, per score
Endive, per score’ - o
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)
per 3 sieve
Small Salads per punnet
Watercress, per dozen small
bunches Seas -

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Covent Garden Market.

Covent Garden Marhet.

To
£s.

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'| Pears, Dessert, p. half sieve:

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half sieve -
Tarragon, forced, per bunch
Fennel, per bunch <
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Mint, forced, per bunch ~
Peppermint, dry, per dozen
bunches = -
Marjoram, dry, per doz. bun.
Savory, dry, per dozen bun.
Basil, dry, per doz. bunches
Rosemary, dry, p. doz. bun.
Lavender, dry, per doz. bun.
Tansy, dry, per doz. bunches

escscescoso ocooscoy

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,
Pickling, &c.
Rhubarb Stalks, forced, per
bundle - s =

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, per pottle
Morels, dry, per pound
Truffles, per pound :

English -

Foreign, dry - -

Fruits.

Apples, Dessert, per bushel :
Nonpareils = - -
Golden Pippins - -
Pearmains 6 =
Ribstone Pippins -

Apples, Baking, per bushel:
Baking - S SO
Royals = =

Winter Swan’s Eggs -
Pears, Baking, per half sieve
Almonds, per peck S
Cranberries, per gallon -
Strawberries, forced, per

ounce = S o
Walnuts, per bushel -
Chestnuts, French, per peck
Filberts, English, per 100 lbs.
Pine-apples, per pound -
Hot-house Grapes, p. pound
Spanish Nuts, per bushel -
Barcelona Nuts = -
Cucumbers, frame, per brace

per dozen -
Oranges per hundred
Bitter Oranges, per hundred

perdozen -
Lemons per hundred
Sweet Almonds, per pound
Brazil Nuts, per bushel -

coooocococoecocococ“oso ooo oo coco

PwORDOSCH SCBOSOOn

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Observations. — The continuance of severe frost during the principal part
of January and the early part of February, interrupted the supplies of vege-
tables generally ; nevertheless, our market was generally well furnished with
turnips, savoys, coleworts, carrots, &e., the prices of which remained tole-
rably steady, as per last quotations, until the change of weather in February
produced a material difference in the quantities, and some alteration in
prices ; but the extreme rigour of the season, and more particularly the in-
termissions of frosty nights and warm days which prevailed in the latter end
of February, have affected vegetables so much as to render our present sup-
plies very limited for the season, and prices, consequently, rather higher
than might be expected. This may also be the case for some time to come,
as, from the same causes, no abundant quantities can be expected until May

next.

Broccolies are likely to be very deficient, and high in price, as they

have been much injured by the frost; cauliflowers haye been destroyed to a

254 Provincial Horticultural Societies.

considerable extent in the hand-glasses, and even under the lights of frames,
as much from the impossibility of admitting air to them for so long a period
during the prevalence of frost, as from the frost itself. Potatoes, during the
severe weather, reached a higher price than quoted : indeed, the better sorts
are now worth rather more than stated in. the list, but as the supply of
ordinary sorts is plentiful, I have not thought it safe to exceed the average.
Onions have maintained their value throughout the season ; but, since the
breaking up of the weather, a considerable quantity from Flanders has been
imported, which has brought down our prices : at present, they are dull in
sale. Shallots reach us in very small quantities, and from quarters whence
none have hitherto been sent, in consequence of their very high price ; which
is one of the many advantages of our very general interchange of communi-
cation. — G. C. March 12. 1830.

Art. VII. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

NORFOLK.

The Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society. — The prospectus of meetings
and prizes of this Society for 1830 has been sent us, signed Elias Norgate, secretary, and accom-
panied by the following very judicious remarks by the same gentleman : —

In this their first list of prizes the Committee think it right to explain the general principles by
which they propose to be guided in the selection of objects for the adjudication of them. ‘This is
the more necessary, because, in looking over the lists of prizes in various horticultural societies
there does not always appexr to have been made a sufficient discrimination between the result of
chance and the result of skill.

1. It should ever be borne in mind that the merits for which a prize ought to be awarded exists
not in the production but in the producer. The best dish of filberts in September, or of cherries
in July, gathered, perhaps, from standard trees planted twenty years ago, can imply but slender
merit in the individual who now exhibits them. In every horticultural production, therefore,
whether raised for use, luxury, or beauty, the Committee will endeavour to estimate the merit of
the exhibiter by the degree of science, care, and skill evinced in its cultivation. ‘

2. In the cold and fickle climate of this county it is very desirable to encourage every attempt
to forward the blossoming of flowers and the ripening of fruits before their natural season ; and
equally so to retard them beyond it. A dish of green peas, gathered on the Ist of November, is as
much a luxury as a dish that is gathered on the Ist of May. Prizes for extending the duration of
flowers and fruits at both ends of the season will be richly earned. :

3. The preservation of fruits and vegetables fresh through the winter, and late into the spring,
is another object of importance. Not merely apples, peas, and potatoes, but many of the more
delicate and perishable productions of our gardens may be so preserved. Although French beans
and peas cannot be gathered in December or January, it is possible to preserve them in excellent
condition for our tables to a still later period.

4. The judicious pruning, not merely of espaliers and wall trees, but likewise of the standard
apple, pear, and plum trees of our orchards, is an object quite worthy of attention. At present
these are usually left to themselves till their branches become so thickly interlaced, and their
foliage so dense, that little or no fruit comes to perfection except that which has the good fortune
to catch the outside sun. When the evil becomes at length very palpable and gross, a woodman
climbs the tree with an axe or a saw in bis hand, and lays about him, nght and left, without
discrimination and without mercy, till he has got two or three faggots of firewood. ‘To this
cause may be ascribed the great abundance of unripe fruit of all sorts which is brought to our
markets. It would be difficult perhaps to adjudge specific prizes for the most judicious pruning, but
the attention of cottagers may be directed to it with the greatest advantage.

5. The inuring of tender plants to our soil and climate; the naturalising of exotics; the
obtaining of new varieties of fruits and flowers by fecundating the blossom of one with the farina
from another.; experiments on grafting, budding, &c. These, and many other objects of atten-
tion to the gardener, will be objects of encouragement by the Society. ‘

6. With respect to cottagers, while these will at all times be allowed to compete for any of the
Society’s prizes, no one but those of their own class will ever be allowed to compete ‘for theirs.
It is a great object to give them an interest in the culture of their little plots of ground:
a taste for gardening once diffused among them, they will engage in competition .with each
other, and it is hoped they will bear away as many of such prizes as cur funds may enable.us to
offer. But the stimulus to exertion must originate with their landlords: if this Society shall be
the occasion of inducing the latter to attach a rood or two of ground to every cottage in their
possession, its establishment will in some measure probably contribute to relieve the poor’s rate
pal county, and thus confer upon it an incalculable benefit. — J. N. Nethersett, December 31.

MoNMOoUTHSHIRE.

The Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Horticultural Society held their Meeting for
the winter quarter on the 5th of January, 1830, in Cardiff: ‘The Most Noble the Marquess of
‘Bute, anxious for the success of this Society, has offered'a piece of ground to form a garden, for
which mark of encouragement the Meeting unanimously voted to His Lordship their warmest
thanks. Prizes were awarded as follows: —

Flowers. Chrysanthemum, Mrs. Morgan, Landough. Wallflower, Mrs. Moggridge. Flower
Camellia: I. Hon. W. B. Grey ; 2. Mr. Reece. — Fruit. Grapes, Hon. W. B. Grey. Table Pears,

Provincial Horticultural Societies. 255

Mrs, Hill, Llandaff. Baking Pears, Mrs. Hill, Llandaff ‘Table Apples, Mrs, Head
Baking Apples, Hon. W. B. Grey. — Culinary Vegetables. As Bones ete W..B. Ger
kale, Hon. W. B. Grey. Broccoli, Mr. Moggridge. Celery, Mr. E, P. Richards. Parsneps Mr.
Moggridge. Onions, Mr. Thomas Minnett. Early Potatoes, forced (not offsets), Mr. Bill,
Rhubarb, Rev. J. M. Traherne. Radishes, Mrs. Hill.—2xtra-Prizes. Baking Apple, Mrs. Hill
and Hon. We B. Cie eee Hoot, oy Head Deacon. Broccoli, Hon. W. B. Grey. — Cottage
rizes. Apples, E. Williams, Llandaff. nions, Thomas Perry, Cardiff. Bask r Ve
six sorts, D. Williams, Dufiryn. : a ss sein
The grapes, sent by the Hon. W. B. Grey, retained the delicious flavour of an early autumn
growth. _A variety of the Newtown pippin, brought by Sir Charles Morgan, was of the amazing
size of 13 in. in circumference, and weighed nearly 16 0z. The committee and gentlemen present
were more particularly pleased with an extraordinary fine trace or rope of onions, called the
Teipeli ie DEOpELLY, ok welene! Morgan, of Tandough Castle. This onion is not so well known
as 1t ought to be: it attains a large size, is remarkable for its beautiful white colou i
flavour. (The Cambrian, Jan. o- 1830.) parte ad

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Herefordshire Horticultural Society. — The Hereford Florists’ Register, con-
taining a brief account of the meetings of the Hereford Horticultural Society, by W. Godsall
acting secretary, Hereford, 18mo, has been sent us, and also the rules of the Society for 1829, and
a schedule and “ particulars” for'prizes for that year. In the preface to the little book we observe
with pleasure, that five sovereigns will be awarded by the Society every fifth year “* to the gar.
dener of any member, for long servitude, general good conduct, attention to, and knowledge of,
his business.” With the warmest feelings towards this Society, from seeing among its members
so many respectable names, so considerable a portion of ladies, and above all from greatly admir-
ing the style of country about Hereford, Foxley, Moccas Court, the Holme, &c., at all which
places we ‘passed some time so long ago as 1806, we cannot help thinking that the practical gar-
deners have not had fair play. From the tables of the prizes given away for 1826, 1827, and 1828
it appears that scarcely any prizes are given to any one below the rank of esquire. In 1826 Sir
J. G. Cotterell received 21 prizes; in 1827, 42; in 1828, 40; in all 103 prizes. Now the total
number of prizes given away in these three years being 544 to 73 persons, surely one fifth to one
individual, and he a patron of gardening rather than an amateur, is too much. No other indivi-
dual appears to have obtained half so many. The name of the gardener of Sir J. G. Cotterell as
far as we can discover, is not inthe book. A good many of the prizes are awarded to ladies and
this we are delighted to see, whether their gardeners are named or not. The cares of gardening
are worthy of, and suitable for, ladies of every rank, from the cottage to the palace. There is
nothing unfeminine in them, and as the resources for enjoyment of ladies residing in the country
is limited compared with those of men under the same circumstances, we are happy to see that
they avail themselves of such as are within their reach. We cannot, however, so easily enter into
the idea of a country gentleman of property competing for prizes of fruits and flowers, when there
are so many important duties and elevated recreations to which he is called upon to attend and
might enjoy. Still less can we conceive what inward satisfaction it can be to a man to receive 2
prize for a production which, personally, he has had no hand whatever in producing. If prize
shows of fruits and flowers are to be considered in the light of prize cock-fights or boxing.
matches, and merely criticised like any other species of gambling amusement, that is another
Matter ; and in that case we certainly greatly prefer gambling in fruits and flowers to any other
species of gambling ; but if, on the other hand, the object of Provincial Horticultural Societies be
to improve the knowledge of gardeners in their art, and to disseminate improved gardening pro-
ductions, then surely these objects will be best effected, or rather can only be effected, by raising
the character of the practical gardener. The patrons of gardening are expected only to act as
patrons, and not as operatives. Knowing nothing of Sir J. G. Cotterel personally, and not even
the name or place of his estate, we trust no personal motive will be supposed to have Oceasioned
these remarks. — Cond.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DuRHAM.

Botanical and Horticultural Society of Durham, Northumberland, and Newcastle
upon Tyne.—The First Exhibition for this year of this Society was held on the 19th of F ebruary.
when prizes were adjudged as follows : — 7

Dessert pears, a silver medal to Mr. Jos. Cook, gardener to Miss Simpson of Bradley Hall.
A silver medal was also awarded to him for some beautiful and ingenious plans and models of a
new method of forcing sea-kale and rhubarb, which seem admirably adapted for the purpose, and
may be inspected by the subscribers at the Society’s library in Dean Street. Asparagus, a silver
medal to Mr. John Ward, gardener to C. J. Clavering, Esq., Axwell Park. Double hyacinth
(Waterloo), a silver medal to Mr. Wm. Kelly, gardener to Armorer Donkin, Esq., Jesmond.
Single hyacinth (Grand Vainqueur), a silver medal to Mr. Adam Hogg, at Mr. Falla’s, Gateshead.
Sea-kale, a bronze medal to Mr. Thomas Cook, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq., M. P., Bywell
Hall. Kidneybeans, a bronze medal to J. C. Lamb, Esq., Ryton. Bouquet of flowers, a silver
medal; and Brussels sprouts, a bronze medal; to Mr. James Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton,
Esq., Sandoe. Exotic plant in flower (double white Caméllia japinica), a silver medal to Mr.
Christopher Robson, gardener to Dr. Headlam, Jesmond Dene. Red gooseberry wine, a silver
medal to Mr. Dunlop, Newcastle. “This being the first time that any prize has been given for
wines made from British fruits, there was a great deal of competition, and one bottle was exhibited
of the extraordinary age of twenty-eight years, and made wholly without the addition of spirit of
any kind. Collection of seedling apples, consisting of twelve different varieties, a silver medal to
Mr. Michael Hall, of Beacon Lough, near Gateshead. ‘

Among the gratuitous exhibitions were the following :—Grapes, consisting of Black Hamburgh,
Grizzly Frontignac, and White Sweet Water, from James G. Clarke, Esq., Fenham. Cauli-
flowers, preserved through winter, from the garden of Mrs. Bewicke, of Close House, Caméllia
Sasdnqua fl. rosea, in full flower, and blanched striped Chiccory, from E. Charlton, Esq., of
Sandoe. Double red Camélla japonica, in full flower, from David Cram, Esq., Newcastle. Sarra-
cénia flava, in full blew, from Mr. Falla, Gateshead. Apples of great beauty, and in fine preser-
vation, called ‘‘ Pomme de Gris,’? from Mr. T. Hedley, Newcastle, which had been sent to him
from Montreal.

The large silver medal of the London Horticultural Society, which, at the Anniversary Meeting
was awarded to Mr. Jos. Clarke, gardener to Mrs, Bewicke of Close House, was this day pre-
sented to him. (Newcastle Courant, Feb. 20.)

256 Obituary.

South Devon and East Cornwall Botanicaland Horticultural Society. —A Meet-
ing of the members and friends of the above Society was held on Feb. 4., when Dr. Hamilton
addressed the Meeting as follows : — : ;

« The advantages of horticultural establishments, such as we are this day met to organise, are
too well known, and too universally admitted to need any aid from me to explain or to enforce
them. But it is not to the improvement of fruits, or the cultivation of flowers — to the sweets of
Flora, or the apples of Pomona — that your labours should be restricted : your views should take
a bolder flight — your exertions embrace a wider field, a more extended sphere of public utility.
The introduction of new objects of agricultural no less than horticultural industry, the diffusion
of botanical as well as horticultural knowledge, and the amelioration of the condition of the
poor, should be the leading objects of your attainment — the polar star to direct your course.

« How dissimilar soever the pursuits of the farm, and the lighter labours of the garden may, on
a superficial glance, appear, their connection will be found, on a more careful scrutiny, closely
interwoven, and intimately associated. Magnitude of operations, rather than any real diversity of
character, constitutes the chief, if not the only, feature of distinction ; and the labouts of the hor-
ticulturist may be regarded as bearing the same analogy to those of the agriculturist, that the ex-
periments of the assay master do to the operations of the smelting-house.

“ Neither is the study of botany foreign from, or unimportant to, the successful prosecution of
horticulture, and its real advancement to the dignity of ascience. The horticulturist who is un-
acquainted with the elementary principles of the system of Linnzus, or some other system of
scientific arrangement, may acquire, indeed, an empirical knowledge of the usual appearance of
those plants with which he is familiar, but he is destitute of the means of communicating his
knowledge to others, and is totally at fault when any new plant, or unusual form of an old one,
meets his view. To the physician no less than to the gardener, to the man of refinement no less
than the herbalist, an acquaintance with botany is a source of endless gratification no less than of
practical utility : it tends to enliven the most solitary rambles, peoples with wonders every hedge,
‘and clothes in beauty the surface of the most barren rocks. But I must leave the vindication of
botany in abler hands; and assign to my learned and valuable friend, Mr. Banks, the pleasing
task of practically demonstrating its utility. His Flora of this vicinity, announced for an early
commencement, will demonstrate with more force and accuracy than any thing which I can
advance, the applicability of botany to the ordinary purposes of life; and the assistance which it
affords to an investigation of the noxious, no less than the beneficial, properties of plants; and his
work will, I trust, be soon in the hands of all who hear me, and his labours rewarded with the
encouragement they deserve. : i

«¢ The amelioration of the lot, and the moral improvement of the poor, are objects whose im-
portance must be too deeply impressed upon most of those whom I have the honour to address,
to require much illustration from me. In every point of view, the garden must be admitted tobe
a raore pure as well as more salubrious school of morality than the purlieus of the public-house ;
and the diversified productions of bounteous Nature, springing into life and beauty from the
bosom of the earth, infinitely more instructive and far less contaminating, companions than the
noisy inmates of the gin-shop, or the drunken revellers of the tap. While the pursuits of the
garden elevate the mind and purify the soul, invigorate the health and replenish the purse, the
orgies of the alehouse have a diametrically opposite effect, degrading the mind, corrupting the ©
heart, impairing the health, and impoverishing the purse. Hence, by promoting the innocent and
salutary effects of gardening among their poorer tenantry ; by contributing, in the names of the
most deserving, to the cottager’s fund, and stimulating them to become competitors for the cot-
tager’s prizes, gentlemen will not only promote the welfare of their own tenantry, but, by
awakening a taste for the innocent and healthful recreations of gardening among the neighbour-
ing peasantry, reform their habits, elevate their morals, and improve their condition : teaching
them to become independent of the soul-debasing, spirit-breaking aid of parochial charity, and
thus relieve our parishes of one of their most oppressive burdens, the poor’s rate.

“ In the prospectus drawn up as a preparation for our present Meeting, and circulated to a wide '
extent, the utmost caution has been observed toshun a rock which threatens to prove fatal to the
Horticultural Society of London, and will, I fear, injure our sister society at Exeter — the esta-
blishment of a garden for experimental purposes ; with the whole of the endless, and worse, I
fear, than profitless, expenses such appendage necessarily demands. Besides the endless drain
which it would prove to the funds of the Society, it would become a too fertile source of noxious
jealousies and perpetual feuds, tending to the disorganisation of your body, and the frustration of
your views ; while all the essential purposes of a garden can be obtained not only more cheaply,
but also more effectually, and with infinitely more advantage to the public, through the exertions
of private individuals stimulated to generous competition by the judicious allotment of prizes by
your Committee ; as well as by the encouragement of essays on select subjects, and the diffusion of
horticultural knowledge through the publication of the annual volume of your transactions, under
the direction of your Committee. é

“A library, judiciously selected and carefully superintended, appears to me an infinitely more
efficient means of promoting the great end of public improvement than a garden; while, by con.
centrating the disposable resources of the Society in the prosecution of one great object, a far
greater effect will be produced than by dispersing them in the pursuit of many.”

The Meeting ended in the regular organisation of the Society, of which Dr. Hamilton is provi-
sional Secretary. (Plymouth and Devonport Weekly Journal, Feb. 11. 1830.)

Art. VIII. Obituary.

Diep, on Wednesday, Dec. 23., much regretted by all who knew him, and par-
ticularly by his numerous professional friends, Mr. John Gould, aged 46 years, 13 years Superin-
tendant of the Royal Gardens, Windsor. He wasa skilful horticulturist, and in the growth of the
cucumber excelled by none, his system forming a new era in the early culture of that esculent.
He was an enthusiastic florist, as the annals of the Windsor and neighbouring Florists’ Societies
will show, taking the first prize upon almost all occasions. To his zealous exertions may be
attributed the establishment of the Windsor Horticultural Society. —J. P. Burnard. Formosa
Cottage, Holloway, Jan. 17. 1830.

ema

THE

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,
| JUNE, 1830.

PART I.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. On the Anatomy of the Vine. By WattreR WILLIAM
Capper, Esq., Bath.

(Continued from p. 139.)

Sir, .
I wow beg to present to your notice the gradual growth of
the summer shoot of the vine. But I must previously state,
that, amongst physiologists even in the present day, there are
those who contend that the liber is converted, during the
latter part of its growth into alburnum; this may be proved to
be incorrect by the following simple experiments : — Separate
from the vine the whole of a summer shoot, then cut through
one of the smallest uppermost collets, with a clean sharp knife,
the whole of the vessels will be found to be extremely deli-
cate, and so blended together, that a
powerful glass will render no assistance
in discovering them; but apply to their
surface the sulphate of iron, when the
liber may be admitted to be present by
the blackish precipitate. However, by
referring to jig. 46., it will give some
assistance in concluding how the various
vessels are arranged, from having disco-
vered the liber, as in the following de-
scription of vessels, A, of, fig. 46.
[A.]

a, Medulla - = -
b, Spiral vessels -

Jf Liber - -
g, Vascular texture -
“fh, Cellular vessels and cuticle

Vou. VI. — No. 26.

The primitive vessels of an ex=
tending spring shoot of a vine.

Dowd 7

258 Anatomy of the Vine.

You may observe that no alburnum is represented in jig. 46.,
nor any mentioned in the description of vessels A to be attached
to the liber, for none can be produced until the leaves are
téléerably well expanded.

Again, cut through the twelfth ___.
or still lower collet, when the ves- \@
sels will be found more matured \e
and more visible; the liber, when
the sulphate of iron is placed
upon it, will now show a much
darker precipitate, part of the al-
burnum will be discovered, and the
apertures of its ascending sap-ves-
sels will be distinctly seen: by re-
ferring to fig. 47. the difference be-
tween this and the former figure
(46.) may be easily distinguished, |
and also bythe following description ~
of vessels, B, of jig. 47.

a, Medulla mire ie

b, Spiral vessels -

e, Concentric layer Epa
d, Ascending sap-vessels © = .~
e, Liber. = = ‘=

jf, Vascular texture ..- -

g, Cellular vessels and cuticle

[B.]
-. | The further advanced state of
- ‘the vessels of a collet, of a
= - summer’s shoot of a vine.
The extended leaves are now capable of exerting their full
powers, not only on the fluid furnished them by the spiral ves-
sels, but also upon the sap which they derive from the roots
by the ascending sap-vessels, which latter undergoes certain
chemical changes, and perhaps the other also, by imbibing the
atmospheric air, which oxygenates it, by the influence of the
rays of the sun; and these fluids afterwards descend by the
liber and the vascular vessels ; and a gradual increase of albur-
num is produced, but principally by the vessels of the liber.
Repeat a similar experiment on some of the lower collets

of the shoot, when the vessels will be still more apparent, and
a greater increase of alburnum will be seen. I consider these
simple experiments to be very satisfactory: they are not only
conclusive, as to the gradual growth of the alburnum in the
summer shoot of the vine, but that no part of it is converted
liber, as the liber is still in its original state; these experiments
are the more pleasing, as they require so short a time to
establish two such evident facts.

The cellular texture I shall now endeavour to describe: ‘its
vessels are of the utmost importance to every plant; in short,

Anatomy of the Vine. 259

some of them consist entirely of cellular vessels. In the vine
their outward appearances are so different in some parts, that
I am induced to separate them into two divisions, to facilitate
their description; such as those of the medulla I shall call
extended cellular vessels, and such as unite the divisions of
the collets the close cellular vessels. The first are generally
soft and perishable; the latter are as durable as the woody
divisions which they unite in the vine, oak, &c.

I beg to refer you to, fig. 48.; the whole ‘of the vessels there
represented at ebvede f are extended cellular ; such ves-

ry {| 7 7 ie
A ra
| : aa

1 : 1 i
TT ; :

sels surround the bundles of vascular texture at f/ in fg. 51.,
and they also join the cuticle; they are hexagonally shaped,

like the cells of the honey-bee. The same vessels also extend
between the divisions of the liber, and between those of the
alburnum, as in fig. 51. at 2, y: but in the latter situation they
lose the extended hexagonal shape and become flattened,

and appear as close cellular vessels; round the points of the
divisions, which extend into the medulla, they become again
the extended cellular vessels. It is not only the change of
the outward appearances of these vessels, which is extraordi-
nary, but that they should also contain certain different fluids.

To prove which, apply to the surface of a horizontal slice of a
collet the spirituous tincture of iodine: after it has remained
there a little time, the close cellular vessels between the albur-
num and round the points of the divisions, with some part of
the medulla, will show a black precipitate ; this is the iodate

s2

260 Anatomy of the Vine.

of starch, which indicates that the iodine has precipitated.
the farinaceous fluid contained in those vessels: but the ex-
tended cellular vessels round the bundles of vascular texture
in the bark will be very little discoloured, which shows that
‘the latter have very little farinaceous fluid within them; but
they contain the gallic acid, as the sulphate of iron has for-
merly proved. It is certainly very interesting to discover how
this fluid changes its qualities, while passing along the same
description of vessels in different parts of the vine. For in-
stance, in the extended cellular vessels round the bundles in
the bark, it consisted partly of gallic acid and farina in a state
of solution, as was indicated by the two tests of the sulphate
of iron and the tincture of iodine; but in the close cellular
vessels, between the alburnum and round the points of the
divisions, and also in the extended cellular vessels of the me-
dulla, it consisted of the farinaceous fluid without any gallic
cides.

The cellular texture has = 4.9
several very beneficial pro- \
perties, such as healing
every internal wound and
filling up every vacancy,
as may be seen in jig. 23.
in p. 130. of this volume:
the tenth bundle of vascu- -
lar texture is there repre-
sented considerably en- a
larged a little below the
joint, from having received
some injury, but it is heal-
ed by the growth of some
of the cellular vessels fill-
ing up the fracture with
living fibres.

For further illustration
of the healmg powers of
these vessels, I must beg
your cutting through one
of the lower joints of a
summer shoot, in a hori-
zontal direction, a little be-
low the part where the
claws protrude, at which
place you will perceive dis-
tinctly six smooth places,
consisting of close cellular

tell
i

i
|

ie

i

|

Anatomy of the Vine. 561

vessels, lying between the medulla and the vessels extending
into the claws: this white substance consists of close cellular
vessels; it is formed expressly to fill up the vacancies, that
would otherwise take place, when the spiral vessels, ascend-
ing sap-vessels, the liber, and the vascular vessels are drawn
outwards from the medulla, during the growth of the other
divisions of the joint, which are on each side of it. Perhaps
by referring to jigs. 46. and 49. it will further assist what lam
anxious to explain. i

' > Fig. 46. represents the liber f closely connected in its early
state of formation to the medulla sheath, in which are the
spiral vessels 0.

Fig. 49. 7 ¢ are two common divisions, as before described,
one on each side of the division vu s. represents the assed
of a claw, being those of a division, and they are partly pro-
truded beyond ‘the divisions of the joint ; vz the close cellular
vessels, which fill up the space between the two divisions of +
and ¢, and unite them firmly together throughout their whole
length, which otherwise would “have been left a vacant space.

Although it is very difficult to distinguish the vessels of a
claw, when so closely connected together, as they are supposed
to be in so small a space, yet I have mde auideal represent-
ation of them in the figure (49.), between w and s. Those
nearest to ware the spiral vessels; the small holes, the ascend-
ing sap-vessels ; the five bars, the liber; the hexagonal-shaped,
the vascular vessels.

On the former cutting you will have observed a bar at the
joint quite across the medulla; in its early state it consisted
of extended cellular vessels, antl they had at that time a free
communication with the medulla of the collets, both above and
below; but afterwards these vessels become more compact,
and fen consist entirely of close cellular vessels; part of the
bar extends to the base of the bud, forming an excellent ful-
crum for the extending shoot of such bud to issue from next
spring. Had the joint been deficient of this bar, to unite the
two sides of the shoot together, they might split asunder ;
as the upper part of one is frequently suspended by a tendril,
as in fig. 53. at m, when the lower side has attached to it a
long shoot loaded with one or two heavy bunches of grapes.
Even in this tendril it is delightful to follow nature : for it is
composed of permanent materials, similar to the collets; and’
as the shoot becomes heavier, the ligneous parts of it become
larger and stronger.
_ The silver grain in the oak, as it is commonly called, is
nothing but the close cellular texture, lying between its divi
sions : " the fact may be proved, by removing the outward

ane !

262 Anatomy of the Vine.

smooth grain from any oak board ; or it may be produced, by
planing away the concentric layer, keeping all the time an
attentive eye upon the outside edges of the cellular texture, as
a guide to regulate how much is to be removed: when a
broadish surface of cellular texture is produced, any device of
birds or beasts may be drawn upon it; afterwards cut away.
the extra-quantity, which exceeds the figures of your design,
and form a smooth surface of concentric layer a little lower
than the former. ;

The vessels of many seeds contain the close cellular, as
wheat, beans, peas, &c.; and these may be dried so much as
to become as hard as box-wood. Roots, in general, contain
the extended cellular vessels, as potatoes, carrots, turnips, Xe. ;
but these are all perishable.

Two pleasing experiments may be performed upon the bean
and potato, by placing them in a solution of the prussiate of
potash. Cut them through the middle when the root of the
former and the eyes of the latter are a very little elongated,
and apply to their surface the sulphate of iron; when they
will both exhibit, with the assistance of the microscope, the
contours or framework of their cellular vessels, by the blue
precipitate forming a most beautiful ramification between the
cells: although the cells themselves will not exhibit any
precipitate, because they have not admitted internally any of
the prussiate of potash; for they are full of the former sum-
mer’s secreted juice, laid up within them, to nourish their
embryo or extending shoots during their infantine state.

The potato affords a further gratifying experiment. Cut
one unprepared, through the middle; dry its surface a little
with blotting paper, then apply to it the spirituous tincture
of iodine, when a black precipitate will be immediately pro-
duced; this is the iodate of starch, because the iodine has
united with the farinaceous liquid from the cells of the vessels.
Slightly raise with the point of a fine needle one of the entire
cells, afterwards puncture it with the point, which will dis-
charge a clear liquor, but it will be immediately precipitated
by the iodine into which it flows. If you leave some small
pieces of the potato cut asunder for a few days, the fluid in
their cells will be found to be opaque, which shows that they
ceased to retain their vital principle. These extended cellular
vessels are again pleasingly exhibited’ by examining those of
a boiled potato, when every one will readily separate and
appear like a grain of white sand.

“It is frequently desirable to examine the cellular vessels of
the potato, turnip, apple, &c., but which it is difficult to do,.
from their transparency and extreme minuteness. The fol-.
lowing method I should recommend ; it will take but a minute

Anatomy of the Vine. 268

to perform, when they will be conspicuously seen : — Cut the
surface of one quite smooth, then pass over part of it a brush
containing yery little of the solution of the prussiate of potash,
then with silver blotting paper make it somewhat drier; like-
wise pass another brush, with very little of the sulphate of iron
upon it, very quickly over where the first had been, when the
edges of the cellular texture will be distinctly seen by the blue
precipitate upon them. This operation I call typing, as the
edges of the vessels will be seen standing up, similar to letters
placed ready for printing.

I am inclined to think the cellular vessels are the primitive
formed vessels of vegetation, and that all others, except the
spiral and ascending sap vessels, are only a modification of
them. ‘The vessels of the liber are somewhat similar to them
in appearance, and I am almost certain that the cellular vessels
of the bark and those of the liber have a free communication
with each other; but I have no hesitation in saying that the
fluid of the cellular vessels under the cuticle passes freely by
their contours or framework of their cells in either direction;
and I beg to refer you to jig. 48. to assist in a further explan-
ation of them. Wewill suppose at d that some of the vessels
have been partially exhausted of their fluids, which will cause
those of a b c e f to supply such deficiency; but should a
considerable quantity be required, then the greater supply
will be taken by those vessels from their cells. Had this
exhaustion taken place at a, then the fluid would have retro-
graded, and 6 c d ef would have supplied the deficiency.

A great deal of very valuable information might be acquired
by an accurate examination of the vessels of a potato; for I
feel confident a considerable proportion of those brought to
market are deficient of a proper quantity of farimaceous fluid
in their cells, which is the essential ingredient for the support
of man. Every farmer well knows that the wheat in the ear
first goes into the watery state, and afterwards into the milky
state, but none of them would ever think of cutting such grain
until this milky fluid became well hardened. Yet many acres
of potatoes, from being planted late, are dug up, when their
cells contain but little farinaceous fluid ; nor can they possess
it until the plant itself is in a perfect state of maturity, and
this can only be acquired by early planting, which brings to
perfection the whole economy of the plant.

Having described the alburnum, the liber, the ascending
sap and cellular vessels, I ought now to proceed with the
spiral and horizontal vessels, the cuticle, and those of the
leaf: but this would prevent my presenting to your notice, and
that of other scientific persons, some very interesting changes
that take place in the bark of the vine, abaut the first week in

Ss 4

264 Anatomy of the Vine.

August. Therefore, permit me to digress, and represent
them to your and their attention previously to that period,
that my observations may in part be confirmed by what will
then appear ; or that I may have the benefit of being corrected
by your and their better judgment.

These periodical changes in the vine I have watched for
several years: at first, I must acknowledge, they extremely
surprised me, so much so, that, had they been communicated
to me, I should have had my doubts excited respecting the
validity of such information. ‘That I may be prepared to
convince others of what I should have doubted myself, I have
selected your June Number to represent them in, which will
give every one interested in the subject sufficient time to exa-
mine the vines previously to the first week in August, when
such changes generally take place on those growing on south
walls in this neighbourhood, but in colder situations I have
found them to take place later, even in the third week in
August, and I think it would not be earlier in the northern
counties of England.

\)
YY
LIK)
a

_ On the 10th of July, 1829. — We will suppose part of the
. summer’s shoot of the vme to have grown similar to fe. 50.,

Anatomy of the Vine. 265

‘and to be in full vigour; and that a thin horizontal slice taken
from one of its collets would be similar to fg. 51., and the seve-
ral vessels of it would be as in the following description of ves-

sels, C, of fig. 51.

[C.]
a; Medulla - _. -
6, Spiral vessels - -
ce, Concentric layer - - These vessels of the divisions
d, Ascending sap-vessels = - were in full vigour on the 10th
e, Liber - - - of July, 1829.
J, Bundles of vascular texture =
g, Cellular vessels and cuticle - 52

On the 7th of Au-
gust, 1829.—About this
time an alteration would
have taken place in the. ,
vessels of the shoot of’
jig. 50.3 its cuticle, cel-
lular and vascular tex-
ture, would have lost
their accustomed vi-
gour, and would be se-
parated from the liber,
leaving a space between —
them, which would be
filled up immediately
with close cellular tex-
ture. Jug. 52. gives a
representation of such ~~~"
changes, and of the ves-
sels in actual vigour, as
in the following descrip-

tion of vessels, D, of fie. 27.

[D.]
a, Medulla - ~ = - (
d, Bae vere » 7 ~ | These vessels of the divisions
4 eae renee Byer r y continued in full vigour on the
, Ascending sap-vessels - - 7th of August, 1829

e, Liber = = - 3 ,
2, New close cellular vessels or covering (208

Vascul These vessels of the divisions
Jf, Vascular texture Seen 5 ceased to be in vigour about
g, Cellular texture and cuticle - 7th of August, 1829.

So that the vascular texture, the cellular texture, and the
cuticle ceased to contribute to the direct support of the vine
after the 7th of August, 1829, although they continued to cover
the remaining animated vessels of the bark. In jigs. 46, 47,
49. the liber has been represented gradually enlarging, con-
sisting of the two ligneous and the three fleshy bars. Although

266 Anatomy of the Vine.

the alburnum has regularly increased in size, no additional bars
have been added to the liber, nor will any change take place
in it during the first summer; for the liber e was retained on
the 7th of August, 1829, in the description of vessels D.

During April, 1830. — The shoot of the year before, as in
fig. 50., will at this time commence opening its winter cradle
leaves, and the young shoots will elongate themselves. The
liber of the largest divisions now generally divides into two,
but the liber of the smaller does not: the spaces that would
have been left between them are immediately filled up by the
ever-healing hand of the close cellular texture. When the
liber was at the point of /%, ji. 52., it must there have
divided, and the first part of the close cellular ray must
have immediately com-
menced. Surely itis =
erroneous to give such
formed cellular vessels
the name of medulla Zi.
- CAIN
rays, when so few of (qi
them can possibly di- bee
verge from the medul- WK

ta AN
|

NUD

vi

la, and it frequently
happens, as it has done
in the above-recited
instance, as at /, in
Jig. 52., that they have
no direct communica-
tion with the medulla,
and this is the case
with many others;
therefore I think I am
justified in continuing
to call them the cel- NY
lular rays, instead of Ba \\\ ala
either divergent or me- \

dulla rays.

On the 10th of July, 1830. — Part of our last year’s shoot
(fig. 50.), will now appear like fig. 53., and upon it will be
seen part of the present summer’s shoot (/ 7 g), the vessels of
which are in every respect similar to those as described on the
10th of July, 1829, C; these will therefore require no further
explanation, but to refer to the description of the vessels C
and to fg. 51. abcd of Jig. 58. is that part of the vine
which the gardeners call the shoot of 1829, although it is
partly the growth of this year, as well as of the preceding;
when I have occasion to refer to it, I shall apply the same
term. ‘The vessels of a division of a collet (a dc d, Jig. 63.)

ie

Q.---.

Anatomy of the Vine. 267

are at this time exactly the same as they were described in D
on the 7th of August, 1829; for no change has since taken
place: but, in consequence of the increased diameter of the
vine during the summer, the vascular and cellular texture and
cuticle have separated from the vine in many places, and their
ragged appearance is represented at m in fig. 53.

About the 7th of August, 1830.— You will find still more
remarkable changes take place at that time upon the shoot of
1829, marked a bed in jg. a
53.; for the liber will be then
pushed outwards, and a new *
liber formed in its place, ad- =~
hering to the present year’s ‘62
alburnum as closely as the old ” \AE2 BS aG og
liber did a few days before. \BO SA ‘.
Upon this new liber you will
find a covering of close cellu-
lar texture, exactly the same ~~~ : :
as was described on the first. -.....—. =|
year’s liber, on the 7th of Cie 2
August, 1829, marked 77 in — 5; 0 ee

Jig. 52. in the description of ez j= eee
vessels called D. To prove it, |

cut a horizontal slice of a col-
let from a vine similar to a, b
cd in fig. 53., when you will
be surprised to find what a
number of vessels will be sus-
pended of their animation, and
how few will afterwards carry
on the vital functions in that
part of the vine. — I have also
added the time when such
vessels ceased to support the vine, and the period of the
formation of those that do, in the following description of
vessels, KH, of fig. 54. ©

SSS

‘
\
:

ie eit

[E.
a, Medulla - - ae 1829 } j
6, Spiral vessels - — 1829 ; About the 7thof August,
e, Concentric layer - — 1830 1830, the whole of
d, Ascending sap-vessels - 1830 | the vessels of last year
e, Liber - - August, 1830 may be considered no
Jj; Vascular texture - — 1829 longer directly to sup-
g, Cellular texture and cuticle — 1829 port the vine,
2, Close cellular vessels = — 1830
_ 1, New concentric layer from gq to 1830
m, Ascending sap-vessels zt fis 1830 nner ye aati
>
n, New liber = - August, 1830 now support the vine.

0, Close cellular vessels or covering — 1830

268 Anatomy of the Vine.

© These few vessels (2 m0) with the addition of the cellular
rays which unite the collets, are the whole which support the
vine from the 7th of August, or thereabouts, after its second
year’s growth; and only similar vessels to them, which are
annually formed, ever after support it as an entire tree.

The liber and its cellular vessels are the sole covering that
the vine has during the winter, except its former year’s liber,
which may be considered as very precarious covering. Some
may reflect on nature for not having sufficiently protected the
vine during severe winters, as the vineyards of France and
Germany are sometimes injured, when the apple and pear
trees do not suffer. But they ought to recollect that where the
vine was first found, the climate was temperate and suitable to
its constituent parts: but nature formed the apple and pear
trees for our northern and severe winters, by suffering them
to retain their liber for years, not only as a covering, but
completely animated; for the cuticle of their branches of
2 in. diameter, or even larger, ought to appear as smooth as a
person’s hand, otherwise you may expect small fruit, the apples:
sour and the pears gritty; but these defects may be easily
remedied by care and attention, and a moderately good soil.

About the 7th of August, 1830.—The following experiment |
will further confirm what I have said respecting these changes
that take place both in the shoots of 1829 and 1830. Split
down the middle part of a vine similar to fe. 53., which will
divide a bc d, and also fg hi lengthwise; let the knife pass
across the letter 2 to 7, and also cutting through at the same
time c to d, and let it pass down the middle of the whole, and
come out at a to 6 at the bottom; make smooth that part of
the two halves at f, and at that place carefully raise up the
following vessels, which you will find loose, from their having
lost their animation at this time, as will be represented in the
following description of vessels, F, of jigs. 52, 53, 54.

[F]

On the shoot J, Vascular vessels of 1830 -

ee eal g, Cellular vessels and cuticle :
i ; These vessels will come
e, Liber of 1829 - ~ off together if care-
a eee 2, Close cellular vessels - fully removed.
1929 - f, Vascular vessels ‘= -

g, Cellular vessels and cuticle

From the liber of 1829, and the vascular texture of 1830,
losing their animation during the same week, I am induced to
believe that the vascular vessels of 1830 arise from the liber
of 1829 in the spring of 1830; and that they afterwards con-
vey downwards from the leaves part of their secreting juices
or descending sap, by these bundles of vascular vessels, to the

Anatomy of the Vine. 269

liber; for I cannot conceive what other purpose they can
answer: they cannot be a continuation of the former year’s
vessels, for they were perfectly dead in the spring, when these
vascular vessels were first elongated with the shoot; besides
they are never found in any other part of the vine, but in the
summer shoot, and they die at the same time as the liber of
the year before. At one time I thought these bundles of
vascular texture might be to supply the cellular vessels of the
summer shoot, as they are embedded in them, with the
descending sap from the leaves; but this idea .was_relin-
quished, when I afterwards found that the new cellular vessels
of the same year, as represented in fg. 52. at 2 to z, had no
communication with them, nor those of o to o in fig. 54. in
the following year. F ae Be
Connected with this change, that takes place about the 7th
of August, 1830, is the union of the libers of the two shoots
of 1829 and 1830 in fig. 53. ate: for both will be completely
united, and there will be no scar observable; although the
liber across f to g was formed in the spring of 1830, and
the new liber on the shoot of 1829 at e will be formed in
August; 1830.°.° 9, :
One might have supposed that the liber of 1830 might have
elongated its vessels downwards, as it had extended them up-
wards during the summer, and, by so doing, formed the new
liber on the shoot of 1829; but that cannot be the case,
when we recollect that the new liber on the shoot of 1829, as
represented in fig. 54. at n to n, will be formed in a week.

Presuming that the shoots of 1829 and 1830 will confirm the
changes which I have mentioned, in the first week in August,
1830, Z must appeal to you, and other scientific persons, to assist
me in explaining the direct use of the bundles of vascular tex-
ture, and to point out whence they do arise, and also from what
vessels the second year’s liber is formed.

During my endeavours to discover the second year’s liber,
I have always paid more attention to the cellular vessels than
to any other, from observing how soon they filled up the
space left by the detached vessels from the liber of 1828, and
also the space that was left when that liber was thrust out in
the following August of last year; and I think, if they do not
entirely form it, they contribute essentially towards it.

I remain Sir, yours, &c.
Bath, April 15.1830 Water WILLIAM Capper.

270

PART II.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. A Botanical, Historical, and Practical Treatise on the
Tobacco Plant, in which the Art of growing and curing Tobaceo
in the British Isles is made familiar to every Capacity, as deduced

~ from the Observations of the Author in the United States of
America, and his Practice in Field Cultivation in Ireland. By
Thomas Brodigan, Esq. London. 8vo. 7s. |

This work affords what may be considered a very fair specimen of: pro-
vincial book-compiling. The author sets to work without being aware of
what books, English, French, or German, have already been written on
the subject. He speaks of Carver’s Treatise as being the only one he has
heard of; but even that he could not get, though he “had it searched
for through all the booksellers, and old book repositories, of the- Irish
metropolis.” (p. 128.) He contents himself, therefore, with borrowing,
at second-hand, from our Encyclopedias, and from the Encyclopedia Bri-
fannica. ad he told his Dublin agent to look into Watts’s Bibliothéca,
under the art. Tobacco, he would at least have made himself acquamted
with the titles of books on the subject; and, among no inconsiderable
number, he would have found A Historical Essay by Tatham, 8vo, 1800,
now before us, which would have elucidated many points of which he
seems to know very little. What surprises us most, however, is, that Mr.
Brodigan should have grown tobacco on a considerable seale in Ireland, with-
out even knowing the name of the species or variety he cultivated. Surely,
‘one or other of the curators of the Dublin botanic gardens could have sup-
plied his book-searcher there with this information. The same curators
would also, we have no doubt, have lent him a modern edition of Miller’s
Dictionary, and saved him the trouble of copying nine species without spe-
cific names, but with the definitions in use before the time of Linneus. It
is difficult to conceive how any man of the slightest pretensions to literature
could be ignorant that such a mode of describing species has been out of
use for a century. If he had looked into Martin’s edition of Miller’s Dic-
tionary, 1807, he would have found something very different to quote under
his head of botanical classification and character; or why not content. him-
self with eopying that given in Rees’s Cyclopedia? The book has one
valuable part, however, and that is the account of the author’s experience in
Ireland ; the substance of this we shall communicate.

Tobacco was introduced into the county of Cork, with the potato, by
‘Sir Walter Ralegh ; but the culture of the former does not appear to have
made much progress, though, according to Humboldt, it preceded that of
the potato, in Europe, more than 120 years, having been extensively culti-
vated in Portugal at the time that Sir Walter Ralegh brought it from Vir-
ginia to England, in 1586. A writer in 1725, quoted by Brodigan, says,
“ Thave not heard that a rood of tobacco was ever planted in this kingdom.”
An act of George III. repealed several preceding acts that prohibited the
growth and produce of tobacco in Ireland, and this is the foundation on
which Ireland now rests her claim to that branch of culture. Until the

Brodigan’s Treatise on the Tobacco Plant. 271

year 1828, Brodigan observes, the culture was limited; but, in that year,
there were 130 acres under tobacco; and, in 1829, 1000 acres in Wexford
alone. “ It has been partially cultivated in the adjoining counties of Car-
low, Waterford, and Kilkenny, and other places. In the province of Con-
naught, an experiment was made in the vicinity of Westport. It has been
grown, ih one or two instances, near Dublin; in the northern section of the
kingdom, two or three trials have taken place on a small scale;” and our
author has cultivated several acres in the neighbourhood of Drogheda, pre-
paring the soil by horse-labour, as for turnips.

The culture of tobacco in Ireland, as practised by Mr. Brodigan, is thus
given : —“ Hot-beds, like those made for cucumbers, are to be prepared in
March, and the seeds sown any time from the 15th of that month to the
ist of April. In the beginning of May, the plants may be hardened by
exposure to the air; and, by the 15th or 20th of that month, they may be
transplanted into the open field without injury. Forty thousand plants, fit for
transplanting, may be raised on an area of 100 square feet. According to
Carver, a square yard will rear about 500 plants, and allow proper space
for their nurture till they are fit for transplanting. The field was prepared
mM every respect the same as for turnips ; the drills or ridgelets were 18 in.
apart, and the manure, of which a good supply was given, buried in the
centre of each ridgelet. The plants were put in with spades, at 18 in.
apart, along the centre of the ridgelet, and afterwards watered. “ The
planters were followed by women, with their aprons full of long grass, with
which they covered each plant, and confined it by placing a stone or lump
of earth at both ends; this covering is indispensable, unless the weather
prove wet and cloudy. Such is the extreme delicacy of the plant, it will
not bear the heat of the sun, unless it has so far set in the soil as to be able
to supply the loss by evaporation. ‘This will not be for some days, during
which time the cover cannot be safely removed, and watering to the extent
of a pit a plant may be daily used. Some of the respectable planters in
the county of Wexford have used pots as a covering for the plants, of
which some thousands will be necessary. Others have used large oyster-
shells, leaves of cabbages or docks. -I have tried all these methods, and expe-
rience has satisfied me the mode I practised has decided advantages. It
protects the plants sufficiently against the sun, and the water passes freely
through it; whereas, where pots or leaves are used, they must be removed
to admit water ; and, in case of rain, the plants receive little or no benefit
from it.- The operation of planting may be continued until the 20th of
June; but the earlier the better, after the frosts have passed away. In
America and France, I found that four months were generally considered
as necessary for the maturation of the plants ; and that time, in this climate,
eannot be allowed, unless they are put down early.” (p. 160.)

The Summer Management of Tobacco, by Mr. Brodigan, consisted in
loosening the soil about the plants, removing the weeds, watering “for
weeks together,” taking off the decayed leaves at bottom, topping when the
plant has from 9 to 14 good leaves, and removing the side buds as they
appear. '

P The curing Process, by Mr. Brodigan, is as follows : —“ About the middle
of August, the plants having attamed their full size, four or five of the
bottom leaves of each plant are taken off, suffered to lie on the ground
for some time, and, when they lose their brittleness, and can be safely
handled, they are carried home to a barn, and there put in a heap for fer-
mentation, The heap is turned, placing that in the centre which was before
in the bottom or exterior, and the temperature not allowed to exceed 100°
or 110°. After remaining two or three days in this heap, the leaves are
spread out and cooled, and strung by the midrib on lines of packthread ;
they are then hung up in an airy shady place, roofed in. When the leaves
thus suspended have acquired an auburn- colour, they are fit for a second

279 Brodigan’s Treatise on the Tobacco Plant.

fermentation. A quantity of hay must be placed between the tobacco and
the ground, and the heap may be made of an oblong or conic figure, the ends
of the stems being placed inwards. The heap being made, it is to be sur-
rounded with hay, blankets, or other close covering. The period for this
fermentation will depend upon the state of the weather, and the dryness
and size of the leaves. In four or five days, I generally found the heat was
sufficiently high to penetrate and reduce the stems ; and when that is accom-
plished, the heap is to be cooled by spreading it out to dry. In reducing
very strong tobacco, I found it necessary to permit the heat to ascend to
126°. In 60 hours, I found the heat had attained 110°; and, in 72 hours,
126°; but the general range of the second fermentation was from 120° to
125° Fahrenheit. In some cases I had to resort to a third fermentation of
the same tobacco, but the heat did not rise beyond 90°. Upon this import-
ant point of fermentation, or sweating the tobacco, I have given the result
of my practice. For greater accuracy, and the benefit of the inexperienced,
I have given it from a thermometer; but, at the same time, the hand and
feeling of a practised overseer can direct the process. As soon as the
tobacco has been perfectly dried, by exposure to the sun and the weather,
it is still necessary to dry any remaining moisture in the midribs, for which
purpose they must be packed so as to be outside, that the air may have its
influence upon them. When they are perfectly dry and hard, the tobacco
may be considered as fit for use, although it will possess more or less of
crudeness, until the month of March following. To correct this crudity,
or any acrimony that may exist, different preparations are used in different
countries.- In Brazil, the leaves are steeped in a decoction of tobacco and
gum copal. In Virginia, I understand, they sprinkle the tobacco, in the
packing process, with diluted rum and molasses; and, in Ireland, they
sprinkle, in the packing process, with a decoction of the green tobacco
stems, or a decoction of hay, with a small portion of molasses : the effect of
this innocent application is to soften and improve the flavour, darken the
colour of the tobacco, and render it, in appearance, a more merchantable
commodity. The next and last operation is, to tie the leaves in hands, and
pack them in bales or portable packages.” (p. 166.)

Improvements in the curing Process. — Some of Mr. Brodigan’s tobacco,
he informs us, only wanted age to be as good as Virginia. Tobacco im-
proves by a sea voyage, as it undergoes a certain degree of fermentation in
the hogsheads in the spring or summer months. Drying-houses, heated by
flues or steam, as now erected in America, he thinks, would be an improve-
ment in Ireland. Captain Basil Hall visited a tobacco plantation on James’s
River, and found the house, in which the hands were hung up, with fires of
wood made upon the earthen floor. The flavour of the wood burnt in this
way, Mr. Brodigan states, is now strongly perceptible in the tobacco of late
years imported from America.

As suggestions derived from considering what we have read and observed
on the subject of cultivating and curing tobacco, we submit the following :-—
When a farmer, who thoroughly understands and successfully practises the
Northumberland mode of cultivating turnips, intends growing tobacco as a
field crop, we would recommend him to prepare the soil exactly as for
Swedish turnips, give a double dose of well rotted manure, mix the seed
with fifty times its bulk of sand or bone-dust, and sow with Common’s
turnip drill, usually called French’s, about the middle of May. When the
plants come up, they may be thinned out as turnips are, to 16 or 18 in.
apart, and topped im the beginning of August. The rest of the process may
be conducted as by Brodigan, drying, however, in a barn or house heated by
an iron stove. A cottager or spade-cultivator may find it worth his while
to sow in a hot-bed or in a flower-pot, and transplant; he may dry his
leaves the first time under the eaves of his cottage, and the second time in
his garret ; or, if the quantity is small for home use, in his kitchen. For

Brodigan’s Treatise on the Tobacco Plant. 273

his tobacco liquor, or sauce, he may grow a score or two of poppy plants,
eollect the opium from them, and mix this with whisky, or spirit of any
kind, in which abundance of peach leaves, or a few leaves of Latrus ndbi-
lis, or one or two of the common laurel, have been infused, adding water
and salt as directed above. A gardener, where there are hot-houses and
hot-house sheds, may dry and ferment in them; and, indeed, with such
opportunities, and seeds of N. repandum, he ought to grow better tobacco
than any person whatever, not in Virginia or the West Indies.

The produce, in America, is from 1000 to 1500lbs. per acre; in the
county of Wexford, 1200 lbs.; and in Meath, Mr. Brodigan has had at the
rate of 1680 lbs. per English acre. In Virginia, the leaves of four plants,
each occupying a square yard, give a pound of tobacco. The money-cost
of production in Ireland, Mr. Brodigan estimates at 18/. per acre, where
the land is prepared by horse-labour ; and 30/. where it is prepared by
manual labour. The produce, at 16/. 8s. per hogshead of 1350 lbs., barely
pays the expense ef horse-labour.

The value of tobacco, as an agricultural crop, is much diminished from
the circumstance of its producing no manure. The farmers of Virginia, as
Jefferson predicted, have now ascertained that it is better to raise wheat, at
1 dollar per bushel, than tobacco at 8 dollars per ewt. As a source of la-
bour, Mr. Brodigan thinks the culture of tobacco a desirable employment
for the rural population of Ireland. Its great advantage is, that it affords
employment for those intervals when the labourmg poor are at present
destitute of occupation. “ The cultivation of a potato crop is of vital im-
portance to the Irish peasant ; but, as soon as that crop is planted, there is
a long interval of idleness and distress. The stock of potatoes is then gene-
rally exhausted, or unfit for use, and the summer months are the most
pinching times with the poor. The planting of tobacco may be said to com-
mence when the other is finished, and the field management occupies the
interval until the corn harvest. Again, between the corn harvest and the
taking up of the potatoes there is another interval of idleness, and that is
occupied in the curing of the tobacco.” (p. 178.) As a cleaning crop, and
a preparation for wheat, the tobacco must be about equal to the potato.
The nourishment it abstracts from the soil must also be of the same general
nature, since both plants belong to the same natural order, Solanez.

The great and laudable object of Mr. Brodigan is to induce government
to permit the cultivation of tobacco in Ireland, at a moderate duty ; and we
hope he will attain his end. The restrictive.system will probably, at no
distant time, be removed from tobacco and from every other crop: but
that tobacco ever will enter into the general course of crops of the British
farmer we do not think likely ; because, when trade in this, as in every thing
else, is once made free, the tobacco of warmer climates will unquestionably
be preferred to that of the British Isles. At present, there are a number of
gentlemen in the House of Commons who use tobacco; but, should its use
become unfashionable among the higher classes, we should not be surprised
to see an attempt made to lay such a tax on the foreign commodity as
would give the landed interest a monopoly of an inferior article, which
would thus be forced by the rich on the poor. This would only be the
operation of the same principle which produced the removal of the beer
tax, in order to raise the price of barley, and please the poor at the same
time. We trust, however, to the growing political sense of the country, to
the force of opinion, in short, to the press, to avert such an evil. In the
mean time, we ardently desire to see the culture of tobacco permitted, and
successfully attempted, in Ireland, in order to aid in employing the popula-
tion of that country ; and we should wish, also, to see every cottager in the
three kingdoms growing his half rod, which the law permits, and which, at
a moderate calculation, ought to produce 4 lbs, of tobacco for his own
smoking or snuff, or for selling to his neighbours.

Vou. VI. — No. 26. T

274 Brodigan’s Treatise on the Tobacco Plant.

The manufacture of tobacco we have slightly described in the Encyclo-
pedia of Plants. We have since had an opportunity of witnessing the pro-
gress of all the different operations carried on in preparing shag and other
kinds of smoking tobacco, pigtail and other chewing tobacco, various snufts,
and different kinds of cigars, in one of the most extensive manufactories
in London; and the conviction on our mind is, that very little in the way
of manufacturing can be attempted by the gardener or cottager. That little
we shall shortly describe. ait

The tobacco, being properly fermented and cured, may be kept closely
pressed and excluded from air, in casks, till wanted ; or, when the curing
process is completed, smoking-tobacco and snuff may be made from it as
follows: — Open out the leaves singly, and from each tear out the mid-
rib. The midribs are better adapted for rasping into snuff than for cut-
ting into shag for smoking; and being scented by any essence, such as that
of thyme, anise, lemon, or more especially by that of the root.of Iris floren-
tina, the orris root of the druggists, may be tied up in what are called car-
rots, or rolls, about 18 or 20in. long, 2 or 3 in. in diameter in the middle,
and half an inch at each end. They are tied with packthread drawn as
tight as possible, and the threads quite close, so as to compress the tobacco
into one solid substance, and completely to exclude the air. When snuff is
wanted, unroll a part of the packthread at one end, and rasp the tobacco
into snuff with a-file or grater. The carrot may then be laid in a dry place
till wanted for a fresh supply. The soft parts of the leaves may be treated
in the same manner, and a snuff produced which some prefer to the other.
Gardeners may dry leaves of any odoriferous plant, such as thyme, mint,
Aloysia citriodéra, &c., and tie them up in the tobacco carrot as substitutes
for liquid scents ; and, if thought necessary, they may add a leaf or two of
Veratrum album to add pungency. For cottagers, there are agrimony, wild
thyme, and various other plants, which may be added.

The soft part of the leaves, from which the midribs have been removed,
may be slightly sprinkled with water, without any admixture whatever, and
twisted into a rope, about the thickness of a common straw rope. The
rope may then be coiled up in a ball, as firmly and compactly as possible,
tied round in two or three places with packthread, wrapped in paper, and
placed in a dry place, excluded from the air, till wanted for use. When to
be used for smoking, cut off a few inches of the rope, open it out, and cut
it into shreds with a knife or chopper, so that it may resemble shag tobacco.
If it is to be made into snuff, open out the leaves, dry them over the fire
or in an oven, and pound them in a mortar, adding to the powder any
scented water, or volatile odoriferous oil, at pleasure. If more snuff is
made than is wanted for immediate use, put it mm a glass bottle, and cork it
closely. The Scotch and Irish snuffs are, for the most part, made from the
midribs ; the Strasburgh, French, Spanish, and Russian snuffs from the soft
parts of the leaves.

The process of forming cigars is very simple; but, as it cannot be done
well without much practice, it would be of little use to offer a description.
Whoever wishes to make himself master of all that is known on the culture
of tobacco in different parts of the world, and all the different modes of its
manufacture, may consult Cours d’ Agriculture Complet, Paris, 8vo, edit.
1823, art. Tabac; Carver’s Treatise, London, 8vo, 1779 ; Tatham’s Essay,
London, 8vo, 1800; The Experienced Bremen Cigar-Maker, or funda-
mental and practical Instructions for making Twenty-five Sorts of Cigars
according to the latest experience, Chemnitz, Kretschmar, 1824, 8vo;
Schmidt’s Tobacco Culture of the French and Dutch combined, with the
Mode of preparing the Plant for Use, Dresden, 8vo, 1824, Arndd.

Botanical Magazine. DY

Art. II. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, &c., published since January last, with some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

Britain.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine, or Flower-Garden displayed ; New Series.
Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. 6d. col.; 3s. plain.

No. XXXVITI. for January, contams

2956 to 2962. — Neottia? (neotiia, a bird’s nest; roots of some of the
species) grandiflora; Orchidez. ‘The orchideous plants, formerly scarcely
known in a state of cultivation, may now rank with the most numerous,
and certainly the most curious and beautiful, of any tribes which adorn our
stoves ; and among those not parasitic, whose roots are embedded in the
ground, may assuredly be reckoned the kind now before us, which was sent
to our Glasgow garden, by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, and blossomed in
the stove in the spring of 1829.” — Habenaria longicatda; Orchidee.
From specimens sent from Demerara; the specific name, long-tailed, refers
to a filiform process, which proceeds from the petals, and is more than a
span long. Living plants are not yet introduced.— Monarda mentheefolia.
Raised in the Edinbugh botanic garden, and in the garden of Mr. Neill of
Cannonmills, from seeds collected by Mr. Drummond in Canada. Lilac
flowers in August. — Saxifraga Jeucanthemifolia. — Desmodium (desmos, a
chain ; articulated seed-vessels) dubium; Leguminose. A pretty green-
house suffruticose plant, with lilac flowers in June, from the Himalaya
mountains. — Anthocércis viscosa; Solanez. A low shrub from New
Holland, with white campanulate flowers in May. Green-house. — Begonia
picta. — The present number seems to conclude a volume ; for, though there
is neither a Finis, nor any explanation on the cover, there is a leaf on which
is printed the following dedication : —“ 'To Joseph Sabine, Esq. F.H.S. L.S.,
&c. &c., the able and disinterested secretary of the Horticultural Society of
London, who has laboured with the most unwearied zeal, both there, and
in his private capacity, for the advancement of botany and horticulture, the
present volume is inscribed, in testimony of his unfeigned regard and esteem,
by the author.” '

No. XX XVIII. for February, contains

2963 to 2969-— Cycas revolita. Flowered last summer at Went-
worth House. Thrives at Madeira, in a spot 300 ft. above the level of the
sea. ‘ The Japanese, of whose country the plant isa native, eat the fruits ;
and from the trunk extract a kind of sago, which is highly esteemed, espe-
cially by the people of rank. On this account, the plant is much cultivated
about their houses, and is forbidden to be exported, A very small quantity
of the medulla or pith suffices to satisfy the hunger of a soldier in the time
of war.’ — Sisyrinchium pedunculatum. From Chile; raised in Mr. Neill’s
garden at Canonmills, where it flowered in June, 1828, — Begonia diversi-
folia. — Passiflora ligularis. From Peru, and flowered in the Glasgow
botanic garden in September and October, 1829. The leaves are large,
ovate, and acuminate ; flower not very showy. — Cérbera Tanghin ; Apo-
cynez. A Madagascar tree, which produces a hard veined wood, fit for
cabinet-work and inlaying, and a fruit, the kernel of which is rather larger
than an almond, and so powerful a poison that one kernel would destroy
above twenty persons. In Madagascar this poison is used as an ordeal ;
and the priests, who at the same time are the physicians, administer it to the
victims, not doubting its power of revealing guilt or clearing innocence. —
Hedychium acuminatum.

ne

276 Botanical Magazine.

No. XXXIX. for March, contains

2970 to 2975.—Cédcculus palmatus; Diee'cia Hexandria, and Menispérmez.
A medicinal plant, known as Columbo in the materia medica, the natural his-
tory of which has hitherto been little known. It grows naturally mn thick
forests on the east coast of Africa; the roots are dug up in the dry season
(March), and soon afterwards cut in slices, and strung on cords, and dried
in the shade. They are held in high esteem among the natives, for the cure
of dysentery, the healing of ulcers, and as a remedy for almost every dis-
order, Some of the roots have been imported to the Mauritius by Captain
Owen, and Professor Bojer is trying to propagate them by cuttings of the
stem, as they are found to increase very slowly by offsets from, or division
of, the root. Should he succeed, the culture of Columbo root may become
an object of general industry in the Mauritius. As a medicine, this root
has been long known and esteemed, both in the East Indies and in Europe,
where it is found to be of singular efficacy in strengthening the fibres of the
stomach and bowels, not only in chronic cases, but m the cholera morbus,
dysentery, and diseases of the alimentary canal. Its analysis, according
to M. Planche, afforded a third of its weight of woody tissue, a third of
amylaceous matter, and the remaining third is principally composed of ani-
mal substance and a yellow and bitter matter insoluble in metallic salts.
“ The presence of so large a quantity of amylaceous substance accounts for
the great reputation of the root in dysentery, diarrhceas, and excessive
vomiting. By a decoction of Columbo the fecula is extracted, as well as
the bitter principle, whose action is thus considerably modified, whilst an
infusion is simply bitter and tonic.” — Dryas Drumméndii; Rosacee. A
beautiful species discovered by Dr. Richardson in the woody country of
North America, between latitude 54° and 64°. “ It has been Dr. Richard-
son’s wish that it should bear the name of the indefatigable and meritorious
assistant-naturalist of the expedition, Mr. Thomas Drummond. Seeds were
brought over to this country, which have vegetated, and the plants are
flourishing in several gardens, though they have not yet blossomed.” —
Primula mistassinica. Nearly allied to P. farinésa and P. scética. Inhabits
North America from Canada to the arctic circles. — Céstrum bracteatum.
A stove shrub, probably from Brazil, received by Dr. Graham of the Edin-
burgh botanic garden, from the Berlin garden. — Verénica alpina var.
Wormskioldz

No. XL. for April, contains

2976 to 2982. — Bignonia Telfairiz (in honour of Mrs. Telfair). A densely
leafy tree with beautiful, bell-shaped, rose-coloured flowers from Madagascar.
The plant not yet introduced. — Gila pingens ; Polemoniaceze. A curious
hardy annual from North-west America, by Mr. Douglas, to the Horticul-
tural Society. — Gongora viridi-purptrea; Orchidee. Gathered in the
woods above Botafogo Bay, Brazil, by H. Harrison, Esq., and sent to his
sister, Mrs. A. Harrison of Aigburgh, near Liverpool. — Polemonium pul-
chérrimum. A “desirable” perennial, from the Rocky Mountains in North
America, by Mr. Drummond. — Epidéndrum pallidiflorum. An orchideous
epiphyte, sent by the Rey. Lansdown Guilding to the Glasgow botanic gar-
den, whence is not stated.— Lantana Selloviana (Mr. Seliow, a Prussian
botanist); Verbenaceze. A pretty species, from Monte Video, to M. Otto
of Berlin, in 1822, and thence to the Glasgow botanic garden, in 1829. —
Potentilla nivea var. macrophylla. Raised in the Glasgow botanic garden,
from seeds brought from the Rocky Mountains by Mr. Drummond.

No. XLI. for May, contains
2983 to 2989. — Amarfllis ailica var. platypétala glaucophylla. “ So
well marked, and so beautiful, as almost to merit the rank of a species.”
From Rio to the Aigburgh garden, near Liverpool. — Potentilla gracilis. A
handsome strong-growing perennial, from the banks of the Columbia in

Botanical Register. 277

N. America, by Mr. Douglas. Yellow flowers in July.— Etitoca Franklind ;
Hydroph¥llee. An annual, with blue flowers, not unlike the common
Greek valerian, from the banks of the Mississippi, by Dr. Richardson, during
the first over-land arctic expedition. _June.— Crocus afireus. Pothos cras-
sinérvia; Ardidew. An epiphyte from Demerara, with very large foliage.
— Crépis macrorhiza; Comp. Cichoracez. From the perpendicular faces
of dry sunny rocks in the valleys of Madeira, by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, B.A.,
to the Glasgow botanic garden, where it produced its yellow flowers in
June. — Conostylis aculeata; Hzemodeoracez. A curious perennial, from the
southern shores of New Holland, by Mr. Fraser of Sydney, to the botanic
gardens ef Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Edwards's Botanical Register. Continued by John Lindley, F.R.S. L.S. &c.
Professor of Botany in the London University. In 8yo Numbers, monthly.
4s. coloured.

No. XI, for January, contains

1292 to 1298. — Lepechinza (Lepechin, a Russian botanist) spicata;
Labiate §Nepetee. A Mexican annual weed.— Leucéryne (leukos, white,
and koryné, a club; club-like sterile stamens) odorata; Asphodélee. A
pretty little plant, from the sides of mountains between St. Jago and Val-
paraiso, in places where the snow had been a few days melted. Found by
Mr. M‘Rae, and brought by him, along with other species, to the Horticul-
tural Society in 1826.— Zinnia violacea var. coccinea ; Composite § Heli-
antheee. A splendid annual plant, which came up among some Mexican
seeds presented to the Horticultural Society by J. 8. Milne, Esq. © “ Such
is the brilliancy of the scarlet, that no mixture of the most vivid colour will
match it by many degrees.” Propagated by seeds, and also freely by cut-
tings taken off when the stems have just become woody. — Pentstémon
attenuatus ; Scrophularinez. “ One of the hardiest of its handsome genus,
growing from 13 to 2 ft. high, and freely in any kind of garden mould: pro-
pagated readily by division of its spreading roots. It flowers from July to
the end of September. The species is chiefly remarkable for the deep green
of the leaves, and the delicate cream-colour of the flowers.’’ — Jasminum
acuminatum. From the banks of the Hastings River, New South Wales ;
green-house ; cuttings ; and white flowers in November. — Crinum latifo-
lium. A rare species from the Earl ef Caernarvon’s collection at High-
clere. — Pleurothallis (pleuwron, a side or rib, thallo, to flower; one-sided
disposition of the flowers of some species, er probably the developement of
the inflorescence from what appears to be the rib of the leaves) prolifera
{from the leaves constantly producing young rooting plants from their
axilla); Orchidee. A curious plant from a steep rock, which the sun
could hardly shine upon, near Rio Janeiro. With the Hon. and Rev. W.
Herbert, at Spofforth, it flowers six or seven months in the year. “ It is
remarkable for the proliferous character of its leaves. These constantly
produce young rooting plants from their axillz ; and, what is singular, the
first leaf of each new individual is produced from the same side of the axis
of the mother plant as the old leaf from which it sprang. This apparent
exception to the universal laws. under which leaves are developed is due to
the abortion of the first leaf that is developed, which appears in the form
of a withered scale, while the second leaf is that which is finally and fully
developed.”

No. XII. for February, contains

1299 to 1305.— Dendrobium chrysanthum; Orchidez. A beautiful spe-
cies from Nepal to the Horticultural Society’s garden, where it blossomed in
February, 1829. “ It is difficult to conceive a plant at once more graceful and
beautiful than this: its pendulous stems, which hang from the rugged, deep-
brown, moss-clad trunks of trees, are clothed with lurid leaves of the most
lively green ; and its flowers are of the richest and deepest yellow. At first

T 3

278 Botanical Register.

sight, the species might be mistaken for D. fimbriatum, but it will be found
very different upon ‘comparison.

Most cultivators of stove orchideous plants find a difficulty in managing
the particular tribe to which this belongs: that difficulty is, however, com-
pletely overcome in the garden of the Horticultural Society, in which these
flourish more than almost any others. In that establishment they are
treated thus: — They are planted in perfectly rotten wood, in small pots,
which are covered with moss tied securely about them; these pots are sus-
pended obliquely from the rafters of the front part of a small stove, in such
a way that the plants are not compelled to grow upright, but are allowed
to assume the pendulous or horizontal position which is natural to them.
Thus treated, species of the true Dendrobium habit, such as D. chrysan-
thum, flourish in a degree which is, at least, equal to that of their native
woods. ‘The temperature of such a stove should never fall below 75°; and
the dew point should be always near saturation.”

Phiomis floccdsa. From Egypt to Boyton, where it flowered last No-
vember, but is not likely to prove hardy. — Bignonia Cherere. From
the conservatory of Lord Grenville at Dropmore. . It is a native of
French Guiana, where the country people “ manufacture the flexible
shoots of it and B. incarnata into baskets and broad-brimmed hats, which
act as umbrellas, keeping off both the sun and the rain; they also use
the shoots as cord. A conservatory climber, preeminently beautiful among
the lovely race to which it belongs. Propagated readily by cuttings, and
requires no particular management beyond that of giving it plenty of room
to run.’ — Heuchéra micrantha; Saxifrageee. From Colombia, and in
general habit resembling H. americtna, — Polemonium ceertleum var. pili-
ferum. A hairy variety of the common Greek valerian ; raised in the gar-
den of the Horticultural Society, from seeds collected in the last arctic
expedition. — P. himile. From the same source. +A perennial 1} ft. high,
requiring a poor gravelly soil, but not dry. — Cotoneaster laxiflora ; Poma-
cee. A hardy shrub, of uncertain origin, with small flowers tinged with red
in April.

No. I. of Vol. III. for March, contains

1306 to 1312. — Mélva Munrodna. From the barren plains of the Co-
lumbia, by Mr. Douglas. A hardy perennial, flowermg from May to Octo-
ber, with vermilion-coloured roundish petals, and small gooseberry-like
leaves. It does not thrive in rich soil or peat earth, and suffers much from
rain. A coarse gravelly soil, among shaded rockwork, would probably suit
it better. Mr. Douglas, the discoverer, named this species in compliment
to Mr. Munroe, head gardener to the Horticultural Society. —Clerodéndron
hastitum. A very handsome, rapid-growing, stove shrub from Hindustan.
It produces elegant, white, fragrant flowers; and its deep green halbert-
shaped leaves are often stained with dark purple. Cuttings. — Blackwéllia
padiflora ; Homalinez. A hardy green-house shrub, growing well in the open
border during the summer ; very handsome when in flower, and increasing
freely by cuttings. The blossoms, in a mass, have the appearance of those
of the bird-cherry : examined singly, they resemble nothmg so much as an
elaborately finished shuttlecock.— Pentsteémon venustus. “ Found by
Mr. Douglas in the dry channels of rivers among the mountains of North-
west America. It increases freely either by seed or cuttings ; but is less
handsome than P. diffisus or ovatus. To be grown in perfection, it should
be treated as a biennial. It is apt to become unsightly when old. It is
extremely important to those who are in possession of seed of the rare
pentstemons, to know that this seed cannot be raised in heat, it is indis-
pensable that it should be sown in a cold frame, or all endeavours to
raise it will prove fruitless.” — Cassia biflora. ‘“ A native of the West In-
dies, whence it was long since introduced to our gardens. In this country
it, like most other species of this beautiful genus, has been’ neglected,

Botanical Register. 279

consequence of the necessity of keeping it in a pot, in a stove or green-
house, a situation in which it does not thrive; but, planted in the open
ground of a conservatory, or even in the open border, in such countries as
the south of France, where the summer temperature is sufficiently high, this
and many others become the chief ornaments of a garden.” — Canna lagu-
nénsis. Raised by Mr. Lambert from seed received from Laguna in Mexico.
“ Upon this high authority we publish it, not professing ourselves to un-
derstand the limits or peculiarities of the species of this very difficult and
intricate genus. It appears to be principally distinguished from other
yellow-flowered kinds by the spots upon the inner limb of the corolla, that
which is rolled back being entire, by the very broad membranous bractez,
and by the abruptly acuminate apex of the leaves. Being a native of Mexi-
co, it will undoubtedly succeed well in a common conservatory or green-
house, of which it would bea striking ornament.” — Cleome speciosissima ;
Capparideze. A tender annual, requirmg much the same treatment as C.
rosea, to which it bears much general resemblance.

It gives us much satisfaction to observe, that the learned editor of this
work has at last adopted all our different suggestions respecting the accen-
tuation of names, indications of the derivations of names,. and the literal
translation of specific terms; the Botanical Register has now, therefore,
our unqualified approbation, and we shall lose no opportunity of saying so..
Our next wish is to see the Botanical Magazine, and Mr. Sweet in his
various works, follow the example of Professor Lindley.

No. II. for April, contains

1313 to 1319. — Calceolaria Herbertidna. One of the most ornamental
species of the genus; half-hardy, but growing vigorously in the open air
during summer, and readily increased by cuttings. — Dendrobium monili-
forme, Necklace-stemmed D. Worthy of notice for the rose colour of its
flowers, that colour not being common among the exotic Orchideze. A
native of China and Japan, and introduced by the Horticultural Society.
Cultivated with great success by William Cattley, Esq., at Barnet. — D.
longicérnu. A fine species from the mountains in Nepal, where it blossoms
during the rainy season. “ An epiphyte, usually hanging down.” In the
garden of the Horticultural Society, it grows pretty well in decayed vege-
table mould, among moss, in the stove.” — Banksia undulata. ‘“ Whether
this is any thing more than a variety of Banksia serrata we cannot under-
take to decide. It is certainly not the same as the plant cultivated m our
gardens under that name, differing in the shortness of its leaves, and their
very undulated surface. Mr. Campbell, gardener to the Comte de Vandes,
in whose collection it exists, finds it permanently distinct both from B.
serrata and z’mula. It is a fine green-house plant, attaining a height of 9
or 10ft., and flowering in September and October.” — Acicia albida. A
hardy green-house shrub, with whitish leaves, bipinnate, and yellow flowers ;
raised im the garden of the Horticultural Society, from Peruvian seeds. —
Pentstémon detistus, Parched Pentstemon. A hardy perennial, of the
easiest culture, with yellowish white flowers in September. From North-
west America, by Mr. Douglas, to the Horticultural Society. — Grevillea
punicea. A beautiful species, nearly related to G. sericea. From the
Clapton nursery.

No. III. for May, contains
1320 to 1327.—Capparis acuminata. A: beautiful, tender, green-house
shrub from China, by John Reeves, Esq., to the Horticultural Society,
where it flowered in September, 1828.— Pachypodium tuberosum ; Apocy-
nez. From barren sandy plains at the Cape of Good Hope, to Mr. Tate’s
nursery, Sloane Street, in 1828. — Cassia australis. One of the handsomest
of the genus, and highly deserving a place in the open border of a conserv-
atory. It produces fragrant yellow flowers in May and June. “ In their
es

280 Botanical Cabinet.

native places, cassias are often among the most beautiful bushes of the
forest, covered with myriads of flowers of the richest yellow, and scarcely
inferior in the gracefulness of their foliage to the Mimosa itself; yet, in our
gardens, they are generally unsightly and neglected: a circumstance which
arises entirely out of our bad or imperfect cultivation. We grow them in
a pot, where they are suffered to languish ; or, if they attempt to push vigor-
ously, the pruning-knife is freely employed to restrain them within such a
space as the gardener can afford. They will not bear pruning ; they require
plenty of space to grow, and encouragement rather than restraint. Ifa
more liberal and judicious management were adopted, many species, parti-
cularly this, would amply repay the care of the cultivator.” — Convolvulus
farindsus, Mealy-stemmed Convolvulus. From Madeira in 1777.— Astragalus
succuléntus. Originally found by Dr. Richardson in Arctic America. An
“ unpretending” hardy perennial, growing freely in peat, and producing
purple flowers in June. — 1325. to be explaied in next number. — Linum
mexicanum. A pretty half-hardy perennial, with yellow flowers, and pro-
bably to be propagated by cuttings.—Erythrina carnea. From the hottest
parts of South America, and rather handsome while in flower.

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. In 4to and Svo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s.; small paper, and partially coloured, 2s. 6d.

Parts CLIIT, and CLIV, for January and February, contain

1521 to 1540. — ZHrica expdsita. — Cotoneaster affinis. A fine robust
shrub from Nepal, 6 ft. high, and well clothed with branches, with white
flowers in May or June. — O’xalis Martii. From Mexico, by Mr. Barclay ;
the specific name, “ in honour of that celebrated traveller and botanist Von
Martius.” — Cactus gibbosa,. Polygonum viviparum, Gréwia occidentalis,
Géum coccineum, Isdtoma axillaris, Thunbérgia capénsis, Z’hymus azéri-
cus. — Cotoneaster melanocarpa. From the south of Russia. — Barbacenia
purpurea. A beautiful little stove plant from Brazil. — Ries fragrans.
Yellow flowers, and hardy. — Potentilla alba; Strelitzia regine, Plumbago
rhomboidea, Epidéndrum patens.— Gonolobus grandiflorus.. A green-
house climber, of easy culture, with greenish-yellow flowers during the sum-
mer and autuma.— Rudbéckia serotina. A hardy perennial from Louisiana,
with reddish-purple flowers in September and October. Easy culture, —
Ficus quercifolia. “ A small species, fruiting at less than 2ft. high; the
leaves and whole appearance are so much like an oak as to amount almost
to a deception at a little distance.” Stove and cuttings.

Part CLV. for March, contains
1541 to 1550. — Penstémon gracilis, Pyrola chlorantha, Linum angusti-
folium, Acicia undulfolia, Fachsia microphylla, Argemone grandiflora. —
Herbértia pulchélla; Zridee. A pretty little green-house bulb. —J’xia
viridiflora, ‘“ The flowers are exceedingly beautiful; they are of a most
soft and agreeable, but very unusual, colour;” bluish-green petals, of a
deep purple, black at the base.— Diospyros vaccinidides. A neat little

myrtle-like green-house plant. — Verbéna pulchélla.

Part CLVI, for April, contains

1551 to 1560. — O’xalis papilionacea, Davitsia, genistoides, Commelina
undulata, Astroloma humiftisum.— Magnolia pimila. Introduced from
China in 1790, by Mr. Slater, the early patron of Mr. Main. — Macradénia
lutéscens ; Orchidez. Stove. —Calceolaria arachnoidea. From Chile,
where it is used in dyeing. Flowers purple; green-house. — Liparis elata ;
Orchidez. Stove. — Psoralea bracteata. A green-house shrub, from the
Cape. — Tradescantia crassula.

Part CLVITI. for May, contains :
4561 to 1570.— Kleina suffruticosa. From Mexico to the Paris garden,

British Flower-Garden. 281

and thence to the Hackney garden in 1829. — Grevillea buxifolia. One
of the finest species of one of the most beautiful and singular families
of Australian shrubs. — Zrica pilularis.— Lasiopétalum dumosum. —
Alyssum alpéstre. From Mount Cenis. — Gloxinia cauléscens. — Asplé-
nium flabellifolium. A delicate little fern, discovered by Mr. Brown near
Port Jackson. — Saxifraga /eucanthemifolia. From arctic America, —
Ononis fruticosa. — Vibirnum lantandides. “ A small hardy tree, a native
of shady woods, on high mountains, from Canada to Virginia: with us it
arrives at the height of 4 or 5ft., and flowers in June. The leaves, which
are deciduous, are large and showy. It may be increased by layers, and
thrives best in a mixture of peat with common garden earth.’

The British Flower-Garden. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S.&c. In 8vo Numbers,
monthly, 3s.

No. VIII, for January, contains

29 to 32. Gagea minima. The present pretty little spring-flowering
plant has caused a good deal of confusion amongst botanists, many suppos-
Ing it to be a distinct species from the Linnean plant ; we are, therefore,
glad of an opportunity of clearing up all doubts, from a comparison of two
well preserved specimens in the Linnean herbarium, marked in Linneeus’s
own hand-writing.

“The plants from which our drawing was made, at the nursery of Mr.
Colville, were received from M. Schleicher of Bex, who collected them in
Switzerland, and sent them under the name of Ornithogalum Sternbérgi.
It may be considered a very valuable plant, on account of its early flower-
ing, which is about the same time as the snowdrop and crocus, making a
variety at the season that it is most needed, and expanding its bright, little,
starry flowers to the sun; those close up every evening, and expand again
at the sun’s approach. A border in a southern aspect is the best to plant
it in, as the flowers will then appear earlier, and expand sooner of a morn-
ing ; a light sandy soil suits it best, and it increases by offsets from the bulbs,
or by seeds.

“ The genus was first named by Mr. Salisbury, in the Annals of Botany,
in compliment to Sir Thomas Gage, a great amateur of botany.”

No, IX. for February, contains

33 to 36.— Cypélla Herbért?; Zridee. From Buenos Ayres: not un-
like Tigridia; producing a great number of bright orangy-yellow flowers,
which expand in succession during a great part of the summer. The bulbs
should be planted in light soil, by the south side of a wall, and protected
like Cape bulbs during severe weather. — Lubinia (M. de St. Lubin, a
French officer, who travelled in the East Indies) atropurptrea; Primula-
cee. The Lysimachia atropurpurea of Hooker’s Exotic Flora. A creep-
ing-rooted herbaceous perennial, very beautiful, and requiring a sheltered
_ border and a southern aspect. — Tagétes florida. A handsome peren-
nial species from Mexico, requiring a little protection during winter, but
not so much as 7’. lucida.— Phlox glabérrma. From wet meadows in
Carolina. Reddish-lilac flowers, dyeing off bluish. “ It is a very handsome
plant, readily distinguished from most others by its entire smoothness and
glossy appearance: what still makes it the more desirable is its low growth,
seldom exceeding 18 in. in height, and thriving well in the common garden
soil. It maybe readily increased by dividing at the root ; or young cuttings
planted under hand-glasses in spring will soon strike root, and make flow-
ering plants the same summer.”

No. X. for March, contains
37 to 40.— Lathyrus venosus. A most luxuriant species, from low
meadows in Pennsylvania, and the declivities of shady hills in Alleghany.
It propagates freely by seeds or division, and, we think, deserves trial as a

282 Cistinece.

forage plant. We shall be particularly obliged to Mr. Barclay of Bury
Hill, from whose garden Mr. Sweet figured this plant, if he will send three
or four seeds to Mr. Shirreff of Mungos-wells, near Haddington, and Mr.
Gorrie of Annat Gardens, near Errol, Perth. These cultivators, we know,
would not only give them a fair trial, but form a rational estimate of their
general worth to the agriculturist. A perennial forage plant, that would
be as useful in the strong clays and cold climate of Scotland, as the saint-
foin is in dry soils, and the lucern in a warm climate in England, would be a
valuable acquisition. — Leptostélma (leptos, slender, stelma, a crown; slender
rays of the flower) maximum ; Composite Asterexe Bellideze. A perennial
which, at Bury Hill, last summer, attained the height of 7 ft., and made,
with its blue rays, a splendid appearance. It flowers from the beginning of
September to the end of November, and is, therefore, a valuable autumn
plant. — Lapeyrousia (Picot de la Peyrouse, aut. of Migures de la Flore de
Pyrénées) aculeata ; Irideze. A curious and pretty plant from the Cape of
Good Hope. The best soil for it-is an equal quantity of light turfy loam,
peat, and sand; and they may either be taken up after flowering, and kept
dry till the end of October, or remain protected from the frost by a mat or
litter. Offsets from the root or seeds. — Siléne pusilla. A perennial, crow-
ing in a close dense tuft.
No. XI. for April, contains

41 to 44. — Verbéna elata. An elegant stately plant, from the “ superb
collection at Bury Hill,’ whence Monte Video seeds were sent by Mr.
Hunnemann. — Ornithégalum montanum. An interesting bulb from Naples,
readily distinguished from O. umbellatum by its large simple bulb, “ which
produces few or scarcely any offsets ; whereas, that species is surrounded by
a nest of them.” It requires a little protection in winter. — Potentilla
Mackaydna. A hybrid between P. formosa and opaca raised by Mr. Mackay
at the Clapton nursery. Flowers yellow, tinged with red, and the base of
the petals light red. —Eriécoma fragrans. A fine, fragrant, whitish-flowered
plant from Mexico, by R. Barclay, Esq., in 1827, which flowered last autumn
at Bury Hill, for the first time. Like most of the plants from Mexico, and
the temperate parts of South America, it requires protection in winter.

No. XII, for May, contains

45 to 48. — Triésteum perfoliatum ; Caprifoliaceze. A stately, upright,
curious, herbaceous perennial, from limestone rocks in New England, but
rare there; sent to England by Mr. Hogg, and Mr. Prince of New York
and of Long Island. “ It is seldom to be met with m our collections,
chiefly owing, we believe, to the plants being generally planted in pots,
where the roots have not sufficient room to spread themselves ; and, as they
are also frequently exposed to the cold in winter, the mould becomes all
frozen through, which occasions them to perish. This would not be the
case were they planted pretty deep in the flower-borders, in a rich soil ; the
roots would then have room to spread, and the frost would not be so liable
to injure them. They may be readily increased by dividing at the root, or
by seeds, which are frequently ripened.” — Phlox penduliflora. Very
showy. — Goodyéra pubescens. A curious orchideous plant, from rocky
situations in Canada, where it flowers in July; and, according to Pursh, it
“ has lately made a great noise among the country people as infallibly cur-
ing the bite of a mad dog.” — Soldanélla pusilla. Smaller than S. alpina
received by Mr. Colville from M. Schleicher of Bex, in Switzerland.

Cistinee. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S.&c. In 8vo Numbers, every alternate
Month. 3s.

No. XXVIII. for January, which completes the Volume, contains
109 to 112.— Helianthemum hirtum. A pretty species from the south
of Europe. — H. glomeratum. An obscure-flowered curious little plant

Cistinee. 283

from Mexico. — H. glaicum. A pretty species, a native of the south of.
Europe, from the collection at Bury Hill. — Cistus créticus. A handsome,
upright, dwarf, bushy shrub, with bluntly rounded leaves, and large reddish
purple flowers , a native of Greece, requiring protection in winter.

Tn the preface to the volume which accompanies this number, the author
states that he has brought the work to a conclusion, not so much for want
of other species and varieties te figure and describe, as because he “ believes
it will be more agreeable to the-greater part of his subscribers.” Much
less attention, he observes, has been paid to this beautiful natural order
than it deserves, “ which, we hope, will not be the case in future, as a very
little protection is sufficient for the whole of them; and nothing produces a
more brilliant effect than a collection of them planted in rockwork, or even
grown in small pots, and placed together in a clump, where the different
colours may all be intermixed, or kept separate, according to the taste or
fancy of the possessor.”

A description of the Natural Order is given, and the species arranged
under the genera Cistus, Helianthemum, Hudsonia, and Lechéa, with the
following sections : —

Ci’stUs.

Sect. 1. Hrythrocistus (erythros, red, and Cistus).— C. complicitus, seri-
ceus, and hybridus.

Sect. 2. Ledonia (having the habitat of C. Lédon). — C. Lédon, Sideritis,
and parvifolius.

HELIA’NTHEMUM.

Sect. 1. Halémium (having the habit of H. halimifolium). — H. Libanotis,
alyssdides, atriplicifolium, lasianthum, and involucratum.

Sect. 2. Lechedides (Lechéa, and eidos, like ; habitat). — H. corymbosum,
rosmarinifolium, ramuliflorum, obcordatum, tripétalum, and Astylum.

Sect. 3. Tuberaria (having the habit of H. Tuberaria). — H. globulariae-
folium, dupleurifolium, heterodoxum, plantagineum, guttatum, and incon-
spicuum.

Sect. 4. Macularia (macula, a spot ; base of petals). — H. lunulatum and
petiolatum.

Sect. 5. Brachypétalum (brachys, short, petalon, petal). — H. villésum,
niloticum, procumbens, intermédium, denticulatum, sanguineum, and eegyp-
tiacum. ‘

Sect. 6. Hriocarpum (erion, wool, karpos, fruit). — H. Lippi, sessiliflorum,
ruficomum lanuginosum, micranthum, kahiricum, confértum, canariénse,
mucronatum, distachyum.

Sect. 7. Fumana (having the habit of H. Fumana).— H. ericdides, le've,
viride, junipérinum, Barreliér?, and syrticum.

ect. 8. Pseudocistus (pseudos, false, and Cistus).— H. piloselldides,
mOlle, origanifolium, dichétomum, penicillatum, obovatum, itdlicum, Sérre,
marifolium, rotundifolium, rubéllum, crassifolium, paniculitum, polyanthon,
cinéreum, and squamatum.

Sect. 9. EHuhelianthemum (eis, fine, and Helianthemum). — H. lavandu-
lefolium, Broussoneti, steechadifolium, nudicatle, acummatum, ovatum,
lucidum, angustifolium, obtusifolium, Lagasce, violaceum, farindsum, stric-
tum, hispidum, foe’tidum, ciliatum, asperum, majoranefolium, hirsitum, and
oligophyllum.

Hupso'nr4 (the English botanist Hudson).
H. Nuttall, montana, and australis.

Lecue'4 (G. Leche, a Swedish botanist, died in 1764).
L. villosa, minor, racemulosa, éhymif dlia, tenuifolia, and verticillata.
Amateurs who wish for a small collection may order such species of
each of the four genera as can conveniently be got; those who wish for

284 Geraniacee. — Botanic Garden.

what we should call a complete collection may give a similar order with
respect to each.of the sections. As to the practicability of procuring all the
112 species, that we should consider next to impossible. Certainly, there
cannot be.a more beautiful and suitable family for arockwork, and Mr. Sweet
deserves every encouragement for having brought it so favourably and effec-
tively into notice. All who can afford it should possess his work.

Geranidcee. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s.

Nos. XTX. and XX. for January and February, contain

73 to 80. — Pelargonium contiguum atrovirens. Raised by the interest-
ing widow (Vol. V. p. 448.) More, at her nursery, King’s Road, Chelsea,
and supposed to be a triple hybrid from macranthon, amplissimum, and
grandiflorum. Very splendid and well worth purchasing. — P. laxulum.
A hybrid by Mr. Dennis. — P. pullaceum. A pretty, little, dwarf, bushy
hybrid, raised by Mr..Smith in the gardens at Coomb Wood, in 1828. — P.
mollifolium. —- P. instratum. — P. Bluntzazrwm; named in compliment to
Miss Blunt of Enham, Hants. — P. adventitium.

Nos. XXI. and XXII. for March and April, contain

81 to 88. Pelargonium Veitchidnum. Raised in Mr. Veitch’s nursery at
Killerton, near Exeter. — P. Glorianwm (Queen of Portugal). A hybrid, from
the nursery of Mr. Dennis.—P. Colleydnum. From the collection of Messrs.
Colley and Hill at Hammersmith.—P.landsum. From the nursery of Messrs.
Young at Epsom. —P. clathratum., A hybrid, by Mr. Dennis. — P. impli-
catum. Another by L. Weltje of Hammersmith. — P.politum. A hybrid,
by Mr. Dennis. — P. icénicum. A hybrid, by Mr. W. Smith of Coombe
Wood. This variety is remarkably handsome.

The Botanic Garden. By B. Maund, F.L.S. &c. In small 4to Numbers,
monthly. Large paper, ls. 6d.; small paper, 1s.

Nos. LXI. and LXII. for January and February, contain
241 to 248. — Peonia Moittan var. papaveracea. Mr. Maund’s new mode
of propagating this plant we have already given. (p. 102.) — Sanguinaria
canadénsis. — Cynogléssum omphaloides. — Narcissus Tazzéita. — Tulipa
Gesneridna. — Asphddelus lateus. — Antennaria dioica (Gnaphalium dioi-
cum L.). — Phlox subulata.

Nos. LXIITI. and LXIV. for March and April, contain
249 to 256.— Rosa centifolia. — Muscari commosum., — Asphddelus
ramosus. — Lodsa acanthifolia. — Dianthus plumarius.— Alyssum saxatile.
— Polygénatum multiflorum.— Daphne Cnedrum. The grand secret of
keeping this species of Daphne in health chiefly consists in the annual lay-
ing ef its branches, as they continue to spread, fastening them down with
hooks, and laying a little sandy peat among them.

No. LXV. for May, contains ;
257 to 260.— Commelina tuberosa. — Pentstemon digitalis. — Tolpis
barbata, and Mathiola annua.

The Florist’s Guide and Cultivator’s Directory, &c. By Robert Sweet,
F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. coloured; 2s. plain.

Nos. XX XI and XXXII, for January and February, contain

121 to 128. — Wilmer’s Duke of York Tulip. From Brown’s nursery at
Slough, “ where the choicest tulips are cultivated with the greatest success,
many of them attaining double the size of those that are cultivated in the
common way.” — Pearson’s Rising Sun Carnation. From the choice col-
lection of Mr. T. Hoge, Paddington Green, 4s, a pair.— Yellow Ophir
Hyacinth. Very double, and not proper for early forcing. — Strong’s
Rainbow Tulip. — Shad’s Telegraph Polyanthus. From Mr. T. Hogg of

Florist’s Guide. — Medical Botany. 85

Paddington Green. — Laodice Ranunculus. From the choice collection of
Richard Percival, Esq. jun., at Highbury Park, Islington. — Burnard’s
General Quiroga Auricula. From the collection of J. P. Burnard, Esq., of
Formosa Cottage, Holloway, where it was raised from seed. — Prince Leo-
pold Tulip. From the middle row of the tulip bed of Mr. T. Davey, in the
King’s Road, Chelsea.

Nos. XXXITI. and XXXIV. for March and April, contain

129 to 136.— Publicola Picotee. Yellow flowers, the petals marginated
with red and purple, — Pherobasis Ranunculus. Singular from its petals
bemg so much darker underneath than they are on the upper side. — Wood’s
Delight Auricula.— Burnard’s Agitator Tulip. — Millard’s Star of Bruns-
wick Picotee, 10s. per pair. Singular, yet pretty. — Warris’s Union Auri-
cula, 7s. 6d. each. — Strong’s Canning Tulip. Grown in the second row
of the tulip bed of W. Strong, Esq., of Albion Cottage, Brook Green. —
Quixos Ranunculus. From the collection of Mr. Pile, Cambridge Road,
Mile End.

No. XXXV, for May, contains

137 to 140.— Cox’s Buff Ranunculus. From the select collection of
Richard Percival, jun. Esg. at Highbury Park, Islington. — Alexandrina
Tulip.— Cochineal Hyacinth. From Mr. Shepard of Bond Street, who
is supposed to be the only seedsman in London who has received the sort
from Holland. — Knight’s Lady Craven Pink. The last three flowers are
of surpassing beauty.

Medical Botany, &e. By John Stephenson, M.D., and James Morss
Churchill, Esq., Surgeon. In 8yo Numbers, monthly. 3s. 6d.

No XX XVITI, for February, contains

149 to 151.— Bonplandia (Humboldt’s companion) trifolidta; Sima-
rubie. Anelegant evergreen tree, from 60 to 80 ft. high, a native of South
America, and the bark of which is known in the Pharmacopceias under the
name of Angustura, or Cusparia. This bark has a disagreeable smell, and
a bitter taste, slightly aromatic ; by analysis it contains cinchonia, resin, a
peculiar variety of extractive, carbonate of ammonia, and essential oil. There
is a false bark employed in commerce ; but from what tree is not correctly
ascertained ; it is known from the other by having no smell, and by being
one of the most energetic of vegetable poisons, The true Angustura bark is
a valuable tonic, and has been considered more powerful in many diseases
than the Peruvian bark. — Croton Eleutéria. A small tree, from Jamaica
and St. Domingo, with brittle branches, which, when broken, ooze out a
thick balsamic juice. The bark has an agreeable aromatic odour, and,
when burnt, emits a smell resembling that of musk. It has been used a
good deal in Germany as a substitute for the Peruvian bark, and also for
mixing with tobacco for smoking. In England it is used as a stomachic. —
Quércus Robur. “ Cut in spring the bark will be found to contain four
times as much tannin as when obtained in winter. Oak bark is a powerful
astringent and tonic, and, united with bitters and aromatics, has been recom-
mended in intermittents. When Cinchona bark cannot be obtained, and
the stomach rejects its preparations, oak bark may be found of service ; but
the former is so superior to all its competitors, that oak bark is but a poor
substitute.”

No. XX XIX for March, contains.

152 to 155. — Quércus infectoria. This species produces the nut galls
of commerce, as Olivier, in his travels in the Ottoman empire, first disco-
vered. It is scattered throughout all Asia Minor, and as far as the frontiers
of Persia. The fruit is solitary, and nearly sessile. “ The galls are pro-
duced on the young branches, from the puncture of a small hymenopterous

286 - Medical Botany.

insect of the Linnean genus Cynips, but which was first described by Olivier,
in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, under the name of Dipldlepis galle tinc-
toria. The insect punctures the tender shoot with its curious spiral sting,
and deposits its egg in the puncture. In a few hours the cellular tissue
swells, a tumour is produced, and the egg becomes enclosed in a fleshy
chamber, which not only serves for shelter and defence, but also for food ;
the larva feeding upon its interior, and there undergoing its metamorphosis.
The oak apple is an excrescence of the same nature, though effected by a
different species of insect.” The best galls come from Aleppo; and the pro-
duce of the first gathering, before the fly has issued from the gall, are the
most valuable. With the assistance of heat, galls are almost entirely solu-
ble in water; and the decoction precipitates the oxides of iron of a deep
black colour, —ink. Medically, galls, being most powerful astringents, are |
occasionally prescribed, combined with tonics and aromatics. — Scilla mart-
tima, the Sea Onion, or Officinal Squill ; Asphodélez. The bulb is as large
as a child’s head, and contains, by chemical examination, a bitter principle
named scillitine, gum, tannin, citrate of lime, sugar, and woody fibre. Ac-
cording to the dose given, squill is either expectorant, diuretic, emetic, or
purgative. — Ficus carica, the Carian, or common, fig tree. The fruit is used
medicinally in what are termed pectoral or demulcent decoctions. “ The
most ancient cataplasm on record is that which was used by Hezekiah, who
lived 260 years before Hippocrates. ‘ And Isaiah said, Take a lump of figs,
and they took and laid it on the boil; and he recovered.’ ” — Cassia fistula.
A native of Egypt, and naturalised in the West Indies and South America.
The pods are imported from the West and East Indies; the pulp is the part
used, and it is separated from the woody parts and seeds by passing it through
a sieve. It.is used as an agreeable laxative to children; but Dr, Cullen
and others see no advantage it has over the pulp of prunes. — Cassia mary-
landica is a beautiful perennial plant, the dried leaves and follicles of which
form a mild cathartic, little, if at all, inferior to the senna of the shops.

No. XL. for April, contains

156 to 159. — Pimpinélla Anisum. A hardy annual, a native of Egypt,
and cultivated in Malta, Spain, and some parts of the south of France, for
its seeds. These seeds are powerfully aromatic and warm, and contain an
essential oil, which is separated by expression. The seeds are used in dys-
pepsia, flatulencies, and other stomach complaints. Milk drawn from the
breast, after taking the essential oil, is found impregnated with its odour
[in the same way as with that of garlic, after that bulb has been eaten].
— Amyris gileadénsis; Terebintacez. A small, stunted-looking, evergreen
tree, a native of Arabia, near Yemen, and, according to Bruce, of Abys-
sinia. Though not a native of Judea, it was cultivated in great perfec-
tion many centuries before Christ in the gardens near Jericho, on the
banks of the Jordan; and it was from Gilead in Judea, whence the mer-
chants brought the resinous product to Egypt, that it derived its appellation
of Balsam of Gilead Tree. The balsam is a resinous juice that distils from
the tree naturally. “ It is at first turbid and white, of a strong, pungent,
agreeable smell, and slightly bitter acrid taste; upon being kept, it becomes
thin, limpid, of a greenish hue, then of a golden yellow colour, and, at
length, like honey.” It is highly “ prized among the Eastern nations, parti-
cularly by the Turks and Arabs, both as a medicine and odoriferous unguent
and cosmetic. It has been highly extolled as a powerful antiseptic, vulne-
rary, and preventive of the plague. In its medicinal properties it agrees with
the balsams of Tolu, Peru, and others of the same class; but its great
scarcity has prevented it from coming into use among European practitioners.
It is extremely liable to adulteration, and, from its high price and scarcity,
we believe that a single ounce of the genuine balsam of Gilead is not: to be
obtained in this country, or even in Europe.” — Copaifera officinalis ; Le-

Flora Médica. — Pomological Magazine, 287

gumindsee. A South American tree, very abundant at Tolu and a great
many other places, from incisions in the trunk of which a resin exudes.
It is at first of the consistence of oil, but gradually becomes solid like resin.
Balsam of Copaiba, as it is then called, is stimulant, diuretic, and ca-
thartic, and is chiefly employed in cases connected with the urinary
vessels. — Papaver somniferum. A showy garden annual in England,
but in Turkey, Persia, India, and other warm climates, extensively cul-
tivated for the purpose of obtaining opium, and for the warm bland oil
which is expressed from its seeds, and serves as a substitute in these
countries, as well as in Europe, for the oil of olives. “ The unripe
capsules, upon being wounded as they grow, exude plentifully a whitish,
opaque, milky juice, which by drying becomes opium....The plants in the
East are well watered from the time when the flowers begin to appear till
the capsules are half grown, when it is discontinued, and they begin to col-
lect the opium. This they effect by making, at sunset, two longitudinal
incisions from below upwards, without penetrating the internal cavity, with
an instrument that has two.points as fine and sharp as a lancet. The inci-
sions are repeated every evening, until each capsule shall have received six
or eight wounds, and they are then allowed to ripen their seeds. The juice
which exudes is collected in the morning by women and children, who scrape
it off the wounds with a small iron scoop, and, being inspissated to a proper
consistence by working it with wooden spatulas in an earthen pot in the
sun’s heat, it is formed into cakes for sale.” In Britain opium has been
obtained from the poppy, said to be in no degree inferior to the Oriental. In
1796 Mr. Ball, and in 1819 Mr. Young, were both rewarded with premiums
from the Society of Arts for growing the poppy for its opium, and for its
oil; and Mr. Young, who is a surgeon in Edinburgh, found that a crop of
early potatoes may be grown along with the poppies.

Flora Meédica, &c. In 31 Numbers, price 3s. each.
This work is now completed, and forms two very cheap 8vo volumes,
illustrated with numerous very well executed plates. The letter-press is
passably good, as we are informed by one who should be a competent

judge; and the work may be therefore safely recommended to the medical
student.

The Pomological Magazine. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s. coloured ;
3s. 6d. plain.

No XXVIII for February, contains

109. Lucombe’s Seedling Apple. Raised by Messrs. Lucombe of Exeter.
A large handsome variety, chiefly valuable as a kitchen apple. Ripens in
October, and keeps through the winter.

110. Zhe White Spanish Reinette Apple, the Fall Pippin of the Ameri-
cans, and the Reinette d’Espagne, Camuesar, or national apple of Spain.
A very close approach to that rare and highly prized variety, the Newtown
Pippin. “ In quality it stands in the first class; its firm, rich, high-flavoured
flesh, its beauty, and its capability of keeping, being scarcely exceeded. Its
principal defect is its gigantic size.’ Ripe in November, and keeps till
February. “ A free and abundant bearer, but more adapted for a dwarf
than a standard, on account of the large size of the fruit, which is apt to
be blown off by high winds.”

lll. Kirke’s Plum. Brought into notice by Mr. Kirke, who found it
by accident in a fruiterer’s window. “ As hardy and prolific as the Orleans,
as handsome as the Damask, and as good as the Green Gage.”

112. The Forelle Pear. A small, very beautiful variety, of German
origin, and ealled the Forelle, Truite, or Trout Pear, in allusion to the
specks on, and beautiful colour of, its skin. Ripens in November, and lasts

288. Pomological Magazine.

till January. A vigorous, hardy, upright-growing tree, and a good bearer
as a standard.

No. XXIX. for March, contains

113. The Downton Pippin. Raised by Mr. Knight from a seedling of
the Hereford variety called the Orange Pippin, and the pollen of the
Golden Pippin. A most useful table fruit; and as the saccharometer as
well as the palate indicates that its expressed juice holds in solution a
large quantity of sacchare matter, it is also an excellent table apple. A
great bearer; ripe in October and November; and keeps till January.

114. The Brown Beurrée Pear. None better; but it must have a wall,
and, if possible, a south one. “ Mr. Thompson has determined, beyond all
doubt, from the examination of various trees in the garden of the Horticul-
tural Society, and from a careful comparison of the descriptions of authors,
that the Red, Brown, and Golden Beurrées are all the same. This was long
since asserted by the always accurate Duhamel.’ Ripe in October; and
keeps till the end of that month.

115. The Waterloo Cherry. Raised by Mr. Knight from the pollen of
the Mayduke and a seed of the Ambrée of Duhamel. Ripe in the end of
June, or earlier on a wall. The leaves are large, and as the fruit does not
acquire a good colour unless freely exposed to sun and air, the branches
should be laid in widely apart. The stamens are shorter than the styles ;
a peculiarity which Mr. Thompson has observed to be universal in all the
Duke cherries.

116. The Summer Pearmain, the Royal Pearmain of most nurseries.
“ One of the best of our autumn apples; prolific, handsome, high-flavoured,
and hardy.” Ripe in September, and keeps till the middle of October.

No. XXX. for April, contains

117. The King of the Pippins Apple. Of modern origin, and brought into
notice by Mr. Kirke of Brompton, to whom the public is indebted for the
introduction of some of our best varieties of fruit. Tree hardy, and a great
bearer; fruit above the middle size; among the handsomest of the season ;
in perfection in November, but will keep till January.

118. The Belle et Bonne Pear. Sent to the Horticultural Society, in
1826, by Messrs. Baumann of Bolwiller. One of the very best of autumn
pears, in perfection about the end of September. It bears extremely well
as a standard, and also takes readily upon a quince stock.

119. The Royal George Peach. Kipens in the end of August or begin-
ning of September, and is a proper sort for a peach-house. Mr. Thomp-
son, “ whose successful labours in settling the names of fruit in general, and
of peaches and nectarines in particular, will, we are sure, be, at no distant
period, considered as one of the most useful results of the Horticultural
Society’s garden,” considers that the Royal George and Red Magdalen are
the same. “ The Royal George and Red Magdalen are different, say some,
because the former is subject to mildew: others say there is a difference,
because the latter is the one that is most subject to it. The fact is, the
same tree will mildew in one season, and not m another. A remedy, or
at least a preventive in a great measure, for this, is to keep the borders
clear and in good condition, and to see that there be nothing to obstruct a
free circulation of air, and a full admission of sun.” Mr. Thompson. has
arrived at the above conclusion from an examination of twenty fruiting

trees. 2
~ 120. The Autumn Bergamot Pear. Thisis not the Bergamot d’ Automne
of the French, and its origin is not known. “ If we are to believe Switzer,
it was brought over by Julius Czesar, and formed part of the ‘ furniture’ of
the gardens of Alcinous. According to Manger, it is of the highest anti-
quity, and was, without doubt, im former times, the only one to which they
gave the name, which is also now applied to other similar flat pears. This

Camelliéee. 239

name, he says, is not derived from Bergamo in Italy, as many have believed,
but from the Turkish words beg or bey, a prince, and armoud a pear. He
also shows that this princely pear was formerly written, not Bergamotte
but Begarmoud, by referrmg to Groen’s Niederlandischen Gartner. As its
name is Turkish, he infers that this sort must have come from Turkey, and
consequently originated in a warmer climate.” The tree bears well as a
standard, even as far north as Yorkshire; fruit small, globular, hollowed at
the eye and stalk, in perfection in October, and decaying soon afterwards.

No. XX XJ, for May, contains

121. Bowyer’s Russet Apple. Received by the Horticultural Society in
1824, from Mr. Boult of Hawthorn Hill, Maidenhead. A handsome and
valuable autumn table-fruit, middle or rather small sized, ripening in the
beginning of September, and consequently one of the earliest of the russets,
and keeping for some time afterwards. Tree perfectly hardy, and a great
bearer as a standard.

122. The Marie Louise Pear. Sent to the Horticultural Society in
1816, by Dr. van Mons of Brussels, by whom it had been raised, and
thought to be the same pear named by the late Mr. Braddick Forme de
Marie Louise, and described in the Gard. Mag., Vol. III. p. 353. as the best
autumn standard pear. Mr. Braddick, who unquestionably introduced more
new fruits, and especially pears, than any other individual, distributed cut-
tings of this variety among the nurserymen soon after he received it, and it
has, in consequence, been extensively cultivated and universally admired.
“ Tt has been found one of the most valuable of our autumn pears, bearing
equally well on a standard and a wall, resisting the inclemency of such
a climate as even that of Norfolk, and appearing capable of affording a
certain crop, under whatever circumstances it may be placed. In flavour
and beauty it has scarcely a superior. In the unfavourable season of 1829,
while even the Achan pear, which the Scotch consider one of the best-
adapted to their northern situation, acquired no flavour as a standard near
London, the Marie Louise gained its usual, size, colour, and flavour... . .
It ought to be in every collection, however limited or select; and it is
perfectly invaluable to those who have not walis for pears. Ripens in the
middle of October, and keeps till the end of November. Shoots mode-
rately strong, rather dark-coloured, with dull brown spots.” Fruit large on
walls, middle-sized on standards ; oblong, tapering from the middle towards
both ends. Flesh white, exceedingly juicy, melting, buttery, and rich.

123. The Red Astrachan Apple. Imported by Mr. Atkinson from Swe-
den, and first fruited by him in his garden at Grove End in 1816. Exceed-
ingly handsome, middle-sized, red, and’ the tree hardy and a good bearer.
Ripe about the middle of August, but it keeps only a few days. “It is one
of those apples that produce a copious bloom upon the skin; which in this
instance is like that upon a plum.”

124. The Brickley Seedling Apple. Resembles the Scarlet Nonpareil,
but keeps better. “ A first-rate fruit for February, March, and April. The
tree is very hardy, and a profuse bearer, either as standard or dwarf. It
may be said to be one of the most valuable varieties we possess. It is
uncommonly beautiful.”

Illustrations and Descriptions of the Plants which compose the Natural Order
Camelliee, and of the Varieties of Caméllia japonica cultivated in the Gar-
dens of Great Britanm. Drawings by Alfred Chandler; Descriptions by
William Beattie Booth, A.L.S. London. Imp. 4to. Parts I. and II.
7s. plam, 10s. 6d. coloured ; extra-size, 18s. Expected to be completed
in 25 Parts. .

i Part I. contains ie
1. Camélliajapdnica, Japanese, or Single Red, C.; Bot. Mag. t.42. This is

the first species that was introduced into this country, and is stated in the

Vou. VI. — No. 26. U

290 Camelliée.

Hort. Kew. to have been cultivated by Robert James Lord Petre, in 1739. It
is not noticed in the 8th edition of Miller’s Dictionary, published in 1768, so
that it must have been rare at that period; one reason for which is, that it
is generally treated as a stove plant: afterwards it was found to succeed in
a much lower temperature. In China it is said to grow freely, and attain
the height of one of our cherry trees. In this country, being of free growth,
and easily increased by cuttings, and being also the hardiest of all the species
or varieties, it is employed as a stock on which to graft or inarch all the
other sorts. In the neighbourhood of London, in Paris, and in some of
the country nurseries, it is extensively grown for this purpose.

2. C. maliflora, Apple-blossomed C.; the C. Sasdnqua, Bot. Mag. t.2080.,
and Bot. Reg. t.547., and Bot. Cab. t.1134. Introduced in 1816 by Cap-
tain Rich. Rawes to the garden of T. C. Palmer, Esq., of Bromley,
Keut, where it flowered in 1818, and was afterwards published in the Bot.
Mag. as a variety of C. Sasénqua, and is usually known by the name of
the Sasdnqua rosea, or Palmer’s Double Sasanqua C. Its present very
appropriate name, maliflora, was given by Mr. Lindley in the Bot. Reg.
f. 1078. “ Propagated freely by inarching on the single red, and requires a
little more warmth to grow it to perfection than the varieties of C. japé-
nica.” The leaves are obovate, and thinner and smaller-sized than those
of the first-described species or any of its varieties.

3. C. oleifera, Oil-bearing C.; Bot. Reg. f. 492. Bot. Cab. t. 1065. The
Chinese call it the “ oil-bearing tea plant,” as it very closely resembles tea.
Dr. Abel sometimes found it of the magnitude of a moderately sized cherry
tree, and never less than the size of a shrub of 6 or 8ft. high. At a dis-
tance these plants looked as if they had been lightly clothed with snow,
but nearer they exhibited one immense garden. This species is said to have
been originally brought to the country by Lord Macartney, but was after-
wards lost till 1820, when it was reintroduced by Captain Nisbett. It is
readily distinguished from C. Sasdénqua, by beg of a much more robust
habit, larger in every respect, with thicker leaves, with moderately large
serratures, and sharp at the point.

4, C. reticulata, Reticulated, or Captain Rawes’s, C.; Bot. Reg. t. 1078.
Introduced by Captain Rawes in 1820, at the same time with the Primula
sinénsis. The flower buds are very large, and the flowers remarkably hand-
some, having a great resemblance, both in form and colour, to those of the
Peonia Moitan rosea. “ More difficult to propagate than any of the other
camellias :”” the best mode is by inarching. “ We are of opinion that when
it becomes so plentiful as to admit of a trial being made, it will be found to
be hardier than the Camélléa japénica, and that at no distant period, per-
haps, it may ornament our shrubberies.”

Part II. contains

5. C. Sasdnqua, the Sasanqua of Japan, and Cha-Whaw of China;
Lady Banks’s Camellia. Introduced by Captain Wellbank of the East
India Company’s service, in 1811. Ofaloose straggling habit; but, if the
principal stem is supported when young, it will attain the height of 6 ft. or
8ft. Leaves elliptic lanceolate ; flowers white, opening in November and
December ; very much resembling those of the tea tree. There is a semi-
double variety, Bot. Reg., f.1091. It is extensively cultivated in China for
the same object as the C. oleifera; crushing the seeds for oil, and adulterat-
ing tea with the leaves. In China it is said to grow on the debris of rocks
and stones; here it succeeds best in moderately strong, rich, sandy soil,
and is readily increased by inarching or grafting on C. japénica.

6. C. japonica variegata, Variegated Japanese, or double-striped, C.;
Bot. Cab., t. 329. One of the first of the double camellias brought from
China; it was imported by Captain Connor for the late John Slater, Esq.,
of the India House, in 1792. A splendid well known variety, which some
cultivators place in the warm parts of the green-house, or even in the

Supplement to English Botany. 291

stove in spring, so as to forward their growth and make their flowers open
in the autumn, by which they are seen to far more advantage than where
allowed to remain, and open at the same time with the other camellias.

7. C. japénica incarnata, Incarnate Japanese, or Lady Hume’s Blush,
Camellia. A fine and well known variety, imported in 1806 for the late Lady
Amelia Hume of Wormleybury, in Hertfordshire. The shoots are long and
straggling, and change to a pale brown as they grow old.

8. C.japdnica anemoneflora, Anemone-flowered Japanese, or Waratah C.
Introduced about 1806 ; very distinct from any of the other Chinese varieties,
and readily distinguished by its flat and comparatively narrow pointed leaves,
and long slender footstalks. The flowers are remarkably showy, and resemble
a large double‘anemone. Like those of some other varieties they drop off
whole, and will retain their freshness for a considerable time afterwards ; so
that, if placed upon a bud, they appear to be still growing.

The figures in this work combine botanical accuracy with pictorial
beauty in an extraordinary degree, while at the same time there is no
uncalled for attempt at striking effect. C. jap6nica variegata, the Waratah,
and the apple-flowered, are exquisitely beautiful specimens. It is highly
creditable to the gardening profession that there should be found two young
men, the one an assistant in his father’s nursery, and the other with no
pretensions beyond those of a good gardener, and who, we understand, has
actually accepted the situation of head-gardener-to a gentleman, capable of
producing such a work. It is true that the one, from having been born in a
nursery famous for its camellias, and the other, from having had an excel-
lent school education in Scotland, having been bred up under one of the
best kitchen-gardeners in that country, Mr. Beattie of Scone, and having
been long first gardener and afterwards clerk in the Horticultural Society’s
garden, have had extraordinary advantages; but how frequently are such
advantages comparatively neglected! We are proud to see such young
men growing up to succeed us in the world, and think we feel almost as
much interest in them asif they were our own sons. ‘To all who can afford
to purchase such a work we most heartily recommend it. Itis sold at much
too lowa price to afford the authors any profit, but we hope they will meet
with sufficient encouragement to save them from pecuniary loss.

Sowerby’s Supplement to English Botany. In 8vo Numbers. Monthly. 3s.

Nos. IT. to V., September to December, contain

2598 to 2617.— Phytetma spicatum, Salix Donidna, S. imcubacea,
Rosa Donidna, “ probably a mere variety of A. Sabini,” Verrucaria pul-
chélla, V. euploca, Veronica agréstis, Rubus rhamnifolius, R. Kohleri,
Callitriche autumnalis, Primula scdtica, Potamogéton acutifolius, Rosa
dumetorum, R. Forstéri, Verrucaria psoromdides, V. sorediata, Digitaria
humifusa, Vicia angustifolia, Lotus ténuis, Woddsia ilvénsis, Verrucaria
biférmis, V. gemmata.

Roscoe, Mrs. Edward: Floral Illustration of the Seasons, &c. In 4to

Numbers. 9s. each. ;

No. 4., Winter, is illustrated by three varieties of Chrysanthemum indi-
cum, Zussiligo fragrans, Helléborus niger, Eranthis hyemalis, Hrica carnea,
and Galanthus nivalis. We are happy to see that the figures are better
coloured in this number than in the preceding ones.

A Print of Pinks, drawn from five of the finest plants, after gaining the
first prize. By R. Havell, jun.

_ The sorts are, Penney’s Queen, David’s Britannia, Lady Ackland, Ste-
vens’s Waterloo, and Turner’s George the Fourth, beautifully executed ;
but so far unpleasing to a practical man, in that they are made all to spring
from the same root. This may seem a very trifling matter; but truth and
nature ought not to be violated, even on the most trifling occasion. Had

A uU 2

292 _ British Books.

the flowers been grouped so as to form a pyramid, they would have had

a better effect. The leaves, or what florists call the grass, should have been

imitated from nature.

Banks, George, Esq. F.L.S.: The Plymouth and Devonport Flora; or, a
Description of Plants indigenous to the Neighbourhood of these Towns.
In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 1s. each. No. I. was published March 27.
1830.

Greville, Robert Kaye, Esq. LL.D. F.L.S. F.R.S., and F.A.S.E. : A’lgz Bri-
tannicz ; or, Descriptions of the Marine and other inarticulated Plants of
the British Islands belonging to the order A’lgz, with Plates illustrative
of the Genera. London. 1 vol. 8vo, 19 coloured plates. 2/. 2s. extra-
boards.

This admirably executed work, of great interest to all who reside by the
sea-shore, and especially to ladies who delight in walking on the margin of
the deep,.we shall review at length as soon as we can find room ; but, as we
shall have nothing but good to say of it, our review will consist chiefly of
extracts.

Tyso, the Reverend Joseph, Wallingford, Berks: A select Catalogue for
1829 and 1830, of Choice Ranunculuses grown and sold for benevolent
Purposes. One sheet, which may be sent by post. 6d.

This Catalogue contains an astonishing number of names, which the
author says he has occupied himself for the last twenty years in selecting
from upwards of six hundred named sorts. For our opinion of the Cata-
logue we refer to Vol. V. p. 383.

Law, the Reverend James Thomas, Chancellor of Litchfield and Coventry :
The Poor Man’s Gardener; or, a few brief Rules for regulating the
Allotments of Land to the Poor, for Potato Gardens. With Remarks,
addressed to Mr. Malthus, Mr. Sadler, and the Political Economists ; and
a Reference to the Opinions of Dr. Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations.
London. Rivington. 1830.

Widely indeed does this author differ from us in his idea of the comforts
to which the poor are entitled ; from which the lesson which the poor have
to learn is, that they must take care of themselves. If clergymen, in addi-
tion to their spiritual duties, would.attend a little more to the things of the
body, and instruct their hearers in matters of natural science and political
economy, as Dr. Chalmers does (p. 344.), and proposes to others, they
would do them much real service. By having their attention exclusively
directed to a world to come, they are diverted from their temporal miseries
here, and taught to linger on in suffering, as if it were a condition of their
existerice, and a sort of penance to insure future happiness, instead of
exerting themselves to improve their worldly circumstances.

Loudon, J. C., assisted by Mr. Elles, Mr. Pringle, Mr. Gorrie, Mr. Taylor,
and others: A Manual of Cottage Gardening, Husbandry, and Architec-
ture, &c. London. S8vo. 1s. 6d. Charlwood, Great Russel Street,
Covent Garden.

Our readers have perused this work in our last Number (p. 139. to
209.); we insert the title here merely because we have printed afew copies
to be sold at cost, for those who choose to give them away to their poorer
neighbours.

Doyle, Mr. Martin: Hints originally intended for the small Farmers of the
County of Wexford; but suited to the Circumstances of many Parts of
Treland. Dublin. 18mo. pp. 100. 1 plate. 1s. Published at the espe-
cial desire of the North and South Wexford Agricultural Associations.
These Hints are written in a familiar style, for the perusal of farmers of

from 10 to 50 acres, or upwards; whether the occupiers of such farms are

in a state to improve from them we have little means of judging. “ In every

French Books. 293

part of the country,” the author observes, “ unless in those favoured spots
where kind-hearted and valuable landlords goad their tenant into improve-
ment,” the cabins of small holders are unfit to be seen. He asks, whence
does this arise? and answers, “ from early habits of slovenliness, bad
management, and poverty.” (p.11.) The plan of the small holder’s cot-
tage and farm-yard, the whole covering a space of 36 ft. by 55 ft. is better
than we should have expected ; but we should have preferred placing the
cottage on a raised platform, or rising to it by three or four steps.

Berry, the Reverend Henry: Improved Short-horns, and their Pretensions
stated; being an Account of this celebrated Breed of Cattle, derived
from authentic Sources. To which is added, an Enquiry as to their
Value for General Purposes, placed in Competition with the improved
Herefords. London. Pamph. 8vo, second edition. 1830.

Davey, John, Esq. Bath: Observations on the Disease which has lately
been so destructive to Sheep, called Bane or Coath; particularising the
Causes, and minutely describing the Modes of effecting its Cure; and
pointing out those Means which ought to be adopted to prevent its
Recurrence. Bath. Pamph. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 1830.

Jennings, James, Esq., Author of the Family Cyclopedia, &c.: A Practical
Treatise on the History, Medical Properties, and Cultivation of Tobacco.
London. 12mo. 4s. 6d.

This is a little book of very agreeable gossip, mixed up with poetry bor-
rowed and original. If the author had seen Tatham’s Historical and Prac-
tical Essay, and made use of that, as well as of Carver’s Treatise, in
compiling his section on cultivation, he might have produced a much more
useful book. He ought also to have seen Brodigan’s work, which appeared
at least two months before that now under notice, and taken up the subject
of the cultivation of tobacco in Ireland. The chief difficulty attending
the culture of tobacco in Britain will be found in the fermenting and
curing, which we do not think can ever be done properly without the aid
of artificial heat; but were the cultivation free, this difficulty and. every
other, except that of climate, would soon be got over; at least if to get over
them were found worth while.

The Servant’s Guide, and Family Manual. Limbird. 1 vol. 8vo. 5s.

A very useful little work, which will at once serve as a cookery book, a
guide for every description of servants, and a valuable assistant to the
head of every family. We shall recommend this book every where, if it
were only for the sake of the excellent suggestions on the “ self-improve-
ment” of house-servants. (p. 253.)

FRANCE.

Desfontaines, R., of the Academy of Sciences, Professor of Botany in the
Paris Garden: Catalogus Plantarum Horti Regii Parisiensis, cum An-
notationibus de Plantis novis aut minus cognitis. Paris. 1829. 8vo,
third edition. 7 frs.

The arrangement is Jussieuwean, commencing with Monocotylédones, and
including under that class: — Ordo I. Filices; II. Rhizospérme (Pilu-
laria and Marsilea) ; III. Equisetaceze (Hquisétum); and IV. Naiadez ;
these orders being considered by Desfontaines, and some other botanists,
as belonging more to Monocotylédones than Acotylédones. The systeme-
atic names of the species only are given, without the French names; but
the systematic synonymes are added, and one or two references to good
figures, with the native country; the duration is designated by the usual
signs of annual, biennial, and perennial, and those of shrubby habit by the
usual sign. The words econ. (economical), med. (medicinal), orn. (orna-
mental), ven. (venomous) cald. (caldarium) and temp. (c..temperatum)
for the stove and green-house, are also added. The reason given for

u 3

294 Literary Notices.

not adding the French names is, that they are too variable and too uncer-
tain; but we are informed that they may be found in the second edition,
of which some copies remain at 2/7rs. 50 cents. Such a catalogue as the
last will be useful to English residents in France ; this Latin one will be of
use to botanists. The notes, to which allusion is made in the titlepage,
are very few, and chiefly technical descriptions. The number of natural
orders illustrated is 124, and the number of species, estimating from an
average of five pages, appears to be 9500, or perhaps 10,000. The num- .
ber of natural orders which can be illustrated by British collections, as
enumerated in our Hortus Britannicus, amounts to 219, and the number of
species, exclusive of Cryptogamia, to 25,902. Neither the genera nor
species are numbered, nor is there a table given of the arrangement; the
most valuable parts of the Catalogue are the references to figures and the
synonymes.

Journal de la Société @ Agronomie pratique (auquel s’est réuni Le Journal
des Jardins). Aotit, 1829. Paris. In 8vo Numbers, monthly, 10 frs.
per annum.

We shall give what. may be worthy of notice in this work, and also in
the Journal des Jardins, both before us, as soon as we can find room. In
the Journal d’ Agronomie for August, 1829, we are informed that M. Noi-
sette, the nurseryman, is giving a course of lectures on dendrology to the
members of the Society, and to all who choose to attend, every Sunday
morning at seven o’clock. The order he follows, in treating of the trees,
is that of the natural system, and he began with Rosacez, as being the
richest in fruits.

Annales de ? Institut Horticole de Fromont. In 8vo Numbers, monthly.

The institution at Fromont for practical gardeners was opened on the
14th of May, 1829, and eleven numbers of the Annales have since been
published. The Chevalier Soulange Bodin, his gardeners, pupils, and
workmen, the evening before the opening of the Institution, assisted at a
solemn mass got up in the parish church with reference to this occasion.
A great many horticulturists arrived from the capital to partake of the féte
given at the chateau of Fromont, and to deliver speeches on the importance
of horticulture, and the advantages which it will derive from the institution
of Fromont. These speeches occupy nearly the whole of the second
livraison, and are sufficiently amusing by being so thoroughly French.

Art. III. Literary Notices.

Mr. LinDLEy, we understand, has been for some time past occupied
with an Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. This work, when
published, will be most invaluable for gardeners. The extraordinary suc-
cess which Mr. Lindley had in teaching this system last summer at the Lon-
don University, has converted to it some of the most obdurate Linneans ;
and. those are now the greatest advocates of the natural system, who, fifteen
months ago, prophesied a complete failure if this mode were attempted to
be taught in the university.

A Pamphlet on Planting is in the press at Perth, which a friend of ours
in that quarter informs us will contain some curious and interesting matter.

A second edition of Felton’s Portraits of English Authors on Gardening,
greatly enlarged, is about to appear. A copy has been sent by our excel-
lent and much esteemed friend the author, which we have sent tobe
reviewed to a quarter from which, if we are not mistaken, some new light.
will be thrown on the history of one of our very first gardening authors,
certainly in landscape-gardening the very first. ,

295

PART IIL

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

BELL’s Reaping Machine. ( figs. 55, 56.)— Sir, At your request, I now
set myself down to draw up a description of the reaping machine for your
Encyclopedia of Agriculture. The difficulty of making such an implement
thoroughly understood, from a plate and description, by the ordinary reader,
is, if possible, very great ; but, to the intelligent and to the aspiring mechanic,
I flatter myself that, by minuteness and order in the delineation, the principal
features of the machine shall be sufficiently developed so as to give an accurate
idea of its principle, and of the strength of material sufficient to apply that
principle to practice. In certain pieces of machinery, such as the threshing
machine, it is customary to draw it without the necessary frame-work ; and,
in such engines, that is, doubtless, the preferable way : but in such an imple-
ment as the reaping machine, the frame constitutes no inconsiderable part,
and, without it, the drawing would be both ludicrous and unintelligible.
Therefore, although the numerous beams in the frame unavoidably create a
considerable confusion in the drawing, and conceal, almost or entirely, from
the view of the reader, some of the important parts of the machine, I con-
sider it the better way to insert them, making the concealed parts as intelli-
gible as possible by minute description. Without further preamble, I would
observe, that it is of no particular consequence of what form the frame may
be made: it may either be similar to that in the plate, or of any other form
the proprietor or maker may conceive best adapted for fixing the several
parts together, and which, from its symmetry, may be best calculated to
please the eye of an agriculturist. One thing, however, must never be lost
sight of, in whatever form it may be made, —that every part must be firmly
united, and the beams placed in such a manner as shall resist the greatest
strain, with the least possible quantity of material. The form in the drawing
(figs. 55, 56.) is the original design; but, this season, the machines con-
structed under my inspection are considerably different in the construction of
their frames. They have a straight beam fixed to the lower rail, upon which
the cutters are screwed, passing with an angle above the main axle of the
machine, and terminating at the upper corner, where the last of the three rails
on the top of the machineis fixed. This form of frame requires considerably
less weight of wood, but it is, perhaps, objectionable in two respects: the
machines are too light behind, and they require a larger quantity of iron
mounting. This alteration in the form of the frame, in the eyes of some,
gives the machine a neater appearance, and it is, upon the whole, a little
lighter. The frame-work (a a) being thus explained, B B and Cc © are
four wheels upon which it is mounted, of whatever form it is made; BB
have their spokes at right angles to their naves, and are 33 ft. diameter.
For neatness’ sake the nayes are made of cast iron; the wheels are from
5 to 6 in. broad at the rims, and are surrounded with a slight hoop of iron.
Were they made narrower in the rims, when the ground was soft they would
both cut it and drag, without giving motion to the connected parts of the
machinery. The small wheels c c, which support the front of the frame, are

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General Notices. 297

(like the large ones B B) made of wood: they are 14in. in diameter, and 6 in.
broad at the rims, with a very slight hoop of iron round them. Their axles,
which are of iron, are screwed to the frame, and are about 11 in. in diameter.
The wheels are placed as near the front of the frame as possible, the reason
for which will appear when the general description of the machine is given.
The wheels BB are connected with the main axle D, in sucha manner as that
they may turn upon it, similarly to a carriage-wheel, without moving the axle
with them; or they can be fixed to it at pleasure, so as to turn it round
with them as occasion requires. For this purpose, the holes in the naves
are circular; and of course so much of the axle as passes through them is
round. There are cross flenges, cast upon the nave, which catch hold of
the coupling box £ when the machinery is to be moved, and are disengaged
from it by the handle F when the machine is gomg without moving the
machinery. In the drawing this part of the apparatus is entirely concealed
at one of the wheels, except a small portion of the handle at u. The other
coupling box is but faintly represented at r. The handle F has a joint in
it, which is fixed to the other half of it, which passes through the frame of
the machine, and terminates with the handle u; so that both coupling
boxes can be managed by the driver, standing at u, although they are on
opposite sides of the frame. The main axle D is 33 ft. long between the
shoulders, and 8 in. from the shoulders to the coupling box: the frame of
the machine is 4: ft. broad, by 7 ft. long. Fixed upon the main axle D is the
beveled wheel 1 of 60 teeth, part of which is seen in the plate. This
beveled wheel moves two pinions of ten teeth each. These pinions are
concealed in the plate by the frame of the machine: one of them turns the
crank-rod kK, and the other gives motion to the coupling wheels L L upon
the top of the frame. The crank-rod x being thus put in motion as the
machine moves forward, the crank m, which gives motion to the cutters,
revolves with a uniform and steady motion. _N is a coupling strap of iron,
which connects the crank m and the movable bar 0 o together, which is
kept in its place by means of the sliding hooks P Pp working in the brass
sockets @ Q, which are screwed upon the strong iron supports rR R. It is
obvious that as the crank m revolves, it will, by pulling the connecting rod
N, give a perpetual motion backwards and forwards to the movable bar o o.
In order that there may be as little friction as possible to the movable bar
0 0, there are two friction pulleys fixed to the iron supports R R, upon which
the movable bar 0 o rests. These are not seen in the plate, as they are
placed immediately below the bar; but to any person who considers the
thing attentively, they must be readily understood. They are of the greatest
consequence, as the back parts of the cutters wholly rest upon the movable
bar 0 0; and from the spring which each cutter must necessarily have, the
pressure upon it is very considerable.

With respect to the cutters, it may here be remarked that-the greater
body of them is made of iron, edged with the best of steel, hardened as
much as they will bear, without breaking out into chips when the machine
is in operation. The cutter-bar (that is, the bar upon which the cutters are
screwed) is strongly screwed upon the extremities of the supports R R, and
is 6 ft. long by 3 in. broad, and three fourths of an inch thick.. The lower
or fixed cutters s s s are made triangular, of solid iron, edged with steel,
as before mentioned: they are 15in. long from the point to the extremity,
4in. broad at the base, and nearly one fourth of an inch thick; they are
steeled only to the front of the bar, thus leaving a steeled edge of about one
foot. In the middle of the base of the cutter there is a hole pierced, half
an inch in diameter, and a corresponding one in the bar where it is to be
placed. The hole in the bar is screwed; and, in fixing a cutter, a bolt is
passed through the hole in the base, and screwed tightly down into the bar.
To prevent a cutter from shifting its place, there are other two small holes
pierced, one on each side of the half-inch hole in the base, and correspond-

298 General Notices.

ing ones in the centre of the bar: these holes are one fourth of an inch in
diameter. Into the holes in the bar there are two iron pins firmly riveted
below, and left one eighth of an inch above the bar, made to fit neatly into
the holes in the cutters, although with a sufficiency of looseness to allow
the cutter to be taken easily off when the bolt in the middle is screwed out.
By this means, when the bolt in the middle is screwed down, a firm and
unalterable position is insured to the under cutter.

The upper cutters u vu, &c., like the under ones, are made of good iron,
edged with steel, as far back as the hole where the bolts upon which they
turn pass through. They are 3in. broad where the hole is pierced ; and,
behind the cutter-bar, as is seen in the plate, they are bent down about
2in., to allow the rollers and canvass to operate, as shall be afterwards
described. After being continued horizontally about 3in., they are agam
bent up, and their extremities placed above the movable bar. They are
made about 134in. long from the point to the hole, and about 74m. from
the hole to the extremity backwards. Both upper and under cutters are
sharpened on both sides, similarly to a pair of scissors ; the under ones, of
course, upon the upper side, and the upper ones upon the lower side; thus
forming, when the cutters are screwed to their places, a perpetual cutter
upon that principle. The bolts upon which the upper or movable. cutters
work are half an inch in diameter, and are screwed to the bar through a hole
of corresponding breadth: they are made to go through the bar about half
an inch, upon which a nut is screwed, to prevent the bolts from unscrewing,
which they would otherwise do, from the moving of the cutters; which
would allow the edges of the cutters to separate, and of course the machine
would get deranged, and would not operate. The points of the under or
fixed cutters are 6 in. separate; of course the holes in the bar, by which
they are fixed, are 6in. apart. The bolts of the upper or movable cutters
are intermediate, that is, 3in. from the others; so that the cutter-bar is
bored from end to end with holes half an inch in diameter, and 3 in. distant.
The small holes, with the pms which prevent the fixed cutters from shifting
their places, are each 14in. from the large holes; so that the bar, before
the cutters are screwed upon it, is pierced first with a small hole, then a:
large one, then two small ones, then a large one, then two small ones, &c.,
as may be understood from the plate; each hole 14in. apart.

The back parts of the movable cutters, as was already mentioned, rest
upon the movable bar ; and on each side of every cutter there is an iron pin,
of one fourth of an inch in diameter, riveted into the movable bar. By means
of these pins, it is easily seen, from the consideration of the plate, that, as
the movable bar is pushed backwards and forwards by the crank m upon
the friction pulleys below it, the movable cutters will have a perpetual
motion backwards and forwards. Under the heads of the bolts which
fasten the movable cutters, and the cutters themselves, there is placed a
washer of brass, to diminish the friction as much as possible ; and, for the
admission of oil, there are two small holes pierced in the head of each bolt.
There are twelve movable cutters, and thirteen fixed ones, with intervals of
6 in. between the points of the latter; so that the breadth of the machine is
exactly 6 ft: but this breadth, from the principle of the machine, may be
either increased or diminished, according to the nature of the farm upon
which the machine is intended to operate. Upon a perfectly level farm the
machine might be made broader ; but upon a farm of sloping or uneven sur-
face, one of 6ft. in breadth will be found to be work enough for two horses.

As it was before stated, the beveled wheel 1 gives motion to the coupling
wheels LL, of 18 teeth each; these move the horizontal shaft v, and the

. wheel w, which is fixed to the end of it. The wheel w has 36 teeth; and the

eon x, which it turns, and which is fixed upon the gudgeon of the roller y,

as 18 teeth. This part, however, is misrepresented in the drawing, which
was taken from a model which had the rollers turned by coupling wheels, as -

General Notices. 299

shown in the plate. The one roller (y) turn the other (z) by the pitch-chains
(aa), the chief use of which is to keep the sheet of canvass from changing its
place by the revolution of the rollers. The canvass, from its gravity, would
slip down upon the rollers as the machine moved forward ; and it would twist
upon them, by the unequal pressure to which it is exposed, by the cut corn
pressing unequally upon it. To prevent these derangements, there are loops
fixed to the canvass, which are made fast to the links of the chain, about 6 in.
apart ; and there being an equal number of links in both the upper and lower
chains, and an equal number of teeth in the four pulleys upon which they
work, the canvass revolves uniformly, without being in the least deranged
by the many casualties to which it 1s exposed. 6 is the pole to which the
horses are yoked : it is made of wood, and is firmly fixed to the cross rails
upon the top of the frame : its length is 10 it. from its extremity to the frame
of the machine. cc are the swingletrees by which the horses are yoked:
they are yoked similarly to horses in a carriage, so as both to draw forward,
or push backward, at pleasure. Their heads, of course, are towards the
machine; and, in appearance, they push the machine before them, but, in
reality, they are drawing the same as in the plough. d is a small rod of
wood, or helm, which the driver holds in his right hand, by the pulling of
which to him, or pushing it from him, he conducts the machine straight for-
ward. The dotted lines in the plate area continuation of the pole with the
swingletrees and helm attached. The machineisturned, at the end of the ridge,
by the following contrivance :— The two wheels ¢ e, in the body of the ma-
chine, are joined to the lever ff by an upright movable axle. The wheels are
similar to the two (cc) on the front of the frame : they have a strong iron axle,
which is made so long as to let the wheels conveniently turn, between the
crank-rod k and the frame of the machine. In order that this piece of the ap-
paratus may be used with advantage, the beveled wheel 1 is not placed upon
the middle of the main axle p, but about 1 ft. from the end of it, as is seen in the
drawing. This throws the crank-rod k nearer the side of the machine, thus
leaving plenty of space for the turning apparatus. In the middle of the
horizontal axle of the wheels ee there is an upright standard of iron, suffi-
ciently strong, and fimly joined to the horizontal axle. This upright stand-
ard or axle passes through the middle of the lever ff (which is of wood, and,
at this part, about 5in. square), about 20 in. from the end of it. Upon the
top of the upright standard there is placed a segment of a wheel 2, with the
teeth on the lower side, which is worked by a small pinion of 6 teeth
upon the end of the rod gg. This pinion is not seen in the drawing, as it is
completely concealed by the segment 7. The rod gg, and the small pimion
upon it, are turned round by the handle / ; the pinion moves the segment 2,
which, being firmly fixed to the upright standard, turns the small wheels e e
either way. When the machine is cutting, the wheels ee are put parallel to
the cutters, and in this position they assist the machine in passing a furrow,
without allowing the cutters to come in contact with the opposite side of it.
But, when the machine is to be turned round, they are turned with an angle
to the path of the machine by the handle /; and the rod gg being fixed in
that position by a screw near the handle, the lever is then pressed down, and
fixed with a catch to the frame of the machine. In pressing down the
lever ff, the small wheels ee, which before were about 2 in. from the ground,
are pressed to the earth, about 2 or 3in. below the natural level of the ma-
chine. Of course, the two front wheels c ¢ are lifted 2 or 3in. from the
ground, and the cutters considerably more, thus insuring them from acci-
dent while turning round. The machine now rests upon the two large
wheels BB, and the two small onesee of the lever; and the two front
wheels ¢ c go for nothing, as they do not touch the ground. But the axle
of the small wheels ee being placed with an angle to the main axle p of the
large wheels BB, the machine will naturally turn round upon the horses
being moved slowly forward: of course, the greater the angle formed by the

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General Notices. 301

two axles, the less space will the machine require to turn upon. In turning
the machine, however, attention must always be given to disengage the
large wheels 8 B from the main axle D: this is done by shifting the coupling
boxes E E by means of the handlesuu. The apparatus //, or collector, is
placed exactly above the cutters: it is 24 ft. in diameter, made of wood as
slight as may be. The supports £#, in the original machine, were made of
iron; but now the two side-beams of the machine are made of a piece of
wood, with a natural cast upon it, similar to the beam of a plough, but rising
with a much greater angle, as near the form of the iron supports in the plate
as possible, and continued horizontally till their points are exactly above
the movable baroo. The points pp are made of iron, bent as in the plate,
to allow the collector // to turn round. At ¢qqq are strong iron screws,
working in nuts placed in the wooden part of the supports, which serve the
double purpose of uniting the iron part to the wood, and allowing it to be
drawn forward, or pushed backward, as occasion may be, by either shifting
to another hole, or, which is better, by long slips in the middle of the bar.
Long corn requires the collector to be placed forward, and short corn
requires it to betaken back. At 0 0 are two perpendicular rods, which slip
in holes in the points of the supports ; by the moving of which, upwards or
downwards, the collector //, which turns in sockets in the lower ends of
these rods, is lowered or heightened, according to the length of the corn
to be cut. The rods are fixed in their places by screws in the end of the
supports. The collector is turned by a cross belt, or chain, passing over the
two pulleys mn. A piece of slight canvass is put round the rollers y z, fixed
to the chains aa, as before described. The lower ends of the rollers have
a shield of plate iron round their gudgeons, to prevent the cut corn from
warping, which it does effectually. The bushes of the roller z are made to
shift by screws, to tighten the chains a little, to prevent them from slipping
the pulleys, as they lengthen a little by using, especially when new.

Fig. 56. is a representation of the machine in full operation. About six
or eight yards of the field require to be cut at the ends to allow the machine
to turn without injuring the corn, which may be. done by the machine itself.
If the corn is standing nearly upright, a convenient number of ridges may be
taken in and cut by going round them; but if the corn is standing, and the
field free from deep furrows, it may be cut by going round and round it till
it is finished in the middle. One man, as seen in the plate, is sufficient to
manage the whole operation.

The cutting, collecting, and laying are the three principal parts of this ma-
chine, which have been all more or less explained in the general description
given above. But as they are particular, a few words on each of these heads
may still be necessary, that the machine may be completely understood in all
its bearings. First, then, with regard to the cutting: it is desirable that the
machine should do its work, and nothing more. If the motion of the cut-
ters were too slow, it would not clear the ground; and if it were too
quick, there would be a useless expenditure of power and machinery. Let
it be remembered that the large outer wheels B B are 32 ft. diameter; that
the beveled wheel 1 has 60 teeth, and that the crank-rod pinion has 10;
and that the cutters have 12 im. of a cutting edge. The diameter of the
wheels 8 B being 33 ft. or 42 in., their circumferences are 131°94678 in. ; every
revolution of them will pass over nearly 132 in. of the ground’s surface ; but
there being 10 teeth in the crank-rod pinion, and 60 in the beveled wheel 1,
every revolution of the wheels B 8 will turn the crank-pinion 6 times, and,
of ecurse, the crank as often. But every turn of the crank-pinion gives two
cuts, and each stroke of the cutters clears 12 in. of the ground, because they
have 12 in. of a cutting edge: therefore, one revolution of the wheels B B
gives 12 strokes of the cutters, and clears 12 times 12 or 144: in. of the sur-
face of the ground. But one revolution of 8B passes only over 132 in. of
surface ; therefore, the cutters are calculated to cut, in one revolution of BB,

8302 General Notices. -

12 in. more than enough, that is, lin. each stroke. This, however, is per-
haps nothing more than is advisable to calculate upon, making allowances
for the eperation of the machinery, the partial dragging of the wheels, &c. &c.
Secondly, the collector 77 must not move too slowly, lest it should retard
the corn from falling upon the canvass ; and it must not move too quickly,
lest it should shake ripe grain. As before stated, it is 24 ft. in diameter, that
is 94:24:77 in. in circumference. But one revolution of BB passes over
132 in. of surface; therefore, that the collector // may just touch the corn,
without bringing it back, or retarding it from naturally falling back, it must
make 1-4 revolutions for every one that BB makes. Since there are 6 arms
in //, every arm will touch the standing corn at equal distances of 15°7 in.
The pulley m makes 6 revolutions for 1 that B B makes: it is 6 in. in diameter,
and the pulley 2, upon the axle of//, is 9 in.; therefore m revolves 1:5 times
for once that 2 turns round, and the collector // revolves 4 times for once
that the large wheels B B revolve. But 4 x 94°2477=376°99 in., the space
passed through by the circumference of the collector, while the macnine -
moves forward only 132, the difference of which is 244-99, the space that
the collector passes over more than the machine, during one revolution of
BB. Therefore, every inch of the corn is brought back 1:54in. nearly, by
the collector, which is sufficient to insure its falling backwards upon the
canvass ; and yet it touches the corn so gently, that it is impossible that it
can injure it in the smallest degree. A quicker and a slower motion, how-
ever, is advisable ; which is easily given, by having two or three sheaves upon
the pulleys m and n; and then, by shifting the belt, a different motion is pro-
duced. With regard to the canvass, it is necessary that it should revolve as
much as the ground passed over by the machine; that is, while the wheels B B
make one revolution, or pass cver 132 in. of the surface, 132 in. at least of
canvass should pass over the rollers. w, as before stated, has 36 teeth, and
x 18, so that the roller y will give two revolutions for one of w. But w
revolves 6 times for 1 revolution of the wheels B B: hence the roller y will
revolve 12 times for every revolution of 8B. The diameter of the rollers is
4.in.; their circumferences, therefore, are nearly 12°56 in., 12 revolutions of
which will give 150-72 in. As before stated, one revolution of B B gives only
132 in., wherefore there is a preponderance of motion, on the side of the
canvass, of 18°72 in. for every revolution of B B. This velocity is necessary to
insure the canvass of clearing itself in all cases; and, with a smart velocity,
the cut corn is laid down with a greater angle to the path of the machine.
It may here be observed, that it is often found convenient to have the can-
vass to lay down the corn on either side of the machine, according to the
direction from which the wind is blowing. This may be done with a double
wheel at x, with a handle in the usual method employed for reversing the
motion of the rollers of the threshing machine. It were desirable, too, if
possible, to have the canvass besmeared with a drying oil or gum, or some
other substance which would prevent it from contracting with moisture: as
the slightest shower, or dew of a morning, contracts it so much, as to ren-
der the implement useless until the corn is perfectly dry. This will form
one of the improvements for next season. — Patrick Bell. Mid Lioch,
Aucherhouse, January 16. 1830.

This reaping machine was invented by Mr. Bell, a young clergyman, in
the early part of 1828; it was tried in the autumn of the same year in For-
farshire, and, as we have already stated (Vol. V. p.600.), was found to do
its work in a most efficient manner, and to be on the whole, by far the most
perfect reaping machine that had hitherto been invented; though con-
structed, as the editor of the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture states, at a
very short notice, in consequence of his request.

It was tried again in October 1829, and the following are some of the
reports of the trials then made, which Mr. Bell, to whom we are under the
greatest obligations for his ample descriptions and drawings, has furnished

General Notices. 308

us at our request. We agree with some of the reporters, that few men
deserve better of his country, and indeed, of every civilised country where
agriculture is practised, than Mr. Bell; for surely that invention must ulti-
mately be of great benefit to men and women, which enables them to do by
horses, oxen, or steam, that which they have hitherto done by a most severe
description of manual labour, rendered doubly oppressive by the season of
the year in which it must necessarily be performed.

Report No. 1. — We, the subscribers, members of the Highland Society, and others, having
witnessed Mr. Patrick Beil’s reapitig machine, employed in cutting down barley and oats, at Grey-
stone, in the parish of Monckie, Forfarshire, on the 16th of September, 1829, beg leave to express
our entire satisfaction with the manner in which the work was performed. The barley was thin,
rather a light crop, and though not wholly lodged, yet from the state of the weather, many of the
plants were broken down in different directions. 1t was, however, cut by the machine, and laid
in a regular manner, without a single ear being left behind, and the work was much more neatly
executed than by any of the implements at present in use. The oats were a very heavy crop, and
generally lodged ; and it was supposed by every spectator that every attempt to cut them by a
machine would prove entirely useless. The execution, however, was admirable; the stubble was
equally cut, and the corn was laid in a straight continuous line, which could be collected with the
greatest facility and despatch. Owing tothe state of the crops, the machine could cut only in one
direction, yet in halfan hour it cut down 1 rood 21 falls Scotch measure. We understand that
when the crop is not much laid by the weather, the machine will cut both going and returning ;
and in that case the rate will be 14 acres per hour. Six persons are necessary to accompany the
machine when operating, as witnessed by us, and a considerable portion of them may be women
and children. The machine exhibited to us was 6ft. broad, it was drawn by two horses, and they
seemed to move and exert themselves much in the same manner as when going in the plough.

Having made this statement of facts, we consider it altogether unnecessary to refer to the many
and valuable advantages that would result from the introduction of such a machine into common
use, as it will be readily acknowledged that the expense of harvest work would thus be greatly
reduced, the inconvenience of obtaining and accommodating reapers greatly lessened, and the crop
secured with much less danger from the weather. Besides the neatness and despatch with which
the work was executed, we cannot omit to mention two advantages that seem to be peculiar to
this machine : —it cuts and removes the corn to its place so gently, that there is no danger of
shaking, even in potato oats come to full maturity, and the cutters being in the form of scissors,
do not require to be sharpened, perhaps, in the course of a whole harvest. Fully satisfied our-
selves of the utility of the invention, and of the immense benefit it will confer on agriculture, we
humbly recommend to the Highland Society of Scotland to extend their patronage to this ma-
chine; to take the steps necessary for introducing it into general use, and remunerating Mr. Bell
for the merit of the discovery, as well as for the labour and expense to which he has submitted
for the public good. (Signed by a great many gentlemen and practical agriculturists,
‘ who witnessed the operation.)

No. 3. — The following is a report from three joint proprietors of one of these machines : —

We, the subscribers, having got one of Mr. P. Bell’s reaping machines, beg leave to express our
decided approbation of the work performed by it. From the advanced state of the harvest before
the machine was got ready, we cannot state accurately the quantity that may be cutin a day ; but
from repeated trials that we made upon oats on the farm of Reedylees, near Auchtermuchty, Fife-
shire, we should suppose it capable of cutting one Scotch acre in the hour. The'trials were made
before a number of practical agriculturalists, who all expressed themselves completely satisfied
that the machine was calculated to perform the work to their entire satisfaction.

The cutting is neatly performed, and not an ear left along the path of the machine, nor yet the
least loss of grains by the shaking of the ears observable, although the oats were too ripe; being
kept for the express purpose of exhibiting the machine ; and the corn was laid in an even regular
line, quite easily taken up, and put into sheaves, and, by the smallest attention, so clean, that
no raking after it is required. It is our decided opinion that the machine will soon come into

general use. (Signed) GrorcE Burcuart, Lumbenny.
Rosr. BurcHart, Broomblae.
Oct. 6. 1829, JAMES Rogpertson, Reedylees.

No. 6.— The following is from an extensive farmer in Perthshire, who had a machine this
season for his own use: —

Dear Sir, Mains of Fawlis Easter, Oct. 2. 1829.

I have made a full trial of your reaping machine, by cutting wheat, barley, and oats with it this
season, and am happy to state that Iam fully convinced the machine will answer the purpose,
and be a great saving to the corn farmer. The machine will cut from eight to ten acres a day,
when the corn is standing and the ground even; and it is so laid down, that it can be taken up
and put into sheaves more evenly than it is generally done with the hand and sickle, and I think
at about half the expense. From the experience I have had, I am convinced that the reaping
machine will be found a very useful implement to corn farmers; and I have no doubt it will soon
be as general and as useful as the threshing machine now is. It is my opinion that a pair of
horses would be able to work it upon level ground, although it were a foot or two broader.

The Rev. P. Bell, &c. (Signed) Tuomas SMITH.

Mr. Smith was so good as to obtain the signatures of thirteen of his neighbours, who witnessed
his machine working, who all willingly subscribed his report. ‘They are agriculturists of first-
rate standing in his neighbourhood, the greater part of them from the Carse of Gowrie.

No. 7.—The following letter is from an intimate friend of mine, who is a very extensive farmer
in the neighbourhood of Dundee. He has no machine as yet of his own; but my machine, on
its way to Greystone, the day before the exhibition, having to pass through his farm, he had it
taken from the cart, and put to work amongst a field of wheat.

Dear Sir, ; Morroes, Nov. 2. 1829.

As you had the goodness to allow your newly invented reaping machine to be tried on my
farm, on the 19th of September last, I have great pleasure in stating to you the result. The work

304 : General Notices.

performed was in a field of: straggling wheat, in some parts considerably laid; yet the work was
executed in a style far surpassing any thing I had ever seen. The wheat was cutand laid in such
a way that there was no difficulty of gathering it up, binding it into neat sheaves, and leaving a
a clean and neat stubble without raking. From the trial made, it appeared tome that the machine
(if the grain could have been cut both ways) would have cut fully an acre per hour, and the gather-
ing, binding, and setting could have been performed by eight or ten people; and I may farther
state, that the two horses seemed to work as easily as in the plough. Upon the whole, I am con-
vinced that your reaping machine will soon come into general use, and will at least be equal in
utility to the threshing mill.
The Rev. P. Bell, &c. (Signed) GEoRGE ARKLAY,

No. 8. — After having given you the opinions of these agriculturists, I conceive I may, without
being accused of affectation, subjoin what passed under my own eyes, on my father’s farm. That
almost unprecedented storm, which, I believe, was general over at least the whole of Great Britain,
on the Ist or 2d of August, bent the whole of the standing corns in this neighbourhood so much to
the south, that they never again regained their upright position. This circumstance was a consider-
able obstacle in the way of our field labours ; as, from the principle of the machine, she could cut
only in going to the north or west, and in returning we were obliged to allow her to go empty ;
thus performing only half the work the implement was capable of doing, if the crop had been
standing nearly upright. This circumstance, however, has no other effect than to diminish the
‘quantity cut, as by cutting in one direction, she will take up the grain, although lying almost flat
upon the earth’s surface.

We managed this season to cut the whole of my father’s farm, with the exception of corners and
patches, where no machine could operate, in a manner surpassing my most sanguine expectations.
The implement both did its work well, and was easily managed ; and any horse will work in it.
The greatest quantity we cut in a day was about six acres Scotch measure; this was oats, and cut
after nine o’clock in the morning. It required nine people to gather, bind, and stook. This, you
will observe, was only half work. Iam, Sir, &c.

J. C. Loudon, Esq. &c. Patrick BELL.

A great Improvement in the Construction of Axles for carriages, carts,
and waggons, has been made by George Burges, Esq. M. P., of Cambridge.
Instead of one circle moving within an-
other, as in all common axles; or one
circle moving within another, this other
having grooves for retaining oil, in the
manner of the patent axles; Mr. Burges’s
axle is a circle (fig, 57. a) moving within
six points formed by six equal convex seg-
ments, which hold oil in their angles (4).
The friction is thus reduced to a minimum
in theory; and, with case-hardened iron
and abundance of oil, we should think it
could not be otherwise in practice. Mr.
Burges has had the axles of his own carriage constructed in this way for
some years. — Cond.

The Wheels of Carts and Waggons have lately been much improved by the
introduction of cast-iron naves, or stocks. These stocks are found par-
ticularly suitable for warm climates, and I send a great many yearly to the
West Indies and to other warm countries. I may notice to you, that the
very first pair I made of them, in July 1808, have been ever since in use;
the wooden parts, or spokes and fellies, were entirely removed about
eighteen months ago; and the wheels are now, after the space of twenty
years, nearly as good as ever they were.— Samuel Morton. Leith Walk,
Edinburgh, October 27. 1829.

A cheap and elegant Method of obtaining the Impression of Leaves and
Plants. — Take strong and smooth wove paper, oil it well with sweet oil ;
after it has been oiled a few minutes (or long enough to soak through),
rub off the superfluous oil with a rag, then let it hang in the air to dry.
After the oil is well dried in, take a lighted lamp, and raise up the wick in
the lamp, that it’ may make a strong smoke; then take the oiled paper,
and hold it in a horizontal position over the smoke, moving it slowly over
the smoke and flame (so as not to burn it) until it is perfectly black.
The plants or leayes of which you wish to take the impression should
be pressed in the inside of a large book ; when sufficiently pressed (which
requires nearly a day), take them out, and lay the under side of the leaves
carefully upon the oiled black paper; then lay upon the top of the leaves
or plants some clean soft blotting-paper, and press it equally in all parts

General Notices. 305

with: your finger, for about half a minute; then take up your plants or
leaves, and be careful not to disturb their order, and place them on the book
or paper (which should be previously damped), on which you mean to
have the impression: cover them with a piece of blotting-paper, and rub it
with your finger for a short time, then take off the plants or leaves, and
you will have an impression superior to the finest engraving. The same
piece of black paper will serve to take off a great number of impressions,
so that, when you have once gone through the process of blacking it,
you may make several impressions in a very short time. The principal
excellence of this method is, that the paper receives the impression of the
most minute veins and hairs; you may thus also obtain the general character
of most flowers in a way much superior to any engraving. ‘The impres-
sions may afterwards be coloured according to nature. A soft, fine, wove
paper, on which to take the impressions, and which should be previously
damped, makes them much more fine and beautiful. The above receipt was
sent me by a friend some years ago, but I have subsequently seen nearly
the same in the Philosophical Recreations. send you a few impressions,
and remain, Sir, &e — 7’ Baynton. Heanor, July 14.. 1829.

The impressions, which are of currant leaves, ground ivy, and dandelion,
are remarkably distinct. — Cond.

Drawing from Nature. — Young gardeners may accustom themselves to
draw from nature, by coating the surface of a pane of glass with a solution
of gum arabic, and letting it become dry. They
may then with one hand hold the pane between
their eye and the objects to be copied, and with
a nail in the other trace the outline of the object
on the gummed surface. Glass prepared in this
way with gum, gelatine, or bone glue, has of late
years been procured by English artists from France.
(Gill’s Tech. Rep., vi. new ser. p. 226.)

Macdougal’s inverted Garden Syringe (fig. 58.)
promises to be a very useful instrument for wash-:
ing the under sides of the leaves of plants and
shrubs, and especially trees trained against trel-
lises in houses. As it may be changed at pleasure
to a common or straight syringe on the same prin-
ciple as Reid’s, it may be said to cost no more
than the common instrument. The different parts
of this syringe, in addition to the cylinder or com-
mon syringe tube (f), are, a bent tube (a) which
screws into the extremity of the straight tube; a
convex rose for spreading the water, and which
screws on either to the bent tube or the straight
tube (e); straight roses drilled with large and with
small holes (dd); a flap valve (c) which may be
made of either leather or metal, and beneath which
there is a wire grating to exclude impurities when
the water is drawn in by the large opening in the
centre of each kind of rose({b),—a subsequent
improvement by Mr. Macdougal ; a hollow screw
for keeping in the valve and netting (g), and a
punch (/) which is sent along with the syringe, and
by which every gardener may punch out his own
leather valves. “The price and places of sale may
be seen in our advertising sheet, but every gar-

= dener knows that he may order this and every
other article through his seedsman, whoever he may be, without farther
trouble. — Cond.

Vox. Vis —No. 26. xX

306 General Notices:

New Tallies for naming Plants. — Sir, Among ‘the’ various tallies for
marking plants, recommended in your Gardener’s Magazine, I have not met
with one that will give a stranger the information he might require without
recourse to books. A mode has occurred to me which, in the outset,
embraces many of the requisites, but which, I doubt not, may be materially
improved by persons better versed than myself in the subject; but, such as
the invention is, you are welcome to give it publicity if you think it deserv-
ing. The tally is made of iron, and, for pots in houses not exposed to
severe weather, in earthenware. ;

The iron tally consists of a small frame of iron, with a foot to support
it (fig. 59.) *, in which a piece of glass (fg. 60.) is fixed, and another piece
(fig. 61.) goes into the same groove behind, or, in place of it, a piece of
copper (fig. 62.), and is movable. Between the two is placed a strip of
folded paper (fig. 63.), having the following abbreviations printed :— No.,

Tn : sith HATA i

SO é

i)
sa)
it

\
\
\
nA 4

TATA

class, order, natural family, native of, sown, cutting, planted, grafted, buddeds
annual, biennial, perennial ; and through the outside piece of glass in front
of the tally is seen the name written, and by turning to the back you’see
noticed the duration of the plant. If further information is wanted, then,
by taking out a piece of wire (jig. 64.), fixed perpendicularly through two

* All the figures in this article are half the true size,

General Notices. SET

holes in the back, you may take out the paper and learn all the particulars
above enumerated, or make your own observations on the spare paper for
future consideration. Instead of two pieces of glass, to the largest size, I
substituted a piece of sheet copper at the back, which is a better protection
against the weather. Those made of earthenware are much upon the same
plan, and may be had with the iron ones of Messrs. Bailey and Son, iron-
mongers, 24:7. High Holborn. The prices of the three sizes in iron are as fol-
lows :— the largest (fig. 59.), 2s. 6d. a dozen; the second size (fig. 65.)
2s. 3d.; the third size (fig. 66.), 2s.; white earthenware, 2s. 3d.; green
earthenware (fig. 67.), 35.

ot
7

we i
LO

Actarttihennuntt MiTAC TTR AT \
MIU ADSMETTTCU RET

\ i :

j

65

These tallies may also be used for fruit
trees, by having them made with a shorter
foot, and with a hole pierced to hang upon
a nail or tie upon a tree. — G.

The above communication, and specimens of the tallies from which the
figures are taken, were sent us- by the inventor, a gentleman residing
near Hampton, Middlesex. The tallies are certainly remarkably neat; but
we fear the effect of the weather on the paper, the glass not being puttied
so as to exclude the air. It is also right that we should state our opinion
candidly, which is, that there is by far too much machinery about this tally,
and about various other less intricate ones of small size. Even plain cast-iron.
tallies require repainting every three or four years; and, taking their original
cost and the cost of painting and repainting into consideration, not to men-
tion that .of painting the name, :we have been for years inclined to think that
for seeds, all small plants, and generally for plants in pots, the old mode of
cutting a lath, rubbing in a little white lead with the finger, and, while it
is moist, ‘writing in the name with a pencil, is the best. For trees and large
plants out of doors, Stuart Murray’s tally appears. to us the best of the iron
kind, where the name at length is to be introduced; but bricks, with the
improvements of which they are susceptible, we should hope may be found
better. As to wood, Mr. Thompson, of the fruit department of the Chis-
wick garden, has found yew-tree, unpainted, last longer than teak tree, oak,
or red pine, painted or unpainted. We hope no reader will be discouraged
from sending us articles or ideas, in consequence of the candour of these
remarks. — Cond.

A new Budding-Knife, — Sir, I beg your acceptance of a budding-knife

x 2

308 General Notices.

(fig. 68.) I have had made upon a new and improyed constr action, I sell

a considerable quantity of them to amateurs and. gardeners, being also useful
as pen-knives, &c. In the hafts of some I have had small magnifying glasses
inserted for botanical purposes; some I have also without a joint, the
blades varying a trifle in length, to suit the fancy of the purchaser. I beg
to add, that I have always considered the budding-knives, such as are gene-
rally employed, too long and awkward, for that nice operation; I also
think the cordiform end of the haft better adapted to opening the incision
in the bark than the square end, and the neck or narrow part of the haft
may be firmly grasped by the little finger when using the ligature, instead
of, butcher-like, putting the knife in the mouth. J am, Sir, &c. — William
Godsall, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist. Hereford, January, 1830.

- Mr. Peake’s Vases and Flower-pots (fig. 69.) are well deserving the

os,

=
U7 >
UNNI

GAN et
ANA

i!

N | p
‘| i
Ppt
{Nees

:
mt, i \ Ki

attention of those who are fond of ornamenting their gardens or grounds
with objects of this sort. We can speak from experience of the great

General Notices. 309

beauty of the workmanship, the sharpness of the foliage, and the durability
of the material. We are very desirous of seeing classical statues, such as
those of Pomona, Flora, Ceres, Apollo, Diana, &c., executed in similar ma-
terials, so as to be sold at moderate prices. If any potter in the country can
effect this it is Mr. Peake. — Cond. i

A grooved-botiomed Klower-pot (fig. 70.) has been invented by Antonio
Piccioli, curator of the bo-
tanic garden at Florence.
The object is to allow the
free escape of the water from
the hole in the bottom of
the pot, which, when pots
are set either on smooth
hard surfaces, or soft moist
surfaces, does not take place.
{The improvement may be werth adoption in very large pots, but would be
ineffective in all the smaller sizes.] Carnations, and other delicate plants,
im Florence, Milan, and other towns in Italy, are set on saucers, on small
pedestals (jig. 71.) so as to be surrounded by water. [These saucers

Y
Y

\

I)

y

have been used by Madocks and others in this country, but they are not
common.|—J. A. Lilanbeden Hall, July 29. 1829.

Edging-Tiles of Mr. Allardyce. (p. 128.) — Mr. Massie, one-of the secre-
taries of the Aberdeen Horticultural Society, has been so good as to send us ~
one of these tiles or bricks, which is 83 in. long, 4% wide, 12 thick, compact,
heavy, of uniform surface, and not in the slightest degree twisted. Price,
delivered in Aberdeen, 50s. per 1000; delivered in London, 65s. per thou-
sand. Mr. Massie observes that “they look exceedingly neat when well
laid, and have the advantage of not affording a lodgment for snails and
earwigs, which the box edging invariably does.” We admit the truth of
what is said respecting harbouring insects, but still we cannot altegether
reconcile ourselves to a brick, stone, or wooden edging. An edging of box
is particularly beautiful in winter and spring from its deep green, when every
thing else is brown. ‘To feel the full influence of box edgings at these sea-
sons one ought to have visited the kitchen-gardens of Holland and Germany,
in which box is little used, and edgings either omitted, or stone, wood, or
other material, used. One may know something of the difference between
box and the want of it by locking into the garden of the “ inestimable
Institution,” as Dr. Hooker calls it (p.70.), during winter or spring, which,
from the want of bex or any green edging in most of the departments, must
be allowed to be uncommonly dull It may be replied that a kitchen-gar-
den is formed for utility, and not for ornament ; but every one knows that
the kitchen-garden in the early part of spring is the most interesting scene in
2 country residence, and more frequented by the family, and especially the
females and their little children, than any other. ;

In cases of very small gardens in or near towns, if we were to dispense
with box and gravel, we would empley pavement supported by piers 2 or
3 in. above the surface, but so as to be an inch or two under the level of
the adjoining borders, as already described Vol. V. p. 593.

Mr. Allardyce’s bricks, or bricks somewhat thicker, but of similar mate-
rial and texture, would answer well for numbering or naming tallies for
plants and trees. The number or name might either be painted on them,

x 3

316 General Notices.

or, what would be incomparably preferable, stamped into the unburnt brick
with types. Or sunk panels might be formed in the ends of the bricks to con-
tain a slip of wood with a bit of glass glazed over it, n Mr. Stuart Murray’s
manner, so oftex recommended. Such bricks are now making for us by
Mr. Peake of Tunstall, and we shall take an early opportunity of sending
one to Mr. Massie for Mr. Allardyce. In the mean time, we should be glad
to know from the latter gentleman, from Mr. Peake, or from any other brick
or tile manufacturer, what would be the charge for impressing with types
1000 bricks, four words on the end of each brick (generic and specific
name, native country, and year of introduction), the words averaging six
letters each, and all bricks on which-the words are misspelt to be paid for as
common building bricks. _ The size of the letters of the type to be exactly
double that of the letters in the words Gardener’s Magazme on our cover >.
or thus, sending us a brick or two : — : -

-JEFFERSONIA
NOBILIS.
‘Virginia. 1828.

Brick tallies, named in this way, we should think, would be the cheapest-
and most durable of all tallies, and, according to our taste, they would look.
better than any other in a botanic garden or in private collections. Smalk
iron or wooden tallies placed at the roots of large old trees, as at Kew and
Syon, certainly do not look so well as brick tallies would. With numbers,
these tallies might be used by nurserymen. We should wish therefore to
know the price of 1000 bricks, numbered from 1 to 1000. — Cond.

Transmitting-heat Wall. —'The Rev. J. A. H. Grubbe of Stanton St-
Bernard, Wiltshire, has taken out a patent for a wall so named. The
intention is to erect thin partitions in gardens as substitutes for walls, against
which fruit trees may be trained, and through which the warmth of the sun:
may, by reason of their thinness, be transmitted, which will greatly promote
the ripening of the fruit, and improve its flavour. The material proposed
to be employed for constructing these walls or partitions, is slate of the
ordinary quality, in slabs ef the kind usually applied to the roofing of
houses. Iron frames are proposed to be prepared for the reception of the
slates, like the frames of windows [with holes in both sides for imserting
wires to serve as a trellis], and the slates being cut to proper shapes and
dimensions, may be secured in the rebates of the frame, by putty, in the
same way as glass. These frames are to be from 6 to 8 ft. wide, and of a
suitable height, and may be joined together side by side, by rebates or
flenges, and held fast by screws, bolts, pins, or staples, or in any way that
may be found desirable to secure them firmly. ‘Temporary blocks of stone
may be placed along the ground to support the partitions, with cross pieces.

General Notices. 311

to receive standards, or slight buttresses, to keep the wall or partition per-
pendicular ; and against the face of the wall trellis-work of wood, or other
fit material, may be placed, for the support of the branches of the trees.
Walls or partitions for gardens formed in this way will transmit the heat
of the sun through them ; and hence fruit, which may be growing against
these walls having a northern aspect, will receive the benefit of the sun’s
warmth, transmitted through the slates. In the construction of these trans-
mitting walls, the patentee does not confine himself to slate, but considers
that plates of iron, applied in the same way, might answer the purpose
nearly as well, provided that their surfaces were blackened, which would
cause them to absorb more of the solar rays. Even frames of glass might
answer the purpose, applied in. the same manner, and perhaps some other
materials might do ; but it is desirable that the frames should be light enough
to admit of their being removed without difficulty, in order that these par-
titions may be shifted from place to place [put under cover during winter],
and set up in different parts of the garden, as convenience may dictate.
(Newtons Journal, vol. iti. p. 257.)

A Composition for the Shoes of Gardeners. — Sir, Perceiving how assidu-
ous, and I may say public-spirited, you are in recommending any measures
calculated to increase the comforts of working gardeners, particularly in
providing them with sabots, or wooden shoes, to protect the feet from cold
during the pruning season (Vol. V.p.575.), I venture to send you the follow-
ing receipt for a composition or ointment for shoes, which I have myself long
been in the habit of using, and have found, by experience, to be a very ex~-
cellent one. However familiar this or similar receipts may be to some of
your readers, to others it may be unknown, and therefore acceptable : —
Take 1 pint of boiled linseed oil; 2 oz. yellow wax; 1 oz. Burgundy pitch ;
2 0z. spwit of turpentine. Melt the ingredients well together, over a slow
fire, and apply the composition to the shoes with an ordinary brush, repeat
ing the operation as often as the ointment will dry in. Take care to rub it
well into the seams, and set the shoes to dry in the sun. This composition
not only renders the shoes more impervious to wet, but preserves and gives
a tone to the leather, and enables it afterwards to take an exceedingly fine
polish from blacking. I would, therefore, recommend its use, not only for
strong shoes to gardeners, farmers, sportsmen, &c., who are obliged to be
much exposed to the wet, but for shoes and boots in general. The com-
position may be kept in an earthen cup or gallipot for a length of time, and
laid by for use as occasion requires.

“ Si quid novisti rectius istis,
Candidus imperti; si non, his utere mecum.”

Iam, Sir, yours, &c. — Dryshod. Jan. 9. 1830. aries

Packing Fruit Trees for Exportation.— Sir, The following is the plan
adopted by Mr. Prince of New York, in packing fruit trees, and which I can
recommend, from experience, to your readers : — As soon as the tree is taken
out of the ground, the roots are dipped in a thick mixture of earth and water.
The roots are then tied in bundles, and dipped in all at once, and a mat is
lapped over them, to keep the earth round them together. They are after-
wards placed in a box, and a piece of wood is fixed across the box, over
the top part of the roots, to prevent them from moving, as the branches are
not lapped up at all. I-have had trees packed in this manner, which have
remained in the above condition four months; and, when unpacked, the
roots were throwing out new fibres. This occurred last spring ; and,
although the season was so unfavourable, the trees made exceedingly fine
strong shoots. The plan adopted by Messrs. Buel and Wilson, of the Al-
bany nursery, in packing their fruit trees, is as follows : — They dip the
roots well in a mixture of earth and water ; but instead of lapping the roots
in a mat, they lay them in the end of the box, and fill in between them with

x 4

312 General Notices.

wet moss; so that’ the lid of the box presses against the moss, and thus pre-
vents the roots from being shaken. I, however, consider the plan of lapping
the roots in a mat superior to that of filling in with wet moss, because a damp-
ness proceeds from the moss, which produces a mildew on the branches
of the trees so packed. This has been the case with trees that I have
received packed in this way ; but, after they had been unpacked for a short
time, the mildew disappeared. The trees which I received this season, from
Messrs. Buel and Wilson, are: —

Names. _ Native country. When in use. “Price:

Beauty of the West A. ~ Caynga - Dec. to March = 25 cents.
Caynga Redstreak A. - Caynga - Dec.to March - 25
Fameuse A. - - Canada f= Nov. to Feb. ~- 25
Jonathan A. - - Esopus ~ - Dec. to April. —
Vermont Nonpareil A. - Vermont - Winter = 25
ean (see Vol. Libs : New York 9 2 an or
Pomone Gris A. _— =_- Canada ' - ‘Oct.to Feb. = 25
preg Bar ue } Esopus a) Oct to May | 425

- Seek no further. A. - New England - Oct.to Feb. - 25
SapsonA.- = - Rhode Island - Aug.to Oct. - 25
pee nan ae , Esopus - Sept.to Jan. - 25
Newton Pippin A.,green - Long Island - Nov.to May = 25
Yellow ditto - - Long Island - Nov. to June.
Amour, fine winter apple Albany Si a = 25
Pound Peach” - - — - September - 25
Washington Plum = = 2 aay - 50
Stephen’s Genessee Pear, :

: i : ns 378
a fine autumn variety -

Washington Pear. - = zak esis

—M. Saul, Sulyard Street, Lancaster, Feb. 15. 1830.

Fruit Trees (Pears and Apples) were taken out to Madras, in 1793, by Mr.
Main, in a box of damp moss; the moss was, damp when the trees were
packed, not touched by the way, and, after a voyage of three months, was
found dry, but the trees alive. Some gooseberries and currants, which
were packed with them, were dead. - The vessel sailed from London on
Jan. 1., and arrived the beginning of April. The trees came from Messrs.
Loddiges. — Cond. re

Garden Operations fit for Ladies. — We have seen some very handsome
pruning instruments of the sliding-shears description, manufactured by Steers
and Wilkinson of Sheffield. ( jig. 72.) The largest size, resembling common
hedge-shears (a), cost about 15s. a pair; and with them a man may cut
through a branch as thick as his arm with ease. The smaller sizes, at from
4s. upwards, are particularly adapted for gardening ladies, as, with them,
the most delicate hand and arm may cut off branches from prickly or thorny
plants, or from trees and shrubs of any kind, half an inch m diameter. By
using both hands, the most delicate person may cut through a branch of an
inch in diameter. The great advantage of these instruments, as we have
stated in our Hncyc. of Gard., is, that they amputate by a draw-cut like a
knife, imstead of by a crushing cut like common scissors or hedge shears.
This is effected by the spring levers (4 and e), and the oblong opening (c),
by which a compound motion is produced in the cutting blades (d and f-)
Neither these instruments, nor the very excellent grape and flower
gatherer (g), manufactured by the same party, are of recent invention,
but they have been improved on by Messrs. Wilkinson in various ways ; and
are so admirably adapted for lady-gardeners, that, considering the views
we have as to the suitableness of certain parts of gardening for females, we

General Notices. 313

cannot sufficiently recommend them. We would wish every lady who lives
in the country not only to be fond of botany, to collect specimens, dry

oF

“ees RNY tere,
= ° <t z ee
Sree == =A LSSS==_

SS

— LSE

A
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them between blotting-paper compressed with’a bag of hot sand, and then
gum them into a ledger indexed according to the natural system; but we,

314 General Notices.

would wish them to devote a portion of every day, in favourable weather in
the open air, and in unfavourable weather under a veranda or in a green-house,
to some of the lighter operations of gardening, for health’s sake, and for giving
a zest to in-door enjoyments. Cutting out weeds with a light spud, which
does not require stooping; stirring the surface with a light two-pronged
spud, the prongs of which need not be much larger than those of a carving-
fork, and the handle of willow or poplar, or cane not thicker than a fishing-
rod; and pruning, with the sliding-shears, shrubs from 3 to 7 ft. high, are
operations which do not require stooping, and which may be performed
during the hottest sunshine, by the use of an Epinal hat, or a broad-brim-
med straw hat, or other light broad-brimmed hat of any sort. Thinning out
and tying up herbaceous plants and low shrubs; tying up climbers and
twiners, and tying the shoots of trained trees to trellises or to nails, with eyes
fixed in the walls; cutting off decayed flowers, flower-stems, withered roses,
and dead points of shoots and leaves ; and pruning shrubs under 3 ft. high,
require stooping, and are fit operations for the mornings and evenings, and
for cloudy weather. Watering is best performed in the evening; and, if
any lady wishes to do this in a masterly manner, she ought to have one of
Siebe’s rotatory garden-engines, fitted up with a wheel and handles like a
wheelbarrow: this she may wheel along the walks; and, by an opera-
tion not too severe for a healthy young woman, and which would add
greatly to the strength of her arms and the tranquillity of her nights, throw
the water from 30 to 40 ft. in every direction. We would much rather see
ladies at these operations common to all countries, than see them shifting
and otherwise working with sickly hot-house plants in pots, which cannot
be done well without more or less affecting the hands. Watering with a
light or small-sized Reid’s syringe, or Macdougal’s syrige, would not, per-
haps, be an unfitting operation for a lady; but the best of all may be
watering with a neat little green flower-pot, the supply of water being near
at hand, and obtained from a cock, on no account by dipping, or carried
to her by some attendant friend or maid. The care and watering of neat
little alpine plants in pots is what most ladies are very fond of; and one
of the principal enjoyments of city ladies, who know plants only or chiefly
as pictures, consists in performing this operation. The plants to be pre-
sented to such amateurs ought to be plants that require water at least once
a day, and that grow fast to require tying up, and make frequent dead leaves
to require picking and dressing. The principle is, something to be taken
care of, and to care for and depend on us; something that requires labour,
the beginning and ending of all improvement and enjoyment. Having said
so much respecting garden operations fit for ladies, we shall add that we
should feel extremely obliged to any lady living in a district much in the
trade of working in straw, if she would undertake to get us a few Epinal
hats. manufactured, and sent to Cormack and Sinclair’s Viridarium (p. 379.)
for sale.. These hats do not require the straw to be platted, and they would
come, we think, exceedingly cheap, ‘and fit both for rich and poor. We will
send our pattern hat to the first lady who writes that she will undertake
this service for her countrywomen. To recur to the sliding-shears, they
may be had through any ironmonger or seedsman. — Cond.

Hovea purpurea Sweet Fl. Aust. t. 13.— Our first knowledge of this
beautiful species of Hovea is derived from the above-cited work (the dis-
continuance of which must be regretted by every botanist and cultivator),
where a good figure and detailed description may be seen ; but, as necessa-
rily only a solitary branch is there displayed, it does not convey a correct
idea of the growth and beautiful appearance of the species. My plant is
erect, with numerous branches, about 33 ft. in height, presenting a fine
bushy shrub from the ground ‘upwards, which is now in a temperature of
50° to 55°, profusely covered with elegant, pale-purple, odoriferous flowers.
It is situated among other plants in a small pit 3 ft. deep, with about a foot

General Notices. 315

of chalk drainage; the remainder is composed of rich turfy loam and peat.
From its luxuriant and healthy state, it would evidently admit of being cul-
tivated in a warmer atmosphere, so as to produce its flower in December,
which would materially enhance its value, from there being so few flowers
in blossom at that season of the year. After flowering, and during the
summer months, it will be advisable to allow it plenty of air, in order to.
preserve it in health, and a proper state for flowermg the subsequent season.
fn a border of the conservatory, its more natural: situation, the period of
flowering is March, where, if it is carefully impregnated, it will produce
seeds, which is, I believe, the only mode of propagation, except occasion-
ally by layers of the young shoots. — G. P. A.L.S. Jan, 28. 1830.

_ Argemone mexicana. — Lunan, in his Hortus Jamaicénsis, gives a curious
history of the discovery of the narcotic properties of the seeds of this plant.
It appears that one night a runaway negro visited a sheep farm, guarded by
an old and infirm watchman, and desired him to select the finest of the
flock for his supper. The old man, conscious of his inability to resist,
yielded an apparent consent, but asked his visitor to smoke a pipe with him
first, to which he consented; the old man then slily mixed a few grains of
Argemone seeds with the tobacco, before giving it to his visitor, who took it,
unsuspicious of harm, but before he had half smoked out the pipe, he felk
into profound sleep, during which the watchman had him secured and
bound; and finding himself on awaking a prisoner, he declared the old man
had used Obeah. Such is an abstract of Lunan’s tale, which furnishes
some useful practical suggestions. — W. Hamilton. Oxford Place, Plymouth,
March 1. 1830.

The Délichos tetragondlobus is a most valuable agricultural plant ; as, when
sown about. November, December, or January, it covers the ground witha
dense mass of vegetation, effectually securing the soil from the action of
the sun, and affording a most nutritious pasturage to cows, who devour it
greedily when penned upon it, giving an increased quantity of milk, and
enriching the ground both with their manure, and with the quantity of un-
consumed vegetable matter which they tread into the ground. The plant
flowers about July and August, and, if sown near that time, flowers and dies
without any luxuriance of growth. The pods resemble those of the Stizo-
lébium pruriens, but want the stinging pubescence. They are, however,
when young, often mistaken for this last, and eradicated in consequence.
The young beans resemble Windsor beans, and are excellent for the table ;
but as they advance to maturity they become unwholesome, and produce
disorders of the stomach and bowels. — Jd.

The Cow Tree, Palo de Vaca, or milk tree of Demerara, of which plants
were lately brought to this country by Mr. Fanning of Caraccas, has been
examined by Mr. Arnott of Edinburgh, who, from specimens not very perfect,
considers it to be a Tabernemontana. Mr. Don thought it a Brosimum.
Mr. Arnott has little doubt of its belonging to Apocynez, though he observes
the usual properties of the milk of this order are deleterious. . “ Future
observations may, however, perhaps ascertain similar mild qualities in other
species of Tabernzemontina, especially in their young branches, or when
the sap is on the ascent, and before it is elaborated. Among the Ascle-
piadee of Brown, which have similar baneful properties, and which many
botanists indeed consider a mere section of Apocynez, an instance is also
known of the milk being wholesome. JI allude to a plant found in Ceylon,
which the natives call Kiriaghuna, from kiri (milk), and who employ its
milky juice when the milk of animals cannot be procured; its leaves are
even boiled by them as a substitute in such dishes as require to be dressed
with milk: it is the Gymnéma lactiferum of Brown. The young shoots of
several species of plants belonging to both the Asclepiddee and Apocynez.
are used as food.” ( Jameson’s Journal, p. 320., April asks?

The Meloncito @ Olor, Cucumis sp.? —No notice has yet I believe been

316 Foreign Notices : — France.

taken of the Meloncito, which is undoubtedly a new species of Cucumis.
The seeds should be sown in a hot-bed in January or February, the young
plants cut down and shifted into larger pots several times before the begin-
ning of April, and then planted out in a common melon frame, with a good
strong bottom heat, in which they will flower and fruit abundantly in June,
July, and August. By no other plan is a crop certain, as the Duke of
Portland’s gardener can tell you, and as Pontey knows, never having ob-
tained fruit since the first year.— W. Hamilton. Oxford Place, Plymouth,
Nov. 7. 1829.

Strawberries, — This fruit has engaged the attention of so many able
pens, that it may appear almost presumption to add to the list ; yet the high
estimation in which the fruit is deservedly and universally held may justify
a few more words on the subject, the object of which is to protract their
enjoyment to a later period than, at least, I had till very lately contemplated
ees In the spring of this year, I turned out of pots, in which they

ad been kept all the winter, about 100 plants of Keen’s seedlings, which
showed no disposition to blow; my object was to obtain strong runners for
my next year’s potting. After some time, about a third of these plants
came into blossom, and have continued to bear in succession until this
month, leaving many unripe berries on the plants. I am aware that the
showery season may have greatly contributed to produce this unusual
effect ; but to those to whom so late a crop is an important or even a de-
sirable object, the means of supplying the want of rain will readily present
themselves. —J. M. Brighton, Now. 1829.

Potatoes are a very fit esculent to lower the food of the opulent, and to
diminish their consumption of richer viands ; but as the sole support of the
poor, as a substitute for bread, they are totally inadequate. Man cannot
live upon them long, in health and strength, whatever may be said of the
Irish. Bread replenishes the system of itself, unaided by flesh meats ;
whilst the potato provokes and nurses a desire of ardent spirits, and places
the individual so miserably fed in the situation of a traveller, who, his fare
being coarser than usual, finds consolation in extending the indulgence of
strong potations. Poor nourishment may drive a whole people into habits
of drunkenness, into which, with better fare, few, comparatively, would be
led: thus we may soon see the hitherto steady, industrious, joyous English
people, changed into a nation of miserable turbulent drunkards. (Tmes,
Oct. 28. 1829.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.

FRANCE.

A SuBscripTion Park and Warren for Field Sports. — The Drapeau
. Blanc gives notice of an association of a new kind, for the purpose of ena-
bling persons of all ranks to enjoy the pleasure of the chase. A park of
great extent is, it is said, taken on lease at no great distance from Paris ; its
extent is above 6000 acres, partly arable, and partly forest ground. The
plan is, to open it to subscribers during six months, viz. from September 1.
to March 1., an ample stock of game being secured in preserves. Part of
the shares are, it is said, already bought up, and the purchase of the remain-
der is recommended to all amateurs of sporting, as bringing within the reach
of almost every class an amusement hitherto confined to men of fortune.
(Scotsman, Jan. 9. 1830.)

We rejoice in this, as we do in every attempt to bring those pleasures,
which at present almost exclusively belong to the rich, within the reach of
their poorer brethren. Knowledge and accomplishments, sports and recre-
ations, fine clothes and comfortable houses, were all rare and exclusive pos-

Foreign Notices: — Germany, Holland. 317

sessions a century ago; in a century hence they will probably be considered
necessaries of life to the general mass of society in Europe; at least in
France, Germany, and England. — Cond.

A new Passiflora, certainly the finest of the whole genus, between P,
racemosa and P. Rermisina [?], has been raised here, and will. be given out
under the name of P. Loudoniana.— Nap. Baumann, Bolwiller on the
Upper Rhine, Dec. 1. 1829.

_ A hardy Ceanothus, with fine blue flowers, received from America under
the name of C. ovatus, wiil be on sale next spring. — Jd.

Tiha atirea, a new variety of the common lime, found im a forest in this
neighbourhood, is already on sale ; it is a beautiful and singular plant ; it
will not graft on 7” europze‘a, but takes freely on 7. americana, A problem
for yegetable physiology to solve. — Jd.

GERMANY,

Weather at Munich. — It may deserve recording, as an instance of that
extensive range of the changes in atmospherical temperature which some-
times take place, that when we were at Munich last autumn, a fall of snow
(melting, however, as it fell) occurred so unusually early as on the 7th and
8th of October, and that the English-papers stated, that on one of the
same days the stage coaches had come into Dover and other places on the
coast, covered with snow. — W.S. Florence, Jan. 2. 1830.

The District between Ling and Saltzburg in Bavaria.— 1 hope when you
next visit the Continent you will be able to take in and give us an account
of the district between Ling and Saltzburg, which (the Tyrol excepted)
pleased me far more than any other portion of our summer’s tour of 2000
miles, partly from the natural beauties of the country itself, which much
of the way resembled a drive. through an English park, but chiefly on
account of the universal marks of prosperity exhibited by the houses of the
peasants, which were so gaily painted, their gardens so trim, and every thing
around so neat and orderly, the very dunghills, when in front of the houses
(which they rarely are), being concealed with a wall and top of neat boards, so
as to present a delightful proof of well-being and comfort, the cause of which
I should have liked much to have investigated, if my health would have
allowed. [No man has a house in Bavaria without land attached.] This
enquiry, I trust, you will some time or other devote a few days to in passing
to Vienna; and I only wish it were possible for you to spend six months
every year in viewing and explaining a thousand other interesting points of
Continental rural and domestic economy, of which books of travels, all
filled with endless repetition of descriptions of churches and palaces, and
almost always false descriptions, give not the slightest hint, and of which it
is incredible how little is known in England, considering the cart-loads of
travels that the last twenty years have produced.

We thought of winterng at Rome, but having met with (for Italy) a
very good school for my two sons, who are fast getting to speak Italian as
fluently as they do French and German, and having besides stumbled on
delightful lodgings, a. first story. of ten rooms looking in part on a large
convent. garden, and behind on the large Jardin Anglais of the Marquis (I
forget his name), we shall remain here for at least a month or two longer.
Yours, &c.—W. S, Florence, Jan. 2. 1830,

HOLLAND.

Mr. Knight's Visit to Haarlem.— Mr. Knight of the Exotic Nursery,
King’s Road, spent a fortnight in the bulb district, in April last, and was
very much gratified with his visit. He had been in Holland and the Ne-
therlands several times before, but never during the blooming of the hya-
cinths, He saw, he supposes, upwards of 100 acres covered with this plant
in bloom, commencing on the road from Leyden to Haarlem, five or six

318 Foreign Notices : — Holland.

miles from the latter place. It seems the soil in Haarlem is now worn out,
and no longer fit to grow hyacinths in sufficient vigour; and the growers,
therefore, send their bulbs to be grown, by contract, on lands in the neigh-
bourhood of Overveen and other places, in the same manner as the London
seedsmen send seeds to be grown by country seed-growers in Essex and
Norfolk. Wherever the bulbs do well, he observed the soil to be of the
lightest description of sand, such as can be blown away by the wind; and
the water stands under it-not nearer the surface than 15 in., nor farther
below it than 2ft.6m. ‘This, it seems, is the level of the water in the
adjoining canals and ditches; and it is owing mainly to the points of the
fibres going down to this water, that the plants are so fresh and vigorous, while
the dry sand above prevents their bulbs from being rotted. As a proof of
the exceeding lightness of the soil, immediately after putting in a crop in the
spring season, the surface is raked, generally thrown into beds, and, from
barrels, wheeled along the alleys between, cow-dung and water are thrown
over the surface with a scoop, so as to cover it all with athin crust, through
which the finest seeds vegetate, and without which the entire surface would
be blown away: the cow-dung is taken fresh from the cow-house. In these
cow-houses no litter is used ; the cattle stand on a level surface paved with
brick ; immediately behind the cows is a gutter, from which the liquid part
of the manure runs off into tanks to ferment, and the remaining part is
taken from the gutter for immediate use, in the manner mentioned. The
cow is fastened by two ropes, one proceeding from each side through a ring
in a post, and with a weight at the end; the two weights, as in the case of
horses so tied, tending to keep the cow in the middle of the stall. She eats
out of a trough, which is supplied from a broad passage in front of the
heads ; and there is also a broad passage behind the gutter. The points of
the cows’ tails are all tied to the ceiling or roof, to prevent them from
dropping into the gutter when the cow lies down, or from whisking
about while the operation of milking is going forward. They are combed,
brushed, and kept covered with a cloth during winter ; and in spring, when
they are first allowed to go out and graze, they are clothed with a sheet
till the weather becomes decidedly warm. (See Lncyc. of Agr., § 516.)
Mr. Knight found forcing going forward in the manner which we have
described as practised at Hylands (Vol. III. p. 385.) ; raspberries ripe, and
cauliflowers cut, about the middle of April. He was much taken with the
standard fruit-trees generally trained in a pyramidal form; and with curious
dwarfs, some of them saucer-shaped, 10 ft. diameter, and not more than 3 ft.
high ; others in the form ofa bowl; others with a stem 1 ft. high, with only
two branches proceeding from it, perfectly horizontal in position, and in
opposite directions, with shoots covered with spurs rising perpendicularly
from these two horizontal branches, at equal distances ; those in the centre,
3 ft. high, gradually diminishing to 1 ft. at the extremities, and having, alto-
gether, a strangely artificial appearance. “These trees occur now and then
m pleasure-grounds as odd ornaments, much in the same way as we gratt
dwarf or drooping shrubs, such as C¥tisus purpureus, or some of the robi-
Mias or caraganas, on the top of tall stems.
Among domestic improvements, Mr. Knight noticed a foot-scraper for
73 Ze sandy soils (_fig.73.), which consists simply
Z LE, of a small bridge, formed by fixing iron bars
A in the circumference of two segments of
ovals. The sand drops between the bars;
and, when the space is filled, the scraper is
SiR: removed. j
He also observed a machine in use for beating stair-carpets and long
covers for tables. ( jig.'74.) This may be described as consisting of two
ladders, about 6 ft. long each, joined by hinges at the middle (a), and ap-
pended to shorter ladders (4 c), also, by hinges. These hinges admit of

Foreign Notices: — Italy. Bis

folding up the machine, and using it as
a short ladder, or laying it aside in little
space. When a stair-carpet. is to be
beaten, the machine, which we shall call
a carpet-horse, is brought out and set up
(see fig. 74.); the roll of carpet is
placed at 6; a portion of it is drawn
out, and a man or woman at one side,
6 _ or two persons, one at each side, com-
mence beating it ; and, as it is beat, it is
passed over the top of the horse (a),
and finishes by being left in a roll, com-
pletely cleaned, at the opposite end (c).
It is almost needless to mention, that
the hinges used are so constructed as that the short end ladders (4 and c)
can only open to a certain width.

At the Hague, Mr. Knight found a number of very large trees in the
palace garden, called The Wood, blown down by a hurricane ; some of them
with trunks 2ft.in diameter. The roots of these trees had invariably
extended themselves along the surface, never penetrating into the water
below.

The season of the year which Mr. Knight chose for visiting Holland was
decidedly the best for visiting that or any gardening country. During-March
and April, all the main operations for the crops and products of the year are
performed ; the state in which plants have been kept through the winter,
and the progress of forcing, are obvious ; and while trees and shrubs in the
open air are budding, the eye can still penetrate through them so as to de-
termine the anatomy of groups and masses with reference to landscape-
gardening, and of standard and wall-fruit trees with reference to pruning. —
Cond.

ITALY.

Vegetables and Fruit at Florence. — The vegetable market at Florence
now exhibits profuse supplies of fine cauliflowers, broccoli, blanched en-
dive, and young cabbage-lettuce for salads, young turnips and carrots,
celery (not blanched), large white radishes, &c.&c. Cardoons (Cynara
Cardiénculus L.), which we have not seen before, are abundant, the thick
inner leaf-stalks being blanched by the leaves being tied together. These
supply the place of the kohl-rabi of Germany (turnip cabbage), which is
not grown here, and, when well stewed, are not very dissimilar in taste.
No headed white cabbages for sauerkraut, as in Germany, but borecole,
savoys, and several other allied varieties, with loose leaves. Potatoes,
mostly of a roundish red-skinned kind, indifferent in quality, and dear,
5 quattrini (equal to three farthings English) the pound of 12 ounces. This
high price, compared with the low price of cauliflowers, of which a fine
head costs only 4: or 5 quattrini, would seem to indicate that the cultiva-
tion of potatoes is not well understood in this part of Italy; as, indeed, I
am inclined to think it is not any where on the Continent. Apples abun-
dant; pears not so plentiful: the quality of each good, but not superior,
and no great variety of kinds. Grapes in great plenty, both white and
black, and very delicious: the skin shrivelled, and. the juice very sweet,
from haying been hung on strings in airy rooms since being pulled six
weeks ago ; price now, 8 quattrini the pound. Oranges, citrons, and lemons,
green, with a leaf or two to each, and some ripe oranges from Sicily.
Great quantities of the seeds of Pinus Pinea, called by the Italians Pinochi,
which are as large as an ordinary nut-kernel, but more oblong, and almost
as pleasant to the taste, with a slightly resinous flavour ;. and chestnuts at
the corners of every street, where they can be had in seven different forms :
raw; cooked and hot, both roasted and boiled; dried by heat (the skins

320 Foreign Notices : — Italy.

being taken off), in which state they have a much sweeter and superior fla-
vour ; and made into bread, a sort of stiff pudding, and into thin cakes like
pancakes. This valuable fruit constitutes a considerable portion of the
food of the lower classes, who must daily consume in Florence some tons.
From the low price of chestnuts in Italy (5 quattrini for about a pint), there
can be little doubt that they might be imported into England (at a lower
duty), and afforded at a much cheaper rate than they are usually sold there,
- and so as to become one of those innocent luxuries of the poor which every
benevolent political economist would desire to see Italy enabled to exchange
for our hardware and cottons, if the custom were introduced in London
and other towns, of roasting them on small beat iron stoves, heated by coke
or charcoal, at all the green-shops and gingerbread-dealers, so as to tempt
passengers with them, “ piping hot,” as is the case in Jtaly, in every street ;
where, in cold weather, the labourer or schoolboy, in buying a pint of
chestnuts, stores up in his pocket a stock of portable caloric, which warms
his fingers, while he at the same time both eratifies his palate, and appeases
his hunger. — W. S. Florence, Jan. 2. 1830.

Weather at Florence. — The first half of November was clear, dry, mild,
and altogether delightful. On the 15th and 16th, a deluge of rain fell, with
snow, on the distant Apennines. The wind then veered to the N.E.; and,
from the 18th to the 23d, it froze more keenly than I remember it to have
ever done so early in England, the ice on the ponds being fully three inches
thick, with boys sliding on it. The chief cold must have been in the night,
as Fahrenheit’s thermometer, at eight in the morning, stood at 36° and 37°
on the 18th, 19th, and 20th; at 33° on the 21st and 23d; and at 30° on the
22d; and, during the whole period, the sun shone brightly in the daytime, ~
and the thermometer rose to 45° and 50°. Previously to this frost, which
was much more severe than is usual here in November, all the orange trees
in pots had been housed. Those of the hardy variety, called arancio forte
(a sort with a bitter peel, like that of Seville braces), of which there are
many trees 12 and 15 ft. high in the open ground at Florence (and which,
as they often endure, unprotected, a much greater degree of cold, would,
doubtless, stand the winter equally well in Hampshire, Devonshire, and
probably the whole of the southern coast of England), were not injured ;
nor the plants of Vérium Olednder, which abound in gardens. The crop of
olives, however, seemed to suffer. Perhaps one third of the crop had pre-
viously the dark purple tint, indicating ripeness, but two thirds were still
green ; and I observed, when the frost went, that these last had their skins
much shrivelled; and they are now assuming an unnatural chocolate
colour, and have no appearance of ever becoming perfectly mature.* On
the 24th of November the frost broke up; and, from that time to the 26th
of December, the weather was mostly open, with occasional slight frosts,
and very high winds, and often heavy rain, and altogether resembling the
same season in Devonshire, except in the longer continuance and much
greater quantity of the rain that fell, and the greater heat of the bright
days, on one of which (Dec. 13.) I observed three butterflies (Vanéssa
Atalanta, Colias Hyale, and Hipparchia AEgéria), and many other insects,
on the wing. On the 26th of December, frost set in, and continued, at the
eige os the month, very keenly, the thermometer being as low as 22° on
the 30th.

The following are the results of my journal of the weather at Florence,
for the last 13 days of November and the whole of December : —

* Some of the ripe olives were gathered by hand by the middle of Decem-
ber ; but the great bulk of the crop will not be pulled off for some time yet,
the total gathering often being not ended till March and April: indeed,
towards Naples, the ripe olives are sometimes suffered to hang till the new
blossoms appear in May.

Foreign Notices: — Denmark, Russia. 321

November (18th-30th). December.
‘Mean of the thermom. at 8 A.M. 42° | Mean of the thermom., at 8 A.M. 37°
Highest point ............ (25th) 53 | Highest point ............... (3d) 49
PU Owest i arcceece ere ses Coed) SU IM WOWeSE Wes .csconasaccesoorce (QUth)? 22
“Wind, 5 days N.E.; 1 E.; 4 S.; | Wind, 13 days N.; 8 N.E‘; 1 N.W.;

ZU ere Sener 1E.;2S.E.; 1 W.; 5 S.W.
5 days sunny; 2 partially sunny; | 11 days sunny; 5 partially sunny;
1 cloudy; 5 rainy, but fair. 5 cloudy, but fair; 10 rainy.
“W.S. Florence, Jan. 2.1830.
DENMARK.

Copenhagen, Royal Gardens of Rosenburgh.— Feb. 9.1830. In my letter
‘of Aug. 20., I told you that our harvest looked unfavourable, as it certainly
did, by reason of the cold and wet summer ; yet the autumn turned out a
little better than had been expected, though a great deal of hay and corn in
‘the fields was spoiled by the continued rain. The frost commenced in Oc-
tober, and has continued from the 9th of November to this very day ; it is
still freezing, without any appearance of a thaw or change. We have had
the thermometer at 11° and 12° Reaum., with a good deal of snow, and
very little sun. J am informed, by nurserymen and people in the country,
‘that some hundreds of bushels of potatoes were left in the ground when the
frost set in; and I believe it, because in clayey and low ground here it is
quite impossible to dig in the autumn, on account of the frost. The peaches
_and apricots on walls ripened, but had hardly any flavour; the peaches
tasted like sugar and water, and the last ones ripened were quite mealy and
tasteless. Of pears, the Diamond, Beurrée Blanche, and Beurrée Grise, did
not attain their usual perfection. The early sorts of grapes on open walls
might be eaten, but taste rather sour. The Syrian grape, and two other
late sorts, did not ripen in our late vineries, which are kept without fire-
heat ; but the black Hamburgh, under glass, attained a very good flavour,
‘though not the finest colour, from want of sun.

The Vegetable Market has been well supplied ; but at present it begins to
‘decline, or rather the prices begin to rise. co

March 2. A great quantity of asparagus is grown by market-gardeners
near Copenhagen, and plenty of forced asparagus is to be had from Christ-

“mas till they come up in the open ground; the price is at present 5 dollars
“(about 9s.) a hundred. The forcing is practised in the manner described
by M. Lindegaard in the Horticultural Transactions, and is certainly far
superior to the English method of forcing the roots in hot-beds ; the latter
mode will undoubtedly be soon discontinued when the simple way of forcing
‘in the open ground is more generally known. I would strongly recommend
to English practice M. Lindegaard’s method of forcing grapes (Hncyc. of
'Gard., § 3044.) ; and it is to be regretted that this method, which is no ex-
pense, is too little known in such parts of Europe where grapes do not
attain their greatest perfection every year in the open ground.

My Garden Library contains, besides the works you lately sent me, the
Encyclopedias of Plants and Gardening ; twenty-two numbers of the Gar-

“dener’s Magazine ; Sickler’s Pomologie (Deutsche Obst. Garten), 22 vols. com-
plete ; Dietrich’s Leaicon (Dictionary of Gardening and Botany), 21 vols.,
‘compl.; Miller’s Gardener’s Dictionary, 6th edition; Rafn’s Danmarks and
Holsteens Flora, 2 vols. compl.; Reichart’s Land und Gartenschatz, latest
edition, 5 vols.; and Schouw’s Geography of Plants, with maps; &c. &e —
J. P. Petersen.

RUSSIA.
Rare Plants from Persia to the Petersburgh Botanic Garden. — Sir, We
have at present several pots of the beautiful Cyclamen ibéricum with dark
purple flowers, something similar to C. coum in flower, which we received

Wit le — Nona G: Y

322 Foreign Notices : — Africa.

last summer, with many other fine bulbs from M. Szovitz, a very zealous
botanist and naturalist, who is at present employed to collect plants, bulbs,
and seeds in Persia, for the Imperial botanic garden. A few days ago, we
again received from him two large boxes of bulbs and different roots from
the same.country ; unfortunately many of them were spoiled by the sudden
frost of 28° Reaumur, 31° below 0 Fahr., which we had a week ago; but
still the greater part of them seem to be alive. I particularly noticed
amongst them Arum orientale, J‘ris paradéxa (similar in colour to *bérica
and susiana) J‘ris squdlida, and several other undetermined ones; Me-
rendéra caucasica, Puschkinia scilldides, several species of the A’llium tribe,
Crocus specidsus, Ledntice vesicaria, a new species of Ixiolirion, Hyacinthus
pallens and ciliatus, Amaryllis litea, Eremurus spectabilis, Tulips, Gladio-
lus, Ornithégalum, &c. We already possess a fine collection of Persian
plants, which we raised last spring from seeds; and the herbarium of the
garden museum is very much enriched by many scarce, new, and finely dried
specimens from the same quarter. Alexander von Humboldt, the cele-
brated naturalist, lately visited the garden, and was highly pleased to see
such a rich collection of scarce plants. —f. Faldermann. St. Petersburgh,
January 7. 1830. (.N.S.)

Some hardy Varieties of Olive are said to be cultivated in the botanical
garden of Nikita, in the Crimea. How they came there is not mentioned;
but it is probable they have been raised from seeds ripened on the spot. —
F.F. January 7. 1830.

Lilium Pompénium. — This plant is cultivated in Kamtschatka as the
potato isin Britain, and its bulbs laid up for winter store. They are called
Savannas by the natives, and when boiled taste exactly like a waxy potate.
We wish some gardener living in a peaty district in Ireland or Scotland
would try what could be done with them. — Cond.

AFRICA.

Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, November 2. 1829. — Sir, An interest-
ing society, by the name of the “ South African Institution,” has been
established here. I send you two of our newspapers, which will give you a
brief account of their proceedings: we are, however, too poor to carry into
effect every object of the Institution; but it is highly necessary to the
improvement of the colony, of whose resources and value Europe is as yet.
partially ignorant. A spirit of improvement is prevailing among us, but
the mass of the population from their confined education do not permit of
much domestic change as yet. That you may judge of the deplorable
state of husbandry which is practised here, I send you the copy of the
Calendar, originally written 130 years ago, and the proof sheets of a revi-
sion fer the year 1830, which I have given, but 1 do not permit my name te
be attached to such an imperfect production. I am in hopes that a botanic
and experimental garden will be established in a short time. I shall give
you early notice the moment the establishment is formed. The wilful and
scandalous neglect of this colony by the British government has been con-
tinued in a most unparalleled degree, and that against their own interests.
The present governor, Sir Lowry Cole, gives general satisfaction; but his
hands are tied in many respects, which may be ascribed to the reports of
the commissioners, who were misled by false evidence, and worse conclu-
-sions while here; it would lead me too far into political discussions ta
point out those misstatements, but I could do it, and completely and
effectually confound those persons, whose interested evidence was given
in expectation of individual reward or special favour from the late go-
vernor.

I am happy to inform you that your various publications have a place in
the public brary here, but as yet little attention has been paid to them;
they would, howeyer, claim attention, were you to give us some broad

Foreign Notices : — Africa. 323

hints respecting the Cape, and indeed it is for that reason I send you the
Calendar, and shall be glad to answer any queries you may be pleased to
‘send.

A Quarterly Journal of the Institution will be printed, of which I shall
send you a copy; there may be some food in it for your Magazine of Na-
tural History. Whether my papers will be printed I do not know; but
they are of a local nature, and consequently uninteresting to Europe.

I have refrained from sending you any communications on the Cape
botany as yet, as I hardly know where to fix my attention to what might
be generally useful. But the unwelcome detention so long in Cape Town
has allowed me to observe the habits of various plants deserving of atten-
tion, and which I shall put into form at some favourable opportunity.

In your Encyclopeda of Plants, which { have seen in the public library,
I perceive some errors which I did not expect; but a singular one is, the
placing of Crassula quadrangularis of Burrmann among the Huphorbidcee.
I am the only person at the Cape who knows the plant, and I believe the
BKuropean botanists are unacquainted with it. It is not at present within
my reach.

It is not only with surprise, but also with regret, that I find a plant of
mine has been called Clivia nébilis, while the name published by Dr.
Hooker is the only authorised one. It was only a few days before I left
England that I refused to name the plant to any person but Dr. Hooker.
I must say that I am much displeased at the whole transaction.

This colony is slowly improving. The settlement at Swan River has
already been of benefit here to the farmers. Persons emigrating to the
new settlement would do well to purchase their stock of cattle, horses,
sheep, pigs, and poultry, &c., at the Cape; which they can do at one fifth
of the cost im England, independently of the expense of transport, the
voyage from the Cape to Swan River is about one month, perhaps less.
We have not yet heard thence, but expect to hear every hour, and are
anxious to learn how they get on. Mr. Drummond and family resided
in the same house with me, and left this in excellent health ; the short stay
he made here enabled him to take with him some of our fruit trees, and at
a season for having every chance of success.

We have had a cold winter, and abundance of rai; much more corn
has been sown than at any former period, and we anticipate an abundant
harvest.

I wish you could persuade one of the English nurserymen of your
acquaintance to send on trial a few one-year headed-down or maiden fruit
trees, placed in a tin case and closely soldered down. I would thankfully
return, to the value of 10/., South African seeds and bulbs. An experiment
made here of confining fruit trees soldered down for four months has
succeeded.

We-want. the Orleans Plum, Green Gage Plum, Moor Park Apricot,
Swan’s Ege and good Keeping Pears, good Keeping Apples, Morello and
other good Cherries.

I shall write to you again as soon as possible, but I hope you will favour
me with a few lines as soon as you receive this; and, if you can persuade
any person to send plants on trial as above, I will send to the value as men-
tioned, whatever state the trees may arrive in, whether good or-bad. I wish
the experiment to be made, and will publish-the result. They should be
marked “ Fruit Trees,” and sent by one of the Cape traders.

I have been so frequently disappointed in receiving good kitchen-garden
seeds from England, that I have declined sending positive orders for more ;
but if any seedsman of your acquaintance would send to the amount of
about 52, I would immediately return Cape seeds and bulbs for them; they
should be packed in brown paper, or canvass, and niarked garden seeds.
The following are the most wanted : — Cauliflower, York Cabbage, Red

we

324 Foreign Notices : — North America.

Cabbage, Radish of sorts, Royal Dwarf Peas, Prussian Peas, Scorzonera,
Dutch and Stone Turnip, Curled Parsley. The Cauliflowers, Turnip, and
Radish are the most essential. If directed to me by any of the Cape
traders, they would be sure to come safe. With best wishes I remain, Sir, &c.

Mr. Mackay of Clapton has volunteered a box of fruit trees, of different
sorts, and another of seeds. — Cond. March, 1830.

NORTH AMERICA.

The high and equal Education Principle in the United States. — The fol-
lowing extract of a letter from America, dated March 27., appeared in the
Times of May 1.: —“ There exists a respectable and continually increasing
party, denominated ‘ The Mechanics’ and Working-men’s Party, which has
already three daily papers in its interest in the city of New York alone—the
Daily Sentinel, the Morning Herald, and the Evening Journal, besides many
others throughout the country. This party, which carried one, and nearly
carried six representatives at the last annual state election, will probably
exercise a considerable influence in the elections of this year. It advocates
a great national system of education, to be free to all, at the public expense,
and to support as well as educate the children of those whose parents can-
not afford to educate and support them; so that every child born in the
republic shall have a liberal scientific education, equal in real advantages to
any which the wealthiest can now command. If this measure, which is
daily engrossing more of the American public, should be carried, we may
see the times of Lycurgus again revived, when a nation became the instruc-
tress of all her young citizens. _ In a country like America, where the prin-
ciple of universal suffrage is recognised, such a measure is especially
required ; and we augur from it the most important results. This new
party will, if | mistake not, soon exercise an overwhelming influence here.
Ten days since the Speaker of the House of Representatives came out
most decidedly in their favour.” (Z%mes, May 1. 1830.)

We rejoice in the existence of this Mechanics’ and Working-men’s Party, and
hope it will ultimately prevail over every other. As tothe times of Lycurgus,
we do not think a reference to them in good taste ; there is very little of the
past in any age or country worth remembering, except to be deplored and
avoided, and certainly nothing worth holding up as a model. The single
object which we most ardently desire for every individual in every country
in the world is, a high and equal degree of education from infancy to matu-
rity. Having made sure of this, we would leave it to work its way, not
doubting that it would lead to whatever was best for mankind in every
country. Nothing, as it appears to us, will be satisfactorily established in
any country, till something like this degree of education exists. It is not
in the nature of things that happiness can be general, or government any
thing like perfect, till mankind are brought as near as practicable to a level
in every thing ; and it is equally self-evident that they can neither be brought
to, nor kept on, a level in every thing, till they are put on, and kept on, a
level in education. The beginning, the middle, and the end, therefore, of
all that has reference to the beau idéal of a perfect society, is individual
education, high, equal, universal. In Europe much good might be done in
every country by the adoption of a representative system of government,
and in England, where that system already exists, by improving it, or by
what is called a thorough parliamentary reform. We sincerely desire this
individually; because it would tend to relieve us from an intolerable burthen
of taxation direct and indirect ; in consequence of which taxation, and of that
alone, we, in common with many others, who labour incessantly from morning
to night, and from one week’s end to another, and in short we may say from
the beginning to the end of life, and that too with success, are barely able

Foreign Notices : — South America. 325

to maintain a decent external appearance in society, without either internal
tranquillity of mind or solid comforts ; alike without that relaxation which
continued exertion requires, and a prospect of final independence and retire-
ment from labour. A reform in parliament, we say, would tend to grant
us some relief; but how long would this relief be experienced by the country,
without the high education of the whole of the people, so as to create an
enlightened public opinion ? Education, therefore, we repeat, is every thing.
Happily in this country, and more especially in France, it is making consider-
able progress, but that progress is nothing to what it appears, by the above
extract, is taking place in America. According to the immortal Jefferson,
the effective part of society is changed every twenty years; that is, the
majority of those whose opinions haye most influence with the public in the
present year 1830, will be dead or hors de service in the year 1850. A new
class will then be on the stage, with totally new ideas and opinions, before
whom many of the institutions, ideas, and opinions now held sacred, or not
even to be spoken of, will give way like snow before the mid-day sun, or
like the débdcle of a grand river. Whoever has seen the breaking up of the
Neva at Petersburgh, or of the Moskwa at Moscow, grand and sublime
sights which we have witnessed, and by which a broad street of ice, covered
with carriages and every sort of traffic, is in a few hours, and without noise
or injury to the bordering houses, turned into a broad clear river, and
covered with passengers in boats, may form some idea of what will one day
in this and in every country be the grand result of high, equal, and universal
education. Such a change we have compared to the quiet of the débdcle ;
because, though it will like it be great, it will be without the slightest njury
to life or property; without injustice, and without violence of any kind ;
the simple and grand result of enlightened public opinion; a tribute of
reason and natural feeling to suffermg humanity. — Cond.

Classical Education. — At a meeting of Yale College, on Sept. 11. 1827,
a committee was appointed to enquire into the expediency of so altermg
the regular course of instruction in this college, as to leave out of said
course the study of the dead languages, substituting other studies there-
fore, &e. (American Journal of Sciences and Arts, vol. xv. p. 297.) — We
have long considered the study of the classics as the bane of education in
this country. They consume the time which should be devoted to the
acquisition of useful and solid knowledge, while their value in themselves
is extremely small, and that value, such as it is, never comes into the pos-
session of one in fifty of those who sacrifice almost every thing else to
obtain it. These are doctrines which we have long held, and it delights us to
find that the good sense of the Americans, the most acute people in the
world in practical matters, has led them to the same conclusion. (Scotsman,
July 18. 1829.)

SOUTH AMERICA.

Mr. D. Fanning, in forming a botanic gardenat Caraccas, received every
encouragement from the Colombian government, which, it appears from
letters received by Mr. Fanning, was fully sensible of the importance of
such an establishment in South America, Dr. Vargus being afterwards
commissioned by the government to inspect Mr. Fanning’s labours, gave a
most flattering and satisfactory account. On his departure from England,
Mr. Fanning intends taking with him a collection of all the fruit and forest
trees, shrubs, and flowering plants, medicinal as well as ornamental, that
can be procured, besides a great variety of seeds. It is to be hoped that
such a collection of plants from this country will prove of essential service
to South America, where fine fruits and flowers are held in such high esti-
mation. — A. R. Dec. 1829.

The Milk-Tree of Demerara is a different genus from the cow-tree of
Humboldt, of which, though so many plants were lately brought to this

‘vaus

326 Foreign Notices : — South America.

country by Mr. Fanning (p.377.), we doubt if there be one now alive. Mr.
Smith, formerly a pupil of Professor Jameson, but now resident in Guiana,
has sent home a specimen of the milk, and the analysis will be given in a
future number of Jameson’s Journal, We very much doubt the probabi-
lity of acclimating trees from that part of the world m Britain; but, when
once known, they may become of immense importance to the cottagers of
the West India Islands, of India, and of many countries. It thus appears
difficult for a man to conceive what there may yet be im store for him in
unexplored regions. Whatever tree will grow in Guiana, will grow on
at least one fourth part of the earth’s surface: here, then, is the prospect
of a new source of one of the most agreeable and nutritious substances’ in
use as food, for a considerable proportion of the human race. — Cond.

The Guaco Plant. — In addition to the beautiful account given by Sir
Robert Ker Porter, Sir Ralph Woodford, as well as other learned gentle-
men, of the guaco plant, I transmit the followimg accounts, which have
come under my own knowledze, respecting its efficacy in curing the bite or
sting of those poisonous reptiles which abound in South America, as well
as in other warm countries : — Asa man named Santiago was clearing land
on an estate called Bogade Topo, he was stung by a tiger snake in the leg.
In a few hours his leg swelled very much, and the flesh about the part
stung turned quite black. The juice of the guaco was at length procured,
and he drank a wine-glassful every hour, for six hours, and the part affected
was rubbed with the leaves. The pain ceased, and the swelling shortly after
went down without any sensation ; but, for several days, the part atfected
remained black. Two slaves on an estate called Pilinseat, m the valleys of
the Toye, were stung by a rattle-snake. The poor fellows suffered much
before the juice of this ve could be procured ; their legs and bodies swelled.
They drank very freely of the juice, and rubbed their bodies for several
hours. In the course of 12 hours, the pain ceased, and, shortly after, the
swelling went down ; but it was several weeks before they were fit to work,
A man named Don Pedro Pearos, who lived in the neighbourhood of Ca-
raccas, was stung by a correll snake, and his life was in imminent danger.
After drinking the juice for 18 or 20 hours, he got some relief; and, in the
course of 48 hours, the swelling went down. A large piece of the flesh fell
off the leg; and the part that received the stg, andthe hollow of the wound,
still remain, the part never filling up. Seeing the great virtue of this most
valuable vine, I procured it, and cultivated it in my botanic garden at Ca-
raccas, where persons daily apply for it. I gave two bottles of the juice to
Mr. Ryan, who had laboured under rheumatism for several years. In four
days after using it, the swelling went down ; and in ten days he was enabled
to attend to his work. I gave it to a Mr. Bell; and, in like manner, he got
well ina few days. I also gave two bottles to a gentleman in La Guarryro,
who was troubled with the gout. He got so well from drinking the two
bottles, that he considered himself finally cured; and, having such good faith
in it, he sent some bottles to a lady a relative of his m Hamburgh. In
applying it for the toothache, one drop is sufficient to relieve the most vio-
lent pam. The dose is a wine-glassful, morning, noon, and night. It in-
creases the appetite, and keeps the bowels gently open. —D. Fanning. Lon+
don, Dec. 1829. ;

Mode of cultivating the Aracacha Plant in the Caraccas.— Take a young
plant or sucker, and cut it close to the top, leaving only two leaves on it.
After it is cut, let it remain a day or two in the shade, in order to allow the
cut part to heal. Plant them out early in April, about 2 ft. apart, on the
top of drills, barely placing the plants in the earth. Let them remain thus
till the latter end of August or beginning of September, when the roots will
be fit for use. Then take up both root and plant, and place them ina warm
dry situation until April, and then prepare again for planting, as stated
above. — Id:

Loreign Notices: — Australia. 827

The Tobacco Plants of Colombia are: —'The Cumanacoa, Tobacco de la
Cueva, de las Misones, de la Laguna de Valencia cura seca and Caraco, de
la Laguna de Valencia cura negra, de Oriluca, de Varinas cura seca, de
Casavare, de Bayladores, de Rio Negro en Andullas equal to the tobacco of
the Brazils. The tobacco of the Cueva, in the department of Cumana, is
said to be a tobacce growing from the excrement of certain birds that depo-
sit them in a cavity, and from which the natives extract it: it is considered
the finest tobacco in Colombia. The birds are a species of the owl. The
natives of Varinas, and through the whole kingdom, chew a substance
called chimo, which is made of a jelly, by boilmg the Varinas tobacco, and
afterwards mixed with an alkali called hurado, which is found in a lake near
Merida. Both are an estanco of government, and produce a large annual
income. The mode of cultivating the above tobacco by the natives is as
follows: — They prepare a small bed, sifting the earth very fine, on which
they sow their seed, and then cover it with plantain leaves for some days. As.
soon as the plants make their appearance, they raise the leaves about 2 ft.,
so as to give the plants free air, and to allow them sooner to grow strong.
When they become large enough to plant, they have the land prepared ;
and, as soon as the rainy season sets in, they plant out their young plants,
taking great care to protect them from the sun, and to keep them clean as
they grow up, as well as to prevent the worms from destroying or eating
the leaves. When the leaf is ripe, it gets yellow spots on it; and, on bend-
ing the leaf, it cracks. Then it is fit for pulling off, which is done, and the
leaves are neatly packed in handfuls, placed in a dry situation, and occa-
sionally shifted from one place te another. When the leaves are well dried,
they are all packed closely, and well covered, to keep the favour in. The
leaf is left in this state for one or two months, and then made up for use.
They never top their tobacco, and the leaves never ripen together. The
mode adopted by the North American planters is somewhat different : they
top their plants when they have attained eight full leaves, or they keep it
secured; and, by this means, the leaves are large and sappy. They cut off
the stem at the ground, when ripe, and hang it on laths for one day and a
night, with the leaves all hanging down; they then place it in their barns;
and, when these are quite full, they smoke it for some days, and let it re-
main in that way until the stem, as well as the leaf, is quite dry; they,
then put it in a heap, and cover it up for market. They strip off the leaves,
and pack them in hegsheads, as it is received in London.— D. Fanning.
London, Dec, 1829.

AUSTRALIA.

The Agricultural and Horticultural Society of New South Wales. — The
address for 1829, by its president, Sir John Jamieson, has just been received
in London. “ The account given in it of the state and progress of agricul-
ture in the colony is highly favourable. It appears, from this address, that
the culture of the tobacce plant has answered every expectation: 30 tons
of it,as much or more than all the settlers have grown in any former year,
have been produced by five estates alone. There is, therefore, a prospect
that, in a few years, shiploads of the leaf may be despatched to England for
manufacture, provided the British markets afford a remunerating price. A
skilful planter is reviving the growth of the sugar-cane on the river Man-
ning. The growth of the opium poppy is more exuberant than in many
other countries; and the quality of the epium made from it invites its
more general cultivation. It is but a few years since the olive tree was in-
troduced in the colony; and the rapidity of its growth, together with its
excessive fruitflness, shows that the soil and climate are particularly
favourable to it. Every year’s experience tends to the belief that the vine
will one day become an important plant inthe colony. The variety of the
European grapes, and the perfection which they attain, hold out a promise

Y 4

398° Foreign Notices : — Australia.

that wine will hereafter become the most important export of Australia.
Had the settlers been brought up in climates where the vine and olive are
cultivated, wine and oil would long ago have been among the exports of the
colony. But the British population had directed their attention chiefly to
their native agricultural pursuits : and hence the delay of other productions
more congenial to the soil and climate, and of greater importance to the
trade of the colony. It does not appear that the attention of the British
settlers has been yet sufficiently diverted from those pursuits, so that the
Society’s exertions will most probably be directed to those purposes which
the circumstances of soil and climate render more particularly reeommend-
able. (Morn. Chron., May 7.)

Sydney, October 22. 1828. — You have, no doubt, heard that New South
Wales has been suffering from drought for the last three years. We have
just had a month’s rain, and the country has changed from an arid desert to
the most beautiful and luxuriant green. The wheat is ripening; and we
shall, no doubt, have a plentiful harvest in another month’s time. After the
very excellent description of the scenery and peculiarities of New South
Wales which you will find in Cunningham’s work, I am almost afraid to enter
on that subject. The foliage has been represented as very, nay, preposter-
ously ugly ; and so, indeed, it is; though the fault does not rest with the
nature of the foliage, but in the circumstance that our timber is not only all
primeval, but the natives are accustomed to set it on fire, for the purpose of
attracting the kangaroos when the new grass: springs up: so that you may
imagine that forests, presenting an assemblage of burnt and dead trees of
the most awkward and fantastic shapes, mixed with and rising above more
youthful foliage, cannot be very picturesque, but rather grotesque. This is
the general appearance of all the forests at present ; and, until the whole
face of the country undergoes the renovation of settlers, it must continue
so. But, far from being ugly, the foliage is really beautiful. Nothing
can be more so than the young gum trees, with large leaves; they have a
good deal the character of the birch, and the leaves, hanging at an angle
to catch the sun’s rays, glitter splendidly. The swamp oak (Casuarina
stricta?), tea tree (Zhea viridis L.), apple tree, &c. &c., are all of them
excellent varieties; and I have seen spots that were cleared on the first
establishment of the colony, and that are now wooded, present as beautiful
masses of foliage as you would wish to behold. Then we have the fan or
cabbage palm, the burwan, the grass tree, and the fern tree, all of them
the most beautiful things in nature; the wide-spreading fig tree, seemingly
a species of mangrove; and vines that would induce you to believe that
you were contemplating the famous banyan of India: we have all these
to add variety to our endless forests. Then, as to flowers, who that has
not seen the warratan enlivening our gloomy glens with its magnificent
crimson flowers, can form any idea of the power which it possesses in
making even our rocks seem interesting ? The others are mostly small, but
present an endless variety; and, about July and August, the whole neigh-
bourhood of Sydney is a perfect flower-garden : not growing here and there
like a solitary primrose or violet, but covering the whole surface with one
mass of varying colour. Every week is sure to present two or three new
varieties ; and though the spring months are most flourishing, this is the case
all the year round. Then there are all the shrubs, the banksias and acacias
or wattles, adding their share towards the completion of this wild garden.
The scenery around Sydney is very pretty, there being great variety of
surface created by the varied figure of the waters that surreund it. What
beautiful little spots there are, in which one fancies life would slide easily
away in the improvement of one! There are no large spaces calculated to
form a park; but for the grounds of a villa, from 10 to 15 acres, the variety
of surface and diversity of view is charming. Many bits are now being given
away on the conditions of building to a certain amount, and I hope to put

Foreign Notices : — West Indies. 329

my thumb on one ere long. Your lessons on landscape-gardening and laying
out have not been lost upon me even here. I have made a design for lay-
ing out and planting what is called the Hyde Park here, and also for build-
ing allotments around it ; and it has pleased the governor. We have a large
botanical garden here; but it does not appear to me to be well kept up, and
possesses nothing very rare. It is open at all times to the public, the con-
sequence of which is, that no one visits it. There is also an Agricultural
and Horticultural Society very well supported, almost every respectable
person being a member. The pursuits of the settlers are merely the mcrease
of their stock, and the growth of wool, wheat, and maize. I am so ignorant
of what has been done in the way of naturalising our trees and shrubs to
the climate of England, that it is almost folly for me to talk about it ; but L
should certainly like to see the gum or eucalyptus adorning your lawns: so
disposed, I think, they are the most beautiful of trees. The burwan I re-
member to have seen at Loddiges’, and think it could be naturalised ; also,
the grass tree and fern tree would add a striking and agreeable feature to
your shrubberies. It will prove a most fertile source of amusement to me,
should I return to England, to recognise the flowers, trees, and shrubs of
Australia. Though I do not know their names or classes, I know them all
by sight, and shall never forget them. The flowers I have always on my
mantle-piece, sumptuous nosegays that would fetch half a guinea in Covent
Garden, and these are got in five minutes in the bush. I am unable to study
as I ought to do; but the climate is so relaxing, that, after six hours’ teasmg
in an office, you are little calculated for aught but exercise and society. You
can have no idea of the delightful temperature of our winter. The clear
sunny days, without the excessive heat of summer, are enough to revive the
spirits of the most gloomy invalid. — I. 7.

The Hobart Town Courier. — We have to thank an unknown correspond-
ent for a series of this paper to the 30th of May last. These papers are
highly interesting as showing the progress of the colony; the spread of
civilisation of a high and advanced kind over an immense tract of country,
and the growing consumption of European, and especially British, manufac-
tures. In almost every paper there are several advertisements, containing
lists of the British goods just arrived, and for sale in the ships, or in certain
stores. As centuries must elapse before Australia can become a manufac-
turing country, the prospective advantages of the colony to Europe, even if
it should, which it most likely will, in the course or thirty or forty years,
become a free union, are incalculable. We wish we could see, under the pre-
sent governments of the different settlements, a description of allotments of
land for the support of schools, similar to what obtains in North America.
We have sent the editor of the Hobart Town Courier a copy of our Paro-
chial Institutions, §c. and of Des Etablissemens, §c.; and we hope he will
be able to find room, portion after portion, for the whole of both pamphlets.
In his pages they will remain to be consulted, at a period more auspicious
than the present for the establishment of Parochial Institutions, or at least
allotting lands for them throughout the whole of the civilised part of Aus-
tralia. We recommend also, both to the Australians and the Americans,
the subject of village breathing-places, or play-greunds, noticed im a former
Number (Vol. V. p. 686.) — Cond.

WEST INDIES.

Jamaca Agricultural Society, May 20.— Read. _A paper on the Natural
History, Climate, &c., of the vicinity of Spanish Town; by the secretary.

Presented, Fourteen varieties of Kidneybean, cultivated at the Carac-
cas ; by Dr. Lockhart of Trinidad.

Thanks were voted to the Hon. Vice-Admiral Fleming, for his polite
attention in forwarding the views of the Socicty, by the introduction of
several new objects of cultivation in the island.

330 Domestic Notices : — England.

Netlam, Tory, and Colin M‘Kenzie, Esq., were elected members. — X.Y.
July 17. 1829,

Botanie Garden, Bath, Jamaica, March, 1829.— The following plants
have been received by Thomas Higson, Esq., the curator from St. Anne’s,
Trinidad, as extracted from Mr. Lockhart’s letter of March 16. : — Piper
nigrum; J’nga, species scarlet-flowered ; Jasminum undulatum; Lécythis
coccinea ; Cassia, species Caraccas; Piper Betle ; Rosa odorata, new ; /Més-
pilus japonica ; Pimica Granatum var. album ; Flacotrtia, species excellent,
native fruit ; Hosa humilis; Bignonia ophthalmia; Polygala, species Caraccas;.
I’xia sménsis; Strophanthus dichétomus; Soérba, native of St. Vincent,
their mangosteen ; Amomum éxscapum, two varieties ; Ficus elastica, cut-
ting; together with four nutmeg plants. Two of them are natural, and two
are females, one of which is inarched and the other a layer. Another box
has been received, which contains four layer plants of natural nutmeg, and
cuttings of the Salix Humboldtiana, which I hope will succeed, and be an
ornament to Bath garden. Ihave found the nutmegs grown best m the
shade or virgin land. If irrigation ean be adopted during the dry season,
it would be a great convenience, as watering is absolutely necessary. When
the trees are in fruit, they show the want of water, by the skin of the fruit
shrivelling ; which symptom will require double the quantity of water, and
perhaps fail, after all, to brmg the fruit to perfection. We have now several
trees in fruit m this garden, and some of them may mature 1000 fruit : 1200
were taken from one tree last year. The black pepper, a climbing plant,
also delights in a shady and rich loamy soil. The Erythrina Corallodéndrum
is an excellent plant for it to run up; it also requires water in the dry sea-
son. The Guinea pepper grows in the shade or virgin land, and is in flower
in March; after which, to the rainy season, the fruit is maturmg; water is -
necessary to perfect their pods. Ihave sent three plants of a supposed
Flacoartia, as it is a dicecious plant, that you may have a chance of fruit.
The loquat grows toa handsome tree, and the fruit is said to be good. The
elastic fig grows to a very large spreading tree : one planted in this garden,
in 1821, spreads 25 paces in diameter. The sorba is a fruit which has been
cultivated in the botanic garden at St. Vincent for several years, and called
there the mangosteen. I found other species of the same genus in Deme-
rara, St. Vincent, and Trinidad, all of which resemble most the Xantho-
chymus pictorius, and may probably belong to the same genus when better
known.” — X. Y. July 6. 1822.

The Importation of Castor Oil from the West Indies seems to be increasing.
If that most unjust tax of 3d. per lb., which is equal to a charge of 22/, on
the ton, were removed, there is no doubt it would become an object of
great commercial importance, besides being a cheap article of the greatest
medicinal value to the poor. But so the poor, colonial agriculture, and the
manufacture of England are treated. — X.Y. July 17. 1829.

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND.

Harby Plants generally treated as Green-house. — Acacia armita, Calceo-
laria rugosa, Commelina tuberdsa, Hippocrépis baléarica, and Fachsia era-
cilis I have found sufficiently hardy to stand our winters, though they are
generally treated as green-house plants. — J.D. London, Jan. 19. 1830.

List of Plants sent to England, in the ship Rose, from the port Oratava,
Teneriffe, May, 1829, by P. B. Webb, Esq., to his gardener, Wm. Young
Milford House, near Godalming, Surrey : — Ai

Domestic Notices : — England. 331

Ranunculaceae. Trib. 3. Ranuncilee.
Ranineulus (C. Bauh.) cortuszefolius Willd., 8 Teneriffe Pers, “2?”
Crucifere. Subordo 1. Pleurorhizee. Trib. 1. Arabidee.
Cheiranthus (R. Br.) tenuifolius L’ Her. “ Porto Santo.”
Subordo 3. Or. thoplocee. Trib. 16. Raphanee.
Crambe (Tourn:) strigosa L’ Herit.
Caryophillee. Trib. 1. Silénee.

Siléne (L) canariénsis Spreng., suavéolens Barthelot. “ It grows at the
foot of the Peak; and in the lofty basin of the Canadas, from 1200: toises
above the sea to where vegetation ceases.’

Malvacee.
Lavatéra (Linn. ) pheenicea Vent., “ is a native of this island, and not of
Madeira, according to Decandolle and others ;”’ acerifolia Cav.
Hypericinee. Trib. 2. Hypericee.
Hypéricum (Z.) reflexum Lin, fil.
: Zygophillee.
Zygophyllum (Z.) album LZ. “ Dry sands, sea-shore.”
Rutacee. Trib. 1. Didsmee.

Ruta (Tourn.) pinnata Lin. fil.

Celastrinee. Trib. 2. Euonymee.

Celastrus (Lin.) cassinoides L. Herit., “ called here Perradillo.’’

Rhamnee.

Rhamnus (Lin.) glandulosus Ait.

Terebinthaceeé. Trib. 6. Pteleacee.

Cnedrum (Lin. ) pulveruléntum Vent. “ Arid sand, sea-shore : it is used
as bark in fevers.”

Leguminise. Subordo 1. Papiliondcee. Trib. 1. Sophoreze.

Anagjris ( Tourn.) latifolia Willd.

Trib. 2. Lotee. Subtrib. 1. Genistee.

C¥tisus nubigenus Link. It grows at the foot of the cone of the Peak.
Adenocarpus Dec., Frankenio¢des Choisy. “ It grows high upon the sides
of the Peak.”

Subtrib. 2. Trifoliee.

Lotus (L.) glaticus Ait., “ Madeira ;”’ portosanctanus, “ from the eed
of Porto Santo.”

_ Rosdcee. Trib. 2. Amygdalee.

Cérasus (Juss.) Hixa Webb.

Trib. 1. Rosee.

Rosa (Tourn.) Armide P. B. Webb. “ It grows at the foot of the Peak,
in the lofty arid basin of the Canadas and circular chain which surrounds it,
1200 toises above the level of the sea.’

Onagraria.
Visnea (L.) Mocanera Li
Crassulacee. Trib. 1. Crassilee.

Sempervivum (Z.) villosum Haw., glutinosum Ait., Smith Sims., urife-

rum P; B. Webb. “ It is called Ura de Guanches by the people.”
Umbellifere.

Bupletwum (L.) canariénse Spreng.

Composite. Subordo 1. Cichoracee.

Sonchus (L.) Jacquini Dec., radicatus Att., eummiferus Link,

Prendnthes (L.) pinnata Lin. fil.

Andrijala (L.) pinnatifida Ait.

332 Domestic Notices : — England.

Subordo 3. Cardudcee. Div. 1. Cardudcee vére.
Carlowizia (Monch) salicifolia Monch.
Centauréa (L.) arguta Nees.
Subordo 5. Jacobéz.
Cacalia (L.) Kleinza L.
Cineraria (Z.) + multiflora L’ Herit., + lactea Willd.
Tussilaginis L’ Herit.
Subordo 8. Anthemidee.
Artemisia (L.) argéntea Ait.
Chrysanthemum (Z.) pinnatifidum Lin. fil.
Pyréthrum (Sm.) coronopifolium WW.
Myrsinee.
Myrsine (L.) canariénsis Spreng.
Oleinee.
Olea (L.) excélsa Ait.
Asclepiadez.
Ceropégia (L.) aphylla Haw.
Convolvulacee.
Convélvulus (Z.) canari€énsis L.
Boraginee.
E‘chium (Z.) fastudsum Jacg. “ It throws up a superb stem 6 ft. high.” _
FE. strictum L.
Myosotis (L.) latifolia Poir.

Solanee. Sect. 2. Pericarpium baccatum.
Physalis (L.) aristata Ait.
Scrophularinee.
Scrophularia (Z.) cruénta.
Isopléxis (Lindl.) canariénsis Lindl.

Labiate..

Thymus (L.) micans. ‘ Madeira.”
Teucrium (L.) spindsum L.
Bystropogon (L’ Herit.) origanifolius L’ Herit., plumosus L’ Herit.
- Acanthacee.
Justicia (L.) hyssopifolia L.

Primulacee.
Campylanthus (Roth) salsolotdes Roth.

Plumbaginee.
Statice (L.) macrophylla Willd., arborea Brouss., imbricata P. B. Webb.
« A new species, growing at Gocra Chico and Buena Vista.”

Plantaginee.
Plantago (L.) arboréscens Poir.
Latrine.

Larus (L.) canariénsis Willd.

sis Euphorbiacee.
Euphorbia (L.) aphylla Brouss., balsamifera Ait., atropurpurea Brouss.

ae Urticee.

Boehmeéria (Jacq.) rubéscens Jacg. Very shady and moist places.”
Urtica (L.) morifolia Poir.

Amentdcee. Subordo 1. Salicee.
Salix (L.) atlantica P. B. Webb. “ Teneriffe and Madeira.”

Domestic Notices : — England. 333

Amarylhidez.
Pancratium (L.) canariénse Ker.

Asphodelee.
Asparagus (Z.) albus L., Smithzdnus P. B.Webb, plocamoides P. B. Webb.
* It grows on dry arid rocks.”
Jincee.
Luciola (Smith) Bertheloti: Penny.
Luzula (Dec.) Berthelotii Nees von Esenbeck.

Filices. Subordo 1. Ophioglisseae.
Ophiogléssum (Z.) lusitanicum L.

Subordo 4. Polypodiacee.
Gymnogramma (Desv.) atrea Swartz.
Nothochle‘na (2. Br.) subcordatum.
Cheilanthes (Swartz) pulchélla Bory, suaveolens Swartz.

With this interesting collection have been received numerous other
plants, to which no specific names were attached. — William Young. April,
1830.

A Collection of South American Alpine Seeds has been: received by Dr. Ha-
milton of Plymouth, from Mr. Watts. They were collected by Mr. Chas.
Hauswolf, in June and July, 1829; and the latter gentleman says that he
hopes some of them will prove fit inmates for the green-house, and possibly
hardy annuals. The seeds are mixed, and without names, but Dr. Hamil-
ton recognises among the collection some belonging to the genus Tagétes.
The doctor adds, “ You will oblige me by requesting those to whom you dis-
tribute them, to communicate to me, through the medium of the Gardener’s
Magazine, information as to the plants raised from these seeds, their genera,
species, mode of treatment, value as acquisitions to our florists, hardihood,
&c.” The quantity received being too small to divide, we have sent the
whole to Mackay of Clapton, who, we have no doubt, will report on them
agreeably to Dr. Hamilton’s wishes. — Cond. April 21. 1830.

Ishngton Botanic Garden, in which is to be erected reading and scientific
lecture rooms. Proposals for this object were published in October last,
from which the following is an extract : —“ Central public rooms for the
daily papers and periodicals are a great desideratum to the intellectual por-
tion of the respectable inhabitants of Islington. Until this moment, no
point of attraction, as a public room or walk, for mutual intelligence, has
been formed, in a parish possessing in itself as much learning and ability as
any suburb of the metropolis. It is now intended to select a central spot
for this purpose, readily accessible from Highbury, Canonbury, Barnsbury,
Upper Islington, the Upper and Lower Streets, and the parish generally ;
to consist of three or four acres, as a lawn and grand parade; upon which
to erect a low thatched-roof building, for reading and lecture rooms; with
terraces 20 ft. wide, seats, &c. Other improvements in the neighbourhood
may be connected with this object; and subjects of great importance result
from this association, as they shall be agreed on by a majority of the pro-
prietors and subscribers.” (John Williams, Honorary Secretary, North
End, Upper Islington ; and 78. Cornhill.) We highly approve of this pro-
posal; and though we have not leisure actively to cooperate in bringing it
into effect, yet, if the parties concerned think it worth while to submit any
of their plans or schemes to us, personally, we shall be happy, personally
and gratis, to give our opinion on them. We say personally, merely be-
cause that mode requires less time than writing. It is by uniting together,
and forming the noblest public gardens and places of assembly, that the
poorest in the land will one day participate. in those enjoyments which, in
the present stage of the progress of society, belong exclusively to those who

834 Domestic Notices: — Lngland.

are excessively rich. One must have been present at the assemblies in the
gardens and banqueting-rooms of some of the richer nobles of Vienna and
Moscow, occasionally thrown open to the public, for whom the finest music
and provisions of every kind, without limitation, are provided, to understand
something of the enjoyments which such institutions are calculated to afford
in this country. — Cond.

The Garden of the Horticultural and Botanical Society of Manchester is
proceeding apace. The ground im all is 15 acres, chiefly of sandy soil, but
in part clay. The east, west, and north walls are built; there will be about
100 yards of glass, besides pits and frames. Two lodges are built, which,
I am afraid, you will not like; and, unfortunately, the main entrance to the
garden is from the north (on the Chester road), which you have shown in
your Encyclopedia of Gardening to be always bad. —Y. H. March 2. 1830.

The Weeping Ash of Wilson's Nursery at Derby, of large dimensions, and
nearly half a century old, has been purchased by the Duke of Devonshire,
and removed to a conspicuous situation at Chatsworth. The tree was re-
moved on amachine similar to that used by Sir H. Steuart, constructed by
Messrs. Strutt of Belper, andunder the direction of Mr. Paxton, the duke’s
head gardener. The weight of the tree was estimated at from 7 to 8 tons,
-and the distance to which it was.conveyed is 28 miles. We are not informed
whether the roots were previously prepared by cutting; but, from the sub-
ject not being mentioned in the very long account of the operation given in
the Derby and Chesterfield Reporter, April 15., we should conclude not. We
are happy to hear of the duke’s taste and liberality, and should be still fur-
ther gratified to learn that he had established, or would establish, at Chats-
worth, a complete arboretum, allowing sufficient space for each tree to attain
its full size, and introducing every hardy tree which could be procured in
the London nurseries. The expense would not be greater than removing
half a dozen such trees as the one above mentioned. — Cond.

Heating Hot-houses by Fowler’s Thermosiphon (Vol. V. sp. 453.).— A
printed letter has been sent us on this subject, of which we subjom an ex-
tract : —“ The house, a plant. stove, is 60 ft. long; the vertical height 16 ft. ;
and the cubical contents, including an excavation for growing the plantain,
banana, and other choice stove-plants, above 10,000ft. I generally allow
about an hour, with a brisk fire under the boiler, before I set the machine
to work: I then remove the siphon plugs, and, almost instantly, the hot
water rushes up the ascending leg of the siphon, which destroys the pre-
existing equilibrium very considerably, and causes a rapid flow of hot water
from the furnace into the main-pipe on the ground-floor ; and, in the space
of a few minutes, the whole line of main-pipe, as well as the siphon, is sup-
plied with hot fluid. When J find that the atmosphere of the house has
risen to the maximum I want, I let the fire be stayed with wet ashes: after
this process, little or no attendance is required. The fuel I chiefly use is
either small coal or culm, mixed with ashes. The machine has often-conti-
nued working, for upwards of 14 hours, without any addition of fuel ; namely,
from six in the evening till eight the next morning : the temperature at night
being 79°; in the morning, 68°; the thermometer in the open®air, at the
same time, 28°. I have frequently worked it, for several days together,
-without any attention being required to the filling-cock; the motion of the
fluid denoting the perfect action of the machine, and showing more or less
rapidity, according to the management of the fire. The air is salubrious,
and highly congenial to vegetation, having neither an overplus of aridity nor
-superabundance of humidity. The machinery part answers perfectly well ;
the operation is simple, and the management easy: not the least alteration
has been required ever since its commencement, and it is not likely to get
out of order, ar require repair. J have seen several steam-machines, level
hot-water apparatus, and many different constructions of brick flues, for
causing artificial heat, but am decidedly of opinion that the thermosiphon

Domestic Notices : — England. 835

is very superior to all other plans hitherto adopted. It may be applied both
for top and bottom heat, to any denomination of houses, pits, or frames
where artificial heat is required ; and, by its use, a complete command of
temperature is obtained for every horticultural purpose. It is my intention
to have one for forcing melons, cucumbers, strawberries, sea-kale, rhubarb,
kidneybeans, mushrooms, asparagus, and plants in pots; as | am certain that
much may be done by the machine where any nobleman or gentleman has an
extensive establishment for forcing.”” — Henry Dalgleish, Gardener to J, Mil-
ford, Esq., Coaver. Exeter, April 1, 1830.

The table which accompanies Mr, Dalgleish’s letter contains a register of
the temperature of the external atmosphere, and of the stove, as taken three
times a day durmg the months of January, February, and March. In Jan.,
the temperature of the stove, in the evening, varied from 64° to 81° ; inthe
morning, from 56° to 66°. In February, from 66° to 76° in the evening ;
and from 58° to 63° in the morning. In March, from 69° to 86° in the
evening ; and from 60° to 66° inthe morning. The coldest day in January
was 26° in the morning, and 25° in the evening; in February, 23° in the
morning, and 21° in the evening; in March, 34° in the morning, and 44° in
the evening. — Cond.

Funds for General Education. — After an attentive perusal of the twenty-
two reports of the’ commissioners of enquiry into our public charities, I do
not believe there is less than 1,000,000/. sterling which might be annually
available to objects of education and general utility, not a tithe of which is
‘so applied; whereas, by judicious measures, and at a trifling expense, a large
portion of this much abused and magnificent income might be redeemed.—
Speech of D. W. Harvey. (Times, Jan. 28. 1830.)

Cytisus Labirnum flore purpureo. — Sir, Lsend you a Cytisus Labirnum
flore purptreo ; itis a hybrid, and was obtained from seed of the C. Labur-
num with the C. purpureus. I do not know by whom it was raised, only
that it was originated near Paris about five or six years ago. I have cul-
tivated it four years, and never flowered it till last year; it also flowered
at the same time, and only then, at the nursery of M. Frémont, jun.,
at Rouen, who received the plant at the same time that I did. The leaves
of this C¥tisus are exactly like those of the common laburnum, but a little
larger; the branches are shorter, and do not shoot so rapidly as the labur-
num, but the flowers are of the same colour and alittle larger than those of
the Cytisus purpureus; its bunches are not pendent, but erect, and with
few flowers. The effect which this plant produces is much inferior to that
of the common laburnum ; but it forms a pretty variety, and a curious hybrid
for amateurs. I think, however, that when the tree gets older, and the
head becomes better furnished with branches, it will bear flowers more
abundantly than at present.

Syringa vulgaris var. Charles X. I last year imported to this country
a new variety of the common lilac tree, called Charles X., raised some
years ago by M. Guillet, nurseryman at Versailles. Its wood is shorter and
larger than the common sort, the flower panicles are larger, shorter, and
extremely clustered; the flowers are of a lilac colour, and redder than that
fine variety cultivated in France, under the name of d’? Ambournay, which
was raised above forty years ago from seed by M. Oissel of Rouen. —

Two new Roses. I also send you two rose trees; the one is the R.
sempervirens major, the flowers white and extremely double; the other is
the Princesse de Nassau, obtained from seed in Paris, I believe, four years
ago, and a hybrid between the Muscat and the Noisette roses, partaking
most of the muscat, This last is also very double, from 2 to 23 in. in dia-
meter, and a little yellowish in the centre. I have sold it in this country
for these two years past ; it flowers abundantly from July to October and
November,

The green-flowered Rose. I shall now say something about my green

336 Domestic Notices : — England.

rose, which is now no more. Four years ago, M. Rossignol, the gardener
of M. Loisel of Bois Guillaume near Rouen, obtained a rose perfectly
green. It has constantly flowered green till within the last two years. Last
autumn it produced a fawn-coloured rose; and at last five or six grafted
plants, which this gardener still possessed, did not flower green in the least.
The mother stock alone produced three green roses out of thirty or thirty-
six; and this evidently proves that this green variety can no longer be
considered lasting. I have also other proofs of this. I last year planted an
individual of this variety in my garden; it flowered white, and all those
plants which I sold in London in the spring of 1829 flowered in the autumn
of that year of the same colour. I therefore hope you will mention this,
as Thad no intention-to deceive; but it would appear, and it is already
acknowledged, that it requires three or four seasons of flowering to prove
a new sort. Asimilar case happened with a rose at Rouen, which had pro-
duced flowers much variegated for two years, but the third year flowered
unvariegated. I am, Sir, &c.— Vallet Aine. Mr, Youl’s Nursery, Old
Kent Road, March 22. 1830.

Varieties of Primrose, Oxlip, and Cowslip, cultivated in the Neighbourhood
of Coventry. — Sir, The following is a list of such of the principal varieties
of the primrose, oxlip, and cowslip, as I have cbserved cultivated in the
gardens in this neighbourhood. It is offered to your notice, not by any
‘means as a full and complete catalogue of all the known varieties, but in
the hope of drawing the attention of cultivators to the subject, and, perhaps,
calling into notice some of the varieties enumerated by our old English
herbalists, and now nearly forgotten, if not lost to our gardens. _Some of
the following varieties (especially the double primroses) are well worthy of
more care in their cultivation than is commonly bestowed on them. If the
‘roots are divided in the summer or autumn, planted in pots, and protected
under a frame from the severity of the winter, they will produce a profusion
of flowers in the early spring, an ample recompense for the additional pains
of the cultivator. It is hoped that some of your correspondents may be
induced to add to the present list, so as to form a complete enumeration
of the several varieties at present cultivated in our gardens.

PRIMROSE. White. Hose in Hose.
Single. Dingy. Yellow.
Common Yellow. Lilac. White.
White. Crimson.
Red or Crimson. Carmine.t COWSLIP.
Do. with calyx enlarged OXLIP. Common Yellow.
and partially colour- Single. - Red.
ed, i Common Yellow. . Hose in Hose.
Oxlip Primrose. Orange-eyed.
Double. White.
Yellow. Lilac.{

It appears from an inspection of the above list, that the primrose is the
species most apt to produce double varieties, and the oxlip and cowslip
those termed hose in hose. —W.T. Bree. Allesley Rectory, near Coventry,
April 25. 1829.

* That is, a primrose bearing its flowers on a common footstalk, like
the oxlip.
' + Ireceived this by the above name, which, however, is not very appli-
cable, the colour being a very dark crimson, like that of a Polyanthus. It
is perhaps the handsomest variety of all.

{ Raised from seed of the white oxlip.

Domestic Notices : — England. 337

Wattsia, Nat. Ord. Cacti? — Dr. Hamilton of Plymouth has named a
plant in honour of his zealous and patriotic friend, Edward Watts, Esq., the
British consul at Carthagena. Dr. Hamilton describes the plant as a
thorny shrub, with fleshy leaves like those of Peréskea aculeata. He has
sent us some seeds which we have given to, our neighbour, Mr. Campbell,
curator of the Comte de Vandes’s botanical eth ao: — Cond.

The Stem of a Moss Rose, planted in a pot, with of@shoot, containing
roses with the calyx and footstalks covered with moss ‘in the usual way,
and another without any moss whatever, was sent us July 9th last year,

peek, Ramsay, nurseryman, Chelsea, Such anomalies occur occasionally.

. Peacock of Edinburgh, it is said, can produce moss roses at pleasure.
— Cond. s

Alstraemeria Simsii, and other species. — Myr. Sffect has now a plant of
A. Simsz that has stood several winters with no other protection than a
single mat thrown over the bed in severe weather; it flowered and seeded
last summer, and has stood this winter so well, that it is now about 4 in.
high, and has already thrown up sixteen strong shoots. A. hirtélla has also
stood out several years, flowering and ripening its seeds every year; he has
also had out this winter, A. Flés Marting and A. Hookér, both of which
have stood the winter well, and are now growing freely. (British Flower-
Garden, for April, 1830.)

Calla ethiopica has remained throughout the winter in a pond in the
.garden here, and is now in flower. The water was frozen over with very
thick ice for more than a week this winter; but, as the plant was about a
foot and a half beneath the surface, the root was not injured: it was only
placed in the pond last summer (1828) by way of trial. — W. Quail, Gar-
dener. Esthwaite Lodge, near Hawkeshead, July 19. 1829.

Yellow and White Water Likes, together with the flowering rush, would
add much to the beauty of the water in St. James’s Park and Kensington
Gardens; if you would suggest the thing in either of your Magazines, I
have no doubt it would be adopted. — J. Z—s. May 1. 1830.

Quite the contrary; it is in the nature of things that those who are in
power founded in the monopoly of the few against the many, and hence
conscious of being looked on with a scrutinising eye by the discerning part
of the public, should reject whatever would imply in the slightest degree
their unfitness for possessing this power. If the parties whose business it
is to attend to or ornament the parks should determine on planting water
lilies in consequence of this hint, they will at least wait a year or two till
it can appear to be done of their own accord. Exactly this course took
place in the case of the men’s lodges to the doors in Kensington Gardens,
which were put up just about two years after we had suggested the idea in
No. II. of this Magazine. The plants in the Chiswick garden are now
naming, as we recommended in our Second Volume. Nature has provided
obstinacy and indifference, as means of self-defence for those who cannot
otherwise resist the attacks of reason. — Cond.

Gooseberry Shows of 1829.— Sixteen new sorts of gooseberries have been
named and produced at the different gooseberry shows during the present
year : five red, six yellow, three green, and two white, raised from seed.
The following is a correct list of the four classes of gooseberries ; I have
selected six of the heaviest berries in each class, with the name of the per-
son and place where they were exhibited : — si

Red. Lion, 25 dwts., Mr. Fardon, Woodstock ; Companion, a seedling,
24 dwts. 19¢rs., Mr. Hoopley, Wybunbury; Huntsman, 21 dwts. 20 grs.,
Mr. Denerley, Cheetham Hill; Sir John, 21 dwts. 16 grs., Mr. Rose, Newark
upon Trent; Top Sawyer, 21 dwts. 6 grs., Mr. Spencer, Derby; Statesman,
21 dwts. 3 grs., Mr. Chesworth, Nantwich.

Yellow. Leader, 22 dwts. 17 grs.. Mr. Lovart, Nantwich; Gunner, 20
dwts. 19 grs., Mr. Brooks, Didsbury ; Bonny Roger, 20 dwts. 10 grs., Mr.

Vou. VI. — No. 26. Z

338 Domestic Notices : — England.

Denerley, Hooley Hill; Globe, 20 dwts., Mr. Dingsdale,-Huyton ; Sove-
reign, 19 dwts. 20 grs., Mr. King, Radford; Teaser, 19 dwts. 20grs., Mr.
Prophett, Wistaston.

Green. Invincible, a seedling, 23 dwts. 14 grs.*, Mr. Brotherton,
Wistaston; Peacock, 22 dwts. 19 grs., Mr. Fisher, Wybunbury ; Tramp,
18 dwts. 13 ers., Mr. Reed, Hooley Hill; Providence, 18 dwts. 4 grs., Mr.
Baker, Staffordshire; Ocean, 17 dwts. 15 grs., Mr. Eggleston, Newark ;
Angler, 17 dwts. 12 grs., Mr. Weldon, Cheetham Hill.

White. Ostrich, 21 dwts. 11 grs., Mr. Billington, Cheshire; First-rate
21 dwts., Mr. Piggott, Macclesfield; Eagle, 20 dwts, Mr. Fletcher, Prest-
wich; Nonpareil, 18 dwts. 11 grs., Mr. Seel, Little Heaton ; Govener’s, 19
dwts. 20 grs., Mr. Stringer, Congleton ; Delamere, 18 dwts. 8 grs., Mr. Wel-
don, Cheetham Hill. — 44, Saul. Lancaster, Nov. 2. 1829. :

A Collection of Fruit Trees, from Buel and Wilson’s Albany Nursery,
North America, has been received by Mr. Saul. They consist of peaches,
plums, apples, and pears, and Mr. Saul writes that they are the finest plants
he ever received from any nurseryman either of Great Britain or America.
(See p. 311.) — Cond. Dec. 30. 1829.

The Hanwell Souring, and a Seedling from Wheeler’s Russet, sent here-
with, may perhaps be interesting to Mr. Ronalds for his work. The Wheeler’s
Russet is an old apple, nearly worn out ; I mean, we cannot raise healthy
trees by grafting: when kept till February or March, we have been in the
habit of considering it, for flavour, the very king of all apples; and the seed-
ling raised from it partakes very much of the flavour of the parent, but it
will not keep so well, and is very good fresh off the tree in autumn. —
W.T. Bree. Allesley Rectory, near Coventry, Jan. 9. 1830. ah

A Single Melon Plant, in the garden of Mrs. Punno, Taplow Lodge, pro-
duced two fruit, the largest of which weighed 244 lbs., and the other 22 lbs.,
and what is rather singular, they both grew upon one vine. The largest
fruit I this morning sent to a friend of Mrs. Panno’s, residing at No. 62.
Lincoln’s Inn, where you probably may see it, should you thmk it worth
the trouble of calling. If you think a short treatise stating the treatment
the plant received, from its commencement to maturing its fruit, will be in
any way interesting to the majority of your readers, I have not the slightest
objection to do it in the best way that I am able. I had melons of all sizes
‘last year from 1 lb. to 133 ]bs., but never before saw any so large as the
two I now speak of. —J. Holland. Taplow Lodge, Sept. 14. 1829.

We shall be happy to receive an account of Mr. Holland’s method of
cultivation. — Cond. »

Collection of Melons and Water Melons from Russia. — Sir, I have the
pleasure of sending you a choice collection of melons and water melons for
your garden, and for distributing among your friends. You will find some
new varieties amongst them well worth cultivating. I should wish very
much that you would pay particular attention to the water melons, in order
to grow them to that perfection to which they are grown at St. Petersburgh ;
they are much more esteemed here than even the very best Cantaloup or
Rock Melons. As you have been yourself some time in Russia, I need not
tell you what a refreshing aliment these melons afford in the summer time,

* Mr. Brotherton has raised a number of new seedling gooseberries, and
has adopted a plan by which he gets them very heavy, but, when sold
to the other growers, they can never be made to weigh as much; so that
at present the growers of gooseberries are not fond of purchasing new seed-
lings from the raisers, before they have been proved by others. And if your
readers will consult the gooseberry show book back, they will find that a
number of seedlings, after having been sold, never come up to some of even
the old sorts.

Domestic Notices : — England. 339

and how superior they are to other melons —F’. Faldermann. St. Peters-
burgh, Dec. 20. 1829.

List of the Water Melons ; Cucirbita Citrillus L.; Arbusi, Russ.: —

. Early sugar water-melon, with yellow flesh. Very good.

. Sugar water-melon of the Crimea. Very excellent.

. Water melon of the Crimea, with very sweet dark-red flesh.

. Very large water melon of Atrachan. Of very good flavour.

Water melon from Casan. Very sweet, and large-sized.

. Water melon from Casan. Very sweet, and the flesh green.

. Water melon from the East, with green flesh. Very good flavour.

. New very good kind of water melon from Tscheran.

. A fine sort of Persian water melon, cultivated about Erivan.

. Another fine sort of Persian water melon, cultivated about Erivan.

. The favourite water melon of the Persians, with dark-red flesh, and
very sweet.

12. Very early Persian water melon, of large size.

13. Very large Persian water melon, with dark red flesh.

14. Mirza Chosrefs water melon.

Musk melons cultivated in Russia; Cicumis Melo L.; Dini Russ.
1. Very large sugar melon, from the south of Russia,
2. Melon from the South of Russia. One of the finest sorts.
3. Melon from the Crimea.
4, Sugar melon from Casan.
5. Round very good melon from Casan. ‘
6. Sugar melon from Astrachan. Very sweet:
7. Very fine melon from Sarepta.
8. Tscheran melon. Very Sweet.

Of Persian Melons, Cucimis Melo L., there are nine sorts in separate
packets, marked 1 to 9, including the Dampsha, Datee, Goorquabee, and
several others. — /. F’.

We are extremely obliged to our intelligent and much-esteemed corre-
spondent for these seeds, and also for his other communications and seeds
received by the same conveyance. We shall send portions of the seeds,
as far as they will go, to such of our correspondents as will undertake to
give them a fair trial, and report to us the particulars, sending usa fair spe-
cimen of the fruit of each variety. One gardener may take one sort, and ano-
ther gardener another; or several sorts may be taken; but we should think
five or six enough for any one gardener to experiment with. Applications,
on these conditions, may be sent to Mr. Charlwood, seedsman, Great Russel
Street, Covent Garden, with whom we have deposited the seeds, and to
whom we shall send the seeds of the fruits received for distribution in 1831.
Mr. Charlwood has also seeds of the Sweet Indian Corn, sent by Dr. J. M.
of Philadelphia, which we would particularly recommend to such of our
readers as think of growing this article, as a garden vegetable, to be eaten
ereen as in America, — Cond.

A new Variety of Wheat from China. — Sir, I have the pleasure of sending
some wheat from China. It is considered as more productive, and of a bet-
‘ter quality than the common wheat grown in Europe. I wish you would
distribute it, in order that its value in different soils may be ascertained.
‘The flour which it gives is much whiter than that from the common wheat.
I should be happy to hear of its supposed superiority. —J. Faldermann. St.
Petersburgh, Nov. 16. 1829.

We have sent one fourth part of this wheat to Mr. Shirreff of Mungos-
wells, one fourth part to Mr. Gorrie of Errol, a portion to Mr. Smith of
Woodstock Park, and the remainder to the editor of the Brit. Farm. Mag.
and the Editor of the Country Times. — Cond.

Z 2

— ;
=H OOCMNAMPWwH

340 Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

SCOTLAND.

Caledonian Horticultural Society. — A General Meeting of the Caledonian
Horticultural Society was held in the Physicians’ Hall on the 3d of Dee. last,
Daniel Ellis, Esq., first vice-president, in the chair. Mr. Ellis delivered a
luminous and interesting discourse on the unpropitious nature of the past
season, and on the best means of obviating the evils of our climate. We
can only give a very meagre outline of the substance of this discourse. He
remarked that “ the coldness of the spring months, which so much retarded
the blossom of the earlier flowers, that the usual period of competition was
necessarily deferred, has continued through the months of June, July, and
August, the mean heat of the day during those months not much exceed-
ing 56°, and its highest temperature rising only for a few days to 70 or 75°.
The more delicate fruits, therefore, as peaches and nectarines, were but
very imperfectly ripened; but those of a hardier description, as apples and
pears, which do not require so much heat to ripen them, were less affected
‘in quality, and in quantity have surpassed the production of former years.
The mean heat of the months of September and October was about 49°.

“ From accounts received, it appears that the temperature has been pretty
much the same in most parts of Britain; and, consequently, the periods at
which fruits have ripened in different districts have corresponded more
nearly than in former years. The chief defect in our climate, in regard to
the production of fruit, was stated-to arise from a want of heat at the
period of maturation ; and, therefore, our aim should be directed to hasten
the progress of growth, and augment, as much as we can, the temperature
at the ripening period. Great attention, therefore, shculd be paid to the
nature of the soil and to shelter, both of which contribute much to ameli-
orate the climate; whilst the aspect, or exposition to the sun, should be
such as will enable the plant to receive the greatest force of solar heat,
and for the longest period. Ringing the bark of a branch, or removing a
small circular piece of it, so as to intercept the descent of the nutrient
matter, has the effect of accelerating the growth of the fruit in that branch ;
and experience has shown that blackening the walls, so as to increase their
power of receiving heat, likewise hastens the progress of growth, and. the
subsequent process of maturation. ai :

“ Against the destruction of the blossom, which too often happens to
our wall fruit in early spring, a covering through the night was recom-
mended. The injury done at this period is produced, not by the cold of
the night, but by the sudden action of the morning sun on parts previously
reduced and enfeebled by cold; and the mischief may therefore be pre-
vented either by raising the temperature of the plant before the sun shines
upon it, or by intercepting his rays till the plant shall have acquired, through
the medium of the atmosphere, a suitable degree of heat. In very un-
favourable seasons, when the atmosphere is obscured, and the sun exerts
but little force, no fruits can be expected to ripen in the open air, without
the aid of walls heated by flues or by some other means. Even in better
seasons they materially accelerate growth, and must ensure a more perfect
maturation. Very fine Black Hamburgh grapes were this season ripened
in the open air, by the aid of such walls, in the neigbourhood of Glasgow;
and brought, in the market of that city, a price equal to those of the same
Sort grown in the hot-house.”

A ballot took place for the admission of new members, when those pro-
posed as candidates at the previous Meeting, among whom was the Right
Hon. the Earl of Traquair, were all duly elected. The office-bearers for
the ensuing year were then chosen, and prizes awarded as follows : —

For the best three sorts of pears, not generally cultivated in Scotland,
with names, to Mr. James Smith, gardener to the Right Hon. the Earl of
Hopetoun, at Hopetoun House. The kinds sent were Nouvelle Beurrée

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 34)

d’Hiver, Délices de Chasselas, and Gloux Morceau. — For the best bunch
of retarded grapes, any variety, with an account of the mode of manage-
ment, to Mr. George Brown, gardener to the Earl of Lauderdale, Dunbar
House. The variety sent was the white raisin, and the fruit appeared in
fine condition. — Of the other article on the prize list of this day, the yel-
low Jerusalem artichoke (Topinambour jaune of the Paris market), no spe-
cimens were ‘produced, from which it was concluded that this culinary
vegetable had not yet been introduced into this country. — A large collec-
tion of very fine pears having been sent from the walls and dwarf standards
at Luffness in East Lothian, the seat of Sir Alexander Hope, several of
which being considered admirable, both for size and quality, the Meeting,
on the recommendation of the committee, awarded an extra-medal for these
to Mr. George Fowler, gardener at Luffness. — A specimen of West’s St.
Peter’s Grape, sent by Mr. John Kinment, at Murie, was so exceedingly
well retarded, that the committee recommended that the fourth volume of
the Society’s Memoirs be voted to Mr. Kinment, as a mark of their appro-
bation, which was agreed to.— Some remarkable bunches of grapes were
sent from Barnton garden, being the third crop, from the same vines, within
twenty months, the vines contmuing vigorous and healthy. — Among the
extra-articles exhibited at this Meeting were some fine specimens of silver
beet, blanched by means of sea-kale covers, from Mr. James M‘Culloch at
Balmuto. The specimens being very fine, the Meeting, on the committee’s
suggestion, awarded the 4th volume of the Society’s Memoirs to Mr. M‘Cul-
loch, in testimony of their approbation. — Specimens of apples, the growth
of the Shetland Islands, were presented by Mr. Purves of Edinburgh: they
were the white or Keswick codlin, and highly respectable, as being the pro-
duce of the Ultima Thule. — Four kinds of excellent Canadian apples were
exhibited by Mr. George Ross, gardener to the Earl of Dalhousie, at Dal-
housie Castle. — Mr. Scott of Sinton sent specimens of some American
apples ; and a cast of one thought to be the Fall Pippin, the individual fruit
from which the cast was taken weighing no less than 274 0z. — Mr. John
Govan, W. S., sent specimens of the Knohl-kohl, or turnip-rooted cabbage,
from Cairnie Lodge, the seat of Colonel Foulis in Fife. — There were also
exhibited, by Mr. Barnet, large and well grown specimens of two varieties
of Knohl-kohl, early white and red. The seeds of these varieties were
brought from Germany, by Mr. Loudon, in 1828, and by him presented to
the Experimental Garden. — Mr. Thomas Kennedy, nurseryman at Nith
Bank, Dumfries, sent specimens of a seedling apple raised by him, called
the Nith Bank Pearmam, a rather showy table-fruit.

The table of the hall was decorated by fourteen distinct sorts of Chry-
santhemum sinénse, in full flower, from the Experimental Garden; also a
plant, in a large earthen pot, of the blue raisin grape, trained spirally, car-
rying four bunches, and a plant of the Poonah grape trained in the same
form, having several bunches, which-had a fine appearance. Grapes grown
in this manner were much admired at the last two fruit festivals of this
Society.

From amongst the important horticultural information contained in the
minutes read to this Meeting, we select the following, which came under
the consideration of the committee and council on the 5th of Nov. last : —

Sir George 8. Mackenzie exhibited a seedlins apple, between the Non-
pareil and the Manks Codlin, called the Achmore apple, which was consi-
dered juicy and good; also another beautiful seedling, shaped like the
Nonsuch, not remarkable for favour; and a very fine saccharine seedling,
between the Codlin and Leadington in appearance. — Mr. George Shiells
sent specimens of the black Hamburgh grape, and of the white currant
grape, from the apricot division of the flued wall in the garden at Erskine
House in Renfrewshire, the property of Lord Blantyre. The former were
ripe and well flavoured, and Mr. Shiells mentioned that he had sent 12 lbs.

Z 3

342 Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

to the Glasgow market, where the same price was obtained for them as for
those grown in the hot-house. The committee were much gratified with
this proof that, under judicious management, excellent dessert grapes may
be produced against a flued wall in Scotland, even in a bad season, such as
the past; and they voted the last published volume of the Society’s Me-
moirs to Mr. Shiells, in testimony of their approbation. — A bunch of the
Rhodes seedling grape was exhibited, the berries of which were beautifully
black and well flavoured; and there was also submitted to the Meeting a
model of an improved hoe, with a movable plate, invented by Mr. Lea, nur-
seryman at Worley, near Halifax, which, along with the specimens of grapes,
had been “transmitted by the Rev. James Armitage Rhodes of Horsforth
Hall, near Leeds, wio, the secretary stated, had also sent buds or eyes of
the Rhedes vine for the Society’s garden. Thanks were voted to the Rev.
Mr. Rhodes for these interesting communications. — A letter was read from
Mr. G. Ferguson, market-gardener at Prestonpans, describing specimens of
avery large and beautiful pear, sent as being a modification of the Muirfow!
Ege. These specimens were of excellent flavour, and very similar to the
Muirfowl Ege. The seeretary was directed to request grafts of this variety,
and to offer grafts of other new or rare kinds in return.— Mr. Oliver at
Dysart House sent some large and some small specimens of the brown
Beurrée pear, produced from grafts which, at the same period, were put on
an old and on a young Jargonelle tree. On the young tree, the large fruit
sent were produced, and were plentiful ; while the small fruit were from the
old stock, and there the crop was scanty. Thanks were voted for this no-
tice of so interesting an experiment. — Mr. John Ferme, Haddington, sent
specimens of a very excellent seedling apple, supposed between the Golden
Pippin and Nonpareil, for which thanks were voted, and of which grafts
were requested. — Mr. James Dick, gardener at Crawford Priory, sent a
specimen of unripe black Hamburgh grapes, from the open unfiued wall,
showing that this grape will not, in ordinary seasons, succeed without the
aid of a flued wall.

Specimens of white kidney and pink-eyed kidney potatoes, both of excel-
lent quality, seedlings from the purple kidney, received from Mrs. Selby of
Twizel, in Northumberland, were sent by Dr. Greville, for which thanks
were voted, — P. NW. January, 1830.,

A Quarterly General Meeting of this Society was held on Thursday, the
4th of March, Sir Henry Jardine, senior vice-president, in the chair. The
Earls of Leven and Melville, Sir John Hay of Smithfield, Bart., Mr. Innes
of.Stow, and several other distinguished members of the Society, and pros
moters of the art of horticulture were present. Prizes were awarded as
follows : —

For the best specimen of blanched succory, raised in a cellar or dark out-
house, or in a hot-house, pit, or frame, to Mr. William Oliver, gardener to
the Earl of Rosslyn, at Dysart House.— Fer the six newest and rarest
hardy plants, cut specimens in flower, to Mr. Alexander Forrester, gardener
to David Falconer, Esq., Carlowrie. The collection consisted of Leu-
cdjum vérnum, Leucdjum carpaticum, Bulbocddium vérnum, Corydalis
cava alba, Chimonanthus fragrans, Pothos foe’tida, besides Lithospérmum
orientale, and Borago orientalis. — For the best eight hyacinths, either in
flower-pots or in water-glasses, red, blue, white, and yellow, two of each, to
Mr. William Mylne, gardener at Drum to Gilbert Innes, Esq., of Stow. The
kinds were: red, Comtesse de la Coste and Duke of Wellington; blue,
Grande Violette and Quintin Durward; white, Prince of Waterloo and
Prince Galitzin ; yellow, Pure d’Or and Duchesse de Berri. — For the best
six stalks of forced rhubarb, raised by a market-gardener, to Mr. William
Inglis, gardener at Wester Warriston, being the first forced rhubarb pro-
duced by any market-gardener at Edinburgh.— No competitor appeared
for the premium offered for hyacinths which had also flowered in Scotland

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 343

in the preceding year; but an extra-prize was awarded for a number of very
fine hyacinths, grown in a novel manner, by Dr. Adolphus Ross, in his
drawing-room. A quantity of moss, consisting of the most common kinds
of Hypnum, was placed in a water-tight box, about 8 or 9in. deep, into
which the bulbs were placed im the end of September, without mould, and
duly watered. The result of this experiment was highly favourable; and
Sir Henry Jardine, in moving that an extra-medal be awarded for this
novelty, complimented Dr. Ross on its success, for which the doctor, who
was present, returned his acknowledgments. — Another extra-prize was
awarded to Mr. John Mathison, gardener to the Lord Register of Scotland
at Arniston House, for a fine specimen of rampions (Campanula Rapincu-
lus), used as a salad, and also as a second-course vegetable. —A very beau-
tiful specimen of an uncommon variety of the Seville orange, which grows
to a large size, was sent from the garden of Mr. Buchanan of Drumpellier,
grown by Mr. Thomas Carsewell, his gardener. This variety is said to be
very prolific. The fruit was attached to a small bough; and close by the
fruit was a flower, which added to the interest of the specimen.

Besides the competition flowers, a great many very fine hyacinths were
exhibited from Drum garden. A number of early tulips and hyacinths were
sent from the experimental garden, as also a very beautiful plant of Azalea
ledifolia, or white Chinese azalea; which is one of the handsomest of the
tribe, the petals being larger than those of the more common kinds, and of
a pure paper-white. An excellent specimen of the Phcndécoma prolifera
also graced the table of the hall; which, both in point of beauty and fra-
grance, was, considering the early period of the year, as well decorated as
we ever recollect to have seen it. (Hdinburgh Advertiser.)

Edinburgh Botamc Garden, December 10.— The following new or rare
plants have lately flowered here: — Begonia diversifolia, Gompholobium
polymorphum var. luteum, Sphacele Lindléy:, Lobélia méllis, Lobelia rugu-
losa. (Professor Graham in Jamieson’s Journal, December, 1829.)

New or Rare Plants which have lately flowered in the Neighbourhood of
Edinburgh, March 10. 1830.— Céstrum bracteatum; Conéstylis aculeata ;
Klephantopus Mart, the seeds received from Rio Janeiro; Lobelia
Kraussi?, from Dominica. — Nepénthes distillatoria, feem. This plant is
163 ft. high. It has ripened seeds, from which several young plants have
been raised. “ It appears that the pitcher is an appendage to the middle
rib of the leaf, the leaf originally consisting of the ciliated wings of the pit-
cher only, but is subsequently elongated downwards, and at last the mem-
branous expansion along the pitcher degenerates into two prominent nerves,
and for a considerable way along the middle rib is entirely removed,
leaving this to act as a long simple cirrhus,” (Jameson’s Jour., April, 1830,

. 380.)

x Ripe Grapes were cut in the garden of Culzean Castle, Ayrshire, on
March 8. (Ayr Advertiser, March 25. 1830.) .

Lord Dunmore’s Seedling Pears are the finest productions of Scotland,
and equal-to the best of those raised by M.van Mons. — P. N. Edinburgh,
January 6. 1830, i

Miniature Orchard. — have been so much pleased with the plan of a
miniature orchard that I have prepared a quarter of ground for a trial,
although I don’t meant to plant the trees so close, and will introduce a
gooseberry bush between each tree. — WV. MZ. Argyleshire, Nov. 6. 1828.

Orchards. — In your Encyclopedia of Gardening, article Orchards, you
are quite correct as to the Clydesdale and Carse of Gowrie orchards ; but
you say there are a few smaller ones along the base of the Ochill Hills. I
have sought for the Ochill Hill orchards but cannot find them, and I there-
fore think you have been misinformed. The Ochill Hills form the southern
boundary of Strathearn, and there is a range of lower hills, which run along
the north side of that strath, and on their south slope are the old orchards

Z 4

3440 Domestic Notices : — fLreland.-

of Aberdalzie, Mailer, Kirkton, Hillton, Moncrieff, Fingask, Rhynd, Pall-
hepburn, and Elcho. None of them are of large extent, but all of them are:
aged. — X. Y. Z. Near Renfrew, May 6. 1829.

_ Sir George Ogilvy’s Garden at Banff in 1639. — In the year 1639, during
the civil wars between Charles I. and his Scottish subjects, a General Monroe,
who was ravaging part of the north of Scotland, returned the keys of Strath-
bogie to the Marchioness of Huntly, set fire to his camp, and marched to
Banff, the magnificent seat of Sir George Ogilvy, which he destroyed,
together with his fine garden, then the best in Scotland, enclosed with
excellent stone walls, and well stocked with fruit trees, all of which he cut
down, nor did he leave a hedge standing. ‘Sir George was then with the
king, who, when the disaster was related, remarked, “ as for the house it
mattered not much, money could build it up again in a short time; but it
was cruel to destroy his garden, which years could not repair.” (Azkman’s
History of Scotland.) — Id.

Temporal Happiness. — It appears that Dr. Chalmers intends to give lec-
tures to. the Edinburgh students of divinity on political economy as con=
nected with theology, and on the animal as well as the moral and religious
nature of man. This is highly commended in that excellent paper the
Scotsman, and especially in a letter to the editor published im the number
for April 21. That letter is full of important truths, showing how much
a man’s opinions on most subjects depend on his organisation, on the cir-
cumstances with which he is surrounded, on the state of his health, and on
the qualities of his food. The first principles of Mr. Owen, as lately deli-
vered in his Sunday lectures at the Mechanics’ Institution in London, are
exactly the same; only Mr. Owen pushes them as far as they will go, anti-
cipates the state of things that will be the final result of their application,
and thereby has drawn down on himself the charge of bemg an advocate
for materialism, and incurred the epithet of benevolent madman; while
the more prudent correspondent of the Scotsman, as well as the editor of
that paper himself, though entertaining, as we believe, the same fundamental
principles as Mr. Owen, maintains a reputation for wisdom and philosophy.
Such are the different ways of men. Great good, however, we are firmly
persuaded, is effecting by both parties; but it is hardly more safe to drop.a
word in favour of Mr. Owen at present, than it was three years ago to praise
Mr. Bentham, now acknowledged by Mr. Brougham in Parliament to be the
first jurist of the age; not quite a year ago the Z%mes newspaper called him
an old driveller. — Cond.

IRELAND.

Arboricultural Society. — A prospectus for a Society for promoting plant-
ing andthe care and management of wooded lands in Ireland, has been sent
us, with the names of the patron, president, vice-presidents, and committee,
all of the first respectability. The object of the Society is stated to be,
“ to collect, embody, and diffuse scientific information relative to the form-
ing of plantations, and the care and management of wooded lands in Ire-
land.” Three pounds annually, or twenty pounds paid down, constitute a
member. A committee of fifteen are to conduct the affairs of the Society.
The secretary is C. W. Hamilton, Esq., 37. Dominick Street, Dublin.

“ Prospectus. In Ireland there are woods and plantations belonging to
individuals, worth many thousand pounds, and collectively worth millions,
which are either totally neglected, or injured by injudicious treatment.
The neglect consists in the omission of proper draining, fencing, thinning,
pruning, copsing, é&c., in leaving briars and other detrimental undergrowth
upon the surface, and in a general deficiency of any scientific principles of
management. The injury consists in improper felling and thinning, lopping
for fire-wood and fences, the admission of grazing cattle, and the employ-
ment of ignorant persons as labourers and superintendents.

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 345°

“ The advantages which this Society anticipates, from a greater attention
to the increase and superior management of wooded lands, are, the im-
provement of wastes; the employment of a large number of the peasantry ;
the addition of ornament to the country, as well as of value to farmed
lands, by the production of shelter and an abundance of useful timber ; and
the consequent increase of individual property and national wealth. That
these advantages are not generally understood, the face of the country
sufficiently demonstrates ; and where so large a proportion of labour and
expense is devoted to agriculture, and so little to the cultivation of forest
trees, it is not wonderful that the landed proprietors of Ireland should, to
use the words of Evelyn, ‘ oftener find occasion to fell down and destroy
their woods and plantations, than either to repair or improve them.’ It is,
therefore, highly desirable that the subject should be brought more fre-
quently and directly under public notice and discussion, and that inform-
ation upon it should be collected from as many sources, and distributed
through as many channels, as possible. To do this is the object of the
present Society, and the proposed means of effecting that object are, —

* 1. To establish an office in a public and central situation in Dublin,
and to engage a scientific agent to attend there at convenient hours, for the
purpose of collecting and communicating to members, and to persons acting
on their behalf, all possible information connected with the objects of the
Society. 2. To keep in the office patterns of tools and models of machinery,
of the best and most approved construction. 3. To open and carry on an
extensive correspondence both at home and abroad, from which the Society
may expect to derive valuable information; and perhaps to bring forward
the interesting results of its enquiries im occasional publications, so as to
diffuse through the country a knowledge of the principles of the science.
4. To collect for the use of the Society, and for the promotion of the
science, a library of the best publications which have been written upon
the subject in various languages.

“ Tt is not intended that the Society should embark in speculation, offer
premiums, recommend woodmen, or in any way engage in conducting the
business of individual subscribers, which might involve it in heavy expen-
diture and responsibility. The establishment of similar societies has proved
conducive to the promotion of almost every other branch of knowledge.
If any improvement has been discovered in the treatment of the inferior
vegetable productions, it is directly communicated to, and disseminated by,
farmmg and horticultural societies; new plants are collected from every
part of the globe, and the most valuable are selected for cultivation; ex-
periments are tried and recorded, that their success may be followed up, or
their failure made known, in order to deter others from wasting time and
capital in a repetition of similar attempts ; queries are proposed and answered,
and a useful spirit of emulation is thereby excited through the kingdom $
the experience of each individual being thus rendered of use to the com-
munity. But with respect to the noblest of vegetables, both as it regards
the beauty and riches of the country, the case is widely different. In the
cultivation of forest trees, there is no connection between the efforts of
individuals ; every one tries his own experiments, and is too often dis-
couraged by the failure of those attempts, which, had they been assisted by
the experience of others, might have produced the most beneficial results.
It is, therefore, presumed that the establishing a Society in Ireland for the
purposes above stated, will be of essential service to the country, by giving
an impulse to improvement in the management of woods and plantations,
whilst it will also combine with its other advantages one of vast and para-
mount importance, the continued and profitable employment of a large
number of the peasantry of the kingdom.”

It is commonly alleged in England that the societies which have hitherto
been established in Ireland have done very little good, and_that those which

34.6 Domestic Notices : — Ireland.

have been supported by government, as the Dublin Society, the Cork
Institution, &c., have degenerated into mere jobs. Whoever wishes to
know something of the state of jobbing in Ireland, may turn to the Scots-
man newspaper of Jan. 6. 1830, where, in a review of the Report of the
Commissioners of Revenue on the State of the Irish Post-Office, will be seen
an account which is enough to make a man exclaim, that, if the peasantry
of Ireland are in a state of physical degradation, the gentry are not less
degraded morally. We do not believe there is any thing in the world equal
to it, except in Russia. However, as the Society proposes to confine itself
to collecting and diffusing arboricultural knowledge, we cannot see how it can
possibly do harm. An active, scientific, and practical agent, by travelling
through the country, might possibly effect something by instructing local
foresters and woodmen; and if proprietors were very anxious for the
improvement of their woodlands, such professional foresters as Pontey in
England, and Sang and Cruickshanks in Scotland, would soon be called into
existence in Ireland, without the aid of any society: in fact, there is our
correspondent Fraser, who, we will venture to assert, understands vege-
table physiology, as applicable to trees and the whole management of plant-
ations, as well as any man in the two islands. But, from what we can
learn, the foresters of Ireland are much too ignorant and conceited to take
instructions, or be put out of their routine practices by strangers; and
therefore the grand and essential thing is to enlighten the rising generation
generally, to begin at the beginning. In the mean time, every temporary
exertion is worth something; and the mere circumstance of calling public
attention to the subject, and bringing people together, or into communi-
cation, who are occupied with the same pursuit, is certain of doing good.
In these views, we hail the appearance of the Arboricultural Society, and
wish it every possible success. — Cond.

Mr. Fraser’s name, we in this country regret to see, is falling into the
middle distance of your pages. He has left much undone, which might
have been of real use to the county where he resided ; I may add, to gar-
deners and Ireland at large. Knowing your Magazines to be widely cir-
culated in this kmgdom, I hope you will call upon some of your intelligent
readers to send you an account of the places they have visited, which might
be the means of operating upon both the employer and the employed.
Start the subject, and I have no doubt of its success. I am, Sir, &c.—~
L.L. January, 1830.

We have repeatedly done so, but there seems to be something in Ireland
which breeds laziness; there seems to be a want of poor rates, to excite
to activity and industry. As far as gardening is concerned, absenteeism
causes the blight. To the peasantry poor rates would be a real good; and
if the landlords would meet them by the cottage system already laid down
(not a forced cottage system), and by giving every cottager a loom, which
might reduce the quantum of land, they would have nothing to fear. —
Cond.

Poor Laws. — We have not the least doubt that had a system of poor
laws, similar to that which has been established in England, been established
for the same period in Ireland, it would, by giving the landlords and gentry
of the country a deep pecuniary interest in the repression of the numbers of
the poor, have powerfully tended to prevent that splitting of farms, and
excessive increase of the population, that are the prime causes of all the
evils of Ireland. ( Ed. ian

Mildness of the Climate near Belfast. — Sir, Having received much plea-
sure from your Gardener’s Magazine, and being passionately fond of culti-
vating shrubs and flowers, which I have been in the habit of practically
doing myself in a small garden as my greatest amusement, I am induced to
give you some remarks, which, if you please to make use of in whole or
part, you are very welcome. I think this part of Ireland, on the sca-shore,

Domestic Notices : — treland. 347

about three miles from Belfast, latitude 54° 35’ 42” N., must be peculiarly
favourable to gardening. I find many plants grow well here, which I have
observed in the Gardener’s Magazine are spoken of as rare in other places :
for instance, Fachsia coccinea, as bearing berries in a green-house, from
which young plants spring; and then it is observed, it might perhaps be
treated as a hardy annual. My old plants ripen seed in the open ground,
and never get any protection, and I have them in the coldest situations. I
never thought of sowing the seed, as I find the cuttings grow as well as
those of the common willow. I cut some plants down to the ground about
January, and these cuttings I put very thickly together into any part of the
garden, and give them no care: almost every plant succeeds and flowers
that autumn. ‘The broad-leaved myrtle I have as an edging as low as box,
and as hedges in my garden of all heights, from 6 in. to 12ft. My 12-ft.
hedge is on a south wall. When Dr. Haliday came to this place twenty.
years since, it was 2ft. high. It has never had even a little straw laid over
the roots in winter, and it flowers beautifully. It is bushy from the ground
to the top of the wall, with which I always cut it even about April. In the
summer it shoots a foot and a half above the top of the wall: it is 5 ft. in
breadth from the bottom to the top, and spreads 3 ft. over the door-case on
one side. From this I have taken all my other plants, observing to cut off
a flowering branch, otherwise it is very long before they come into flower.
I always strike them in the open ground, and many have been put down at
Christmas ; in fact, I give them no more care than the Fachsia. I have at
least forty plants now, and many in fine flower this day (Nov. 11.). The
narrow-leaved myrtle is also in the garden, and has twice flowered; it is
not protected. I cannot go to any great expense, but I try every plant I
can get a cutting of, and often succeed where many who take great care
and trouble do not. The snowberry I struck by a cutting in the open
ground, when the nurserymen were asking 7s. for a plant. The white
double primrose is quite hardy here. Tigridia Ferraria I plant in the gar-
den in February; its seeds are now quite ripe; this winter I will leave
some roots in the ground: it seems so far to have changed its habit as to
open the flower at all times in the day ; it even did so at six in the evening
this year. Mirabilis longiflora stands the winter here well, and flowered
the year it was sown. Scarlet-flowered Cyrilla, sown in the garden, is now
in fine flower ; as are also a variety of pelargoniums and Cineriria, turned
out of the green-house to take their chance. The Althea frutex flowers
well in many places here. I have a very small green-house, nearly all
glass, but with no artificial heat. JI reared in it Crassula coccinea and
alba; the seeds came up in a parcel of heath seeds from London (the latter
all died): the crassulas flowered beautifully. My fine pelargoniums are
later in flowering, but are in general in better health, than where great heat
is used. The Madagascar periwinkle flowered from a cutting. My gar-
dener has also been successful in flowering the Amaryllis vittata in it: he
was laughed at for supposing it possible; but the fourth year I had a fine
plant, the stem 2 ft. high, and five handsome flowers: the second year it
was not quite so fine. This year I have a second bulb from it, which I hope
will flower: one of the bulbs I have just looked at; it has now a leaf a
foot long, owing, he supposes, to the experiment of not treating it as he
did at first. If it does Hower, I shall send a communication to the Gar-
dener’s Magazine. I know he does not give at any time any thing like the
quantity of water which some of your correspondents recommend; but he
says, not having heat, the plant does not require it. My green-house is
chiefly managed by him, and he is quite anxious to acquire information
relating to his profession, and very fond of it; but, except in regard to the
vittata, every fact I state is from my own knowledge and experience. There
are now seven beds nearly blown of the scarlet Chinese rose, budded on
the 20th of July on the common double white rose; and I had the rose
unique, Tuscany, moss-white, and double yellow-flowered on the Chinese

348 Domestic Notices : — Ireland:

blush, budded rather late last year. I think it is the best stock. The situation
was too sunny for the yellow; two buds only flowered perfect. I have it
also budded on the scarlet Chinese. I have long been trying to discover
what is the cause of the variation of the colour in the hydrangea: it is not
the strong black soil that gives the blue; for in that, for four years, I have
a fine red plant, taken from a blue one; and in a sandy soil (which is the
general soil here) I have a blue one. I once thought, as you observe,
that the plant requires to be old before the blue colour becomes preva-=
lent; but I am convinced that will not always hold. I have not ob-
served any of your correspondents remark the very neat method, French
I believe, which a friend described to me, of striking slips of carnations
or pinks, particularly if to be sent any distance; and I think it would
answer well: for pelargoniums, gilliflowers, &c. It is thus: — A strong
shoot is just pierced through a jot, or asif going to be layered ; have some
pieces of the lead tea is so commonly put up in now, and twist it round the
shoot (jig. 75.); tie the bottom close with bass mat, and then fill the

- lead full of proper compost, now and then watering. If the
plant is tall, put in a stake, and tie it firmly: in six weeks it
will be well rooted, and may be cut off below the lead, and
sent any distance. This I have practised for two years, and
find it succeeds well; but it does best if the plants are pretty
high, which carnations are generally here. I beg to give another
instance of either the soil or climate. Two years ago a root of
the orange lily threw up a stem which twisted from the ground
and flattened to an inch and a half in breadth, was 7 4t. high,
; and had 130 flowers on it. I had the dry stem till very lately.
— M. H. Clifton, near Belfast, Nov. 11. 1829.

We are much gratified with these proofs of the mildness of the climate
of Ireland, even in the north. We have no doubt the whole or the greater
number of Australian, Japanese, and Chinese plants might grow there ;
many of them with no protection, and others with the same degree of pro-
tection which is given to the orange and the lemon in the north of Italy
and in Devonshire. As our correspondent cannot have many neighbours
who have extensive collections of exotics, we take the liberty of recom-
mending such of our amateur cultivators as have spare young plants, and
Mr. Mackay of Clapton, to send a few to Clifton, for trial in the open gar-
den. The result will be something for all parties to hope for; and it will
be given, we have no doubt, with readiness and pleasure by M. H. in this
Magazine, in say three years after receiving each parcel. . We are delighted
to find a lady deriving so much enjoyment from her garden. We have just
had the pleasure of showing the London gardens to a lady of similar pur-
suits from the north of Scotland, who has created a garden there, and who
is not only a botanist and a naturalist, but who can and does perform all the
operations herself, even to digging and wheeling. — Cond. May 22. 1830.

Castlemartyr, County of Cork, the Residence of the Earl of Shannon. —
Sir, In consequence of the notice taken in your Hncyclopedia of Gardening,
in the list of noblemen’s and gentlemen’s seats in Ireland, of Castlemartyr,
the residence of the Earl of Shannon, I was induced to visit it a few days
ago, and was so highly gratified by an inspection of it, that I shall attempt
to give you a brief account of its varied beauties, which, if you deem worthy
of insertion in your interesting Magazine, may prove a stimulus to future
communications on similar subjects. This magnificent demesne is entered
by a plain gateway with castellated piers, the external appearance of which
would not lead a visitor to expect much internal beauty. He is, however,
agreeably deceived immediately on entering, by the view of a distant bridge
and waterfall, terminating in a spiendid canal, or rather basin, along the
banks of which his walk now commences. The effect is much increased by
the appearance of a number of swans, which approach strangers with great
familiarity. Amongst them we were highly pleased to notice, for the first

Rural Architecture. 34.9

time, that “ rara avis im terris,’ the black swan of Van Dieman’s Land

with its splendid red bill. Closely observing his habits, he appeared to us
a much more lively and animated bird than the white; and such we learned
to be the case from a guide who attended us, and is in the habit of noticine
him daily: the neck did not appear to be quite so long as that of the white
swan. Amongst them were a number of fine geese, which the guide called
“American.” Passing the bridge under which the water falls, we soon arrived
at the house, which appears very old, and fast going to ruin: the rooms are
spacious, and contain some excellent paintings. On remarking to our guide
that the house appeared much neglected and going to decay, he said, “ he
supposed His present Lordship would not rebuild it, but that there was
every probability of Lord Boyle’s (the eldest son) doing so, as he was
greatly attached to the place, and always quitted it with tears in his eyes
for England, where the family chiefly reside since the death of the amiable
countess, who seems to have been almost adored by the people here. Our
guide added a piece of intelligence, which to us was most unwelcome,
“ that, since her death, about seven years ago, the chief flower-garden, in
which she spent most of her time, has not been entered by any person but
the gardener and the assistants, though it is said to be kept in as neat order
as ever.’ As a recompense for this disappointment, he conducted us over
a wooden bridge, on a distant part of the canal, to another garden most
delightfully situate on the side of a hill gently sloping to the south, and
embosomed in a thick wood, through which a winding pathway, planted on
each side with the choicest evergreens, led to the entrance gate. Here we
were delighted to find a number of half-hardy shrubs, apparently acclimated
in a high degree, if we were to judge from their great size and healthy con-
dition; amongst them the Magnolia grandiflora and conspicua, Kaélmia
latifolia, myrtles of every kind, with numerous others. I never saw the
Chinese roses, odorata and indica, half so large or healthy as against the
green-house wall, with a south-eastern aspect: perhaps the yellow rose
would answer equally well here, if tried. In the green-house, or consery-
atory, which is indeed a mean one, and ill suited to so extensive a place, we
observed a very fine Vérium spléndens, Brugmansia arborea, and Acicia, I
believe, decipiens. In mentioning the acclimated shrubs in the garden, I
omitted Camellia japénica, which seemed quite as hardy as the Prinus
Lauro-cérasus in its neighbourhood outside, and forming as numerous
blossom buds, and as forward, as some under glass. The myrtle is said to
thrive particularly well in this part of the country, which lies within four
or five miles of the southern coast, from which sea sand is procured
for its cultivation. Some that I observed at Youghall, near this, were at
least 20 ft. high and well furnished, and required no protection during the
winter season. The Arbutus Unédo, our favourite native, was here, on the
banks of the canal, in higher perfection and vigour than I found it at Kil-
larney. A vast number of the inhabitants of the sweet village of Castle-
martyr, adjoining the demesne, are kept employed almost constantly, not a
withered leaf being allowed to remain beyond a day on the walks; indeed,
it exceeds in neatness of keeping many places of note which I have visited
in England. — A. B.C. Cork, Oct, 5. 1829.

Art. 1V. Rural Architecture.

TOLL-GATE Houses in the neighbourhood of London have been a good
deal improved within the last seven or ten years, and it were much to be
wished that only the most elegant compositions of this kind were erected
all over the country ; because they could not fail to have an influence on the
general taste in matters of architecture. Toll-gates and parochial or village
schools ought to be particularly attended to as examples of architectural

350 Rural Architecture.

taste; because they are inevitably seen by every body, and the latter when
we are young and open to impressions. We should be glad if some of our
architectural readers would send us perspective views or isometrical cleva-
tions of this description of buildings, and in the mean time we shall make
the commencement by giving a view of a toll-house lately erected at
Edgeware. (jig.76.) On the summit of the cupola of this house there was

76

IH ANN S
we LAO aS

originally a lamp with three burners and three separate reflectors. Two of
the reflectors directed the light along the road in opposite directions, to
show what might be coming or departing on either hand ; the third reflector
threw the light directly across the road, and down on the gate, for the pur-
poses of the gate-keeper and those passing through. After this light had
remained between two and three years it was taken down, as being foo
brilliant, and as having frightened some horses; but it surely might have
been softened so as to be retained. Where there are two gates, a lamp-
post is very properly placed between them, as is now done at Edgeware,
which answers all the purposes of the cupola and triple lamp formerly there.

Isometrical (isos equal, and metron, measure) Perspective. — As some of
our young readers may not clearly understand what is meant by this term,
and as that description of perspective is particularly adapted for drawing
plans of kitchen-gardens, we give the following extract from Waistell’s De-
signs for Agricultural Buildings : —“ Isometrical perspective is a term given
recently by Professor Farish of Cambridge, to a projection made in ‘rays
parallel to the diagonal of a cube upon a plane perpendicular thereto. This
is a comprehensive and useful method of exhibiting the different parts of a
homestead, and any person moderately acquainted with drawing, if they
make the attempt, will find it extremely easy to perform; nothing more
being required than to divide a circle into six equal parts, which may be
done with the radius ; and draw the hexagon and three radi, one radius to
every other angle, to represent a cube. (jfig.77.) All the vertical or plumb
lines in any design are then to be drawn parallel to a 6; all those in the
direction, say north and south, parallel to ac ; and all those at right angles
or perpendicular to the last, or in the direction east and west, parallel to
ad; and the several heights, lengths, and breadths, being taken from a
scale of equal parts, and set off, and lines drawn in these three directions,
the’ projection is produced. The position of any point, or the direction of
any other line, may be found, by: finding where the first would fall upon any
plane parallel to either of the three sides of the cube, and where the latter,
if produced, would cross any line in the three directions.” (Designs, &c.,

p91.)

Rural Architecture. 351

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The Duke of Wellington's House, Piccadilly, in the garden front (jig. 78.),
presents what we think may be called one of the most disagreeable anoma-
lies in regular architecture we ever beheld. | We do not recollect any build-

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ing in London that to our eye produces so bad an effect ; certainly nothing
so offensive in any building in which two elevations out of three are of such

352 Domestic Economy.

perfect dignity and beauty. Though no reason which it is in the power of
man to give would convince us that this northern elevation was justifiable
on any received principle of architectural design, yet, we must confess, we
should like to know what reason prevailed with the architect so as to
induce his consent to the disposition of the windows in the projections as
seen in the sketch. (jig. 78.) We will not allow that it was required by the —
internal arrangement, because we know what that arrangement is; and we
know also that some of the windows are false, and if some why not more,
or not so many, or a different size or disposition ? — Cond.

Art. V. Domestic Ecenomy.

BrewIne Beer from Mangold Wurzel.— Mr. Reuben Earnshaw, of Kirke
burton, near Barnsley, lately made an experiment by brewing the roots of
the mangold wurzel. He says, that when the roots are sliced and dramed
through a sieve, and treated by a process the same as in ordinary brewing,
adding two pounds of treacle to a bushel of the roots, they will produce as
much good liquor, with a quartern of hops, as four pecks of malt. (Scots-
man, March 6. 1830.)

Spirit from the Berries of the Mountain Ash. —'The berries, when per-
fectly ripe, are first exposed to the action of cold in the open air, then put
into a wooden vessel, bruised, and boiling water poured on, the whole
being stirred until it has sunk in temperature to 82° Fahr. A proper quan-
tity of yest is then added, the whole covered up, and left to ferment.
When the fermentation is over, the liquor is to be put into the still, and
drawn over in the usual way. The first running is weak and disagreeable
in flavour; but being distilled from off very fresh finely powdered charcoal,
in the proportion of 8 or 9 lbs. to 40 gallons of weak spirit, a very fine pro-
duct is obtained. The charcoal should remain im the liquid two or three
days before the second distillation. (Brande’s Quarterly Journal.)

The berries of the mountain ash resemble those of the grape, in contain-
ing sugar and natural yest, in the due proportions to produce a perfect and
spontaneous fermentation. The juice being expressed and left to ferment,
when the wine is perfect it may be distilled, and an excellent brandy will be
obtained, at the rate of about a pint of spirit to.a gallon of juice. (Dr.
Lardner’s Cyclopedia, vol. ii. Dom. Econ.)

No gardener ought to be without a bottle of whisky, or of some other
wholesome spirit. The berries mentioned abound in most shrubberries,
and by borrowing a small still from the housekeeper they may easily be
turned to account. This hint, we should hope, will be sufficient.— Cond.

Brandy |and probably Spirit of any Kind] is found an antidote to beer, and
it has been proved by medical men in France, that a man intoxicated by
drinking the latter will be rendered immediately sober by a glass or two of
the former. Intoxication by either wine or spirits 1s counteracted by vinegar.
Hence Lord Byron preferred a glass of port and a glass of claret alter-
nately to either alone. — Cond.

The Croup, one of the most dangerous and rapid of the diseases of chil-
dren, may be effectually checked by the external application to the throat
of equal parts of camphor, spirits of wine, and hartshorn, well mixed toge-
ther.—J. M. Edinburgh, April 2. 1830. =

A new Corn Millis now exhibiting at No. 175. High Holborn, London,
of which much is said in commendation. The mill occupies a space but
5 ft. square, and is perfectly portable. It is propelled by a single horse,
and by one operation will grind and bolt 1 cwt. of grain per hour. The
firsts, seconds, pollard, and bran perfectly separated. 'The stones are formed
upon a new principle, of which the basis is the French Burr. — Cond, —_

Hints for Improvements. 353

Art. VI. Hinis for Improvements.

PLANTED Cemetery at Liverpool. — We have heard something of a very
remarkable cemetery, which has been formed at Liverpool, and planted by
Mr. Shepherd: we should be much obliged to Mr, Shepherd, or to any
other gentleman in the neighbourhood, who would send us a full account
of it, accompanied by aplan and a list of the trees. No gardens want dress-
ing so much as those of churches. If we could purchase 500 acres of the
poorest possible dry soil within twenty-five miles of London, we would lay
it out as an arboretum and place of burial for all sects and parties, and, were
it not for the church, we should say for the metropolis. A railroad and
locomotive engine might convey corpses thither once a day, and company
at all hours. Those who had near relations buried in the arboretum, should
be free of it for seven years; all others should pay a shilling each. The
requisite chapels for different sects would serve as ornamental buildings ;
the poor soil would become enriched and the trees would thrive; and at
half the burial fees now taken the establishment would pay. — Cond.

The Establishment of a Fund for the Relief of poor Gardeners and their
Widows, as proposed by Mr. French (Vol. V. p.729.), is a good idea, and
deserves support. I have recommended that London should be fixed on as
the situation for a central society, and there should be agents in the prin-
cipal country towns; or that it should be an understood thing, that the
secretary of every provincial horticultural society should be in communica-
tion with the secretary of the central society. As few gardeners belong to
other benefit societies, most of them would readily join this one, and I also
think it would be handsomely supported by honorary members who are
friends to gardening, and by nurserymen and other commercial gardeners.
I hope this matter will not be lost sight of by my brethren, and offer my
hearty thanks to Mr. French for having thrown out the suggestion. I am,
Sir, &c. — James Rollins. Liverpool, Jan. 7. 1830.

A Substitute for Glass in Hot-houses.— Dining, a few days since with a
scientific friend, he, previously to our summons to the dining-room, enquired
if I would like a peep into his vinery. Replying in the affirmative, and that
it was a hobby of mine, we entered it. My attention was more caught with
the contents. of the house than the materials of its structure; but on his
informing me that there was not a foot of glass in it, I looked up, and not
perceiving any difference from glass in the light or colour, I did not know
what he meant. On closer examination, I found that the whole of his
vinery was lighted with a vegetable production from Russia, which J think
my friend called Zout [Tale? a mineral, however], and described it as
answering every purpose of glass. No hail storm, nor even the stroke of a
hammer, can break it; fire has no effect upon it, and it may be cut with a
pair of scissors. He considers it cheaper than glass, and he has sent me-
a sheet of it, which peels off into several sheets of thinner substance. — I
intend to try it myself in my next vinery, so fullyam I satisfied of its advan-
tages. Lam, Sir, &e.—G.G. Birmingham, May 16. 1829.

Rules of Horticultural Societies. — Sir, Allow me again to suggest that
advantages of some importance might be derived from a compilation, or
rather an abstract of the rules of the numerous horticultural societies, the
proceedings of which you publish. By making known the best regulations,
and pointing out those which are defective, new institutions might be formed,
which would promise more beneficial results than many now seem calcu-
lated to effect; the competition might be more fairly arranged by classing
more accurately the individuals who compete; medals ought to be con-
fined to the best productions, the treatment of which is detailed; market-
gardeners should be excited to rivalry, and cottagers and manufacturers

Vou. VI. — No. 26. AA

354 Retrospective Criticism.

encouraged. Under the present arrangements of the horticultural societies,
I conceive that the country derives but little benefit; whereas, under more
judicious regulations, the improvements in horticulture might be so widely
made known, that every class im society might derive advantage. — W.
Aug, 26. 1829.

_ Standard Sizes for Garden Pots.—I\ beg to propose, through the medium of
your useful periodical, the fixing of standard sizes for garden pots throughout
England, the various appellations of which, in different districts are produc-
tive of much misunderstanding. The gradation of sizes around London is,
I believe, sixes, twelves, sixteens, twenty-fours, thirty-twos, forty-eights,
large sixties, small sixties, and thumbs. Some judicious arrangement of
size and nomenclature, though apparently trifling, would be preventive of
much mistake; for as your Magazine now reaches every part of Britain, it
is, I conceive, the only proper vehicle that can generalise sufficiently the
proposed arrangements amongst the particular classes it most interests. If
you think the matter worth notice, I would advise your consulting some
respectable London nurseryman, who would of course be a fit person to
affix the standard. I remain, Sir, &c. — Robert Errington. Oulton Park,
Cheshire, Nov. 28. 1828.

Cnothera decimbens.—Sir, In the Botanical Register I find it observed of
the @nothéra decimbens (p. 1221.), “ If cultivated in a large garden-pot
and in poor soil, so that their over-luxuriance is checked, both this and all
its purple-flowered brethren produce their blossoms in greater perfection
than in the open border ; but they cease flowering sooner.’ It has occurred
to me that all the advantage proposed by the above method of treatment
might be gained, without the attendant disadvantage, by substituting a com-
mon wicker or other basket in the place of the garden pot: this would
serve to confine the roots, and so check the tendency to over-luxuriance,
while the plant would derive all the benefit of the open ground with regard
to the supply of nourishment, together with equable temperature and mois-
ture. The common sale baskets used in fruiterers’ shops for cherries, plums,
&c., would answer the above purpose perhaps as well as any. ‘It is scarcely
necessary to say that this hint may be improved and applied pretty exten-
sively in the treatment of many perennial herbaceous plants, whose luxu-
riant habit, or troublesome protrusion of creeping roots, renders. some
restraint upon their growth desirable. — Suburbanus. Nov. 14. 1829.

Assafelida. — Sir, It is one of the very useful objects of the present day to in-
troduce new vegetables. In the TZ) avels of Captain Pottinger in Beloochistan and Sinde, lremem-
ber he speaks highly of the Assafeetida plant, as a vegetable which is eaten stewed, having the
appearance of a cauliflower, and held in very high esteem, so much so as to cause quite a scramble
in the market, when. brought down from the mountains. One cannot fancy any thing very good
to be made out of any thing bearing an alliance to the Assafcetida of our Pharmacopeeias; but
from Captain Pottinger’s account it would seem otherwise. I have not the-book to refer to, but
I perfectly recollect it contains something to the effect I have stated. I have no doubt the Hor-
ticultural Society will send out a mission to Persia to perfect their knowledge of this esculent,
and I shall be glad if thev get their first hint from your very amusing and useful publication. —=
A. B. Regent's Park, 1825.

Art. VIL. Retrospective Criticism.

HORTICULTURAL Societies. — Sir, Amongst the valuable and interesting
accounts published in your Magazine, those of the shows of the Provincial
Horticultural Societies are not the least entertaining to some of your readers
on this side of the water. With the fundamental principles upon which
these societies are formed we are not so well acquainted ; but by the liberal
awards of premiums which are assigned to the most successful cultivators,
it appears that a spirit of competition forms one of their most prominent
features.

I have often regretted that the merits of this mode of promoting horti-

“Retrospective Criticism. 8355
cultural improvements have never, so far as I have seen, been explained in
any of your publications. “As it is one that can be adopted by any society
without incurring expense of any consequence except the procuring of
articles for prizes, unless there are some extraordinary benefits to be derived
by the formation of experimental gardens, which must be attended with
considerable expense, I think it would be well to encourage an increase of
the merely competing, reading, and publishing kinds; and, as far as pos-
sible, to let their comparative merits be published to the world: for in the
present views of mankind it appears that the formation of a horticultural
garden is considered as an indispensable accompaniment to render the
labours of a horticultural society of any importance. Hence the great
discouragement to the exertions of those who cannot afford the means of
maintaining a horticultural garden, who, I am persuaded, were they aware
of the meed of praise that well conducted societies independent of the
accompaniment of such an appendage deserve, their diligence would not
only be doubled, but the addition of new societies would be increased in a
great degree.

Perhaps I may be mistaken in the estimate which I have formed of the
value of the labours of horticultural societies, independent of their being
accompanied by the establishment of a society’s garden; if I am, my mistakes
could no where be more ably corrected than in your Magazine, nor is there
any work from which I would count it a greater honour to receive in-
struction. My sentiments are therefore offered with the greatest freedom ;
and, in order to come to the point at once, I totally disavow the idea of a
horticultural society’s garden being an indispensable or even an essential
establishment in order to render their labours successful in promoting horti-
cultural improvements.

The maintenance of an honourable spirit of competition, a: free promulga-
tion of every mode of culture attended with particular success, an extensive
circulation amongst the members of interesting periodical publications on
horticulture, with the introduction and distribution of new or superior
articles, I consider to be the fundamental and. essential grounds for pro-
moting the successful labours of horticultural societies. -And as these are
means which it is in the power of any association to employ, although only
possessed of the most moderate funds, I think it would be doing an essential
service to the advancement -of horticulture to exhibit to the world (or,
what is the same thing, in your Gardener’s Magazine) as correct an esti-
mate as possible of the real value of such associations, which, without
intending to detract from the superior merits of those more opulent insti-
tutions which support also experimental gardens, might, I think, be shown
to be capable of producing very great improvements in the art and science
of horticulture. a

The correctness of the above sentiments I think have been verified in a
great degree by the labours of the New York Horticultural Society, which
was commenced about eleven years ago. Previously to this: period it was
observed by a number of experienced horticulturists, that a great propor-
tion of the garden products raised for the supply of our markets were of an
inferior quality to what the natural soil and climate were capable of pro-
ducing. It is true there were some gardeners who had long before been-in
the habit of raising superior articles, some of whom appeared to consider it
bad policy to adopt any measures calculated to advance a general improve-
ment, while others were of a different opinion, considering that because of
the great quantities of inferior produce which could always be bought at
a lower price, the more careful cultivators seldom realised an adequate
additional price to remunerate them for their extra-pains. At any rate
they valued the idea of being publicly imstrumental in promoting the
improvement of a useful and interesting art as paramount to every other
consideration. Premiums were soon offered by the Society for the best

AA 2

356 Retrospective Criticism.

specimens of all the most interesting garden products raised by its members
in the vicinity. These members have cultivated from five to ten and
twenty acres, to. an amount of more than one hundred acres of ground,
whose produce has been regularly sent to our public markets. That the
maintenance of such a.system of emulation as this, for eleven years, could
not but materially improve the.state of our garden products must appear
evident to every one.the least acquainted with the nature of horticulture.
Yet this, although it is the most evident feature in the beneficial effects of
our Society, is perhaps not the most valuable. Those pretended hidden
secrets in the art are stripped of their mysterious covering : a more general
knowledge of what the soil is capable of producing is diffused amongst the
cultivators ; a taste for reading various valuable productions upon horticul-
tural subjects has increased ; the aggregate of our accumulating horticul-
tural knowledge is no longer confined to circumscribed limits; the account
of every new.or valuable improvement is published in the reports of the
inspecting or visiting committees; and, in short, the New York Horticul-
tural Society has formed a new and most important era in American gar-
dening. ue

The above are a few of the beneficial consequences of our New York:
Horticultural Society’s labours (without their having established an experi-
mental garden), founded and prosecuted solely upon such principles as I
have above described. How far you may think me correct in the great
value which I attach to this mode of procedure for Horticultural Societies
generally, particularly for those in comparatively a new country, or whether
the publishing an account of them in your Magazine, or the views above
expressed, might be considered calculated to estertain any of your readers,
I know not; such as they are, they are at your service. Yours, &c. —
William Wilson.. New York, March 1. 1830.

Remarks on Mr. Johnson’s Doctrines concerning the Diseases of Plants.—Mr.
Johnson having extended his instructive and interesting course of Horticul-
tural Chemistry in your Magazine to the diseases of plants, 1 beg leave to
trouble you in addition with the result of some observations I have made.
on the subject, conceiving it to be one of such importance that no system
of treatment should be.recommended that is not grounded on actual expe-
rience and matter of fact. In his consideration of the diseases of plants,
Mr. Johnson seems to me to express doctrines apparently at variance with
each other, which, as I.cannot reconcile, and may perhaps misapprehend, I
shall quote literally. Speaking of them in a general point of view, he says,
“ Such morbid affections are not, however, always the consequences of old
age, they are often caused by matters being absorbed from the soil, which are
inimical to the constitution of the plant, from a want of those that are benefi-
cial, as well as from their excess; from violent and sudden transition of
temperature; from wounds, and from the attacks of vermm:” but in a
subsequent passage, specifying ulcer, canker, and gum, in the genera U’1-
mus, Quércus, Pyrus, and Primus, he says, “ In every instance I am pre-
pared to maintain that the disease is local, that is, it at first arises from a
disarrangement in the functions of the affected part, and is never brought on
from a general diseased state of the tree, but is occasioned by contingencies
perfectly independent of soil or situation ; when the disease has commenced,
if these are unfavourable they may aggravate the symptoms, and promote
their diffusion, but they are not the originaters of the disease.’ With Mr.
Johnson, in his general assertion, I perfectly agree; but from his subsequent
opinion, perhaps meant as an exception, I beg leave to dissent, and submit
to him some instances, out of many, to the contrary: indeed they are so
numerous, that they must be familiar to most observant horticulturists,
under various circumstances.

In a piece of ground which I had newly taken (and formerly possessed),
I planted an orchard with apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees, and peach

Retrospective Criticism. 357

trees against its walls, all in a healthy state; they grew rapidly and luxu-
riantly, but, after some time, I found that, though uninjured by any acci-
dent, their shoots gummed and cankered, and that a great proportion of the
growth they made in summer died down the season following, though the
soil was good. kitchen-garden ground, full two spades deep; dry, ona dry
substratum, and in a situation sufficiently airy ; but the subsoil was a ferru-
ginous clay, and the upper stratum partook of its nature: here this general
cause brought a general diseased state of the trees, which F found incurable ;
but where I removed the upper soil, and replaced it by fresh sweet earth
from another quarter, after rendering the subsoil impervious to the roots of
trees by a layer of stones and-rubble, the new-planted trees which I substi-
tuted grew perfectly clean and healthy from thenceforward. It is also
notorious, that buds or grafts taken from trees diseased as these were pre-
serve a taint which sooner or later'breaks out, being, as in the analogous
case of scrofula in the human frame, constitutional. Old garden ground,
saturated with carbonaceous matter, rarely grows healthy fruit trees, parti-
cularly peach: trees. To general causes must these general effects be attri-
buted; and to: those enumerated, along with the operation of raw cold
seasons, are these diseases generally owing, and I have ever found them
incurable when produced by such, though the health of the tree may be
improved by judicious treatment. On the contrary, I have never known
local injuries by wounds or bruises, if partial, affect the general health of
the tree; or prove fatal, except to the limbs on which they were inflicted,
and that by extreme neglect ; they operate only on the contiguous parts, not
by the circulation of deteriorated sap through the general system.

Excision: of the adjoining injured parts, and exclusion of air and moisture
by some adhesive composition, I have found sufficient for the purpose. Sir
Humphry Davy’s recipe of neutralising the alkaline juices of the plant by
acid potations, however’ chemically ingenious, would, I fear, prove worse
than the disease, and kill before it could cure: The application of manures
to the roots of gummy or cankered trees, is; in my opinion, injurious, as
they are generally disposed to grow too luxuriantly without it ; their habit
is plethoric. I should prefer a contrary course ;- checking their growth by
transplantation into wholesome maiden soil. There is a local disease, the
mildew, which unless early arrested, will affect the general health of the
peach tree, but only by the spreading of the infection externally ; and as
some of your correspondents have made enquiries respecting its cure, it
may not be unacceptable to them to learn that I have always found the use
of sulphur an effectual remedy, if early and perseveringly applied, mixed up:
with water, or soap suds which are more adhesive; it should be dashed
heavily over the tree by a syringe, particularly on the extremities of the
young shoots, which should be kept closely laid in; and, being of opinion
that the mildew is a parasitic plant: which disperses its seeds widely, I
would recommend, by way of prevention, that such peach trees as are in
the neighbourhood should also be syringed, though those only which-have
leaves unfurnished with glands are liable to be infected by the mildew. -
Yours, &c. — John Robertson. Kilkenny, Feb. 20. 1830.

: The Epsom Nursery. — 1 have been a-reader and adnirer of your Gar-
dener’s Magazine from its commencement, and have felt a high degree of
satisfaction at its success and wide circulation. Admitting that it 1s your
privilege, as Conductor, to introduce what matter you think proper into its
pages, it remains optional with gardeners and: the public whether they will
purchase your books (Numbers) or not. But there is one circumstance in
which periodicals differ from other books. Jf the subject of another book
is not to my taste I need not buy it; but if I am a‘ regular subscriber for
your Magazine (No. XXIV. for instance), I take it on the belief that nothing
will be foisted into it to supersede interesting and valuable matter, generally

SA 3 :

358 Retrospective Criticism.

acceptable, for the sordid purpose of puffing, with the more sordid view of
promoting. individual interest ; this latter I call little short of a fraud upon
your subscribers. Of what other character, I would ask, is the no less
than four pages in No. XXIV., under the head of “ London Nurseries,”
devoted to plants that have flowered in the Zpsom nursery? However
scientifically the descriptions are given, I do not hesitate to pronounce it as
arrant a puff as ever was. sent forth by the poet laureate of “ No. 30.
Strand,” on behalf of Warren’s jet, or Hunt’s matchless. Had it been a
report of your own visit to the nursery in question, it would have been quite
another matter; but articles got up as the one alluded to have no more
business to be incorporated in the body of the Magazine than “ Day and
Martin’ or “ Anderson’s Pills.’ If Messrs. Young choose to employ a
puffer, let him take his appropriate place in your advertising sheet, as many
of his betters do, and let the publishers be paid for the insertion. And
these same Messrs. Young, too, have apprised “ Alpha” (is he the puff
maker ?) that they desire to open a correspondence with all the world !?!
* Bless me, how we pippins swim!!”’ and “by exchange or otherwise.”
What an immense benefit to the whole world!! and what a privation has
that same world suffered by such correspondence having been delayed, so pre-
posterously delayed, till 1830! Just be so good as ask this same Mr. Alpha
whether Messrs. Young also informed him how far patriotism and a pure
love of science predominate in their minds over the love of pounds, shil-
lings,and pence. The discrepancy must be immense. And, again, what is
the rate of exchange between Epsom nursery and—where? The Jardin
des Plantes at the Swan River ; or the botanical establishments in the domi-
nions of Don Francisco in Patagonia? or the territories of the Cham of
Tartary or the Great Mogul. Information on these subjects would-be very
desirable; and, by way of help, let Alpha ascertain and publish, for -the
information of the “ whole world,’ what the rate of exchange is now
between Epsom nursery and a certain establishment belonging to an ama~
teur (a particular friend of mine) not quite a hundred miles from Corstor-
phine, North Britain. To conclude, Mr. Conductor, let us have no more
puffs unless confined to the advertising sheet, or you will lose the good
-opinion of many good friends as well as that of your very obedient servant,
— Aristides. London, February 1. 1830.

We have inserted this letter, word for word, as received, inthe hopes that

the writer, whoever he may be, may feel ashamed at having put it together.
_The notices of the rare plants which have flowered in the Epsom nursery
‘are no more puffs than the notices of the rare plants that are figured in the
botanical periodicals ; .both we believe to be highly acceptable to our bota=-
nical readers; if they are not, let them speak out. If nurserymen disap-
prove of such lists as those of Alpha, let them also speak out, we shall then
know what to do; but it is not such a letter as that of Aristides that will
move us either one way or the other. — Cond.

Mr. Capper’s Papers on the Vine. — Sir, I am much obliged to you for
the copies of Mr. Capper’s papers on the vine, which you have been so
obliging as to send me. I congratulate the readers of your Magazine most
sincerely upon the publication of these papers, which appear to be the
result of much patient and ingenious research. The tests spoken of by Mr.
Capper in his first communication are particularly useful. I hope he will,
however, forgive me for suggesting to him the propriety of reconsidering
the drawing and description of the vessel he has given at fig.27. Yours
truly, — John Lindley. Acton Green, April 16. 1830.

Dove’s Dung in Samaria; in reply to A. G. p. 216.— You, the late Sir
J. E. Smith, and A. G., are quite wrong. Miss Kent has shown (Mag.
Nat. Hist., vol, ii. p. 55.) that by Dove’s Dung is meant the Ornithé-
glumasubellatums the roots of which resemble that excrement. — J. P.. S.

April 3. y ae

Retrospective Criticism. 359

Watering Oranges and Camellias. (Vol. V. p. 732.) — Mr. Haythorn
informs us that we have mistaken him: he did not mean to recommend the
mode of watering cucumbers to be tried with camellias ; but the movable
glass coverings which he described (Vol. V. p. 480.) to be tried with camel-
lias, oranges, and other plants. — Cond.

Building Cottages on Sundays. — In one of the essays on cottage affairs
there is a passage which I cannot help thinking highly objectionable; viz.
(p. 166.) “ Labourers who so occupy themselves ought to have a magistrate’s
permission to do so [i. e. to build their houses] on Sundays for a certain
period.” Ido not see how the magistrate can grant a dispensation for profan-
ing the Lord’s day, except so far as the said profanation is a mere offence
against the state and the law of the land; if he can, he is as fine a fellow as the
pope himself. If ever there was an institution calculated more than any other
for the especial benefit of the poor, it is that of the Sabbath, in which they,
who of necessity must labour six days, are not only allowed but com-
manded to rest on the seventh. In a temporal point of view the Sabbath
confers a much greater blessing on the lower orders than it does on the
high and middling ones ; and therefore it very ill becomes them, of all per-
sons, to set an example which would tend to annihilate the institution alto-
gether. But I forbear, or I shall be writing a sermon.— B. Coventry,
April,a830.

We intended limiting the Sunday labours of the cottager entirely to the
building of his cottage; but perhaps we were wrong in suggesting the idea
of working on Sundays under any circumstances whatever, on the general
principle that every mode by which more hours of labour can be extracted
from a labourer has a tendency to increase his pains and diminish his plea-
sures, and the contrary modes the contrary effects. We would rather have
two Sabbaths in the week than one; and we hope the time will come when
all labourers will be allowed two hours for breakfast and three for dinner,
or when they will work chiefly by the job. — Cond.

- Chemical and Geological Elections of Plants ; in reply to Causidieus, p. 216.
— Dear Sir, Your learned correspondent Causidicus has, in the last Num-
ber of the Gardener’s Magazine, alluded to my communication on the
United States of America, and very justly makes some pointed observations
on the deficiency of information therein conveyed respecting the habitats,
&c., of the plants enumerated, and the inconclusive characters made use of
to indicate the various soils, situations, altitudes, &c. In the latter respect
I am, or ought to be, completely exonerated from blame, as they are solely
and wholly your own. You have a most undoubted right to abridge any
communication and discard all irrelevant matter, but this ought to be done
with due attention, that the substance may be correctly given. How far
this was adhered to I leave yourself to determine, as I herewith send you
a verbatim copy of the original list, with the abbreviations you have used
prefixed to each species, when in actual error. :

A very superficial glance must convince you what a string of fallacious
absurdities you have sent forth to the world under my name. That you did
so most unintentionally there can be no question ; and further, I am certain
had I sent you information of the same, there would have been nothing more
required to insure its correction: but the truth is, I never perused the list
in the Magazine with the view of comparing it with the MS. until the 2d
instant, when my attention was directed to the subject on perusing the com-
munication of Causidicus. I trust, however, although at the eleventh hour,
you will do me that justice which I require; and if you do not publish the
list entire with my remarks, publish the corrections rendered necessary from
the inattention in abridging.

In answer to Causidicus, I beg leave to state, I think he has given my
communication a degree of merit to which I do not consider it entitled. As
respects. the list of plants I never intended it to assume a more prominent

AA 4

360 Retrospective Criticism.

part than as a supplement to the interesting communication of Mr. Goldie,
on the same subject, published in Vol. II. p. 125., and I endeavoured to
follow the plan he had adopted as far as possible in my remarks and descrip-
tions ; but the mutilated manner in which you sent it to the world made it
assume a very different feature, and rendered it (even if correct) meagre in
the extreme.

I trust the following hints and brief descriptions will afford more defi-
nite data in guiding Causidicus to a more accurate idea regarding the soils
and situations, &c., of the trees and shrubs in the list ; and Iam truly sorry
I am not chemist sufficient to give him a true analysis of the various soils.
I regret this more particularly, from the importance he attaches to that
point. Those soils which I have denominated

Light moist soils are generally composed of sand, finely divided clay, and
vegetable matter, and are peculiarly adapted for absorbing the moisture from
the atmosphere.

Damp rich swamps are a combination of clay, argillaceous sands, and
alluvial deposits, the basis of which was sometimes argillaceous, siliceous,
and vegetable matter.

River swamps are such as have been formed by inundations, and conse-
quently are a compound of various soils.

Cold damp soils consist of a tenacious clay, with little or no vegetable
matter in its composition.

On the margin of stagnant waters. The soil various, but in a medium state
between marshy ground and hills, as respects moisture, and widely different
in that respect from those found on

The margin of rivers. By this term I never intended te convey an idea
that they grew in alluvial soils, as you have indicated; I invariably found
them on dry spots, which are peculiar to the banks of most rivers.

Near to running creeks (rivulets). Similar to the preceding.

On sandy pine barrens. Those plants were generally isolated, the surface
of the ground being only partially covered with vegetable matter ; but the
lofty pines frequently formed a dense mass, consequently the plants may be
considered as growing in the shade.

If these brief remarks are of any use, they are very much at the ser-
vice of Causidicus, or any of your readers. It will at all times afford me
the greatest possible satisfaction to convey any information I may be pos-
sessed of, although I am well aware I have very little knowledge to impart
to others, my stock beimg by no means sufficient for home consumption ;
and for that reason I appear in the pages of the Gardener’s Magazine with
the same view and from the same motives which induced Aristippus to visit
the court of Dionysius, namely, “To give what I have, and to receive what
T have not.”’ I shall now subjoin the original list, and trusting you will give
it, or, at all events, the necessary corrections, an early insertion, I remain,
Sir, &c.—Alexander Gordon. Lowesby Hall, near Leicester, April 16. 1830,

g = Original List, with remarks,
age
»&% Acer rubrum. In damp rich swamps.
SEs dasycarpum. Jn river swamps.
saccharinum. In cold damp soils generally.
Alluv. s. nigrum. On high grounds in moderately rich soils.
Alluy. s. Negindo. Very common along the margin of rivers in rich
dry soils.
Var.s. AH’sculus Pavia. : In a rich loam of a loose texture, under the
Var. s. discolor. shade of oak and other trees.
flava. Various soils.
Alluy. s. macrostachya. Margin of creeks in the upper districts of

Georgia.

Retrospective Criticism. 361

Andrémeda angustifolia. In open swamps.
nitida. In spring branches.
Marshys. axillaris.
Marshy s. acuminata. ¢ On the margin of swamps.
Marshys. floribinda.
rigida.
ferruginea.
Hills _ frondosa. In damp cold soils.
Hills arborea. In swamps.
Hills racemosa. On the margin of stagnant waters.
Alluy, s. Aralea calendulacea, Near to running creeks in dry rich sandy
soils.
viscosa.
nudiflora.
canéscens
bicolor,
pontica,
Bignonia capreolata: Tn rich dry soils.
radicans. Damp rich soils.
Alluv. s. Calycanthus fidridus, In light fertile soils, near the margii of
rivulets.
Alluy. s. Catdlpa syringifolia. Along the banks of rivers, in rich dry soils.
Cércis canadensis. In moderately rich soils, on ‘elevated grounds ;
also in swamps and mar shes.
Var. s. Crate‘gus virginica. ] In soils moderately rich, but invariably
Var. s. coccinea, dry.
fe stiff soils generally, but I have found

} Tn sandy pine barrens.

Cupréssus disticha.

Asa See them in soils of a very opposite nature,

and in various altitudes. ais Y
Gelsémium sempervirens. This most beautiful plant flourishes in
the greatest abundance, in almost every soil and situation, in
the states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama ; but I uni-
formly found it to luxuriate best mm moist rich soils. In view-
ing this most superb creeper I experienced the highest grati-
fication. Where local circumstances were favourable for the
extension of its vines, the display was truly grand. Its rich
foliage, beautiful flowers, and delightful fragrance, no pen can
describe. The senses alone can appreciate its riches. _
Gordonia Lasianthus. This tree grows. freely in the lands where
springs prevail. I saw it in great perfection near Fort Bain-
bridge. In the Creek Indian nation (state of Alabama) some
of the trees were 60 and 70ft. high. The soil was very rich,
and of a particularly loose texture.
cae & Heleva (enone On the banks of running streams.
UY: Ss diptera. =
On the declivity of rising grounds in mode-
rately rich soils, but variably under the
shade of other trees.
Alluv. s. Illicium floridanum. ] In dry, rich, light soils; near the southern
Alluv.s. parviflorum. extremity of Georgia.
ne Be Hoplite Taek g } On the banks of creeks, in light rich soils.
uv: Ss angustifolia.
hirsuta. In wet soils, generally sand and vegetable matter:
Latrus Sassafras. In various soils and situations.
Alluy. s; Liriodéndron Tulipifera. This tree is among the highest in the
southern states. I found it in Alabama 110 ft. high, but delight
ing in the most fertile dry soils,

Alluy. s: Hydrangea vulgaris.
Alluy. s. quercifolia.

362 Retrospective Criticism.

Alluy. s. Lonicéra sempervirens. This beautiful plant grows very abun-
dantly in rich, light, dry soils, on the banks of running streams.
Magnola grandiflora. Of all the trees in the American forest,
this superb tree, for beauty and magnificence, claims the supe-
riority. What can be more beautiful than to see it 70 and 80 ft.
high, with its regular pyramidal or semi-elliptical head, beauti-
ful foliage, and flowers in such profusion. I do not consider it
particular as to soil, having found it in the very richest and
poorest, with their intermediate grades.
Magnolia glatca. In alluvial deposits of the richest quality.
Alluy. s: acuminata. . This species prevails most in the mountainous
districts, in a rich loam.
tripétala. Abundant in every part of the southern states
through which I passed, soil similar to grandiflora.
Hills (!) macrophylla. I did not meet with.
Hills (1!) cordata. Also escaped my observation ; but I understood it
abounds in some parts of Georgia and Alabama.
Olea americana. This beautiful tree grows in rich light soils,
within fifty miles of the sea coast in the state of Georgia. I
thought I had found it on the banks of the Chatakootchie, 300
miles from the coast, but Dr. Wray assured me it never had
been found there; and the probability is I was mistaken, as it
was not at the time in flower.
Alluv. s. Primus caroliniana. Margin of rivers, in rich light soils.
virginica. Very rich soils. .
hirsuta. Moderately-rich soils.
Alluy. s. umbellata.. Dry sandy soils.
Alluy. s. chicasa. In dry cultivated lands.
Hills = Quéreus Phellos. Generally in swamps. —
cinerea. On sandy barren grounds.
virens. Along the coast, in rich soils.

These three species are very different in their site and
soil. The remaining species of this genus that I met
with generally thrive best in rich soils. So tenacious
are they of good land, that the settler regards them as
the best criterion (except the vine) to direct his judgment
respecting the fertility or sterility of the soil.

Alluy. s. Rhododéndron maximum. On the margin of mountain streams.

punctatum. Margin of stagnant waters.
catawbiénse. Only on the summit of the highest mountains.

Rubus villosus. In damp soils.
cuneifolius. - Light dry soils.
occidentalis. . In rocky soils.
trivialis. In soils, wet, dry, rich, and poor.

U'lmus americana. In rich soils, near to swamps or marshy

ground.

falva. In rich fertile soils.
‘alata. . In rich soils, on the margin of swamps.

Vaccinium Myrsinitis. In sandy soils.
arboreum.
amine. In fertile dry situations.
dumosum.
frondosum.
galeézans.
corymbosum
fuscatum.
tenéllum. In a dry grayelly soil.

} In low grounds.

{mn soils of a stiff close texture.

} In swamps.

Retrospective Criticisni. 863

Vitis rotundifolia. In light rich soils.
riparia. The same.
Alluy. s. zestivalis. A vine, climbing the loftiest trees of the American
forest, and reaching their very summit; in very rich lands,
generally a free friable loam.
Alluy. s. cordifolia. In rich light soils, but generally on the banks of
rivers.
Labrisca. In the very richest soils, in deep river swamps.
Yucca gloridsa. In light sandy soils.
filamentosa. In poor pine lands.

The abridgement of the above communication was published in December,
1828, while we were in Germany, and we cannot now ascertain whether
we abridged it ourselves, or committed it to another for that purpose. We
regret that it has been so imperfectly done, and take this earliest opportu-
nity of remedying the evil. Whatever errors we commit we are at all times
ready to correct, and never feel more obliged, either to friends or enemies,
than when they point them out. — Cond.

The Pots in which Mr. Knight grows his Pines. —\ beg to ask Mr. Pearson,
what kind of pot Mr. Knight uses for his pines? (Vol. V. p. 718.) When
I visited Downton Castle, eight or nine years ago, I found them growing in
pots about 13in. deep, by 17 in. diameter at the top; the plants, strong and

ealthy, as I expected to find them, and I am surprised Mr. Pearson did not
expect to find them so too, after all the noise which he must have heard
about them. The next time I visited Downton, little more than two years
after, I found a very different kind of pot; a friend with me observed that
they looked like chimney-pots. I think they must haye been near 2 ft. deep,
and about 1ft. wide. The plants were very fine; but not in any way
resembling the American aloe in habit. Iam now curious to know what
size and shaped pot the president has finally determined on. I was sorry to
see the peach trees at Downton so much infested with the red spider, and
the fruit dropping off before ripe on that account. This and other things
plainly spoke the want of a gardener. The cherries were fine; but I have
seen far better fruit of pines at Mawley Hall in Salop and other places,
grown, at much less expense and trouble, on the regular heat of a tan bed.
Mr. Boughton of Worcester never pretended to be a pine-grower ; but
Mr. Knight is like the rest of us, and has his hobby. — W. March 1830.

Treatment of the Peach Tree; in reply to Mr. Housman. — Sir, I perceive
in the last Number of your Gardener’s Magazine you have caused to be
published an illiberal and a senseless letter, ridiculing my paper on the peach
tree, which letter I consider to be no better than a mass of absurdity from
end to end. I therefore call upon you to publish the following reflections
in your forthcoming Number, that you may prevent inexperienced and pre-
sumptuous persons from making fools of themselves, and misleading the
credulous. Mr, Housman is a very young gardener, he has had no expe~
rience in his profession, and is the last writer in the whole Magazine who
could be prepared to say that any practice of mine could be right or wrong.
What he has hitherto written shows that his opinion is not entitled to: the
least confidence. In his observations on my paper, he has betrayed the
utmost ignorance of his profession, both practical and philosophical ; and
rio man but himself could have so perverted my meaning, — that I meant to
say that a tree growing as a standand in Malta bore any resemblance to
another in England trained on a wall. I repeat what I before stated, that
a shoot 1, 2, or 3in. long was as capable of producing as large, if not
larger, fruit, with much more Certainty than another that extends as many
feet; and I do boldly assert that fruit situated in proximity of exuberant wood
is impoverished in its growth. So unfortunate has he been in attributing
ruinous consequences to my practice, that I have now peach trees under

364 Retrospective Criticism.

my care, that have yielded to my treatment, for half a lifetime, the best
crops of fruit I ever saw. Modes of vegetable culture are not a matter of
opinion like a political question; success will at once remove doubt and
silence cavils, The best means, I believe, yet known to ripen the wood and
mature the blossom buds for the future crop, in a short season of low temper-
‘ature, is to repulse the growth of the shoot by cutting off its top towards the
end of summer ; and, unhappily for the horticultural sagacity of Mr. Hous-
man, it is more applicable to the weak than the strong wood, because there
is no danger of the former producing a second growth. So sensible are the
French gardeners of the utility of this stopping, that they constantly practise
it on their apple and pear trees. Who but the greatest novice would cast
up longitudinal trenches on his peach borders, and expose the roots of his
trees to the frost of winter, and dam up the water? I suppose we shall be
told in some future letter, that his border is provided with a pitchment like
that of Mr. Hiver, or that the wall is built on a mound, which passes off the
water right and left with the greatest facility. What will Mr. M‘Murtrie,
who is perhaps the first of the first rank of pine-growers, think, when he
hears it dogmatically asserted that the pine-apples he now cultivates so
extensively are compared to a common codling apple, and a Swedish tur-
nip? The truth is, Mr. M‘Murtrie knows well, and so does every experi-
enced gardener, that all the kinds of pime-apples are good when well grown,
and bad only when badly managed; and I think he will coneur with me
in saying that Mr. Housman is a mere horticultural scribbler, but no gar-
dener. If I mistake not, he may be ranked amongst that respectable class
of human beings, who, if they were to live five hundred years, would never
be able to conceive a new thought, nor invent a mousetrap. There has
been lately so much said about the necessity of air to the roots of our fruit
trees, that it is not improbable before long we shall see them mounted upon
pillars, like the stacks of corn in a farmer’s yard. Stirring the earth deeply
to admit the ingress of air has the advantage of creating a profusion of
suckers for budding and grafting; the truth of this, even those whom Mr.
Housman calls “ numskull” readers cannot have the audacity to deny. I
invite the criticisms of the experienced intelligent gardener to my paper,
but I will pay no future attention to any shallow or pretending critic, who
has nothing but conceit and impudence to support him. — If we are to rely
implicitly on Nicol, Smith, &c., for what end was your Magazine intended ?
Tam, &c.— H. 8. Newington, April 14. 1830.
Mr. Hers Mode of training the Pear Tree. — Sir, Your correspondent
Mr. Bernard Saunders, who has commented on my letter on the culture of
the pear, must have read it with very little attention, otherwise he would
have known the age, and the manner in which my trees were trained. Mr.
Saunders has likewise totally misconstrued my meaning with reference to
the thorn, in supposing that I meant to recommend leaving these trees to
natufe. I only wished to show the bad consequences resulting from the
severe Cutting of the tree confined to a limited space and rich border. So
ar is my practice from being hostile to handsome and well-formed trees,
that I think I could show him as fine a collection of my training, as he or
any. other gardener ever saw, or could desire to see. It is surely as easy a
matter to train branches uniform and straight, studded from end to end with
blossom buds, as another naked as a sign post. But there may be many
ready to condemn my system, who never have equalled my success ; and no
gardener can write for every reader. There will always be localitiés and
various circumstances in which vegetable culture is placed, that no form of
management, however general its application, would be found practicable.
As I consider my letter of much importance to gardeners, I am not sorry
to be thus induced to furnish such further particulars as have been con-
nected with the progress of my trees. Thé kinds cultivated were the Brown
Beurrée, Crassane, Autumn Bergamot, St. Germain, Colmar, and Chaumon-—

Retrospective Criticism. 865

telle. They were planted in February 1813, and had previously been two
years trained in the nursery. The first year I cut them back from two thirds
to one half their length; the next year they were shortened somewhat less,
and in the third season very little. As they now had furnished wood suffi-
cient to form a good fan-shaped tree, they never were afterwards shortened.
To fill the wall effectually, as the trees advanced, shoots were laid in between
the main branches, and the whole of the superfluous breast wood was con-
stantly cut away within an eye or two of the stem, as it was created. Thus
the whole surface of the tree was exposed during the summer to all the
light and heat its situation was capable of affording; and this was all the
pruning the plants appeared to require. The system of not cutting away.
the breast wood before the end of summer, I have always considered to be
bad ; because the redundancy of sap and shade are the chief agents in ste-
rility. Vegetable physiologists are at variance; but it is a well known fact
in the anatomy of plants, that every shoot in its embryo state contains the
rudiments of a blossom, and that it requires only a certain modification of
the vegetable fibre and the juices of the tree to convert it into blossom, and
this conversion can only be produced by light and heat acting on the requi-
site degree of sap. Iam confident that I could cause the most luxuriant
sort of tree that Mr. Saunders has described to produce blossoms and fruit
ina short time, by giving it a scanty supply of earth to its roots, leaving the
wood the full length, and exhaling its redundant and watery juices by expo-
sure to the light and heat.

Mr. Saunders attaches much consequence to the mode of winter pruning,
but Ido not. It is true that every plant has some habits peculiar to itself, :
but the whole are subject to the same general laws, and may, with very little’
variation, be pruned in a similar manner. - To render an exuberant pear’
tree, planted in a rich border, fertile by any act of pruning, would just be
synonymous with restoring health to a luxurious glutton, diseased with indi-
gestion, by giving the best-prepared medicine, and suffering him at the same:
time to continue his over-feeding. To prune is merely to cut away superfluous
wood, and a goat first taught mankind to do so; it has, in the winter sea--
son, little or no influence in the production of future blossom buds, for
these we must look to the earth and atmosphere. Those who have read’
Mr. Harrison’s complex and laboured definitions of the art, and seen the’
trees on the west and east walls in the Wortley garden, will readily admit
the validity of these assertions. There are some persons who are great
advocates for grafting the pear on quince and other feeble stocks, and Mr.
Saunders appears to be aconvert to this system; but to insert trees of such’
opposite constitutions as Mr. Saunders has mentioned on the same kind of
stock would be exceedingly wrong. Surely, to manage these things by the
border is more preferable, because it is so much under the control of the
gardener, But, with regard to grafting the pear on different kinds of stocks,
I have had considerable experience; and the best stock, in my estimation,
to moderate the growth and induce early and permanent fruitfulness, is the
Swan’s Egg pear; for I never saw a pear tree of any age grafted on quince
or other puny stocks, that did not exhibit those marks of disease consequent
on poverty, Mr, Torborn, a gardener of great celebrity, at Ashridge Park,
has published, in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society, a comparative
estimate of pears grafted on their own and on quince stocks. But the trees
at Ashridge on free stocks, like those at many other places, were too luxu-
riantly circumstanced to yield much fruit. From what I observed of Mr. Tor-
born’s fruitful trees, they did not equal my own in the quantity or the excellence
of the produce. I may here mention that the most formidable rival I ever
had to encounter, in the cultivation of this fruit, was the old farmer whose
tree I noticed in my preceding paper: he took much delight in his garden,
though he knew no more of vegetable physiology than a child, and all the
assistance the tree ever received from his hands was, I believe, to fasten

366 Retrospective Criticism.

any loose branches in spring, and in autumn to gather the crop; yet he
invariably enjoyed success.

It would, as Mr. Saunders observes, be very desirable to have this fruit
more extensively cultivated. There ought to be in every orchard an equal
number of pears and apples; and every cottager might plant on the walls of
his house the best varieties now in cultivation. Mr. Saunders, or any other
correspondent who could furnish lists of such kinds as are most suitable
would, I am sure, confer an obligation on your readers. There are many
of the new sorts of particular excellence; but there are also several others
that have been cried up to fame, that are very unworthy of the praises that
have been bestowed upon them. I shall not notice any future comments that
may be made on my papers, but leave them wholly to the praise or contempt
of posterity ; and I hope your friends will confine their publications to useful
truths, and not indulge in futile controversy. I am sorry to find you jarring
with Mr. Knight about potatoes and pine-apples. Surely his papers possess
great merit. Every gardener, in whatever way he may be cultivating the pine,
must have derived mstruction from Mr. Knight’s observations ; and I per-
fectly coincide with him in thinking that his paper on the potato is the most
valuable the Society has hitherto published. What is alleged in favour of
these criticisms is, that they elicit truth : but it cannot be denied that they
also obstruct improvement; they prevent others from adopting new forms
of management, and I hope all your correspondents will bear in mind, that
no man has a right to condemn that mode of culture which he has not
repeatedly put to the test of experiment. I shall conclude my letter by
reminding Mr. Saunders that the first object gardeners ought to have in
view is plenty of large and well flavoured fruit, and the next, handsome and
well trained trees. I am,&c.— Robert Hiver. February, 1830, j

Erratum.—In my paper on the natural succession of forest trees (Vol. V.
p- 421.), for “ General Wayre,” read “ General Wayne.” —J. MM. Phila-
delphia, Jan. 13. 1830.

_ Erratum. (p. 231.) — For “ Bell Poole or Powe,” read “ Bell Poole, or
Pome.” — 7. B. April, 1830.

Names and the Introduction of several Sorts of Field Cabbages.— Sir, I
wish that your correspondents would be a little more particular in the
names of the articles they recommend for culture. I allude at present to
the cow cabbage, or Cesarean kale, as mentioned in your last Number, p. 104.
Whence came these names? About 1770, there was a variety of cabbage
in cultivation here, called the Anjou Cabbage, which I take to be the same
as that which is now called the Cow Cabbage. It was introduced from
France, where it was cultivated by the Marquis of Turbilly, who gave
instructions thereon. “ It is a tall upright plant, from 6 to 8 ft. high,
furnished with loose open leaves all the way up the stem. This plant may
be raised from seed in August, and transplanted in March, on five-feet ridges,
in single rows, 2 ft. apart in the rows, and these head as the Scotch Cab-
bages. This cabbage or colewort casts its summer leaves in November
and December, and puts out new leaves afterwards. The best way of
using the plant is to feed off the leaves with sheep before they decay,
and they will eat off all the leaves clean to the height of above 4 ft. These
tall plants are excellent shelter for sheep and lambs, which are very fond of
the leaves, and they fatten well on them. The leaves that grow above the
reach of the sheep are eaten greedily by horses, which eat all the upper
leaves without damaging the stem; and when the first or summer leaves are
all eaten off by the sheep and horses, then all cattle are shut out till new
leaves are produced, and are fed as before. They continue to produce leaves
all winter till May; they produce above 178 upon each plant, and near 20
tons per acre.” A Cesarean kale was raised by the Rev. Bartholomew
Dacre, at Knowsley, near Manchester, about 1819, and was much recom-
- mended in the Farmer’s Journal at that time.

Queries and Answers. 367

The Thousand-headed Cabbage, Chou a Mille Tétes, which you say has
been recently introduced by Dr. Hamilton, was cultivated by a Mons. Leco-
chere, at Widefield farm, Waplesdon, near Guildford, in 1808, to a consi-
derable extent, who saved large quantities of the seed for sale; but, meeting
with little success, he abandoned it. He published a small tract on its
merits. Many of the London seedsmen grow the seed now for sale, but
as the demand is so very limited, it may be said to be almost out of request ;
those who have tried it having found it not so valuable as the Drumhead, or
Scotch Cabbage.

While on the subject of cabbages, let me observe that the Turnip Cab-
bage, called also the Hastings Cabbage and Cape Cabbage, was first
brought into notice in field culture by Mr. Wynne Baker, the intelligent
secretary to the Dublin Agricultural Society, about 1734; and that the
Turnip-rooted Cabbage was first introduced by John Reynolds, at Addis-
ham, near Wingham, Kent, in 1763. See Dossie’s Mem. of Agriculture, vol. i.
p. 420., and Trans. of Soc. of Arts. The Kohl Rabi, a purple Hungarian
turnip; Red Turnip Cabbage, I find advertised for sale, at Grigg’s Coffee
House, Covent Garden, in 1774. — MZ. H.

Art. VIII. Qreres and Answers.

COMPARATIVE Advantages of Smoke and Hot Water in heating Hot-houses.—
Sir, I have for some time employed myself, preparatory to building a range
of forcing-houses, in enquiring as to the comparative advantages of the old
smoke flues, and the recently introduced system of hot-water pipes. The
opinions of the most experienced horticulturists are so equally divided and
opposed regarding these two methods of generating heat, that I feel quite
perplexed which to adopt, and therefore take the liberty of addressing this
letter to you, in hopes that, through the medium of your Gardener’s Maga-
zine, you will be kind enough to communicate either your own sentiments
on this subject, or to request some of your numerous contributors will
favour the public and myself with a comparison of the advantages and dis-
advantages of both systems. I ought perhaps to mention the opinion given
to me by one experienced gardener, who has been for some time working
houses on both constructions, that hot water causes a decidedly more luxu-
riant growth of wood and larger fruit, but that the flavour is always inferior
to what is grown in-houses on the old principle; he believes the pipes are
perfectly air-tight, but has never used a hydrometer, and, on that account,
the accuracy of the comparison may perhaps be questionable. You will
also, I think, be conferring a benefit on the public, by a paper respecting the
application of hot water to the growth of melons, cucumbers, early pota-
toes, &c., in pits, accompanied by a plan. In districts where coals are
plentiful, the annual expense (independent of the first cost) would probably
be considerably less than in the use of fermenting horse litter, and tend
much to prevent the disagreements between the gardener and farmer, which
in all establishments too frequently occur. Iam, Su, &c.— R. H.R.
Feb. 24. 1830.

The result of what we see and hear is, that the mode of heating by hot
water, whether in stoves, forcing-houses, green-houses, or hot walls, is
decidedly preferable to steam or smoke flues, or any other mode hitherto
in-use. For hot-beds we do not say that hot water is superior to dung, but
we think it at all events equal to that material. — Cond.

| Mr, Hay’ s System of heating Pits—Sir, lwish you would state your opinion
on this subject, giving an estimate of the expense of say two pits, one in
front of the other, each 27 ft. 8 in. long, admitting a steam chamber at the
end 10 ft. 6 in, broad, and giving 6 ft. 6 in. in “vr the bed; the upper one for

368 Queries and Answers.

pines, and the lower one for melons, with the roofs all of the same slope.
Yours, &c. — A Constant Reader.

Our opinion of the plan is highly favourable ; as to the expense, our cor-
respondent had better employ Mr. Hay, or some professional man; at all
events, we do not feel ourselves called upon to engage in such a task. —
Cond.
Gram. — Sir, In reply to G. (p. 224.), I beg to state that I have culti-
vated gram in a warm border, and that its scientific name is Cicer arieti-
num, or Chick Pea; the seeds resemble a ram’s head (arietinum), and the
flowers are generally pink, but sometimes white. Your constant reader, —
NV. S. Hodson. Botanic Garden, Bury St. Edmund’s, April 20. 1830.

The Athenian Poplar (Pépulus gra‘ca). (Vol. II. p. 410.) — At Bury,
and in the plantations of Orbell Ray Oakes, Esq., at Nowton, near that
town, are specimens of this species of poplar, but all female. Is the male
in England? —J.D. Feb. 1830.

The Weeping Willow (Salix babylénica) blooms abundantly every spring
in England, and even specimens of but few years’ growth. I have exa-
mined many, and found them all female. Does the male exist in England ?
Mr. C. A. Fischer, inspector of the university botanic garden, Gottingen,
says, “ Salix babyldnica, male, has often been sentto me, but never the true.”
Has it ever yet been brought from the banks of the Euphrates ? — Id.

The King Charles, or Pocket Melor,— Is this melon the same as the
Portugal Dormer ? — A Constant Reader. Feb. 1830.

_ Butter made from the Milk of a Cow fed with Turnips has always a very
bitter disagreeable taste, not worth by 2d. or 3d, per pound so much as
from any other feeding. I am sorry to say I have some of it to my tea
this afternoon. — W. P. Vaughan. April 18. 1830.

This taste, it is well known, may be prevented by pouring boiling-hot
water into the churn before churning; and we notice this circumstance to
enquire of any correspondent the proportion of water to the milk, and the
rationale of its action, — Cond,

Hardy Bulbous Plants. — Sir, As Tam writing an account of all the hardy
bulbous plants now alive in Great Britain, and as many of those which our
forefathers fostered so carefully appear to be missing in our metropolitan
district, perhaps some of your provincial readers can inform me whether any
of the following, so faithfully described in Parkinson’s Paradisus Terréstris,
yet exist in any of their gardens. I remain yours, &c.— A, H. Haworth.
Chelsea, May, 1830.

The pure yellow Fritillary, p. 43.

Hyacinthus comosus albus, p. 115.
Narcissus Omnium, max. fl. et

comosus ramosus, tab. 117. 4.

calice flavo, p. 58.
Lady Mattness’s Daffodill, p. 69.
The early Daffodill of Trebizond,
p. 744.
Narcissus alb. apophysibus, tab.71. 5.
oblongocalyce, tab. 71.7.
Any of those on p. 73., or any
Autumnal Narcissus. ;
Narcissus pérsicus, tab. 75. 5,
The three Daffodills of p.87.
Narcissus minimus, p. 88.
The six-cornered Daffodill, p. 102.
The clipt-trunk Daffodil, tab. 107. 1.
Hyacinthus moschat. alb. and rubr.,
p- 112.
botrydides ramosus, p. 114.
fl, albo-rubénte, p. 115,

stellaris prae‘cox, white and
blush, p. 127.
stellaris bizantinus, three sorts,
p. 128.
Hilifolius et radice, p. 130.
Ornithogalum pannonicum album,
tab. 137. 4.
hispanicum minus, tab. 137. 6.
Asphédelus bulbosus Galén?, t. 137.
5

Célchicum harmodactylum, t, 155.

6.
The Cloth of Silver Crocus, p. 167.
The silver-coloured Autumn Crocus,
tab. 169. 3.
The Spanish Nut (Iris), tab. 169. 6.
The Italian Corn Flag, tab. 191. 2.

Horticultural Society and Garden. 369

Art. 1X. Horticultural Society and Garden.

Apriz 6.—A good deal of discussion took place respecting the propriety
of electing Mr. Sabine’s friend and defender, the Earl of Caernarvon, a
member of the Council; but notwithstanding the considerable opposition
made to this measure, His Lordship was eventually elected.

Exhibited. Melocactus, from Mr. Thomas Russell of Worthing. Cera-
tochilus insignis, from William Cattley, Esq. F.H.8. Camellias grown in
the open air, from Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart. F.H.S. Small-mesh
netting, at 6d. per square yard, 4 and 5 yards wide; common netting, 2 yards
wide, 3/. 3s. per ewt., or 2d. per square. yard; and bunting, at 6d. per square
yard; from Mr. Benjamin Edgineton. Seedling Pine-apple, from John
Entwistle, Esq. F.H.S.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Forty-five sorts ef Apples, five
sorts of Pears, and Keen’s Seedling Strawberry.

April 20.— Read. On Heating Houses with het Water; by Mr. George
Knowles. On an Improvement in the Mode of raising annual Seeds; by
Mr. Joseph Harrison.. An Account of three Plants producing the officinal
Jalap; by M. Juan de Orbezoro.

Exhilited. Three sorts of seedling Apples, from Sir Thomas Dyke,
Bart., viz.: from the Nonpareil, from the Newtown Pippin, and from the
Kingsland Pippin. :

_ Also, from the Garden of the Society. Thirty-seven sorts of Apples ; four
sorts of Pears ; and thirteen sorts of Flowers, viz. Rides aGreum serétinum,
prze‘cox, and tenuiflorum ; double-flowering Almond and Cherry ; Merisier &
fleurs doubles ; double-flowering Furze ; Rosa Banksie, white and yellow ;
early Tulips ; Fritillarias; R2bes multiflorum.

May 1.—Some stormy discussion respecting a letter of resignation which
Mr. Malcolm, the nurseryman, had sent to Mr. Barnard, the pro tempore
honorary secretary. The object was to get the letter read, which, how-
ever, was not done. The officers for the ensumg year were balloted for,
and are as under : — President, T. A. Knight, Esq.; Treasurer, Alexander
Seton, Esq.; Secretary, George Bentham, Esq.; Assistant Secretary, John
Lindley, Esq.

The following printed paper was read : —

“ The Council of the Horticultural Society, on the occasion of the pre-
sent Anniversary, have to submit, for the information of the Fellows, a state-
ment upon the following points, viz.: — Respecting the measures which
have been already carried into effect pursuant to the recommendations of
the late Committee of Enquiry ; and respecting the arrangements which are
in progress towards additional alterations

“ Under the first of these heads, the Council have the satisfaction of
stating, —

“Ist, That, after a minute investigation of the business, both at Regent
Street and at the garden, means have been taken to dispose of the arrears
of correspondence ; and, on the Ist of June, to accomplish those reductions
of the establishment which were recommended by the Committee.

“2d, That the sale, on the terms already announced at the Meeting on
the 6th of April last, of a portion of the Transactions at present on hand
will, without interfering with the claims which the Fellows of the Society
may have upon the general stock, eventually place at the disposal of the
Council a sum of money to be applied towards the discharge of the debts
of the Society. ;

“ 3d, It is in future intended that the publication of the Transactions
shall take place as regularly as possible, and at a reduced expense ; but it is
hoped that the plates will be prepared in a style not inferior to that in which.

Vor, VI. — No. 26. BB

370 Horticultural Society and Garden.

they have been hitherto furnished to the Fellows, and which has obtained
general approbation, as is proved by an extensive circulation among the
public.

“ 4th, It has been determined to sell by auction such duplicate drawings
as it is not thought necessary to retain.

“ 5th, It has also been determined to sell by auction, in the month of
July next, certain plants at the garden: a measure which, it is hoped, will
relieve in part the charge of labour hitherto incurred, without in any degree.
diminishing, either with reference to science or general attraction, the col-
lection of the more useful and ornamental plants.

“6th, The regulations for the admission of visitors to the garden have
been altered as announced to the Meeting on the 20th of April; so that all
Fellows, whether subscribers to the garden or not, will in future have the
power of i issuing written orders of admission.

“ “th, The house at Turnham Green was erennred on the 5th of April
last ; and although it is still on the hands of the Society, according to the
terms of the lease, the Council are making every exertion to dispose of it
as soon as a tenant can be found.

“8th, Those portions of the garden which are not at recor required.
for the collections of the Society, have been planted with such crops as may’
be productive of a profitable return during the ensuing autumn; the Coun-
cil having considered that this was the only practicable mode of disposing
to advantage of such parts of the ground; and that, by this measure, com--
bined with an alteration in the plan of selling vegetables and fruits, an in-
creased income may confidently be anticipated. :

“9th. Tickets, with the names of the plants, have been directed to be
placed in the garden; and it has become unnecessary for visiters to be-
accompanied, as heretofore, by the labourers in the different departments.

10th, It has been ordered that the garden be open from nine in the
morning till six in the evening in summer, and until sunset during the other
months. :

Under the second head of the proposed alterations the Council have to
state, — - 2

Be ist; That they eonsiien that the oneeeenali is. the complete revision -
a the by-laws. It has already been stated from the chair, at different -
Meetings, that this object had been long in contemplation, and that for this
reason it had been thought inexpedient to reprint the original by-laws,
which, it was admitted, were im many respects mapplicable to the present ©
state of the Society. The Council are aware that the task is attended with
difficulty, and that it is necessary to proceed with caution ; but they feel
confident that every reasonable indulgence will be afforded them, in point °
of time, for attaining this desirable object; in order that a complete code -
may be submitted for the approval of the Fellows. A sub-committee has
been appointed for this especial purpose. : ;

-« 2d, It has been resolved to revise the existing rules of distributing,

lants from the garden, with a view to secure amore ‘general distribution to '
all the Fellows of the ‘Society, as far as is practicable, without interfering *
with the regulations respecting plants easily attainable through the hands
of nurserymen.

“3d, It is proposed to let-parts of the house m Regent Street, ath the’
use of the. meeting-room, to such societies or corpor ate bodies as may be ~
willing to treat for the same, without interfering with the accommedations_
necessary for conducting the business of the Society, and so as to retain the ©
library, in its present state, for the use of the Fellows.

“ 4th, It is intended, by amore satisfactory arrangement of the accounts,
and by ‘the preparation of a statement made up to the end of each month, *
to show, in a-clear and distinct manner,-the actual state of the affairs of the
Society. This arrangement has only been deferred in consequence of the

Horticultural Society and Garden. 371

delay in the appointment of a treasurer. It is farther proposed, that a full
account of the Society’s debts and credits shall be printed with the report
of the auditors at each Anniversary, and publicly read on that day.

“Without adverting to the causes of the proceedings and discussions
which have of late unfortunately agitated the Society, the Council trust that
a general interest in the common welfare will induce the Fellows to sacri-
fice all personal feelings, and to unite henceforward in one general object,
viz. that of placing the Society upon such a solid and permanent basis, as
will enable it to maintain the character which it has acquired as an Institu-
tion of national importance, having paramount claims to encouragement in
the United Kingdom, and having already extended the benefits of its labours
through every quarter of the globe.”

May 4.— Read. An Account of an economical Method of obtaining
early Crops of Potatoes; by T. A. Knight, Esq.

Eizhibited. Sweeney Nonpareil Apples, from T. N. Parker, Esq. One
hundred sorts of Apples, from Mr. Hugh Ronalds, F.H.S. Models of fruit
of Apples, Pears, &c., by Mr. W. Tuson (these may be had of Mr. Thos.
Goode, 15. Mill Street, Conduit Street). Several sorts of Tulips, from
Mr. H. Groom.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. The following sorts of Apples :—Old
Nonpareil (kept in pure sand), Sussex, Framboise, New England Sweeting,
Skirm’s Kernel, American French Crab, Keeping Red Streak, Nine Part-
ners’ Russet, Calville Rouge de Pentecéte, Norfolk Beaufin, and Bedford-
shire Foundling. Also Flowers, as under : —Valerianélla congésta ; Pyrus:
floribinda, pubens, grandifolia, melanocarpa, prunifolia, arbutifdlia, inter--
media, and sorbifolia ; Rosa Banksie liteo ; Caltha palistris pléno ; double-
flowering furze, double tulips, parrot tulips, show tulips; Pzednia Mottan
rosea, Banksie, and papaveracea; ’sculus glabra; Ribes atireum seréti-
num; Peednia officinalis, albicans.

Though the reformation which has taken place in this Society is consi-
derable, it is by no means such as, we think, will eventually lead to the pay-
ment of its debts and its permanent establishment. We have no doubt,
however, that it may linger on awhile, and we hope long enough to pay off
all debts, and till Mr. Lindley meets with something as good, or better, than
the vice-secretaryship. As to the public, whether the Society dies a year
sooner or later is a matter of no sort of consequence. — Cond.

A correspondent writes as follows:— It is a curious anomaly in this
the largest gardeners’ club in the world, that no practical gardener has ever
been admitted into the Council, no man who could prune the vine or grow
a cucumber. Every other society in the world is desirous of embodying
knowledge and experience ; but in this club not a half, nor one third, nor
indeed any part, of the practical men is admitted. A succession of expen-
sive apprentices indeed there has been, and their labours and the result of
their experience are before us. The last batch of seedling gardeners are
chiefly from Lincoln’s Inn * ; and they will no doubt soon teach the world
how to cultivate the vine and the fig, which none of their predecessors
attempted. — 8. Kensington, May 14. 1830.

We do not very well know whom our correspondent considers fit to prune
the vine and grow acucumber. Messrs. Malcolm, Young, Ronalds, Hender-
son, and Loddiges should know something about it; though perhaps not
so much as Mr. Mackintosh, Mr. M‘Arthur, Mr. Forrest, and other private
gardeners, — Mr. Malcolm is said to have resigned his seat in the Council
of the Horticultural Society, because he failed to keep down lavish expen-
diture, the creditors in the mean time pressing hard for payment. — Cond.

* Messrs. Harrison, Briggs, and Bentham are lawyers.
BB 2

ART. X.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen:
White - - -
Red = = 4
Plants, or Coleworts -

Savoys, perdozen - -

Broccoli, per bunch:
White - -
Green - = es

‘ Purple - - -

i Brimstone - -

large single heads,
dozen ‘ a
Cauliflowers, each =)

Legumes.

Peas, per.half sieve -
Shelled, per quart -
Forced, per punnet~ -

Kidneybeans (forced), per
hundred 3 ss

Tubers and Roots.

: per ton
Potatoes - ¥ pet cwt.
per bush.
Kidney, per bushel =
Scotch, per bushel =
- New, per pound - -
Jerusalem Artichokes, per
half sieve - - -
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, per bunch :
Young = - =
Horn - - »
Parsneps, per dozen
Red Beet, per dozen o
Skirret, per bunch 2
Seorzonera, per bunch -
Salsify, per bunch ae
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :
per doz. hands
(24to 30 each)
b per bunch -
White Turnip, per bunch

The Spinach Tribe.

. per sieve
Spinach per half sieve
Sorrel, per half sieve -

The Onion Tribe.
Onions, Old, per bushel -
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound - -
Shallots, per pound =

New, inbunches - -

Red -

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, &c.
Asparagus, per hundred
Sea-kale, per punnet =
Lettuce, per score :
Cos - -

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Endive, per score -

Cabbage - z
Succory, per bunch gE

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Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)

/Small Salads ee eeeve

per punnet
Watercress, per dozen small
bunches 3 s =

Burnet, per bunch -

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half sieve -
‘Tarragon, per doz. bunches
Purslain, per punnet -
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches -
Peppermint, per doz. bunch.
Marjoram, per doz. bunches
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches -
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, dry, per doz. bun.
Tansy, dry, per doz. bunches

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,
Pickling, &c.
Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle
Angelica Stalks, per pound

Edible Fungi and Fuci.

Mushrooms, per pottle -

Morels, per punnet S

Truffles, per pound:
English, dry - =
Foreign - S =

Fruits.

Apples, Dessert, per bushel :

Nonpareils - - -

Golden Pippins - -
Golden Reinettes =

Apples, Baking, per bushel:
Baking - - -
Reinette Grise - -
Pearmains - -

| Pears, Baking, per half sieve

Peaches, per dozen - c
Nectarines, per dozen -
Almonds, per peck -
Cherries, per pound S
per 3 sieve
per pottle
per i sieve
per pottle
Cranberries, per gallon -
Strawberries, forced, per
ounce = = ce
Pine-apples, per pound -
Hot-house Grapes, p. pound
Cucumbers, frame, per brace

per dozen -
Granges ES hundred

Gooseberries

Currants, green

| Bitter Oranges, per hundred
| Lemons

per dozen. -
per hundred

| Sweet Almonds, per pound

Brazil. Nuts, per bushel -
Spanish Nuts, per bushel -

_ Barcelona Nuts o 5

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Observations. — Forced peas in punnets were produced on the 27th of
April; from the natural ground under the protection of good walls, on this
day, at the prices stated in the list.
month of last year, I considered the early single frame peas to be preferable
for general crop to Bishop’s early dwarf; I have induced a friend to try them
in a protected situation, and he reports the Bishop’s early to have dropped
its blossom eight or ten days before the early frame:: consequently for

In my remarks in the corresponding

London Nurseries. 373

tlie first gatherig in gentlemen’s gardens it may be preferable; but, for
a general crop, the frame pea, in my opinion, will maintain its character.
Those seld to-day were of the latter; the former were offered, as observed,
on the 27th of April; the difference in time, as to being brought to market,
between this and the preceding spring is only five days, whereas the season
in general is, I think, in advance fourteen. Our supply of rhubarb for tarts
has been, and continues to be, very great; and from the improved varieties
recently introduced, promises te be supported in the ensuing season, if pos-
sible, with much larger quantities. The demand for it increases commen-
surately, and appears to justify the position maintamed by many writers,
that demand, supply, and prices assimilate very readily if left to themselves.
I have ascertained the weight ef several bundles of rhubarb taken this sea-
son (containing sixteen stalks) to be from 23 to 26 lbs., giving 14 lbs. each
stalk as the average. The varieties were Dulley’s Goliath, and Myatt’s new
Atlas seedlings; the quality and flavour quite equal to any others. Cab-
bages of the London, Battersea, or Fulham variety, were brought to market
on the 17th of April: formerly the same period in May was considered early;
and they have been sold in my recollection at 2s. 6d. per doz. as late in the
season as the 29th, by which time now we have an abundant supply of peas,
and some cauliflowers generally. It is singular that the earlier but smaller
varieties of cabbages, such as the early dwarf, York, &c., are not cultivated
“in the neighbourhood of London, as under the same favourable culture and
attention they would, ! think, furnish a supply at least ten or twelve days
earlier, and make up by the quantity from the same extent of surface for the
difference of size and weight in the others. We had gooseberries in pottle
on the 13th of April, and.on the Ist of May in sieves and bushels, show-
ing at once how much the improved varieties and methods of culture assist
in furnishing an immediate supply to what formerly existed, when a month
usually elapsed from their first appearance to the coming in of quantities
‘m general: since the Ist of May to the 11th inclusive, not less than seven or
eight hundred sieves have been disposed of in Covent Garden Market alone.
Barly turnips of the Dutch variety were produced about the 10th of April,
and sold for 3s. 6d. per bunch; it has been usual for the grower to obtain
5s. The difference of price of this and many other articles both in fruit
and vegetables of the earliest growth and rarity will, I think, warrant the
conclusion I ventured upon in a former Number as to the cause of it: for
instance, five guineas was the price usually given for the first half sieve
of peas, now three only; for cherries three guineas per lb. has been
obtained, new from one and a half to two is the most; nectarines and
peaches, formerly 3/. per dozen, now two guineas; asparagus, of the best
and largest quality, formerly 8s. to 10s. per hundred, now 6s. or 7s., and
every other article of indulgence and gratification in the vegetable and fruit
market appears to be determined by the same relative proportionate value.
—G.C. May 11. 1830. |

Art. XI. Phe London Nurseries.

KnigutT’s Exotic Nursery, King’s Road, Dec. 21.— An orangery has
just been completed here, which, in several respects, is worthy of public
inspection. It is 50 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, 6 ft. 6 in. high in front, and 16 ft.
high at the back wall. In front there is a shelf 4 ft. broad, of open wood-
work, at the height of about 3 ft. from the ground; in the back, within 4 ft.
of the top of the wall, there is another shelf of similar breadth of open wood-

BB $

374 London Nurseries.

‘work; and within 18in. of the top of the wall a shelf about a foot wide.
‘These two shelves are for striking cuttings, and for growing very small and
young plants. The pots are watered and otherwise managed from the back
shed, through openings about 2 ft. high by 3 ft. wide, in the upper part of
the back wall. These openings, communicating with the loft of the back
shed, are well adapted for the purposes of ventilation in very severe
weather. Instead of a lock to each opening, Mr. Knight has formed a
-passage behind them, the whole length of the shed; so that by locking the
-the door of this passage, he secures the whole of the openings. The enclo-
sure partition is an open paling for the purpose of admitting a free circulation
of air. All the rain water that falls on the back shed, the eaves of which,
-as it is two stories in height and narrow, are higher than those of the glass,
is conducted into a cistern in the enclesed passage, for watering the upper
shelves; and all the water which falls on the glass is conducted into a large
-tank under the floor of the house, for watering the smaller orange trees on
‘the front shelf, and the large ones in tubs on the floor. The floor is of
earth, and might be lowered by excavation 5 or 6 ft., if additional height
were wanted for very high old orange trees; it is now covered with large
.old trees in boxes, placed among some half-spent dung and leaves. The
‘door of the house is at one end, in two parts, so that when both are opened
there is an opening 6 ft. by 10 ft. for the passage of large trees.
But the principal feature in this house is the mode of heating it by hot
water. If the reader will turn to Vol. IV. p.29., he will find that the
Marquis de Chabannes placed his fire in the middle of a horizontal cylinder
of water; Mr, Knight has greatly improved on this principle by placing his
-fire in what may be called a flue of water (jig.79.). This flue, the top view
é of which may be seen in fig. 80. a to 6, and the side view
in the same figure c to d, is about the ordinary size of
a hot-house furnace within, and it ascends and gra-
dually diminishes to the minimum size of a hot-house
fine, at about 18 ft. from the furnace. The outer plate
of iron is not more distant than from one half to three
fourths of an inch from the inner plate, so that the
stratum of water is nowhere more than three fourths of
an inch in thickness. This stratum might have been
continued under the flue as well as on both sides and
the top, but this was not deemed necessary. The
rise from the furnace to where this flue boiler assumes the level position
(fig. 80.¢) is 2 ft.; the exterior sides of the flue are there 18 in. deep, and

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V2] ae

London Nurseries. 375

the top 12in. wide. The smoke passes from the flue boiler through its
extremity (4), and enters a common brick flue (f), in which it is carried
into an upright flue to the chimney top over the fireplace; or, by means of
dampers, it 1s made to enter another flue (g), and make a return in the
back wall, by which it may be fairly presumed as much heat is obtained
from the fuel and smoke as is practicable. The heated water proceeds from
81 the flue boiler by a horizontal open-
ing (4), and enters a shallow tube
3 ft. wide, and about half an inch
deep (fig. 81.); it proceeds along
this tube till it enters a cistern (7) at the other end of the house, from the
bottom of which it returns by a cylindrical pipe ( fig. 82. /), and this pipe
when within 5 or 6 ft. of the fireplace, or lowest
point of the boiler (7), divides, so as to return the
water in equal portions at the bottom of each side
of the boiler (fig. 82. m and jig. 79. 1)» :
It is evident that by this arrangement very little
heat can be lost, and also that the heat com-
municated to the water surrounding the fire-
place will be very rapidly carried to the cistern
jig. 80. 1), at the other extremity of the house.
Should it be desirable at any time for the sake of
a gentle steam, the covers of the broad shallow
tube (fig. 81.) can be taken off, while, when no
steam is wanted, the water joint (fig. 83.) is ef-
fective in excluding it. This mode of
83 constructing these water plates with a
re | water joint gives them a considerable
(A superiority ever the thin plates of
“ A Mr. Weekes (Vol. V. p. 544.); but
oz, Mr. Knight’s covers are too large for
being conveniently lifted off and re-
placed. This, however, is easily remedied.
_ The small quantity of fuel, even shavings, that
will heat the water, and the short time required for
this purpose, are not a little surprising, and only me
to be accounted for by the extraordinary capacity of water for heat. The
same quantity of shavings burnt in a flue, surrounded by brickwork, instead
of iron and water, would generate the same quantity of heat, but the brick-
work being a non-conductor, a great portion of heat must necessarily be
carried along the flue, and unless this is of great length, out at the chimney
top. This familiar case must convince the most ordinary capacity, that
heating by hot water, besides its numerous other advantages, must produce
a very considerable saving of fuel. On the whole, though this plan might
certainly be improved on, as far as neatness of appearance, and perhaps also
economy, are concerned, it may be considered a valuable variation, and
creditable to the spirit and judgment of Mr. Knight. — Cond.
_ Further Particulars by Mr. Knight himself, dated March 3.— Dear Sir,
When you favoured me with a visit and inspected my hot-water apparatus
at the commencement of the late severe frost,-soon after it was erected,
I could not speak positively as to its merits or imperfections, since that
time there has been abundant opportunity to prove its efficacy during
the long severe winter; and as several of my visiters, who are constant
readers of your Magazine, wish much to have a plan and description by
them for reference, I beg to offer the following remarks: — What is in
reality my boiler is also a flue, which, from the furnace, for 13 ft. 6 in. is
on the ascent of nearly 2in. in the foot, and for 5 ft. 6in. is on a level,
making in the whole 19 ft.; the two sides, which are nearly 18 in. deep, and
BB 4

376 London Nurseries.

the top, which ayerages full 1 ft. wide, are constructed of two plates of cast
iron, allowing a cavity for water of three quarters of an inch, presenting an
internal surface, on which the fire acts, of 70 ft. superficial, or rather more,
and of course giving an equal external surface, which is all within the house.
The furnace is of the usual form; but, instead of brick or tiles, the iron plates
and water form the two sides and top, 19 ft. long, at the end of which the
smoke is conducted into a brick flue of the common construction. At the
extremity of the boiler, connected with the level part, a cast-iron table of
3 ft. wide is fixed, forming a right angle, which conducts the hot water to the
other extremity of the house, where it passes into a cistern, from the bottom
of which it returns again by a common round cast-iron pipe, which branches
near the boiler, into which it again returns the coolest water, on each side,
close by the fire. The table upon which the water flows rests upon iron
stands, and is on a true water level; it has edges lin. deep, so that a thin
sheet of het water three quarters of an inch deep, flows over the 3 ft. sur-
face of the table, upon which lids are placed, so constructed as to enclose
the steam; these may be in part or entirely taken off at pleasure, by which
dry or damp heat may be obtained, as the various seasons and objects may
require, which advantage all practical gardeners know well how to appre-
ciate. The rate at which the water moves along the table varies according
to the greater or less heat it contains: when at about 140° it moves at the
rate of about 10 ft. in a minute. |

The house in which I have erected this apparatus is new, it is full 50 ft.
long, 20 ft. wide, 6 ft. 6 in. high in front, and 16 ft.6 in. high at the back ;
roof glass, containing about 1150 ft.; the front is glass about half down, and
contains 150 ft.; back and ends are brick, except the doors, and contain
about 11,500 cubical feet of area, which by this apparatus has, during the
late frost, been kept up to 50° of heat with the most moderate consumption
of fuel, in the most severe nights it did not appear to have exceeded from
half to three quarters of a bushel of small sifted coals in 24 hours. [am not
aware that the water has ever been heated in the boiler to more than 140°,
which will appear sufficient when I state the extent of superficial surface
from which I derive heat : my boiler is entirely in the house, and presents
an external surface of full 70 ft., the table 3 ft. wide, taking the upper and
under surface, produces about 300 ft., making together 370 ft., not taking
into account the cistern and returning pipe, which present nearly 100 ft.
more. The whole quantity of water my apparatus contains is about 70 to
80 gallons, on which the fire acts so powerfully and instantaneously that it
is set in motion in less than three minutes after the fire is lighted; and I
have no hesitation in saying, that it could be made to boil in ten, by stopping
the circulation of the water.

Should the above description not proye sufficiently explicit, beg to add
that it is open to inspection, and I shall have pleasure in explaining, as far
as I can, any thing difficult about it. It is, I consider, just and right to add
that my apparatus was made and put up by Mr. George Jones of the Phoenix
Foundery, Snow Hill, Birmingham, whose attention, liberality, and workman-
ship are, I consider, highly creditable to him, and have been entirely satisfac-
tory to me. I remam, dear Sir, &c.—Joseph Knight. Exotic Nursery,
King’s Road Chelsea, March 3. 1830.

Exotic Nursery, May 1.— The large plants of Rhododéndron arboreum
haye now a magnificent appearance in the lofty iron-roofed green-house,
which indeed has given a new character to several old plants, by permitting
them to attain something like their natural size. Kennédia monophylla, for
example, which excites little attention in the common pot, is here planted
in the ground, and covers a pillar upwards of 20 ft. high; few would be-
lieve the plant capable of producing such an effect. The orange trees in
the house heated by hot water have made vigorous shoots, and are every
thing that could be desired. The choice collection of foreign azaleas is

London Nurseries. B74

coming strongly into flower; and every part of the houses, back sheds, and
grounds, displays that order and neatness which have always been charac-
teristic of this nursery, and which, in our opinion, constitute an essential
part of all garden management intended either to delight or instruct, we
might even say to be useful or profitable. Mr. Knight has paid an interest-
ing visit to Holland this spring, some notice of which we have already
given (p. 317.).— Cond.

Colville’s Nursery, King’s Road, Jan. 3. and May 1.— The hot-house and
show conservatory here have been heated by hot water, on the siphon
principle of Mr, Kewley, the ingenious inventor of the automaton gardener
described in our Encyclopedia of Gardening, and one of the most scientific
engineers we know. The late Mr. Tredgold probably excelled Mr. Kewley
in science, as he unquestionably did in experience, but we do not think he
surpassed him in fertility of invention. We are most happy to find that
Mr. Kewley has turned his attention to the hot-water system of heating,
and intends to devote all his time to it, because we are certain he will effect
improvements. The cooperation of such an engineer as Kewley with such
liberal, enlightened, and economical tradesmen as: Cottam and Hallen, would
be a real good to persons desirous of heating large buildings either for
plants or animals.

Mr. Kewley’s Mode of Heating on the Siphon Principle differs from that
of Mr. Fowler already described (Vol. V. p. 453.), in employing a pump,
fixed or movable at pleasure, to exhaust the air, and consequently draw up
the water into the siphon, instead of employing cocks and pouring in the
water. We have tried the cock system ourselves, and certainly we think it
occupies more time than Mr. Kewley’s, and we do not think the latter sys-
tem more expensive, or more likely to go out of order. We refer however
to Mr. Dalgleish’s report on Mr. Fowler’s method (p. 334.), having never
seen if in operation extensively ourselves. Next winter we shall adopt
Mr. Kewley’s system, and about this time twelvemonth we shall probably
be able to report on it. The great advantage of the siphon system is, that
there is no pressure on the boiler, and consequently no danger of bursting,
and less tear and wear of apparatus. Where water can be circulated on
the same level with that in the boiler, the siphon system is unnecessary ;
but in all other cases we certainly should prefer it to the closed boiler or
pressure system. We know some cases, in which, owing to the water
during the last severe winter having frozen in the circulating pipes, the
boiler burst.

The Plants in Mr. Colville’s Houses look remarkably well, and, as usual,
there is an ample stock of forced articles and showy spring flowers. Mr.
Colville bought the greater number of the cow tree and other plants
brought by Mr. Fanning from the Caraccas ; and it is due to Mr. Colville to
state that Mr. Fanning told us, a few days before his departure, that Mr,
Colville was almost the only man he could get any money from. A noble-
man bought fifty pounds’ worth of these plants from Mr. Fanning, and put
off the payment from time to time, till at last, we believe, Mr. Fanning went
off without having received the money. We know he had not received it
two days before his departure. Some of the cow plants are budding, but
we very much doubt whether they will ultimately live. — Cond.

The Sloane Street Nursery, Apri 25. — Mr. Tate has built a lofty orangery,
and introduced into it some very large imported trees. The sides and ends
of the house are of masonry or timber-work, and all the light the trees
receive is from a few windows in the roof. A useful orangery is thus
erected at little expense, and one, we believe, as effective for preserving the
plants during the winter as if the roof and south side had been of glass.
Those who use such orangeries, however, must take off the roof and south
fronts, which can easily be contrived for that purpose, and substitute glass,
bunting, or netting, for them, in the growing season in the end of April

378 ~ London Nurseries.

and during May. After this the trees may be removed to sheltered places
in the pleasure-ground, and the boxes sunk in the earth and turfed over, so
that the trees may appear to be planted in the soil. Mr. Tate thinks this
may be done to an extent of which few, we believe, are bold enough to have
any idea. He thinks the avenues to mansions might just as well be of
orange trees as of lime trees or elms, provided gentlemen would be at the
trouble of placing temporary wooden houses over them. . In Mr. Tate’s
shop are some handsome vases and orange boxes formed of a sort of artificial
- stone, cheap, and very durable, which deserve to be brought into more
notice than they have hitherto been. They are manufactured by an artisan
in the road leading to Vauxhall Bridge. — Cond.

The Hackney Botanic Garden, Messrs. Loddiges, April 3. — Notwith-
standing the severity of last winter, the house plants here look remarkably
well. Some of the larger palms had their boxes renewed and increased in
size; the material as before, the teak wood of oid East India ships, which
Messrs. Loddiges find far more durable than oak. The collection is con-
stantly increasing by donations and purchases from all quarters.

The Clapton Nursery, Mr. Mackay, April 3.— Great alterations have
taken place here within the last twelve months. Several new houses have
been added, old ones taken down and rebuilt, and hot water substituted for
steam in the same pipes; the siphon principle, to a certain extent, has also
been here adopted. The general stock of plants is increased both in num-
ber of individuals and species. Mr. Baxter, who has been employed in
Sydney for nearly seven years, chiefly on Mr. Mackay’s account, has
recently returned with a magnificent collection of specimens and seeds ;
some of which, we understand, are for other nurserymen, but the greater
part, we believe, will be disposed of to Mr. Mackay.
~ The Hammersmith Nursery, April 4.— Some alterations have been made
in the department of rare trees and shrubs, and some curious species of
pendent and odd-growing robinias, caraganas, cytisus, &c., grafted standard
high on their congeners. Here, asin Malcolm’s nursery, Kensington, Mag-
noléa conspicua and purpurea bloomed in great profusion.

The Camberwell Nursery, Buchanan and Co., May 4.— An arboretum is
commenced here in alphabetical order, and it is the intention to increase it
by adding every hardy tree or shrub that can be purchased from the
nurserymen of Europe and America; to lay down stools and to propagate
each species and variety extensively. This is a most commendable exertion,
and is certain of bemg attended with success. We have long ago recom-
mended the same thing to other nurserymen, and especially to those so
favourably situated as Mr. Donald of Woking. One of the principal
reasons why there is such a paucity of rare and beautiful trees and shrubs
in the grounds of country seats is, their scarcity or high price in the nur-
series; another reason, we are aware, is, the ignorance of gardeners that
there are such shrubs and trees; but this ignorance is a result of the former
circumstance, and will disappear when it is removed. Let us once have all
manner of rare and beautiful shrubs abundant and cheap (and there is no
reason in the nature of things why the rarest and most beautiful should not
be as cheap as the commonest), and every citizen who can shelter his kitchen-
garden with a shrubbery, or plant a belt round his paddock, will employ
half as many kinds as he requires plants. A shrubbery of 1000 trees and
shrubs will contain at least 500 species. A park will be a complete arbo-
retum; and a park and pleasure-ground taken together will contain a
collection of hardy things equal to that now in the Hackney garden.
‘Various minor improvements are going on in this nursery, which we cannot
spare room at present to enumerate.

Grooms Flower-garden, Walworth, May 4.— The tulips have bloomed
very vigorously this season, and are perhaps taller than usual. Mr. Groom
persists in mixing all the different varieties indiscriminately, which is a great

London Nurseries. «B79

defect in our eyes, but not so, it would appear, in the eyes of florists. The
_ beds of double tulips are very showy. Here, as elsewhere, the double
Narcissus poéticus is apt to degenerate into semidouble and single. Our
readers will perhaps recollect the new or German feature in the culture of
ranunculuses which Mr. Groom has practised, that of planting at different
times so as to have a succession of bloom from May or June till October
or November (see Vol. V. p. 293).

The New Cross Nursery. — Messrs. Cormack and Sinclair have, we under-
stand, taken a part of one of the immense green-houses in the magnificent
new building covering Covent Garden Market, and intend keeping there a
succession of green-house and other plants in pots in flower for sale. They
also mean to combine a seed-shop, and a reading-room containing some of
the most useful gardening and agricultural books and models of whatever
is new or remarkable. This will be a feature in Covent Garden Market of
real utility to the public, and of great interest to the amateur. - When this
market is completed it will be one of the finest things of the kind in the
world, and alike honourable to the Duke of Bedford, the architect Mr.
Fowler, who is also the architect of the botanic range at Syon, and of the
builder, to whom architecture is as much -indebted as to any man, Mr.
William Cubitt. We are promised a plan, isometrical view, and descrip-
tion, which, as soon as the market is finished, we shall lay before our readers.

Knap Hill Nursery ‘y, May 10. — We have just had an opportunity, for the
first time, of seeing the azaleas here in full bloom; and certainly we never wit-
nessed any thing of the kind so splendid. There are masses of A. coccinea,
and of several of the red and orange varieties of nudiflora, péntica, and
ealendulacea, 12 ft. high and 20 or 30 ft. in diameter, completely covered
with blossoms, and perfectly dazzlmg to the sight. What will astonish
many is, that these plants may be taken up in full bloom without the slightest
injury. The reason of this is, that the plants of the whole order of Hricez
comprehending twenty-five genera of the most beautiful of our hardy shrubs,
have no roots but such as are small and hair-like, and require to be grown
in peat, which closely adheres to these roots, and rises in a mass larger or
smaller, as the roots have extended more or less far from the plant. So
small are these roots, and at the same time so numerous, that it is next to
impossible to separate the earth from them; so that an azalea, a rhododen-
dron, a vaccinium, or an andromeda, cannot be taken up for removal at all
without being taken up with a ball. It is important to have this fact and
the reasons for it generally known and understood; because it will show
three things highly favourable to the spread of this order of plants all over
the country. ‘The first is, that as the roots, from being so very small, can-
not extend far from the plant, only a small quantity of peat earth is required ;
the second is, that from the great number of these small roots, no plants
are so easily lifted with balls; the third is, that in consequence of these
balls about the roots, no plants suffer so little by packing, distant carriage,
‘and remaining for weeks or even months out of the soil. If the azaleas and
other Rhodoracee, therefore, are not common every where, it must be
because there is little taste for them, or because it is not generally known
that they are so preeminently beautiful; it cannot be owing to price, for
many sorts are now as cheap as other shrubs. Whoever is building a
house, and wishes to produce an immediate effect in the grounds, should
purchase a few dozens of azaleas and rododendrons of 5 or 6ft. in height, and
6 or 8in. diameter. Had the king’s flower-garden at Windsor, the scenery
at Virginia Water, the grounds at Buckingham Palace, and the Duke of
‘Wellington’s lawn at Apsley House, had a few of these shrubs scattered
over them, how different would have been their effect! But of all the
situations that we know of, for showing off such plants to advantage, the
‘fittest is the lawn in front of the Marquess of Hertford’s villa in the Re-
gent’s Park. There they would not only be enjoyed by the marquess and

380 _London Nurseries.

his friends, but at a distance by every person in the public road, i.e. by-all
London. If this admiration of all the public has no charms for the mar-
quess, he must be without sympathy. We never pass his grounds and look
over his fence at the common trash planted within, without regretting that
the taste which he has so well displayed in architecture had not extended
itself to gardening. As to the Duke of Wellington, it is not to be sup-
posed that he can afford a thought on the subject of lawn or flowering
shrubs; and we must therefore content ourselves with regretting the want
of knowledge or taste in the directors of his establishments. Economy is
the order of the day in every department of the king’s gardens, and there-
fore large shrubs like Mr. Waterer’s could never be expected to find their
way to Windsor or Pimlico.

Among the plants that we noticed more particularly, was Rhodéndron
maximum, in large quantities, from 4 to 6 ft. high, trained as standards ;
the tr unks of some of them 3 in. in diameter ; a hybrid 2. called Waterer-
idna arborea, in standards from 5 to 7 ft. high, and &. catawbiénse, from
4 to 6 ft. high. These standards promise, by the thickening of the stems
or trunks, D be of great duration, and to attain a considerable size of head,
probably that of an apple tree. 22. caucdsicum is in large quantity, as is a
new variety between arboreum and ponticum. Azalea autumnalis, rubés-
cens, and viscosa alba are late-flowering sorts, and on that account very.
valuable. A. péntica multiflora pallida is a variety which never fails of
being profusely covered with flowers. A. coccinea major and many other
kinds are to be had in quantities from 4 to 7 ft. high; and some of them,
when cut down, or when allowed more room by the removal of adjoiing
plants, throw out shoots from 3 to 5 ft. long im one season. Kalmia lati-
folia in quantities from 4 to 6 ft. high, K. olatca stricta, glatica rubra, and
glatca supérba are fine new varieties, which will be sold for the first time next
autumn. An immense number of new varieties have lately been raised
by Mr. Waterer, from seed, many of them now in flower, and surpassingly
beautiful. The varieties of azalea are now as numerous as those of roses,
tulips, or georginas ; and it were much to be wished that some such botanist
as Mr. Sweet or Mr. Penny would class them in groups, and give a name to
each group, the specific of which might be any fanciful name; such, for
example, as A. céccinea major (the variety constituting the group), 1. Wa-
terer’s Eliza; 3 2. Donald’s Marianne; 3. Cree’s Jane, &c. &c. (The sub-
varieties springing from the parent variety, or resembling it.) We last
season (Vol. V. p. 571.) noticed the fine magnolias, and various other trees
and things here, and though we could again dwell on them with much plea-
sure, we shall deny ourselves that gratification in order to make a remark
on the soil. This is a natural peat, and therefore peculiarly adapted to the
Ericez ; but the plants on that account, though grown at less expense, are
not better grown than in those nurseries where the peat is artificial, or
brought from a distance and placed in excavations 18 in. deep, perhaps not so
well. The reason is, that the wet cold bottom, besides lessening the vigour
of the shoots of the more delicate varieties, has a tendency to cover the bark
with lichens. No nurserymen or private grower, therefore, need be dis-
couraged by the want of a native bed of peat. Many of the Hricez will grow
in soft sand near ly as well as in peat.

Goldworth Nursery, May 11.— Mr. Donald is new-modelling his home
grounds, and preparing for planting a collection of stools of all the rare
hardy trees and shrubs which he can procure, with a view to their propa-
gation for the trade. We are very happy.to learn his intention, because it
will be the second step, that of Messrs. Loddiges being the first, towards
rendering rare trees cheap, and consequently common in parks and pleasure-
grounds.

The Oaks, May 12.—.This is a large farm, the property of —— Gar-
ment, Esq., of South Audley Street, “London, admirably managed by a

London Nurseries. 381

Northumbrian intendant, Mr. Hill, whose example of the convertible hus-
bandry, turnips on raised drills, &ec., is, among the wretched farming which
surrounds him, like an oasis in a desert. We saw here a field of winter
beans, sown in October last, and now in full bloom; their having stood unin=
jured through so severe a winter is a proof that this is a distinct and very
hardy variety. Mr, Hill says they will be fit to reap in the last week of
July, or at least one week before the earliest wheat, barley, or oats. The
value of the variety, therefore, is unquestionable.

Horsefield and Woking Subscription Lancasterian School, May 11.— There
are two hundred scholars, who pay nothing; and the girls, besides the ordi-
nary branches, are taught needlework. We heard them read, and repeat
a catechism, with numerous texts of Scripture cited, in the manner of a
catechism called in Scotland the Proofs, and the getting of which by heart
formed the horror of our earliest years. The accuracy with which the
questions were answered and the numerous citations adduced was to us
perfectly astonishing, considering their number and the infancy of the
children. As an exercise of the memory, this may do the children good;
but as to their acquiring any useful knowledge, either moral or religious,
from such a catechism, the thing is next to impossible. It is lamentable to
see the infant mind burthened with mysteries, not one of which it can
possibly understand. How much better to teach them natural history,
every fact of which would give them a new interest in the objects with
which they are surrounded, which they could turn to real account in every
department of country life, and which would amuse them beyond measure
even in going to and returning from school! Morality and humanity, in
the most extensive sense, ought on no account to be omitted in what is
taught to infants, but surely religion ought to be left till the reason is
matured. When we talked to Mr. Clark, the master, about chemistry,
botany, geography, &c., he said, “ What! make doctors and parsons of
them?” He had seen too many boys turn men to be able to alter his
opinion, but the time must come when all useful science will be taught to
all ; and it rejoiced us not a little to perceive, in the astonishing memories
of these little children, with what wonderful rapidity they will drink it in
when it shall once be offered to them, and thus to foresee the millennium of
happiness which awaits the human kind, and of which even the brutes
around man will necessarily partake.

Addlestone Nursery, May 12.— We were much gratified in looking
over this nursery,;which contains more rare herbaceous plants than any of
the country nurseries, with the exception of that of Messrs. Young at
Epsom, and is inferior to none in general arrangement. Mr. Cree, his seed-
shop, his hot-houses, his dwelling-house, and all that is about him, are just
what we should expect or wish to surround the author of such an excel-
lent catalogue as the Hortus Addlestonénsis. We regret that want of time
and room prevents us from going into details. The nursery was formerly
celebrated for variegated plants, of which there are still a number not to be
found any where else; for instance, Pinus Pmaster. We saw Leucojum
vérnum, which had flowered in February, very strong, and producing seed,
a plant now rare in the nurseries; Cactus Opintia, which has lived in the
open air under a wall without any protection for thirty years, and ripened
fruit every year ; a Lombardy grape, which covers the end of a house, and
bears abundantly every year, and which Mrs. Cree finds a most valuable
grape for making wine; and an excellent collection of azaleas, which are
numbered in the Seton manner, that every one may not be able to know
the best sorts, and probably steal them. We regret to learn that stealing,
hitherto little known in the nurseries in this part of Surrey, is begining to
take place; Mr. Donald, Mr. Waterer, and Mr. Cree having lost several
things during the past winter. This ought to make all who purchase trees

382 Provincial Horticultural. Societies.

or plants from jobbing gardeners and hawkers extremely cautious. A very
neat green-house and propagating stove, with stone shelves, span roof, &c.,
heated by hot water by Cottam; numerous well constructed pits; and
numerous small compartments, enclosed with hedges, for the rarest plants,
are also to be found here. There is an extensive nursery for fruit and forest .
trees at some distance, which we had not leisure to visit.

Claremont, May 13.— The kitchen-garden here is in admirable order,
and the crops of every kind excellent. Our readers have seen (Vol. V.
p. 180.) that Mr. M‘Intosh can write well on gardening, and we can assure
them he is equal to any man inthe country in practice. He has cut pines
all the winter, and has now some ripe, as well as a house of ripe grapes ;
and strawberries of course in abundance. The fruiting pines are grown im
pits of leaves in small pots, on the earthing-up plan, which saves labour and
produces very large fruit. Cauliflowers and peas have been gathered some
days ago ; potatoes, from pits, all the winter. Mr. M‘Intosh pointed out to
us a border of Keen’s Seedling strawberry in a very forward state, and
more than ordinarily luxuriant, which he said was owing to the plants
having been forced the preceding season, and afterwards turned out of the
pots in the open border. They had thus a longer summer than usual to
acquire strength, and by bemg forced they had anticipated the flowering:
season, or, in other words, partaken a little of an early habit. A new and
superior cress was pointed out, which we hope will find its way to the seed-
shops. The hot-house plants, of which there is a good collection and
some rare species, are in excellent order; and a central group of azaleas, in
a small Dutch garden, made a fine appearance. We had not time to walk
through the pleasure-ground.

The Kensington Nursery, May 14. — This is one of the closest-cropped
nurseries about the metropolis, and one containing excellent collections of
American, British, and Belgic azaleas and vacciniums, which thrive well.
We notice it at present for the sake of calling attention to the Hrinus
alpinus, which has taken possession of the tops of the hot-houses and brick
walls, is now beautifully in bloom in sheets of purplish red, and affords a
fine hint for ornamenting walls and ruins in the country. — Cond,

Art. XII. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

Appresses of Secretaries, in alphabetical order : —

Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society, Alexander Bell, and J. Ig. Massie, Secretaries ; April 24,

Bristol Horticultural and Botanical Society, John Miller, Treasurer and Hon. Sec. ; April 24.

Montrose Horticultural Society, Charles Sharp and John Mitchell, Secretaries,

Saffron Walden Horticuitural Society, Samuel Fiske, Esq., Saffron Walden, Essex, Secretary ;
April 30. 1830.

South Devon and East Cornwall Botanical and Horticultural Society, Elias Northgate, Secretary ; :
April 24.

Worcestershire Floral and Horticultural Society, John Evans, Grove Place, Worcester, Hon.
Sec. ; April 2. 1830.

ESSEX.

Chelmsford and Essex Floral and Horticultural Society. — This Society held their
First Exhibition this year on April 20., which was respectably and numerously attended. (Country
Times, April 26. 1830.)

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. — This Society held their First Show this
year on March 3, Notwithstanding the unfavourableness of the season, the Show was very
excellent, and well attended. The Rev. G. A. Browne was called to the chair, and announced
the following adjudication of prizes : —

Flowers. Hyacinths: No first prize; 2. Unknown (grown in the garden of the Provost of
King’s), Mr. Catling. Polyanthus Narcissuses: Soleil @’Or, Grand Prince Cibionier, Mr. Dall.
Caméllia japénica: No first prize; 2. Mr. Searle.— Fruit. Apples, table, with method of
keeping: 1. Nonpareil, Golden Harvey, C. Pemberton, Esq. ; 2. Ribston Pippins, Nonpareil, Mr.
Palmer, Ely. Baking, with method of keeping: Large Russet, Catshead, Mr. Dall. Pears,
table, with method of keeping: Colmar, St. Germain, Col. Pemberton. — Culinary Vegetables.

Provincial Horticultural Socteties. 383

cache, white, Col. Pemberton. Rhubarb, Mr. Catling. Sea-kale, Mr. Hudson. Lettuces, Mr.
atling.

Lxtra-Prizes. Succory, Mr. Dall. Seedling Apples, Mr. Brown, Fordham. Asparagus, Mr.
Lestourgeon. (Huntingdon Gaxette, March 6.)

Another Meeting of this Society was held on April 21. The exhibition was most splendid and
very large, and the company numerous and highly respectable. The Show was most tastefully
arranged, and passed off with great éclat. At two precisely, the company was admitted into the
hall, when the mayor, who was in the chair, announced the following adjudication of prizes ; —

Flowers. Auriculas, four, one of a sort: Freedom, Netherfield Beauty, Venus, Metropolitan,
Mrs, Lascelles. Of any colour: Revenge, Mrs. Lascelles. Seedling: No first prize; 2. Mr.
Fordham of Hatley. Polyanthus: No first prize; ¥. Bonaparte, Mrs. Lascelles. Seealing, Mr.
Denson. Double Wallflower, in a pot: 1. Mr. Lestourgeon ; 2. Mr. Widnall. Pinks, best pot.
Mr. Challis. Double Primroses: Double Crimson, Double White, Double Scotch, Mr. Denson.
— Fruit. Apples, table: Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Mr. Gimson. Strawberries: 1. Keen’s Seed-
ling, Mr. Challis; 2. C. Pemberton, Esq.—Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. Catling; 2. Mr:
Fordam. Potatoes, forced: 1. (10 to the lb.) Ashtop Kidneys, Mr. Fordham ; 2. (11 to the lb.)
Ashleaved Kidneys, Mr. Challis. Broccoli, white, Col. Pemberton. Cabbage, Mr. Widnall.
Rhubarb, not forced, Red, Mr. Shippey.

Lxtra-Prizes. Azalea indica alva, six Double Hyacinths, and Pears (Colmar and D’ Auch),
Mr Biggs. Lettuces, Brown Dutch, Col. Pemberton.

The next Show was announced to take place on May 19., when prizes will be given to cottagers
for double stocks grown in pots, and for cabbages and lettuces. It was also stated that the treasurer
renews his bouquet prizes for the next four Shows. (Cambridge Chronicle and Journal, April 23.)

SUFFOLK.

Ipswich Horticultural Society.— The First Meeting for the present year was
held on April 20. The judges were Mr, Buchanan and Mr. Garrod, with Mr. Sally as umpire ;
when prizes were awarded for cucumbers, table apples, French beans, asparagus, white and brown
broccoli, cabbages, lettuces, plant in bloom in a pot (Nérium spléndens), rhubarb, sea-kale, auri-
culas, and cottager’s cabbages. The day proving exceedingly unpropitious, but few visiters attended.
The medal received from the London Horticultural Society was presented to Mr. Robert Milborn,
for the number of prizes gained by him, and the general excellence of his productions during the
year 1828. (Country Times, April 26.)

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Gloucester Horticultural Society. — The First Meeting of this Society took
place on April 16.; and, notwithstanding the late severe weather, the stages presented a most
delightful appearance, and comprised some very rare specimens of stove, green-house, and hardy
plants. The prizes in flowers, fruits, and vegetables cannot be spoken of too highly; and there
being 27 new subscribers recorded at this Meeting, it is evident that the Society must soon take a
very distinguished rank in these interesting studies. (Country Times, April 26.)

Bristol Botanical and Horticultural Society.—The First Spring Show of this
Society was held on April 20. There were some very fine forced strawberries, of which Keen’s
Seedling gained the first prize. . There was a good show of green-house flowers.- The auriculas,
polyanthuses, and hyacinths were not so fine as those generally exhibited at the florists’ dinner :
no doubt the prime were kept back for next Friday. There was a variety of fine cucumbers, espe-
cially considering the late severe weather ; also two or three samples of early potatoes, and an
abundance of kidneybeans ; besides some apples, so remarkably well kept, that they looked as if
just gathered from the tree. The Show was well got up, and the change of room was evidently
an improvement. (Country Times, April 26.)

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

The Noliingham Florists’ and Horticultural Society. — On April 21. this So-
ciety held their First Exhibition for the present season. Notwithstanding the unfavourable state
of the weather, there was a numerous and highly respectable attendance of visiters ; the flowers
exhibited were in greater perfection and beauty than previously, and the coup d’@il was truly
imposing. We are happy to learn that there is a considerable accession to the number of sub-
seribers. (Country Times, April 26.)

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. <

Northampton Loyal Horticultural Society. —'This Society held their Spring
Show of Auriculas on April 21., when the prizes were adjudged. (Country Times, April 26.)

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Botanical and Horticultural Society of Durham, Northumberland, and Newcastle
upon Tyne. — A General Meeting of this Society was held on April 8., in Newcastle, when the’
prizes were awarded as follows: —

Dessert Apples, the silver medal to Mr. N. Bilau, gardener to the Rev. Joseph Cooke, Newton
Hall; Baking Apples, and Bouquet of Flowers, silver medals to Mr. Thomas Cooke, gardener to’
T.W. Beaumont, sq. M.P., Bywell Hall. Peas in the pod, the silver medal, Mr James Ireland,’
gardener to Wm. Donkin, Esq., Sandoe. Early Potatoes (Egyptian Kidney), the silver medal ;
and Spring Broccoli (the New Pink), the bronze medal, Mr. Joseph Clarke, gardener to Mrs. Be--
wicke, Close House. Cucumbers, the silver medal; Bouquet of Flowers, the silver medal (this
was an extra-medal awarded by the judges for the very great beauty and excellence of Mr. Ward’s
bouquet) ; and early Cabbages, the bronze medal, Mr. John Ward, gardener to Charles John
Clavering, Esq., Axwell Park. Blanched Rhubarb, the bronze medal, Mr. Thos. Watson, gar-
dener to James Kirsopp, Esq., Spital, near Hexham. Exotic Plant (Beaufértia decussata), the
silver medal, Mr. John M‘Cleish, gardener to A. J. Cresswell Baker, Esq., Cresswell. Green
Gooseberry Wine, the silver medal, G. A. Lambert, Esq., Shieldfield, Newcastle. The beauty of
the bouquets was universally acknowledged, especially of those of Mr. Cooke and Mr. Ward, the
former of which contained a fine assortment of beautiful late tulips and double carnations in full

384 Obituary.

blossom, a most surprising instance of skilliand industry at this season of the year. Mr. Ward’s
was as rich in beautiful and choice exotics. Mr. D. Laidler exhibited a fine seedling auricula,
which he named Miss Dunn. A magnificent specimen of that curious parasitical plant, the
mistletoe (Viscum album), was exhibited by Mr. Joseph Cooke, gardener to Miss Simpson, Bradley
Hall; and a beautiful dish of kidneybeans from the garden of Armorer Donkin, Esq., Jesmond.
Upon the whole, we never saw so excellent an exhibition at this season of the year. (Newcastle
Courant, April 17.) She agree

DEVONSHIRE,

Exeter Florists’ Society. — The First Exhibition for the season of this Society
took place on April 15., at Exeter. The flowers were fine specimens of the auricula and polyan-
thus tribes, and in numbers sufficient to show the industry bestowed on, as well as delight taken in,
the culture of elegant flowers of these descriptions by the members. The Exhibition, which was
open to the public generally, was most flatteringly attended, many members of the Devon and
Exeter Botanical and Horticultural Society honouring it with their presence. The prizes on this
occasion were five in number ; and awarded, the first for auriculas, to Mr. Samuel Hayceraft, for
a fine specimen of Wild’s Lord Bridport ; the first for polyanthuses, to Mr. Charles Reynolds, Da-
vid’s Hill, ~The members of the Society afterwards dined, and spent a convivial evening together.
Their next Exhibition will be of pinks and carnations. (Country Times, April 26.)

AYRSHIRE.

The Ayrshire Green-house Society held their Competition for hyacinths, auri-
culas, fruits, vegetables, &c., at Kilmarnock, on April 22., when the prizes were awarded as
follows: —

Flowers. Hyacinths, Single Red: 1. Herstelde Vreda, Mr. John Brown, Kilmarnock; 2. Messrs.
Dykes and Gentles, Kilmarnock. Double Red: 1. Bouquet Tendre, or Waterloo, Mr. J. Brown ;
2. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles. Single White: 1. Grand Vainquer, Mr. John Brown; 2. Messrs.
Dykes and Gentles. Double White: 1. Prins Van Waterloo, Messrs. Dykes and Gentles;
9. Mr. John Brown. Single Blue: 1. Vulcan, Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 2. Mr. John Brown.
Double Blue: 1. Lord Wellington, Mr. John Brown; 2. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles. Yellow :
1. La Pure d’Or, Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 2. Mr. John Brown. Auriculas, Green-edged :
Warris’s Blucher, Clough’s Dolittle, Cockup’s Eclipse, Mr. John Brown. Grey-edged : Camp-
bell’s Robert Burns, Kenyon’s Ringleader, and Butterworth’s Lord Hood, Mr. John Brown.
White-edged: 1. Taylor’s Incomparable, Pott’s Regulator, Lee’s Bright Venus, Mr. John Brown ;
2. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles. Self, or Alpine: King of the Alps, Mr. John Brown. Polyanthus :
1. Manners’s Lady Ann Hamilton, Pearson’s Alexander, Coxe’s Prince Regent, Turner’s Eng.
land’s Defiance, Stead’s Telegraph, Mr. John Brown; 2. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 3. Mr.
Robert Purvis, gardener to John Smith Cunningham, Esq., Caprington. Polyanthus Narcissus:
Bazelman Major, Soleil d’Or, and Staaten General, Mr. John Brown. — Fruzt. Apples, preserved,
four sorts; 1. Norfolk Paradise, Ribston Pippin, Yorkshire Greening, and Scarlet Nonpareil, Mr.
James Young, gardener to James Fairlie, Esq., Holms; 2. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles ; 3. Mr. Ro-
bert Purvis. — Culinary Vegetables. Sea-kale: 1. Mr. Robert Purvis; 2. Mr. James Young.
Parsneps: 1. Mr. Robert Roger, Kilmarnock; 2, Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 3, Mr. Robert
Purvis.

Of extra-articles, some very fine preserved apples of crop 1828, in a good state of preservation,
yadish, lettuce, and parsley, by Mr. Robert Purvis. Radish, Mr. James Young. Pyrus japénica,
Messrs. Dykes and Gentles. ‘Trillium grandiflbrum, Messrs. Fowley and Symburn, Kilmarnock,
A number of Auriculas, and a fine seedling Polyanthus, Mr. John Morton, Kilmarnock ; and a
great variety of polyanthuses, auriculas, and primroses, &c., by Mr. John Brown. — A Subscriber.
Kilmarnock, April 24. 1830,

Art. XII. Obituary.

DiD, at his house near Glasgow, on the 14th of March, in his 76th year,
Robert Austin, Esq., to the great grief of all his family. He passed some
years in his early life at the royal botanic gardens at Kew, with the late
Mr. Aiton, with whose family a sincere and reciprocal friendship has ever
since subsisted. In the councils of the city of Glasgow, of which he was
many years a member, his conduct as a magistrate received the approbation
and esteem of his coadjutors and fellow-citizens. In his profession of a
nurseryman, no man was more respected— not more for his scientific
attainments and general knowledge, than for the suayity of manner and the
glee and good-humour which he contributed so largely in society. To the
young gardeners he was a steady friend, always ready with his advice to
guide them and push them forward in the world — without pride or osten-
tation ; in short, those only who had the advantage of his acquaintance can
duly appreciate his value. — W. MM. London, April 25. 1830.

THE

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,
AUGUST, 1830.

PART I.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during a Tour through Part
of France and Germany, in the Autumn of the Year 1828. By
the ConDUCTOR.

( Continued from p. 12.)

Or the public gardens of Paris, the first, in poimt of import-
ance, because a garden of instruction as well as of enter-
tainment, is the Jardin des Plantes. "The Garden of Alfort
belongs to the same class, but is of a very inferior order.
The Gardens of the Luxembourg and of the Tuilleries are
public gardens of recreation ; the Bois de Boulogne is a park
of recreation; and the Garden of Sceaux, and some others that
we shall enumerate, may be styled gardens of festivity.

The Jardin des Plantes dates its origin from the beginning
of the seventeenth century; but, as a school of botany and
vegetable culture, was made what it is by the late Professor
Thouin, during the first years of the consulship. Speaking
with reference only to what concerns plants and their culture,
this garden is unquestionably the first establishment of the
kind in Europe. We have in Britain several botanic gardens,
but none maintained for the same objects as that of Paris.
These objects are two: first, to collect useful or remarkable
plants from every part of the world, and to distribute them to
every part of France, and, as far as practicable, to every other
country ; and, secondly, to form a perpetual school of botany
and vegetable culture.

We shall not describe this garden here, having done so in our
Lincyclopedia of Gardening ; but, as English travellers are in

Vox. VI. — No. 27. e¢

386 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

the habit of comparing it with Kew, with which it has scarcely
one thing in common, and of giving the latter the preference
because it has a more extensive collection of plants, we shall
briefly point out the manner in which the avowed objects. of
the Paris garden are proposed to be obtained. «_ »

- Plants are brought to the Paris garden from all countries,
by a universal correspondence, by particular naturalists sent
out at the expense of the nation, and by the general protec-
tion and favour of government to the objects of science and
the pursuits of scientific men. Objects of natural history
destined for the Paris garden, in whatever description of ves-
sels they may arrive in a French port, pay no entrance duty,
and they are mostly forwarded by government conveyances
to Paris free of expense. Every warlike, exploring, or com-
mercial expedition is accompanied by naturalists officially
appointed or voluntarily admitted, to whom every facility is
afforded in the objects of their pursuit. Plants received in the
Paris garden are propagated without loss of time, and distri-
buted, in the first place, to all the botanic gardens of France,
of which there is at least one in the capital of every depart-
ment; next, seeds or plants are sent to such of the colonies as
it is supposed may profit most from them; and, lastly, they are
sent to foreign correspondents, in proportion to similar favours
received, or returns expected. ‘The departmental botanie
gardens propagate with all rapidity the plants received from
the central garden, and distribute them among the eminent
proprietors and cultivators of the department. ‘This, at all
events, is remarkably good in theory. Dab ie te
- Botany is taught by the lectures, demonstrations, and herbo-
risations of a professor, and illustrated by an exemplification
of 124 orders of the Jussieuean system in living plants. “A
considerable number of these plants are necessarily exotic,
and kept under glass during winter; but, in May, before the
demonstrations begin, they are brought out in the pots, and
sunk in the earth in their proper places in the systematic
arrangement, with their names and the names of the orders
to which they belong placed beside them. ul a ;
_ The cultivation. of vegetables, and all the different opera-
tions of agriculture and gardening, -are taught by another |
professor, with assistants, and exemplified by different com-
partments in the garden. For instance, there is one compart-
ment in which all the different operations on plants and on
the soil are exemplified, from the different modes of preparing
the soil for sowing or planting, through all the species and
varieties of propagation, training, and pruning, even to hedge-
growing and fence-making; another compartment contains

Jardin des Plantés; =~ 387

all the plants of field culture; another all the medicinal
plants; another all the principal timber trees; another, as far
as practicable, all the fruit trees. : Specimens of the different
implements are kept in one building, and of the principal
soils, manures, and composts in an appropriate enclosure ; and
so on. The essence of the lectures, accompanied by figures
of such of the implements and operations as admit of repre-
‘sentation by lines, will be found in Thouin’s Cours de Culture
et de Naturalisation des Végétaux, by Oscar Leclerc; 3.vols.
8vo, with one quarto volume of plates; and a complete de-
scription of the garden is given in the well known work of
Royer. .

We have no public garden in Britain which makes any pre-
tension to so many objects, and therefore we cannot estimate
the merits ef the Paris garden by a specific comparison. Kew
has no more relation to it than the botanic garden of any pri-
vate gentleman or university.. But we may estimate the general
merits of the Paris garden,.as an institution, with reference to
institutions of the same class in this country ; and, in this view,
its comparative comprehensiveness and utility at once claim
for it a decided preference. The greatest national establish-
ments of this kind in Europe, next to that in. Paris, we sup-
pose to be those of Berlin; but, as the gardening institution
there is a public association, apart from the public, botanic
garden, a specific comparison cannot be made. At Florence
there are a professorship of culture, and a garden of examples
of operations and plants; but the latter is very limited and
imperfect. At Madrid, as we have seen (see La Gasca, in
‘Vols. I. I. ILI.), there was once an attempt at such a garden,
but it was never rendered effective. In various parts of Ger-
many and. Italy there are professorships of culture, and in
most of the botanic gardens there are departments for agri-
cultural and horticultural plants; but we do not recollect
one, in which all the operations on the soil and on living
plants are illustrated by practical examples.

The inventor of this description of garden, as far as we
have been able to learn, was the late Professor Andrew
Thouin (see Biog., Vol. I. p. 226.), perhaps the most scientific
practical gardener that has ever yet appeared: for physios
logical and chemical knowledge, we know of none in this
country, either practical men or amateurs, who can be at all
compared with him. In France the only man fit to succeed
him was his nephew, Oscar Leclerc; but, as the situation is
considered a kind of sinecure for veteran academicians, it was
given first. to M. Bose, and on his death to M. Mirbel, both
men of the greatest merit, and the former. a cultivator,

cc 2

388 Notes and. Reflections during a Tour : —

The uses of all the different departments of this garden
were explained to us, while walking through them with M.
‘Thouin himself, in 1815: the whole was then in excellent
order. In 1819 we again had the pleasure of walking through
a part of the garden with the venerable professor, then very
infirm; but he pointed out to us the culture of the sweet
potato, gave us some seeds of a new wood-strawberry, and
some letters of introduction for Italy. In comparing the gar-
den in 1828 with what it was at these periods, we think it has
lost rather than gained: several of the examples of operations
were wanting, or out of repair; a good many blanks were left
in the systematic arrangement; and, what displeased us most
of all, the Compartment of soils and manures, in which also
the labours of digging, picking, trenching, hoemg, raking,
&c., were practically taught to the students, was without a
single example of a heap of dung, compost, or soil. We were
told that these had been removed, partly because there was
not enough of money allowed to keep up the garden, and
partly because, being in the neighbourhood of the menage-
ries, these heaps of earth and dung were considered unsightly
—a false taste, in our opinion. We hope they will be restored ;
because, if the art of culture is to be taught at all, it ought to
be taught completely in all its parts. The different hot-
houses are in a state of neglect and decay, and the plants
by no means worthy of comparison with those of the most
indifferent British stove or green-house. ‘The French gar-
deners, in general, have had too little experience in house
culture to be able to compete with us in this department ; and
they have, besides, very indifferent houses, both in point of
form and means of heating and ventilating. The nursery
gardeners, and the growers of flowers and forced vegetables,
equal if they do not excel us; because they have adopted the
low Dutch pits, and houses with roofs entirely of glass. An
English gardener, at first sight of the interior of the hot-houses
in the Jardin des Plantes, and other similar hot-houses on the
Continent, would say that the air was not kept sufficiently
moist, because, if it were so, the plants would be more abun-
dantly furnished with healthy foliage; but as all these houses
have opaque roofs, and only glass in front, a little reflection
will convince him, that to keep plants so circumstanced in a
growing state through a long winter, would greatly disfigure
them in point of shape, while, from deficiency of light, they
would never form flower-buds. ‘The Continental gardener,
therefore, grows his plants in the summer season, and for
the most part out of doors, in an open but sheltered situation,
and only preserves them through the winter.

Jardin des Plantes. é 389

’ ‘Would it be desirable to have such an institution as the:
Jardin des Plantes in this country? We do not think it
would. We are sufficiently advanced in the arts of culture,
have such an extensive intercourse with every other country,
and have so many wealthy commercial establishments for
effecting the reception and distribution of plants, and so many:
books which treat of their culture, that the interference of
government is rendered unnecessary. In early stages of
society there are many things that should be undertaken by
governments, which they ought afterwards to cease doing,
on the principle of lessening their own labour, and, conse-'
quently, lessening their expense to the governed. It was
laudable and wise in our royal and papal ancestors to take
learning, arts, and religion under their protection, and to esta~
blish colleges and academies; but these institutions, and the
objects for which they were founded, now protect themselves,
and therefore ought to be left to themselves. Government
might probably be justified in establishing a Jardin des Plantes,
and a professor of culture, in Australia, and at the Cape of
Good Hope, but nothing of the kind is required of the
government for Britain. Let associations of individuals esta-
blish such institutions if they please; but by no means let.
government have any thing to do with them.* While we
state this as our opinion, we shall also state that in all col-'
leges, universities, and other institutions for education, we
should wish to see professorships of botany and culture, and.
botanic: gardens combining, as far as practicable, all the
features of the Jardin des Plantes. We should wish to see
something of the art of culture always taught along with phy-
siological and scientific botany. We have no wish to see, in
every provincial botanic garden, examples of the hundreds of:
varieties of grafting and pruning, and all the forms of hedges,
ditches, fences, and implements, that are in the Jardin des
Plantes : but we should certainly wish to see, in every botanic:
garden, specimens of all the principal domestic and medical
plants ; a few of the different species of grafting, pruning, and.
training ; and some of the other modes of propagating ; because
we would wish every human being to know how to propagate

_* We know that it was the intention, some years ago, to try to get
government to take the Chiswick garden off the Horticultural Society’s
hands ; and we have heard it asserted that, if the Earl.of Liverpool had
lived, something of this sort would have been done. We hope, for the
honour of His Lordship’s memory, that this report is not true. It would
argue the greatest imbecility in the. ministry of a country so situated as
Britain now is, to have any thing to do with an institution which, even if it
were perfect in its kind, may truly be called, in a national point of view, a
trumpery concern.

ies)

E<

390 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

and cultivate vegetables, and to acquire a taste for this and for
building houses. We would therefore have all these plants.
and examples in the gardens of our Parochial Institutions
and we would teach, ‘both theoretically and practically, the
art of culture to every boy, as well as the art of building
arches and erecting various descriptions of structures with
ininiature bricks, (Des Htablissemens, &c., p.52.) Every girl,
in like manner, we would instruct in the management of cows
and poultry, and in the whole duties of a farmer’s wife. We
would teach these things to all, without exception of rank ;
and the good which we should expect to result from them
would be, such a desire for the possession and use of a house
and garden, as would lead to conduct calculated to obtain
them, either by industry and economy in the country of our
birth, or by emigration to some other. The same taste for
the quiet enjoyments of a country life would enhance the diffi-
culties of going ta war; and, at the same time, coupled with.
our plan of teaching all boys the military exercises, the differ-
ent modes of self-defence, as well as the higher branches of
military science (Des Etablissemens, &c., p. 51.), would excite
double vigilance in personal or national defence when either
hecame necessary.

Practical men may smile at the idea of teaching at school
the labours of the garden and the field; they can Y only smile
at the idea of teaching what they alr eady know, or what, if
they did not know, they think they could inform themselves of
by observing what ts going on every where around them. But
the same objections ta: our proposal may be applied to the
study of languages; and because every one can speak, it may
he said, bays need not be taught grammar. It may be asked,
also, why teach the art of vegetable culture universally, any
more than several other arts, the exercise of which is equally
essential in civilised society? Why not make every man a
tailor and a shoemaker, as well as a cultivator and a warrior ?
Do so too, if there are time and capacity: but make sure of
the latter arts, because they are more universal ; because they
_ are more favourable to peace; likely to be much more useful
to emigrants, of whom, it appears probable, there will require
to be a great many from this country for ages to come; and,
finally, ‘heeause society must, in no very distant age, "settle
down into something like a more general distribution of ter-
ritorial property than what now ‘exists. We have not the
slightest wish to force forward this or any state of things by
laws ; ; much less would we advocate any thing not founded on
justice, honour, and honesty: we trust entirely to the love of
liberty and independence inherent in every commercial commu-_
nity, and the spread of a high degree of education among all

Garden of Alfort. te 391

tanks; firmly convinced, that whatever these produce will be
right, and that they can only produce what shall be good for
the ehole
The museum of natural history and the menagery con-
nected with this garden, and forming with it parts of one
grand scientific whole, ought not to “pass unnoticed. The
museum is known to be the richest in the world in objects
‘of natural history, and to be open and free to all persons,
without exception, on certain days in every week. The
menagery, as well as the different departments of the garden,
is ar ranged i in compartments, enclosed by light open ences,
_and surrounded by elegant highly kept w alks: ; and, as these
_ walks are open to the public every day in the year, they form
a perpetual source of interest and enjoyment to natives and
strangers of all ranks. ‘The taste and variety displayed in the
buildings containing the different animals, the beauty of the
“scattered exotic freee and shrubs, the movements of some of
_ the animals, and the singularity of form, of colour, or of sound,
of the others, render this place to the citizen and his family a
paradise of wonder and delight. The influence which these
exhibitions must have on the minds and feelings of a people
to whom they are accessible, is, doubtless, very considerable.
The most indifferent cannot see so great a variety of natural
objects without having his views of nature enlarged and his
mind expanded. If this is the case with respect to the mu-
seum, it is still more so in the menagery, where to forms and
colours are added life, motion, and character. We have
little doubt that the Parisian populace owe a part of their
urbanity and politeness to their familiarity, in the public and:
royal institutions and gardens, with the rarest and finest pro-
ductions of nature and art. We think we can sce something
of the same kind producing in’ the London populace, in con--.
sequence of their greater familiarity, within the last fifteen
years, with the sollesaen- in the British Museum, and from their
comparatively frequent habit of viewing various exhibitions of
pictures, sculpture, and other objects. “That there is a power-
ful taste for such exhibitions is proved by the immense num-
ber of persons who, during the last two years, have visited the
gardens of the Zoological Society.
The Establishment of Alfort is a sort of agricultural calles,
in which. are a number of professors paid by government.
Since the return of the Bourbons it has been neglected, the
professors have not been paid, and the large agricultural gar-
denis in a deplorable state of neglect. This garden contains
the remains of what has been a ‘elles ably complete arboretum ;
a more extensive collection of hedge plants and specimens of.
CC 4

392 Prestwich Botanical Society, and

live hedges than that of the Jardin des Plantes; a grass-
ground containing patches of several yards square of all the
principal grasses, including the cultivated corns ; and another
compartment for large patches of the leguminous plants in
field culture, the oil plants, plants for clothing, cordage,
dyeing, &c. Most of these are now run wild, and a great
many of the examples of annual plants are wanting. ‘There.
were at one time here, we were told, upwards of 150 sorts of
potatoes, and a great many fruit trees : at present several acres.
are under a potato crop as a matter of profit. Close to the
college, which is a large building, and was formerly, if we do
not mistake, a convent, is a small systematic botanic garden,
representing perhaps fifty of the Jussieuean orders. ‘The
gardener, an intelligent man for the country, and exceedingly
attentive to strangers, lamented to us his situation in being
obliged to see the plants which he had reared and loved,
neglected and going to ruin. He is not allowed the least
assistance, and to keep what is under his charge in good order
would require at least two men. He pointed out to us a spe-
cimen of Jéglans oliveeformis, of forty years’ growth, and
from 40 to 50 ft. high, which bears abundantly every year;
a Gleditschia monospérma, 40 ft. high, with its long broad
pods; and a good-sized tree (30 ft.) of Pinus halepénsis.

(To be continued.)

Arvt. II. Notice of the Prestwich Botanical Society, and the Bury
Botanical and Entomological Society, preceded by some Critical
Remarks on a Passage in the Account of the Conductor's Tour
in France. By Mr. J. Horserienp, Weaver, Pilkington, near
Manchester.

Sir,

I nave long been desirous of sending you some account of
the botanical societies that exist in this part of the country,
but natural timidity and want of education, together, have
hitherto prevented me from acting according to my desire ;
but you have at length vered me to the use of my pen. Fond
of botany and horticultural pursuits, and placed by Miss-For-
tune in such circumstances that I cannot practise half enough
of either, J make up the deficiency in some measure by read-
ing; consequently, the contents of your Gardener’s Magazine
are to me highly interesting: but it may be necessary here to
remark, that sometimes several weeks elapse between the
publication of a Number and the time of my perusing it,

Bury Botanical and Entomological Society. 393

which circumstance will account for the lateness of this com
munication. In your Notes and Reflections during a Tour
through France (Vol. V. p. 123.), in comparing the state of
the lower orders of the people in France with those of Eng-
land, you remark, “ for ignorance, and the necessity of con—
tinual hard labour, both of parents and children, seldom allow
the English mechanics to have more than two ideas, getting
and expending; ” and further, in your desire for the future
welfare of the French cotton manufacturers, you express a
hope that they wilt be prevented “ from falling into that
dreadful state of degradation which is, or was till lately,
characteristic.of the Lancashire operative manufacturer.” In
this last assertion I am particularly interested. What your
ideas of our “ dreadful state of degradation ” may be, I can-
not positively say: had you used the word destitution instead
of degradation, you would have been more correct *, at least
as far as my observation extends ; and, unhappily for me, that
observation is practically confined to a part of this county,
being a Lancashire operative manufacturer myself. If to be
half-employed, half-paid, and half-fed, constitute ‘ dreadful
degradation,” I can sincerely assure you we are now dread~
fully degraded indeed.

As for our “ ignorance,” I don’t think we are more igno-
rant than any other class of His Majesty’s subjects. ‘The
intricate paths of science are seldom sought for by any man,
whatever his station in life may be, except he thinks that they
will lead him to some post of pecuniary gratification; and
even amongst ws you might find some instances of devotedness
to literature and science. It is no uncommon circumstance in
this neighbourhood for a gardener to ask a weayer the names
of plants; botany being a favourite pursuit amongst us, and
botanical meetings frequent and well attended. But I will
give you an account of some of our societies.

In 1820, a society, entitled the ‘ Prestwich Botanical So-
ciety,” was formed, which holds its meetings on the second
Monday in each month, for the purpose of raising a fund
(towards which each member pays 6d. a month) for the ex-
hibition of specimens of plants, and for the exchange of books.
The members have never been numerous, always varying
between twelve and twenty, but seem much attached to the
subject. They possess about 40/. worth of books, without ever

* We acree that it would; and are sorry to have used such an ungracious
epithet. At the time of writing we had in our mind’s eye the condition of
the agricultural labourer, ignorant, starved, and reduced to poaching and
thieving, with no prospect but the poor-house or a prison. Whatever we
have said or may say on this subject, our object is the good of the parties ;
not to hurt their feclings. — Cond,

394 Prestwich and Bury Societies.

having received a shilling by way of donation. Their books
consist at, present of many botanical works, comprising eleven
volumes of Smith and Sowerby’s. English Botany, Green’s
Universal Herbal, Smith’s English F ord, Withering’s Arrange=
ment, Gardener's Magazine, and they are beginning to purchase
the Encyclopedia of Plants.

In the town of Bury, a few miles distant, enone society

exists, called the ‘‘-Bury Botanical Society,” only differing
from the former inasmuch as it unites entomology with botany.

The list of subscribers to this society contains about fifty
names, comprising sever al highly talented individuals, trades-
men, mechanics, and afew labouring gardeners. ‘Their library
contains many popular works on ‘botany and. gardening,
amongst which are, the Gardener's Magazine, Encyclopedia of
Gardening, many volumes of the Botanical Magazine, Hortus
Kewénsis, &c., with several entomological publications. _ The
meetings of this society.are held on “the first Wednesday in
each month, for the same purposes as the preceding.

The method pursued at these meetings is this: — Each
member brings what specimens of plants or. ° flowers he chooses,
which are all-laid on the table, without.order or ar rangement,
as nature exhibits them in a wild state: after the members
are assembled and seated, the president takes a specimen
from off the table, and gives it to the man on his left hand,
telling him, at the same “time, its generic and specific name;
this person must pass it on to the next in the same manner,
till it has gone round the room; and in this manner all the
specimens produced, amounting sometimes to some hundreds,
are handed round the company, and are then selected for the
purpose of enriching a herbarium, or decorating a room. One
person is president of both these societies, at least as far as
the nomenclature of plants is concerned, a poor cotton weaver,
or, if-you please, a “ degraded” Lancashire operative manu-
facturer.

We have several other societies of a description similar
to the above, established in various parts of the country,
which have,, besides their particular meetings, general ones,
at which any person may attend who feels inclined so to
do. By these means the indigenous botany (with the excep-
tion of some of the most obscure tribes of Cryptogamia) of
this neighbourhood is very well known; and, if our gardeners
were as much inclined to assist in disseminating botanical
knowledge as some of our mechanics are, our pxOue botany
would be equally so; but such an inclination exists only in a
very few of them. |
_ But I think I have wr ritten sufficient for one letter at pre-
sent. What use you will make of this communication I know.

Vegetable Pathology. 395

not; I hardly think you will publish it; but you must use
your own discretion. Whether you publish, Seti or
destroy it; is but of little consequence to

Your very humble servant,
Js Horserietp.
Pilkington near Manchester, December 14. 1829. aff

WE shall be happy to receive from Mr. Horsefield accounts
of the other societies to which he alludes, and are much era-
tified at the proof he has here given of the taste for, and know-
ledge of, botany, which exist among the weavers of Lancashire.
We are still more gratified at the evidences which some of
these operative manufacturers have afforded, at recent public
meetings, of sound political knowledge and good moral con-
duct, and of their determination to persevere in their endea-
vours to obtain political reform. Whatever be the kind of
knowledge which a man may find it necessary or desirable to
obtain for his own private use or gratification, he ought always
to join with it a knowledge of politics and. political « economy ;
in order that he may clearly understand his rights as a man
and a citizen, the precise point to which his country has
attained in civilisation and happiness with reference to other
countries, and the political and moral improvement of which
it may be susceptible. Having ascertained these things, it
then becomes his duty to cooperate with his fellow-men, In:
every lawful, honest, and peaceable’ ones in bettering their
condition. o Cond.

ART. ML Vegetable Deialeey By a WARWICKSHIRE
NATURALIST.

_. Narurat Histor y is a study no less amusing than instruct-
ive. It extends the bounds of knowledge inter regions which,
though long in sight, yet have remained unexplored and
neglected ; ‘and, while we have been seeking for cbjects of
interest in distant climes, we have overlooked or despised the
wonders of creation within our reach at home.

The eager search after truth, in these days of restless
enquiry, has redeemed the supineness of former times; and
that heavenly fruit, which has so long hung on the tree of
knowledge within the ‘reach of the “philosopher only, has
been freely plucked by all who chose to gather it. Na-
ture has been wooed in her thousand forms, and pursued to
her thousand recesses; and the path which led to her retreat,

396 Vegetable Pathology.

hitherto impeded by mystical symbols, or rendered inaccessible
by learned languages, has been cleared and levelled for the
convenience of every traveller.
The discoveries of our most celebrated naturalists have
thus become the text-book of all ages and all stations; and
the earth, the air, and the sea, instead of yielding their pro-
ductions merely to gratify the vanity or luxury of man, have
afforded.a more noble repast to his intellectual appetite.
Among the various branches of natural history which have.
long occupied the attention of mankind, none has been so
generally followed as botany. ‘The attraction of flowers and
fruits, beautiful by their colours, tastes, and smell; the delight
of rearing a living thing, which grows under our eye, and
developes itself from a shapeless mass to one of extreme
beauty and loveliness ; whose life is free from pain, and whose
death seals the promise of its reappearance ; the facility and
cheapness of procuring sustenance for its support ; and, above
all, the absence of all unnecessary torture and disgusting ex-
periments, have long made botany the favourite study of both
sexes ; and, consequently, there is no science more generally
known, and so far advanced to perfection. ‘The physiology
of the vegetable kingdom has thus become a beaten track,
open to all, even to the lowest capacities; and, though new
discoveries are daily arresting the steps of the traveller, and
some unnoticed plant or flower is gathered, to adorn, instruct,
or benefit mankind, yet the circle of discovery is more cir-
cumscribed in this than in any other branch of science.
There is no department, however, in the vegetable king-
dom, which has been passed over with so much neglect as the
diseases of plants, and their medical treatment, and which, if
pursued philosophically, would explain many phenomena at
present inexplicable. J am aware that physiologists have not
passed over in silence many diseases to which particular
plants are liable, and have described many remedies by which
those diseases may be alleviated or removed; and Iam aware,
also, that the practical, as well as scientific, horticulturist, the
rearer of the cabbage and of the pine, have endeavoured to
obviate the evils in their respective avocations. But the
scientific treatment of the diseases of plants, by remedies
adapted to their construction, analogous to the diseases of ani-
mals which affect them, has passed without notice or enquiry.
This is the more extraordinary, because the analogy of ani-
mal and vegetable life and formation; the growth, maturity,
and decay of each; the necessity of food, light, and air; the
circulation of the blood and the sap; the distinction of sexes ;
‘the effect of climate, of cold and of heat; with an infinite

Vegetable Pathology. 397

variety of other circumstances, equally affecting the animal
and vegetable world, and drawing their analogy still closer
the more they are investigated, appear to point to similar
treatment ; and thus, if remedies were applied to the diseases
of the vegetable world, occasioned by any of these inter-
ruptions to their natural growth, health, and perfection, and
arising from similar causes to those which affect the animal
kingdom, the pathology of vegetables might afford a materia
medica for horticultural practice.

In order that I may not be misunderstood, and subject
myself undeservedly to the sneers of the ignorant and incre-
dulous, I will shortly point out in what the animal and vege-
table world so essentially agree; and in another letter show
how very much the diseases of both resemble one another in
their origin and effect, and how a similar treatment might
be attended with successful results.

Nature has been divided into three kingdoms, animal,
vegetable, and mineral. Animals are so called from anima,
the breath. Vegetables, not having breath, but merely growth,
are so called from vigeo, to grow. Of animals, man holds a
distinct and preeminent superiority, chiefly, if not solely, occa-
sioned by his being distinguished from the brute creation by
the soul, by whose agency all his actions are governed, and
the material part of him refined and purified. In what, then,
consists the difference between man, animals, and vegetables ?
Principally in this: man is composed of soul, mind, and body ;
an animal, of mind and body ; and a vegetable, of body only. If
this distinction be kept in view, we shall see that vegetables —
differ no more from animals, than animals do from man;
and that the highest order of vegetables is, if any thing,
nearer to the lowest order of animals, both in formation and
functions, than the highest order of animals is to man in his
wild and savage state. In almost every thing where the
influence of mind takes no part, and which is conducted with-
out its aid, the animal and vegetable kingdom resemble each
other in a most extraordinary degree. Each are endued with
instinct, by which they are compelled to involuntary actions
adapted to their respective natures, wants, and dispositions :
the animal, for its self=preservation, for the continuance of
its species, and for the protection and provision of its young ;
the vegetable, for the perfecting of its seed, for its sustenance
by its roots, and for the purpose of deriving the necessary
benefit of light and moisture. If any impediment stands in
the way of these involuntary actions, they both surmount the
obstacle by powers inherent and unfelt by them; and it is
only when the powers of the brain are called into action, ope-

398 Vegetable Pathology.

rated upon by external objects, that the comparison céases:
That the mind and soul are two distinct qualities, there can
be no doubt: for the soul remains with the body when the
mind is gone ; and the brute creation have many of the powers
of the mind without possessing the soul. I may be asked,
what-.do I call mind ?. To this I answer, that the mind is that
medullary part of man and animals called the brain, to which the
senses convey ideas by nerves terminating thereon. In man, pos=
sessed of that divine part called the soul, the brain receives im-
pressions through the senses ; and, having the power of retain-
ing, improving, and enlarging the ideas impressed upon it, is
acted on by the soul, to enable it to choose good from evil,
to give his actions that moral-beauty which is called con-
science. In animals, though similar impressions are made
upon.the brain by the nerves through the senses, yet, having
no soul, they have no power to distinguish goed from evil,
and thus all their actions must be the result of impressions
made upon.them by external objects. Instinct supplies to
them the place of the moral choice of man; and, where that
choice would be necessary for their guidance, they invelun-
tarily act, like vegetables, without any knowledge or conscious-
ness of what they are doing. A dog, and other animals, may
be taught. to do many things, which in man would. be the
result of a moral choice; but they make those distinctions
not by the power of any moral influence, but solely from the
impressions made upon their brain, whether caused by the
recollection of past punishment, or by the fear of future pain;
and unless from long habit they should have forgotten their
natural propensities, they would, when those impressions were
worn out, return to their original nature. Now, the seat of
all sensation is the brain; and however we refer. any pain or
pleasure in any part of our person to the part affected, yet, the
nerves, conducting that sensation.to the brain, the brain is
the place alone affected. This is too well known and acknow-
ledged to require illustration ; but I may mention the practice
of nerving a horse’s foot to cure him of lameness, and the use
of the tourniquet to deaden the pam of amputation, I have
heard, from unquestionable authority, that persons who have
lost a limb in distant countries have frequently imagined pain
in that very limb, but which the remains of the divided nerves
have conveyed to the brain, and thus caused this illusion. If,
then, the seat of sensation is the brain, it follows, of course,
that where there is no brain there can be no sensation; and
therefore the senses would in such case be unnecessary. Vege-
tables, therefore, can have no sensation,.nor any power. of
action origmating from themselves; and it follows, that all

Vegetable Pathology: 399

those qualities‘and ‘attributes of animals, résulting from brain
or mind, would be and are to them totally impotent. The
faculties of, seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling (un-
less where such feeling depends upon mechanism), and ‘which
convey to animals all those powers which influence them,
would be, even if vegetables had them, perfectly useless.
They have no medullary substance to receive them; and
therefore they would have the same effect on them as they.
have on man or beast whose brains are affected by disease,
inebriation, or violence.. They have indeed some qualities
which appear to partake of sensation, such as spontaneous
motion to the light or to an upright position ; shrinking from
the touch, as in the sensitive plant, or closing their petals on
the fly, like the Dionzea muscipula: but these actions are
the result of a mechanical process, quite distinct from volun-
tary action; and resemble the instinct of animals given them.
for their preservation and defence. The vegetable and the
animal, in those cases where the mind or brain is uninfluenced,
are wonderfully governed by similar laws, are obnoxious to
similar evils, influenced by sunilar causes, and display ‘similar
effects. “*

Life. — The first and most essential bond of union and re-
semblance between the animal and vegetable world is the.
vital principle, called dfe, In what that principle consists,
where situated, and whence derived, have hitherto eluded
the researches of all. That it is distinct from: the soul and.
mind is clear, because it is as necessary to the vegetable,
which has neither, as it is to man, who is endued with both.
Jt lies equally dormant in the ege of the bird, as in the germ.
of the vegetable, and, till called’ ino action at a certain stage:
in the progress of their respective formations, the embryo lies.
apparently without it: but, as soon as it is-roused from its:
inactivity, it accompanies each during their infancy, maturity,
and decay ; and when old age or accidental causes have com-
pleted the term of their existence, it equally resigns the body
to the well-known consequences of dissolution. In animals,
as well as vegetables, there are some mortal parts which, if
wounded, hasten its termination, or render them feeble and
sickly ; and there are others which bear the effects of injury
without being materially affected. ‘The same terms, expres-
sive of life and death, health and disease, vigour and weakness,
are applied to both ; and, when their qualities render them fit:
for food, they both supply to man his necessaries or his
luxuries.

_ Structure and Bunaiions — The next affinity heaveen the ani-
mal and vegetable world is in their structure and functions. ‘The

400 Vegetable Pathology.

trunk or body is in both their main support; the limbs and arms
of each; the head or crown; the hair or leaves ; both porous,
and exuding’a sensible perspiration. The feet or roots, which
keep their bodies upright; the epidermis and cuticle, which
varies, from the delicate film that covers the eye of the animal
and the parts of a flower, to the hard skin of the foot and the
equally hard bark of the oak ; the cellular membrane, under the
cuticle of each, which gives to each its colour, and which
causes the white of the European, and the black of the Afri-
can; the flesh or wood; the heart (cor), or the pith (core) ;
the blood and the sap; the veins through which the blood
flows, and those through which the sap is propelled ; the per-
spiration of both; and, lastly, that peculiar construction,
which adapts each to live in the earth, or in the water, or
renders them both amphibious. All these analogies, and many
others, show the resemblance of each in their material parts,
uninfluenced by that medullary part which I denominated the
mind, and in which consists the chief distinction between
them.
Food. —'The analogy is still more strongly marked, when
we consider the necessity there is for each, not only of having
food for nourishment, but of having that food wholesome and
appropriate. Vegetables as well as animals are enfeebled by
improper nourishment; and as animals, having mind, can
refuse whatever is improper, so vegetables, having no power
of choosing, must take whatever we give them. Here again
is an important distinction between the two, arising from the
passive nature of the one, and the voluntary action of the
other. Every practical agriculturist must daily witness the
effect on vegetables, grain, and plants, produced by soils more
or less adapted to their different natures, or powers of secre-
tion; and how, as in animals, so in vegetables, their vigour,
growth, and even existence, depend on the quality and quan-
tity of their food. The knowledge of soils and manures,
which are the diet of plants, is essentially necessary to the
farmer and gardener ; as it is from this food that the fibres of
all roots collect what is necessary for the support of the parent
stem. ‘The veins of vegetables are the sap-vessels, as the
veins of animals are the blood-vessels, to convey their nourish-
ment to every part of the tree; and as the chyle poured into
the veins, and mixed with the blood, is, through the medium
of the heart; so the nutrimental juices of plants, taken up
from the earth, are carried by sap-vessels into the leaves, for
similar purposes. ‘Thus, the improved sap, like the arterial
blood, proceeds to nourish and invigorate the whole frame;
and the secretions which each is able to form, from the sub-

Vegetable Pathology. 401

stances they each live upon, produce fat in the one, and eum
or sugar in the other.

Sexes. — As in animals the two sexes are distinct, so in vege-
tables they are equally marked and cognizable. The female
blossom, or that part of it which is to perfect seed, would be
barren without the presence of the male; and the necessity of
the pollen coming in contact with the female stigma before
the seed can be perfected, is too well substantiated to require
further illustration here. In blossoms which have no male,
the winds, insects, and even the horticulturist himself, must
promote the hymeneal union. ‘The entomologist, as well as
the botanist, in tracing the wonderful provisions of nature for
the perpetuation of the different species in each of their
respective pursuits, can easily appreciate the truth of their
wonderful analogy.

Seeds. — The growth and preservation of vegetable life is
promoted and maintained, as in animals, by the plentiful and
regular motion of their fluids. Thus, when the seed has been
perfected by the pollen, and deposited in the womb of the
earth, and has swelled by the moisture which its vessels
absorb, and which stimulate its vital principle, the embryo
contained in it derives its nourishment by means so strictly
analogous to the infant animal, that the same terms may be
applied to either. The mother of the animal supplies it with
appropriate nourishment, so the vegetable has a similar fluid,
provided for its support; and the albumen or white, and the
vitellus or yolk, which nourish the tender plant till it can
obtain its appropriate food by its own powers and exertions,
are in no way different from the blood and juices of the
parent animal till the birth of its young, and the milk which
sustains it afterwards. Each developes itself, and when at
maturity becomes something totally different from its original
appearance, either the giant oak of the forest, or the painted
beauty of the garden; and there has taken place no greater
change, from the stage when the vital principle was first called
into action, than what has taken place in the tadpole that
swims in the water, or in the butterfly which flies in the air.

Training. — In animals as well as vegetables, in their wild
and uncultivated state, nature has been left to range free and
uncontrolled; and the same grandeur of character marks each
in their respective attributes: but, when restrained by man,
and domesticated for his use, or cultivated for his food or
pleasure, then the education of the one and the training of
the other become equally necessary. ‘The young plant, if left
to itself, would, like the animal, be injured by the luxuriance
and rankness of its growth, and be rendered useless to man if

Vor. VI. — No. 27. DD

4.02 Preserving Plants by means of Spring Water.

unrestrained and undirected by his skill and guidance. His
art is to eradicate the evil habits of the one, and to prevent or
remedy the bad propensities of the other. ‘The shape, growth,
and symmetry of both must be scrupulously attended to; the
wildness of their natures controlled; and the most efficient
means applied, to render them productive. ‘The tender sap-
ling must be trained with as much address and attention, to
render it profitable for timber, or beneficial for food, as the
animal must be educated for the purposes for which he is
designed. In either case, neglect would be fatal ; and constant
attention can alone render either profitable.

To enumerate the various other analogies between the
vegetable and animal kingdom would swell this letter to
a volume. ‘The effects of cold and heat upon both, either im
too great or too little a degree; excessive moisture or dry-
ness; too much or too little exposure to air; the difference
of climates, of food, or of soils; pestiferous air, fogs, smoke,
and vapours; not omitting the accidents to which each are
liable, and the effects from wounds and other injuries ; these,
and many others, must strike the most superficial observer
as common to both. Nor ought I to omit the diseases which
are common to both; such as tumours, canker, distortions,
gout, measles, carbuncles, ulcers, fungi, gangrenes, and exces-
sive bleeding: but, as I intend to show, in my next letter, that
- the diseases in both are occasioned by the same causes, and
produce the same effects; so shall 1 then demonstrate that,
by keeping in view the distinction between the animal and
vegetable world, as consisting in the absence of that medullary
substance called mind, we may palliate or cure most of the
diseases of plants by remedies analogous to those applied to
the material or vegetable part of animals.

A. W.N.

Art. IV. On preserving tender Plants in Winter by means of the

Temperature of Spring Water. By Mr. A. Gorriz, F.H.S.

Sir,

TuereE is a curious coincidence between the annual mean
temperature in the open air, and the annual mean tempera-
ture of water in a deep spring well at the same place. In a
spring well of that description at Annat Gardens, I find the
‘temperature of the water to indicate from 46° to 47° in the
winter months, unaffected in the least by atmospheric tem-
perature, however low that may be. As spring wells are fre-
‘quently to be met with, and are always desirable appendages

Mode of destroying the Red Spider, &c. 403

to a farm-stead or cottage, it occurred to me that many plants,
useful to the cottager, or amusing to the farmer’s wife or
daughters, might be easily preserved in the winter months, in
the coldest regions of Scotland, by that class of people whose
finances would not enable them to erect more costly structures
for the purpose. ‘To ascertain how far this theory was cor-
rect, I placed a small frame over the well on a floor of deal
Zin. wide by lin. thick, and 1$in. between each spar, to
admit of the heat rising in the frame from the water. Know-
ing that glass would not be purchased by that class whose
advantage I had in view, I covered the sash with cotton wrap-
per at 4d. per yard, and in the frame I placed pots of cauli-
- flowers, lettuce, pelargoniums of different sorts, Chrysénthe-
mum indicum, Primula sinénsis, &c. ‘The cireumambient air
is generally, as might be supposed, nearly saturated with mois-
ture; and, consequently, fresh air has to be admitted as fre-
quently as possible. ‘The vegetables and plants continue fresh,
and the Pelargonium odoratissimum has been all along in
flower; and I am fully convinced that, where such spring can
be rendered available, by means of a cut 2 ft. deep, 2 ft. wide,
with 2 or 3-inch offsets at each side of the rill to support the
ends of boxes 9 in. wide and 4 or 5 in. deep, placed within 2 in.
of each other over the rill, into which boxes lettuce and cauli-
flower plants, chiccory, &c., might be planted, the whole to
be covered over with hoops and loose matting to prevent the
descent of what meteorologists call frigorific pulsation, a win-
ter conservatory might be easily constructed on one spring,
for the use of a whole village. As the rill brings a continual
flow of water at the temperature of 46° or 47°, the earth in the
box will always be kept considerably above the freezing point
_ in the coldest nights. It may also be useful for nurserymen
and others for preserving cauliflower plants, which in this
country are always scarce and high-priced in the spring
months. A glass cover, when it can be obtained, will be of in-
finite advantage, and will admit of a greater variety of tender
plants for preservation. Tam, Sir, &c.

Annat Gardens, February 4. 1830. A. Gorrie.

Art. V. Method of destroying the A’carus or Red Spider, Slugs,
and other Insects on Plants, without injuring the Leaves. By
Ee

Sir,
As the time approaches in which insects begin to make

their appearance on hot-house and green-house plants, you
DD 2

404: Mode of destroying the Red Spider, &c.

perhaps will not object to insert another recipe for destroying
them, in addition to the many which have already appeared
in the Gardener’s Magazine. In all the recipes for destroy-
ing A’cari which I have seen, sulphur is an ingredient ; this,
in its crude state, will not unite with the liquids used for that
purpose, and therefore it can have little or no effect, except
when applied as a wash on the heated flues of a house. In
order to make it unite with soapsuds, tobacco water, and other
liquids usually made use of for destroying insects, it must be
converted into a sulphuret, by boiling it with lime or an
alkaline salt, as in the following mixture, which expeditiously
and effectually destroys the red spider, by merely immersing
the plant, or part infested, in the mixture : —

Common soft soap half an ounce, sulphuret of lime * one
ounce by measure (or two table spoonfuls), soft water (hot)
one ale quart. ‘The soap and sulphuret to be first well mixed
with an iron or wooden spoon, in the same manner as a mix~-
ture of egg and oil is made for a salad; the hot water is then
to be added by degrees, stirring the mixture well with a
painter’s brush, as in making a lather, by which means a
uniform fluid will be obtained, like whey, without any sedi-
ment, which may be used as soon as it is cool enough to bear
the hand in it.

This mixture will destroy every insect usually found in the
green-house, by mere immersion, except the Coccus, or scaly
insect, which adheres so closely to the stem, or under side of
the leaf, that the mixture cannot reach its vulnerable parts ;
therefore, in this case, the mixture must be applied with a
brush that will dislodge the insect. Ifthe mixture be put
into a wooden bowl, or any other shallow vessel, small plants
in pots, and the leaves and branches of larger- ones, and of
fruit trees, may be easily immersed in it by pressing them
down with the hand.

The above mixture will not destroy the black A’phides of
the cherry tree, nor the green A’phides of the plum tree, by
immersing the leaves and branches in it; there being an oili-
ness. on these insects which prevents its adhering to them.
It will destroy them by applying it with a brush; but this is
too tedious a process. It has been recommended, by writers
on horticulture, to wash these and other fruit trees against

* The sulphuret of lime is easily made in the following manner : — Take
of flour of sulphur one ounce; fresh lime, finely sifted, two ounces; soft
water a quart; boil the mixture in an iron vessel about a quarter of an
hour, frequently stirring it after it begins to boil; let it stand to settle, and
pour off the clear liquor. If it is not used on the same day, it must be put
into a bottle filled with it, and be well corked; for, if it be exposed to the
air, it will soon attract oxygen, and will then curdle the soap, and smear

‘ the plants with a white substance, which is not easily washed off.

Birch Rind of the American Indians. 4.05

walls, before the leaves and buds appear, with mixtures which
‘cannot be safely applied after; for which purpose the above
mixture, with the addition of spirits of turpentine, is likely
to succeed as well as any other, or better: but I have not yet
had an opportunity of giving it a trial. Half an ounce, by
measure, of spirits of turpentine being first well mixed with the
soap, and the sulphuret and water added as before; or the
wash may be made stronger, by adding twice the quantity of
each ingredient to the same quantity of water.

For destroying slugs and worms there is no recipe so
simple, attended with so little trouble, and, when properly
applied, so effectual, as common lime-water. ‘The plants on
which the slugs are found must be watered with it twice at
least, at an interval of three or four minutes. If you place
three or four slugs on the ground, and pour lime-water on
them from a watering-pan, you will soon perceive them throw-
ing off a kind of slough, and after that crawling away; but if
you sprinkle them again with the lime-water, they will not
be able to throw off another slough, and soon die after the
second operation. When a person has therefore watered as
many plants as takes up the time of three or four minutes, he
must turn back to the place where he began, and water them
again.

Lime-water, for this purpose, may be easily made so as to
be always ready. Into a trough, containing about fifty-five
gallons of water, throw in two or three shovelfuls of lime,
stir it up three or four times on that day, and the next day
the liquor is clear and fit for use, and will continue to an-
swer the purpose for some time, without adding any fresh
lime, by stirring it up again before it is used, and letting it
settle. If the lime-water be of sufficient strength, it will de-
stroy the large grey snail with twice watering, and all worms
that are out of the ground at the time of watering, and it
will not injure the most tender plant when used in a clear
Stateaual ae I am, Sir, &c.

February, 1830. i N. T.

Art. VI. On the Birch Rind of the American Indians, and the
Uses to which it might be applied in Gardening. In a Letter from
Mr. Hawtuorn, of the Honourable Hudson’s Bay Company, to
Mr. Baillie of Dropmore Gardens ; with a Note by Mr. BaiLiz.

Sir,
Havine some time ago spoken to you on the subject of

birch rind, and suggested its application in horticultural prac-
DDB

4.06 Birch Rind of the American Indians,

tice, I venture in a simple manner to relate what I have wit-
nessed with regard to the usefulness of this rmd, and in my
humble opinion the many ways in which it might be applied
in our gardens.

The settlements of the Hudson’s Bay Company are sup-
plied with this rind by the Indians, ‘The Europeans never
venture to peel it from the tree, for in this process much
skill and ingenuity must be displayed, otherwise the trees soon
become weak, and in a few years perish,

It is part of the Indian’s study (unless when signals are
made), and particularly of the inland tribes, to watch with
care the growth of this beautiful tree, the height of which may
be judged by the circumference, as the first-rate trees measure
from 18 to 20ft. round. ‘The rind, on an average, is half an
inch thick, and this is reduced in a most scientific and easy
manner by a people whom we are accustomed to call savages.
They begin by separating the outside rough and knotty parts
from the more delicate, which, when prepared, tney use for
tentings or tent coverings, small and large baskets, and various
other utensils. ‘The rmd next the outer bark is principally
used for large and small canoes: the latter will carry 20 cwt.
They also construct measures of it, which will hold from one
to two bushels, and are exceedingly light and durable. But
as that part which is used as tenting appears to me of most
importance to the horticulturist, I will endeavour to explain
how the tenting is formed, and its use amongst the Indians,
and leave it to the decision of the amateur and gardener how
far it might be useful in our gardens. I have frequently seen
the Indian, his wife and children, forming this covering, which
generally consists of four lengths, each length 12 ft., and the
width 4 ft. The making is simple, but no European was ever
known to me that could finish off one to answer the purposes
with the readiness and nicety of the natives. The women sew
the lengths together with roots which the children procure in
the woods: these undergo the process of barking, cleaning,
and dividing. ‘The men frame each separate length at both
ends, so that any convenient length or breadth might be
obtained. The utility of the rind tents is acknowledged by
the hunter and traveller of North America. They are used
throughout the year; but during the hot months of June, July,
and August they are found particularly comfortable, and are
easily removed from place to place. The rain may descend in
torrents, but all beneath are safe from the storm.

I have seen an Indian tent forming a circle of 60 ft., and
10 ft. high, covered in the short space of half an hour ; so that
flower beds containing choice roots or plants might thus be

and its probable Uses in Gardening. 4.07

defended from frost and heavy rains, particularly the latter,
which do so much injury to our half hardy shrubs and trees.
There are many other purposes in gardening to which this
rind might be applied that will readily suggest themselves to
practical men.

My motive in bringing this article into notice is to serve the
public, trusting that it will one day or other become a national
benefit. I am, Sir, &c.

Hamuet Hatsay Hawtnorn.

Mr, Baillie, Dropmore Gardens.

er Suri

Havine mentioned this article to several of my friends and
acquaintances, they, as well as myself, were of opinion that
the rind might be highly useful in horticultural practice, and
applied with advantage in a great many ways not enumerated
in the above communication. From many that suggest them-
selves the following are abstracted : —

Ist, As a durable substitute for the portable marquees in
use in the pleasure-grounds of British gardens ; the materials
of which, as at present constructed, being inadequate to the
purpose to which they are applied, viz. to repel heavy rains
and intense sunshine. These tentings may also demand the
particular attention of the florist, as affording, in my opinion,
excellent materials for protecting tulip beds from heavy rains
in winter, by rolling them up and down, as circumstances
might require. To stages of carnations, auriculas, &c., they
might be applied with advantage either for shade or shelter.

2dly, Ranges of pine and melon pits and frames might be
safely defended from rain and frost by a roll of this kind, as
also pots of alpine and other plants that suffer more from wet
than cold during our winter months.

3dly, Portable copings for garden walls might also be con-
structed of this article, which would defend peach and apricot
blossoms from rain and spring frost. ‘This rind might also
prove a good substitute for the wicker protectors now in use
for half-hardy trees and shrubs. In the kitchen-garden its
utility is also apparent. Beds of such vegetables as are readily
injured by frost, by being previously arranged and planted so
as to admit of two rolls of this kind, of 4 ft. wide and of any
given length, being run along a few hazel or other rods arched
across them; rows of early peas and beans; beds of cauli-
flower, broccoli, lettuce, potatoes, &c., might be readily and
securely protected in this way; and a few square yards of this
rind, placed in a favourable quarter of the kitchen-garden,
would assist in ripening abundance of tomatoes for a large

DD 4

408 - Planting Trees and Shrubs

family, and obviate the pernicious practice of planting them
near choice fruit trees, &c.

In order to ascertain whether this birch rind could be
obtained through means of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and,
if attainable, the price per yard or cwt., so as to warrant its
application to the purposes above stated; and whether its
durability would render it superior to the various coverings
now in use; an application was made to the governor of the
above company, by Mr. Hawthorn, for a sample of this rind,
before the sailing of the company’s ships for the Bay last
season; and, as portions of this rind are generally kept at the
company’s forts, a small quantity, for examination and trial,
was confidently expected, and the return of the ships to Bri-
tain was looked for with much anxiety. The ships returned
in November last, however, but without the much wished for
sample of the birch rind. Our hopes are therefore completely
frustrated for the present, but we still entertain the hope that,
at no very distant period, enough may be obtained to make
the experiment.

' Tam, Sir, yours, &c.
WittiaM Bar.uiz.
Dropmore Gardens, Dec. 22. 1829.

Art. VII. Remarks on planting Trees and Shrubs in Masses of one
Species. By WILLIAM SPENCE, Esq. F.L.S.
Sir,

I now perform the half promise which I gave you, to lay
before your readers the impression made on me by the
various examples which I have seen, in the course of several
extensive tours in Germany in the last three years, of the
new plan of planting trees and shrubs in pleasure-grounds, in
masses of the same species: premising, that neither my health
nor acquaintance with the subject permits me to attempt to go
deeply into it, and that I do not mean to enter into any con-
troversy concerning it; my sole aim being to state my own
feelings, without at all setting them up as a standard of taste,
or even always pretending to give critical reasons for them.

Formality and insipidity are so often the characteristics of
the old style of planting trees, designed for ornament, in a
regular and uniform intermixture of the several species em-
ployed, that I approached the first examples of a different
system with a strong prejudice in its favour. But I must
frankly confess that, after examining a great variety of speci-

. in Masses of one Species. 409

mens of the new style, it seemed to me, wherever pushed, as
it often is, to its extreme limits, to be even more insipid and
formal than the old one; the masses of trees, when insulated
and distant, looking as lumpish and pudding-like as any clumps
that deform an English park, and when connected with their
masses, having almost invariably a meagre effect, utterly
devoid of that variety of outline and contrast of light and
shade so essential to picturesque beauty; and the masses of
shrubs resembling clipped hedges more than any thing else.
It would lead me too far to cite instances, but I may give one
of a shrubbery designed to ornament a very handsome public
building, which may serve for all the rest. ‘This shrubbery
was planted in the following manner : — First came a mass of
lilacs for about 20 ft. in length, then one of mock orange for
15 ft., next one of [slbrevemmeny Be about 25 ft., and afiecmands
masses of about the same extent of privet, acacia, and various
species of Cornus, Rubus, and other common shrubs. As all
these masses, now grown to the ordinary height of the shrubs,
had been or iginally closely planted with plants of the same
size, each mass formed a hedge, as regular as if clipped, a
step higher or lower than the ‘adjoining mass, and the whole
precisely resembled the shrub beds of a nursery, beg not
one whit more interesting or more varied, except by the
autumnal decay of all the under leaves of some of the
masses, which then resembled a crowded plantation of goose-
berry bushes, ravaged by caterpillars. Insulated clumps of
shrubs, which I saw in different places, planted on the same
principle, with but one species in each clump, could be com-

pared to nothing so aptly as to dunghills clothed with a rank
en of weeds, which, at a distance, they so exactly
resembled, that this was the comparison which a boy of four-
teen, along with me, immediately made when asked what he
thought they were most like, though he had no hint that-the
same idea had previously occurred to myself.

In giving these as the impressions made on myself by
various specimens of the new style of planting, I by no means
wish it to be inferred that M. Sckell, or insane was the
original author of the new system, is answerable for the ver y
obvious defects pointed out. ‘Though I think the system thus
bad when pushed to an extreme, I Baas seen many instances in
which its partial adoption, —that is to say, where one species
of tree or shrub was made to predominate in certain quarters
of the pleasur e-ground, but with an admixture of others
sufficient to give due relief and contr ast, — had the happiest
effect: and e think it probable, judging from the park at
Munich, laid out, at the suggestion of Count Rumford, by

oo

410 Planting Trees and Shrubs

M. Sckell, that this last-mentioned modification is that which
this eminent landscape-gardener has recommended, and that
much of what is objectionable i in other quarters is chargeable
on imitators of his style, who, as is so generally dae case,
have pushed the system of their master farther than he in-
tended.

It is to these imitators I would beg to suggest, that, in taking

nature, as they profess, for their pattern, they have deviated,
in two respects, very widely from this confessedly only safe
uide to all that is lovely in scenery.

Their first error consists in planting their masses (cone
posed of either trees or shrubs of one species) with individuals
of the same age and height, and too closely together, which can
only lead to lumpish feces devoid of all variety of outline.
A thick natural wood of young fir trees, for example, all of
the same height, may, when old, be grand and sublime, but
can at no age abe considered Beaueitall: while, as I have seen
repeated instances in Germany, a young wood of fir trees, of
one species (as the spruce fir), planted by nature to succeed
an old one, —where you see a group composed of one tree
20ft. high and others of various heights down to 1 ft., and
other groups varying in every possible combination of height
and the number of individuals composing them, and the whole
partially separated by irregular glades of grass and yet united
into a whole by scattered and single trees, — may be often at
once extremely beautiful and picturesque.

But, however interesting such a wood of one species may be,
it must, I think, be considered inferior to a similar natural
wood of several species, such as the New Forest in Hamp-
shire for example, with which no woods that I have seen in
Germany can, in my opinion, at all compare; and simply for
this reason, that, in addition to the above-mentioned variety,
proceeding from grouping, age, size, &c., you have also that
arising from variety of species : and this is the second point in
which the new system, as generally practised, seems to fail.
In the New Forest we find in one quarter one kind of tree
predominate, in another quarter another; in one part chiefly
oaks, in another hollies, and so on: but yet the predominat-
ing species is scarcely ever exclusive, but always so grouped
and contrasted or relieved with other species, both of trees
and shrubs, as wholly to avoid that formal sameness which is
the general result of modern planting in masses.of but one
species.

Much of what is said above is equally applicable to the
modern fashion of planting the flower clumps of the garden
and pleasure-ground with but one kind of flower. The effect,

in Masses of one Species. 411

in my opinion, is almost always bad: there is as much glare
and want of relief in a great bed of roses, geraniums, irises,
&e., as in the old plan of indiscrimimate mixture of small
patches of many species; and with less variety. A collection
of mere roses is doubtless highly interesting when judiciously
arranged by a mixture of tall and low growing species of
various tints of colour, and the whole set off by the dark
green of trees and shrubs in the background, as in the superb
collection of the King of Prussia *, at his delightful country
palace on the Pfauen Insel (Peacock Island), near Potsdam,
which does such credit to his head gardener, M. Fintelmann,
and which I had the high gratification of seeing in full splen-
dour in July last: but a clump solely of the China or any
other kind of rose, as is often seen in the midst of a grass
plot, seems to me as glaring as would be a nosegay wholly of
roses; and in the case of irises, &c., there is the further great
objection, that a week’s display in spring is purchased with
months of subsequent barrenness and deformity. Two points
seem clearly required in a flower clump: Ist, that it should
present a succession of flowers; and, 2dly, that these should
be contrasted and relieved by a due intermixture of green, just
as the native taste of the veriest peasant tells him is requisite
in the bouquet which he offers his mistress. On this principle
were formed the flower clumps in the pleasure-grounds at
Wilhelmshohe, the superb country residence of the Elector
of Hesse-Cassel, which I saw last June, and the beautiful
effect of which it was impossible not to admire. The centre
of each was occupied by tall-growing plants, not yet in flower,
and other portions of the surface by smaller ones, and between
these were planted double stocks, purple, scarlet, and white,

* One feature of this collection, which was purchased by the King of
Prussia, from the banker (or his heirs) who originally made it, for (if I
recollect right) 8000 dollars (1200/.), deserves mention. The tree roses
(those grafted on tall stems) were not planted as single and detached trees,
as they are so often seen, when they can claim no other merit than the
childish singularity of looking like rose-bushes stuck on the end of long
sticks, but were intermixed with the rest, their stems being concealed by
other tall-growing kinds, and thus increasing the variety of outline of the
whole mass; the only rational purpose to which these trees can be
applied. Pfauen Insel more resembles an English park than any other
ornamented place I have seen on the Continent, both as to its trees, many
of which are very fine, and its turf, which, at the hot season, when I saw
it, had all the verdant freshness of spring. To keep it, however, in this
state, as the soilsis very sandy, requires constant irrigation, for which pur-
pose, and for watering the whole, not less than 8000 cubic feet of water are
m summer daily raised by a steam-engine, and, after falling from a hand-
some fountain, are distributed to every part of the park and pleasure-
grounds, which are kept in admirable order, and reflect the highest credit on
M. Fintelmann.

412 Planting in Masses of one Species.

in considerable masses of each colour, and other flowers (of
which I forget the sorts) of higher erowth above them, and
of lower growth beneath them, all in pretty large patches of
each, the ‘whole being set off in tenfold beauty by the happy
intermixture, in every part, of the green leaves of the plants
which were next to flower.
_ To obviate the bad effects of decayed flowers, perhaps the
best plan of ornamental flower clumps, where expense is not
regarded, would be to have them partly planted with ever-
greens of low growth, or kept low by pruning; and between
these to transfer from the pots in which they had been raised,
the finest flowers of each season just taken on the point of
flowering, in sufficient masses of each colour, and to be
removed and replaced with others as scon as they had done
flowering, so as always to have a new and brilliant display at
all periods of the year, and at the same time a due contrast
of a more sober colour from the intermixed evergreens.

In the new plan of planting flowers, as of trees, the pro-
fessed object is a more close imitation of nature; but it may
be doubted whether the object is better attained in one case
than the other. It is true that we more frequently see wild
flowers growing in masses than singly, but these masses are
seldom large, and are almost constantly more or less inter-
mixed with, or skirted by, other plants. Take, for example,
the common starwort (Stellaria Holéstea), which is so great an
ornament of our hedge banks in spring. ‘The tufts in which
it grows rarely exceed a square foot or two in extent, and have
almost always a border of Lychnis, Hrysimum, or other plants
with abundant foliage, besides the shrubs of the hedge and
bank as a backer ound, to contrast with and set off the beau-
ties of its flowers, which, thus half displayed, it will scarcely
be denied, are far more attractive than if crowded into one
large staring mass, in a single bed, as in the modern fashion.
In like manner, how rarely do we see the foxglove, when
adorning our heaths in its utmost profusion, collected into
large unvaried masses ! and if such accidentally occur, though
we may for a moment be attracted by their brilliant singularity,
it is not on them that the eye delights to dwell, but on the
smaller groups of various heights half concealed by the ferns
or brambles from amidst which they spring, and which, like
the frame of a picture, enhance theit natural beauty.

I may conclude these desultory remarks by observing, that,
however great is the improvement in modern’ gardening by
the general preference and adoption of the English or natural
style, much yet remains to be done in every part of Europe
to give to this style its full effect where well known, and to

Remarks on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide. 413

extend it where it has as yet made little way, as in Italy;
where, for one Jardin Anglais that is met with, or even one
genuine specimen of the old style, such as the fine Boboli
gardens at Florence, attached to the Grand Duke’s palace,
which one would by no means wish destroyed, twenty villas
are seen with gardens “ built rather than planted,” having
little of vegetation in them but clipped hedges and rows of
orange trees in pots, and, in a country where the summer heat
is so great, increasing it by the glare of gravel and stone walls,
instead of obviating its INconvenience ‘by profusion os trees
and luxuriance of shade.
Iam, Sir, &c.
Florence, December 22. 1829. W. SPENCE.

Art, VIII. Remarks on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide, -
By H.

Sir,

Tue main topics of conversation at this time are Sir Henry
Steuart’s Planter’s Guide, the ignorant state in which he found
gardeners, and the enlightened state in which he has left
them. Not that I have any objection to Sir Henry getting
his full share of praise, but at the same time I don’t see why
gardeners should sit quietly down after a hard day’s planting,
and allow this great meteor of the north to blaze out with
such impunity as to sweep it all up, particularly as I was bred
up in the north myself, and have seen feats of the very
same description performed at sundry places every planting
season for the last fifteen years, the results of which were gene-
rally satisfactory to both proprietors and gardeners, and solely
conducted by the skill and industry of the latter, who, I have
every reason to believe, scarce ever heard of Sir Henry
Steuart, whatever they might have done of Lord Fitz-Hard-
ing. For my part, I have conducted such operations every
season, more or less, within the last seven years, without ever
thinking there was any conjuring in it. In one of those years
I changed a piece of bare ground, nearly two acres, into a
plantation consisting of oak, ren elm, beech, birch, lime, firs,
&c., the average height of ‘which was from §'ft. to 20ft. and
upwards ; they were “transported about a mile, nor was there
a single “death amongst them that I remember. They are
now looking equally well, nor can I see any difference in their
size from those that were left in the plantations from which
they were taken. As to my methods of taking up and plant-

414 Remarks on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide.

ing, I shall not enlarge upon either, as every gardener knows
that his trees will reward him for whatever pains he may take
in the removing of them: but this I shall say, that I always
prefer fresh soil to the old that would adhere to the roots ;
and, notwithstanding that I never yet used a pick, I have
always used three-prong forks in preference to spades; and
when the tree is well undermined, I cause as much of the
earth to be picked out from between the roots as I possibly
can, with sharp-pointed sticks, with which, in my opinion, a
man is less likely to injure the roots than with a pick, as he
can humour his hand to the position of the roots, either on
this side or on that, above or below them, which he could not
do sonicely with a pick. In this way the trees are nearly, or
entirely, freed from the earth which would otherwise adhere
to them, the weight of which, in my opinion, only tends to
rack and sprain the roots. By this method I have removed
large trees, some roots of which I followed 15 ft. from the
stem; but this is by no means necessary, although I have
planted many that required a pit 10 ft. over. A tree with such
roots as this I have planted in ground well prepared, the earth
made very fine, or some brought on purpose, carefully filled
in amongst the roots and fibres, and fastened with a pot or
two of water, which carries with it the small particles of earth
and sand, and by that means fills up every cavity, so that, as
soon as any fibre makes the least essay it catches hold, and
one mouth begets another, and so on, till the whole is in
motion. Should it be required to take any off the branches,
I always defer it till the following season. I have a great
respect for Mr. Gorrie, but I cannot agree with him in cutting
any branches off fresh-planted trees, or taking the leaves off
cuttings ; in fact, I have found cuttings, without a leaf removed,
strike much better than those which were stripped. The last
three years I have particularly remarked this in striking Eccre-
mocarpus scaber: those cuttings struck best that had a leaf
or a pair remaining at the very joint at which they were cut
off, and, in fact, formed plants in nearly half the time that
those did which had them removed.* This sketch of my
manner and ideas of planting, &c., I give you, and, if you think
proper, the world, without any thanks to Sir Henry Steuart
or Sir Walter Scott, whose paper things on planting I have
never once seen. ‘The latter must recollect that gardeners now
are very different men from what they were in the days of
Andrew Fairservice, and that they can improve their minds

* This is proved by every-day experience: every man must be aware
that roots make branches, and branches make roots, else how could a cut-
ting strike root, or part of a root form a plant?

Remarks on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide. 415

by other books than those of worthy Mess John Quackleben’s
Flower of a sweet Savour, or Doctor Lightfoot, however pon-
derous his volume might have been. But although I do not
return thanks to any of our northern lights, I must thank the
many intelligent gardeners I have lived under; and last, but
not least, 4 Drscourse on Forest Trees, by John Evelyn, Esq.,
in my possession, where he tells us about Count Maurice,
governor of Brazil, planting a delicious paradise near Fri-
burg, containing 600 cocoa trees of 80 years’ growth, and
50 ft. high to the nearest bough. ‘These he wafted on floats
and engines four long miles, and planted so luckily that they
bore abundantly the very first year. Nor hath this succeeded
in the Indies alone; Monsieur de Fait, one of the mareschals
of France, hath, with huge oaks, done the like at Fait. He
then brings it nearer home: a great person in Devon planted
oaks as big as twelve oxen could draw, as he was told by the
Right Honourable Lord Fitz-Harding, who hath himself
practised the removing of great oaks by a particular address,
extremely ingenious, and worthy the communication: he then
states what this is: —Choose a tree as big as your thigh, remove
the earth from about it, cut through all the collateral roots, till,
with a competent strength, you can force it down upon one
side, so as to come with your axe at the tap-root, cut that off,
re-dress your tree, and so let it stand, covered about with the
mould you loosened from it till the next year, or longer if you
think good; then take it up at a fit season, it will likely have
drawn new tender roots, apt to take, and sufficient for the
tree, wheresoever you shall transplant it, &c. &c. Now, where
can there be the least doubt that many gardeners in Scotland
have read this work, and acted upon it, long ere they heard of
Sir Henry Steuart ?—at any rate, I know some that did. But,
to prove that there are many of these new discoveries which
are perfectly old to a number of gardeners, if your correspond-
ent who gives his trees a top-dressing of stones would look
into Virgil, Georg. ii., he will there find it described as a thing
very commonly done; and if Mr. Billington will look into
Evelyn’s Sylva, he will see that he recommends rubbing off the
buds, or else the very young branches; any thing else makes
him shudder, except where they have been neglected. He
quotes Lawson, who published in 1597, who says he can
form a tree into any shape or form, with a fine clear stem,
without any wounds, by following it up from infancy. All
this clearly proves to me that these things have all been seen
and acted upon before, and gardeners are not ignorant of
them at this day: but I agree with Quercus that it is not gar-
deners or wood-foresters that are to blame for the ill-pruned

416 Planting and pruning Forest Trees. -

trees ; for we often see that it is the gentlemen themselves, for
employing such fellows as old coachmen, plough-wrights,_
and gamekeepers, all of whom I have seen cutting and chop-
ping where they pleased; they not being fit for any thing
else, and it was thought any blockhead could superintend that
sort of work. I hope all gardeners will jom with me in
returning thanks to Anon., who (if it is Mr. Sang) is a kind
good man, and I am only sorry to say I have not seen him
these eight years.

I remain, Sir, &c.
—s, February 15. 1830. ——_N ——H..

Art. 1X. On planting and pruning Forest Trees. By Mr. Joun
Howpen, hitherto known as AGRONOME.

Sir,

Havine been very fond of reading ever since I could read,
which is some forty years ago, I have frequently been led to
change my opinions on various subjects, and even my theo-
logical opinions among the others: yet there is one opinion’
which I have never changed, namely, I always think it right
to read or hear every man’s opinion, and then judge for my-
self; to “ prove all things, and to hold fast that which is
good.” The difference of opinion, in many of your corre-
spondents, respecting the management of forest timber trees,
is certainly very striking: I thmk it must proceed from the
different soils, climates, &c., of the local situations of the

various writers; and nothing can settle such disputes but
practical experience in each operator in his own place. ‘The
letters of Mr. Withers must appear very ridiculous to a native
of Scotland or Wales, or of the moorlands of England. It is -
a maxim with some, only to plant such soils as will not pay for
cultivation ; and a very good maxim it is, provided that every
nobleman and gentleman in Great Britain and Ireland would
follow it up by another maxim, viz. to plant every acre of
their estates that will mot pay for cultivation. (See Hncyc. of
Agr., § 3631, 3632, &c.) It is, indeed, a national disgrace to
see so many tens of thousands of English acres unplanted, and
yet scarcely capable of maintaining two rabbits per acre; the
whole of which, if planted with judgment, that is, all resinous
trees on the highest grounds, hard-wooded trees on the best
ground, and soft-wooded trees on the boggy ground, would
afford a handsome remuneration. ‘Trenching such land is not
only of no use, but is really hurtful, where there are only a

Planting and pruning Forest Trees. 417

few inches of poor soil on rock, gravel, or grey sand, as void
of nurture as the congealed lava from Mount Etna or Vesu-
vius ; yet even such will grow many of the pine and fir tribes
of trees better, in three inches of soil, than if planted in rich
loam. As the trees grow, the soil will increase, and be fit for
a crop of oaks, &c., by the time that the pines or firs are pro-
perly thinned out for timber trees. Suppose an acre of such
land is bought for 10/., and planted for 5/., by contract, with
larch fir, Scotch pine, birch, and mountain ash, in equal pro-
portions ; in the course of 15 years, such trees will every one
be from 15 to 30 ft. high ; and, if they have been well pruned,
they will be still higher and more valuable. To prune a tree
well, is to prune it while it is young ; say at 6 ft. high, it should
be pruned 2 ft. up the stem. This is done in one minute, or
less, with a good Sheffield knife (Barns, maker). The trees
should be gone over in this manner every two years, say six
times, or six minutes for each tree, equal to one farthing !
Observe that I speak from experience. By this early prun-
ing, there is no occasion for thinning out any trees till they
are fit for something. 'The Scotch pine are thinned out first
for rails, &c.; the best of the larch are left as timber trees ;
the birch, mountain ash, &c., are cut periodically for crate-
rods, &c. &c.; and oaks, &c., are introduced into all vacant
places. I shall not attempt to make a debtor and creditor
account of such an acre of land, as the demand and locality
of markets make so much difference; but, at the lowest cal-
culation possible, the profit is sufficient to induce every land-
owner to plant his waste lands with trees of some sort. With
respect to pruning, it is a maxim with me to prune young, to
prune often, and not prune too much at a time: I once killed
a beautiful row of spruce trees by pruning them up too much
in one season. We can never do wrong in taking off two
crops of branches every second year, while the tree is in full
vigour : after it begins to be at a stand-still, it should never be
touched more; pruning then can do it no good, and may do
it much harm.

I have been reading the letter of Mr. Blaikie to the Duke
of Bedford, in the Country Times newspaper of Feb. 15. The
letter is certainly written much more in the spirit of meekness
than the letters of Mr. Withers; nevertheless, he is as much
mistaken in the vegetable economy or physiology of forest
trees as Mr. Monteith: his method of pruning, yclept fore-
shortening, is all very well for laurels, hollies, and other orna-
mental shrubs and trees, but for forest timber it is the very
worst of all bad systems. Mr. Blaikie seems to think that the
boughs of a tree will grow out and fall off in the same manner

Vor — No.2 7. EE

418 Planting and pruning Forest Trees.

as the hairs begin to grow out and fall off from my old head ;
but both he and Mr. Monteith are sadly mistaken in this
point. It is well known that every knot and every bough
proceeds direct from the centre of the stem; and, whether
they are cut off, or not cut off, they would still be knots, and
the sooner they are cut off the better. A tree lays on its
wood in the same way as a candle is increased by frequent
dippings ; every season, like every dip, lays on a fresh coat ;
and the sooner that the wick of a candle, or the stem of a
tree, is made smooth, the more free will either be from un-
sightly protuberances. Every nurseryman knows how to
prune a standard apple tree, so as to give it a fine clean stem ;
and every forester should know how to grow a rail, or a scaf-
fold-pole, a mill-shaft, or mast of a ship: but Mr. Blaikie’s
system of foreshortening deprives him of even bends or knees
for ship timber. The beech trees which he mentions as having
been pruned eighty years ago, should have been pruned just
a hundred years ago, as I presume they were above twenty
years old at the time of pruning; and, if they had been fore-
shortened, they would have been of still less value. Most
carpenters, &c., disapprove of pruning trees, as they say that
the finest timber is from the forests abroad, where pruning
was never thought of. I grant this is true; but such trees
were planted or sown by the hand of Nature, and, perhaps,
came up as thick as in a nurseryman’s seed-bed; so that their
branches were all killed and rotten before they were more
than twigs. At length they began to oppress and kill each
other, just as the world does: the stronger always oppress the
weaker, and such as get the lead are sure to keep it, so as to
kill all their little companions; and there they reign, lords of
the forest, for perhaps a couple of centuries, when they come to
England, fine-grained, free from knots, and every thing that a
carpenter can wish for. -This is called natural pruning: but
in England, where every acre of land and every rail is of some
value, pruning well is pruning profitably. Hoping that every
forester will make himself well acquainted with the process of
making candles, for the purpose of throwing light on the sub-
ject of pruning,
T remain, Sir, yours, &c.
AGRONOME.

P.S.—I am particularly pleased with your anonymous
correspondent’s critique on Sir Henry Steuart’s work: it is
almost word for word of one I had written some time ago,
but never sent; and I believe that all the letters of anonymous
writers are like the votes or speeches of a member of parlia-

Seaves and History of the Lombardy Poplar. 419

ment for a rotten borough: they are taken little notice of. I
shall, therefore, give you my full name and address: so that,
if I have ever said any thing improper, I am fairly open to
conviction ; and
I am, Sir, &c.
Joun Howpen,
Bailiff, &c., to John Philips, Esq.,
Heath House, near Cheadle,
March 5.1830. Staffordshire.

Art. X. On the Sexes and History of the Lombardy, or Turin,
Poplar (Populus dilatata), By Mr. Joun Denson, Jun.*

Sir,

WuiLe curator of the botanic garden at Bury St. Ed-
munds, I examined all the blooming specimens of Pépulus
dilatata which grew in the town and neighbourhood, in the
hope of acquiring both sexes for the collection of the garden.
I could, however, find only the male. I told this fact to Mr.
Sabine, on his visiting the garden, and understood him to
reply: * The female is not in this country. The Duke of
Argyle imported some statuary from Italy, to Whitton in
Middlesex, part of the package of which, on being planted,
disclosed Populus dilatata, male, and there has been no other
importation.” I repeated this statement to a very intelligent
gentleman, W. C. Oldham, Ksq., then (in the autumn of 1827)
residing at Rickinghall, near Diss, Norfolk, who could not
assent to its having been exclusively introduced as above
stated; himself, and other gentlemen of his acquaintance,
having always understood that it was first brought to this
country by the Earl of Rochford, while he was ambassador to
the court of Turin, in 1751, and who established it at his
seat at St. Osyth, Essex. The Rev. S. Carter, and other
relations of the Rochford family, have also this impression ;
and Mr. Oldham once saw the very old gardener at the above
seat, who attested the truth of this notion, and that himself
was the person by whom the twigs of the poplar were planted.
They were incidentally sent over, as in Mr. Sabine’s account ;
but, if Mr. Oldham rightly remembers, it was in this instance
as the package of orange trees.

As to the fact of the importation of this species of poplar,

* Mr. Denson’s father is the author of A Peasant’s Voice, &c., quoted
with so much applause in a late Number of the Quarterly Review. — Cond.
EE 2

420 Botanic Garden forming at Trelowarren

both accounts are probably correct, if I rightly understood
Mr. Sabine’s remark ; but, as there has been another import-
ation, the female may be in the country ; and the examination
of the Lombardy poplars about St. Osyth, if any still exist
there, would determine this question. As it blooms in the end
of March and early part of April, perhaps some of your readers
in the neighbourhood will examine the blossoms, and settle
this point. |

Having, however, since learned where the female exists, I
would record the place in your Magazine, that all who desire
it may procure it thence. It is at the university botanic gar-
den at Gottingen; M. Christopher Abraham Fischer, the
inspector of which, in reply to an application for it from Mr.
N.S. Hodson, superintendent of the botanic garden at Bury
St. Edmunds, remarks, in a letter dated Dec. 16. 1828: —
‘© Many years since, I looked fruitlessly for the female of Po-
pulus dilatata, amongst many thousand trees, all round Got-
tingen. Last year I was so fortunate as to find a single tree,
and send you some cuttings.” These cuttings, although
planted as soon as received, and duly attended to, all failed ;
but, as poplars are notorious for freedom of growth, this
should not deter from other importations: and in proof that
no one need fear troubling M. Fischer, I subjoin an extract
from one of his letters, dated Dec. 20. 1826: — “ It is always
very pleasant to me to see, in the Botanical Magazine, that I
am so fortunate as sometimes to send a new plant to England,
to a country which, from my short visits there, I very much
like and esteem.” Mr. J. Hunneman, I have no doubt, will
readily forward any communication to M. Fischer.

I am, Sir, &c.

Feb, 1830. Joun Denson, Jun.

Art. XI. Account of the Botanic Flower-Garden now forming at
Trelowarren for the Culture of Hardy Plants. By Mr. W1LL1AM
Duncan, Gardener there.

Sir,

TueE object of this garden connects itself not only with the
study of the vegetable world, but with an endeavour to
infuse a scientific knowledge of plants into the empirical agri-
culture of the community amongst which it is situated. It is
intended to become a nursery for the developement of all
those plants which are eligible for agricultural economy, by
which it will operate on those who seek it for its practical use,

Jor the Culture of Hardy Plants. 4.21

as well as on those who study botany as a branch of natural
history.

The extent of Trelowarren botanic garden is a square of
nearly an acre, lying direct east and west, surrounded by a
brick wall 16 ft. high. On the south aspect of this wall will
be a range of glass for the culture of the more tender exotics.
One half of the garden will be illustrative of the Linnean
arrangement; the other half, of the natural arrangement of
Jussieu, as adopted by Decandolle. Each arrangement is
surrounded by a border of 5 ft. in width, appropriated to the
flowering of the more beautiful herbaceous plants, including
annuals. Through the centre of the garden there is a gravel
walk, in which, in the middle of the garden, there is a
temple partaking of the character of a botanical library with
its appurtenances, as hortus siccus, &c. Six feet from each
wall is a gravel walk, cutting at right angles the centre walk,
which affords three additional distinct departments; the first
for medicinal plants; the second for agricultural purposes ;
the third for the family of Graminez.

With regard to the detail of the Linnean department, care
has been taken to limit the number of species of the more
numerous genera to six, with the exception of Solidago,
Aster, Helianthus, Cnicus, Carduus, and some others, where
illustrations are necessary to decide the approximation of one
species in relation to another of the same genus. By this
limitation a greater number of genera is obtained. The de-
partment is divided into thirty-six beds, each 24 ft. wide, with
an alley 1} ft. wide edged with box and gravelled. The
class Monandria Monogynia commences with the genus Bli-
tum, with its species; proceeds thus on through the whole
system as far as Syngenésia Polygamia Necessaria, embrac-
ing every genus in which species are found suitable for bo-
tanical purposes. ‘This affords 1000 species to develope the
sexual system of plants.

With regard to the natural arrangement, the ground plan
is the same as that for the Linnean, which, consequently, will
admit of the introduction of the same number of species; but
varying these, unless where the introduction of the tribe ren-
ders this impracticable.

The arrangement of the Graminez contains at present 200
species, but sufficiency of room still remains for the introduc-
tion of a larger collection, which will be immediately effected.

It is likewise in contemplation to add to this garden another
portion of natural history, viz. an arrangement of earths, in
some way approaching to that in the Jardin des Plantes at
Paris.

EE 3

4.22 Botanic Garden forming at Trelowarren.

The locality of this garden is within 100 yards of the
house, directly annexed to a very beautiful and extensive
pleasure-ground, laid out in the old style of gardening. The
entrance will be formed by two folding iron gates, the pillars
of which will terminate in busts of the founders of the two
systems.

I cannot end this letter without passing some few observa-
tions upon the utility which would attend the general intro-
duction of private botanic gardens in England, having similar
purposes to those of Trelowarren, viz. the joing of the useful
to the pleasing. ‘The numerous books on botanical subjects
and vegetable culture which daily issue from the press, some
of which are of the most costly description, are proofs suf-
ficient of an ardent spirit of enguiry, which, were it seconded
by practical botanic gardens, or what may be termed living
grammars of botany where its theory can be united with
practice, the result would eminently increase botanical know-
ledge. In fact, without its practice, its theory is a mere trifle.
The great drawback upon the practical botany of this country
is in not having botanic gardens wherein any facility is afforded
to its study. It is true that of its theory nothing is wanting:
the whole of the educated portion of the nation can rehearse
it as a part of their routine of scholastic information ; but there
it ends. A professor of botany, of very superior abilities, has
been elected to the botanical chair of the London University :
his lectures, no matter how brilliant they may be, will never
effect their purpose, unless they are immediately carried in
the mind of the pupil to the botanic garden, where he can
compare the genera with their affinities, and by self-enquiry
make himself master of the characters which form the genus.
Such a routine of education, and with it the genius, is what
will form the botanist; any thing else is but a dumb show.
It is greatly to be lamented, im this enlightened age, that
gentlemen’s head gardeners should show such a want of taste
and science in the arrangement of their plants. For in-
stance, if a catalogue were published of the plants at Syon
House (the seat of the Duke of Northumberland), precisely
as they are arranged, could it be possible to conceive any
thing more frightful than it would offer to the scientific world?
Although possessing a very superior assortment of plants, and,
indeed, the elements of an attractive botanic garden*, the

* We presume our correspondent alludes to the state of things at Syon
as they were three or four years ago: every thing is since entirely changed,
and not a wall, a walk, or a bed of the old botanic garden remains; the
new one is not yet planted, and therefore cannot be criticised. — Cond.

Plan of a Flower-Garden. 4.23

associations which are identified with natural philosophy are
destroyed, and the mind left to wander on objects, as it were,
unsusceptible of the influence of science.
Iam, Sir, &c. |
Witiiam Duncan.
Trelowarren, Cornwall, November, 1829.

Art. XII. Plan of a Flower-Garden, with a List of Plants for
one Year, by a young Lady. Communicated by J. G.
Sir,

Tue following plan is the composition of a young lady,
who, being fond of flowers, has directed her attention to the
effects of arranging them in different manners. Not being
satisfied with the garden as it lately stood, she made the fol-
lowing sketch (fig. 84.), which, as a whole, is considered by
all who have seen it as very perfect in its kind; for which
reason I send it to you, thinking it may afford some useful
hints to your readers. ‘The beds are on turf, and the surround-
ing margin is of choice shrubs, early-flowering deciduous sorts,
and low, or slow-growing, evergreens; the great object being
to admit sufficient sun and air, without which the flowers come
to nothing. J. G.

Hampstead, November 11. 1829.

REFERENCES TO THE PLAN.

1, Choice herbaceous plants, perennials.

2, Anemones in spring; Tigridia pavonia in summer.

3, Vanthol tulips and ranunculus in spring; choice dwarf geraniums in
summer.

4, Narcissus and jonquils in spring; Salvia spléndens and Fichsia coccinea
in summer.

5, Ten-week stocks in spring; Clarkia pulchélla and Indian pinks in
summer.

6, Tulips in spring; @nothera speciosa in summer.

7, A collection of campanulas.

8, A collection of Phlox.

9, Fritillaria meléagris and winter aconite in spring; Lobelia filgens and

L. Erinus in summer.
10, Hyacinthus in spring; Fuchsia macrophylla in summer.
11, Gnothéra and China asters.
12, Choice herbaceous plants.
13, Crocuses and snowdrops in spring; pinks and carnations in summer,
14, Sweet-scented and crimson China roses.
15, Sun-dial.
16, Rock-work. ;
17, Edging of Rosa semperflorens, and within a row of georginas, about
100 sorts; every 12 ft. a standard Noisette rose of sorts.
18, Rustic arcade, covered with ivy.
19, Rustic covered seat. 20, Open gravel.
EE 4

4.24, Plan of a Flower Garden.

Treatment of American Shrubs at Foxcote. 425

Art. XIII. On the Treatment of the American Shrubs in the Plea-
sure- Gardens of Francis Canning, Eisq.. Foxcote. By Mr. W.
B. Ross, Gardener there.

Sir,

I am induced to send you an account of my mode of treat-
ing American shrubs, from seeing in your Magazine (Vol. V.
p- 143.) an abridged communication from Mr. Donald on
the same subject, and also from the bad appearance which
these plants generally present. At the north-west corner of
the noble mansion at this place my American plants may be
seen in full flower, with corollas more than 14 in. in circum-
ference. ‘They grow in sand mixed with lime and bog earth;
the sand was washed down through the plantations from the
sandy hills above, carrying the dead leaves with it into the
fish-ponds. After several years it was taken out and mixed
with lime, for agricultural use. I took some of this, and
added a little bog earth to it, and I placed the plants in it,
They are considerably shaded by the mansion, and some large
elm trees, &c. I peg down all the bottom branches, cover
them with soil, leaving only the ends above the surface of the
ground. In this manner they bloom beautifully, and, the
other parts of the plants running upwards and coming into
flower, the whole has the appearance of one thicket of blos-
som, and is the admiration of every one.

I this year planted a quantity of American shrubs ina heap
of mud, in a sunny situation, by the side of a large fish-pond :
they are in a thriving condition at present, but how they will
be some time hence I cannot determine.

With respect to my other bed of plants, being in a cold
situation, I always cover them in November with a shelter of
common laurel boughs. I let this covering remain till May-
day, after which the plants present a most beautiful appear-
ance.

I am surprised that the common laurel is not more culti-
vated than it is, as it will grow under the dripping of trees,
where many other plants will not thrive, and it moreover
affords an excellent shelter for game, besides other purposes
to which it may be applied.

I am, Sir, &c.
W. B. Rose.
Foxcote, near Shipston on Stour,
June 10. 1829.

426 Auriculas from Seed, and new Stage Cover.

Art. XIV. On raising Auriculas from Seed, and on a new De-
scription of Covering for an Auricula Stage. By Mr. P. Corn-
FIELD, Florist, Northampton.

Sir,

I opsERVE in your Magazine (Vol. IV. p. 481.) a corre-
spondent gives an account of his manner of keeping and of
sowing his auricula seeds: he says he keeps his seed in a
damp room till the time of sowing, and then sows it in a com-
mon garden frame; and he thinks his plan better than Mr.
Hoge’s, who keeps his seed in a dry room, and sows it in
front of a green-house. Now, Sir, I beg to differ from both
your correspondents as to the way they recommend. I shall
not presume to say that my way is preferable to all others,
but content myself with giving some account of the mode
I pursue in raising auricula seedlings. When my seed is
ripe, I prepare my soil to receive it, in the following man-
ner: I sift the soil, which is chiefly of bog and old rotten cow-
dung; I then sprinkle it, to make it quite moist; then I put
some of it into a shallow tin pan, and place it over a clear
fire, till it is as hot as I can bear my hand in it.I keep stir-
ring it till I think it has destroyed any seeds of weeds, or the
larvee of insects; preparing soil enough to lay it about 3 in.
or 4 in. deep from the upper edge or rim of the pots. I then
gather the seed-pods, rub the seeds out on a sheet of paper,
and sow them immediately, then sift through a very fine sieve
just enough of soil to cover the seed, about as thick as a six-
pence. I place my pots in a shady situation, or where they
can only have the morning sun for an hour or two. I use no
frame or glass of any sort till after Christmas, as they will
generally bear a good deal of cold till that time. I find the
seed, which I sow as thick as nearly to cover the surface of
the soil, will come up plentifully in three weeks or a month,
and great numbers of the seedling plants will be fit to prick
out in November or December ; being careful to extract them
so as not to disturb the lesser plants. ‘The seed will continue
to come up for months after; indeed, what I sowed at the
beginning of last August is coming up daily. I preserved a
portion of my last year’s seed, and sowed it on the 6th of
April, three large pots, full as thick as before, which are now
up as thick as clover, and will be fit to prick out in a few
days. I find that new seeds make the strongest and most
healthy plants.

I have at this time in use a new description of covering for
my auricula stage, which, I find, answers the purpose admir-
ably well, and is of the most economical kind ever yet invented.

Culture of Rosa odorata. 427

It consists of frames, made of light thin deal, in the manner
of cucumber lights. [hese have some fine cambric calico,
strained tight, and nailed on the frames, which are oiled with
clear linseed oil once over. ‘They admit nearly as much light
as glass, will repel the wet, and completely prevent the sun’s
rays from injuring the blooms or plants.

I think of using the same frames, or lights, as an awning
for my carnations, as I have made them exactly to fit the
carnation stages. I do think this description of covering
would answer well for covering tulips, ranunculuses, or any
kinds of florists’ flowers, as being preferable to thick mats,
canvass, &c. I remain, Sir, &c.

P. CorNFIELD.
Kingswell Street, Northampton, May 18. 1829.

Art. XV. On the Culture of the Rosa odorata, the Sweet or Tea-
scented Rose. By Mr. J. Exes, late of Longleat Gardens.
Sir,

TuE sweet-scented China rose, although universally admit-
ted to be a most lovely flower, is still, generally speaking, not
a common plant in our flower borders; and yet it may be pro-
pagated with the utmost possible facility, and, when planted
out in the open border, it is nearly, if not quite, as hardy as
the common China rose, which, during so many months in the
year, decorates the cottage and the flower-garden, but, unfor-
tunately, does not fill the air with that delicious perfume which
is exhaled in such profusion from its more fayoured congener
the sweet-scented variety. ‘To remedy this defect is the object
of the present communication.

I have before observed, that it is nearly, if not quite, as
hardy, as the common China rose; and, I believe, most people
consider the flower, independently of its fragrance, as more
beautiful, if not so showy. But its growth, in favourable
situations, almost exceeds credibility. I have seen upwards of
two hundred flowers and flower-buds upon a single shoot ; but
that was a shoot as thick as my little finger ; and this fine plant,
too, under the management of a poor weaver, a man of great
singleness of mind, an ardent lover of flowers, and, indeed,
altogether, a most praiseworthy individual.* This extraor-
dinary specimen, it is true, was budded and trained against
his cottage ; but no protection, save the eaves, was ever thought
of: and thus it has continued, for many years, his pride and

* Mr. John Parsons, Dilton’s Marsh, Westbury.

4.28 Flowering the Chrysanthemum indicum.

the wonder of his neighbours. I have one which has stood ‘
six winters with little or no protection.

In the spring of last year, I planted out about fifty plants
of this rose: they grew and flowered tolerably well (Mr.
Young of Epsom saw them); and, although the last winter
was a severe one, every plant survived, and they are now
flowering and growing as freely as the common China rose.
In April, we lost three plants through excessively wet weather ;
the subsoil being a blue clay, and very retentive, the bed was
like a quagmire for weeks together.

The following mode of propagation is easy and expedi-
tious : — Put a plant or two into the hot-house in January or
February, and there will soon be some young shoots: as soon
as they have three or four leaves, take them off, no mat-
- ter how tender or succulent, but never remove or shorten a
leaf. Having prepared your cuttings, put them into sand,
with a glass over them, in the same heat as the plants, and in
three weeks they will be ready to be potted off. Thus continue
taking fresh cuttings, or topping the cuttings already struck,
till there are as many as you want. I propagated upwards of
100 plants in one season, from a small. plant which only
afforded three cuttings at the commencement.

_ I have little doubt that hundreds of gardeners are ac-
quainted with the above method, and, probably, have for
years grown this rose in the same manner as I have recom-
mended; but, as it has not been noticed in the Gardener’s
Magazine, perhaps its beauty, fragrance, and easy culture are
not so generally known as it might be wished.

I am, Sir, &c.
London, April, 1829. J. ELLs.

Art. XVI. On flowering the Chrysénthemum indicum. By
A CONSTANT READER AND SUBSCRIBER.
Sir,

Tue complaints of the last season on the flowering of the
Chrysanthemum indicum induce me to add to the number of
your correspondents by detailing the mode of treatment which
I have pursued with the greatest success for some years, and
which, if generally adopted, will insure their flowering in any
season, however unfavourable.

Immediately after the plants have done flowering, I select
the best of the young shoots, and pot them, three in each pot,
in pots of 3 in. diameter, and place them in a cold pit or
frame protected from frost, where they remain until the begin-

Musa paradisiaca, which fruited near Exeter. 429

ning of April, when they are shifted into pots of 7 in. or 8 in.
diameter, and remain in them until the roots have filled the
pots; they are then finally shifted into pots 12 in. in diameter,
where they remain to flower. The subsequent treatment is
the same as that described by your able correspondent, A. C.
Lambie. (Vol. III. p. 291.) I remain, Sir, &c.

A CONSTANT READER AND SUBSCRIBER.
January 23. 1830.

Art. XVII. Notice of a Plant of Musa paradisiaca (the Plantain),
which has flowered and ripened Fruit in the Garden of John
Milford, Esq., Conver, near Exeter. Abridged from three Com-
munications by Mr. Henry Dae.eisu, Gardener to Mr. Mil-
ford, dated July 25., November 9., and December 23.

Tue plant grows in a tub, and was only 2 ft. high when it
was received into Mr. Milford’s hot-house about three years
since. It showed flower about the begmning of July last,
and on the 25th of that month the spike of fruit, flowers,
and unopened buds measured 3 ft. 5in. long, and contained
21 spikelets, or hands, as they are called by the natives of
tropical climates, each hand having or showing eight fruit ;
in all 168 fruit, 50 of which were at this time set, though the
upper half of the spike had not then blossomed.

By the 9th of November the flowering of the spike was
completed, and it was found to measure from the base to the:
extremity 3 ft. 8 in., and to contain 75 bunches of fruit. Two
suckers which the plant sent up after it began to flower, and
which were 9 ft. high in July, were now 11 ft. 7 in. high, their
leaves 8 ft. long and 2 ft. 5in. wide, and there were about
seven leaves on each plant. ‘The fruit is getting soft, and
changing colour.

On December 23., Mr. Dalgleish sent us two of the fruit,
perfectly ripe. Half of one of them we boiled, and the other
half we tasted in its raw state. The taste in both cases was
rather insipid; the flavour, if any, seemed to be not unlike
that of the sweet potato. The other fruit we kept, in order
to note its decay, which took place in about a fortnight.

This is, as far as we have been able to learn, the first time
that the plantain has been fruited in the west of England. It
had before been fruited at Messrs. Loddiges’, Sir Watkin
William Wynne’s, the Earl of Haddington’s (East Lothian),
and other places; and, we believe, there is now a plant in fruit
in the magnificent conservatory of Mrs. Beaumont, at Bretton

Hall. Mr. Dalgleish is so good as to say, that if any one

430 Remarks on Mr. Newington’s Observations

desires it, he will send an account of his mode of culture.

Such an account cannot but be acceptable to our readers, and

we shall be most happy to receive it. We shall also be glad

to know the total number of fruit ripened, and the length of

time that this single plant contributed to the dessert. — Cond.
Dec. 30. 1829.

Art. XVIII. Remarks on Mr. Newington’s Observations on the
Management of Peach Trees. By Mr. James Craic, Gardener
to G. Cholmely, Esq. Howsham, York.

Sir,

Presumine that the pages of the Gardener’s Magazine
are open to fair discussion on any subject its previous pages
contain, I take leave to offer a few remarks on Mr. New-
ington’s observations (p. 55.) on the management of peach
trees. Be assured, Sir, I am not turned critic for the sake
of cavilling, but with the view of preventing what I think#erro-
neous opinions from taking root and spreading their vexatious
branches. :

That gentlemen complain of, and that many gardeners feel
and confess, a deficiency in the management of peach trees, I
readily admit; and that the failure of the crops very often,
though not always, arises from the manner of pruning the
trees, I will not dispute; but I must tell Mr. Newington
flatly that his text is entirely erroneous. He says, “ It is the
endeavour of every cultivator to procure annually a great
supply of long and strong wood, sufficiently large to make
basket-rods.” Had not Mr. Newington given his name to
this extraordinary assertion, I should have suspected that it
was invented as a pretext for abusing his brethren; but, as
he has given his name, I can only say he is under a mistake.
In the circle of my acquaintance among gardeners (and it is
not very limited), I do not know one who endeavours to pro-
cure ‘ basket-rods” on his peach trees ; and if they chance
to have any such, they do nee expect fruit from them. On
the contrary, they all know the sort of wood which is most
fruitful, although some of them may be deficient in the ‘‘ ways
and means ” of procuring a regular supply of such wood ; and
Mr. Newington knows, or ought to know, that much depends
on soil and situation: but he condemns us all, at © one fell
swoop,” and would send us to Malta or America. If he has
been at these places, I believe he could tell us that the peach
trees growing there are chiefly standards, and are not much
troubled with the handywork of Nature’s journeymen.

on the Management of Peach Trees. — 431

Peach trees left in a great measure to nature, and growing
in the open air, in a soil and climate congenial to them, will
not fail to exert those powers with which nature has furnished
them, and every other kind of fruit tree, to accomplish the
end for which they were created, namely, to bear fruit ; and,
I reckon, they will produce short stiff branches for that pur-
pose. But a peach tree trained against a wall, in this country,
is quite a different thing. A gentleman is at a great expense
in building garden walls, and it is required that the trees
which are planted against it cover as much of the face of the
wall as possible, so that every part of it may return annually
some part of the original outlay : and, if short pruning is not
resorted to, this cannot be effected ; for, without it, the trees
would soon become naked in the centre, and this nakedness
would spread progressively as the tree advanced in age. Of
this, too many of the trees in England bear incontestable proofs.

I said above, that much depended on soil and situation ;
and, before I proceed further, I will submit a few observations
on these points. Peach trees planted in a strong-bodied soil,
on a-clayey subsoil, will generally be inclined to produce
gross’ long-jointed wood, which frequently does not ripen;
and: those growing ina weak soil, upon a substratum of gravel
or other porous matter, have quite a different appearance:
here the wood is moderately stiff, short-jointed, and generally
ripens well; and such is to be preferred for bearing fruit before
any other sort. Low situations, which are often sheltered, con-
fined, and damp, are likewise generally productive of grassy,
long-jointed wood; and moderately high, exposed, and dry
situations produce short-jointed fruitful wood. Hence the
necessity of choosing (where the choice is to be had) a situ-
ation for these trees (and, in fact, most other fruit trees)
which is not too much confined and damp; and, where the
border imtended for them is not naturally drained, to lay
under it a sufficient quantity of real draining materials, and
not to make the border of a too strong-bodied soil.

If it is taken for granted that the most suitable wood for
producing fruit is short-jointed and stiff (say from one eighth
to three sixteenths of an inch in diameter), it remains to be
considered how a regular supply of such wood is to be ob-
tained, so far as pruning, &c., may effect it, where the soil and
situation are not favourable for it on trees that have been
some time established. In this case, transplantation, where
the trees are not too old, may be most judiciously resorted
to for once; not so much for the purpose of the immediate
checking of the tree as for repairing the substratum, and re-
ducing the strength of the border by adding sand, &c.: were

4.32 Remarks on Mr. Newington’s Observations

it possible to avoid it, I would not have a fibre damaged,
more than their being necessarily out of their element for
a few hours would damage them. This would check the tree
sufficiently for one year; and, in future, it would remain
moderate, in consequence of the arrangements in the border,
and the pruning to be treated of. I should not reckon upon
a full crop of fruit the first year; because, if the young
branches were generally luxuriant, it is probable they would
not set much fruit; and, on any part that might be weak, I
should not allow any fruit to remain. In pruning, I should
leave the branches thin, and shorten those which were vigor-
ous to about two thirds of their natural length, and those that
were weak to one third. In summer pruning, I should leave
no more shoots than I should calculate upon wanting in the
ensuing spring, except where the branches were luxuriant ;
there I should leave rather more, according to vigour. Where
a young shoot was luxuriant, I should treat it as Mr. New-
ington does, in stopping it, but would take off the super-
abundant shoots before autumn. My reason for this is,
those shoots which were wanted would be more exposed to
the influence of the sun and air, and ripen better. As soon
as the leaves began to drop in the autumn, I would thin off
the ripest of them, by sweeping lightly over the leaves with a
few sprigs of birch tied on a stick : this gives the wood a bet-
ter opportunity of ripening. Allowing the future fruit-bearing
branches of peach trees sufficient room and exposure to the
action of the air, is generally too little attended to. This is,
probably, in a great measure, the fault of the confused man-
ner of training : but more of this hereafter.

When the trees are in an unfavourable soil and situation,
and have got too old to be transplantable, and make wood too
grassy to be fruitful, I would in that case, as in the other, lay
in the young branches very thin. I am aware that this position
will appear rather paradoxical at the first glance; but, when
it is considered that strong branches not bearing fruit so well
as weak ones is not so much by reason of their vigour as
of their zmmaturity, the discrepancy will vanish: for, by their
being thin, and properly exposed to the action of the weather,
they will ripen much better ; and thereby, although strong, a
crop of fruit may be obtained by leaving them a good length
at the next spring pruning, except where a supply of wood is
wanted. By their being thin, a greater quantity of young
shoots, for fruit-bearers in the following year, may be left at the
disbudding season, which will be pretty moderate. When the
tree has carried one or two crops of fruit the point is gained,
for we rarely see a fruit-bearimg tree luxuriant. —

on the Management of Peach ‘Trees. 433

The borders of such trees require to be kept poor: much
dung encourages excrescent shoots. Now, what worse would
the trees be if the border were lightly cropped: with early pota-
toes, dwarf peas, French beans, &c.? I say, nothing worse, but
better. Mr. Newington says, it is a sure mark of a bad cul-
tivator to see the fruit-tree borders cropped with vegetables.
He says the trees should not be vigorous, yet he will not
allow vegetables to draw a little of the nutriment from the
border. How is this? Early vegetables, on the open ground,
must be had, and are generally more esteemed than any other ;
and if they must not be raised on the peach borders, what
other means are the majority of gardens furnished with so
desirable for that purpose? I unhesitatingly assert, that lightly
cropping these borders is in conformity with nature, harm-
less, economical, and convenient.

Therefore, Mr. Newington may mark me down a bad cul-
tivator. He may remove his trees as often as he pleases, and
I shall never say he does wrong, provided he does not try to
persuade others to do likewise, and dub them “ bad culti-
vators ” if they do not follow his precepts. ‘The practice, at
Hylands, of removing the trees annually is, I take it, chiefly
for the purposes of preparing the dung-bed, repairing the
paper frame, and obtaining early crops in succession, in places
too confined for healthy trees; and, by this practice, they
obtain annually half a crop, as the trees are at work one year,
and resting the next to recruit their strength. But I do not
condemn the plan: I can allow others their fancies, if I am
allowed mine; and mine would be, to have healthy, well fur-
nished, established trees, both on the walls and in the house;
and, for successions of early fruit, of “just enough and nothing
to spare,” I should have small compartments. I should not
be nice about the mode of heating. I would have the border
both inside and outside the house, the front wall upon arches ;
the trees planted inside, and trained nearly parallel with the
glass, and about 18 in. from it. Somehow, I cannot fancy that
these portable trees at Hylands are either healthy, handsome,
or well furnished.

But you will be tired, Sir, of my zig-zag track ; and I con-
fess that, when I set out, I did not intend taking so wide
a range: but the fact is, when I get on my hobby-horse,
there is no knowing where I shall stop. I am afraid, Sir,

‘your patience has been tried in followmg my rambles in this
hasty ride; but, I trust, if I have not keptsa direct path, you
will do me the justice to believe that I have all the while been
endeavouring to point out the high-road — truth ; and I hope
I have stumbled upon something worth marking. I willnow

Vou. VI. — No: 27. FE

AGA Treatment of the Peach and Nectarine

“pull up,” and take a peep at peach trees in perfection : such
I shall find at Carlton Hall gardens, under the management
of Mr. Seymour. Here is a perfect system, which encourages
health, uniformity, regularity, beauty, and utility. When the
border is properly made, healthy young trees planted, and
Seymour’s system closely pursued, the trees will rarely lose
their equilibrium. I should adopt it with little deviation in any
soil or situation. Here is no confusion of branches by grow-
ing over each other; there are no more than what are wanted ;
each shoot has its allotted space, and, as well as the fruit, is
agreeably exposed to the influence of the sun and air. By
stopping the shoot at the end of the side branch, the juices
are retained for the support of the fruit and the shoot intended
for a fruit-bearmg branch the followmg year. But to enu-
merate all the merits of this plan is not my intention, although
I would willmgly try, if by doing so I could convert Mr.
Newington, and those who are of his opinion, to the faith of
it. His plan of shortening back the young spray is useful in
‘particular cases; but, to do it to a considerable extent, he
will have crowds of younger spray, and cannot avoid confusion,
‘both of which ought to be avoided on fruit trees of every
‘kind. I wish he had been with me when I visited Carlton, in
-August, 1825; I am confident he would have been satisfied,
‘had he seen only one tree (I mean a peach tree), which covered
45 ft. of a ten-feet wall. It was then in a state never to be
forgotten by any gardener who beheld it. The fruit, which
was ripening, was of the finest description, and standing as
regularly all over the tree, at about 1 ft. apart, as if it had
been stuck on at measured distances; there was scarcely a
bare piece of wall as far as the tree extended; from the trunk
to the extremities of the branches the succession shoots were
equally good from one end to the other. Is it not worth
while going fifty miles to see such a tree? ~

I hope Mr. Newington will not take any offence at what I
have said, as I have not intended any; and if I have been
troublesome to you, Sir, Iam sorry for it, and I will endea-
vour to be more careful in future. I am, Sir, &e.

Howsham, March 16. 1830. J: CRAIG.

-Art. XIX. On the Treatment of the Peach and Nectarine during
the Summer Season...By Mr. Witt1am Seymour, late Gardener
to Henry Preston, Esq., Moreby, near York.

Sir, i
Amonest the various communications in your useful Ma-
gazine, there appear to be many complaints of the bad ma-

during the Summer Seasov. 435

nagement of the peach and nectarine, and few offer any re-
gular plan for their improvement. I here take the liberty of
contributing my mite along with the rest of your correspond-
ents. I conceive, from what I cbserved in the south of Eng-
land last summer, and from former observation, that the
greatest error is in the summer management. I will endea-
your to give an account of our treatment of the trees at that
season, and leave it to you and your readers (should you think
it worthy of being laid before them) to judge as to its merits
or demerits.
. In the spring, as soon as the young shoots have grown
to about an inch long, we begin to disbud or thumb-prune
them, by taking off all the young shoots where there is no
blossom or fr uit, except the lowest one upon the bearing
branch, and that at the extreme point of it: this end shoot i is
allowed to grow about 3in., and is then stopped; and the
buds by the fruit all broken off to about four of their bottom
leaves, so as to make a cover for the young fruit until the
time of thinning, when those little spurs are taken away with
the fruit that is not wanted, and the others are retained alone
with the fruit that is left. ‘Dy so doing, we are only growing
the shoot that we shall want next year for bearing fruit, which
vives our trees an opportunity of extending themselves, and
making good wood; but not so strong as Mr. Newington
describes (p. 55.), except in the centre of our young trees
(figs. 79, 80. in Vol. IT. p. 295.), which are growing in a soil
nearly like that complained of by Mr. Errington (p. 54.) : in
which case we find little convenience ; for, instead of taking
off the summer laterals or water-shoots (as they are sometimes
called), as is generally done, we lay them in at regular dis-
‘tances, the same as we should a natural spring shoot ; and, if
they do not bear fruit the next summer, they will pr oduce
fine bearing wood for a future year; so that we have not to
shorten those strong shoots, but lay them in their whole length
for main or secondary leading branches, as we have at this
time shoots laid in, above 6 ft. Tong, of last year’s growth, with
fruit upon their laterals.

When the young shoots at the base of the fruit-bearing
ones, or the extending part of the leading branches, have
grown 4 or 5in., they 2 are tied down to the aon branches as
close as they will admit without breaking or pinching them,
and kept close to the wall through the summer. By this means
they will get perfectly ripe and firm, and not be so luxuriant
as when permitted to grow from the wall almost wild; and the
fruit must, of course, be lar ger when the wood is thin than.
when it is permitted to grow twice as large as is necessary.. :

FF 2

436 Training the Peach and Nectarine on low Walls.

There will be found, when disbudding, at the base of the
shoots, small buds that are not likely a make a shoot that
season ; but they must be retained, as they will produce a
shoot in a future year, and then bring your young wood nearer
home.

I remain, Sir, &c.
Carlton, May 20. 1830. WILLIAM SEYMOUR.

Art. XX. On a Method of training the Peach and Nectarine on
low Walls. By Mr. W1tLiAM Seymour.
Sir,

I PERFECTLY agree with Mr. Kendall (Vol. II. p. 140.)
respecting the necessity of adopting some regular method
in pruning fruit trees, particularly the peach and nectarine :
but I must beg leave to differ in opinion respecting our
[the Seymour] method being so well adapted for horizontal
training on low walls; for if am inclined to think that that
method is not at all proper for the peach or nectarine on low
walls, owing to the liability of these species of trees to lose
large branches, which, when it happens when the tree is old,
and against a low sil renders it impossible to replace ‘nea.

_ The method which I here offer for tr aining on low walls is,
to take a maiden plant, and to treat it in the manner described
in your Magazine (Vol. I. p. 129., and II. p. 295.), so as
to produce a tree in the form of fg. 85.; and when it has

grown too large for the wall, it may very easily be changed
in figure, m the manner of Ve. 86. By these means the

Pine Plants in Soil at Castle Semple. 437

86

fan, curvilinear, and horizontal style will be combined, and
the gardener will be prepared, in case of an accident, because
any of the branehes motel from aa may be made leading
ones. I remain, Sir, &c.

WILLIAM SEYMOUR.
Weddington, June 3. 1827.

Art. XXI. S£arther Notice of the Pine Plants at Castle Semple,
planted in a Bed of Soil. By Joun Hay, Esq.

esi;

I eEmpBrRAcE this opportunity of giving you the mllowite
extract from Mr.-Lauder’s letter of the 18th of January: —
‘‘ The pines planted in a bed of soil, in one of the steam-pits,
on the 18th of March, 1829, although but the previous au-
tumn’s suckers, are now the largest and finest-looking plants-
of any in all the houses: theyare far superior to any of the same.
age grown in pots in the common way, and form a striking
contrast when compared*with them. From what I have seen
of their progress this last summer, I shall not now’ hesitate ’
about planting the whole of the other steam-pit in March
next, with a view to fruit them in’ 1831; and I shall plant it
next autumn with suckers immediately from the stools, with-
out potting them, to fruit in 1832. Should the fruit be in
proportion to the size of the plant, they cannot fail to be fine, »
one of the small early-planted suckers having, soon after it.
was put into the bed, started into fruit, and produced a fine -
pine-apple, which swelled well, and, when cut, was found to
be very juicy and of excellent flavour.”

FF 3

438 Pine Plants in Soil at Castle Semple.

I have written Mr. Lauder my views of the treatment of
the plants, in order to the proving of them regularly in the —
ensuing spring; and, should he be as successful in this case
as in growing the plants, I shall endeavour to send you a spe-
cimen of the fruit, which, I think, Major Harvey will not
refuse me. I intended to have asked him before I wrote you,
but, he having sent me notice to pack the fruit accompanying
this, as it must be sent off to-morrow, I had not an oppor-
tunity of seeing him.

I give you the following extract from Mr. Lauder’s letter,
as a final answer to your query to Mr. Neill, about the best
substance for plunging pots of pines in, in steam-pits : — “ I
found the thermometer, in the bed of soil, generally 2°, and
sometimes 3°, higher than one plunged at the same depth
among rotten leaves; and 4°, and sometimes 5°, higher than
one plunged at the same depth among gravel, all in the steam=.
pit. ‘The heat was frequently in summer as under: — ~~

~ © Soil Se =, 92° Soil < = - 93°
Leaves - - - 90 Leaves = Sere U0
Gravel - - - 87 Gravel - - 88

« When the steam was withheld: longer than. usual, the.
thermometer among the gravel was the first that got lowest;
but, on the other hand, when the steam was applied longer
than usual to the pit, the gravel was soonest heated. Since
my return from Edinburgh, I withheld the steam from the pit.
for several days, until the thermometer plunged to the same
depth ranged as follows, on the morning of the 6th of Jan. :—

“In the bed of soil - - - 80°
Among the rotten leaves - - 79
Among the gravel - - - 74

~ & On the above day, I let the steam into the pit for about
four hours, and the thermometer ranged, the three following
days, without any more steam, as follows : —

Soil - 983° Soll - 85° Soil - 85°
“On the 7th4 Leaves 82 | 8th~ Leaves 83 | 9th? Leaves 83
Gravel 90 Gravel 88 Gravel 80”

It appears, from the last trial, that Mr. Lauder has stopped
too soon from making his observations: he ought to have con-.
tinued them until the heat in the bed of soil, as indicated by
the thermometer, had sunk lower than 85°. This, however,
is the degree of heat at 1 ft. deep in the earth, during sum--
mer, in Grenada, as a gentleman, a planter there, wrote home
for my information. ‘The thermometer in the steam-pit was
plunged 9in. deep. From the above trials, I think it evident

Large Vine at Selliwood Park. 439

that stones or gravel is the best substance for heating by
steam, in a close chamber; and that earth is the best sub-+
stance for plunging the pots in. .

Iam, Sir, yours, &c.
Ldinburgh, Jan. 22. 1830. Joun Hay.

Arr. XXII. Some Account of a large Vine at Sellwood Parh, the

Seat of Michie Forbes, E'sq., Sunning Hill, Berkshire. By Mr.
_ H. Cummine, Gardener to Mr. Forbes.

. Sir,

Tue large Black Hamburgh vine at this place was brought
from Sion Hill gardens, then the Duke of Marlborough’s, in
1810. It was then a small plant, which had been struck that
season from an eye, and it was planted in Sellwood Park
garden-in 1811. © For the first year or two nothing very
remarkable was neticed in its growth, more than that it had
a very healthy appearance. About the fourth or fifth year
after planting, it had nearly filled the small house it was in.
The house was then lengthened 20 ft., and in about two years
afterwards it had nearly supplied it with strong healthy bearing
wood. ‘The house was then again, and has been since, length-
ened. ‘The present length of the house is about 90 ft., breadth
13 ft.; number of bunches on the vine 1100; and it is in-
tended to have the house lengthened 36 ft. more next autiimn,
To show the vigour of this remarkable young vine, I may men-
tion that, when three years ago the house was lengthened an
additional 35 {t., the second year afterwards the shoots reached
to the end of it. It is a remarkably good bearer, producing
a fine large dark berry of an excellent flavour. Many of the
bunches weigh upwards of 2 lbs.; some cut last year almost
21 lbs. It stands nearly in the centre of the house. It has a
beautiful straight stem, upwards of 6 ft. in height; and then
branches off each way horizontally, with nine principal lead-
ing shoots. ;
. The mode of training, and fine healthy strong appearance
of the vine, together with the excellent crop of grapes which
it produces every year, excite the admiration of every gentle-
man and gardener who comes here; and the vine, on the
whole, is allowed by them to surpass that at Hampton Court,
or any other vine in the country. Its roots may be said to
be both in and out of the house; as it is planted inside, but,
the front wall being on arches, many of the roets are in the
eld asparagus beds in front. We have already begun to

FE 4

440 Method of obtaining

remove these beds, and shall continue to do so yearly, till our
young beds, which have been lately planted, come into bear=
ing; as we purpose to devote that piece of ground entirely to
the nourishment of the vine. .
With the permission of Mr. Forbes, I have sent youa small
sample of grapes, and I can assure you that the bunches were
not picked, but cut from one part of the vine and not 2 ft.
from each other. IT remain, Sir, &c.
: H. Cummines.
Sellwood Park, October 21. 1829. :

Tue berries were large, dark, of excellent flavour, and the
bunches weighing from half a pound to a pound and a half. —
Cond.

Arr. XXIII. On a Method of obtaining new Kinds of Potatoes.
By SoLa‘NuUM TUBERO'SUM.
Si 7.

Havine noticed in your useful publication several commu-
nications relative to that useful and now almost indispensable
vegetable, the potato, I beg to offer a method of obtaining
new kinds, which is as follows, viz. : —

Macartney’s Method of obtaining new Kinds of Potatoes
from Seed. — “ Sow the. seed in a hot-bed, about the middle
of February, in lines Gin. apart, a quarter of an inch deep,
and very thin. When water is necessary, sprinkle it between
the lines, but avoid wetting the plants, as that would injure
them. A little air must be given before they are watered.

‘* As the plants rise, rich earth, carefully put between the
lines, will add. fresh vigour to them; but the tops of the
plants must not be covered by these mouldings, which should
be occasionally repeated until they are fit for transplanting.
To prepare them for this, about the end of April they must
be plentifully refreshed with air; and, two hours before re-
‘moving them, they must be plentifully watered all over, and
the glasses covered with bass. mats, to prevent the sun, if
shining at the time, from scorching the plants. Take each
plant up carefully, with a ball of earth attached to it, and
plant them in trenches, as you would celery, only with this
difference, the distance from plant to plant in the limes must
be 18in.; and if the sun should be shining out strong at the
time of planting, a flower-pot should be placed over each, to
prevent flagging ; for, with all your care in taking up, a good
many of the fibres will be broken. After the plants have,

new Kinds of Potatoes. 44}

established themselves, remove the pots, and earth up occa-
sionally, as long as the space between them will admit of it.
The produce of new kinds of potatoes raised in this manner
is generally prodigious for twelve years afterwards. The
best manure is yellow moss and rotten horse-dung.”

Now, Sir, I beg to observe, that I have tried the above
method of raising new kinds of potatoes, and found “it to
answer my most sanguine expectations. In the year 1807, I
selected a seed-ball of an early variety, which I obtained from
the late Mr. James Dickson of Covent Garden, well known
to the botanical world, and, after washing the seed clean from
the pulpy matter whieh sux rounded it, I Kept it in a dry place
till the time directed for sowing. I planted seventeen plants,
and threw away the remainder: each plant produced a distinct
variety, of as various quality. ‘There were amongst them
round, oblong, and kidneys; good, bad, and indifferent;
black, white, and red; all full grown the first season, and of
ample produce: some were as early as the parent plant ;
while others, again, were very late. We have, it is true, a
great variety of capital kinds of this useful vegetable; but if
eentlemen’ s gardeners, who have it in their power more than
any other elas of men in the kingdom, were to set’ about
earnestly raising new kinds, it is very probable that far supe-
rior kinds te any of those now in use ‘might be obtained at
a trifling expense, as a single-light box, ech a few linings,
would answer the purpose, after it had performed its office of
raising cucumber plants for the larger frames: and such a
course of experiments by different individuals, if successful,
would not only tend to benefit. the country at large, but, it
would also afford a solid satisfaction to the minds of those
who would give themselves such a trifling degree of trouble,
if they were successful in obtaining a distinct variety, that

-would, from its valuable properties, “obtain celebrity.

7 Should you deem the above account worthy of the notice
of your readers, I may perhaps, at a future time, when leisure
permits, send you one or two more recipes that might be of
service not only to young but to old gardeners.

I began to fear we had lost the effusions of our amusing
old friend Agronome, but Iam glad to see he has made his
appearance again. Many hearty laughs have we had at his
gibes, and long may he continue to foegeesth them for the amuse-
ment of your readers, together with his pithy useful inform-
ation: but I must conclude, or, as our worthy friend observes,
I shall become tiresome. - Iam, Sir, &c.

SoLA NUM TUBERO SUM.
Neath, Glamorganshire, Dec. 5: 1829.

442 — Description and Use

Art. XXIV. Description and Use of Bartlett's Cultivator.
By W. D.

Sir, :
I senp you enclosed the plan of an implement of agricul-
ture invented, and most successfully worked, by Mr. G. Bart-
lett, a most respectable and exceedingly ingenious tenant of
Sir Richard Vyvyan, Bart. It will, I am fully confident,
when known through the medium of your Magazine, be gene-
rally approved of. On lands of a strong adhesive nature,
where, in consequence of wetness, the roller and harrow can-
not reduce it suitably for the reception of the seed, Bart-
lett’s cultivator will be found to be eminently advantageous.
This cultivator can be so modified in principle as to serve
every purpose in the preparing of wet land for tillage, The
implement has a roller of thirteen sharp plates, placed at in-
tervals of about 4in.; consequently no lumps of earth over
which the cultivator passes can exceed in magnitude the dis-
tance of one plate from the other. By the addition of platess
it can so operate upon the surface as to supersede the neces-
sity of the harrow or roller; either of which, in wet seasons,
on many lands, is of more injury than service. Mr. G. Bart-
lett has found it save about one half of the labour, which
alone is sufficient to recommend its adoption on all farms of
difficult culture in wet seasons.
Trelowarren, near FHelstone, in Cornwall, W. D.
May 20. 1829.

BarrLetr’s cultivator consists of a roller
(fig. 87.) composed of thirteen thin iron
plates, each fastened to a circular block of
wood of 4 in. in thickness, and bound round
with iron. Both plates (a) and blocks (6)
are movable on an iron axle, and the size
of both (7g. 88.) may be increased or diminished at pleasure.
Mr. Bartlett has adopted a diameter of 9in. for the blocks,
and 15in. for the plates, as may be observed by the dimen-
sions in jig. 87.

fig. 89. is the under side of the frame in which the roller

88

of Bartlet?’s Cultivator, — 44.3

is fixed; a@ a, the position of the axle gudgeons; 6, movable
staple for attaching the draft trees; c, iron scrapers fastened

fe ‘
i

| a]
| “a

@ 2

OS. =\ =
d J
° &

Bi:

to the bar d, the use of which scrapers is to clean the roller,
and they are of such a length as almost to touch the blocks.
Each scraper is protected by a piece of wood (e), to prevent
it from being forced back by the earth on the roller. ‘These
pieces of wood are fastened to the bar jf; as the scrapers are
to the bar d. The general appearance of the roller when at
work will be easily understood. (fg. 90.)

Though we have no doubt that such a machine as the above
may occasionally be found useful, yet we are averse from
recommending agricultural implements or machines which are
at all éomplicated. Wherever the soil and climate are favour-

444 Indian Corn raised at Hampstead,

able to aration, almost every description of culture may be
effected bythe plough and harrow alone, and at most-with the.
addition of the roller, horse-hoe, and probably a sowing-
machine of some sort. ‘The first agriculturists in the world,

those of East Lothian, have nothing more. Wet adhesive
lands, whilst wet, can seldom be worked to advantage with
any implement; and, indeed, it must be owing chiefly to some
local circumstances, he | in anes times sndh lands can at all
pay for being kept under the plough. Were trade in corn
free, or this country thoroughly intersected with rail-roads,
such lands would be kept under grass or wood. Every in-
vention and attempt at improvement ought, however, to be
recorded for the benefit of future inventors. — Cond.

~y

Ant. XXV. An Account of some Plants of Indian Corn raised at
Hampstead, and of some remarkable Circumstances connected there-
with. By X. Y.

Sir,

Tue following short account of some Indian corn raised at
Hampstead may perhaps be interesting to your readers, par-
ticularly as it proves that the seed will prodtice vigorous plants
after it has been kept several years ; a fact pe has often been
denied or doubted : —

Sept. 28. 1820, an ear of Indian corn was gathered. at
Dijon, in Franee ; it -was small, -being: only. 5 in, long,-and it,
contained 300 grains. April 20. 1826, some of these seeds
were sown in a garden-pot which was kept in a sitting-reom-
of an equal temper ature. At the end of a fortnight, the plants
came up, and were occasionally put out of the oyindew whed
the weather was fine. On the 19th of June, they were trans-
planted into a warm border in the garden, sheltered from the
north and east winds. ‘The gr ound was previously well ma-
nured with dung. The plants, after their removal, soon began
to grow very luxuriantly, and produced several fine ears of
corn, much larger than the ear we brought from France. ‘The
largest ears were 8 in. long, weighed nearly a pound, and
contained from 500 to 600 orains,

In 1827, I planted the seeds in garden-pots, as before’;
some from the last year’s crop, and some from the French
seed. ‘They both came up about the same time, but the °
plants from the new seed were rather the stronger. “The ears
were as fine, and ripened as well as they had- done in 1826. --

In 1828, I planted some seeds of the produce of the pre-;
ceding year in the open ground, and found that they throve_

with some remarkable Circumstances. 4.45

better than those first sown in garden-pots and transplanted.
Last year (viz. 1829) the ears were large, and full of embryo
seeds; but, owing to the wet weather at the time the male
flowers were in bloom, there were very few perfect seeds, and
none of the ears ripened. Owing, probably, to the ground
being so much manured, the plants i in 1827 were particularly
vigorous ; and, after the male flowers were out of bloom and
the pollen dried up, several side shoots appeared, which, I
have since learned, should have been taken off, as they weaken
the plant, and seldom ripen. However, I suffered them to
remain on; and I was much interested in watching the curious
provision of nature to secure the fructification of the seed of
this second brood. When the ears of corn began to enlarge,
‘a branch of male flowers, about 4 in. long, grew out of ihe
end of each ear, as the crown or top grows out of a pine-
apple. In due time these ears genes but they were small
and ill-formed.

Still later in the season, a third brood appeared ; and here
nature had another wonderful contrivance to provide for the
safety of the seed. As the weather began to be cold and
ungenial, the male flower grew from the bottom of the ear,
within the glume or envelope, like two children lying side by
side in a cot. Most of these ears proved abortive ; a few
‘perfect seeds, however, were formed, though it was too late in
the year for them to ripen.
~ IT should wish to know whether similar changes in the
blossoms of Indian corn have ever before been noticed. Such
‘an extraordinary adaptation of means to an end seems to
partake of the nature of instinct in animals. By what fore-
knowledge could the male flower be aware that it was born
too late ia the season, and thus provide for itself a warm
covering, secure from wind and rain? A solution to this
question might form the subject of a very interesting physio-
logical essay. I shall anxiously look for an answer to these
queries from some of your scientific correspondents.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Hampstead, Jan. 12. 1830. Pa i

Ir thus appears that the seed of Indian corn will retain its
vegetative powers, m temperate climates, for six years, with
no other care than that of keeping it dry. We can vouch for
all the facts in the above communication, from our personal
knowledge of the excellent, amiable, and philosophic-minded
authoress of the paper, and cultivator of the corn. We hope
due attention will be paid to her queries by our physiological
readers. — Cond.

446

PART IL
REVIEWS.

Art. 1. A Series of Facts, Hints, Observations, and Experiments
on the different Modes of Raising, Pruning, and Training Young
Trees in Plantations. By W. Billington, Superintendant of the
Planting of the Royal Forest of Dean, &c.

Tuts book .is composed by a well-meaning good-natured
sort of a. man, evidently little accustomed to wield the pen.
His “series of facts,” however valuable some of them may
be, are rather loosely arranged, and mixed up with much
digressive and extraneous remark. The history of the rearing
of the fences at Dean Forest exhibits little that is creditable
to the projectors. The large banks of earth often gave way ;
and, ‘‘ sometimes, only the outside turf slipped down, and did
not, in the least, disturb the live hedge of whins.” ‘ The
sheep and cattle, by grazing on the outsides of the banks, on
soils of a loamy nature inclining to clay or marl, pulled up the
grass that grew between the layers of turf, by the roots, which
caused them to crumble down like clay, marl, or lime.”
(p. 6, 7.) This result might, we conceive, have been a priori
expected; and, in place of the managers confining them-
selves to one form of fence in all soils, and that form, too, the
least of all adapted for general practice, it would have been
easy to vary the form of fence to suit the nature of the soil.
On soils where the turf was full of small roots, the form of
fence specified by the contract, though of itself sufficiently
clumsy, and perfectly inadequate, without a top-rail, to keep
out sheep while the whins were young, yet, when they were
up, might, with their assistance, form a tolerable fence. The
bank contracted for was “ to be made 4 ft. 6 in. wide at bot-
tom, 5 ft. high, and 2 ft. wide at top; and care was taken to
build them entirely of turf, cut thin, from 3 to 4 or 5 in. thick,
according to the nature of the soil; and a ditch 18 in. deep on
the outside, a row of furze or whins to be sown on the top,
and another at the foot of the banks outside.” To this form,
for universal practice, we have several objections : and, in the
first place, it robs too great a breadth of the adjacent ground
of its surface soil. Suppose the medium thickness of the turf
to be 4 in., every linear foot of such fence will require 164 cubic

Billington’s Series of Facts, &c. 4A

feet; which, multiplied by 3, for turf of 4 in. thick, will uncover
a breadth of 48 ft. 9 in. all along the line of fence, depriving
the trees, in many instances, of the only portion of the soil in
which they could vegetate. On dry light soils, the upper
part of the bank would be too dry for the upper row of furze
forming an effective hedge: cattle would have too easy access
to the bottom and sides of such fence, unless it.were protected ;
and, if the value of the brushwood used is taken into the
account, the expense might very nearly construct a more sub-
stantial fence altogether. We have frequently adopted the
form, but not the dimensions, of the Dean Forest bank-fence,
where we were forced to have the line of fence on ground
sloping to the interior of the plantation from such fence; in
all other cases, we have found the ‘ditch and faced dike’ fence
the most economical, durable, and effective. The ditch 64 ft.
wide at top, 3 ft. deep, 9 or 10 in. wide at bottom; the turf
built to the same slope as the side of the ditch, and 34 ft. high,
including a green turf at top, backed by the earth which
comes out of the ditch; a row of whins sown on the top, inside
the turf, and some seeds sprinkled in the face of the dike in
course of building. A simple rail about 8 in. above the top
turf, projecting outwards, and without any offset exceeding
3in. where the dike commences, will form an effective fence
‘against sheep ; and cattle cannot browse to any hurtful extent,
as the bottom of the ditch is too narrow to admit of their
turning their face to the dike. The turf taken off the top of
the ditch will build the faced dike, and the earth will afford
sufficient backing. On this ditch bank are seen the best and
most forward trees in the plantation, in place of having 48 ft.
inward of stunted plants. The expense, too, of such a fence
is a consideration: 1s. 6d. will fence 6 yards of the dike and
ditch, and about another 6d. will cover the expense of railing,
where every thing is to purchase, estimating labourers’ wages
at 2s. per day of 10 hours. (See Lncyc. of Gard., § 6820.)
We are better pleased with the method adopted, as a dernier
ressort, by Mr. Billington, of planting ‘wet land.’ — * The
lines were laid down, as usual, at 4 ft. apart; a good turf, 16
or 18 in. square, as thick as the soil would admit, laid with
the grass side downwards a few months before planting: the
two swards rot, and the sod becomes firmly fixed, so that they
can be planted with the greatest ease, without disturbing the
sod.” This, however, by some modern writers, would be
termed “a Scotch shift,” though not practised in that country.
Effectual draining we hold to be the first requisite in plant-
ing. Had this been properly attended to, and the surface of
the swampy soils in Dean Forest pared and burned, there

44.8 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

would have been no occasion for the ‘sod system ;’ there
would have been less cover of rank herbage for mice, under
which to perform their “ deeds of darkness,” and fewer seeds
for their sustenance; there would have been less waste of
labour, and less waste of criticism on the mode of conducting
that labour. It appears that the ‘fern’ (Ptéris aquilina, we
presume) was a great annoyance in Dean Forest. ‘This plant
sends its roots more than a hundred feet deep into the soil,
and, consequently, is not easily eradicated; it is, however,
easily kept under while a plantation is young; and is, withal,
one of the best indications we know of a soil suitable to the
growth of oak and elm. We fear “ Sir Henry Steuart ”
will not think the following extract quite ‘ scientific :’>—“ Be-
cause large plants, when come red if they are not well cut in,
pruned, or divested of a great part of their branches, are
much longer before they make fresh shoots, if ever they do.”
(p. 69.) We think the baronet and Mr. Billington are, on
this subject, at the extremes of the question at issue. We
would say, in removing a tree, be as careful of the roots as
possible; but as, with the greatest care, some roots will be
hurt or destroyed, remove an equal proportion of the branches,
to preserve a fair equilibrium between the leaves and roots ;
or, as Mr. Billington remarks, “ probably the bark, sap, and
air-vessels get hide-bound and contracted for want of their
usual supply and circulation of nutriment.” (p. 69.) His mode
of pruning larch nurslings, by cutting the branches about the
middle, where they interfere with oak or other permanent
wood, is entitled to the attention of those who have the ma+
nagement of young plantations; but, for an account of the
superior growth of larch trees so pruned, we must refer to
the work itself. ‘The simple plaster of cow-dung, which he
recommends for wounds in trees, we have always considered
as equal in merit to the far-famed Forsyth’s plaster: and,
upon the whole, although the book is not well got up, we
believe it contains many sensible and useful remar ks. — A. G.
Perthshire.

Art. Il. The Practical Planter; containing Directions for. the
Planting of Waste Land, and Management of Weod: with a new
Method of rearing the Oak. By Thomas Cruickshank, Forester
at Careston. Edinburgh, 1830. 8vo. 12s.

WE see trees of a huge size on the open lawn, or by the

way-side ; and, not recollecting, perhaps, of any thing haying

been done for them, are apt to imagine that wood wants little

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 4.4.9

or no attention to rear it to perfection. To fence a piece of
ground, and merely to “ stick in the trees,” are, too frequently,
all that are thought necessary. Hence the miserable appear-
ance of many woods and plantations in the kingdom; and
sometimes the opinion that planting is an unprofitable under-
taking.

Were the subject more generally understood, and the most
judicious schemes acted on, it is easy to anticipate the improved
appearance, and increased value, of many neglected districts
of the country; for there is hardly a vacant corner, or a
heathy waste, which will not. produce valuable crops of trees
of one kind or other. One can hardly think of a more extra-
vagant or a less rational scheme, than planting the same kinds
of trees in every variety of soil and situation; yet we find
writers of professed experience recommending the larch end
oak to be planted universally. Indeed, the chief part of the
art lies in adapting the kinds of trees to the quality of the soil
and the peculiarity of the situation. a

Perhaps at no former period of our history has the subject
of plantation been more anxiously discussed than of late years.
Some of the authors are persons of rank and title, and some
are professional; but it is matter of regret that conflicting
schemes have been advocated, and experience has been made
to support directly opposite principles.

A number of authors have recommended raising the oak
from the acorn, without transplanting; while others have
maintained that the only way to obtain a thriving oak wood
is, by using stout plants, several years old, from the nursery.
Both these classes have advised their oaks to be from 10 to
7 ft. apart, that the land might be sufficiently stocked for a
full crop. Another, though not a numerous, class, have
talked of a much smaller number — 17 to an acre! These,
however, they propose to increase, as may be required, merely
by layering !

But most writers agree on the advantages of pretty close
planting, and gradual thinning. ‘There are some who main-
tain that there is only one sort of Scotch pine indigenous to
North Britain ; and affirm that Scotch nurserymen brought a
spurious variety from Canada, not more than fifty years since,
which now pervades the whole kingdom! others consider the
whole of that story without foundation. Some recommend
carefully cutting off the snags and dying branches from the
boles of all the trees of the pine and fir tribes ; while others
condemn all pruning of pines and firs as certain destruction
to the trees.. Some will have their hard-wood trees pruned
up with a clean stem, and a bushy head; others wish the boles

Vou, Vi. —No 27. CLE:

450 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

of their trees to be furnished with small branches and twigs;
and the top moderately thinned out, to let the leader get up.
On this hand, we are directed to cut every competing branch
at once off, close by the bole: on that, we are advised to
shorten, and wait till the bole increase to such a size as to
envelope the branch so shortened, that the evil of an abrupt
termination of the layers of wood, at the amputated place,
may be prevented !

Here we are informed, that the best way to season larch
wood, and keep it from warping, is to bark it a year or two
before cutting it down. There, again, that the only way to
season wood of every kind, and give it hardness and solidity,
is to immerse it in water immediately on taking it down.

In the sizes and ages of the plants, the time of planting, the
manner of pitting, the preparation of the land for receiving
tke plants, and the effects of that preparation on the quality
oi, the timber when it comes to maturity, the opinions are
conflicting and perplexing.

Without pretending to account for these discrepancies on
the subject of raising timber, we feel no difficulty in attribut-
ing them, in most cases, to hasty conclusions, drawn from ill-
digested premises. Hence, imaginary improvements are made
known, which lead the public astray, as the zgnzs fatuus does
the bewildered traveller, till he finds himself involved in a
quagmire of difficulties.

Not a few of the late authors on planting discover a very
culpable ignorance of the writings of their predecessors : an
acquaintance with which might have enabled them to correct
their own mistakes and erroneous notions, and also have pre-
vented them from bringing forward much redundant matter,
and making themselves ridiculous in the world.

The professed object of the last publication on planting
(Mr. Cruickshank’s Practical Planter) is, to teach the world
‘* a new method of rearing the oak.” That its author should
have imagined the method he recommends as “ new,” can
only be accounted for from his total ignorance of almost every
book on the subject of raising timber. Indeed, the identical
method of creating shelter for the pits of oaks which he speaks
of, is circumstantially detailed in Nicol’s Planter’s Kalendar
(p. 192—195.), a work which made its appearance in 1812.

The methods of raising oak timber from acorns without
transplanting, and from transplanted trees, have each their
advantages and disadvantages. We have a curious contrast
of these in the work before us (p.235.): on the common
“method of cultivating it [the oak], the person who plants
scarce ever lives to see it arrive at a bulk large enough to

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. ABIL

render its timber useful for any of the purposes for which
oak is required. But,” adds he, “ let it be treated according
to the above directions, and, in 30 or 35 years after the acorn
is put into the ground, the tree will be in a state of maturity
to qualify it, not, perhaps, for becoming the principal timbers
of a large ship, but, at least, for boat-building, and all lighter
and more minute parts of naval architecture.”

What he can have meant by this piece of composition it is
not easy to say: but, if we follow his “ directions,” that is, to
leave 500 of his larch and pine nurses on each acre of his oak
wood, till they are from 30 to 35 years old, it will be marvel-
lous enough if his oaks, of nearly the same age, should be fit
for the minutest purposes he speaks of. Scotch pine and
larches, 30 to 35 years of age, will have risen to 40 or 45 ft.
in height, and their side-branches will have met: so that his
young oaks from the acorns, from 27 to 32 years old, must
be in the worst plight either for cutting for the purposes of
** naval architecture,” or remaining for forming a crop of oak
timber on the land.

Perhaps he may be inclined to say, in this case, what he
does in another, namely, ‘ It is but fair, however, to allow,
that, on this point, my opinion is founded rather on a careful
calculation than on actual experience ;” and, we think, it might
be very appropriate, with the exception of the word “ care-
ful.” Indeed, his experience in the forest seems to be con-
fined to a very short period ; for, its whole length he fixes at
fourteen years, which, he says, were chiefly employed in the
nursery.

Had the author not informed us to the contrary, we should
have said that most of the matter in his book, on general
planting, was a desultory collection from the Planter’s Ka-
lendar: but it is made to appear that he had never seen that
work in his life ; nor ever learned anything of its contents till
his book was written, and, most likely, in the press. *

However, there are many useful observations in its first

* « Since writing this work, I have learned that the plan of raising oaks
from the acorns, in the spots where they are intended to remain, has been
recommended by authority far superior to mine, viz. by Dr. Yule in the
Horticultural Memoirs, and by Mr. Sang in the Planter’s Kalendar.” (p.209.
note.

Os 28. “ certain English writers’ are condemned, and Pontey and the
Encyclopedia of Gardening quoted. Now, on the supposition that the
arboriculture of the Encyclopedia was read, which it must have been in
order to write p.28., how can Mr. Cruickshank plead ignorance of what
is therein stated from Sang, Yule, and others, respecting raising the oak
from the acorn, till after he had written his work ? The Practical Planter
and its honest author must cut rather an awkward figure till these blunders
are publicly acknowledged and cancelled. — E. D. G. |

GG 2

452 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

part ; and its second, being a transcript of a part of Sir Henry
Steuart’s Planter’s Guide, speaks for itself. —H. D. G. June 12.
1830.

The above we received from a correspondent, after we had completed the
following review. We have omitted E. D. G.’s remarks on Mr. Cruick-
shank’s misrepresentation of two passages in our Encyclopedia, wishing
to bear. the responsibility ourselves of what we shall have to state on
that subject.

WE learn, from the dedication, that this work is the result
of experience chiefly acquired in the service of the Earl of
Fife ; and, from the preface, that the author was led to pub-
lish, by hearing frequent discussions regarding the cause of
the failure of the oak in Scotland. He has produced, on the
whole, a useful practical book, more especially for the north
of Scotland: but it is one half too large; and, if the author
had confined himself to his own experience, instead of abridg-
ing Sir Henry Steuart’s method of giving immediate effect to
wood, treating of wood in pleasure-grounds or gentlemen’s
seats, of the property and uses of timber, &c., and, what one
would least expect, setting forth claims to originality for what
had been recommended a century before, his work would
have merited unreserved commendation: but, then, it would
not have contained more than 150 pages, instead of 440.
This is the reigning vice of all books (our own among the
rest); and the excuse is, the necessity of living and tax-pay-
ing. One great fault which we find with the author is, that
of not having done justice to those who preceded him on the
same subject. Sang’s edition of Nicol’s Planter’s Kalendar,
in our opinion by far the best work on practical planting
which Scotland has produced, and which contains all that is
of most value in the work before us, is only slightly noticed
in the note quoted in last page. Reid is not mentioned, nor
Gordon, who, in his Planter’s, Morist’s, and Gardener’s Dic-
tionary, Kidinburgh, S8vo, 1774, recommends, for large plan-
tations, ‘* to plant acorns where they are intended to stand,
putting two or three into each hole,” &c., and grubbing up
the weakest afterwards, in the terms of our author. Not
to mention English authors, therefore, there is nothing new,
among Scotch authors on planting, in the proposal to raise
oak woods from the acorn. ‘That there is nothing new in
Scotch practice, we have only to refer, for proof, to the Gene-
ral Report of Scotland ; to the County Reports, from which that
is taken; or to the art. Wood, in Martyn’s Miller’s Diction-
ary. ‘Yo be particular, we shall refer to the Gen. Rep. Scot.,

Cruckshank’s Practical Planter. ABB

vol. ii, p. 269.; and to our Encyc. of Gard., 2d edit. § 6828. :
and Encyc. of Agr., § 3645. What Mr. Cruickshank calls
** a new method of rearing the oak,” is, planting the acorns
in plantations of pines, firs, or other trees, of 3 or 4 years’
growth, in order that they may be sheltered during their
infancy : a very excellent mode, and particularly well adapted
for the north of Scotland; but which, as it has been long
practised at Welbeck in Nottinghamshire, and in the New
Forest in Hampshire, is, at least, not new in England. Hay-
ing pointed out what we consider faults in this work, we shall
now proceed to the more agreeable task of indicating its most
valuable passages.

In the introductory remarks on the advantages of planting,
the hackneyed subject of providing timber for the navy is
dwelt on. It seems that, if our foreign intercourse were cut
off, our oaks fit for the navy would be completely exhausted in
the course of four or five years. In our opinion, it is a mat-
ter of no consequence whether our oaks will last two years or
five years: while the country has money, oaks, or a substi-
tute, will be found in abundance ; and cheaper far than they
can ever be grown by government in national forests. We
see no more reason, therefore, for recommending the culture of
wood, in a national view, than we do for recommending the
growth of wheat or potatoes on the same grounds. Our
author argues with more effect when he recommends planting
waste lands, at present producing only heaths, or a very
scanty pasture; and he has the merit of having shown, in a
more forcible manner than any writer that has preceded him,
that ‘planting may even be used as a means of preparing
uncultivated land for agricultural improvement.”

** It may seem a very paradoxical fact, but it is nevertheless true, that
wood, instead of impoverishing the ground on which it is produced, enriches
it. There is very little of our waste land that, if trenched or ploughed, will
carry even a moderate crop of grain, unless it receive a considerable quan-
tity of manure. After bearing timber, however, the contrary is found to be
true. ;

“ On a rising ground, not far from the village of Ellon, a piece of ground
of a dry gravelly nature, which had been lately cleared of a crop of full-
grown Scots firs, was trenched in a very partial and imperfect manner, the
roots of the trees being scarcely eradicated. It was then sown with oats,
without receiving either lime, dung, or manure of any other description:
yet the crop was so luxuriant that a great part of it lodged. The following
spring the ground was again sown with the same species of grain, without
receiving any enrichment; and, when harvest arrived, the crop was un-
equalled by that of the richest fields, in a neighbourhood which is generally
considered as fertile. The experiment was tried a third time, still without
manure, and the return was again considerably above an average. The
soil, as has already been remarked, was dry and gravelly, and far from pos-
sessing any natural qualities that could have been the cause of such extra-

CuGyo

ABA Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

ordinary productiveness. When planted, it had been covered with heath,
and in that state had not been superior to those waste lands which we
occasionally see improved at a vast expense, and which will produce no
kind of crop till they receive a great quantity of manure.

“ Those who have never had an opportunity of seeing old woodlands
brought into cultivation, will scarce credit what has now been advanced.
That the soil should be enriched by the production of wood, when the
experience of ages has proved that it is always exhausted by other crops,
will seem to them a paradox of the most extravagant kind. If such readers,
however, will be at the trouble to give a little attention to the following
suggestions, the fact may appear to them much less unaccountable.

“ Trees draw their nourishment from a much greater depth than any of
the grasses, roots, or different kinds of grain raised by the agriculturist.
Most of the latter derive the whole of their subsistence from the part of the
soil that lies within a few inches of the surface; but the former, from the
superior strength and magnitude of their roots, are enabled to penetrate
much farther, and extract food from the very rock which forms the sub-
stratum of a great proportion both of our cultivated and uncultivated
erounds. This, though it does not account for lands being positively
enriched by wood, makes it, at the same time, far less surprising that trees
should grow to a larger size, and yet not exhaust the upper part of the soil
in so great a degree as most of the crops cultivated by the farmer.

“ There is another circumstance which gives ground in wood a great
advantage over that in tillage, which is, that the leaves of the trees are
suffered to decay and rot where they fall; and, by this means, an annual
addition is made to the depth of the vegetable mould. Now, the leaves of
a tree may be considered as bearing the same proportion to the trunk and
branches, in respect of the nourishment which they require, as the straw of
corn bears to the grain: but the manure which cultivated land receives is,
in general, little more than the straw which grows on it after it has served
for food or litter to cattle. Ground in wood, then, actually receives, in
the annual fall of the leaves, as much enrichment as the farmer bestows on
his land under tillage.

“ Ground employed in agriculture is exposed, at almost every season of
the year, to the full action of the atmosphere, and in the drought and heat
of summer much of its strength is evaporated. In land covered with wood
the case is entirely different; as, from the shade afforded by the leaves and
branches, very little evaporation takes place. This, then, is another reason
that serves, in some measure at least, to explain the seemingly paradoxical
fact in question; for, that evaporation has a very powerful tendency to
exhaust a land, by drawing off and dissipating the more volatile part of the
matter which assists in the process of vegetation, there can be no doubt,
when we consider that any kind of dung may be deprived of the greater
part of its strength by bemg long exposed to a dry atmosphere. Nor is it
merely by preserving its own original substance, that land in wood has the
advantage of cultivated ground. Whatever is extracted from the latter in
the form of vapour, falls again, when condensed, in the shape of rain or
dew ; but, instead of descending wholly on the same spots from whence it
rose, it is of course diffused over the whole space which the clouds con-
taining it may happen to cover; and woods and moss have as good a chance
of receiving it, on its return to the earth, as the ground in tillage. The part
of it which falls, either on the cultivated fields or the naked wastes, may be
again evaporated before it has had time to be productive of any benefit ;
but the portion of it which the woodlands imbibe is retained to enrich the
soil ; for, the umbrage excluding the rays of the sun, there is no possibility
of its being extracted a second time. Land covered with trees, therefore,
while it never loses any thing, receives, with every fall of rain or of dew, a
tribute from the riches of the cultivated part of the country. The advan-

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. A455

tage derived from this source is greater than will be credited by those who
are not aware how much of the substances proper for vegetable nutriment
are exhaled from the land, in a gaseous state, during the dry season of the
year.

_ “ But the principal way in which wood becomes instrumental in enrich-
ing land still remains to be noticed. When trees attain a certain size, they
attract multitudes of birds, which build their nests and seek shelter among
the branches. The dung of these animals is the very richest kind of manure
which can be applied to land, and possesses at least three times the strength
of that commonly used in agriculture. The quantity of it produced during
the long series of years which trees require to reach maturity, is, especially
when large colonies of crows take up their abode, very considerable, and
must have a powerful influence in improving and fertilising the soil.’

(p. 17.)

The foregoing extract is the best and most original argu-
ment for planting waste grounds which we have ever seen,
since it applies to all times and all countries. ‘The writer,
elsewhere, shows that waste lands in Aberdeenshire may be
planted with the Scotch pine, at from 15s. to 20s. per acre ;
and estimates (but in much too flattering a manner) that 600
[say 300] per acre of these pines will, in 60 years, be brought
to such a degree of maturity as to be worth, on an average,
10s. each; while the thinnings, during that period, will more
than pay the expense of planting, enclosing, and management,
with full interest. Here, then, is a rent of 5/. [say 2l.] per
acre for land, which, in its previous state of heath, as pasturage
for black cattle or sheep, was not worth above Is. per acre.

Among the “errors generally committed in the cultivation
of wood,” not adapting the trees to the soil is said, and truly,
to be one of the most fatal. Other errors are, giving the same
description of culture to every species of tree; treating the
pine and fir tribes like the leaf trees, for example: planting at
too great an original expense; from 6/. to 12/. per acre, instead
of 2/. per acre, exclusive of inclosing the ground: pruning
and thinning neglected, or performed on wrong principles.
The last error is, “ too close attention having been paid to
the maxims of certain English writers ;” from which, it is
said, “ considerable mischief has been done, of late years, to
the interests of arboriculture in Scotland.” ‘These writers
are found “ gravely recommending that firs be pruned, and
enforcing the direction in the strongest terms that can be
applied to such a purpose. A maxim more pregnant with ruin
to our fir plantations than this, supposing it generally acted
upon, could hardly be expressed in words.” Pontey is the
principal English writer who has recommended pruning firs :
but, instead of throwing out such an illiberal remark against
English writers in general, it would have been but candid to
state that Billmeton, equally an English author, has written

GG &

456 Cruickshank’s Practical Plantes.

against pruning firs. That Speechly was against if appears
from his papers in Hunter’s Georgics, and Young’s Annals ;
and in the last edition of Miller’s Dictionary, art. Woods, not
only the general arguments against pruning the pine and fir’
tribes, but even the particular mode of pruning the hard-
wooded trees, recommended by Cruickshank, is given :—“ No
fir tree should ever be pruned, unless to cut off the branches
near the ground: all other trees should be pruned with a
friendly hand, and only the branches taken away that rival:
the growth of the trunk: in general, these branches are near
the ground.” Pontey is blamed because he “ tells us that
the spruce will thrive well in dry land ; meaning, that it will
attain a large size in such a situation.” Pontey is right in
asserting that it will thrive well in dry land (see Vol. V. p. 595.,
the spruces at Denbighs): but that he ever meant it would
attain a large size in such a situation we do not believe; be-
cause he uses them only as nurses, and recommends their
being cut down for fence-woods when not too large for being
used entire and with the bark on. The bark, we have often
heard Pontey say, rendered the spruce fir one of the most
durable of trees used in a young state. We agree with the
writer, however, that the natural situation of the spruce is low
and moist.

“In Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Gardening we are told that the seeds of the
spruce, larch, and Scotch fir should be covered half an inch deep.” (p. 31.)

_ This is incorrect: we have, taking Sang as our guide,
directed covering the first and the last half an inch; but the
larch only a quarter of an inch. Thinking it rather singular
that Sang, who has been a nurseryman all his life, should be
wrong, we wrote to him, and also to Mr. Reid of Aberdeen,
Mr. Gorrie, Mr. Donald, and others, on the subject. We
find, in answer, that by most nurserymen half an inch is con-
sidered too much; and, though it was proper to censure us
for recommending that depth for the Scotch pine, it was unfair
to state that we included also the larch, which we expressly
recommend to be covered only one fourth of an inch.

“ In giving directions for laying out a nursery, Loudon recommends that
earth should be forced, as it is termed, in order to obtain soil exactly to
suit every species of trees that it may be necessary to raise. This is another
English nostrum, the chief use of which seems to be to create expense.”

(p. 32.)

The author enlarges on the subject in a note, arguing
against ‘¢ scrupulously forming the soil so as to be in exact
accordance with the nature of every plant that it may be ne-
cessary to raise in it ;” as,

“ In the first place, to discourage the propagation of trees, by increasing

Criuckshank’s Practical Planter: 4.57

5

the expens¢ ; and, secondly, to transeress against that fundamental rule in
arboriculture, namely, that young trees should be br ought up im the nursery
as hardy as possible. To force earth will be found, in general, equivalent
to forcing the plants; for the advocates of the practice always mean to
enrich, not to reduce, the soil by means of it.” (p. 33.)

The whole of this is a piece of gross pores anes Ina
chapter devoted to “ the formation of a nursery-garden for
the propagation and rearing of trees and shrubs,” we treat of
a complete NUYSEV'Y, A private NUTSerys and public nurseries. °° In
order to have a complete nursery,” we have stated, taking
Sang for our guide, that it “ should contain soils of yarious
qualities, and be not less than 18 in. or 2 ft. deep; the gene-
rality of it should be light, friable earth; a part of it should
be of a clayey nature ; ‘End. another part should be mossy.”
When it is considered that, in a complete nursery, American
shrubs, which require peat, bulbs, which require a dry, and
fruit trees, which require a loamy, soil, are to be raised, it will
not be denied, by any practical man, that the Aor three
descriptions aft soil are essential. ‘They are, in fact, to be
found in all the principal London and Edinburgh nurseries.
Lor a private nursery, we have recommended “a field,” ‘land
of a good quality and fine tilth, for the raising of seedlings ; ”
in short, much the same sort of nursery-ground that Mr.
Cruickshank recommends. Speaking of public nurseries, we
have said nothing about different soils, but recommended
cropping the ground in the double character of a kitchen-
garden and nursery. ‘The word forcing, or any word or
words on which that interpretation could be put, we have
never used. ‘The writer has conjured up this “ forcing of
earth” in his imagination, and then attacked it in detail. A
reviewer of the work, in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,
seizes on this “ forcing system of the nursery,” as he calls it,
as a feature of English practice, and condemns it as “ erro-
neous in principle, i Injurious in practice, and the cause of
numerous failures in forest culture.” ‘This is part of the art
of editing and reviewing, when the parties are either ignorant
of the subject, or srieniaitn some prejudicial feeling connected
with it. It is clear to us, that neither Cruickshank nor his
reviewer knows much of nursery-gardening, as practised either
in the principal nurseries of England or Scotland.

At the conclusion of the introductory remarks, in which the
above misrepresentations are included, the author informs us
that ‘* he conceived it to be the duty of every one who under-
takes to write on a practical subject, to point out the errors
of his predecessors, in so far as he has experience on his
side.” ‘This is laudable: but, first, totally to misrepresent a

458 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

passage, and next, in that guise, to condemn it, is a very
different thing.

Chap. I. treats of the “ Various Kinds of Trees, whose Culture
is described.” It commences with the Scotch pine; the re-
marks on which, we cannot help observing, are much more like
those of a professional bookmaker than of a practical planter.
As a proof, we give the following concluding sentence : —
‘‘ If it be true that the fir we now generally cultivate is, in
reality, of a spurious and inferior breed, whether originating
in Canada or at home, no time should be lost in exterminating
it from our nurseries.” The Article of the principal nursery-
man at Aberdeen, in a former Number (Vol. IV. p. 315.), we
thought, had set this strange story of Sir Walter Scott, in the
Quarterly Review, at rest for ever. It is there shown that the
whole is a mistake: no Scotch pine-seeds are, or ever were,
imported from Canada, where the tree is unknown; and that
the quality of Scotch pine timber depends on the nature of

‘the soil on which it grows. The author is equally unsatis-
factory in his remarks on what the Quarterly Review says
respecting the two species of oak supposed to be in cultiva-
tion. The Quarterly reviewer considers the Quércus Robur
and sessiliflora as two distinct species; whereas, the latter
name is merely a synonyme of Sir James Smith’s, in Lnglish
Botany, to distinguish it from Q. pedunculata. ‘The latter is
supposed to produce timber much inferior to the former ; but
we believe this to be a mistake, and that the quality of the tim-
ber depends much more on the quality of the soil than on the
species or variety. The Q. pedunculata produces much larger
acorns than the other ; and for that reason, as a correspondent
in the Gardener’s Magazine has shown, is more frequently
sown by nurserymen; but we do not think it has been clearly
proved that the timber of the one is naturally, and, without
reference to soil and situation, better than the other. We
never heard of, or saw, a natural oak forest in which they
were not mixed together, and in which individuals might not
be found containing the peduncles of different lengths, and
even sessile; which induces us to believe the two supposed
species to be varieties. This is also the opinion of some Ger-
man gardeners and foresters with whom we have conversed
on the subject ; for example, M. Hartweg of the grand-ducal
garden at Carlsruhe.

Chap. II. On the Nursery, and sowing the Seeds of Trees,
might, if we were disposed to be severe, be quoted as contra-
dictory to preceding remarks on what he calls the forcing sys-
tem. For example : —

“ Tn selecting a spot for a nursery, if we cannot find one containing all

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 459

the varieties of land best adapted for each kind of plants we intend to ’
raise (and this can seldom be found), our choice ought to fall on one
adapted for firs, as the nearest approximation we can make towards suiting
all descriptions. It is hardly possible to raise a full crop of seedling spruce,
birch, or elder, in land of that degree of dryness which is most proper for
the Scotch pine and the larch. If possible, therefore, the nursery should
contain a portion of moist land, meaning, by this term, not that degree of
wetness which consists in swampiness, or in the water appearing above the
surface, even in winter, but what is generally understood by the epithet
damp. But if no single piece of ground of the requisite extent, or pos-
sessing this qualification, can be found, we have no other alternative but
either to content ourselves with the more slender crops of the above-men-
tioned species, which may be raised without it, or have two separate
nurseries, the one calculated for plants which prefer a moist soil, and the
other for those of a different nature.” (p. 60.)

The above passage, so much at variance with remarks
about the forcing system, induces us to suppose that the latter
are from the pen of an Edinburgh editor. If the author found
it necessary to have two sorts of soils, in a private nursery,
for raising a few hardy trees, what would he require in a
nursery for general purposes, such as we were treating of ? —

Chap. III. Purchasing Plants is recommended to those who
plant only to a moderate extent. Chap. IV. treats of the SozZ
proper for the different Forest Trees. The following is valu-

able : —

“The Scots pine is one of the hardiest trees we possess, and it will
thrive in very barren situations, provided they be dry. Dryness is, in fact,
the most indispensable requisite that land can possess, in order to produce
a good crop of Scots pine; and it is never advisable to plant this tree in
very moist ground, or where draining is necessary to carry off the surface
water. The soil most favourable to it is, perhaps, a sandy loam, but it will
thrive on light soils in general, on a substratum of gravel, or even of solid
rock, provided there be as much vegetable mould as to permit it to fix its
roots. Gigantic specimens of it are to be seen in the district of Braemar,
in Aberdeenshire, in situations where its fibres have found no better lodge-
ment than the chinks and crevices of granite. The finest Scots pines any
where to be met with occur in the neighbourhood of the river Dee, in the
above-mentioned county, especially in Mar forest, the property of the Earl
of Fife ; the forest of Glentanner, the property of the Earl of Aboyne ; and
the woods of Invercauld, belonging to Mr. Farquharson. In all these
places the ground is mountainous, wild, and rugged, and the subsoil varies
from the poorest quality of sandy loam to gravel and rock, but in no
instance that I recollect does it approach to clay. On the banks of the
Don, a neighbouring river, where the soil, in general, has more tenacity,
the Scots pine is not found in nearly so great perfection. Stiff land, indeed,
seems to be decidedly hostile to its growth, as we scarce ever find it either
plentiful, or of large size, in districts where clay abounds. It is very impa-
tient of the spray of the sea, and hence comparatively few thriving woods
of it occur on the east coast of Scotland. Mountainous regions are its
most favourite situations, and in these it will thrive at a greater elevation
than any other species of timber, with the exception of the mountain ash
and the birch. On a deep rich soil it grows very fast, attains a large size,
and soon decays. In these circumstances its wood is spongy, and of inferior
value. But, on such land, it is not eligible to plant the Scots pine, what-

460 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

ever were the quality of its timber, as there are other kinds of treés which
will bring higher profits to the proprietor. The most important precept
that can be delivered with regard to this tree is, never to plant it either in
wet or in very stiff land. Whoever wishes to see it in its highest perfection,
and to acquire a knowledge of the soil and situation in which it delights,
from personal observation, ought to visit the forests of Dee-side.

“« Next to the Scots pine, the forest tree most universally cultivated is
the larch. - This is also a very hardy plant, and it is sure to thrive on any
land that will answer for the Scots pine. It is, however, less delicate in:
its choice of soil than the latter, and will grow in a much greater degree of
moisture. I have seen fine larch trees on very stiff land, and I understand.
there are many such in the neighbourhood of gentlemen’s seats in the
Carse of Gowrie, where the soil is deemed as tenacious as any in Scotland.
This tree is one of the surest growers we have in barren soils ; and, where
a proprietor is in doubt what kind of wood he should plant in any piece of
tolerably dry waste land, it is a good general rule to put in a considerable
proportion of larches, or rather to make them the staple of the plantation.”

(p. 98.)-

The spruce fir is as partial to moist land as the Scotch
pine is to dry : —

“ Nothing possibly can be a greater error in attempting to rear timber
than to plant spruce in ground that has not a very considerable degree of
moisture. It may, indeed, appear to thrive in a dry situation for a few
years, but, by the time it reaches 10 ft. or 12 ft. in height, its lower branches
will begin to decay, and, after that peried, it will make little progress, but ~
remain a mere cumberer of the ground, as unsightly as it will be unprofit-
able. If well supplied with moisture, it will thrive better on the most
indifferent land, than, without that requisite, it will do on the best of soils.
At Counterswells, within five miles of Aberdeen, there were standing, a few
years ago, and probably still remain, some spruce trees upwards of 50 ft.
hich, and without a single withered branch from top to bottom. In shape
they presented an exact copy of the cones that grew on them ; the branches
close at the ground, spreading out to a great circumference, and every suc-
ceeding row diminishing somewhat in length, till the conical shape was
complete. So thick and close were the boughs, that it was impossible to
catch a single glimpse of the trunks. These beautiful trees grew on what
had formerly been a perfect morass, the surface water of which had been
drawn off by opening large ditches. The soil was peat moss on a bed of
poor clay. I may state, in the way of contrast, that I have seen, on dry
land, where the larch had grown to a majestic height, spruce, of the same
age, not exceeding 15 ft. from the point of the leader to the ground, every
branch, with the exception of two or three near the. top, being as effectually
withered as if scorched by fire. Spruce seems to be most partial to a cold
stiff clay ; it is, however, a very hardy plant, and not very nice in its choice
of soil, provided it have enough of sap.” (p. 99.)

The silver and Gilead firs will answer in the same kinds of
land as the spruce. The oak prefers a strong clay, but will
grow in sandy, gravelly, and even rocky land ; and there are,
at Careston, near Brechin, in Forfarshire, some very thriving
plantations of oaks, which have arrived at a fair size, on
ground so moist as to have produced a good crop of spruce.
The oak should not be planted in rocky or in gravelly soils ;
it is In vain to plant it in poor land, or where there is not a

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 461

considerable depth of vegetable mould. It does not answer
well in very high situations. A deep loam is its fayourite
soil. ‘The same may be said of the elm. ‘The beech ought
never to be planted either in mossy or in wet ground. Any
‘light dry soil will answer for the sycamore (Plane, Sc.). The
horsechestnut and the lime thrive on the same soil as the
ash and elm. ‘Lhe birch is partial to light and dry soils and
elevated situations; but it will grow in the different varieties
of clay, and bear a degree of moisture equal to the spruce.
Taken altogether, it is the least delicate of British trees.
‘The alder will answer in cold boggy soils, where scarcely any
thing else will grow. The willow species,

“ Though proverbial for their love of moisture, will yet, most of them,
answer well in land which is not too dry for the elm. Excepting those
species which belonged originally to this country, they require a good depth
of vegetable mould to bring them to their full growth. A light black earth
is most suitable for them, but they may be planted with success in stiff lands
of a good quality.” (p. 107.)

All the poplars thrive in the same quality of land as the
finer willows.

In cultivating trees, the exposure or aspect is of little con-
sequence ; but the elevation is a matter of importance.

“The trees which reach nearest to the limit of perpetual snow, and
within a few degrees of it, are the Scots pine and the birch, reduced, in
their nearest approach to this inhospitable region, to the stature of scragged
shrubs. A degree or two farther south than this utmost verge of vegeta-
tion, the spruce is found at first in a very diminutive state. After it, still
farther south, succeeds the oak, then the beech, and, last of all, the Spanish
chestnut. The ash, elm, lime, &c., belong to the zone of the beech. In like
manner we are told that, at the foot of the Alps, the chestnut flourishes, the
beech continues after the former disappears, and the oak rises to a height
where there are found no beeches. After the oak itself has vanished, the
pine continues diminishing regularly in size, till it approaches the boundary
of perpetual frost.” (p. 110.)

Chap. V. Directions for ascertaining the Quality of waste
Land, from the Nature of the wild Plants that grow in it.
Grey lichens indicate the most barren kinds of soil; and such
land, planted, will only produce bushes. Coarse bent-grass
denotes a stiff poor soil, inclined to wet; fit for the alder,
native willow, and spruce, with a few birches. Dry soil, with
thick and healthy heath, and without grey moss or bent-grass,
“is capable of producing a good average crop of larch, birch,
and Scotch pine. Oaks, likewise, may be planted in it with
success ; but it is too poor for the ash, elm, beech, or syca-
more.” Broom ‘is an unequivocal criterion of superior fer-
tility. The furze or whin springs up on the best, as well as
on the worst, of soils: when dwarfish, the soil is poor ; when

A462 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

gigantic, dry and rich. Abundance of fern indicates the
most fertile quality of any soil that is to be met with in an
uncultivated state. Few trees will grow freely where slate
abounds, or over freestone that lies near the surface.

Chap. VI. Preparation of the Ground for the Reception of
the Plants. The easiest mode of clearing away heath is to
burn it. Ploughing in rough strong land, and trenching in
barren ground, are preparations for wood “ of very doubtful
utility.” In a note, the author says : —

“ By this it is not meant that trenching of barrenl and may not accele~
rate, in a considerable degree, the growth of the trees planted on it. But
with regard to firs, especially, it may be doubted whether any advantage

can be gained by such acceleration, that is not more than counterbalanced
by the timber being deteriorated in quality by this means.” (p. 129.)

We do not think there is the least occasion to be alarmed
at any deterioration that can be produced in this way, at least
in barren ground ; and we are surprised that a practical man
should have countenanced such an idea. ;

The Scotch pine, all the fir tribe, the birch, alder, and
mountain ash, may be removed from the seed-bed, to their
final situations, in their second year, as successfully as at any
period whatever : not so with the ash, elm, sycamore, beech,
and oak; which, the author says, he is unable to clear up.

“ The difficulty is rendered the more hard of solution, from the fact, that all
the deciduous trees above-mentioned, with the exception of the oak, which
is averse to removal under any circumstances, may be transplanted in thou-
sands and tens of thousands in the nursery, without almost a single failure,
at the same age at which, if they are transported to waste land, three fourths
of them will perish. The knowledge of the fact, however unable though
we be to account for it, is sufficient to direct us in practice; and plainly
warns us, in forming plantations of ash, elm, plane tree, and beech, to make
use of such plants only as have stood some time (two years at the least)
in nursery lines, after having been removed from the seed-bed.” (p. 135.)

Pitting is the oldest and most generally known system of
planting.

« Sometimes one person undertakes the whole operation, and, in that
case, he uses a cross made of two small sticks, which instrument is laid on
the mouth of the pit to keep the plant in an erect posture, while the earth

is put upon its roots. This substitution of a stick for a man is not, how-
ever, to be recommended but in cases of absolute necessity.”’ (p. 137.)

The pitting system should be adopted in every instance in
which the plants exceed two years old; and no other method
ought to be attempted when we have to do with the ash, elm,
sycamore, and beech. ‘The notching or slit system, of which
there are two varieties, was introduced about a century ago;
and is performed by making, with a common spade, two
notches or slits, crossing each other; bending down the

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 463

handle while the spade is in the second-made notch, tili the
first becomes wide enough to receive the roots of the plant.
Fifty years ago, the planting-iron was introduced. It is de-
scribed by Sang as the diamond dibber (Encyc. of Gard.,
§6845.): In this way, an expert workman will plant between
3000 and 4000 young plants a day; and do it so perfectly,
that the fault will not be his, if a single individual of the whole
number fail to grow.” It is, at least, six or seven times
cheaper than the original mode of slit-planting; “ and, in
fact, renders planting as economical a process as it seems pos-
sible to make it.” “ I have assisted in planting, according to
this plan, upwards of 3000 acres in Aberdeenshire alone.”
The reader will observe, however, that this system is re-
stricted to the pine and fir tribes, not exceeding the age of two
years. Where shelter is wanted, the Scotch pine should be
planted as a nurse; sometimes the larch, and occasionally
broom and furze already on the ground, may do.

Chap. VII. Management. The fallacy of Pontey’s as-.
sertions respecting pruning the pine and fir tribes is forcibly
pointed out : —

“ Independently of any other consideration, the very form in which a fir
grows appears sufficient to teach us that pruning, if not attended with
actual injury, can at least be productive of no benefit to the tree. An ash,
or an elm, for example, has a constant tendency, if left to itself, to depart
from the shape which constitutes its chief value. It is continually throwing
out branches, which become rivals to the leader, and either bend it out of
its upright course, or starve it, by exhausting an undue quantity of sap, and
thereby disqualifying it for carrymg up the tree. Hence the great use of
pruning trees of this kind is to protect the leader from the rivalship of the
other branches, to the end that as much of the nourishment drawn from the
earth may be employed in promoting the growth of the stem, and as little
of it expended on the top, a part which is comparatively of little value, as
is consistent with the laws of vegetation. But, in the case of firs, this use
of pruning has no place. Their horizontal branches never interfere with
the leader, nor obstruct its progress in the smallest degree. It always,
unless broken accidentally, or killed by the frost, appears above the most
elevated of the horizontal shoots; and they, instead of injuring or sup-
planting, seem to assist it in keeping its perpendicular position, as those of
the same elevation grow of equal length all around it, and producea perfect
equilibrium. Hence it would appear that the pruning of firs, supposing it
harmless, can yet be productive of no positive good, so that to practise it
would be to labour and lay out money for no end; a species of industry and
expenditure which deserves any epithet but that of rational.

“* Harmless, however, the process in question is far from being, and I have
known more than one thriving fir plantation utterly ruined by it. Mr. Pon-
tey tells us, that it is the cutting off too many branches at once that causes
injury, and that, if we take away only two or three tiers at a time, no bad
effect will ensue. Let any person remove this number of living branches
from a Scots fir, or spruce, of seven or eight years old; let him, at the
same time, ascertain its height, and mark some of the plants contiguous to
it, which are exactly of the same size. By measuring it and them three
years afterwards, and comparing the progress of the former, made in this

464 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

interval, with that of the latter, he will have a practical demonstration of
the utterfallacy-of Mr. Pontey’s assertions. The taking off ofa few branches
will not, of course, be so injurious as the displacing at once of a great num-
ber ; but none can be displaced, as the above experiment will show, without
mater ially retarding the growth of the plant.” (p. 163.)

~The author’s principle of pruning deciduous trees amounts
to this rule: Never displace any branch which has not already
got, or which does not seem, in immediate, danger of getting, the
start ‘of the leader, whether these branches pr aceed fromthe joute
or upper part of the trunk. We think this rule the most un-
exceptionable that has ever been given; and.we should wish
it impressed on the mind of every Tonestale together with that
of not pruning the pine and fir tribes at all: ~ Te does not ‘fol-
low, speaking with reference to the deciduous trees, that.
unthriving branches, whether large or small, should not. be
cut off; but we would certainly leave all. br anchésion pines or:
firs to decay off of themselves. If, in the case: of eSeriuuls
trees, -

« Any branches that were. left at a former pruning low ‘on the stem
appear, at the next repetition of the process, not to have 1 increased in ‘S1Ze,-
we may safely conclude that they have had no influence on the tree, either
good or bad; and as it would be in yain to leave them with the hope that.

they will any longer assist in the elaboration of the sap, they»should be
removed, as wnsightly objects, which it is no longer useful to preserve.”

(p. 168.)

In removing a branch, he cuts close to the stem, without
leaving any stump ; ; using knives of various sizes, a chisel, and
a saw, always kept sharp, and in good order.“ On no pre-
tence whatever should bills and axes be employed. ie ‘They
make rough, unsightly wounds, and injure the bark ‘on the
stem. Pruning ought to commence in the nursery, if the
plants remain there move than'fout years; and, at whatever
age they are removed to their final destination, pruning should
never be delayed longer than five years afterwards. ‘* When
many branches require to be displaced at once, it may, always
be taken for granted that the tree has sustained considerable
damage from some of them not having been removed sooner ;
and, when we have to do ‘with a large plantation, if we wait
till the most, backward of the“trées anid ‘in need of pruning,
we may assure ourselves that the more forward ones have
suffered ‘severely from the want of it.” (p. 171.) a

Pruning ought to be repeated “every two years, and per-
severed in as long as a tree is in a growing state. Summer
pruning has been strongly recommended, but the author has
not had much experience of its good or bad’ effects.

Thinning, to be useful, should’ be applied early. ‘The
best rule, and see perhaps, that may be regarded as’ entirely

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 465

unexceptionable, is, to commence the process as soon as the
branches of different trees begin to run foul of, and interfere
with, one another.” When more trees require to be thinned
out than can be brought to an advantageous market in one
season, cut off all the branches of the trees to be taken away,
and leave them standing till wanted by purchasers. To thin
out large trees from among smaller ones, without injuring the
latter, adopt the following mode: — Fix a rope

** At such a height on the top of the tree intended to be cut down, that
the weight of the part below may considerably exceed that of the part
where it is made fast. The ends of the rope are then to be tied firmly
round the trunk of some one of the neighbouring trees to windward. By
this contrivance, the tree which has the rope fixed amongst its branches,
will, when cut through, instead of falling to the ground, remain suspended,
and may be easily guided to whatever side may be requisite to keep it from
injuring any of its neighbours in coming down. The rope being then
untied, the tree will prostrate itself harmlessly on the earth.” (p. 178.)

When thinning has been delayed till the trees have suffered
considerably from want of air, the application of it will then
be productive of harm rather than good. In the case of pines
and firs, it is better to let the stronger trees make room for
themselves by destroying the weaker.

Chap. VIII. Culture and Management of the Oak. It seems
there is a general prejudice, among nurserymen and profes-
sional planters, that the climate and soil of Scotland, or at
least that certain principles existing in them, are hostile to the
growth of the oak. The erroneousness of this opinion is proved
by reference to native oak woods, bythe oak timber-work in old
churches and baronial residences, and by the remains of oak
found in peat mosses. ‘The failures in the attempts to raise
the oak have originated in this erroneous opinion. ‘These
failures may be traced chiefly to two causes: the circumstance
of the oak being a tap-rooted plant, and by no means agree-
ing with transplantation ; and the tenderness of the young
shoots of the oak which require shelter. ‘The oak, therefore,
instead of being transplanted, ought to be raised from the
acorn, in the place where it is intended to remain. ‘This, as
the author acknowledges, has been recommended by Dr. Yule,
in the Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society ; by
Mr. Sang, in the Planter’s Kalendar; and, we may add, by
Evelyn, Miller, Hunter, Speechly, Billington, Emmerich,
Marshall, Gordon, and a number of other writers: and it has
been practised in the royal forests of Hampshire and Dean, at
Worksop, Bulstrode, Gartmore, and on various private pro-
perties. In Germany, the oak is almost always raised from
the acorn, planted where it is finally to remain. Some of these
names and places are mentioned or referred to in the Ency-

Vou. VI. — No. 27. HH

466 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

clopedia of Gardening, art. Arboriculture; and we would ask
Mr. Cruickshank, how it has happened that, while he found
in that work the alleged error in respect to nurseries, he did
not also find Yule, Sang, and the other authorities there, in
favour of raising the oak from acorns put in where they are
finally to remain ?

The author agrees with Pontey, ‘“ that an indifferent soil,
properly sheltered, is capable of producing more oak timber
than a good one without this advantage.” Subordinate causes
of failure are, neglect of pruning, and suffocation by surround-
ing trees. The “ new method of rearing oak” Is, first to
provide shelter by filling the ground with the Scotch pine or
larch; or, ‘ what is still better, with a proportion of both.”
The plants may be two years old, and put in at the distance
of 4 ft. from each other. No acorns are to be planted until
the pines or firs have risen to the height of about 4 ft. from
the ground, which will require from 4 to 7 years. The man-
ner in which these nurses will screen the oaks from the wind
is evident; but less so how they prevent the bad effects of
perpendicular frosts.

“To explain this, it may be necessary to state, that the deleterious
effects of spring and autumnal frosts arise chiefly from the leaves being sub-
jected to a sudden change of temperature, from the freezing chill of the
night to the strong heat of the rays of the morning sun. When the thaw
takes place gradually, the injury done is comparatively insignificant. Seve-
ral undoubted proofs of this can be adduced. Agriculturists have found,
by long experience, that their crops are never so much hurt by frost, when
the sun rises clouded, and rain succeeds, as when the night is followed by
a morning of bright sunshine. And it always holds good, that corn which
is shaded from the first rays, by wood or otherwise, is never so much injured
as that in other parts of the same field. The late Rev. Dr. Skene Keith,.
in his Agricultural Survey of Aberdeenshire, recommends that, in situations;
much exposed to autumnal frosts, belts of trees should be planted along the
east side of the field, to ward off the early rays of the sun. ‘ In many cases,’
says that writer, ‘the rays of the morning sun may be, with propriety, ex-
cluded, by a belt of plantation in the east ; for, though these are friendly to.
an early harvest, yet, in an unfavourable or late season, if a mildew or rain
in the evening be succeeded by frost at night, and if the sun dart his rays
in the morning on the wet corn, when in flower, or on the peas, beans, or
potatoes, before they are fully ripe, the effects are generally fatal: The
only remedy, namely, that of two persons going very early, with a rope,
between the furrows of a ridge, and shaking off the rain or dews, cannot
be practised on a large scale, though it may save the potato crop of the
industrious cottager to know this, and put it in practice, when he sees:
the hoar-frost in the morning. A more permanent remedy is, to have a
small belt of planting on the east, to prevent the sun’s rays from injuring
the crop, which is usually dry before the sun appears in the south-east ; for
the danger is over as soon as the moisture of the night is dried up?
(Agricultural Survey of Aberdeenshire.)” — Prac. Plan., p. 224.

- The art of preserving young oaks, then, consists in shading
them from the morning sun, in spring and autumn; and this.

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 4.67

cannot be better done than by surrounding every plant by
trees somewhat higher, either evergreens, like the Scotch
pine, or trees which produce their leaves earlier, and have a
thick close spray, like the larch and other frondose trees.
Two thousand of the pines and larches may remain on each
Scotch acre till they are 16 years old; one half may then be
cut down, and the remainder may remain till they are 25
years old; one half of these may then be cut, and the last
500 may remain till they are from 30 to 35 years old. ‘These
nurses will now have returned the whole expense of making
the plantation, together with a high rent for the land during
the first 30 or 35 years.

Where plantations of pines or firs exist of a greater age

or height than those mentioned, the oaks may be introduced,

whatever be the height of the nurses, provided the branches
have not become so close as to shut out the air from above ;
or provided ihe nurses be so far thinned as to reduce them
to this state. Deep ravines, valleys surrounded by high
mountains, dells, dingles, and steep banks of rivulets or
streams, ground cover el with furze or broom, hazel or birch,
may be planted with acorns, without planting nurses.

“For the reception of the acorns, let the following preparations be
made: — Mark off a patch of 2 ft. square, notch it round with the spade,
and trench it | ft. deep; using an earth-pick or mattock, if the hardness of
the ground require it, and throwing out all large stones. Proceed in this,
manner till the requisite number of patches be for med, letting them be 10 ft.
distance from one another, by which means there will be a few more than
500 of them in the superficies of a Scots acre. In land which is very
stony, it will be sometimes impracticable to make the distances between

them completely regular ; but this is a matter of little importance, provided
the inequalities be not great, and nearly balance each other.” (p. 227.)
- “ Before proceeding to plant the acorns, get some lime in readiness ;
slake it thoroughly with water, in the same manner as is customary when it
is to be used for agricultural purposes, and spread as much of it as can be.
lifted on a common spade upon each patch. Then dig it in, neatly levelling
the ground. As soon as a patch is thus prepared, plant in it five acorns:
one as nearly as possible in the centre, and the other four forming a square
of 1 ft. each side around it, and cover them | in. deep with earth. Proceed
thus till the whole be planted. To avoid deception from bad acorns, put
them, in small quantities, before they are used, into a tub of water. All of
them. that are sound will sink to the bottom; the others will swim on the,
surface, and are to be skimmed off and rejected. I recommend five to be
put into each patch, because that is the most that will find room for two
years, without being too much crowded; for, though one plant only will be
ultimately requir ed, it Is necessary to make provision against the ravages
of mice; which, being very fond of acorns, will devour many of them in the
interval between the time of sowing and that of coming up. Besides, acci- |
dents may happen to the young plants. 2 (De aS)

The most proper season for sowing is the last week. of
March, or beginning of April; sown earlier, they are more
1: ae: 4

468 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

exposed to the depredations of mice. The lime will be found
to have a great effect in accelerating vegetation. T he acorns,
being planted, will give no more trouble for two years; at the
end of that period, remove the supernumeraries, by cutting
them, below the collar, an inch or two under the surface.
One man will thus clear several acres in a day. Now, and
every two or three years afterwards, look round and see that,
when any branches of the nurses overshadow the oaks, the
plant from which it proceeds be immediately cut down: where
branches do not overshadow, they do no harm, and may re-
main. At 5 years old, give the oaks their first pruning, and
look over them every 2 years, till they are between 20 and 20
years old.

“ The expense of the lime, for an acre, will be about 3s. ; of the acorns,
ls.; and of the planting, including spreading and digging-in of the lime,
about 3s. more: so that the total expense will not exceed 16s. per acre.”

If, instead of trenching patches 2 ft. square, a square foot
be dug, the cost will be reduced in the ratio of 5 to 1; but
this saving at first will be a loss in the end.

In a succeeding section, on the culture and management
of succession crops of oaks, the author points out the error of
neglecting to provide shelter for the shoots which proceed
from the stools. ‘The whole copse ‘is cut down on the
return of the stated period, at one fell swoop, without leaying
a single twig that might help to ward off the blighting blasts
from the ensuing crop.” (p. 259.)

“* An oak-coppice may be kept continually under shelter, by adopting the
following very simple plan:— Instead of proceeding as with a field of
grass to be made into hay, and laying all flat before us, if we leave_standing
as much of the coppice as will shade the stools; whose produce is cut down,
from the rays of the morning sun, the rising shoots will have abundant
shelter from the effects whether of winds or frosts. As soon as these
shoots are of sufficient height to shelter one another, the nurses may be
cut down: their stools will be sheltered m their turn by the young crop
which has just got up around them; and thus the whole will have the
Coa of uninterrupted protection from the injuries of the weather.”
p. 260.

In answer to the objections which might be made by pur-
chasers, to the trouble of leaving one eighth, one ninth, or
one tenth of the stools, he would deduct a corresponding
portion of the price per acre, and mark each stool to be left
by turning up a sod. ‘This trouble would only be required
the first time; because, in every after-cutting, the new crop
of coppice would always be so far behind the crop to be cut
down as to be easily distinguished from it.

Where transplanted oaks have formed, as they generally do,

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. 469

irregular scraggy bushes, he would, with other practitioners,
head them down within an inch of the ground. This, in fact,
is the practice of almost all those who raise oaks from trans-
planted plants; and, though it costs more than the mode of
raising oaks by acorns sown where they are finally to remain,
we have not a doubt of its being equally efficacious in every
point of view. ‘The shoots produced from the collar must be
reduced to one. ‘The proper season for heading down oaks,
as, indeed, for heading down or cutting-in all trees, is between
the fall of the leaf and the period at which the sap begins to
ascend. ‘The nearer the former, the stronger will be the buds.
As, in performing this operation with a knife, there is some
risk of disturbing the roots, the pruning-shears (fig. 72. d)
may be very advantageously adopted. It is almost ridiculous
to hear Mr. Cruickshank talking of the effects of this concen-
tration of the sap in producing a vigorous shoot, as if it were |
not known and practised by every forester and gardener in
the island. He says: —

«© Any person who has a young plantation of oaks in a stunted condition, -
if he doubts the efficacy of the mode of cure here suggested, and is afraid .
to hazard its consequences on a large scale, may, to avoid all risk, first try
its effects ona few plants. The result of the experiment will, I have no
doubt, convince him that my assertions are well founded and true.”

(p. 266.)

This, indeed, is the sin of the book, an affectation of ori-
ginality where there is none; and a recommendation of well
known practices, as if they were peculiar to himself.

Hide-bound oaks may be improved by
slitting the outer bark with a sharp knife, or
with the slitter or scarificator recommended
in the Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural
Society, vol. iv. part il. p.395. (fig. 91.) Lime
Mr. Cruickshank has found very salutary in
reviving deciduous trees. It is laid on the ~
surface, and dug in; but a better mode is, to
prepare a compost of lime and fresh earth ;
to lay the roots of the tree bare, and then
place this compost in contact with them. It
is evident that this mode of improving trees
can only be applied on a limited scale, like
Sir Henry Steuart’s mixture of earth and
coal-ashes, and other composts. Query, says Mr. Cruick-
shank, ‘

“ Might not those who have already plantations about their mansions,
but of a diminutive size, from badness of soil or otherwise, rapidly produce
HH 3 :

470 Cruickshank’s Practical Planter.

all the improvements they could desire, by a judicious use of Sir Henry’s
composts, without adopting any more of his plan?” (p. 268.)

Chap. 1X. Plants proper for Underwood, &c. The moun-
tain ash may be sown where it is to remain, and the plants
should never be pruned: an objection against its admission.
into plantations, in the neighbourhood of towns, is, the tempt-
ing appearance of its berries to schoolboys! Besides native
plants, the author recommends flowers, native and exotic ;
and, doubtless, in the margins of woods, or in woods pene-
trated by walks, hundreds of beautiful species of bulbs, an-
nuals, and perennials might be acclimated.

Chap. X. Succession Crops of Wood. The author denies
that soils can be exhausted by wood. He would plant what-
ever kind might be deemed fit to succeed the standing crop,
among it, as underwood, 12 or 15 years before cutting down.
When the large trees were all felled, the young ones, destined
to succeed them, may be cut over, within 2 or 3 in. of the
ground; with the exception of bushes here and there, which
ought to be left for the purpose of shelter. This, of course,
supposes that the succession crop consists of trees that will
stole. The author repeatedly expresses his surprise “ that
scarce any attempt should have ever been made to renew
hard-wood plantations” from the shoots proceeding from the
stools previously cut down. ‘This, he says, is “a fact of a
very singular nature.” To us it appears very singular that
Mr. Cruickshank either does not know, or does not acknow-
ledge, that this is practised in every wood, i. e. in every
plantation of hard-wood trees, consisting of timber trees and
underwood. Is there not, in such woods, always a constant
succession of timber trees, under the name of wavers, saplings,
&c., which spring from the stools of trees felled or coppices
cut over, as well as of coppice? A succession of a different
kind- of timber may, we suppose, become necessary after a
certain time, since this is the mode employed by Nature; and
we should always recommend a change in the case of the pine
and fir tribes. The larch seems well adapted for succeeding
the Scotch pine; in more favourable situations, the cedar and
the silver fir may succeed each other ; but the best succession,
where the soil admits, would be leaf trees of some sort.

Chap. XI. Sir Henry Steuart’s Method of giving immediate
Kiffect to Wood. Chap. XII. (printed XX.) Wood in the
Pleasure-grounds of Gentlenen’s Seats. Chap. XIII. (printed
XXI.) Properties and Uses of Timber; and Appendix on
Draining, Kencing, §c. ‘The chapters on Sir Henry Steuart,
and wooding pleasure-grounds, are particularly ill advised,
since they are completely out of the author’s way; and, with

Camellitee. — Pomological Magazine. 471

Chap. XIII. and the Appendixes, give the work a book-
making character, which must injure it in the eyes of all those
who, like us, know something of the secrets of the trade.

So much for the naked kernel; those who have 12s. to
spare, and leisure, may procure it in the shell.

Art. III, Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
-Rural Architecture, Sc., published since June last, with some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

Britain.

Chandler and Booth’s Illustrations and Descriptions of Camelliéee, §c. Tn Imp.
4to Parts, every two months. ‘7s. plain; 10s. coloured; and 18s. extra-
size.

. Part ITT. for June, contains

9. Caméllia japonica Pomponia, Pompone or Kew Blush Japanese Ca-
mellia, “ So much resembles the Pzeony-flowered, and various-flowered,
as to render it impossible, when they are not in blossom, to distinguish them
from one another.” Slender and erect in growth; shoots pale, and but
thinly clothed with foliage. Imported for the Kew Garden about 1810.

10. Camella japénica corallina, Coral-colowred Japanese Camellia.
“One of the many fine varieties that have been raised from seed by Messrs.
Chandler, of the Vauxhall nursery,” originated in 1819, and published in
Chandler’s Caméllia Britannica (G. M. Vol. I. p. 317.) in 1825. Habit like
that of the Waratah. :

11. Caméllia japonica flore pléno albo, Double white-flowered Japanese
Camellia. One of the most elegant varieties in cultivation, brought to
England, in 1792, by the same gentleman who introduced the double-striped,
viz. John Slater of the India House, according to Messrs. Chandler and
Booth, but Thomas Slater, according to Mr. Main, who went out as col-
lector for Gilbert Slater (Vol. II. p. 423.) in 1791. One of the varieties
most esteemed in this country, as well as in China.

12. Caméllia japonica eximia, Choice Japanese Camellia; the Chandler’s
choice-flowering Camellia of the nurseries. Of free growth, resembling in
some respects the Waratah; flowers of a deep rose colour, very double, and __
measure no less than 4in. in diameter. Resembles Caméllia japonica im-
bricata, or what is called in the gardens the crimson shell-flowered Camellia,
lately introduced by the Horticultural Society, but the foliage of the two
plants is totally distinct.

The Pomological Magazine. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s. coloured ;
MMS 3s. 6d. plain. 2

; No. XXXII, for June, contains

125. The Royal Russet Apple; Reimette de Canada grise, Fr. “ An
exceedingly valuable kitchen fruit, keeping to the latest period at which
good apples are in use.” Hardy, ripening in November, and keeping till
May or June. “ An important cottagers’ fruit, and one which ought to be
constantly cultivated for the benefit of that class of persons.”

126. The Winter Nelis Pear ; La Bonne Malinoise, Fr. ( Vol. III. p. 353),
Bonne de Malines. Raised by Mr. Nelis, of Mechlin, after whom it is
named. “ An excellent winter pear, in perfection in December and
January.” “ Bears pretty well as a standard, but succeeds much better on

HH 4

4:72 _ Pomalogical Magazine.

an east wall. It is of very high quality, and will, no doubt, be one day a
favourite article of the dessert. In the opinion of some it is superior to
the Chaumontelle, — a high character.” :

127. The Black Eagle Cherry. “ As good a bearer as the Black Heart
upon an open standard, and far superior to that variety in the quality of its
fruit : it is not to be doubted that this will one day usurp the place of that
ancient variety in our gardens. It was raised by Mr. Knight, from a seed
of the Ambrée of Duhamel, impregnated with the pollen of the May Duke;
and it really combines all that is most worth praising in both those varie-
ties.” ‘ Ripens soon after the May Duke.”

128. The Flemish Beauty Pear; La Belle de Flandres, Bouche nouvelle,
Fondante de Bois, Brilliante, Impératrice de la France. ‘ When we con-
sider that this ranks among our best pears in quality, that it bears abun-
dantly as a standard, and that its size and appearance are both much in its
favour, it is not to be doubted that it will one day become a most important
variety in the lists of cultivators. As yet it is but little known. It is
a large-sized, greenish-russet, handsome kind, ripening in October, and
keeping for a month or two. It has the remarkable property of improving

more if gathered before it is quite ripe, than if fully mature when taken from
the tree. In the latter case it is apt to acquire a kind of anise-scent, which
is not agreeable; in the former it becomes perfectly melting and rich, with-
out any such flavour.” “ It must be gathered while it adheres yet firmly.to
the tree; this is the only way to have it really in perfection. If suffered to
ripen fully on the tree, it is a poor variety. It decays externally before it
gives way at the core.”

No. XX XIIT. for July, contains

129. The Purple Gage Plum; the Reine Claude Violette of the French,
and Die Violett Konigin Claudie of the Germans. Fully equal to the
green gage in all respects, with this advantage, that it is scarcely at all dis-
posed to crack. Ripe in August, and will keep till October ina dry room ;
a good bearer as a standard, and improves in flavour on an east or west ~
wall. :

130. The Sam Young Apple. An Irish variety, highly spoken of by Mr.
Robertson of Kilkenny, “ than whom few are better acquainted with the
varieties of orchard fruit.’ A flat-headed tree, healthy, and an abundant
bearer on all sides; fruit small, depressed, round, eye very wide and open.
“ Still a variety neglected and almost unknown. Like a great many first-
rate fruits figured already in the Pomological Magazine, it is hardly to be ©
found in the nurseries; and we shall probably hear complaints of the diffi-
culty of procuring it in the trade. We can only say, that no fruit has been
introduced into the Pomological Magazine which cannot be possessed. by
any nurseryman in Great Britain, and which ought not to find a place in
every collection having a claim to consideration ;. but we say further, that
those persons who hold a different language, and who do not take the neces-
sary pains to provide their customers with these varieties, are more atten-
tive to their own interests than to those of the public. We have been led
to make these observations in consequence of letters that have reached us :
we trust that it will not be necessary to repeat them.”

131. The Beurré Diel Pear. This fruit has been already figured and
described from a specimen grown on a wall (see Vol. IV. p. 35.), and a
figure is now given from a standard; because the pears so grown “ are so
extremely different in appearance, as to render it improbable that the iden-
tity of the two would be discovered without being thus pointed out.” It
bears most freely as a standard, succeeds well upon a quince stock, and is
one of the most important pears in cultivation. Fruit obovate, large ; “flesh
inclining to yellow, melting, perfectly buttery, sweet, rich, very high flavoured. -
and excellent.”

Woollard’s Catalogue. — Billington’s Facts, §c. 473°

132. Hughes’s Golden Pippin Apple. “ Very different from the old
Golden Pippin, and in many respects inferior ‘to that variety (as what is
not ?), this deserves to rank among the most’ useful and beautiful table-
fruits of England. It is remarkable for the neatness of its ‘appearance, its
rich golden hue (in which it surpasses its rival), and for the great produc-
tiveness and perfect health of the trees. It bears most abundantly grafted
upon the'common English Paradise stock, which is the Doucin ‘stock of the
French, and perfectly different, both in appearance and in effect, from the
real Paradise of Holland and France.”

Woollard, William, Florist, Ipswich: A Catalogue of Ranunculuses grown
~ and sold, 1830. Ipswich. On one sheet, to be sent by post. 6d.

Mr. Woollard’s collection is said to be equal to any one in England: it
is well known in Suffolk, and deserves the attention of florists in every part
of Britain. This catalogue is very well drawn up. Thirty shades of colour,
indicated by letters, are employed to describe the sorts, and the prices are
added as in Mr. Tyso’s catalogue. The highest-priced flower is the Abbé
St. André (dark), 50s. The Rose Incomparable (white-edged), 40s.; the
Quixos (purple), 30s.: there are scores at every price between these sums
and Is. a root, at which price there are above a hundred.

Billington, William, Author of Facts, Hints, &c. on Plantations (p. 446.),
8vo, 1825: Facts, Observations, &c., being an Exposure of the Misre-
presentations of the Author’s Treatise on Planting, contained in Mr.
Withers’s Letters to Sir Walter Scott, Bart. and to Sir Henry Steuart,
Bart. ; with Remarks on Sir Walter Scott’s Essay on Planting, and on
certain Parts of Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide; also, Observations
on the Mode adopted in the Royal Forests of raising Timber for future
Navies, and on the Quality of the Timber, as affected by the Trenching
and Manuring System, or the more common Method; with some addi- .

_tional Information, Hints, &c. Shrewsbury. 8vo. 1830. 2s. 6d.

Mr. Billington is an excellent practical planter; and we highly approve
of his ideas for “shortening” the side branches, as he terms it; “ fore-
shortening,” as it is denominated by Blaikie in his Tract on Hedgesrow —
Timber, 12mo. 1819; “ cutting-in,” by Withers; and “ terminal pruning,”
by Sir Henry Steuart. His ideas on thinning are also of the first order ;
and no less'so his opinion on the important uses of leaves and of light in
the produce of timber: but what he has said on all these subjects is enve-
loped in such a mass of superfluous verbiage, that it is hid like a few grains
of wheat in a bushel of chaff. We should wish to see such a valuable
practical man actively employed as a forester ; for, we fear, he is not likely
to do much good, either to himself or others, with his pen. He seems to
think that there is a sort of tacit conspiracy on the part of Sir Henry
Steuart, Mr. Withers, and others, to, what he calls, “keep him down:” an
idea so absurd as not to require refuting. He also seems to think that Sir
Henry, and also ourselves, do not much like him, because he is not a Scotch-
man. He says, “ Probably Mr. Loudon had not seen my work when he
wrote,” &c. &c. respecting pruning. We can tell our worthy friend, that
a Scotchman, an Englishman, and an Irishman, are exactly the same in our
eyes; and the passage on pruning, quoted by Sir Henry, was written and
published in 1806 : of course, we could not then have seen Mr. Pillington’s
work published in 1825. But, lest Mr. Billington should think that we are
not friendly to him, we shall send the pamphlet to the same gentleman who
reviewed his large work, and conclude this introduction by expressing a
hope that the Arboricultural Society of Dublin, or some patriotic indivi«
dual, will speedily call Mr. Billington into active employment.

474 Philippar’s Voyage Agronomique en Angleterre.

FRANCE.

Philippar, Fr., C.M.H.S., Member of several Societies in France, and Son

. of the King’s Gardener at the Grand Trianon : Voyage Agronomique en
Angleterre, fait en 1829 ; ou Essai sur les Cultures de ce Pays comparées
a celles de la France. Paris. 1830. 8vo, 20 pls.

‘ The author appears to have viewed such gardens as he saw in this
country without prejudice; but, unfortunately, he has seen so very few, that
he cannot have viewed them with much profit, either to himself or to those
who may peruse his work. The expense of living in England is so great,
compared with what it is in France or Germany, that scarcely any young
gardener from these countries can afford to stay long enough to acquire the
language sufficiently well to profit from the conversation of gardeners; then
to examine the London nurseries, and other suburban gardens ; and, lastly,
to make an extensive tour in the country, to examine our English parks.
We can truly say, that M. Philippar has not seen a park worthy of the
name. He has devoted one chapter to parks and gardens, by which it
appears that he has been at Greenwich, in the Regent’s Park, the other
London parks, Kensington Gardens, Richmond, and Kew, Syon, Windsor,
and Stow. One would be almost tempted to doubt his having been at the
latter place, since all that he says of it is contained in the following sen-
tence: — “ The finest gardens that I have visited are those of Kew, Stow,
Syon, Windsor, and some others, which differ little from the preceding
[Greenwich, &c.], except in extent. A much greater number of remark-
able gardens might be cited; but the very short time that I was enabled to
pass in that country hindered me from visiting them so much as I should
have desired: I shall content myself, therefore, with speaking only of those
in which I remained a sufficient length of time to examine them in detail.”
Accordingly, he mentions the more rare trees in the shrubbery at Kew, the
larches and hollies in Kensington Gardens, the thorns and Scotch pines in
Greenwich Park, and the weeping ashes and rustic seats in Jenkins’s nur-
sery in the Regent’s Park.

The principal nurseries, and the Horticultural Society’s garden, are no-
ticed; but the principal part of the book is occupied with lists and short
descriptions of the plants which he considered rare at Kew, in Messrs.
Loddiges’, Mackay’s of Clapton (printed Blapson), Lee’s, Mill’s, Malcolin’s,
&c. The author sought everywhere for the Arracacha, having been charged
to. bring a plant of it to the royal gardens, cost what it would ; but he could
not see one, and could only learn that plants had lived for two or three
years at Messrs. Loddiges’, and in the Chiswick garden, as, indeed, they have
done at the Comte de Vandes’s, Bury Hill, Plymouth, and other places,
and since died. M. Philippar carried with him a small quantity of London
loam, which, on analysing, he found to be composed of the same substances,
but in different proportions, as the soil principally used for growing house
exotics in the neighbourhood of Paris, which is found at Vitry, Ville
d Avry, and a number of other places, and called terre de Clamar.

The 20 folding plates, we are sorry to say, are, for the most part, not
well chosen. The zoological garden, street, houses, and gardens, a rustic
seat, a group, rockwork, two rosaries, a small kitchen-garden, a square, are
much worse than engravings of the same things already existing in France.
Some of the hot-houses are from Todd’s work, upwards of a quarter of a
century old. But we cannot expect that M. Philippar should understand
much about the art of book-making. He would evidently have been
happy to have staid longer, and seen and learned more; and we sincerely
wish that there might be such an approximation in the means of existence,
between the two countries, as would enable us tv, know each other better
in everything. If we are not mistaken, France is now about to set us an

Literary Notices. 475

example which will effect what we ardently desire, sooner than many of us
imagine.
The Annales de la Société d Horticulture and the Bulletin des Sciences

Agricoles appear monthly, as usual. But of late we have had no room for
extracts, nor is there much in them worth extracting.

Plantes Grasses, peintes par P. J. Redouté, et décrites par A. P. De Can-
dolle, et J. A. Guillemm. Paris. In folio and in quarto. 50 parts, each
containing 6 plates and 6 leaves of letter-press. Price, in 4to, 15,frs. ;
in fol. 30frs. per part or livraison.

Art. IV. Literary Notices.

OBSERVATIONS on the present defective State of English Timber, by Mr.
P. Lauder of Cardiff, are in preparation, and will shortly be published by
subscription. The work will be in 4to, and the price a guinea, The
subscription list includes many names of rank.

Lithographic Views, and copious Descriptions of Scenery, in North and
South America, New South Wales, New Zealand, and other South Sea
Islands, and various parts of the coast of India, will be published, in
monthly numbers. The author of the work, Mr. A. Earle, an eminent
artist, has devoted twelve years to travelling through these countries. We
have looked over his portfolios, and been highly delighted with the original
and striking character of the scenery in New Zealand, Van Diemen’s Land,
and New Holland. It is singular that the pediment and the ornamented
barge-board of a British cottage should be a common feature in the better
description of huts of the New Zealand chiefs.

Illustrations of Landscape-gardening and of Garden Architecture, from the
works or communications of garden-artists of all ages and countries, edited
by J.C. Loudon, promised and commenced so long ago as 1828, is far
advanced. An Elementary Plate, showing all the different details of map-
drawing, and which will serve as an excellent drawing-book for gardeners :
Design by Mr. Masey for a Public Garden for Bristol ; the Public Gardens
of Franktort, on three plates, by M. Rinz; Design, by Mr. Major, for laying
out 100 acres, near Leeds, as a Villa Residence; and the Park at Nym-
phenburg, in four plates, by M. Sckell of Munich, are engraved, and in the
hands of Mr. Hullmandel, for printing. The size of the plates is 22m.
by 18in. The work will appear in parts, at 21s.; and at the same time in
numbers, at 3s. each. Pl, L, Elementary Details of Map-drawing, will be
sold by itself, price 2s.

Korén Minor; or a Supplement to all the preceding Editions or Pub-
lications of the Encyclopedia of Gardening [see W. T. in Times, July 22.],
is in preparation, and, we trust, will be ready early in 1831. All those who
are in possession of the Encyclopedia of Gardening will greatly oblige us
if they will send us whatever corrections, additions, or alterations they
may think necessary, not only for this Supplement, but for a new edition
of the Encyclopedia. These will be in time if they reach us by Michael-
mas next, as neither of the works will be put to press this year. Corrections
as’ to the names and owners of the country seats mentioned in Part IV.
will be particularly acceptable, and the same as to the statistics of the
Encyclopedia of Agriculture, now passing through the press. All who send
us corrections between August and October next will receive a copy of the
Supplement gratis. — Cond. July. :

Hortus Briténnicus. — The last sheets are now passing through the press,
and the work will certainly be published by the middle-of August.

476

PART III.
MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

*

Art. I. General Notices.

Srr4M PLoUGH.—We noticed, some time ago (p. 160.), the spirited offer
of Mr. Handley, of 100 gs. for the best steam plough. We hope the time -
is not far distant when a sufficient number of subscribers may be found, at
all manner of sums, from 1/. upwards, to produce 1000/. for the laudable
and patriotic object proposed by Mr. Handley. In the mean time, this
gentleman’s. offer has stimulated two very ingenious mechanics, Messrs.
Wykes and Phillips, Market Street, Edgware Road, to produce the model
of a ploughing, or, more properly, a digging or grubbing machine, to be
impelled by steam. -The model is well worth examining. It is arranged
on the principle of rendering the action of grubbing the fulcrum for moving
forward the machine; so that, a certain power of steam being applied, the
machine would move along a ridge, or a breadth of such a number of feet
as might be determined on (say 6, 10, 12, or 15 ft.), at a greater or less —
rate, according to the tenacity of the soil. Such a machine would, no
doubt, be applicable to many of the purposes of field culture, and more
especially to the working of fallows. But it would not answer for plough-
ing up leys, or recent or tender grass-lands to be sown after once plough-
ing; neither would it plough in manure, nor form lands into drills for
turnips or potatoes; nor would it harrow, hoe, or mow, or reap, all which
might be done by steam, as before observed (Vol. III. p. 242.). To apply
steam successfully to agriculture, it has always appeared to us that the
engineer ought not to seek for a new implement, but simply for a conve-
nient locomotive power for impelling the implements already in use, modi-
fied so as to suit the new impelling power. The power for dragging forward
Lumbert’s mole-plough (Encyc. of Agr., § 2523.) supplies the germ of this
idea. There would be no difficulty in inventing a locomotive engine that
would move itself any where, either on rough or smooth, level or sloping
surfaces. There would be no difficulty of stopping this machine at any one
point, throwing out or down long levers, with claws at the extremities, to_
serve as grappling-irons to retain it firmly in its position. There might then -
be a vertical gin-wheel, with a chain, say of 100 yards. Supposing the loco-
motive machine taken to the first ridge of a field, the chain wound up, ~
and the end of it attached either to one or many ploughs, harrows, or other
implements. Then let the machine be put in motion, and advance 90 yds.,
unwinding the chain, which will now lie on the ground in a line between
the steam-machine and the plough or harrow machine. Now, reverse the
turning of the gin-wheel, and the plough will be dragged up to the engine.
Change the wheel, lift up or draw in (all, of course, by the machine itself )
the grappling-levers, and proceed as before. To some this may seem, at
first sight, a slow and awkward mode ; but, if a ridge of 12 ft. were ploughed, ~
or the width of three ridges harrowed, every time the machine advanced, a
20-acre field would soon be got over. Nothing could be easier than to adapt
ploughs and: all implements, even Bell’s reaping-machine (p. 295.), the
thrashing-machine, &c., to such a locomotive power. Whenever an ample

General Notices. 477

reward is offered, the thing will be done. Or whoever thinks fit to employ

“such an engineer as Brunell, will have the locomotive power invented and
executed in a month, as a matter of course. If this mode is not adopted,
stationary engines, at the ends of the ridges, must be resorted to; or
fixed points, found or placed there, to which an engine and plough, attached
by a chain, might plough itself forward. We recommend the subject to the
Mechanics’ Magazine. It must never be forgotten that, independently of
the saving of horses and their food, the farmer would never be® obliged to
~work his soil but when it was in a proper condition for that purpose. This,
in our opinion, is one of the principal arguments in favour of the application
of steam to agriculture. — Cond. ©

Dick's Railways. — An elevated railway, and a suspension railway, on an
entirely new construction, have lately been invented by Mr. Maxwell Dick.
For details, we must necessarily refer to other publications, to the Scotsman,
Mechanics’ Magazine, No. 358. and 360., and to a pamphlet, Description of
‘the Suspension Railway, §c., with engravings; sold at Mr. Dick’s office at
Charing Cross, London, where large models of the different kinds of rails
are exhibited and explained by Mr. Dick. The contemplated results, if
obtained (and there seems no reason why they should not), will give a con-
veyance of goods and passengers at.any rate which may be fixed on, between
20 and 60 miles an hour; and of the mail or light packages, at between 60
and 100 miles an hour. The means by which this celerity is obtained are,
the diminution of friction to the greatest practicable extent, and the nearest
practicable approximation to a level and straight line. Another advantage is,
that the ground which it passes over may be used, with the exception of the
spaces occupied by the props or pillars, for agricultural purposes. The total
expense of purchasing the ground, and erecting this rail complete, is estimated
at about 1400/. a mile. A common ground railroad, complete, averages about
4500/. per mile. We hope Mr. Dick will endeavour to erect a specimen some-
where in the neighbourhood of London; say a circle, or a straight line of a
mile or two miles (government permitting), in Hyde Park. This will do more
for establishing the transcendent merit of this invention than any thing which
we could write respecting it. — Cond,

A Suspension Railway, of a different description, has recently been erected
in the Panharmonicon Gardens, Liverpool Street, Gray’s Inn Road. It
consists of a single rail, about 12 ft. from the ground, from which a carriage
is suspended, somewhat in Palmer’s manner; and the rail being on a level,
a considerable weight (say, that of the carriage and 24 persons) is moved
along it by a locomotive power worked by two men, at the rate of 12 or 15
miles an hour. These gardens occupy about 2 acres, and are now forming at
a very great expense; but we regret to, say that, both in point of planting and
architecture, they are much behind contemporary taste. The pedestals to the
statues of the cabinets, and the landscapes on the walls, are execrable ; but
the idea of the railway, the subterraneous passage, grotto, suspension-bridge,
waterfall of 50 ft., and green-house that, when finished, will be nearly half a
mile in length, are suitable to the locality and probable visitors, and only
require to be well executed. _ What is wanted is, the occasional assistance of
an architect of taste; of Mr. Fowler, for example; or, in what-concerns vases
and sculpture, of Mr. Allason.— Cond.

Locomotive Steam Engines. — We think so highly of the capabilities of
these new inventions, that, in our opinion, an Edinburgh man of thirty, with
fair prospects of life, may expect, before he dies, to enjoy the felicity of
passing from his own home to the metropolis during the daylight of one long.
summer’s day! (Scotsman, Oct. 10.1829.) _ By Dick’s railway, he might
go, stop two hours, and return in the same time. — Cond.

Some very interesting Experiments with Canal Boats have lately been made,
by the suggestion of Mr. William Houston of Johnstone, on the Ardrossan and
Paisley canal. The result is, that, by using boats of a particular description,

A78 General Notices.

long, narrow, and flatbottomed, dragged by horses, a speed of.8 or 10 miles
an hour is obtained; and, what is most remarkable and most advantageous
as a result, scarcely any surge, which is known to be so destructive to canal
banks, produced. Travelling by canal may thus be rendered as rapid as
travellmg by coach. We cannot spare room for details, but they will be
found in that excellent newspaper the Scotsman, vol. xiv. No. 1089, June 16,
It is a remarkable feature of this paper, that it anticipated the employment
‘and the speed of locomotive steam-engines lately obtained between Man-
chester and Liverpool, so long ago as December 1824, when the editor was
derided as a dreamer and an enthusiast. So did the editor of the Country
Times in the Kaleidoscope of March 1. 1825, as quoted in the Country Times
of July 12.— Cond.

Braithwaite’s Steam Fire-extinguishing Engine is a machine of recent in-
vention, and most extraordinary power. Its boiler, which is the same as

‘that used in Braithwaite’s and Ericsson’s locomotive engine, occupies four
fifths less space than any boiler upon any other construction yet made.
The saving of fuel is more than one half; and the flue of the fire being too
small to allow of what is commonly called atmosphere in draught, a blowing
apparatus or bellows supplies the requisite quantity of air. The machine
will deliver from 40 to 50 tons of water per hour to an elevation of from 60
to 90 ft., according to the adjutage and the wind. On a calm day, the dis-
tance of 140 ft. has been accomplished. The editor of the Literary Gazette
(No. 698. p.370.), who saw the engine in action, expresses his belief in its
being equal to subdue the fiercest conflagration in a very short time. _ This
is the machine that, properly applied, will, at some future time, plough and’
sow 1000 acres in a week, and reap the crop in a day. — Cond, ;

The object of Cooperative Societies is to give the producers the full value
of their labour. For instance, a market-gardener has a certain quantity of
land, and ten men employed ; he also has 200/. in live and dead stock : now,
as soon as the ten men are able to invest one-half of the capital required,
the master and the men should come to this agreement, that each party is
to receive interest for capital, and the reward of labour to be measured in
proportion to the value of the skill and industry exercised by each.

If the master’s time is worth more than any of the men’s, let him receive
an adequate proportion of profit ; if not more valuable, he should not receive
more: but, as long as the men leave all the risk for the master, so long
must they be content to allow him to give them what portion he pleases.
When they take part of the risk, they can make better terms. This instance
must be applied to the working people of all trades: they have no right to
receive the full value of their labour, until they work on their capital
instead of the capital of others.

The means which are now in operation in almost every county in Eng-
land, to give the workmen a capital, are by a number of men and women
becoming members of a cooperative society, each depositmg an equal sum,
as 3d., 6d., or 1s. weekly, the amount being laid out in the wholesale pur-
chase of the commodities which their families buy at other people’s shops :
it is, indeed, by the people having shops of their own, instead of dealing at
other people’s shops. Those commodities are sold at the usual retail.
prices, and the profits added to the common capital; which capital is to
be used in giving employment to that number of their members which
will be most advantageous to the society, and in the purchase or rental of
land, in the building of houses, and in allowing such as like to escape from
the cares and troubles of competition to reside there, rearing their own.
food, producing their own clothing, furniture, &c., and exchanging the sur-.
plus for such commodities ‘as they cannot produce on these lands; and, as_
soon as possible, annihilating individual interests. The object is, indeed, to
give to every industrious family the means of easily surrounding themselves,
with all the essentials:to a comfortable existence.

General Notices. 479

The Secretaries of the “ London Society for the Diffusion of Cooper-
‘ative Knowledge,” No. 2. Jerusalem Passage, Clerkenwell, will give further
information when desired to do so. Iam, Sir, &c.— J. C. Penn, London,
August 20. 1829.

From the insulated situation of gardeners in comparison of mechanics
and manufacturers, they are less likely to benefit from cooperation ; but we
have no doubt that, in different situations, by joining with their neighbours,
they might benefit to some extent; for instance, in the price of provisions.
At the same time, we are not fully satisfied in our own mind that the
cooperative system, as described in the above letter, is truly founded in
nature, and likely to maintaim a permanent footing in communities. We
have not been able to bring ourselves to the belief that the annihilation of
mdividual interests is in the order of nature; but we are not sure that we
understand what’ is meant by it. It seems to us that cooperation is at
least an excellent discipline to the cooperators ; and that, if they continue
to cooperate for a length of time, they must in the end acquire capital. We
confess we doubt the continuance ; but we most sincerely wish, as we have
already observed (Vol. V. p.388.), a fair trial to the system. We there-
fore agam recommend to all our readers the penny tracts on cooperation
before named.— Cond.

Cooperation in Education and Travel im Foreign Countries. —“ Several
moriths ago it was announced in the French papers that Count Alexander
de Laborde had issued proposals for educating a certain number of pupils,
under competent masters; the distinguishing feature being, that the pupils
should acquire the living languages in the different countries ; of which, at
the same time, they could attain a competent knowledge of the laws, cus-
toms, institutions, arts, sciences, &c. We now find that the young per-
sons who had been got together on this travelling scheme have already
visited Turin, Genoa, Florence, and Rome, and they are said to have made
great progress in the different branches of education. As they travel. on an
economical scale, parents, who are anxious for their sons to see the world,
have thus an opportunity of sending them out without the exclusive expense
of a travelling tutor.” (Literary Gazette, March 6.) |

This is an excellent idea, and we haye no doubt it will in time be gene-
rally adopted in every civilised country. Travelling, as a means of educa-
tion, was formerly only withm the power of the wealthy; by applying to
it the cooperative principle, it is brought within the reach of the mid-
dlmg classes, tradesmen and farmers. By Dick’s raised railroads. and
locomotive engines it may in a few years become as easy to make the tour,
of Europe as it is now to make the tour of Britain, and as easy to visit all
the principal cities of the world as it is now to visit the principal cities of
Europe. Such a state of things could not exist long without one language
prevailmg over every other. When Britain and France shall be self.
governed for the good of the whole, as in America, the inhabitants of the
three countries will know each other better, and will cooperate for the
establishment of the same weights, measures, monies, and language through-
out the world. But why suppose that. travelling will be limited to the.
independent classes, or to children supported by their parents? By Mr.
Dick’s railway, and manual locomotive power, half a dozen gardeners or
mechanics might move themselves all over Europe, working now and then.
when they chose, as the gardeners and mechanics now walk on foot through.
Germany, and recruit their finances by a few weeks’ work every now and
then. Thus, with the spread of knowledge and its application, all, even -
the most refined enjoyments of the highest classes, may be brought within
the reach of: the lowest, viz. those who live by the commonest descriptions.
of manual labour. — Cond.

A: Stove with an open Fire Place, the object of which is to cure smoky.
chimneys, has been patented in France by M. Fonzi, an Italian dentist, amd-

480 General Notices.

‘is now exhibiting in Percy Street, London. There is nothing new in the
principle, and the only difference between this cast-iron stove and those in
common use for warming workshops, halls, &c. is, that the front, and the
door or opening for the fuel, instead of being perpendicular, are inclined at
an angle of probably 30°. By this means, when the fire is lighted, a draft
created, and the door removed, the fire is seen somewhat in the same man-
ner as in a common fireplace. Instead of a hinged door, M. Fonzi employs
a lid, which when the fire is lighted he removes for the day. For particular
cases, and especially where a chimney smokes, these stoves may be substi-
tuted for the common open fireplace, with the advantage of showing the
fire, so gratifying to popular English feeling; but as, whenever the fire
becomes low, the draft must cease, and the smoke and dust rise into the
apartment, they are never likely to come into general use.

A Domestic Improvement, of a different nature, is about to be commenced
by M. Fonzi, which we shall hail with more satisfaction than his stove, and
in which we do not doubt that he will be much more successful. M. Fonzi
is the original inventor of the terro-metallic teeth * lately introduced to
London from Paris, and, for every quality required in artificial teeth, found
greatly superior to any of the kind hitherto in use. These teeth are now
sold, even by the cheapest dentists, at two and three guineas each. It is
M. Fonzi’s intention to reduce the price to 5s. or 7s., by which means they
may come into universal use, and the humblest female may thus mend her
charms in this department as readily as she now does in the article of hair.
This we think will be a very great improvement, and M. Fonzi will deserve
immortal honour for the attempt to bring it about. We do not believe
there is a class of men in the country who so soon make fortunes as den-
tists in full employment; and the reason is, because there are so few in the
trade that it is held as a mystery. It is supposed to be something too high
for a mechanic, and yet too low for a regularly educated medical man. As
society advances all mysteries will be revealed, the principle of the division
of labour will be applied in this case as in every other, and the business of
the dentist will resolve itself into that of the surgeon dentist, the mechanic
dentist, and the tooth manufacturer. The latter requires no more skill
than a china manufacturer ; nor the mechanic dentist than a barber, cer-
tainly not a tithe of the science of a carpenter and jomer. The raw mate-
rial of the terro-metallic teeth is the same as that which is burnt into china,
with the addition of a metallic oxide, so that its cost and its manufacture
into teeth can be no great object, and the wages of the operator or mechanic
dentist in fitting in the teeth when once there is such a general demand as
we contemplate, will not exceed those of a journeyman peruke-maker. In
the mean time, before this business is brought to its lowest level, there will
be money to be made by it, and we would pomt it out to parents as a very
desirable business for their sons. In Paris, ladies sometimes exercise the
profession, and very properly so when they confine their practice to their
own sex. The inhabitants of Australia very soon lose their teeth, and a
mechanical dentist must be a good business with a view to emigration
thither. M. Fonzi styles himself “ surgeon-dentist to the Imperial Court .
of Russia, and his Majesty the King of Spain.” He will render no small
service to the cause of civilisation and refinement, if he brings one more of
those enjoyments, hitherto attainable exclusively by the rich, within the
means of the poor. We hope a few knowing gardeners and mechanics will

* See Rapport fait a l’ Athenée des Arts, &c., sur ! Examen des divers
Procédés employés par M. Dubois-Foucon, et par M. Fonzi, pour la fabri-
cation des dents artificielles, lu et adopté dans lassemblée générale du
13 Novembre, 1809.

General Notices. 481

get themselves or their sons made dentists without loss of time. We
recommend the subjeet to our esteemed contemporary the editor of the
Mechanics’ Magazine and Spirit of Literature. — Cond.

Ear-rings are an idolatrous and heathenish abomination. As the sun
shineth, I. believe them to be unsightly relics of a barbarous age. If we
are to.retain the customs of savages, why exempt the nose from its annular
appendage? (New Monthly Magazine, July, 1830. p. 18.)

We have always been of this opinion. The use of cosmetics and of various
appendages to, heighten beauty is natural, because they are in imitation of
nature; but.rings, like tattooing, are an outrage.’ We have found many ladies
who, though agreeing with us, continued the custom, because their ears
were bored, We. do not think this a sufficient reason; but, nevertheless,
Jet every lady follow her own taste. To parents, however, we would
address, ourselves, and entreat of them not to have their children’s ears
perforated till they attain the age of maturity. When the fashion of
leaving off ear-rings becomes general among the higher classes, it will soon
pervade those which are below them, and that money and care now bestowed
on. these barbarous ornaments may be transferred to the teeth, to which the
lower and middling classes of Englishwomen are perhaps rather deficient in
attention. — Cond...

Hi Math regard to. Mr, Owen’s Plan for reforming all Classes 1 have given some consideration to
ENE read his books, and also entered largely into his doctrines. I cannot say, however, that

= er approve of them, or think them practicable. It appears to me that no perfect community
of interest can exist between different people, unless they know that their union must he; and
that, whether they succeed or fail, are happy or miserable, satisfied or discontented, they are
obliged to remain with each other ; having no wealth but what is derived from a common source,
ang being compelled to make the best they can of their situation, without the possibility of
changing it but by losing a portion of their own respectability and consequence in the world. This
perfect and permanent.union, which can only exist between husband and wife, or parent and
child, seems to me indispensable to the happiness of those who live constantly with each other ;
for, without some ties of equal potency, the jarring tempers and discordant habits of human
beings can never be amalgamated into one’ perfect mass. All communities that have been hitherto
presented to. my observation have been sources of misery. I was a short time a boarder in a
convent, and I was disgusted with the petty quarrels, the envies, hatreds, and jealousies that
corroded the bosoms of the good nuns. I have seen the same effects produced in boarding-schools
and boarding-houses, and have heard of them in’ regiments where the families of the respective
officers form a species of community something similar to that proposed by Mr. Owen. I also
think that; constituted as we are, men and women cannot live together without feeling sentiments.
of a more violent nature than is consistent with Mr. Owen’s ideas of tranquil happiness. It is an
old and trite remark, that male and female servants in the same house must always be either
quarrelling or-making love, and I am sure it is the same in boarding-houses. Besides which, I
do_not think that the human breast can share its inmost recesses with more than one: when
others are admitted, it is only into the outer courts ; the adytum is held sacred, and is then only
occupied by self. ‘Mr. Owen, I believe, says that we are the creatures of circumstances, and that
we are often good or bad solely from) the characters by which we are surrounded, or the events
which may have chanced to bring our passions into play. This, to a certain extent, I am quite
réeady-to admit. But, as a radish ‘seed, though it may produce a finer or weaker plant according to
the soil in which it may be:sown, can never, under any circumstances, be forced to produce a
cabbage, so the mind of any individual, though it may be modified and partially changed by.
education or other causes, can never be essentially altered. Its original character must remain
the same; and, when powerfully excited, it) will break forth. The acquired habits, indeed, are
then like the clothes of a dancing dog tempted by the sight of his natural prey ; they are either
forgotten, or regarded‘as trifling impediments ; and though they cannot be quite thrown aside,
are at least ebliesdte become subservient to the stronger impulse of the moment.—J. W. Bath,

fay 10. 1830. __ J , ‘

Permanent Retief to all“Classes. — Whatever may be the temporary or partial alleviation of the
present distress by Mr. Owen’s'scheme, or any other, we entirely agree with Lord King, “ that
we can only expect. to derive permanent relief from our distresses and impoverishment in our
condition; from the strictest economy in every branch of the public expenditure, from the
abolition)of all exclusive privileges [all those of the nobility, and especially hereditary legislation,
included] and monopolies; from an unrestricted supply of the first necessaries of life, and of the
materials of manufacture ; and from a real free trade ; by which the whole community, as con-
sumers, will be greatly benefited, the labouring classes enabled to procure a fair reward, the
capitalist to augment those funds by which all labour is supported, and the efficiency of British
industry fully permitted to produce its natural result in enriching the country, and thus to
restore and secure the. public prosperity.” (Lord King’s Speech: Spectator, Feb.7. 1830.) —The
two principal means which will operate towards producing these ameliorations are the spread of
political knowledge among all classes, and the pressure of public burdens on the middle ranks.
The aristocracy would submit to the pressure of public burdens, because in the army, navy, and
church they share the spoil; but the middling classes, who do not share in the spoil, will not
submit to them much Jonger. “It is singular that Lord King’s resolutions, as delivered in the
House of Lords in-February last,.and the most enlightened and liberal that ever were spoken:
there, of which the above quotation is the concluding one, should hardly have been noticed by
the legislature, and only commented on by two newspapers, the Spectator and the Examiner, the
latter the most consistent and independent in London, — Cond.

The Size of Fruits produced on trees, and suspended in the air, it has

Wor leon 2:7 Re

482 Foreign Notices : — France, Germany, Poland.

been proved by M. St. Hilaire, may be somewhat increased by supporting
them. The fruit experimented on was the pear. It is curious that the

Lancashire gooseberry-growers have long been doing nearly the same thing

with their prize berries. a

' The Everlasting Potato, and the late Red Roger Potato. — With regard to

writing “ two words” upon them, they are not worth one, being nothing:
more than a small variety of the common potato ; any of which may be cul-
tivated to the same purpose, and in the same way: this being selected for

its smallness, as more resembling new potatoes when taken up from its bed’
in winter ; which bed, when the tops die in autumn, is to be thickly covered:
with litter or leaves, through which, in spring, the shoots will come up’
freely, and root in very thick clusters. The specimens sent are removed at
a bad time, having tops to be pulled off; which if they do not reproduce or-
die, I will send you more, an you wish it. They are very common about
here; and, in winter, form a delicate supper vegetable, having all the excel-
lence of new potatoes (an there de any excellence), without their sweetish -
insipid wateriness. I send you also a most excellent variety of potato, here

called the Red Roger, and highly esteemed by fancy solanists as a late sort,
coming into eating about May, and keeping good till the great crop of others
is quite ripe, while most vegetables are scant. It is, however, a very poor
cropper. Mr. Murray, at dinner with me in July, thought this variety a.
treasure, and took some with him to Stranraer in Galloway. This is the
Spider Murray who figures in your Magazine of Natural History. — John
F.M.D. Westfelton, May 30. 1830.

ArT. II. Foreign Notices.

FRANCE.

Paris, June 10. 1830. — Notwithstanding the severity of our winter, all
the plants of Magnolia grandiflora at Sceau have stood without losing any’
of their leaves. The Laurustinus and Alatérnus, the common whin, and
some other evergreens, have been cut down to the ground. Cupréssus
sempervirens, at the least 40 years old, almost killed. Rhododendrons,
and other evergreens, in southern exposures, killed or much injured, while
those exposed to the north are unhurt. This, I believe, takes place in most
countries, the injury being done by the sudden influence of the sun. —
Thos. Blaikie.

GERMANY.

Michael August Stoettner, of Nuremberg, has one of the most extensive
assortments of pelargoniums on the Continent. We saw them in the au-
tumn of 1828; and Mr. Stoettner, who has lately visited London, has pre-
sented us with his catalogue for 1829, which contains upwards of 430 names, :
with their authorities. This gentleman, who is an amateur, has, with the
assistance of M. Reider, a well known gardening author of Nuremberg,
commenced the Geranidcee there, after the manner of Sweet’s. The en-
gravings and colouring of this German Geranidcee, he says, are much supe-
rior to those of the English one; but this, till we see a specimen of the
work, we must take the liberty of doubting. — Cond.

POLAND.

. The Pfandbrief or Mortgage Society here had its origin in the following
manner : — The landed proprietors in Poland, after the late wars and dis-
turbances on the Continent, found themselves encumbered with debts, for
which they were compelled to pay a high interest to Jewish and other
money-lenders. ‘The consequence was, that great numbers were either

foreign Notices: — North America. 483

obliged to sell their land, or find out some other way of paying. They
applied to the Emperor Alexander for permission to establish a Society for
lending money on land, which was granted. A person who borrows can
receive one-fourth of the value of his estate, for which he pays during the
Space of twenty-eight years interest 6 per cent.; and 2 per cent. goes
towards paying off the capital, and 4 per cent. is the interest, so that, at
the end of twenty-eight years, both capital and interest are paid off. For
greater security, every estate is liable, not only for its own debt, but for
the debts of the whole. The government have a great many estates in their
own hands, which they have begun to sell to. the highest bidder. In order
to facilitate their sale, they have taken from this Society as much money
as it will lend them, and the person buying does not require a great sum of
ready money, because he pays it off in twenty-eight years. An indus-
trious farmer with 2000/. might become a large landed proprietor. — J. L.
Warsaw, May 13. 1830.

NORTH AMERICA.

The Osage Apple and Maclira aurantiaca. — Sir, On the 20th of last
month I sent you a second osage apple [duly received], and I will send you
trees, a male and female *, next November, Deo volente. The fruit does
ripen in this State. The tree is immensely valuable in its native region.
It is so tough and elastic that the Indians make their bows of it, and it also
affords a fine yellow dye.

Sweet Maize or Sweet Corn. —1 send you also two ears of Indian corn,
of the kind called “ sweet corn,” from its. superior sweetness to all the
other varieties of that inestimable grain, the magnum Dei donum to the
United States, and to all climates in which it will ripen. Ido not know
whether this variety is the same as that cultivated by Mr. Cobbett (p. 60.).
Although the grains appear shrivelled when dry, they are plump when
ripe, and brilliantly white. In this climate (Pennsylvania), if planted
about the 10th of May, the corn will be fit to eat in the middle of July: in
the southern States, at an earlier date. The proper state in which to eat it
is when the milk flows or spurts out thick, upon pressing the grains with the
thumb nail. The best way to enjoy it, is to boil the ears with the husks
on, and, when brought to table, to cover the ears with butter, adding a
little salt, and to eat the grains off the cob. Over-refined people think
this is a vulgar mode, and shave off the grains from the cob; but in so
doing they lose much of their sweetness. This variety of Indian corn was
found by the officers attached to the army or expedition of General Sulli-
van, in the year 1779, which was sent against the Indians, in the Gennessee
country, and brought to Connecticut, whence it has proceeded south, The
“ nubbins,”’ when about the size of the middle finger, are sometimes pickled
in vinegar, and constitute an ornamental article, and pleasant condiment.
Other varieties of corn are used in the same way. I also send an ear of
blood-red corn, called “ chicken corn,” and a large variegated ear. We
have also different kinds of yellow corn.—J. MM. Philadelphia, Ja-
nuary 13. 1830. =

_ We have sent the ears to Mr. Charlwood’s, seedsman, Great Russell
Street, Covent Garden, who will distribute them to whoever calls, and
undertakes that the intended grower shall send us an account of his suc-

* We are much obliged to our much valued and most sincerely esteemed
correspondent; but we already have a female, on which we intend, this
summer, to bud amale. Can he send us any seeds of a tree or a plant, no
matter of how common a sort, from Mount Vernon or Monticello? These
would remind us of two of what we consider the greatest men that ever
lived, or, speaking relatively to age and country, probably ever can or will
live. — Cond. Bent §

hy 4

484 Foreign Notices: — South America, Asia.

cess, with an ear of each kind of the corn. The sweet corn is the only sort
that merits attention in point of utility, and we hope will be tried by gar-
deners, with a view to its introduction as a cottage vegetable. — Cond.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Caraccas, March 20. 1830.— Sir, On my arrival in Caraccas, I was
informed that there was a botanical garden establishing there, and being
curious to see the state of forwardness it was in, I was accompanied by Sir
John Lewis, of His Britannic Majesty’s ship Baron, who was acquainted
with the proprietor, Mr. Fanning. We found him very busily employed
amongst his plants. On our walking through the garden, he showed us the
cherry-trees in flower which had not been more than one month planted, and
not more than ten weeks from London: some of the cherries were formed,
and in a forward state. The whole of the fruit trees appeared in a fine
state, the sycamore, hazel, oak, walnut, chestnut, pines, and elms, were ina
very forward state.

In conversing with Admiral Fleming respecting the garden, &c., he pro-
fessed great astonishment at the state of forwardness Mr. Fanning has brought
the garden to, and he has taken great interest in Mr. Fanning’s welfare,
and has frequently visited the garden, as well as all the general officers of
his fleet.

The garden is small, but neatly laid out in squares; the walks are well
proportioned, and some of them beautifully shaded with the Fig banana,
which has a splendid appearance ; the towery stems and expanding leaves,
with its rich and delicious fruit, give the garden and walks a grand appear-
ance. During my stay in Caraccas I frequently visited the garden in the
afternoon, where I met with most of the grandees of Caraccas, it being the
only place to take a walk in or about the city. Mr. Fanning being a man
of mild and gentle manners, and having rendered great services to the
country, he is much liked by the ladies as well as the gentlemen, and, indeed,
deserves great credit. Iam happy to learn that, from the Admiral’s inter-
ference, General Paez has ordered Mr. Fanning to take charge of several
working people of his to work in his garden, and has given Mr. Fanning
apartments in his private house to live in: and I have every reason to believe
that the General will promote the views of Mr, Fanning in all his under-
takings. Iam, &c,— EE. A. Williamson.

' ASIA.

Royal Botanic Garden, Mauritius, March 12. 1830, — With reference to
the remarks in Vol. I. p. 54., I am happy, not only to state that the bota-
nic garden at this place is still kept up, but that, since I have had the honour
of superintending it, several interesting species have been sent from different
parts; and Iam not aware of any garden, whether in regard to soil or
situation, within the tropics, that could possess such a number of species.
The Eucalyptus, Mimosa, and all the large-leaved plants of New Holland,
and many.Cape plants, thrive remarkably well; while those from the East
Indies and China enjoy the luxuriance of their native climate. We have:
frequent correspondence with almost every part of the globe, and exclusive
communication with that great field of science, Madagascar, which no other
garden can possibly possess. Our garden, although laid out in the oldest
French style, has the advantage of being irrigated, thereby saving a number
of hands, and effectually watering the plants in the driest seasons. I will
send you a sketch of this garden, which may be considered as one of the
oldest tropical gardens existing, and as having been the source from which
most of the nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon is sent to the West India
Islands.

Culture of Asparagus in the Mauritius.— Although the mode of cultivating
vegetables within the tropics will be of little interest to the generality of:
your readers, as methods superior in every way are adopted in England, it

Foreign Notices : — Asia. 485

raay not be amiss to relate my mode of cultivating asparagus here. I think
it may be cultivated with equal success from 18° to 24° of latitude. Al-
though I had seen some fine asparagus at the Mauritius from a garden of
Mons. Bouillard, who is famed for growing asparagus, as well as many other
plants ; there appeared to be no method in practice for obtaining a con-
tinual crop of nearly eight montlis in the year. Considering it the chief
part of my duty to endeavour to bring into practice among the inhabitants
the best methods of producing vegetables in greater abundance, I have suc-
ceeded in bringing the cultivation of asparagus to the greatest perfection,
in nowise inferior to that of Europe. Every situation, however, will not
admit of cultivating this plant in my way. It should be a piece of ground
lying dry, and upon a gentle slope, with a command of water, which is to
be obtained in almost every valley in the Mauritius. I trace marks 3 ft.
distant, so that the man may dig a trench about 14 in. wide and 8 in. deep,
throwing the mould taken out of the trench between the rows. The trench is
then filled with dung, leaf mould, and common earth, mixed together, and
covered over with an inch of the mould taken out of the trench. The
seeds are sown about 9 in. apart in the rows at almost anytime. In about
a fortnight they begin to appear above ground; in two months afterwards
they begin to show flowers, though very weak the first time. When the
seed berries are red, the stalks are cut down, and 2in. of light mould is
added to the bed. If the weather be dry, they must be irrigated, or well
watered (with pots), and in a fortnight they will shoot up about the size of
quills, and from six to eight shoots at each stem. When they ripen their
seeds again, the bed is well manured with dung and leaf mould, or mould
only, and not watered, as in the previous cutting; by this time it will be
strong enough to commence forcing it (if I may be allowed the expression),
and upon this depends the fineness and quantity of the future crop. Accord-
ing to the quantity required for a family, say two or more rows of asparagus,
that have the seeds very ripe or fallen, are cut completely down to the
ground, and if the mould is considered not deep enough to blanch them, an
inch or two of light mould is added. The water is let in upon the two beds
every other day, as it may be required; in about five or seven days the
young asparagus begins to shoot, and will at this cutting produce many
stems, nearly as thick as in Europe, but too many must not be cut this
time. As soon as they commence shooting, two or more beds must be
treated in the same way, and so on to the end, keeping the beds that have
been previously cut, occasionally watered, until the seeds ripen again 5
then proceed as before, adding a little manure each time. The fineness and
quantity of asparagus that can be produced in this way is scarcely credible ;
and from the time of sowing until the first cutting for the table occupies no
more than ten or fourteen months. I think it advisable, at the end of two
years, to destroy the beds, having always arranged other beds for succession,
as it gets weaker after five or six cuttings, and there is so little trouble
in preparing and keeping the beds.

The prices of vegetables and other necessaries of life at the Mauritius are
exorbitant. Potatoes, from March till August, are from 6d. to 1s. 6d. per lb. 3
the other part of the year, when the potato crop at the Mauritius and arri-
vals from Europe, Van Diemen’s Land, &c. appear in the market, they are
tolerably cheap. Cabbages are sometimes cut into small slices for those who
cannot afford to purchase the half or whole; I have seen cabbages sold for
ls, 6d. each. Peas, although always dear, are perhaps cheaper than some
other vegetables when in season. We can (taking care to save the seed
and sow it again immediately) obtain three crops of early sorts of peas in a
season from the same seed. Animal food is dear in proportion to vegetables.
You will perhaps conclude from this, that it would be a desirable place for
a gardener or a grazier to obtain a fortune : almost the contrary : it requires
a large capital, or, if credit could be had, the grinding interest of ten or

Boe Gee)

486 Foreign Notices : — Australia.

twelve per cent. steps in. Slaves are very high in price, and so few have
been brought up to horticulture, that it would be some time ere they could
(or, rather, would) be taught the method ; and, even after all apparent diffi-
culties have been surmounted, another, and the most galling visitation is
experienced. There are, in almost every cornet, people who have been
liberated from slavery, or Creoles of bad character, who live by stealing, or
rather encouraging to steal, so that your own blacks would be bribed to
carry off all or a part of any vegetables or fruits you might grow. The
punishment for such offences I cannot enter upon, but I can state what
recompense the owner would get. Your blacks, who have stolen the pro-
perty are bond fide your own property, your fortune: if you punish them
severely, which is seldom the case, they go with a complaint, you lose their
work, and consequently your own living. They complain of the punishment,
and are not well (or will not be well), for months afterwards. It is a very
false assertion, that the blacks are generally treated badly at the Mauritius.
T came myself to the Mauritius with the same prejudice against the planters :
time, however, has taught me to consider otherwise. They are invariably
treated well, and fed much better than the poor people of Wales. My
occupation leading me more among planters than any other governnient
servants, I speak with confidence on this head. The young government
blacks will no doubt prove useful subjects. From the extreme scarcity of
vegetables, I had suggested to government the propriety of having a number
of young boys apprenticed to me, to bring up to horticulture. If they be-
have well during their apprenticeship, government might emancipate some
of them, and they would then have a profession to obtain a livelihood in a
respectable manner. It is truly lamentable to see so many blacks who, if
emancipated, could not earn their own livmg. Our esteemed governor has
caused a chapel* to be erected, and a catechist to instruct the blacks of
this establishment, as well as all others belonging to government; and I
have warm hopes the instruction given to the blacks will eventually be of
the greatest use, and make them good and happy subjects.

I shall feel most happy to give any information at any time upon any
subject connected with horticulture. I am, Sir, &c.— John Newman, Su-
permtendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Mauritius.

AUSTRALIA.

New Zealand. — We have lately seen a number of views, about to be
published in monthly Numbers, with descriptions, of the scenery of this
island, and had a good deal of conversation with Mr. A. Earle, the artist
who took them, and who has devoted twelve years in travelling through
New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, and some of the most interesting
of the South Sea islands, &c. According to this gentleman, the soil is for
the most part calcareous and highly productive, the climate excellent, and
the people naturally of a noble character, both physically and intellectually.
Baxter, the botanist, recently returned from the same country, gives the
same account, both of the country and natives. The inhabitants are by no
means in a state of barbarism, for all the country is appropriated, and
belongs to different chiefs. These chiefs are very open to commerce and
friendship with strangers, and from many of them large tracts of land might

* We hope an infant school will not be forgotten, and that all the adults
of both sexes will be taught all the labours and operations likely to be use-
ful for them. By a proper system of infant schools, connected with paro-
chial institutions, the natives of all our colonies would become in all respects
as good as ourselves in two generations. But who in Britain would think
of looking on the colonies in any other light than as sources of income for

the pauper aristocracy ? —- Cond. atti” ss

Domestic Notices : — England. 487

“be obtained for a trifle. On the whole, the impression on our mind is,
‘that New Zealand is a most desirable country for a colony of Europeans,
who might settle there, and govern themselves without the interference
of the mother country, at present pressing so severely at Sydney, the Cape
of Good Hope, and other misgoverned colonies. According to all the
accounts which we have received, an emigrant with a little capital would
have an incomparably better chance of prosperity and happiness, by taking
his chance among the New Zealanders, than encountering the certain tyranny
of the government of Sydney. The things related of the present governor,
_and we fear truly, are indeed horrible. (See Scotsman, July 17.)— Cond.

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND.

LESSONS on Botany, to young ladies or gentlemen residing in London or
its neighbourhood, are about to be given by Mr. Sweet, who proposes to
. teach both the Linnean and Natural System, on moderate terms. We are
heartily glad of this, and hope Mr. Sweet will extend his lessons to culture
and management. There is not one person in five hundred of those who
possess a house, and plot in the way of garden, in the neighbourhood of
London, who knows how to make the most of the latter. If such persons
_ were to take six mixed lessons of botany and culture, say one on each of
the spring and summer months, for two or three years, they would find them-
_selves, at the end of that time, within the pale of a new world; new enjoy-
ments, and new wants. Even those who keep plants in pots, (windew
. gardeners, as the French call them, and stube or room gardeners as they
‘are called by the Germans, ) weuld derive much benefit from a few lessons of
“management. We knew a lady who could not keep a heath alive six months
till we taught her always to keep the bottom of the stem, botanically speaking
the collar, above the level of the rim of the pot ; the earth sloping from the
stem to about halfan inch under the rim of the pot, so that the plant seems
to grow out of the summit of a little dry hill. She now grows a dozen sorts,
as well as most nurserymen. Few persons that occupy heuses have a tithe
of the plants in pots about them which they might have. The roof of every
house might be covered with pots by fixing boards over the tiles in the
manner of a green-house stage. Alpimes would grow better on a house-top
than in the back yard or front area below. Miss Kent, who, as we men-
tioned in one ef our earliest Numbers, also gives lessons in botany, and
whose ability to do so in the most engaging manner will not be doubted by
‘those who have read her very interesting Introduction to the Linnean
_ System, in the Magazine of Natural History, lives in the very heart of Lon-
. don, between Paternoster Row and St. Paul’s, yet she has a thriving garden
of pots on the top of the house; not of sickly geraniums, but of pretty little
hardy natives, among them the common gowan or daisy. In a very few
- years we expect to see botany, entomology, ornithology, and conchology,
_as generally taught in schools and private families as music now is, and cer-
tain we are that the sources of enjoyment which this will open up for the
rising generation will be great beyond what many of their parents have any
idea of. — Cond.
A School of Industry and an Infant School are about to be established at
Potton, Bedfordshire. The proposals issued contain, in our opinion, some
good features, with one or two bad ones. “ That the utmost attention be
‘ paid to the religious instruction of the children, according to the liturgy
and catechism of the church of England,” we include among the latter,
because we belong to the church of Scotland, and think it most probable
‘ It 4 ie

488 Domestic Notices : — England.

that most of the poor inhabitants about Potton are dissenters of one sort
or another. We would confine school instruction to what 1s common to
the religious of all civilised nations, morality and charity, and which Mr.
Ensor has shown (Principles of Morality) to have been inculcated even so
far as “ to do unto all men as you would they should de unto you,” by
pagans, by Antoninus Pius, and also by Trajan. The particular dogmas we
would leave to be taught by the fathers and the mothers, as in Germany
and America. To the following passage in the proposal we entirely object ;
chiefly because, so far as our observation goes, it is untrue: — “ It has been
alleged, and, perhaps, not without reason, that the present system of
popular education has tended to unfit the poor for those situations in life
in which they would have to move, making them aspire to preferment
which they can never reach; the consequence of which has been, discontent,
idleness, and often vice.’ We should really be glad to know in what part
of the country the poor had been rendered discontented, idle, and vicious,
by education. Discontented with their present situation we hope education
always will render the poor and miserable, to such an extent as will stimu-
late them to better it, by increased skill and industry; but what “ system
of popular education” it may be which has led to “ idleness, and often vice,”
we confess we are utterly at a loss to know. Wecertainly think the asser-
tion at variance with the general sense of the country on the subject.

The remaining part of the Proposal we think good, and shall be most
happy to see it supported, and carried into execution, hoping that it may
ultimately lead to the establishment of parochial institutions, such as we
have recommended (Vol. V.), or something better, all over the country.
The following are the essential parts of the Proposal : —

That there be a school for forty boys and forty girls, under the care of a
master and mistress, in separate buildings.

That they be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic, but that half the
school hours be spent in works of labour and industry; the boys to mend
their own clothes and shoes, clean knives and shoes, to use the needle and
hammer, as well as the pen; also out-door work, such as digging, gardening,
hedging and ditching, and also ploughing when an opportunity offers.

That the girls be employed in needle-work, washing and ironing, mending
their own clothes, in the business of a dairy, and in such practices of
good housewifery as may fit and recommend them to good services.

That the expense of this establishment be provided for by public subscrip-
tion, but that each child do pay, weekly, 3d. for the instruction and advan-
tages it may obtain in these schools.

That, im order to encourage regular attendance and good behaviour, bits
of land be given to those boys who shall be recommended by the master,
which, on certain conditions, they shall cultivate for the benefit of their
parents.

That an infant school be connected with this establishment, the opera-
tion of which is better understood by mspection than by any detail in
writing, and the importance of such an institution, it is presumed, needs no
recommendation. Suffice it to say that, whilst it affords health, cleanliness,
and instruction to the children, it enables the mothers to earn something
for their families, being secure that their offspring are not only taken care
of, but receiving instruction with happiness and delight. It is given them
in the shape of amusement: the rod is never thought of ; but the attention
of the children is gained by the smiles and caresses of the instructor. The
affection to the natural parent is at the same time preserved, and at the
close of the day the infant is received at home with redoubled love and
kindness on account of the improvement it has received. Compare this
system with what are termed dame’s schools. In these, a large number of
children are crowded in asmall room, fixed to their seats, and either totally
unemployed, or, what is nearly the same thing, doomed to the one unvaried

Domestic Notices : — England. 489

Occupation of poring over their A B C, whilst the dame’s only object is to
keep the children quiet, and her only means the frequent infliction of
punishment. To such schools the children resort. with reluctance; they
become peevish and fretful : whilst to the infant schools the children go with
alacrity and delight, and are never more happy than when they are under
the eye of their instructor, whom they look at with love and affection.

The promoter of this establishment at Potton [Montague Burgoyne,
Esq. we believe] confesses that he feels more than a common interest in
the success of it, because he is well assured of its general. utility. He does
not consider it as an experiment, because he has seen the good effects. of
the system in other places, not only on the children, but on their parents. »

A nobleman of the highest rank, in the county of Bedford, as much
respected as he is known, has given it as his opinion, that infant schools,
and schools of industry, are the mainsprings of moral good; and is so per-
suaded of their great utility, that he has authorised the promoter of them
to say, that he will cheerfully subscribe 100/., if a fund can be raised to
make them general in the county of Bedford.

A Metropolitan Cemetery was sometime ago proposed in the form of a
pyramid (Vol. V. p.214.), and another architectural extravaganza, some-
thing in the way of the Campo Santo, at Pisa, has lately appeared; the
latter very handsome as an architectural design, but very impracticable,
and, even if it were otherwise, very unfit, in our opinion, for the purpose in
view. Piling up musty coffins in vaults is quite unsuitable to the present
age, and practised only by antiquated kings and nobles, fast dying off
in every part of the world. Our opinion has always been in favour of
an extensive garden or arboretum; the interments of renters of seven,
fourteen, or twenty-one years, made systematically, as at Munich, and
those of purchasers in spots planted and ornamented. according to the
taste of the proprietors. The General Cemetery Company, lately esta-
blished, proposes to proceed on the latter principle, and, we are happy
to observe, has every prospect of being capable, after a few more shares
are taken, of completely effecting its object. Several peers and members
of parliament of the highest character are on the provisional committee;
which may be considered as a guarantee to the public that this is none of
those bubble companies which arose in ‘such numbers five or six years ago,
and almost every one of which ended in disappointment or ruin. ‘The
object of this Company is more a public good, and a grand ornament to the
metropolis, than private emolument; though the Liverpool public cemetery
(p. 353.), we understand, pays 8 per cent. Ata late public meeting on the
subject, where a great many persons delivered their sentiments, the great-
est unanimity prevailed as to the necessity of such a cemetery,'so that the
time seems now arrived for carrying it mto execution. The public will
eventually be much indebted to Mr. G. F. Carden, the treasurer, who first
proposed this plan for a public cemetery so long ago as 1826; and to
Mr. Spottiswoode, for having seconded his efforts in bringing it before the
House of Commons. — Cond.

The Royal Gardens and Gardeners. — Some of our correspondents have
directed our attention to the demise of the crown, and have asked us to
urge a change in the system of the management of the Royal Gardens.
‘The family of Aiton, we are told, monopolises the whole of these situations,
in consequence of which, it is said, not one of the whole is planted or kept
in order as it ought to be. We dislike exceedingly the idea of directing
attention to any one individual or family ; because he, or they, may not, for
any thing we know, be to blame for the present state of the different royal
gardens. We must confess, however, that we have lately felt ashamed
whilst showing some foreigners Kensington Gardens and St. James’s Park,
at the want of shrubs and flowers in the former, and at the thorns and
privets with which the groups are planted in the latter. We have repeatedly
found fault-with the design and planting of the flower-garden at Windsor

A900 Domestic Notices : — England.

Castle, and the grounds behind Buckingham Palace. As to the kitchen-
gardens at Windsor, Hampton Court, and Kensington, they have long been
beneath criticism ; the reason we have always understood to be, that money
enough was not allowed for keeping them up. Indeed, we should think it
much better, both for the King and the country, that there should be no
royal kitchen or forcing garden at all, because we know that the supplies for
the kitchen, the dessert, and for decorating the drawing-room, could be got
both cheaper and better from Covent Garden Market and the Bedford
conservatories. As to the different royal palaces and gardens, we confess
we take little interest in the former further than as public buildings, and in
the latter, Kensington gardens, for example, than as places for public re-
creation and enjoyment. As gardens and pleasure-grounds for the people,
we would extend and enrich them to the highest possible degree ; but we
would never put it in the power of any magistrate to erect such sumptuous
lodgings for himself as the new part of Windsor Castle, or Buckmgham
Palace. The day, we trust, is gone by for these sort of things; and,
oppressed as this country is by debt, and the burden of providing for the
paupers both of the lowest class and the highest, we ought to look rather
to the example of economy shown us by France and America than follow
the reckless extravagance of George IV. and former times. Weare not of
those architects or authors that think a king of Britain ought to have a
palace as much superior in gorgeousness to the palaces of every other country
as Britain is above every other country in wealth and power. We would
have sumptuous public buildings, picture galleries, museums, libraries,
assembly rooms, theatres, &c., which might be enjoyed by all, but we
would lodge the first magistrate, whether a king, or, what we should greatly
prefer, an elective vorsitzer, like a wealthy and respectable private gentleman,
and nothing more.

But, to return to the royal gardens: we, about a year ago, got a petition
signed by the principal inhabitants of Bayswater, in favour of pulling down
the north wall of Kensington Gardens, substituting for it an open iron
railing, and, to preserve the seclusion of the gardens, raising within the
railing a mound, 5ft. or 6 ft. high in the centre, and 15 ft. or 20 ft. broad,
and planting it with evergreens. After applying at five or six public offices,
having been directed from one to the other, we were at last mformed
that we might write to the Lord Steward of the Household. We did so:
but it was not to be expected that this high personage, who kept the House
of Commons waiting three or four hours, would think fit to notice our
letter further than to send Mr. Aiton to inform us that we should hear
further on the subject. This, however, we have not yet done; and, being in
despair, we can only offer up our prayers to William IV., and say, that if
His Majesty is desirous of being popular among his faithful subjects at
Bayswater, and of rendering the entrance to London by that village the
most noble of all the London approaches, he will give orders to substitute
an open railing for a hideous, old, crooked, lofty wall, which is further
disfigured by innumerable handbills and chalk-writings, and by numerous but-
tresses, rendered the receptacles of all kinds of impurities, from the end of
.Oxford Street to the Gravel Pits. The ground or plan line of the open rail-
ing ought to be in continuous curves, instead of abrupt angles, like this wall,
and there ought to be several gates, with invalid soldiers or sailors as gate-
‘keepers. We shall probably suggest other improvements in the interior of
the gardens at a future period; one of these would of course be that of
turning the whole of the kitchen-garden into pleasure-ground, which would
carry the line of open railing as far as Linden Grove. — Cond.

Cambridge Botanic Gardens. — We are now settling the necessary pre-
liminaries for changing our botanic garden here, and I hope for the cordial
cooperation of botanists in establishing one worthy of the University. My
own ideas of what a botanic garden ought to be, will be found, I expect, to
differ from those of some others; but it seems to me that soil and aspect

Domestic Notices : — England. 4.91

are the first things to be considered, arrangement the second : in short, that
a botanic garden should affect first the geographical distribution of species,
‘and, when that is settled, then their natural grouping. A lithographic
sketch of the beds (marked a, B, C,) with an alphabetical index of the
genera, would be sufficient to direct any one to the different parts of a gar-
den, in which the species of any genus were to be found.—J. 8S. H. Cam-
bridge, July 1. 1830.

A picturesque Mass of Rock-work. — Mr. Brookes, being about to change
his residence, begs to acquaint Mr. Loudon, that he has for sale an exten-
sive and picturesque mass of rock-work, composed chiefly of considerable
pieces of the rock of Gibraltar, adapted to the purpose of a vivarium, at
present inhabited by an eagle, and several smaller rapacious birds. The
structure is excavated in different parts for the seclusion of its tenants.
The four principal entrances of the adyta are ample, and arched with rude
portions of rock : there are likewise numerous cryptz arranged irregularly,
for various animals, and subterranean passages intersecting each other for
their convenience and retirement. The whole covers an area of about
30 ft., and is upwards of 10 ft. in height, somewhat in the shape of a trun-
cated cone, on the surface of which there is a spacious reservoir for fishes,
aquatic plants, and oceanic birds, with a jet d’eau in the centre, ascending
through an interesting specimen of rock much elevated above the level of
the water, which is prevented from overflowing by a siphon, that conveys it
through the mouth of an antique head of a gigantic reptile, nearly resem-
bling that of an Ichthyosatrus. The interstices of the rock are verdant
with alpine and appropriate indigenous plants; these, descending over the
stones, embellish and augment the pleasing appearance of the fabric, which
would prove a beautiful object in an arboretum, or at the termination of a
vista. The largest caverns were for a long period the domiciles of an un-
commonly fine vulture, a white-headed eagle, an ossifrage, and a magnificent
auriculated owl, all natives of the most inhospitable regions ; but such, how-
ever, as may be readily obtained. Those that remain are domesticated,
and will be given to the purchaser: the two former birds were presented
to the Zoological Society, and are now living. Occupying an angele in the
-garden there is a pilgrim’s cell, constructed in a great measure of the jaws
of a whale, having furniture manufactured of the bones of the same animal,
‘and lighted by a circular stained glass window. Mr. Brookes hopes Mr.
Loudon will accept his apology for troubling him with this detail, but con-
ceives that gentlemen having occasion to consult him on horticultural sub-
jects might avail themselves of this, perhaps the only means of raising a
noble rural ornament with many tons of the rock of Gibraltar. — Blenheim
‘Street, Great Marlborough Street, June 24. 1830.

New-invented Trap for Earwigs. ( fig. 92.) — Nothing is more injurious

ay See = to the finer sorts of
a all fo °
——— = S es wall-fruitthan the ear

a ee = wig; and nothing is
more disgusting than

to find that those hos-
tile-looking insects
have taken possession
of it when brought to
/ table. It being impos-
sible to defend the fruit
from their attack by
j any means applied to
=the trees, they can
only be assailed by
92 capture. This has

been the old, and is the only, expedient in practice to check the depre-
‘dations’ of this annual plague on fruit walls. -A- bundle: of hollow ‘dry

4.92 Domestic Notices : — England.

bean-stalks is placed in the trees, as a lure for them to resort to during
the day, as they are chiefly migratory during the night; but, though bean-
stalks answer the purpose, they are of too fragile a substance to last long, or
be so convenient in use as traps made of a more durable material. The
inventor (a person well acquainted with the subject) has, therefore, proposed
them to be made of tin, which will add durability to their efficacy as a trap.
They are composed of a limited number of small tubes, soldered together 5
which, being first dipped m honeyed or sugared water, will at once attract
the insects to feed, and invite them to remain in the tubes, from which they
may be shaken out into a pail of hot water, as often as necessary. Such
traps, kept in the trees during the ripening season, will preserve, unda-
maged, much fine fruit.— J. M. Sept. 1828.

A Broccoli Plant which has stood Six Years, and produced good Heads every
Year. — Sir, Permit me to record, in your valuable Magazine, a rather sin-
gular instance of six years’ growth of a spring white or cauliflower broccoli,
from the same plant, in the garden of Lee Priory, the seat of Colonel
Brydges Barrett. In the month of April, 1824, I sowed our broccolis, but
when I cut them in the following spring, by accident I happened to leave a
solitary plant, which stood rather aloof from the rest. The next year this
plant produced, to my astonishment, as fine and beautiful a head as any of
those which I had freshly planted. This excited my wonder and curiosity ;
I left it again and again, and now it is the sixth year, and it was but a very
few days since that I cut from it a superb head! I enquired of several
intelligent and well-informed gardeners of the surrounding neighbourhood,
whether they had ever known such a thing, and, to my satisfaction, they,
one and all, answered in the negative. I am perfectly well aware that there
are many instances known and upon record of a second sprout, but it has
never come within my practical knowledge, and I have been a gardener for
more than five and twenty years, that the same root will produce for six
successive years. Perhaps you might be induced to give me some inform-
ation upon this curious and, as it appears to me, no less important point.
In referring to several works upon gardening, I do not find a single instance
mentioned that broccoli has been ever known to produce more than one
(or, at most,.a second) sprout from the same plant. I am, Sir, &c. — Sole-
mon Philips. Lee Priory, April 16. 1830.

In answer to some questions respecting his plants, Mr. Philips sent us
the following additional observations : —

The sprouts or shoots come from near the bottom of the stem in the
second (but, to write more precisely, rather the first) year, almost in the
same manner as in the Woburn Kale. They produced four heads of a
middling size. In the third (or rather the second) year, the shoots came
from the middle of the stem, and produced two remarkably fine heads. In
the fourth (or rather the third) year, the shoots came from about the same
place in the stem, or they might have been perhaps a little higher up, as in
the last year, and brought forth three very fair heads. In the fifth (or rather
the fourth) year, the shoots came as usual from the middle of the stem,
and produced two very fine heads and a small one. In the sixth (or
rather the fifth) year, the shoot, (for there was only one), came from near
the top of the stem, and produced, as I have formely stated to you, a large
and beautiful head. The first year it was about | ft.; the second year about
1i ft.; the third year about 2 ft.; the fourth nearly 21 ft.; the fifth 23 ft. ;
the sixth about 3 ft., more or less; and the seventh, or present year, about
the same. The stem is larger at the top than at bottom, which is not the
case with the generality of broccoli plants. If it should be my good for-
tune to have this plant shoot in the following year, I shall certainly permit
it to run to flower, and save some of the seed, which I now much lament
that I did not do in this and the preceding years.

The soil is a deep, rich, and loamy one: without wishing to boast, I will
add, that perhaps there is not richer and more productive land than this in

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 4.93

the whole county of Kent, and actually may affirm that there is not within
twenty miles around. The land is so rich, so capital, and so yielding, in the
garden here; that it requires but little manure; and the part in which this
remarkable and curious broccoli plant has grown we have not manured for
very many years, and for the last twenty years I think I may safely venture
to affirm that there has been no manure whatsoever thrown upon it. It
may be proper to add, that the part of the garden in which this plant stands
is by no means exposed either to the air or to the sun. Indeed, the whole
garden in this respect labours under immense disadvantage, as it strikes me,
as it is surrounded by numberless trees, such as oak and elm, beech and
fir.—S. P. April 23.

Remarkable Crops produced upon a very fertile spot in the Vale of York.—
Upon land reserved for the autumnal crop of potatoes the preceding
autumn, I planted brown Bath lettuce between the spot or rows where the
potatoes were to be hereafter planted, and every two yards I planted a gar-
den bean in the potato row itself. The neighbouring markets were supplied
with early salads. The beans having such plenty of air were very firm and
prolific. Secondly, Scotch cabbage crops; two early York, or sugar-loaf
cabbages in the row, between each Scotch plant, and a full row of the early
ones between each Scotch row, alternately. Another :— oats, barley, &c.,
drilled and cross-drilled into squares, then in the middle of every square a
Scotch cabbage plant. I might name various other trials, but am afraid to
trouble you further; and I have endeavoured to shorten my letter so much
that I fear I shall be with difficulty understood.— C. P. York, May 5. 1830.

Naturalisation of Exotics, §c.—'The Canna indica, Blétia hyacinthina,
Linum arboreum, flourish and flower with me in the open border, without
any other shelter than that afforded by a south wall. The former produces
plenty of ripe seeds, and has increased so much as to prove troublesome.—
C. P. York, May 5. 1830.

Seeds from Carthagena. — Sir, I have only time to enclose two or three
seeds of the small collection received by the Plover from Carthagena : —
No. 1. El Madrono (of which I received but three seeds) ; a tree of Popayan,
bearing, as Mr. Charles Hauswolf acquaints Mr. Watts, one of the most
delicious fruits of South America. It grows almost exclusively about the
city of Caty, where the temperature ranges from 75 to 80° Fahr. Con-
servatory ? — No. 2. Same paper, El Mechoacan, 6 Rhubarbaro blanco; a
convolvulus, with a purgative root. — No. 3. El Barbero; a convolvulus,
with a pale pink flower. Vicinity of Turbaco. Stove ?— No. 4. Quito To-
mata, Solanum Humboldt ? fruit from 12 to 14.0z. Conservatory ?—No. 5.
La Bahagua; unknown. A spreading shrub, with pinnate leaves; leaflets
oblong; flowers in a pyramidal spike, of a rich yellow. Tree 8 ft. high. —
W. Hamilton. Plymouth, June 3. 1830.

We have sent the seeds to Mr. Mackay of the Clapton Nursery, who
will no doubt report on them, and distribute the plants raised. — Cond.
June 10.

SCOTLAND.

New or Rare Plants which have lately flowered in the Neighbourhood of
Edinburgh, and chiefly in the Royal Botanic Garden; communicated by
Dr. Graham, Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh, to
Jameson’s Philosophical Journal for July : — ee

Brachystélma crispum. _“ Several bulbs of this plant were collected in.
Southern Africa, by Mr. Bowie, and sent, with many other roots, in spring,
1829, to Mr. Neill, in whose stove, at Canonmills, it flowered in May last.
It approaches Brachystélma spathulatum.” Bot. Reg. t. 1113.

Hybrid Calceolarias. “ Mr. Morrison, gardener to Lord President Hope,
at Granton, being aware that several of the finest species of Calceolaria
were shy in producing seed, suspected that this defect might be corrected
by applying the pollen of certain kinds to the stigmata of others ; and he first,
has had the merit of presenting to the florist, hybrids thus produced, which

494 Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

equal, if they do not surpass, in beauty, any of the species of this handsome
genus. Mr. Morrison’s experiments have been confined to four species, all
herbaceous, viz. C. corymbosa, C. arachndidea, C. plantaginea, and C. Fo-
thergill. He has succeeded in crossing the whole of these. C. planta-
ginea he finds most apt to produce seeds of itself, and most readily to
fertilise others. The hybrids which Mr. Morrison has sent to the Botanic
Garden are the following :” —

1. C. plantaginea-corymbdsa, raised from seed of C. corymbosa; pro-
duced by the pollen of C. plantaginea. An exceedingly handsome plant,
with the foliage of C. plantaginea, and the outline of its flowers.

2. C. plantaginea-arachnoidea; raised from seed of C. arachndidea, pro-
duced by the pollen of C. plantaginea. A large healthy plant.

» 3. C. arachnoidea-plantaginea; raised from seed of C. plantaginea, pro-
duced by the pollen of C. arachnoidea. Almost identical in appearance
with the last.

4. C. corymbésa-Fothergilli; raised from seed of C. Fothergill#, pro-
duced by the pollen of C. corymbosa. Quite unlike any of the others.

Euitoca sericea. A pretty and hardy alpine, raised in the Edinburgh Bo-
tanic Garden in 1828, from seeds collected in Captain Franklin’s second
expedition to the aretic coast of America. Flowered first in spring, 1829.

Ferraria elongata. From Buenos Ayres, by Dr. Tweedie, in 1828, to
Mr. Neill. Flowers expand about six in the morning, and decay about
three in the afternoon.

Habenaria obtusata. From Montreal in autumn, 1829, and flowered in a
cold frame at Canonmills in May, 1830.

Halénia Fischérii. From Dahurica, to the Botanic Garden, in March,
1829, and flowered in the open border in June.

Hibiscus spléndens. Raised from seeds sent by Mr. Fraser from New
Holland, in 1828. Its only fault, as a cultivated plant, is its great size:
but in its native situation it must present a most brilliant appearance. Mr.
Fraser writes of it: —“ This I consider the king of all the Australian
plants which I have seen. I have it 224 ft. in height. The flowers this sea-
son measured 9 in. across, were of the most delicate pink and crimson, and
literally covered the plant.”

Salvia rhombifolia. From Lima.

Schizénthus Hookeérii. Raised from seeds gathered on the Chilian side
of the Cordilléra of the Andes. Biennial ?

Scilla pumila. A pretty little species, from Portugal, which flowered
blue, and sometimes white, in the garden of David Falconer, Esq. of Car-
lowrie, in May, 1830.

Vegetable Market.— June 1. Grapes, 3s. 6d. to 4s.; pies, 5s. to 6s. a
pound ; gooseberries, 6d. per quart ; cucumbers, 6s. to 9s. per dozen; early
cabbages, 6d. to 1s. per dozen; asparagus, 1s. 6d. to 2s. per hundred ; rhu-
barb, 4d. to 6d. a dozen; new potatoes, 3s. a quart. Green pease grown
here have been sold privately, but none have been exposed in the market
excepting a quantity purchased in Coyent Garden, London, and brought
down by a steam vessel. They were as tresh and green to appearance as
if they had not been above six hours gathered, and sold for 5s. the imperial
peck. ‘Tart gooseberries have also been brought by steam from London,
and sold considerably cheaper than those raised here. (Scotsman.)

The Infant Schools in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen are in a most
prosperous state. Mr. Wilderspin has given a series of lectures in Leith
on his principles of infant education. A most interesting account of the
exhibition of the Edinburgh infant school will be found in the Scotsman of
the 5th of May, and abstracts of Mr. Wilderspin’s lectures in subsequent
numbers of the same excellent journal.

Two Cooperative Societies have been established at Perth, and one is now
establishing at Dundee. A cooperator, writing on the subject in the Dun-
dee Courier, recommends buying and selling for ready money only, keeping

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 495

a‘strict watch over office-bearers, frequently auditing the books, and the
cultivation of unanimity and good feeling.

- Annat Garden, June 14. —.. I had a very pleasant jaunt to the Lothians
-.....1 found there, as at home, generally speaking, the same effécts
following the same causes. Apples a scanty crop, the result of a preceding
wet autumn, producing imperfectly ripened wood, and a weak blossom,
which was cut off by a severe frost in the beginning of April, and 8th May;
late flowering varieties setting rather better, but apple trees, in general, .
exhibiting lassitude, from over-exertion last season. At Lufness, Arniston
Hall, and Preston Hall, pears on walls abundant, and many of the new
varieties from France in full-bearmg. Apricots and plums fair crops. At
Arniston Hall saw the original John Monteith’s pear tree standing side by
side with one of the largest and oldest yew trees in Scotland, noticed in
some Scottish statistical works. The stem measures at 4 ft. above the
ground, 17 ft. 3in. in circumference, and the branches cover a circumference
of 180 ft. The pear tree, of which I may hereafter send a drawing, is sup-
posed to have stood three centuries, and, tradition says, was named after a
gardener who lived at that place, and raised it from seed. Mr. Pearson,
the very intelligent gardener now at Arniston Hall, informed us that he
had ripened some fruit of this variety on a wall, but found it dry, meally,
and every way inferior to the fruit grown on the standard, except in size.
A Turkey apricot tree at this place covers 63 ft. of an east wall, 16 ft. in
height, bears regular crops, and ripens about a week later than the same
variety on a south aspect. Vegetation, by the flowering of herbaceous
plants, seemed to be in the same stage of forwardness in the Lothians as
in the early districts of Perthshire. Much of the corn crops in the Lothians
are drilled; but oats have suffered severely this season by what is there
called the “ tulip root,” a disease, the cause of which is not hitherto pro-
perly.understood. Lucern is cultivated near Musselburgh, and, from some
recently sown there, it would appear the practice deserves extension. _The
woods at Arniston furnish a fine lounge to the botanist. Mr. Mathieson
[an old friend of ours ?], gardener at that place, who to his other professional
qualifications adds a considerable knowledge of plants, pointed out the
habitat of the parasite the Lathree‘a squamaria. The Impatiens ndli me
tangere was growing profusely in the woods near the garden, and Mr.
Mathieson thinks it a native. There are several rare plants cultivated in
the hot-house and garden at Arniston. The flower grounds on both sides
of the river Esk are in excellent keeping, and possess an interest which,
without water, could not be easily imparted. — A. Gorrie.

The Wheat Fly.— The wheat is in the ear, and in general is looking
well, but we are very anxious just now about its fate with reference to the
fly. I found, upon examining my father’s wheat the other evening, that the
insect was in existence. I found dozens of them busily at work depositing
their eggs among the soft chaff of the young ear. We are anxious that the
present cold weather should continue for another ten days, to prevent the
eggs from hatching, until the wheat be sufficiently hardened, and beyond
the state which affords nourishment to the maggot. Another year or two
of the wheat-fly will make two-thirds of the farmers here bankrupts. Yours
truly. — P. Bell. Mid Lioch, Auchter House, June 24. 1830.

IRELAND.

Belfast Horticultural Society. — The Society’s first Show of flowers,
fruits, &c., took place on June 5. The judges on the occasion were, the
Marquess of Donegall, Sir Robert Bateson, Bart., John Agnew, Esq., John
Montgomery, Esq., Mr. L. Farrell, and Mr. T. Drummond.

‘ Flowers. Geraniums, Mr. 8: Millikin, gardener to Sir Robert Bateson,
Belvoir. Six Geraniums: 1. Mr. A. Anderson; 2. Mr. S. Millikin. Bou-
quet, Mr. J. Scott, Mr. A. Dixon, and Mr. J. Gamble, gardener to James

496 Gender and Accentuation

Stewart, Esq., Cherryvale. Ranunculus, Mr. Lindsay, Belfast. Anemone,
Mr. J. Gamble. — Fruit. Cherries, Mr. J. Scott. Strawberries, Mr. C..
Cummins, gardener to the Marquess of Downshire. — Culinary Vegetables.
Cucumbers: 1. Mr. J. Scott, gardener to the Marquess of Donegall, Or-.
meau; 2. Mr. A. Anderson, gardener to Charles Brownlow, Esq., Lurgan.
Cauliflower, Edward Walkington, Esq. Potatoes, Mr. J. Walker, gardener
to N. Batt, Esq., Purdysburn. Mushrooms, Mr. J. Scott. Asparagus, Mr.
A. Dixon, gardener to W. Montgomery, Esq., Rosemount. Turnips, Mr. -
A. Dixon. rat on

Some splendid specimens of plants were exhibited. Among the contri-
butors we may enumerate the Marchioness of Donegall, Lady Bateson, °
Mrs. J. Stewart, &c. There were also some beautiful plants from Mr.
Brownlow’s, at Lurgan; and one fine specimen of the Indian rubber tree,:
Ficus elastica, together with a geranium in bloom, upwards of 10 ft. high,
from Ormeau. We particularly noticed a basket of strawberries, sent by
Mr. Cummins, and two pines, which did him great credit. (Belfast News-
Letter, June 8.) : i

Flower-Gardening. — “ Where the habitation itself is so wretched, the
ornament of a garden is not to be expected. No rose or woodbine climbs
round the door, with some warbling bird suspended near; nor is there the
least plot appropriated to flowers. The houses of the more wealthy are:
remarkably deficient in this respect, although they have a milder climate.
than England, and might easily preserve the choicest plants. The lady
even does not indulge in a few pots of rarities at her window. The disin- '
clination of farmers to become gardeners admits of explanation, —they are
gardeners on a larger scale; but that persons otherwise occupied should
not be cultivators, is less easy of solution.” — Bicheno’s Ireland and its Eco:
nomy. London, 1830. Small 8vo. p.34.; a very interesting work, written
by a man totally free from prejudice, and with the best possible feeling. It
seems to us that the next best thing for Ireland, after Catholic emancipa-
tion, would be, the withdrawing, as the livings fall in, of the national church-
establishment. — Cond.

Art. 1V. Remarks on the Gender and Accentuation of Botanical
Names.

Ir is not without reason that some of our correspondents complain of
variations in the gender ascribed by different botanists to the same or
similarly derived generic names. Negligence on the part of the framers of
new terms, and the adopters of old, has introduced much confusion into
the literature of the science; and though this matter may seem beyond
the province of a work devoted to practical gardening, nevertheless we will
throw out a few suggestions for its rectification, in the hope of attracting
attention to the subject from some of the lights of the botanical world.

Gender.— Though many of the smaller plants depart from it, the general
rule is, that all are feminine: and it would have been well if the framers
of new names -had adhered to the general rule, instead of increasing the
number of exceptions.

In names adopted from the writings of antiquity, one might suppose there
was but little room for error; yet even here it has crept in: for instance,
Potamogeton, Ulex, and Hudénymus. The remedy in this case is suffi-
ciently simple: the gender used by the ancients should be invariably
retained. :

In names composed of two or more Greek words, the gender should be
that of the terminating word, unless the Latinised termination renders it in-
compatible with Latin rules: for instance, Podocarpus should be masculine,

of Botanical Names. 497

as compounded with rapoc 6; while Sorocéphalus should be feminine, as
compounded with cedady 7 ; and where the terminating word is common, as
kadoc 6, 2), or To, in Gymnocladus, the femmine should be used, as most con-
sonant with the general rule. Where the Greek termination is retained, the
Greek gender should be retained also: but in some cases the Greek word
has been Latinised with a termination in which the retaining of the Greek
gender would clash with Latin rules, Of the former, Anigozanthos furnishes
an example, being neuter, as compounded with av6o¢ ro; of the latter,
Cheiranthus, which is made masculine, though compounded with precisely
the same word, because the neuter gender would be clearly inadmissible.
It were much better feminine; and though custom may enforce adherence
in this termination and in similar ones, it is to be hoped that botanists,
future compounds where a change of termination leaves the gender at their
disposal, will comply with the general rule. Enkianthus is made feminine,
and forms one among many examples of the discrepancy which has arisen
from want of adherence to some general principle, With regard to names
compounded of pure Latin words there can be no difficulty.

For the information of the gardener we may here notice that an arbitrary
change of termination and gender is sometimes apparent, where in reality
none exists: for instance, in Peliosanthes, the termination anthes is from
avn » (not avOoc ro), consequently feminine; and in names ending in
stylus masculine, and stylis feminine, the former is from orvdoc 6, the
latter from orvdic }. In the same way, Theobroma fem. and Bubroma_
neut. (as in Steudel’s Nom. Bot.) might be defended, the latter by Bpwya
ro, the former by Bpwyy 7. Abroma is neuter in Hort. Cantabrig., feminine
in Encyc. of Plants, and either might be justified. It would be better
to make them neuter, from Bpwya, as the most direct etymon.

Principles of Accentuation. —- As, in spite of the greatest vigilance, typo-
graphical errors will sometimes creep in, it may not be out of place here to
state the principles by which the accentuation of botanical names is regu-
lated, with regard to such words as are not to be found in a dictionary ; in
order that the intelligent gardener, when he meets with a word accentuated
contrarily to what he has been accustomed to see, may be able to decide
for himself as to its propriety.

Of the Names of Natural Orders ending in ee the penult is short, as
Rhamnée : except where the penultimate e is preceded by another vowel,
when it is lengthened to facilitate pronunciation, as Paronychiée; and
those in which the penultimate e is long in the generic name from which
that of the order is formed, as Z'hymeléa, Thymelez ; Orobanche, Oroban-
chéz. Those in ine, derived from names of plants, are short in every case,
as Scrophularinze.

The Quantity of Names of Genera is regulated by that of the etymon, as
Anictangium (ayyeor), Tridstéum (ooreoy). Of those formed from words
with a long final syllable, by changing the final letter or by subjoining a
letter or syllable, the penult is long, as Microtéa, from pucporn¢e ; in other
cases, the common rules are followed, as Calathéa, from cadafoc. Com-
pound words should be considered as one word, not two, and accented
accordingly, as, Coccdloba («orkog doboc), not Coccoloba.

Words derived from Names of Persons appear to be regulated by the
quantity of such names in the original language, as Selloa, Averrhoa: so
do those formed from the aboriginal appellations, as Remiréa. Where the
quantity is not ascertainable, they should follow the general rule; and
perhaps it would be better to follow this rule in all cases, as the sound
of several names, Cattley for example, cannot be retained with propriety :
in the instance adduced, it must either be Cattleya or Cattleya. There
are numerous words ending in era, derived from names of persons, in which
the penult is constantly made long, in the teeth of a very comprehensive
general rule; if not irreclaimable, these should be reduced to order.

Viows Vil. — Nor 27. K kK

4.98 Retrospective Criticism.

We hope we have said enough to draw attention to this subject. From
nothing but its comparative insignificance could such confusion of quantity
and gender have been permitted to blemish the science so long; a confusion
not the less inexcusable because so easily rectified. —R. N. June, 1830.

Art. V. Retrospective Criticism.

ARISTIDES and the Epsom Nursery. — Sir, In p. 357. you have published
a letter signed “ Aristides,” calling you to account, in no very measured
terms, for “ puffing” the Epsom nursery. This letter appears to have
excited your just indignation; and it has induced me to refer to the article
(signed Alpha, p. 115.) which called it forth. I really cannot see any rea-
son why you should be blamed for having inserted in your Magazine such
an article as that of Alpha; or Alpha himself, for having sent it to you for
that purpose. Why is this matter-of-fact statement of “ new or rare plants”
which have flowered during the space of two months, at the Epsom nursery,
to be called a puff? Does it not fall within the legitimate province of your
Magazine to notice such things? Surely it may be interesting to many of
your readers to know where and when such and such new or rare plants
have flowered ; and to some you will be performing a service, by informing
them where they are to be obtained. Why, too, need Aristides indulge in
sarcastic remarks on the Epsom nursery? I visited that establishment, for
the first and only time, in the month of June, 1829; and, without meaning
to puff, I must say, in truth and justice, that three things particularly pleased
me on that occasion, viz. the polite attention and liberality of Messrs.
Young, the zeal and assiduity of their excellent foreman, Mr. Penny, and the
collection itself. With regard to Messrs. Young, I never in my life laid out
five shillings with them; but they voluntarily gave me several rare plants,
and many others were offered. In Mr. Penny, I witnessed a thorough-gomg
love for his profession, and a most ardent thirst for information on botanical
subjects; accompanied, too, with a modesty of behaviour, and docility, in
which many a young man of not half his attainments is deficient : and, as to
the collection itself, it was both rich and extensive, containing very many
rare plants ; and many which, to me, who am no stranger to the interior of
nurseries, were entirely new. However galling to the private feelings of
Messrs. Young the letter of Aristides may be, as nurserymen they can, in
no way, be injured by such unjust and illiberal remarks : on the contrary, I
do hope and trust that what has occurred may be the means of calling them
and their interesting collection more into notice; and that some of your
readers may be induced to visit the establishment at Epsom, in order that
they may judge of its merits for themselves. Yours, &.— B. Coventry.
July, 1830.
_ Edwards's Botanical Register. — Sir, You state, in your last review, that
the Botanical Register, having adopted your proposed accentuation of names,
has now therefore your unqualified approbation. However desirable the
improvement may be, and complimentary to the proposer of the improve-
ment, it must adopt some other changes before it will obtain the unqualified
approbation of its subscribers. In the first place stands the frequency of
publishing the same plants which have before appeared in other works. As
an example: in No. Y. for this month (July, 1830) there are no less than
three plates of plants which have already appeared in Curtis’s Botanical
Magazine: this is somewhat hard on subscribers to both works. — Another
charge against the Register is the imposition of an additional shilling for a
single leaf of index at the end of every twelve numbers. On what plea can
such a charge be made. The work is dearer by 6s. per volume than the
Botanical Magazine, and no one will be hardy enough to assert that it is

Retrospective Criticism. 499

superior to that work. The plates of Curtis’s Magazine, as now published,
may be held up as the most correct and beautiful portraits of plants that .
have ever been published at the price: and every one acquainted with
botanical subjects fully appreciates the talents which Dr. Hooker shows in
the description. I make no apology for qualifying the praise which you
have given the Register, for I feel a double right — the right of truth, and
that of an original and canstant subscriber to the work. Iam, Sir. &c.—
K. July, 1830.

Lime-water, — Sir, A correspondent, J, M. of Brighton, speaks of having
used very strong lime-water for destroying the gooseberry caterpillar without
effect, and a note is added by yourself, doubting the failure of lime-water,
if made sufficiently strong. here is, in fact, no such thing as strong lime-
water: put as much lime and as little water together as you please, and
even use boiling water for the purpose, and you will find only one grain of
of lime dissolved in about 500 of water. Lime is not, like sugar or salt,
soluble in almost any proportion in water, but very sparingly so, and you
can never get a strong solution of it to use clear. You may make milk or
eream of lime, by mixing it with water, but it is then mechanically suspended,
and not chemically dissolved, and therefore not to be called lime-water.
This cream of lime is a useful application to the stems and branches of
trees, if used in spring, by destroying the eggs of A’phides, and other insects,
which are deposited about the leaf and blossom buds. Mr. Norris, of Nor-
wood, near Brentford, who has extensive plantations of gooseberries, finds
no remedy so effectual for getting rid of the caterpillars as the fingers and
thumbs of women and boys, applied diligently and daily, while any remain
on the trees. Yours. —Wm. Stowe. Buckingham, May 30. 1830.

Our correspondent is perfectly correct in theory; nevertheless, we know
from experience that lime-water can be supersaturated to a certain degree,
for a short time, without rendering it muddy. — Cond.

Mr. Gowen’s notion of Hybrids (Vol. I. p.70.). — Except in a very few
instances, plants in their native climate seldom produce any thing but a fac-
simile of the parent, more true indeed than man himself, who, like plants
cultivated for experiment, enjoys all that art and nature can afford, thereby
weakening or strengthening the parts so as to produce the present discord-
ance of features that pervades even a single family.— Jno, Newman, Royal
Botanic Gardens, Mauritius, March 12. 1830.

Finlaysows Harrow and Wilkie’s Brake. — Sir, Y am compelled to agree
with Mr, Wilkie (Vol. V. p. 655.) that his brake “ has a nearer resemblance
to Finlayson’s harrow than to any other implement of the kind.” This is
a candid admission of Mr. Wilkie; for, in truth, he has ingrafted Finlayson’s
regulator on it, used his wheels, and inserted his tines : the tines, it is true,
are placed in a triangular manner, like the old Ayrshire brake of the last
century, I now come to Mr. Wilkie’s claim of originality of the tine for his
late father: this is a charge of a more serious nature, and requires to be
refuted. It is now about 40 years since the Hon. Admiral Keith Stewart
began to cultivate lands in the parish of Muirkirk ; and, after going through
the different processes of draining, lining, ploughing, &c., he finished by
harrowing, “ These harrow-slices were, in the next place, torn and worn
ta pieces, by drawing across them a panderous brake, having tines in the
form of a coulter.’ (British Farmer, p. 89.) This, I conceive, will be con-
sidered as most unquestionable proof of the existence of coulter-tines before
those of Wilkie. But, what is more, this brake had the form of an “ iso-
sceles triangle” too; and had tines exactly like c, in fig. 141. Vol. V,,
claimed by Mr. Wilkie, Again, the tine claimed by Mr. Wilkie, a drawing

_ of which he furnished for the Farmer’s Magazine for 1821, is not similar
to Finlayson’s, or that claimed for his father, in your Magazine ; but merely
a duck leg and footed tine, like Weir’s cultivator (represented in the Lncyclo-
pedia of Agriculture), or the Norfolk grubber, both of which haye been in

KK 2

500 Queries and Answers.

use at least 15 years. I have now made it evident that coulter tines have
been known in Ayrshire for 40 years, and the duck-footed ones for at least
15: therefore, Mr. Wilkie might have copied from those ; but my brother’s
neither resembles them in appearance nor principle. I am, Sir, &c.—
Robert Finlayson. London, May 20. 1830.

Art. VI. Queries and Answers.

PREVENTIVE for Glass cracking in Green-houses.— Sir, May I request you,
or one of your correspondents, to inform me of a preventive for the crack-
ing of glass in green-houses, from which I was a great sufferer last winter,
although I used but Jittle fire, as I presumed it must proceed from the
unequal temperature of the external and internal air. I was, however,
somewhat staggered in my opinion by perceiving the breakage to be con-
fined to the upper (or roof ) sashes, and also that it took place when there
was no artificial heat of any kind applied. — A Subscriber. Farleigh, near
Maidstone, Kent, June 24. 1830.

We have little doubt that the breakage in question has been produced.
by the freezing of the water which, in the case of glazing with the usual
broad lap, is retained in the interstices of those parts of the panes which
overlap each other. The lap need never be broader than a quarter of an
inch; but where the panes are not above 5in. wide, one eighth of an inch
is quite sufficient. Half an inch in roof sashes, unless they are placed at an
angle of not less than 45°, is almost certain of producing breakage, unless
the temperature within is sufficiently high to prevent the water retamed
between the panes from freezing. — Cond.

To destroy Rats. (p. 223.) —— Your correspondent may hunt them with
dogs, but I should recommend him so to construct his banks, that they shall
be shallow and with a very gentle slope for about one yard or so above and
below the water mark, and then to Macadamise the same with stones full
6in. thick. This will effectually prevent the rats doing harm to the puddle,
as it is always between wind and water where the mischief is done. — C. B.
York, May 5. 1830.

Wire-worm (K’later ségetis).; in an-
swer to G. C., Bucks. — The wire-worm
( fig. 93.) is the E’later ségetis of mo-
dern entomologists: it belongs to the
order Coledptera, and passes succes-
sively from the egg to the state of a
small worm (a), larger (2), chrysalis (c),
and perfect insect (d). — Cond.

A Weevil which eats Fruit Trees in
the Nursery. — Sir, | some time ago
noticed a communication by the late Mr.
Hervey of Comber (Vol. V. p. 237.) respecting some insects that had de-
stroyed his fruit trees. For the last two years I have been very much
annoyed with what we consider the same beetle ; but as Mr. Hervey did not
state the mode in which they went to work, I have taken the liberty of send-
ing you a few in a small box by our friend, Mr. R. Rodger, who is a very
keen horticulturist. I find them commence their ravages in the months of
February and March. As soon as ever it gets dark, they leave the earth,
where they appear to burrow through the day, and ascend to the very top of
the apple and pear trees, and then turn their heads downwards, and eat off the
bark and buds in a screw-like manner, till they reach the foot of the tree. I
find them worst on the trees I cut over for dwarfs; for, in the course of two
or three nights, they seldom leave a piece of bark or buds for 4: to 6 in, down.

Queries and Answers: 501

My nursery ground lies on the banks of a small stream, and is of a light
rich soil, about 3ft. deep, under which is a stratum of gravel from 2 to
3 ft. deep, lying on a bed of strong clay. If any of your entomologists can
give me a description of the most likely way of getting these insects destroyed,
T should esteem it a particular favour. Iam, Sir, &c.—Jo. Dykes. Kil-
marnock, June 21. 1830.

The insects sent from the Comber nursery were not a third part of the
size of those received from Kilmarnock, and, as mentioned at the time,
they belong to the Derméstes family. The Kilmarnock insect is a weevil,
the Otiorhynchus notatus of Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 172., the Curctlio
vastator of Marsh, Brit. Ins., p. 300. It may be said to be without wings,
and what, in usual cases, are the wing covers, are attached to the skin,
thick and hard like the shell of a tortoise. Lime water we should think
would have no effect on this insect, and a decoction of tobacco or monk’s=
hood, would be too expensive. Water heated to 150° or 160°, and applied
in the evenings after the insects had come out, might possibly do something.
In a nursery in the neighbourhood of Stutgard the trees are brushed over
in the winter time with a mixture of cow-dung and loam, to guard them, as
we were told, from some species of beetle which attacked them in the
spring. This plan might be tried.

Mr. Rodger, who is mentioned in this communication as a “ keen horti-+
culturist,” is the landlord of the principal inn (the Turf Inn) at Kilmar-
nock, to which a garden, upwards of a Scotch acre in extent, is attached, -
and part of it beautifully laid out as pleasure-ground for the gratification of
guests. There is also in the house a small library, and different London
newspapers and magazmes are taken in. We mention these things to
stimulate others to follow so excellent an example ; and we hope that every
gentleman’s gardener will not only try to persuade the publicans and inn-
keepers of his neighbourhood to enlarge and improve their gardens, but
will lend them his advice and assistance in doing so. Every gardener may
be able to spare a number of seeds and herbaceous plants ; and though he
cannot be expected to spare trees or shrubs, yet he will do a man who
knows little of plants a great service by giving him a list of what he ought
to purchase from the nurseries. As climbers and twiners, Lonicera flexuosa,
Wistaria Consequana, Eccremocarpus scaber, Clématis florida, Atragéne
austriaca ; as wall trees and shrubs, Chimonanthus fragrans, Magnolia pur-
purea and conspicua, Pyrus japonica, Rosa odorata, Noiséttia, Boursailté,
Grevilli, and Drumm6nd:; as bush shrubs, Hibiscus syriacus (all the varieties ),
Arbutus Unédo, Atcuba japonica, Vibtrnum pyrifolium, Photinia glabra
Rhododéndron, Azalea, Andrémeda, Vaccinium,and Daphne, several species
of each; as trees, Pyrus spectabilis, Prunus MJahaleb virginiana, Amelan-
chier canadénsis, Halésia tetraptera, Cércis Siliquastrum, Acacia glutinosa,
Cratz‘gus Oxyacantha coccinea ; besides the commoner showy things ; may
and might ornament every publican’s garden and house-front south of In-
verness. Mr. Rodgers has a particular plan of growing celery, of which he
has written an account that will appear in our next. — Cond.

The Sayings as to Bees (p.223.) have been current in Essex so long as
I can remember, and, as I am informed, from time immemorial. — D. French,.
Harlowe, April 26. 1830. nie

The Sport of Plants. — Sir, Can any of your readers give a physiological
reason for the sport of plants. I sowed the seeds of a cockscomb plant
which was of a most beautiful crimson colour, and several of the plants
showed yellow flowers, though I had carefully removed those that were
yellow the year before, previously to their forming any pollen? Yours, &c.
—W.S. Buckingham, May 31. 1830. _ : :

Stools of Ash Coppice. — Having observed, in cutting down coppice-wood,
that occasionally an ash stub was to be met with that did not shoot forth

KK 3

502 — Queries and Answers.

again, although apparently perfectly healthy and vigorous, 1 have been
induced to grub up several, after waiting two years to see the result. Can
you assign any cause as well as remedy for it ?— A Subscriber. Farleigh,
near Maidstone, Kent, June 24. 1839.

A Blight amongst the Oaks. — Sir, If you, or some of your numerous cor
respondents, can satisfy my curiosity on the following points, you will much
eblige a subscriber to your Magazine: — Whether a blight amongst the
oaks has been observed throughout the kingdom the last two springs.
Whether it has, as in the east of Sussex, been peculiar to some districts.
What is the name of the insect whose caterpillar causes such destruction
amongst the oaks. Whether it is the same as the caterpillar that destroys
the leaves of the quickset hedges and the gooseberry. What is the cause
of some oaks remaining uninjured in the midst of groups that are stripped
of their leaves and young shoots. Whether the trees are permanently
injured, or only checked in their growth for one year. Any other inform-
ation that can be given on the subject will be valued. Iam, Sir, &c.—_
Quercus. June 12. 1830.

The Eucaljptus, of which a specimen was sent us by H. J. H:, with a
request to know its name and culture, is an Australian genus of the natural
order Myrtacez, easily known by its dotted leaves. There are a great
many species, but few of them defined, so that the whole family is in a
state of confusion. In their native countries they form the most gigantic of
the timber trees, but in Britain they are generally kept in a green-house or
pit, and have not yet flowered. They are easily propagated by cuttings, are
much hardier than the common myrtle, grow freely im any soil, and though
they are killed down to the ground most winters, when planted in the open
air, in the neighbourhood of London, they seldom fail to spring up again.
With Mrs. H., at Belfast, in the south of Ireland, and in Devonshire, we
have no doubt they would attain the size of forest trees. — Cond.

The following Species of Vris are still wanting in my cellection :— ‘ris
livida Sweet, longiflora Sweet, flavéscens, flavissima, ibérica, gracilis, longi-
spatha B. W., ventricosa Pall. Itin., tom. iii. t. b. f. 1., tenuifolia, Pad/. Itin.,
tom. ill. t.c. f. 1., and lactstris Nuttall. J shall be obliged to you if, in a
future Number, you would direct the attention of nurserymen to these
plants, and also give me any information regarding Lilium pulchéllum lately
introduced by Messrs. Young. I hope you will continue to insert the new
plants introduced by these gentlemen, whose exertions in the cultivation
and mtroduction of new.and rare plants deserve the gratitude of every
zealous botanist.— David Falconar. Carlowrie, near Edinburgh, June 24.

Hybrid Melons. — My ebject in addressing you now is to call your atten-
tion to what I conceive an anomaly in good gardening, and which I have
met with, in several instances, this summer, in the gardens of the nobility ;
and that is, the cucumbers, melons, gourds, and pumpkins, all growing in the
same space, and, in fact, fast approximating. Now, I am persuaded that
strange hybridous productions must be the result of this. What flavour can
these melons be expected to acquire? It is true, according to present im-
pressions, when size only seems a desideratum, the object will be fully
attamed.. I hope to see this remarked upon in your next Number, by your-
self or some of your able coadjutors. — P. Lauder, Cardiff; June, 1830.

We believe that the melon will not mule with either the cucumber or the
pumpkin; but every gardener knows the difficulty, where different sorts of
melons are grown in the same melon-ground, of preventing their muling.
Possibly, however, all the Cucurbitaceee may mule: we shall be glad to
learn the experience of others on this subject. — Cond.

Ants on Melon Plants. — Sir, I should wish much to have your own
opinion as to whether ants are injurious to the growth of melon plants
when they abound very numerously in the frames; and what is the best
method for getting rid of them ? — A Constant Reader. May 4. 1830.

Queries and Answers. 503

They are generally considered injurious; but a toad or two, if put in
the frames, will soon devour them. — Cond.

Seeds of the following Species and Varieties of the Melon Family are
wanted by a correspondent, a private gentleman, who is devoting himself
to the culture of Cucurbitaceze. They may be addressed to J. C. K., and
left with Mr. Charlwood, Russell Street, Covent Garden, who will pay for
them.

Melons named in Encyc. of Gard., Montague Cantaloup, Early Golden
Cantaloup, Smooth Scarlet-fleshed Cantaloup, Fair’s Romana, Oval Ro-
mana, Small Portugal or Dormer, Black Portugal or Galloway, Dampsha,
Salonica, Sweet Melon of Ispahan, Polignac.

Melons mentioned by Abercrombie and others. Musk oblong ribbed netted,
Oblong smooth-rinded, Round smooth green-rinded, Round white-rinded.

Meions named in Hortus Kewénsis. Early Leopard, Bosse’s Early Rock.

Melons brought to England by Dr. Waish. Round snow-white Gourd,

from Constantinople, and an extremely delicate Melon from Angora.

Melons grown by, or Fruits sent to, the Horticultural Society. _Hewson’s
Emperor, a new variety, ten sorts of Persian Melon, Daree or Datee Per-
sian Melon, Sir Gore Ouseley’s Persian Melon, Melon d’ Ananos, Gurmuck,
Smooth Valparaiso.

Melons grown by the Horticultural Society. Syrian Cucumber, Napal
Cucumber, weighing 12 Ib., Fluted Cucumber from China.

Miscellaneous Melons. Zatte small round Melon, Surinam, Melksham,
Willox’s Fame, Purvis’s netted Romana, Wimbledon, Green-flesh, small
American Nutmeg.

Various Species of Cucurbitacee. Cucumis Chate, or Broad-leaved Egyp-
tian; C. prophetarum, with green and yellow stripes, bitter ; C. africanus ;
C. acutangulus, common, eatable; C.muricatus, C. pubéscens; C. indicus
striatus; C.anguinus; C. maculatus ; C. operculatus ; C. Hlatérium, not the
Momordica, Cuctrbita umbellata; C. hispida; C. mammeata. Luffa
foe’tida. Melothria péndula, fruit the size of an olive. Momérdica Charéntia.
Luffa muricata, senegalénsis, operculata, cylindrica, trifoliata, pedata, lanata,
echinata, dioica, spicata. Sicyos parviflora, vitifolia, laciniata. Trichosan-
thes scabra, foetidissima, nervitolia, caudata, cucumérina, tricuspidata, pilosa,
tuberosa, laciniata. Any of the genus Bryonia. Any other varieties of
Melons or Cucurbitacez which may be considered new or scarce, or not
likely to have been known to me, will be highly acceptable. I am more
than any thing desirous of the Cucumis Chate.— J. C. K. Levant Lodge,
near Worcester, June 20. 1830. 54

Failure of early Charlton Peas.— Sir, In answer to your worthy cor-
respondent Pisum, I beg leave to state it as my firm opinion, that the
Charlton peas were, notwithstanding the philosophical! remarks of the
seedsman, oldseed. I admit that the Charlton is a more tender pea than
many of the Hotspurs, as I have had them cut off by late spring frost,
when other sorts have suffered but slightly ; but I never knew them fail of
coming up when other sorts would come. It is probable that those sown
on the 13th of January might fail ; but those sown on the 6th of February,
from the favourable account given of the soil, and the weather which fol-
lowed, I feel convinced, would not have failed had the seed been good: at
the same time, I am far from saying that the seedsman knew them to be
old seed. However, I would recommend to Pisum, always, m future, to
sow a few seeds of all his principal crops in small pots, one of each sort,
and place them in a vinery (if he have one), or hot-bed at work, or even
window of a dwelling-house. This is the test by which I always try my
seeds ; and if, by chance, I have had them fail in the ground, and could pro-
‘duce the specimen in the pot, it has saved the credit of the seedsman, and
ef myself. LI always sow them the same day in the pots as I sow in the

KK 4

504 Horticultural Society and Garden.

ground for a crop. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.— D. French. Harlowe, April 26.
1830. ;

Butter from the Milk of a Cow fed with Turnips. — Sir, At p. 368., I find
a statement upon the subject of the taste of butter from turnips. I have
found that this disagreeable taste may be prevented in two ways : the one;
by pouring boiling hot water into the bow/s, to the quantity of, say, a pint,
simultaneously with the milk, after milking. I know this to be effective.
The other is, by dissolving an ounce of nitre ina pint of water ; and, accord-
ing to the size of the cream-pots or reserves, put in a quantity (say one fourth
of a pint) to the cream from three good cows ina week, but to be put into the
cream-pots, &c: before the cream. What the rationale of the action in either
case may be, I leave to the chemist. I know that either (but, in preference,
the first) will effect the purpose. At the same time, I should say, that
although hot water may quicken the process of churning, when put into the
churn, it has a very detrimental effect on the quality of the butter: I think,
worse than the turnip: Iam, Sir, &c: — J: Clarke. Dodworth, near Barns= _
ley, June 3. 1830.

Work on Cider-making ; 11 answer to A Subscriber, June 24. 1830. —
The best directions for making cider, we should suppose, may be found in
Lardner’s Cyclopedia, vol.i. of Domestic Economy. There is also Crocker’s
Art of Making Cider, 12mo, 1799 ; and excellent directions are contained in
Knight’s T'reatise on the Apple and Pear. On the whole, we think Lard+
ner’s volume the most complete and scientific. — Cond.

South American Clover. — A friend gave me some seeds last year, which
he called South American clover. I sowed them last spring: the plants
are now upwards of 4 ft, high, and will reach 10 ft. It is more like a
‘Medicago (lucern) than clover; and the seeds, have the exact smell of the
Anthoxanthum odoratum. I have not seen the flower : perhaps it is known
and cultivated by some of your readers. Iam, Sir, yours, &c. — W. S.
Buckingham, May 31. 1830.

Arr. VIL. Horticultural Society and Garden:

May 18.— Read. On the cultivation of Epiphytes of the Orchis tribe;

by John Lindley, Esq. F.R.S. &c., Assist. See. Account of the Method of
obtaining very early crops of Green Peas; by Thos. A: Knight, Esq: F.R.S.
&c:, President.
__Exvhibited. A. dish. of forced Cherries, arid a forced Cherry tree, from
Mr. B. Law of Northampton. A branch of Hawthorn, which, having been
cut from the root, in a hedge-row, had, nevertheless, continued to vegetate
for several years. It appeared to have been naturally inarched upon a
neighbouring plant. It was exhibited by Mr. Wallis, residing at Mrs. Be-
renger’s, Streatham, Surrey. A bundle of Asparagus, consisting of 125
heads, weighing 28 lbs., from Mr. Wm. Robert Grayson.
__ Also, from the Garden of the Society, Asparagus blanched in tubes, and
also grown in the common way; Scarlet Brazilian Pine-apple. Flowers of
Lupinus polyphyllus, littoralis, tomentdsus var., orndtus, and arbastus;
Collinsza grandiflora ; JZimulus moschatus, liteus, luteus var. rivuliris, and
guttatus; Papaver nudicaile var.; Rosa Banksie litea and Alba, Drum-
mond’s Thornless Rose, Double Scotch Roses yar:, new Dutch Azaleas,
common Red Hawthorn, Crate‘gus Oxyacéutha rosea supérba; 4/’sculus
flava, /@, Pavia, parviflora, and résea ; Thermépsis fabacea, single yellow
Scotch Rose, Pentstémon Scotler? and glatcus, Pzednia officinalis atro-
rubens, albicans, carnéscens, and rubra, P. albiflora tatarica, uniflora, ery-
throstigma, carnéscens, pauciflora, and tatarica (semidouble), P. paradéxa
fimbriata, Tellima grandiflora,

Horticultural Society and Garden. 505

June 1,— Read. Account of a new Cherry, called the Early Purple
Guigne; by Mr. R. Thompson. On the cultivation of the Strawberry ; by
Mr, John Fairbairn, F.H:S. On a Method of forcing Cherry Trees ; by Mr.
B. Law of Northampton.

Exhibited. Seven sorts of Pelargoniums, from Mr. Russell of Battersea.
A beautiful hybrid Cactus, from the Comte de Vandes.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Early Purple Guigne Cherry, from
a standard, and from a west wall ; early May Cherry, from a standard, and
from a south wall; early Mayduke Cherry, from a standard; Trinidad
Pine-apple. Flowers of Rosa indica supérba, major, Frasér, and sanguinea,
#. Champneydna, and L’ Heritieridna, Rose de Lisle, Boursault, Watts’s
Climbing China, and Drummond’s Thornless, Double Scotch Roses, Gar-
den Roses, Double White Rockets, J/fmulus moschatus, Lupinus poly-
phyllus, Z. tomentosus var., Clarkéa pulchélla, Eschschéltzia californica,
Papaver nudicaile var., P. Rhze*as var. double, Pentstémon oyatus, P. con-
fértus ; Peednia albiflora, Whitléji, P. a. Reevésia ; Robinia hispida arborea,
Spire‘a Ardncus americanus, Chinese Sweetbriar, I ‘ris var., Valeridna rubra,
Hehe pulchélla, Collinsa grandiflora, Eriophyllum caespitosum, Mule

ink.

June 15. — Exhibited. Seedling Azaleas, from the Earl of Caernarvon,
Double Sempervirens Rose, and La Tourterelle Rose, from Mr. James
Young, F.H.S. Caprifolium pubéscens, from R. Barclay, Esq: F.H.S. Cy-
pripédium spectabile, from Mr. W. Malcolm, F.H.S. Cactus speciosissima,
from Mr. Henry Groom, F.H.S. A collection of Pinks, from Mr. T. Hogg of
Paddington. A model of a Wheel Water-engine, by Mr. Siebe, the inventor.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers of Combrétum purpureum,
Cotoneaster frigida, Quisqualis indica, Campanula crenata; Pzeonia Humei,
Reeves, and fragrans ; Pentstémon diffisus, ovatus, and venistus; Lupinus
tomentosus var:, and lépidus; Verbéna pulchélla; Papaver Rhee‘as (double),
and nudicatle ; Eschschdéltzia californica, Clarkéa pulchélla, Brown’s Mule
Pink, Double White Rocket ; (/imulus luteus, luteus rivularis, moscha-
tus, and guttatus; Bulbous Iris, Garden Roses; Rosa ruga, Champney-
dna, indica sanguinea, rubra, nigra, and supérba; Azalea triumphans ;
Rosa perpétua Lindléy:, sinénsis major; Rubus arcticus, hybrid Rose
de Bengal; double Ayrshire Roses, viz. E’/legans, Countess of Leven, and
Perthshire; standard Roses, viz. Ninon de l’Enclos, Aréthuse, Mademoiselle
de Bourdeaux, Gracieuse, Miaulis, Caroline Michel, Délicatesse de Bizarre,
Mordaunt de Launey, Reine d’ Espagne, Duchesse d’ Angouléme, Duchesse
de Montebello, Georgienne de Lafay, Ranoncule rouge, Poniatowski; Rosa
indica minor, semperflorens venista, and indica anemoneflora. Fruits of
Knight’s Early Black Cherry, the Elton, the Mayduke (from a standard),
Guigne Grosse Noire, Bowyer’s Early Heart; Keen’s seedling Strawberry,
Grove End Scarlet, Duke of Kent’s Scarlet, Roseberry Scarlet, Nairn’s
Scarlet, Red Wood, Dudson House Scarlet; Scone Scarlet,and Hudson’s
Bay Scarlet.

June 21.— The sale of the duplicates in the library, and of some draw-
ings, took place this day, at Wheatley and Co.’s rooms, Piccadilly. There
were not many books, and they did not fetch much. The drawings were
not numerous : among them was a collection of flowers, exquisitely painted
by Miss Lee, only daughter of the joint founder, with Mr. Kennedy, of the
Hammersmith nursery, and presented to the Society by her brother, the
father of the present Messrs. Lee. Wecannot but lament that such a col+
lection should have been sold, not only from the respect which we feel for
the family of Lee, but because we think this circumstance enough to dis=
courage any one from making similar presents to the Society in future:
The rejection of our Magazine (Vol. V. p. 86.) was nothing to it.

July 6.— Read. Account of a new variety of Plum; by T. A. Knight,
Esq. F.R.S. &c., President. P

506 Horticultural Society and Garden.

Exhibited. George the Fourth Heartsease, and Salvia cardinalis, from
Mr. Silverlock. New Cos Lettuce, from Mr. H. Silverlock. Seedlmg Straw-
berries, from Jos. Lachlan, Esq. F.H.S. Cucumis Anguria, or Snake Cu-
cumber, from Mr. 8. Wilson.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers of Eschschéltzia californica 5
Génothera hybrida, Lindley@na, odorata new var., speciosa, Frasér, splen-
dens, glatica var., and fruticdsa ; Petimia nyctaginiflora, Calceolaria arach-
noidea, Gilia capitata, Valeridna rubra, Pentstémon digitalis and pulchéllus,
Clarkia pulchélla, Papaver nudicatle and Rhee‘as, Verbena Melindres and
pulchélla, Sweetwilliams, Silene compacta, Clématis florida (double), Jas-
minum revolutum, Caprifolium sempervirens, Periploca gre‘ca, Hosackia
bicolor, Sida malvzeflora; Rosa Champneydna, semperflorens pallavicina,
and moschata nivea; Belle Aurore Rose, Ninon de!’ Enclos standard Rose,
Octavie ccerelle, Aréthuse, Duc d’ Angouléme, Miaulis, Rouge: Admirable,
Caroline Michel, Charles Auguste, Bizarre de la Chine, Lucelle Dubours,
Belle Héléne, Proserpine, Délicatesse Bizarre, Parny, Hybrid du Luxem-
bourg, Belle Thérése, Rosa bifera grandiflora, Duc d’ Orleans, Georgienne
Lafay, Duchesse de Montebello, Oimbre d’Autreuil, Poniatowski. Fruit
of Peaches; Downton Cherry; Gooseberries, the Green Walnut, Small
Green, Pigeon’s Egg, Rough Red, Early Sulphur, Yellow Champagne,
Early Royal George, Monck’s Charles Fox, Woodward’s Whitesmith,
Capper’s Bonny Lass, Andrew’s Nelson’s Wavers, and Barnfort’s Golden
‘Purse; Strawberries, the Downton, Old Pine or Carolina, Grove End
Scarlet, Black Roseberry, Elton Seedling, Southborough ; Raspberries, the
Barnet, Bromley Hill, Spring Grove, and Woodward’s Red Globe.

July 7.— The sale of certain plants took place this day, at the Chiswick
garden. The plants were chiefly stove shrubs, camellias, pine-apples, pines,
and araucarias. The pine-apple plants went off at good prices, to private
individuals; the Pini Douglas, of which there were 102 plants, were
purchased by Messrs. Malcolm, Knight, Tate, and Loddiges ; the P. pon-
derosz, 230 plants, by Knight, Malcolm, Lee, Whitley, Tate, and Van Eden ;
the Araucarie imbricate, 100 plants, by Knight, Henderson, Ronalds, Tate,
Lee, Colville, Brown of Slough, Loddiges, Malcolm, and Van Eden. We
give the names of the purchasers, that amateurs may know where to apply for
plants. These pines, the camellias, and the stove plants, brought fair prices ;
and upwards of 300/. were thus obtained. t

July 15. — The garden looks fresh and beautiful, in consequence of the
late rains and the present heat. It is in better order than it was last year
at this time, though there are not nearly so many men; because, then, the
head gardener had no heart to do any thing. ‘The air, in some places, is
scented with /{mulus moschatus, a plant as hardy and ofas rapid growth as
chickweed; and invaluable for shady situations, or wherever a musky fragrance
is desirable. Zaéthyrus califérnicus, a perennial with pods almost as large
as those of the common grey pea, and with leaves and haulm altogether
resembling it, deserves a trial from amateur agriculturists. It is, doubtless,
hardy enough for the coldest parts of Scotland, and would thrive well in
Treland. It appears to seed freely. We may notice, as a circumstance pro-
mising important results, that three plants of the bamboo, imported from
India, and planted in a bog in the arboretum, have stood out four winters.
It is true they have not grown much, but that may be owing to their not
yet being sufficiently established : a bamboo, when it does grow, throws out
shoots of many feet or yards in length, in the course of a few weeks, and
then stops. To do this, it must first be firmly established at the roots. Our
correspondent Causidicus (p. 227.) must be gratified at this circumstance.
The Citron des Carmes pear and the early white Crofton apple are just
about ripe. The process of naming all the plants, fruit trees, and culmary
vegetables, is going on rapidly. The tallies are of cast-iron, about 13 in.

London Nurseries. 507

long, with an oval head 4in. by 23 in. ; the plate of metal is of one uniform
thickness of one fourth of an inch, with a small rib on the back of-the stem
to strengthen it. ‘The tallies are thus very light and strong. They are de-
livered in London, by the Carron Company, at the rate of 21/. 2s. 3d. per
ton, which contains about 2000 tallies. This is something more than 24d.
each, and the painting and lettermg cost 3d. each. It is incomparably
more agreeable to walk about the garden alone, and learn the names of
every thing from these labels, than have them told by an attendant; who,
even if he pronounces them properly, can seldom impress them .on a
stranger’s memory. ‘The truth is, that all scientific names, like the words
of a foreign language, to be understood and remembered, must be seen.
We wish we could see a beginning made to the alteration of this garden,
according to our plan, or to any other equally good: it would then be our
duty, as it would be our pleasure, to support the Society by every means
in. our power, short of that indiscriminate approbation which, we trust, we
shall never so far forget ourselves as to bestow upon any body of men. If it
be alleged that there is not money enough to commence operations, that is not
a sufficient excuse for neglecting to enquire whether they ought to be com-
menced if there were money; and, if our plan or any other is approved of,
to state that it weuld be carried into executien, say at the rate of an eighth,
a sixth, or a fourth part in a year, till completed. ‘If this were done, and
the public saw any thing like earnestness in reformation and improvement,
we have not a doubt that abundance of money would be forthcoming.
- We wish Mr. Bentham and Mr. Lindley were as much attached to land-
scape-gardening as they are to botany ; we should then have no fear for the
_ result. In the mean time, we shall keep the subject before our readers,
and continue to hope. — Cond.

Art. VILL. The London Nurseries.

Futuam Nursery, June 27.— The bloom of reses here, as at Mr. Lee’s,
is remarkably fine; Vésta, a brilliant scarlet, is decidedly the most con-
spicuous. In the cold-pits we observed a large stock of good plants of
Acicia Julibrissim, Chimonanthus fragrans, and some other shrubs from the
south of France; and we hope this description of intercourse between
French and English nurserymen will increase. We noticed also, what we
do not recollect to have seen in any nursery before, plants of Ziziphus
vulgaris, received from Genoa. This shrub is frequent as a hedge plant in
the north of. Italy, and its dried fruit is as common at the dessert at Milan
and Genoa, as almonds or filberts are in London. The jujube has never been
fairly tried in this country as a hardy fruit tree: it attains the size of the
common hawthorn; the fruit is oval, about the size of an olive, red when
ripe, with an oval stone within, and is of an agreeable sweetness, fresh, or
dried like raisins. The jujube is generally kept in a frame, but we have little
doubt that it would succeed in a warm dry situation against a wall, at least
as well.as the Japan quince, pomegranate, and olive trees; these also
ought to be much more common in our gardens than they are.

Mr. Knight, of the Exotic Nursery, King’s Road, has become the pur-
chaser, at, it is said, 1500/., of the seeds and plants brought home from
Australia by Mr. Robert Baxter. The curious in botany and exotic cul-
ture, both in this country and on the Continent, will look with anxious
expectation for the new productions contained in this collection. Mr. Baxter
informed us that he had added sixty species to the natural order Protedcee.
— Cond.

508 London Nurseries.

Epsom Nursery, — New or rare plants which have flowered from Feb. to
June: —

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.
Subclass 1. THALAMIFLO‘RE.

Ord. Ranunculacee. — Trib. 2. Anemonee. Anemone (Dec.) Pulsatilla,
—Nuttallidna Dec. A hardy perennial, flowering in March. Flowers pale
purple: prefers peat; division. — Trib. 3. Ranunciulee. Rantnculus (C.,
Bauh.) cortusefolius Willd. A native of the Island of Teneriffe, found
growing in the fissures of rocks: here it is a frame perennial. Its ample,
cordately reniform, lobed leaves, and beautiful yellow flowers, render this a
very ornamental species. Flowers from April to June. Division.—Ficaria
(Dull.) ranuncilina var. 2. pallida. Remarkable for its pale yellow flowers,
which, after bemg expanded for a few days, become almost white. —Trib. 4.
Helleboree. Aquilégia (Tourn.) glandulosa Fisch. Sweet’s B. F. G. n.s,
t.55. This beautiful species has passed invariably, m the gardens, as A.
alpina: but that is a very different plant, the petals of which are blue;
whereas, on the contrary, the species m question has cream-coloured petals,
blue at the base only. Both species, with A. sibirica, are extremely
beautiful, meriting a place in every collection. They grow with the greatest
luxuriance in peat ; seeds.

Dilleniaceze. Trib. 2. Dilléneee. Canddllea (Labil.) cuneiformis Ladil,
B. M. t. 2711.

Berberidee. Bérberis (L.) fasciculata Sims, B. M. t. 2396, Aquifolium
Pursh, répens Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1176., glumaceum Spreng. The species of
Bérberis here adverted to are remarkable for their evergreen pinnated fo-
liage, and subfascicled racemes of elegant yellow flowers : flowering n March
and April. Here they flower magnificently, and are perfecting seeds. They

-are quite hardy, delighting in peat earth, and propagated by layers ; cuttings,
also, root without difficulty. #. glumacea has the handsomest foliage, and
B. fasciculata the finest flowers.

Papaverdcee. Hunnemannia (Sweet) fumariefolia Sweet. B. F. G.
t. 276. Seeds of this rare plant were presented to Messrs. Young by Lady
Mary Hussey, who had obtained them from Mexico: to this lady they are
also indebted for numerous other novelties, which will be elsewhere noticed.
This is a beautiful summer-flowering plant, well chosen to bear the name of
the distinguished Hunnemann; and almost a fac-simile of the no less beau-
tiful Eschschéltzia, but deprived of the orange-coloured base to the petals.
Planted in the open border in May, it becomes a shrub with an erect stem,
3 ft. to 4 ft. high, much branched. The leaves are decompound, generally
triternate, glaucous, with linear leaflets. The flowers are solitary, on long
peduncles; large, of a golden-yellow colour; highly fragrant ; succeeded by
a long, silique-like capsule, containing numerous seeds. Protection of a
green-house; has not been propagated by cuttings.

Fumaridcee. Corydalis (Dec.) bracteata Pers. A hardy perennial, not
exceeding 3 in. in height, with elegant sulphur-yellow flowers in March.

Crucifere. Trib. 2. Alyssinee. Draba (Dec.) cuspidata Bieb. — Trib. 3.
Thlaspidee. utchinsia (R. Br.) alpina &. Br.— Trib. 9. Lepidinee.
f&thionéma (&. Br.) coridifolium Dec. A suffruticose plant, with pro-
cumbent branches; clothed with linear subglaucous leaves, and terminated
with corymbs of elegant rosy purple flowers. Flowers from May to October.
Cuttings and seeds ; frame.

Cistinee. Helianthemum (Dec.) procimbens Dun. Sweet’s Cistinez, t. 68.

Violariée, Viola ( Tourn.) primulifolia ZL. An interesting species, with
white flowers ; the lower petals being elegantly striped with purple. Requires
a shady situation in peat. is

Caryophillee. Trib. 1. Siléenee. Drypis (L.) spinosa L.

Geraniacee. Pelargonium (L’ Herit.) Alexanderianum Penny in Hort.

London Nurseries. 509

Eps. ed. 2. ined. Named in compliment to a meritorious gardening lad
who has accompanied Sir James Carmichael Smyth (the governor) to the
Bahama Islands ; and from whose industry, and love of plants, important
results are expected. A beautiful free-flowering hybrid, probably the pro-
duction of some of the varieties of P. spectabile. — P. Hislopidnwm Penny
in Hort. Eps. ed. 2. ined. (Young’s William the Fourth of the gardens. )
From P. exornatum, or its allies, several beautiful productions have appeared.
Among them, none can vie with the present plant. The upper petals are
of the richest dark-velvety colour, surpassing, by many shades, P. Yeat-
manidnum; deprived, however, of the spots on the lower petals, which are
peculiar to that hybrid. It is also of freegrowth. It is intended as a mark
of distinction for your correspondent (Vol. VI. p.48.), whose skill as a
gardener and cultivator entitles him to be thus distinguished.

Subclass 2. CaLYCIFLo'R#.

Leguminose. Subord. 1. Papiliondcee. Trib. 1. Sophoreee. Thermépsis
(#. Br.) fabacea Dec. Bot. Reg. t. 1272. — Trib. 2. Lotee. Cytisus (Dec.)
multiflorus Lind?. Bot. Reg. t. 1191. A desirable, low-branching, hardy
shrub, with yellow flowers in May. It seeds freely. — Subtrib. 3. Clitorie.
Indigofera (1.) sylvatica Sieb. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3000. A green-house
shrub, of unrivalled beauty among the numerous species of this genus. A
native of New Holland, whence seeds were obtained by Messrs. Young in
1827. The flowers are of a bright rosy purple. Seeds freely ; it is also
propagated by cuttings. — Trib. 5. Phaseolee. Lupinus (Tourn.) poly-
phyllus Lind/. albus, leucoph¥llus Doug. B. R. t.1124, The rarest of Mr.
Douglas’s lupines ; now in the gardens, where it is thriving in great luxuri-
ance, and is‘perfecting seeds; L. aridus Doug. B. R. 1242. It appears to suffer
in a soil saturated with moisture ; but, in a dry situation, it is the most lovely
species of the genus known to me.

Rosdcee. Trib.3. Spiredcee. Spire‘a (L.) glaucéscens Sweet. MSS.
ariefolia Smith. — Trib. 5. Dryddee@. Sievérsia (Willd.) Pécki.

Crassulace@. Trib. 1. Crassiilee. Rhodiola (L.) asiatica D. Don.

Umbellifere. Hackquetia ( Neck.) Epipactis Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2.
ined.

Savifragee. Antiphylla (Haw.) rettisa Haw. Sweet’s B. F. G. n.s. t.49..
— Drummondia (Dec.) Mitélla Penny, Hort. Eps. ed. 2. ined, — Téllima
(#. Br.) grandiflora Doug. B. R. t. 1178.

Composite. Subord. 6. Anthemidee. Trib. 12. Chrysdntheme. Tana-
cétum (Z.) myriophyllum Willd. —Subord. 7. Arctotidee. Gaillardia (Foug.)
aristata Pursh, B. R. t. 1186. A grand flowering herbaceous plant, recently
introduced by Mr. D. Douglas and others; which, independently of its
greater stature, is a far different plant from G. bicolor. Nothing can ex-
ceed the beauty of some plants flowering here, in peat soil, upwards of.
4 ft. high. A third species of this genus has been presented to Messrs,
Young, by Mr. M‘Nab, from Dr. Richardson’s seeds, under the name of G.
bicolor var., which has been named G. Richardson: Penny in Hort. Eps.
ed. 2. ined., about the size of G. bicolor, but more beautiful. All the
species seed freely. — Subord. 18. Asterie. Neja(D. Don) gracilis D. Don.
— Subord. 19. Senecionis. Cimeraria (L.) lactea Willd., Tussilaginis Herit.

Gesneriée, Sinningia (Nees) Hellér: Nees. This is a fine species, nearly
of the size of S. villosa, and widely different from S. Hellérz of the Bot,
Reg., which has been named 8. Lindleyana Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2.
ined., 8. Helléri Lindl. B. R. t. 997. but not of Nees. — S. villdsum Lindl.
B. Reg. t.1134. All the species are propagated slowly by cuttings. They
succeed well, planted in a warm border, in the open air, during the summer
months.

Ericee. Sect. 3. Rhodordcee, Rhododéndron (D.Don) sinénse Sweet,
B, F, G, t. 290. An important addition to the lists of hardy shrubs, haying

510 London Nurseries.

stood the preceding winter unprotected. There are several varieties of it
now in cultivation, one of which will hereafter be probably ranked a species.’

Subclass 3. CoROLLIFLO RE.

Polemonidcee. Polemdnium (L.) piliferum Bot. Reg. t. 1303., villosum
Georgi, Sweet’s B. F. G. t. 266., pulcherrimum Hooker, B. M. t.2979., hu-
mile Willd. B. Reg. t. 1304.

Soldanee. Salpiglossis (Ruiz et Pavon) Barclaidna. Intermediate between
S. straminea and S. atropurpurea; but inferior in beauty to either of its
parents. me

Scrophulérine, Sect. 2. Stamina (2) Antherifera. Calceolaria L. Flowers
of a hybrid Calceolaria have been furnished to me by Mr. T. Gellan (by.
whom it has been raised), intermediate between C. corymbosa and C, pur-
purea; and as it is, I believe, the first hybrid of the genus, it may be named
Calceolaria (L.) Gellaniana. [Some hybrids have been raised in Scotland,
an account of which will be found in p.493.] A second hybrid has been
raised in this nursery, intermediate between C. arachnoidea and C. corym-
bosa, but has not yet flowered. I propose to name it Calceolaria (Z.)
Young, I have, for the sake of euphony, merely named this hybrid after
these excellent cultivators. Had it been otherwise, I should have been dis-
posed to give it a complimentary termination [ Youngidna].

Labiite. Prunella (.) Brownidua Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2. ined.
A native of New Holland, considered the same as P. vulgaris by Mr.
Brown ; but a comparison of the two species, in a state of cultivation, has
decided them to be truly distinct. An ornamental species for rockwork ;
frame. — /Marrubium (Z.) astracanicum Jacq.

Acanthacee. Ruéllia ((L.) Sabintdna Wallich, Bot. Reg. t. 1238.

Primulacee. Dodecatheon (L.) Meddia var. 2. major. A beautiful
seedling variety of D. Meadia.— Soldanélla (Z.) crenata Penny in Hort.
Eps. ed, 2. ined. A fifth, and, as far as can be determined, an unrecorded
species of the genus, epee using in size and flowers to 8. alpina, but dis-
tinguished from it and the other species by its decidedly crenate leaves. —
S, minima Hoppe, Sweet’s B. F. G. t.53.— Primula (Z.) mistassinica
Mich. B.M. t.2973. Certainly a distinct species from P. pusilla Goldie. —
Lubinia atropurpurea B. J’. G. This beautiful plant has stood the severity
of the last winter unprotected ; and has now about twenty flowering stems,
which make a fine appearance. — Anagillis ey) Webbidna Penny. This
species has also stood uninjured, and is now flowering beautifully.

Polygone@. Rheum australe D. Don, B. F. G, t. 269.

Passifloree, Passiflora (L.) ligularis Juss. B. M. t, 2967,

; Class Il. MONOCOTYLEDONE &.

Orchidee. O*phrys (Z.) apifera Huds. B albosépala. — Trib..8. Cypri-

pedee. Cypripédium (Z.) ventricosum Swartz, B. F. G., news. t.1. The
imaginary difficulty attending the cultivation of this interesting family of
plants, has retarded their being more generally cultivated. Here they may
be seen im their native luxuriance, displaying their diversified and peculiar
form ; oftentimes preeminently beautitul : graduating from the mae musk
O’rchis (Herminium monérchis) of Britain to the splendid subject of the
present article, a native of Siberia. For the cretaceous species, a chalky
bank, and a bed composed of Sphagnum, decayed leaves, and turfy peat, over-
hung by the microscopical Filices, are the only requisites to cultiyate all the
hardy species of the order with perfect success. The flowers of the species
under consideration are of a beautiful reddish purple, continuing in beauty
for several weeks. (
. Iridee. Iris (Theophrastus) flavéscens Redouté, B. F. G. t. 56., vérna
Mich. B. F. G. t. 68. — Sisyrinchium (L.) odoratissimum Lind/.— Rene-
ae (R. Br.) paniculata #, Br. — Crocus (L.) lacteus Sabine, 2. penicil-
atus. nM ;

Covent Garden Market. 511

Amaryliideze. Tmatoph¥lium (Hook.) Aitoni Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2856.—
Narcissus (L.) lobularis Haw., semipartitus Haw., orientalis L., poéticus L:,
rectrvus Haw. — Leucojum (Z.) vérnum L. v. 2, miltiplex.

Asphodélee. Muscari (Desf.) pallens Bess. B. F. G. t. 259,

Gilliesitee. Gilliésia (Lindl.) graminea Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.992. A rare
bulbous plant, typical of a new order, which Mr. Lindley has dedicated to
Dr. Gillies. Grows well in loam and peat, in a cold frame. At Vol. II,
p- 205. it is called a stove plant.

Tulipaceze. . Fritillaria (.) meleagris Z. 2. miltiplex.

Restiacee. Eriocatlon (L.) septangulare With. A. difficult plant to
cultivate ; but it has succeeded three successive years, in pots filled with
Sphagnum and bog earth, and has now flowered strongly.

Fikces, Asplenium (L.) maderénse.— Alpha, July 3. 1830,

Art. IX. Covent Garden Market.

Thee Catee a trate £ sal £ sa.| Potand Sweet Herbs. | g's alee a:
Cabbages, per dozen: Tarragon, per doz. bunches} 0 3 0/0 5 O
hite = - - |0 0 9/0 1 §3/]| Purslain, per punnet Sl OMah OO gk ss
* Plants, or Coleworts - | (0 1 0/0 1 6|/ Fennel, per dozen bunches|0 3 0/0 0 0
Cauliflowers, perdozen - |0 L 0|0 3 6/|| Thyme, per dozen bunches}! 0 5 0/0 0 0
Broccoli, Cape, per bunch | Q 1-0) 0 1 6|| Sage, per dozen bunches 026/000
L Mint, per dozen bunches -|0 2 0/0 0 0
GGUS: ! Peppermint, per doz. bunch.| 0 1 6]0 0°0
per half sieve} 0 1 0/0 1 6|| Marjoram, per doz. bunches| 0 4 0/0 0 0
Peas - § per sieve 0 2 0} 0 3 6|| Savory, per dozen bunches |0 2 0/0 0 0
per sack 9 6 0} 915 0) Basil, perdozenbunches -|0 8 0/0 0 O
Beans, per halfsieve - | (0 0 9|0 1 O]|| Rosemary, per doz. bunches! 0 6 0/0 0 0
Windsor es 2Siev.|0 1 0] 0 1 8]] Lavender, perdoz.bunches|0 3 6|0 0 0
Y 7 per sack |0 7 Q|0 9 O|| Lansy,perdozen bunches -|0 2 0/0 0 0
Kidneybeans (forced), per g
- hundred a a - 10 10/0 6 0O|| Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,
Pickling, &c.
Tubers and Roots. Capsicums, Chilis, perhun.|0 3 0/0 0 0
er to :
Potatoes = Set pat 4 Me q 8 * Edible Fungi and Fuct.
per bush.| 0 2 0] 0 2 6|| Mushrooms, per pottle - |0 16/0 00
New, perpound - - |0 0 02/0 0 3)| Dried Morels, per pound 014 0;/0 0 0
Jerusalem Artichokes, per || Dried Truffles, per pound:
dozen, frame - - |0 0 6)0 0 9 English = - - |014 0);0 0 0
Turnips, White, per bunch} 0 0 2/0 0 8 Foreign - - - |018 0]0 O
Carrots, per bunch : ie
Young - SSP OR OVO 3s Fruits. 4
Horn = - - |0 0 9]0 1 Oj} Apples, Dessert, per 3 sieve:
Red Beet, per dozen = OPO} ORHO)) NG: Juneating — - - 040/000
Horseradish, perbundle- |0 2 6/0 4 0 Hawthornden - - |0 3 0)0 0 0
Radishes : . Sackand Sugar - - 1/0 4 0/0 0 0
. Red, per dozen hands (24 Baking, per bushel _- |0 8 0/0 0 0
_ __to 30 each) - - |0 0 6] 0 1 Oj|/ Pears, Dessert, per half sieve
White Turnip, per bunch] 0 0-1 3 Green Chisel = 020;)0 26
F é Early Musk - - |0 3 0;0.0 0
The Spinach Tribe. Peaches, perdozen - - |010 0/2 2 0
Spinach per half sieve - |0 0 6/0 O Q/| Nectarines, per dozen - OAQD TOWNS 2'6
: i Apricots, per dozen - 10 30/0 5 0
The Onion Tribe. Almonds, per peck - 10 60/000
Onions, green (Ciboules), Plums, Dessert, per punnet|} 0 2 6/0 3 6
per bunch 5 - |0 0 4/0 9 9 Green Gages, - - 10.3 6/0 4.0
Garlic, green, per pound- |0 1 0/0 0 O|) Cherries, per pound Sl OO) i (OO set}
Shallots, green, perbunch | 0 0 6/0 O Bigarreaus - St Oa AO Oa A)
Circassians = SO OO
Asparaginous Plants, Currants, Black, per sieve]0 2 6/0 5 O
Salads, &c. Pine-apples, per pound - |0 8 0);018 O
Asparagus, perhundred - | 0 2 6|0 4 0/|| Hot-house Grapes, p. pound) 0 5 0|015 O
Artichokes, per dozen - |0 4 0|0 6 O}| Melons, per pound - Oh 160) 03) 6
Lettuce, per score: Dutch - - - |0 10/01 6
Cos - - - |0 0 9/| 90 1 38/]| Cucumbers, frame, perbrace)0 0 6|0 1 6
Cabbage Ls 2/0 © GO WO) oyemeacs perdozen - |0 0 9/0 2 6
Celery, per bundle (12to15)|0 1 6|0 2 G 8 per hundred | 0 3 6|018 0
Small Salads per punnet - | 0 0 2/0 0 3)! panons perdozen - |0 0 9/0 2.0
Watercress, per dozen small per hundred 060/014 0
bunches - - - |0 0 0!]0 O 6|| Sweet Almonds, per pound|0 3 0/0 0 0
Burnet, per bunch - |0 0 330 0 O}| Brazil Nuts, per bushel - | 012 0/016 0
Garden Snails, per quart- |0 0 6|0 0 0

512 Covent Garden Market.

Observations. — The prices stated in the list are those of the preceding
fortnight ; the differences during June have been too considerable to admit
of being determined with any degree of accuracy; occasionally affected
for a day by the excessive wet preventing a supply, and again fluctuating
from the opposite cause. — July 10. 1830.

July 14. Since my last report, the season has been unfavourable for ripen-
ing the various fruits that have, nevertheless, come to hand. Strawberries
have been of bad quality and flavour generally. The crop has not been so
large as was expected, in consequence of frosts prevailing during the time of
flowering ; many were also rotted and destroyed by slugs as they ripened : the
earliest varieties brought to market this season were, the Old Scarlet and
Keen’s Seedling, both of which were brought from the open ground on the
22d of May. Gooseberries have been brought in great abundance, the crop
being very generally good: the large Lancashire varieties, owing to the pre-
valence of moisture throughout the month of June, are now very large and
fine, but deficient in flavour. Currants are in fair supply, but not so plenti-
ful as last season ; the bunches are much injured by the frosts so prevalent in
April: the berries are, nevertheless, large and fine, owing to the same causes
mentioned regarding the gooseberries, Pears are, in general, a good crop,
but have not yet been brought to market in any quantity, Apples are partial,
particularly in the London districts, where the earlier varieties are generally
obtained; the crop farther off is better, but not equal to a third of last sea-
son. Plums are much better in all their varieties, which will make up for
the deficiency of supply in early table-apples, and keep our market tolerably
well furnished throughout the months of August and September ; after
which, apples and pears will be sent from greater distances, as by that time
they will better bear the carriage; and fair prices will, doubtless, afford the
growers a remuneration for their expenses, which was not the case last year,
when the greater proportion of common apples were converted into cider,
in consequence of the very low prices barely covering cost of carriage and
incidental charges. The crop of wall-fruit, such as peaches, nectarines,
apricots, and grapes, is tolerably good; but, from the great want of solar
heat, is very backward, and will require a long continuance of the present
fine weather to bring it to perfection. For the table, melons have been
produced earlier this season than might have been expected from its back-
wardness. Pine-apples have been furnished in good supply and quality ;
but, owing to the putting off of many public dinner-parties during the time
of the late king’s illness, have not been in demand. Grapes have latterly
been plentiful and reasonable. In general, the supply of fruits may be con-
sidered quite equal to the demand, its consumption being materially dimi-
nished by the total absence of sun and warmth during the whole of the last,
and the early part of the present month. Early peas have not been so
plentiful as usual, in consequence of the prevalence of wet, which, although
it increases the luxuriance of the haulm, lessens its fruitfulness; in
many cases, the pods have rotted before being gathered, and in no case
have the peas yielded the usual quantities. The later varieties are now in
good supply, but have been subjected to the same deterioration as the ear-
lier : the incoming crops are expected to be much improved by the present
favourable appearance in the weather. Windsor and other table-beans are
not so abundant as usual, the late wet season having materially affected
them during the time of blossoming: the pods are to be found on the top
of the stems, where the blossom is necessarily more exposed to the action
of the atmosphere. Cauliflowers, although later than usual, have been
abundant, and the prices, consequently, low for a short period; but they are
gradually getting higher, a difference in value, from 9d. to 3s. per dozen,
having actually taken place between the 24th of June and 21st of July.
Potatoes have become very plentiful and cheap, being very much increased
in bulk by the continued rains throughout June: the quality indifferent.

Covent Garden Market.. 513

Our winter supplies will be necessarily abundant, and of excellent quality,
should fine weather prevail during the ensuing autumnal months. — G. C.

The New Market-Building, referred to in our last (p. 379.), is now nearly
completed, and we have a generat plan, elevation of the east front, and per-
spective view, in the hands of the engraver, for our next Number. The two
conservatories are occupied, the one by Messrs. Cormack, Son, and Sinclair,
and the other by Messrs Hockley and Bunney. They are well stocked with
showy green-house plants, as is the terrace with hardy flowers, and shrubs
in pots. The whole forms a delightful promenade, open to every body ;
and if the plants were conspicuously named with small lead labels, as in the
stoves of the Horticultural Society, this scene would be almost as good as
a botanic garden in promoting a taste for plants; for the first step towards
the knowledge of things is to know their names.. In a small room, also
open to every body, Messrs. Cormack, Son, and Sinclair have, or ought to
have, like M. Vilmorin and Co. of Paris, a collection of the newest botanical
and horticultural publications, a series of models of fruits, a herbarium of the
grasses and herbage plants indigenous or cultivated in Britain: they have
specimens of the best grass seeds for different specific purposes; plans for
laying out flower-gardens, for garden structures, and for laymg out resi-
dences of every variety of extent, from the street garden upwards; and
various new implements, and other matters. Taking it altogether, these
conservatories, the terrace, and their accompaniments, surpass any thing
which has hitherto been attempted in London ; and, as they become known,
they will improve, in consequence of artists, artisans, and others sending
their productions for exhibition. We should wish to see all Mr. Peake’s
vases and flower-pots, the terra-cotta statues of Flora, Pomona, Ceres,
Venus, Apollo, the busts of naturalists, poets, and philosophers, &c., which
we hope he has in hand, as well as the vases and orange tubs of Jones of
the Vauxhall Road, and the sundials, pedestals, and therms of these and
other ingenious potters. ;

The architectural beauty of this structure, no less than the very superior
accommodation and comfort which it affords to the sellers and also to the
purchasers, does the greatest honour to the public spirit of the Duke of
Bedford. When we think of Woburn, what it is, and how it is kept up,
and of the Duke’s public and private character, the absence: of all that
display of feudal pageantry which in the present day is the never-failing
sign of a barbarian or mean understanding, we must take the liberty of
saying, even at the risk of giving offence, that we do not know a nobleman
of the same rank who has so entirely our approbation. The architect of
the market is Mr. Fowler, an artist of exquisite taste in his profession: but
the original plan of this gentleman, an engraving of which is: now before us,
was entirely remodelled, agreeably to the suggestions of Mr. Charlwood,
and certainly greatly improved; a circumstance not at all astonishing,
considermg Mr. Charlwood’s great experience as clerk of the market. We
shall take this opportunity of observing that, in all cases in which architects
are called upon to devise plans out of their common line, they ought to

_begin by consulting those who are to manage or use the building to be
planned, and thus make themselves masters of all the various uses to which
the edifice is or may be applied. Were this done generally in the case of
horticultural and agricultural buildings in the country, we should be spared
the view of many crudities and absurdities. We should have been spared
the Chiswick Garden. We shall in due time give an example, in which a
gardener, having first made his plan of a plant structure, Mr. Fowler gave it
an architectural dress, so.as to render it the noblest thing of the kind in the
world ;_ perfectly fitted for growing plants, and clothed with the beauty of
refined architectural design.

Supposing this vegetable market to be considered as the central one, we

_should next wish to see other markets arising all round the metropolis, and

VoL, VI. — No. 27. 98 Y

514 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Sussex, Essex,

more especially a system of abattoirs, as in Paris. It is surely diseraceful
that such a place as Smithfield, and the scenes to which it gives rise on
market days, should be continued in the centre of the most wealthy and
populous city in Europe. But nothing on earth is so dificult to move as
John Bull; and when he is baited into motion, it is more by the influence
of main force, than by the machinery of general system or principle. One
person or party takes up the idea of a cemetery, another that of a market ;
and, after years of perseverance in beating down prejudices and opposing
interests, one of the parties becomes fatigued, and the objects are obtained
or lost as it may happen. We repeat (see Vol. V. p. 686.) that, for the
general improvement of London, and the direction of new streetsand public
buildings, a commission should be formed, whose proceedings ought to be
open, like those of the House of Commons, and their plans or suggestions
reported in the newspapers. They would thus be subjected to the test of
public criticism, and the salutary influence of enlightened opinion, before
being executed. Hitherto, as has been just observed, improvements have
gone on at random, or subject to be thwarted by private interest, and the
wonder is that things are not much worse than they are. We do not re-
collect a more vexatious instauce of this than the abrupt termination of
Regent Street, at St. James’s Park, in a flight of steps, instead of the
continuation of the carriage road to the front of the Treasury; and all
this for the insignificant purpose of gratifying the builders of one or two
new houses, at the perpetual inconvenience of the public. Even the steps
would not have been permitted, but for a counter individual influence, an
order of the king. But what satisfaction is there in that? The one is as
much an exertion of individual influence as the other, and it might have
happened to be on the wrong side. The political circumstances of a
people liable to such outrages on their comforts and convenience, and on
the beauty of their metropolis, are bad, and require reformation no less
than their streets and market-places. But there is a time for every thing;
and it is to be hoped we shall take a hint from France in other things be-
sides abattoirs and cemeteries. — Cond.

Art. X. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

Name and Address of Secretary not before given : —
Ipswich Hcrti:ultural Society, William Woollard, Honorary Secretary ; May 16. 1830.

SUSSEX.

The Chichester Horticultural Society. — This Society held its Spring Meeting
on April 15., when prizes were awarded as follows : — y
Flowers. Auriculas: 1. Mr. Harrison, jun., gardener to Lord Egremont ; 2. and 3. Mr. Had-
don and the Rev. Mr. Watkins, equal. Azaleas: Pink, Mr. Collyer, gardener to KE. Woods, Esq.,
Shopwyke ; white, Mr. Hammond, gardener to Messrs. Humphrey. Caméllia Sasanqua-rosea,
Mr. Groundsell, gardener to J. J. Gruggen, Esq. Cactus specidsa and speciosissima and Bouquet
of Flowers, Mr. Collyer. Box of Flowers, Mr. Sims, gardener to W. Leeves, Esq. Geranium
Lord Combermere. Forced Rose, Mr. Collyer. Verbtna Melindres, and Erinus lychnidea,
Mr. Hammond. Amaryllidez@, Mr. Goddard, gardener to W. Rhoades, Esq. — Fruit. Pears,
Mr. Holding. Strawberries: 1. Mr. Collyer; 2. Mr. Harrison. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucum-
bers: 1. Mr. Collyer; 2. Mr. Gorsuch, gardener to the Bishop of Chichester, and 3. Mr. Cake-
bread, gardener to Messrs. Henty, equal; 4. Mr. Hammond. Mushrooms: 1. Mr. Gorsuch ;
2. Mr. Coates, gardener to the Rev. Geo. Porcher. Sea-kale: 1. Mr. Holding ; 2. Mr. Gorsuch.
Rhubarb, Mr. Gorsuch. Potatoes: 1. Mr. Collyer; 2. and 3. Mr. Cakebread and Mr. Groundsell,

equal. French Beans: 1. and 2. Mr. Coates and Mr. Harrison, equal. Lettuce, Mr. Collyer.
(Portsmouth Herald, April 18.) e ; hie

ESSEX.

The Chelmsford and Essex Floral and Horticultural Society. — This Society
pee ae First Exhibition this year on April 20., which was respectably and numerously
attended.

Flowers. -Auriculas: 1. Smith’s Waterloo, Birche’s Amethyst, and Taylor’s Glory, Mr. Charles
Harris; 2. Stretch’s Alexander, Butterworth’s Lord Hood, and Townshend’s Lady Duncan,
Mr. Jonathan Harris ; 3. Taylor’s Ploughboy, Chilcott’s Brilliant, and Taylor’s Glory, Mr. G.
Wicks. Messrs. Pearson, Bird, and Howard also showed some good specimens. — Fruit. Apples:

1. Norfolk Biffin, Ross’s Nonpareil, and Royal Nonpareil, John Disney, Esq.; 2. Ribston Pip-
pin, and Golden Rennet, Mr, Charles Hearne E ai es eat

Cambridgeshire. . 515

“Mr. Disney also showed some brown beurré pears, sea-kale, lettuce, &c. Mr. Lewis showed
two braceof early cucumbers. A collection of early tulips, Hrice, polyanthuses, &c., the growth
of Mr. G. Howard, were much admired. (Suffolk Chronicle, April 24.) >

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. — This Society held its April Show on
April 21., when the following adjudication of prizes took place: —

Flowers. Auriculas (four, one of a sort), Freedom, Netherfield Beauty, Venus, Metropolitan,
Mrs. Lascelles. Auricula (of any colour), Revenge, Mrs. Lascelles. Seedling Auricula: no first
prize; 2. Mr. Fordham of Hatley. Polyanthus: no first prize; 2. Bonaparte, Mrs. Lascelles,
Seedling Polyanthus, Mr. Denson. Double Wallflower: 1. Mr. Lestourgeon; 2 Mr. Widnall.
Pinks, Mr. Challis. Double Primroses, Double Crimson, Double White, Double Scotch, Mr.
Denson. — Fruit. Table Apples, Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Mr. Gimson. Strawberries, Keen’s
Seedling: 1. Mr. Challis; 2. C. Pemberton, Esq — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1. Mr.
Catling ; 2. Mr. Fordham. Potatoes, forced: 1. (10 to the lb.) Ashtop Kianeys, Mr. Fordham ;
2. (11 to the lb.) Ashleafed Kidneys, Mr. Challis. Broccoli, White, Col. Pemberton. Cabbage,
Mr. Widnall. Rhubarb, Red, Mr. Shippey.

Extra-Prixes. Azalea indica Alba, Six Double Hyacinths, and Pears (Colmar and D’Auch),
Mr. Biggs. Lettuces, Brown Dutch, Col. Pemberton.

‘The next Show was announced to take place on the 10th of May, when prizes of 2s. 6d. each
will be given to cottagers for double stocks grown in pots, cabbages, and lettuces. It was also
tated Bae the Treasurer renews his bouquet prizes for the four next Shows. (Suffolk Chronicle,

pril 24,

The May Show of this Society was held on May 19. We do not remember
ever witnessing a more splendid display of flowers, particularly geraniums. The green-house
plants were superb. The asparagus also deservedly attracted considerable notice. The Chair-
man (Rey. J. A. Brown) announced the award of the judges as follows: —

Flowers. Tulips (six best bloom, one of a sort), Triomphe Royal, Sir George Duckett, Matilda,
Vesta, Ophir, Pizarro, Mr. Searle. Tulip, Catafalque, Mr. Fred. Finch. Anemones (six best,

- one of a sort), Belle Comtesse, L’Episcopal, Le Sultan Achmet, Sophie, Rose semée des fleurs,
La Belle Pallas, Mr. Searle. Anemone, Déesse Flore, Mr. Searle. Heart’s-ease (3 best bloom,
in pots), Mr. Denson. Pelargoniums (six best bloom, in pots): 1. Anne Boleyn, Moore’s Victory,

Himez, Staffordidnwm, Macranthon, Southcoteanum, Mr. Widnall; 2. Lord Yarborough, Rosa

Matilda, Macranthon, De Vere, Defiance, Anne Boleyn, Mr. Searle. Pelargonium (in a pot),

Germanicum, Mr. Widnall. Pednia (ina pot), Montagne, Mr. Gimson. Stock (grown ina pot),

would have been awarded to Joseph Thackeray, Esq. Fellow of King’s College, but he was not a
member at the time of exhibition. Stock (cut), would have been awarded to Mr. Thackeray, as
above, Mr. French. — Fruit. Strawberries: no first prize;-2. Mr. French. . Culinary Vegetables.
Peas, John Smith, gardener to Francis Pym, Esq. Lettuces, Mr. Palmer. Asparagus: 1. (50
heads, 8lb. 8 0z. weight), Mr. Palmer; 2. (nearly the same weight), Mr. Brown of Fordham.
Cabbage (43 lbs), Mr. Widnall. Cauliflowers: no first prize; 2. John Smith, gardener to Mr.
Pym. Treasurer’s Bouquet, Mr. Gimson.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Cabbage and Lettuce, James Tuck, Windmill Cottage.

Extra-Prizes. Carrots, Mr. Hudson. — Lettuce, Mr. Widnall. Apples: Table, Seedlings
: grown from the Old Golden Pippin, Mr. Challis; Kitchen, Hollow-crowned Pippins, Mr. Brown
ch Borda: Pelargoniums, Macranthon, Rosa Matilda, Generalissimo, grafted on one stock,

r. Searle. ?

The next Show was then announced for the 16th of June, when prizes of 2s. 6d. each will be
given to cottagers for the best rose, pink, sweetwilliam, strawberries, potatoes, and peas. It was
hinted, for the encouragement of industrious cottagers, that it would be desirable to propose
prizes to be given in the autumn (if the cottagers’ funds would allow it) for the best hive of bees,
and the best cultivated garden in the county. (Cambridge Chronicle, May 21.)

The June Show of this Society was held on June 17., when the following adju-
dication of prizes was announced by the Rey. R. Lascelles, who was in the chair : —

Flowers. Ranunculuses (six best, one of a sort): 1. Henrietta, Charlotte, Charbonnier, Wur-
temberg, Chapella, Annette, Mr. F. Finch; 2. Mr. John Bailey. Ranunculus: 1. Le Vrai Noir,
Mr. F. Finch ; 2. Calchas, Mr. Dickerson. Pinks (six best, one of a sort): 1. Bray’s Invincible,
Barrett’s Conqueror, La Belle Alliance, Harefield Beauty, Filbrooke’s Beauty, Davey’s Leopold,
Mr. Haylock. Pink: 1. Mr. Ripsher; 2. Davey’s Roi de Pourpre, Mr. Haylock. Seedling, Mr.
Ripsher. Roses (six best), L’'Ombre Superbe, Rose de Roi, Princess Victoria, Brown’s Sup,
George the Fourth, Blush Moss, Mr. Widnal. Rose, George the Fourth, Mr. Crisp. Sweetwil-
liams, Mr. O’Robin. Seedling Pelargonium: No first prize; 2. Mr. Widnal. Bouquet (Trea-
surer’s), Mr. Gimson. — Fruit. Strawberries (size): 1. Keen’s Seedling, Mr. Lestourgeon ; 2.
Keen’s Seedling, Mr. Dall. Best lb., containing fewest in number: 1. Keen’s Seedling (23 to the
Ib.), Col. Pemberton; 2. Keen’s Seedling (23 to the lb.), Mr. Lestourgeon. Cherries (best plate),
May Duke, Col. Pemberton. Melon, Golden Cantaloup, Mr. Dall.

Cottagers’ Prizes. — Peas and Potatoes, —— Tuck, Harston, Pink and Rose, Edward Dowse,
Ickieton. Two Roses, George the Fourth, Unique, Edward Dowse, Ickleton. Sweetwilliam,
and Strawberries, ——— Beales, Cherryhinton.

Extra-Prizes. — Cactus speciosissima, Mr. Gimson. Six Seedling Ranunculuses, Mr. J, Bailey.
Two Cauliflowers, Mr. Newman, Bourn.

The next Show was announced for the 21st or 28th of July, one of which days will be fixed by
the Committee, and of which early notice will be given, when prizes will be given to cottagers for
the best carnation, picotee, balsam, hollyhock, gooseberries, currants, and cucumber. Also the
Treasurer’s prize for the best bouquet.

; Phanks were, as usual, voted to the mayor and corporation for the use of the Hall. (Ibid.

une 18.)

Cambridge Florists’ Society —'The Ranunculus Show was held on the 14th of
June, and notwithstanding the very unfavourable weather for some time past, the Show was
decidedly superior to any previous one as to the quality and size of the flowers, the appearance of
which on the grand stand was truly beautiful. ‘The tables were neatly decorated with some fine
varieties of geraniums from the valuable collection of Mr. Widnall of Grantchester. The follow-
ing is the award ol the judges on this occasion : — : t

Black: 1, Naxara, Mr. Finch; 2. Naxara, and 3. Grand Brayura, Mr, Bailey ; 4. Gsil Noir, Mr

wig 4

516 Provincial Hort. Socicties : — Suffolk, Norfolk,

Crisp ; 5. Condorcet, Mr. Bailey ; 6. Naxara, Mr. Finch. Coffee-colour: 1. Prince George, Mr.
Twitchett ; 2. Achilles, and 3. Lysandre, Mr. Finch; 4. Orpheus, Mr. Bailey ; 5. Theodat, and
6. Majestic, Mr. Dickerson. Dark Purple: 1. Charbonnier, Mr. Finch ; 2. Vinatre, Mr. Bailey 5
3. and 4, Charbomnier, Mr. Finch; 5. Viriatre, Mr. Bailey ; 6. Charbonnier, Mr. Twitchett. Light
Purple and Grey: 1. Nomias, and 2. Comble des Richesses, Mr. Finch; 3. Patagonia, and 4.
Comble des Richesses, Mr. T'witchett ; 5. Nomias, Mr. Dickerson; 6. Noir Foncé, Mr. Finch.
Crimson: 1. Ajax, Mr. Bailey; 2. Ajax, and 3. Bienfait, Mr. Finch ; 4. Dowton’s Firebrand, Mr.
Bailey; 5. Henriette, Mr. Finch; 6. Ajax, Mr. Bailey. Scarlet: 1. Alphonso, 2. La Beaute In-
surmontable, 3. Jupiter, and 4. General Hoche, Mr. Bailey; 5. Charlemagne, Mr. Finch ;
6. Dowton’s Rising Sun, Mr. Dickerson. Rose and Pink: 1. Duchess of Orleans, My. Finch ;
2, Roscius, 3. Aurora, 4. Adonis, and 5. Duke of Bedford, Mr. Twitchett ; 6. Apollo, Mr. Dicker-
son. Olive: 1. Bouquet Sanspareil, Mr. Finch; 2. Bouquet Sanspareil, Mr. T'witchett ; 3. Le
Roi Frédéric de Prusse, Mr. Bailey; 4. Horace, Mr. Nutter; 5. Harvey’s Olive, Mr. Dicker-
son; 6. Hardingham’s Olive, Mr. Twitchett. Orange: 1. Cedo Nulli, Mr. Twitchett ; 2. Prince
of Orange, Mr. Finch; 3. Cedo Nulli, and 4. Orange Brabangon, Mr. Dickerson ; 5. Orange Beau,
Mr. Haylock ; 6. Orangiére, Mr. Crisp. Yellow and Sulphur: 1. Adrian, 2. Beroth. and 3, Eliza,
Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Dion, Mr. Finch; 5. Brooks's Yellow, Mr. Bailey; 6. Adrian, Mr. Twitchett.
Buff: 1. Cox’s Buff, Mr. Finch; 2. Pisistrate, and 3. Couleur de Perle, Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Couleur
de Perle, Mr. Finch ; 5.and 6. Fair Quaker, Mr. Twitchett. White-spotted : 1. Princess of Wales,
Mr. Crisp; 2. Andrew, Mr. Finch; 3. Ceres, Mr. Bailey; 4. and 5. Vesta, Mr. Twitchett ; 6. Ben-
jamin, Mr. Finch. Yellow-spotted: 1. Princess Galitzin, and 2. Medora, Mr. Twitchett. 3. An-
dromache, Mr. Bailey; 4. Andromache, Mr. Finch; 5. Newton, Mr. Dickerson ; 6. Alfred, Mr.
Finch. White-edged: 1. Calchas, Mr. Dickerson ; 2. Walworth, Mr. Bailey ; 3. Cooper’s Curion,
and 4. Louisette, Mr. Twitchett ; 5. La Tendresse, Mr. Crisp; 6. Nelson, Mr. Dickerson. Yellow-
edged: 1. Julius, Mr. Finch; 2. Pucelle, Mr. Dickerson ; 3. Pucelle, Mr. Crisp; 4. Prince Galit-
zin, and 5. Grand Berger, Mr. Finch; 6. Julius, Mr. Bailey. Red and White-striped : 1. Orissa,
Mr. Bailey; 2. Téméraire, Mr. Dickerson; 3. La Cour de France, and 4. Téméraire, Mr. Finch ;
5. La Cour de France, and 6. GEillet Incomparable, Mr. Crisp. Red and Yellow-striped : 1. Guillet
gold-striped, Mr. Twitchett; 2. and 3. Mélange des Beautés, Mr. Finch; 4. and 5. Nardonia, Mr.
Crisp; 6. Brook’s Scarlet and Gold, Mr. Dickerson. Mottled: 1. Chassellas, Mr. Twitchett ; Q:
Cassandra, 3. and 4. La Singulaire, and 5. Nixon’s Queen, Mr. Bailey ; 6. Restoration, Mr. Dick-
erson. Shaded White. 1. and 2. Annette, 3. Tillott’s Blush, and 4. Annette, Mr. Finch ; 5. Til-
lott’s Blush, My. Nutter; 6. Tillot’s Blush, Mr, Stearne. White: 1. La Favorite, Mr. Finch ;
9. La Favorite, Mr. Twitchett; 3. Bell’s White, Mr. Crisp; 4. La Favorite, and 5, Kermes,
Mr. Finch; 6, White Swan, Mr. Crisp. (Cambridge Chronicle, June 18.)

SUFFOLK.

Ipswich Horticultural Society. — A Meeting was held-on April 20th, when the
judges, Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Garrod, and Mr. Sally as umpire, awarded prizes as follows : —

Planis. Stove or Green-house plant in bloom, in a pot (Nérium spléndens), Mr. J. Smith. —
Flowers. Auriculas, Mr. Woollard. — Frwé¢. Table Apples (Nonpareils), and Kitchen, Mr. J.
Smith.— Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. J. Smith, gardener to Dykes Alexander, Esq. ;
2. Mr. William Allen, gardener to Lieut.-Col. Edgar; 3. Mr.R. Marriott, Stowmarket. Forced
Potatoes: 1. Mr. Waller; 2. Mr. Burns, gardener to Lord Rivers. French Beans, Mr. J. Smith.
Asparagus, Mr. Bird. White Broccoli, Mr. Allen. Brown Broccoli and Cabbages, Mr. Lovely.
Lettuces, Mr. Burnes. Rhubarb, Mr. J. Smith. Sea.kale, Mr. Burns. :

Cottager's’ Prizes. Vegetable of any kind grown by a Cottager (being a labourer), —— Quinton,
of Westerfield, for the best Cabbages.

William Rodwell, Esq. was unanimously elected President. A handsome medal from the Lon-
don Horticultural Society was presented, with suitable remarks from the Chairman, to Mr. Robert
Milborn, for the general excellence of his productions in the year 1828, and Mr. Milborn returned
thanks. — This Society, we are happy to find, is progressing most satisfactorily. Several new
members were admitted (there are now more than 200), and the finances of the past year were
found to be adequate to the purposes of the Society. We should be glad to see the Cottagers?
Prizes more extensively contested: this is a point of infinitely more importance than who is the
best grower of pines among the great, some of whom, we know, have ostentatiously exhibited
their fruit, and then selfishly ordered its return back to their own homes, instead of leaving it to
promote the general enjoyment of the dinner party of subscribers. (Suffolk Chron., April 24.)

[Ostentatious and selfish this practice may well be called. It can only be accounted for from
that utter want of sympathy for the lower classes which in this country exists among the higher ;
the consequence of extreme inequality in the distribution of wealth and knowledge. It is good
to record cases of this kind, because they assist in awakening reflection. Every evil must be
known and felt, before a remedy .can-even be wished for.]

NORFOLK.

Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society. — This useful and increasing
Society held their Second Show of Fruits, Culinary Vegetables, and Flowers on May 26. A great
number of specimens were again sent in, and were very tastefully arranged on tables in the centre
~ of the hall; the display of pelargoniums, geraniums, tulips, cactuses, rhododendrons, irises, &c.,
was truly splendid. In the adjudication made, it is with much pleasure we refer to four prizes
given to industrious cottagers, as it affords a proof of the spirit of emulation excited by the esta-
blishment of this Society, —a spirit -which in its progress must be productive of the best results.
Prizes were awarded as follows : —

Flowers. Tulip, The Glory of Norwich, Mr. Wilson. Pelargonium Southcotednwm, Rev. J.
Custance. Rarest Exotic, Dwarf Fan Palm, Rev. George Leathes. Flower of Chalcedonian
Iris, Mr. Robert Ellis. Rose ina Pot, Mr. Noverre. Cactus specidsa, Mrs. Ives. Best Bouquet,
Mrs. Mackie. — Fruit. Queen Pine, Lord Stafford. Melon, J. Browne, Esq. ‘Strawberries, Keen’s
Seedling, Mrs. Ives. Table Apples, P. Raven, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Potatoes, Ashleaved
Kidney (grown in natural ground), Mr. Hartt. Cucumbers, Mr. Sapy, gardener to Richard Craw.
shay, Esq. Florence Cos Lettuces, Mr. Jacob Vince.

Cottagers’ Prizes, Orange Russet Apples, John Harmer. ‘Peas, John Harper. Onions and
Cabbage, John Poll. Bouquet, Edward Boon.

Lord Stafford sent a brace of queen pines, one Assyrian melon, peas (Bishop’s Dwarf), Rose-
berry and Keen’s strawberries, also honey in the comb, with bees at work in a glass. The-Rev.
George Leathes sent a superb collection of exotics, among which were the Chamz‘rops himilis,

Gloucestershire; Worcestershire. 517

(Dwarf Fan Palm), the Metrosidéros floribinda, Zxia ambigua, Pimeléa 7dsea, and Zuphérbia
meloférmis ; also a dish of cinnamon strawberries, raised by the care of Mr. Thomas Sparrow,
gardener at Shropham Hall. The Rev. J. Custance, 38 pelargoniums (the finest in the room), and
Phibx amoe‘na. Mrs. Mackie (besides her prize bouquet) exhibited a fine collection of pelar-
goniums, viz. Anne Boleyn, Germaénicum, Laconia, Lord Combermere, Lord Cochrane, Tran-
scéndens, Barclayanum, De Vere, Latifdlium, Bagshot Park, and Albinotatum ; also a Stylidium
adnatum (fine specimen), Calceolaria integrifdlia ndva, Cactus specidsa (flowers very fine and
deep-coloured), Mimulus moschitus, Didymocarpus Rhéxé, Erica tricolor, and Pimeléa vdsea
(very fine specimen). J. Petre, Esq., two large Seville oranges, from a full-bearing tree at Westwick.
S. Tyssen, Esq., of Narborough, a very weighty bunch of asparagus, grown at Ely. The Rev. T.
S. Buckle, fine carrots of this year’s growth, and large lettuces. William Robinson, Esq., a
collection of pelargoniums, Mimulus grandifldrus, a very beautiful Cactus flagelliférmis (in full
flower), &c. Mr. Bayfield a very capital specimen of Euphérbia meloférmis, three plants of
Cactus specidsa, and one Cactus stellaris, A’/loe brevifdlia, and A’loe nigricans. Mr. Wilson, a
stand of beautiful tulips in phials. Mr. Hitchin, 25 cactuses, in the centre of which was a large
Melocactus (Turk’s Cap). John Longe, Esq., a dish of filberts, several apples, orange tree, early
potatoes, &c. P. Raven, Esq., Ribston pippins and other tine apples. The Rev. E. Howman six
pots of mesembryanthemums and flowers of the Aristoldchia sipho. Mr. J. Smith a collection of
53 plants, among which were the E‘pacris pulchélla, Fachs¢a microphylla, and Magndlza fuscita.
Mr. John Cozens, Erica ventricdsa, and Cactus flagelliférmis. Mrs. Martineau,,a basket of green-
house flowers. Mrs. Cooper of Lakenham, a Chalcedonian iris (Susiana). Norwich Florists,
fly and bee orchis, &c. Mr. J. Ayton exhibited a fruit-receiver, having nets expanded on a
frame which may be attached and detached from a tree in one minute. [We should be glad to
receive some account of this invention, accompanied by a sketch.] (Nozfolk Chronicle, May 29.)

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Bristol Horticultwral and Botanical Society. — The Second Meeting for the
season, of this most laudable association, took place on May 18. The various and splendid assem-
blage of tulips constituted probably the principal excellence of the exhibition, and one of marble
whiteness and purity, threaded with a few streaks of purple, named the Cenotaph of the Princess
Charlotte, obtained'the admiration of many. The Geranidcez came next; and two contributed
by a lady, a purple and a Macranthon, were eminently beautiful. Hillianum, Staffordianwm, De
Vere, Webéri, Venus, Rhodoléntum, &c., were conspicuous favourites ; nor in this most brief
enumeration must we omit some fine flowers of the tree peony, the Movitan of the Chinese, called
by that people the ** King of Flowers, the Hundred Ounces of Gold,” from the vast sums which
were originally given for this superior production. The prizes assigned were as follows : —

Plants. Stove: 1. AmarYllis Johnsodnéi (Angus), Mr. Osborne; 2. Gloxinia specidsa, John
Hurle,. Esq.. Green-house': 1,. Alstroeméria tricolor, H. Nugent, Esq. ; 2. Erythrina Jaurifdlia,
R. Bright, Esq. Hrica: 1. Fragrans, H. Nugent, Esq.; 2. Cupréssina, Mr. Maule. Pelargoniums.
Light: 1. Macranthon, Mrs. H..Vaughan; 2. Macranthon, R. Bright, Esq. Purple: 1. George
the Third, Mrs. H. Vaughan; 2. George the Third, Mr. Jacques. Red: 1. Milléré, John Hurle,
Esq.; 2. De Cliffordia, J. Hurle, Esq.. Hardy: 1. Rhododéndron, and 2. Azalea, Mr. Maule.
Perennials: 1. Erinus alpinus, Mr. Maule; 2. Géum coccineum, R. F. Wright, Esq. — Flowers.
Tulips. Feathered Bizards: 1. and 2.. Mr. F. Taylor. Flamed: 1. Mr. F. Taylor; 2. H. Nugent,
Esq. Feathered Bybloemens: 1, and 2. H. Nugent, Esq. Flamed: 1. and 2. Mr. F. Taylor.
Flamed Rose: J..and 2. Mr. F. Taylor. — Fruit. Grapes. Black: 1. Hamburg, and 2. St. Peter’s,

~ P. J. Miles, Esq. White: 1. Muscat, Mr. Douney; 2..Frontignac, P. J. Miles, Esq. Pines: 1. Black
Jamaica, H. Ludlow, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Asparagus: 1. Battersea, Mr. Maynard; 2.
Battersea, Mrs. Hareford. Lettuces: 1. White Cos, Mr. Sealy; 2. Brown Cos, R. Bright, Esq.
Potatoes: 1. Ash-leaved Kidney, Mrs. T. K. Bayly ; 2. Ash-leaved Kidney, Mrs.*Lydia Gregory.—
Plants and Fruits of superior Merit, Cactus flagelliférmis, C. George, Esq. Calceolaria rugosa,
Col. Whetham. Nectarines, Mr. Douney.
No cottagers exhibited.

Mr. Miller announced that twenty-two new subscribers had been added that day, which made

up sank 500; and that 19/7. had been taken at the doors in the morning. (Bristol Mercury,
ay 22,,

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Worcestershire Horticultural Society. — May 14. Although the snow and
severe frost which occurred in the beginning of April greatly injured the tulips, we may assert,
without the least risk of exaggeration, that this tribe presented a display never equalled since the
formation of the Society ; but of anemones there was not a'single bloom. ‘The prize plant (Poly-
gala cordifdlia) was a most elegant specimen; a Cactus flagelliférmis, sent by a non-subscriber,
was greatly admired. A splendid plant of the Nérium Oleander, which stood upwards of 8 ft.
high, in full blossom, and placed in the centre of the prize stands, had a fine effect. An amaryllis,
with sixteen blooms, was generally admired. Among the innumerable specimens exhibited,
there were some very fine American plants, including kalmias, azaleas, and rhododendrons ;
also two fine plants of the sweet-scented China, and one of the white moss rose; all.in full bloom.
The sweet-scented heaths (the odour of which is particularly fragrant and agreeable) were much
seared The fruits and vegetables fell far short of former exhibitions, The prizes were awarded
as follows: —

Plants, Stove: 1, Amar¥llis, J. Taylor, Esq.; 2. Cactus specidsa, Mr. Wood. Green-house :
1. Pol¥gala cordifSlia, Mr. Tapp; 2. Pimeléa decussata, Mr. Smith ; 3. Metrosidéros specidsa,
Mr. Wood; 4. Eutaxia myrtifdlia, Sir H. Wakeman, Bart. Hardy: 1. Kalmia latifdlia, Mr.
Beach; 2. Rhododéndron catawbiénse, Mr. Smith. Heaths: 1. Hrica tubifldra, and 2. Erica
ventricdsa supérba, Mr. Tapp. — Lowers. Tulips. Feathered Bizards: 1. Surpasse Catafalque,
and 2. Formosa, F. Davies, Esq. ; 3. Trafalgar, Mr. Gummery. Flamed Bizards : 1. Superbe en
Noir, Rev. Dr. Grove; 2. Zan Zio, Mr. Hickman; 3. Gold Beurrés, Mr. Smith. Feathered
Bybloemens: 1. Feathered Baguet, Mr. Smith; 2. Blanche et Noire, F. Davies, Esq. ; 3. Pearson’s
Prince of Wales, Mr. Smith. Flamed Bybloemens: 1. Racine, and 2. Rodney, F. Davies, Esq. 5
3. Maitre Partout, Mr, Smith. Feathered Rose: 1. Waterloo, and 2, Glory of Walworth, Mr,
Smith; 3. De Lisle, Mr. Hickman. Flamed Rose: 1. Rose ‘Triomphe, 2. Lord Colchester, and 3,
Lord Hill, Mr. Smith. Selfs: 1. Mine d@Or, F. Davies, Esq. ; 2. Mountain of Snow, Mr. Smith,
Pelargoniums; 1.Germanicum, J. Taylor, Esq. ; 2. Cleopatra supérba, Mr. Linton ; 3. Anne Boleyn,

Mae aie)

518 Provincial Hort. Societies : — Monmouthshire,

and 4, Parkéz, Mr. Smith. — Culinary Vegetables. Asparagus, Sir H. Wakeman, Bart. Green
Peas, Early Frame, J. Taylor, Esq. Potatoes, Runcieman’s Early, not forced, Mr. Wood. Let-
tuce, Bath Cos, J. Tayler, Esq. :
_ Extya-Prizes. Potatoes. Albany Kidney, R. Berkeley, Esq. Strawberries, Keen’s Seedling,
forced, Mr. Mowbray. Neéerium Oleander, Sir A. Lechmere, Bart. Balsam, J. Taylor, Esq.
Erica fiérida, Mr. Smith. Zlichrysum yestitum, Mr. Tapp. Rheum palmatum, Mr. Fuller.
(Berrow’s Worcester Journal, May 20.) E
Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society. — April 22. _There was a superb dis-
play of auriculas and hyacinths from Mr. Holmes, Mr. Hunt, and Mr. Davies, as well as of stove
and green. house plants. Fine specimens of large asparagus and cucumbers from Mr. New, Sir
Charles Throckmorton, and Mr. Jessop; and thirty-six plates of various sorts of apples were
exhibited in the highest state of preservation. Amongst a numerous selection of stove and green-
house plants, there was a specimen of Cactus specidsa engrafted upon Cactus grandifldra, the
flowers being evidently increased in size thereby ; also two plants of Cactus specidsa, each con-
taining upwards of sixty blossoms; Mimulus roschatus, Pitcairnéa staminea, and Correa
spec.dsa, all from the garden of the President, E. Rudge, Esq., who produced a sample of wine
made entirely from the fruit of the black-heart cherry, that had been one year in the cask, and
two years in bottle: it was a sound specimen of British wine, and likely to keep well in bottle..
The following prizes were awarded : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. CActus specidsa, above sixty blossoms, E. Rudge, Esq. 5
2. Pitté6sporum Tobira, Mr. Jessop; 3. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. Jessop. Hardy: 1. Crimson
Primula, Mrs. Hunt; %. Sulphur Primula, Rev. Mr. Stillingfleet. — Flowers. Auriculas. Green-
edged: 1. Pearson’s Blucher, Mr. Holmes; 2. Unknown, Mr Hunt; 3. Dean’s Sparkler, Mr.
Holmes. Grey-edged: 1. Kenyon’s Ringleader, Mr. Holmes; 2. Unknown, Mr. Mayfield ;
3. Mary Anne, Mr. Davies. White-edged: 1. Pitman’s Eclipse, and 2. Unknown, Mr. Holmes ;
3. Taylor’s Glory, Mr. Mayfield. Selfs: 1. Lord Primate, and 2. Flora’s Flag, Mr. Holmes;
3. Whitaker’s True Blue, Mr. William Murrell. Alpines: 1. George the Fourth, and % Un-
known, Mr. Holmes; 3. Captain Frazer, Mr. Davies. Polyanthuses. Dark: 1. Pearson’s Alex-
ander, and 2. Beauty of Over, Mrs. Hunt; 3. Black Joke, Mrs. Davies. Red: 1. Rapid, and
2, and 3. Unknown, Mrs. Hunt. Hyacinths. Red: 1, 2, and 3. Mrs. Hunt. White: 1. and 2.
Mrs. Hunt; 3. Mr. Goodall. — Frat. Apples: 1. the Green Nonpareil, Mr. Marriott ; 2. Scarlet
Nonpareil, Mr. Humphries. — Culinary Vegetables. Mushrooms, Mr. Jessop. Sea-kale, Mr. Ful-
ton. Cucumbers: 1. Sir Charles Throckmorton; 2. Mr. Jessop. Broccoli, Mr. Hunt. Asparagus,
Mr. Anthony New, Cabbage: 1. Early York, Mr. Cheek; 2. not named, Mr. Anthony New.
(Worcester Herald, May 8.)

MONMOUTHSHIRE,

The Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire Horticultural Society held its General
Meeting in Cardiffon April 28. The productions from the gardens of the neighbouring gentry
were both more numerous and more beautiful than at any previous show. Sir Charles Morgan
sent several very beautiful flowers ; but those which attracted the most particular attention, and
deservedly so, were sent by J. Moggridge, Esq., of Gabalva. We are happy to see that this
Society is producing much good amongst the cottagers, by inducing them to cultivate their
gardens with more attention, and in a better manner, than heretofore. Some of the flowers exhi-
bited by this class of persons would have done credit even to a professed gardener. The following
members were appointed judges of the Show: —J. H. Moggridge, Esq., William Head Deacon,
Esq., and the Rev. E. W. Richards, for the vegetables; and Messrs. Matthews, Minnett, and
Nunciman, for the flowers; who awarded the prizes, in their respective departments, to the
following persons : —

Flowers. Caméllia japénica: 1. Double White, R. Hill, Esq.; 2. Blush, J. Moggridge, Esq.
Most curious Flower: 1. Calceolaria corymbosa, J. Moggridge, Esq.; 2. Primula cortusoides,
Hon, W. B. Grey. Most: beautiful Flower: 1. /’xia crateroides, J. Moggridge, Esq.; 2. Double
Red Camellia, Sir C. Morgan. Pelargonium: 1. and 2. J. Moggridge, Esq. Second best: 1.
Colonel Morgan; 2. Rev. J. M. Traherne. Tulip: 1. J. Moggridge, Esq.; 2. Sir C. Morgan.
Most beautiful Tulip, Col. Morgan. Auriculas, E. P. Richards, Esq. Rose: 1. and 2. Rev. J. M.
Traherne. Anemones, Sir C. Morgan. Hyacinths: 1, Colonel Morgan; 2. Sir C. Morgan.
Double Primroses, Col. Morgan. Double Wallflower, Rev. J. M. Traherne. = Fruit. Pine, Sir
C. Morgan. Preserved Filberts, J. Moggridge, Esq. Strawberries, forced, J. Moggridge, Esq.
Baking Pears, R. Hill, Esq. Best Table Apples: 1. J. Moggridge, Esq: ; 2. Col. Morgan. Second
best Table Apples: 1. Mr. Thomas Minnett; 2. J. Moggridge, Esq. Best Baking Apples: 1.
Hon. W. B, Grey ; 2. R. F. Jenner, Esq. Second best Baking Apples: 1. Rev. J. M. Traherne ;
2. R. Hill, Esq. - Culinary Vegetables. Asparagus: 1. Mr. Thomas Minnett; 2. Col. Morgan.
Cucumbers: 1. Mr. Thomas Minnett; 2. E. P. Richards, Esq.; 3. Rev. J. M. Traherne. Pota-
toes, forced: 1. R. Hill, Esq. ; 2. Hon. W. B. Grey. Kidneybeans: 1. J. Moggridge, Esq ; 2.
Sir C. Morgan. Mushrooms: 1. R. F. Jenner, Esq. ; 2. J. Moggridge, Esq. Broccoli, R. Hill,
Esq. Cabbages, Mr. Thomas Minnett. Carrots, Rev. J. M. Traherne. Parsneps, J. Moggridge,
Esq. Celery, Col. Morgan. Lettuces,; J. Moggridge, Esq. Spring Onions, Hon. W. B. Grey.
Radishes, Mr, Thomas Minnett. :

Extra-Prizes. An Athenian Poplar, raised from a cutting, Mr. Thomas Minnett.. Mesembry-
anthemum, Miss. Blosse. Several sorts of Viola tricolor, R. Hill, Esq. Mimulus guttatus, and
Rose Brunette, Rev. J. M. Traherne. Pebdnia Moittan, Sir C. Morgan. Acacia pulchélla and
a pot of Stocks, Rev. J. M. Traherne.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Basket of Vegetables, David Williams of Duffryn. Table Pears, Edward
Williams, Llandaff. Wallflower: 1. Thomas White, Whitchurch; 2. John Herbert, Cardiff.
Best Flower of any sort, and second best, two Pelargoniums, J. Lewis, Cardiff. Preserved Fil-
berts, Eliza Daniel, Castletown. Cabbages, John Herbert, Cardiffi (Lhe Cambrian, May 8.)

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Herefordshire Horticultural Society. — April 23. In the flower department,
perhaps, the selfs class of auriculas was deficient in a trifling degree, but the abundancé and
beauty of the alpines, most of which were seedlings, more than compensated ; and it is a pleasing
duty to add, that those very choice flowers are the produce of seeds sown by the fair hand of one
of the earliest patronesses of this flourishing Society. The polyanthuses were good and in full
supply, but the hyacinths were not so numerous as we have seen them, which has been the case
generally throughout the kingdom. The green-house plants were excellent; amongst which the

Herefordshire. 519

Azalea indica alba, Erica aristata, Eutaxia myrtifodlia, Pol¥gala oppositifdlia, Corree‘a specidsa,
C. pulchélla, &c., shone conspicuously ; and in the hardy plant class a novelty presented itself, a
Buddlea globdsa, about 8 in. high, in full bloom, growing in a pot. The fruit and vegetable stands
exhibited a remarkably fine display of old, London, and Wick pearmains, golden pippins, golden
Harveys, margills, Blenheim oranges, nonpareils, &c., in better preservation than ever we saw
them before in the month of April, as were also the pears. The asparagus was excellent, and
likewise the French beans, potatoes, sea-kale, broccoli, cabbage, mushrooms, and cucumbers ;
amongst the latter was a leash from the garden of J. Blissett, Esq., the finest we have ever seen at
this season of the year. The prizes were awarded as follows :—

Plants. Stove: Cactus specidsa, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Green-house: 1. Hrica aristata, Mr.
Breeze ; 2. Azalea indica Alba, and 3. Eutaxia myrtifdlia, T. H. Symons, Esq, ; 4. Camélléa japé-
nica, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Hardy: 1. and 2. Rhododéndron 7dseum, Sir J. G. Cotterell. — Flowers.
Auriculas. Green-edged : 1. Howard’s Nelson, and 2. Buckley’s Jolly Tar, Mr. Breeze. White-
edged: 1. Hughes’s Pillar of Beauty, and 2. 'Taylor’s Glory, Mr. Godsall. Grey-edged : 1. Dyson’s
Queen, Mr. Godsall ; 2. Rider’s Waterloo, Mr. Breeze. Alpines: 1. and 2. Mrs. Parkinson. Selfs:
1. Horn of the Alps, Mr. Godsall; 2. True Blue; Mr. Breeze. Polyanthuses. Red: 1. R. J.
Powell, Esq.; 2. Seedling, Mr. Breeze. Dark: 1. Seedling, Mr. Breeze; % Mr. J. Williams.
Hyacinths, Blue; 1. Sir J. G. Cotterell; 2. Alamode, Mr. Breeze. White: Og Roi de Basan,
Mr. Breeze. Red: 1. Groot Vorst, Mr. Godsall; Flés Sanguineus, Mr. Godsall. — Fruit. Dessert
Apples: 1. Golden Pippin, T. H. Symons, Esq.; 2. Golden Harvey, 3. Nonpareil, and 4. London
Pearmain, 'T. C. Bridges, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Mushrooms, Mr. Nott. Sea-kale, J. S.
Gowland, Esq. Cucumbers: 1. T. C. Bridges, Esq.; 2. Sir J. G. Cotterell. Broccoli: White,
Sir J. G. Cotterell; Purple, Rev. F. W. Trumper. Asparagus: 1. Rev. F. W. Trumper; 2. R. J.
Powell, Esq. Cabbages, J. S. Gowland, Esq. (Hereford Journal, April 28.)

At the Second Show of this Society the prizes were awarded as follows: —

Plants. Stove: 1. Cactus flagellifé6rmis, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Green-house: 1. Calceolaria
rugosa, Sir J. G. Cotterell ; 2. Kennédia ovata, and 3, Polygala oppositifdlia, T. H. Symons, Esq.
Hardy: 1. Azalea pdéntica grandifldra, Sir J. G. Cotterell; 2. T7éllius europe‘us, Mr. Nott.
— Flowers. Tulips. Bybloemens: 1. Percy, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 2. Mr. C. Cocks; 3. Ambassadeur
d’Hollande, and 4. General Washington, R. J. Powell, Esq.; 5. Mr. C. Cocks; 6. Globe céléste,
R. J. Powell, Esq. Bizards: 1. Mon Amie, and 2. Incomparable, Mr. Cranston; 3. Mr. C. Cocks ;
4. Coupe d'or, Mrs. Cornewall; 5. Gloria mundi, R. J. Powell, Esq. Rose: 1. Mr. C. Cocks,
2. Do Little, 3. Cerise belle formée, 4. Arbre de Diane, and 5. Vesta, R. J. Powell, Esq. Ane-
mones: Light, Satinette, Mr. Godsall; Dark, Achmet, Mr. C. Cocks. Pelargoniums. Dark:
1. Dennis’s Lord Yarborough, Mrs. W. Pateshall; 2. Spectabile striatum, T. H. Symons, Esq. ;
3. Daveyadnum, Mrs. W. Pateshall; 4. Hiimez, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Light: 1. Macranthon major,
Mrs. W. Pateshall; 2. Wood’s variety, T. H. Symons, Esq. ; 3. Young?é, Sir J. G. Cotterell ; 4. Ma-
cranthon, Mr. Nott. Heaths, Hrica globularis, Mrs. W. Pateshall. Pansies (best collection of six
cre 1, Mr. Cranston; 2. R. J. Powell, Esq.— Culinary Vegetables. Mr. Nott. (Lbzd.,

ay 19.)

Ross Horticultural Society. — April 21. The long stage was filled with auri-
culas, polyanthuses, and hyacinths, and the prize flowers glittered with some very choice speci-
mens in the former class, The dessert fruits exceeded 100 dishes, and wefound them in the
highest state of preservation ; bearing the semblance of an October rather than an April display.
_The various productions of the kitchen-garden and hot-bed were in great abundance, and the
greater portion of the best quality, particularly the cucumbers. Upon the whole, it was gene-
rally allowed to be the best spring show recollected. The number of specimens ticketed and
entered in the Society’s books amounted to 615; and the evening’s sale produced 3. 6s.6d. The
prizes were awarded as under : — ;

Plants. Stove and Green-house: 1. Caméllia japénica, J. Cooke, Esq. ; 2. Cactus speciosissi-
ma, Mr. C. Jessop; 3: Amaryllis Johnsdnz, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Bordnza serrulata, and 5. Aca.
cia armata, John Cooke, Esq. Hardy: 1. Pednia Movtan Banksie, John Cooke, Esq. ; 2. Azalea
alba, 3. Rhododéndron catawbiénse, 4. Rhododéndron pénticum, and 5. Lédum latifolium, Mr, J.C.
Wheeler. Heaths: 1. #. princeps, Mrs. Westfaling; 2. #. hortanéfa, 3. £. eximium, 4. Z. vér-
nix, and 5. £ dilécta, John Cooke, Esq. Pansies: 1, 2. and 3. Mrs. Westfaling; 4. Mr. Reynolds ;
5. J. Cooke, Esq. — Flowers. Auriculas. Green-edged: 1. Booth’s Freedom, and 2. Howard’s
Nelson, Mrs. Westfaling ; 3. Warren’s General Blucher, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 4. Buckler’s Jolly

~ Tar, and 5. Wild’s Bridport, Mrs. Westfaling. Grey-edged: 1. Rider’s Waterloo, 2. Kenyon’s
Ringleader, and 3. Stretch’s Alexander, Mrs. Westfaling; 4. Lancashire Hero, Mr. Reynolds ;
5. Clough’s Do Little, Mrs. Westfaling. White-edged: 1. Lee’s Venus, and 2. Taylor’s Glory,
Mrs. Westfaling ; 3 Pott’s Regulator, Mr. Reynolds; 4. Hughes’s Pillar of Beauty, and 5. Cox’s
Pillar of Beauty, Mrs. Westfaling. Selfs: 1. Ned Ludd, and 2. Whittaker’s True Blue, Mrs.
Westfaling ; 3. Kenyon’s Flora’s Flag, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ; 4. Gorton’s Stadtholder, Mrs. Westfa-
ling. Alpines: 1. Alpine Shepherdess, Mrs. Westfaling; 2. (not named), Miss Trusted ; 3. (not
named), Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Beauty of the Alps, and 5. Salamander, Mrs. Westfaling. Poly-
anthuses. Dark: 1. Seedling, Mrs. Platt; 2. Seedling, Mrs. Westfaling ; 3. and 4. Seedling, Mrs.
Platt; 5. Seedling, Mrs. Westfaling. Red: 1. Seedling, Mrs. Westfaling ; 2. Stead’s Telegraph,
W. Gillman, Esq. ; 3. Seedling, Mrs. Westfaling; 4. England’s Defiance, W. Gilman, Esq. ; 5.
Seedling, Mrs. Westfaling. Hyacinths. Blue, double: 1. Lord Wellington, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ;
2. Globe Terrestre, Mrs. Westfaling ; 3. Majesteuse, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 4. Maréchal de France.

- K. Evans, Esq. ; 5. La Cupusente, J. F. Willis, Esq. Red, double: 1. Groot Vorst, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler; 2. L’Honneur d’ Amsterdam, Mr. Reynolds ; 3. Madame Zoutman, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ;
4. Roxana, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 5. Aarls Hertock, Mr. J. C. Wheeler. White, double: 1. Duke of
Bedford, and 2. Comte de Bunii, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 3. Anna Maria, Mr. C. Bonnor; 4. Hero-
ine, and 5. A-la-mode, Mrs. Westfaling. Nosegay, Mrs. Westfaling.— Fruit. Dessert Apples: 1.
Golden Harvey, J. F. Willis, Esq ; 2. Ashmead’s Kernel, John Cooke, Esq.; 3. Nonpareil, Mr.
R. Holbert; 4. Ribston Pippin, Mrs. Platt; 5. Brandy, Mr. R. Holbert. — Culinary Vegetables.
Sea-kale: 1. W. Matthews, Esq.; 2. K. Evans, Esq. ; 3. Rev. L. Robertson; 4. Mrs. Westfaling ;
5. J. Cooke, Esq. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. C. Jessop; 2. Mr. Reynolds; 3. and 4, Mr. C. Jessop ; 5.
Mr. Reynolds. Broccoli. White: 1. W. Matthews, Esq.; 2. C. Biss, Esq.; 3. Col. Money; 4.
Mrs. Platt; 5. Mr. T. E. Jones. Brown or Purple: 1. and 2. Col, Money ; 6. C. Biss, Esq. ; 4. J.
Cooke, Esq. ; 5. Mrs. Platt. Cabbages: 1. John Cook, Esq. ; 2. R. Compton, Esq. ; 3. Mr. Crump ;
4, Mr. Reynolds; 5. Mr. T. E. Jones. (Zbid., April 68.)

May19. We have always had great expectations from the Ross florists, and
-LL 4

520 = Provincial Horticultural Societies: — Yorkshire,

we hear they stand unrivalled ; we trust they will maintain their high character, being, as it were,
the parent or original society from which, in various parts of the kingdom, upwards of 100
societies have established themselves ; thus affording to the public an endless and ever-delightful
gratification. The tulips, notwithstanding the advanced season and frosts in April, were in great
number, and of excellent family, but we found them generally in too much colour, which we
heard was the case in most parts of the kingdom. ‘The hint in our article last year, we were
glad to find, met with attention, and we can now say the Ross florists can show anemones. The
number of specimens ticketed and entered in the books amounted to 810, and the evening’s sale
of unremoved asparagus and peas to 15s. 10d._‘The prizes were awarded as under: —

Plants. Stove: 1. Plumbago chinénsis, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 2. Cactus specidsa, John Cooke,
Esq. ; 3. Hdya carndsa, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Sdlvia splendens, Rev. T. Underwood ; 5. Bouvar-
dia, Mrs. Platt. Green-house: 1. Calceolaria integrifolia, John Cooke, Esq. ; 2. Melaletica splén-
dens, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 3. Hlichrysum supérbum, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 4. Didsma riibra, John
Cooke, Esq. ; 5. Polygala latifdlia, Mr. J. C. Wheeler. Hardy: 1. Rhododéndron catawbiénse,
Mrs. Westfaling; 2. Kalmza latifolia, and 3. Azalea nudifldra floribinda, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ;
4. Pednia Movtan Banksie, K. Evans, Esq.; 5. Dodecatheon Meddia, Mr. Reynolds. — Flowers.
Tulips. Feathered Bizards: 1. Pompey’s Femabree, Mrs. Cary Cocks; 2. Cato, and 3. Cardinal,
W. Gillman, Esq. ; 4. Juno, and 5. Commander-in-Chief, Mrs. Cary Cocks. Flamed Bizards: 1.
Polyphemus, and 2. Goud Beurré, J. F. Willis, Esq.; 5. and 4. (not named), Mr. J. D. Wheeler ;
5. Catafalque, Miss Trusted. Feathered Bybloemens: 1. Maitre Partout, Thomas Rudge, Esq. ;
2. Washington, Mr. P. Baylis; 3. Abdalénymus, 4. Reine d’Egypte, and 5. Lady Exeter, Mrs. C.
Cocks. Flamed Bybloemens: 1. Lechardoneret, 2. Holmes’s King, and 3. Le joy de Davey, T. Rudge,
Esq.; 4. Scipio, Mrs. Cary Cocks; 5. Duchess of Wellington, I. Rudge, Esq. — Feathered Rose :
1, Camuse de Croix, 2. Rose Cerise, and 3, Catalina, Mrs. Cary Cocks; 4. (not named), W. Mat-
thews, Esq.; 5. Lucy, Mrs. Cary Cocks. Flamed Rose: 1. Rose Hebe, Mr. P. Baylis; 2. Passage
du Danube, and 3, Triomphe Royal, FT. Rudge, Esq. ; 4. (not named), Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 5. Nico-
demus, W. Gillman, Esq. Anemones. Dark: 1. Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 2. Mr. Crump; 3. W. Gill-
man, Esq.; 4. and 5. Mr. James Rudge. Light: 1. and2. Mrs. Westfaling; 3. and 4, Mr. Crump ;
5. W. Gillman, Esq. Pelargoniums. Dark: 1. Daveyanum, John Cooke, Esq.; 2. Anne Boleyn,
Rev. T. Underwood; 3. Lord Yarborough, and 4. Lord Combermere, John Cooke, Esq. ; 5. Rubi-
candum grandifldrum, Mr. J.C. Wheeler. Light: 1. Duchess of St. Alban’s, Mr. J. D. Wheeler 3;
2. Macranthon supérbum, Mrs. Platt ; 3. Macranthon, 4 Yotingé, and 5. Tricolor, John Cooke, Esq.
Heaths: 1. #. vestita coccinea, and 2. Ventricdsa coccinea, John Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Ventricdsa
carnea, and 4. Tricolor, Mrs. Westfaling; 5. Odorata, Miss ‘l'rusted. Nosegay, John Cooke, Esq.
— Culinary Vegetables. Asparagus: 1. Mr. Holbert; 2. Mrs. Platt; 3. and 4. Col. Money; 5.
J. F, Willis, Esq. Green Peas: 1. and 2, Mr, Crump. (Hereford Journal, May 26.)

YORKSHIRE. “

Hull Floral and Horticultural Society. — The First Meeting of this Institution
for the season was held on May 3. The judges awarded prizes as follows : —

Flowers. Auriculas: Grimes’s Privateer, Mr. George Wharton. Green-edged: 1. Pollitt’s
Highland Boy, 2. Booth’s Freedom, and 3. Moore’s Jubilee, Mr. George Wharton ; 4. Buckley’s
Jolly Tar, Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Esq. ; 5. Pollitt’s Highland Boy, Mr George
Wharton ; 6. Grimes’s Privateer, Mr. R. Deighton. Grey-edged: 1. Grimes’s Privateer, and ¥,
Hey’s Lovely Ann, Mr. George Wharton ; 3. Warris’s Union, Mr. Wadsworth ; 4. Grimes’s Pri-
vateer, and 5. Kenyon’s Ringleader, Mr. G. Wharton; 6. Taylor’s Ploughboy, Mr. Norman.
White-edged: 1. Leigh’s Earl Grosvenor, Mr. G. Wharton; 2. Taylor’s Incomparable, Mr. R.
Deighton; 3. Taylor’s Glory, Mr. G. Wharton; 4. Hughes’s Pillar of Beauty, Mr. Wadsworth ;
5. Hughes’s Pillar of Beauty, Mr. G. Wharton; 6. Hughes’s Pillar of Beauty, Mr. Wadsworth.
Selfs: 1, Metropolitan, Mr. G. Wharton; 2. Ned Lud, Mr. R. Deighton; 3. Ned Lud, 4. Flora’s
Flag, and 5. Ned Lud, Mr. G. Wharton; 6. Ned Lud, Mr. R. Deighton. Alpine: J. King of the
Alps, Mr. G. Wharton; 2. King of the Alps, and 3. Edmondson’s Polycarp, Mr. Wadsworth ;
4, King of the Alps, Mr. R. Deighton; 5. Queen of the Alps, Mr. Wadsworth; 6. Amos’s Frazer,
Mr. Norman. Best Seedling, Mr. R. Deighton. Polyanthus. Scarlet: 1. Fletcher’s Defiance, Mr.
R. Deighton ; 2. and 5. Cox’s Regent, Mr. Norman; 4. Stead’s Telegraph, Mr. Deighton. Dark :
1. and 2. Pearson’s Alexander, 3. and 4. Thompson’s Revenge, Mr. Wadsworth. Hyacinths. Double :
1. Mr. G, Wharton ; 2. Mr. R. Davies; 3. Mr.G. Wharton; 4. Mr. Allinson; 5. and 6. Mr. R. Da-
vies. Single: 1. Mr. R. Davies; 2, 3, and 4. Mr. M. Bell; 5. Mr. G. Wharton; 6. Mr. R. Davies.
Bouquet, Mr. D. Brown. — Fruit. Apples (eaters, best plate): 1. Mr. R. Robson; 2. Mr. J. Alli-
son; 3, 4, and 5. Mr. R. Robson; 6. Mr. J. Allinson. Bakers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and.6. Mr. Smithson.
— Culinary Vegetables. Best plate of Vegetables (Cauliflower Broccoli), Mr. R. Robson. Cucum-
bers: 1. Mrs. Williamson; 2. Mr. Wadsworth; 3. Mr. Williamson; 4. Mr. Wadsworth; 5. and
6. Mr. Gardham, gardener to J. Shepherd, Esq., Cottingham. (Hull Advertiser, May 7.)

May 24, The premium was awarded to J. C. Cankrein, Esq., for the best
Feathered Rose Tulip (Count de Vergennes), and the flowers, &c., placed as follows : —

Flowers. Veathered Bybloemens : 1. Incomparable Pell Mell, Mr. Percy; 2. Grand Cid, Mr. Bell;
3. Bienfait, Mr. Allinson; 4 Black Baguet, Mr. Heward ; 5. Agamemnon, and 6. Violette Impé-
riale, Mr. Percy; 7. Tour de Salisbury, and 8. Baguet, Mr. Bell. Flamed Bizards: 1. Duc de
Savcie, Mr. Burman; 2. Surpasse Catafalque, Mr. Percy; 3. Lord Hill, Mr. Allinson; 4. and 5,
Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Beecroft; 6. Malagrode, Mr. Percy; 7. La Cantique, Mr. Heward ;
8. Bell’s Kind, Mr. Deighton. Flamed Rose: 1. Cerise Primo, Mr. Deighton ; 2. Rose Herodius,
Mr. Bell; 3. Rose Herodius, Mr. Beecroft; 4. Countess de Maroc, Mr. Bell; 5. Triomphe Royal,

_and_ 6. Cerise Primo, Mr. Deighton; 7. Orion Cerise, Mr. Bell; 8. Triomphe Royal, Mr. Bee-
croft. Feathered Bybloemens: 1. Maria Anna Louisa, Mr. Percy ; 2. Incomparable Ease, 3. Queen
of May, and 4. Duchess de Parma, Mr. Bell; 5. Laura, Mr. Wharton; 6. Maitre Partout, Mr.
Beecroft ; 7. Incomparable Zelinda, and 8. Gay Stella, Mr. Bell. Feathered Bizards: 1. Goud
Beurrée, and 2. Duke of York, Mr. Deighton; 3. Grandeur Superbe, Mr. Bell; 4. Hodington’s
Rainbow, Mr. Deighton; 5..Lous le froid, Mr. Bell; 6. and 7. Trafalgar, Mr. Richard Oglesby ; 8.
Surpasse Catafalque, Mr. Bell. Feathered Rose: 1. Count de Vergennes, and 2. Do Little, Mr.
Cankrein ; 3. Glory of Walworth, Mr. Bell; 4. Do Little, Mr. Beecroft ; 5. Ponocautres Blane,
and 6. Do Little, Mr. Bell; 7. Do Little, Mr. R. Oglesby; 8. Triomphe Royal, Mr. Bell. Best
Seedling, Mr. Howard. Pelargoniums. White Ground: 1. Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G.
Eggington, Esq.; 2. Mr. William Bolton; 3. Mr. Wadsworth; 4. Mr. William Boltou. Coloured
Ground: 1, Mr, William Bolton; 2. Mr, RB. Davies; 3, and 4. Mr. Wadsworth. Bouquets: 1.

Durham and Northumberland. 521

Mr. D. Brown; 2 Mr. G. Wharton; 3. Mr. T. P. Smithson. — Culinary Vegetables. Lettuce,
Cos: 1. and 2. Mr. H. Blundell; 3. Mr. G. Wharton; 4. Mr. Allinson. Cabbage: J, Mr. Allin-
son ; 2. and 3. Mr. G. Wharton; 4. Mr. W. V. Norman. Potatoes (grown in,the open air), Kid~
ney: 1. Mr. Allinson; 2. Mr. ‘I. Simpson, gardener to Mr. Casson; 5. Mr. T. P. Smithson; 4.
Mr. John Jones. Any other description: 1. Mr. Cankrein; 2. Mr. Robson ; 3. Mr. John Jones 3

oe 30) T. Plumber. Best plate of Vegetables (Mushrooms), Mr. Davies. (Hull Gazette, May 29,
IU.

DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND.

Botanical and Horticultural Society of Durham, Northumberland, and Newcastle
upon Tyne.— May 14. The following prizes were adjudged : —

_For the best green and the best china-edged auriculas, viz. Lord Eldon and Lord Exmouth,
silver medals, and for the best self-coloured auricula, Scotia, the bronze medal, to Mr. John
M‘Queen, gardener to S. W. Parker, Esg., Scots House. For the best grey-edged auricula, Wil-
son’s Royal George, the silver medal, to Mr. John Wilson, Newcastle. The above were all seed-
lings, raised by Mr. M‘Queen and Mr. Wilson; and Mr. M‘Queen’s seedling, Lord Eldon (a very
fine flower), gained the seedling prize last season. For the best double hyacinth, Groot Voort,
the silver medal, to George Stephenson, Carr’s Hill, near Gateshead. For the best single hyacinth,
Bonaparte, the silver medal, to Mr. William Kelly, gardener to A. Donkin, Esq., Jesmond. or
the best polyanthus, the bronze medal, to Mr. ‘I. Cooke, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq.,
. Bywell Hall. For the best six lettuces, the bronze medal, to Mr. John Ward, gardener to C. J.
Clavering, Esq., Axwell Park. For the best exotic plant, Cactus speciosissima, in flower, the
silver medal, to Mr. Adam Hogg, at Messrs. Falla and Ce.’s, Gateshead. For the best bouquet of
flowers, the silver medal, to Mr. T. Cooke, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq., Bywell Hall. For
the best red currant wine, fourteen years old, the silver medal, to Mr. W, Dunlop, Newcastle.
Some hemp and rope, grown and manufactured at the prison of Durham, of much superior quality
to last year’s, were sent by Mr. Frushard, governor of the prison. Several very beautiful exotics, in
great perfection, were exhibited by members of the Society ; the magnificent Cactus speciosissima,
from Messrs. Falla’s, attracted universal attention and unparalleled admiration. Mr. Hall of
Beacon Lough exhibited thirteen varieties of seedling apples, in very good keeping. A curious
assortment of proliferous ranunculuses, from Sicily, were exhibited by Mr. J. Johnson, of Gates-
head ; and a beautiful drawing of the splendid Crinum gigénteum, shown last year by C. J. Claver-
ing, Esq., and drawn by Miss Haswell, of Summer Hill Terrace, was sent to the exhibition.
(Newcastle Courant, May 15.)

June 11. — The following prizes were adjudged : —

For the best melon (Green-fleshed Egyptian), and for the best dish of grapes of sorts, silver
medals to Mr. Scott, gardener to J. C. Lamb, Esq., Ryton. For the best half-peck of potatoes,
from the open ground, and for the best half-peck of peas, silver medals, to Mr. Joseph Clarke, gar-
dener to Mrs. Bewicke, Close House. For the best bybloemen tulip (Madame Pompadout), a silver
medal, to Mr. Matthew Bates, Kenton. For the best rose white ground tulip (Rose Guerrier), a
silver medal, to Mr. Moderell, gardener to J. C. Anderson, Esq., Point Pleasant. For the best
bizard tulip (Maddock’s Yellow), the silver medal, to Mr. Thomas Smith, Heaton. For the best
bouquet of scarlet and white Brompton stocks, a silver medal, to Mr. J. Harrop, Sunderland. For
the best exotic plant in flower (Neérium spléndens), the silver medal, to Mr. Moderill, gardener to
J. C. Anderson, Esq., Point Pleasant. For the best bouquet of flowers, the silver medal, to Mr. T.
Cook, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq., Bywell Hall. For the best white currant wine, the
silver medal, to Mr. William Dunlop, Newcastle. A fine seedling Pelargonium, raised from the
seed of P. Daveydnwm, was exhibited by Mr. C. Robson, from the garden of Dr. Headlam, of
Jesmond Dean; Mr. Robson called it “* Priam ;” a silver medal was voted to Mr. Robson by the
judges for it. The show of tulips and bouquets of flowers was very magnificent, and, considering
the late weather, truly surprising. The following was omitted in the account of the exhibition in
May last: — For the best twenty-five heads of asparagus, the silver medal to Mr. Joseph Cooke,
gardener, Bradley Hall. (JZbid., June 12.) i

The Darlington Florist and Horticultural Society. — May 26. Prizes were ad-
judged as follows : —

Plants. Stove: 1. Lilium céncolor, Mr. Watson ; 2. J xia crocata, Mr. Lawson; 3. Amaryllis
formosissima, Mr. Andrews. Green-house: 1. Melaleiica floribinda, and 4. Calceolaria rugosa,
Mr. Lawson ; 2. Calceolaria corymbosa, 3. Hlichrysum himile, Mr. Watson. Ericas: 1. Ventri-
cdsa coccinea, and 3. Odorata 7dsea, Mr. Watson; 2. Tricolor, Mr. Lawson. Pelargoniums.
White grounds: 1. Apollo, and 2, Macranthon, Mr. Lawson, gardener to James Backhouse, Esq.,
West Lodge; 3. Macranthon, Mr. Boyd. Scarlet grounds: 1. Bethalina, 2. Moore’s Victory, and
3. Shakspeare, Mr. Lawson. Purple grounds: 1. Majestueuse, 2. Hime, and 3. Royal George, Mr.
Lawson. Selfs: 1. Cape Scarlet, Mr. Pattison; %. Basilisk, Mr. Watson. Exotic Bouquet: 1.
Mr. Hodgson, gardener to General Aylmer, Walworth Castle. Hardy bouquet: 1. Mr.
Hodgson; 2%. Mr. Pearson. — Mowers. Tulips. Bizards: 1. and 2. Mr. Stubbs, gardener to
Lord Prudhoe, Stanwick Park; 3. Mr. Lawson. Bybloemens: 1. Mr. Nicholson; 2. Mr. Lawson ;
3. Mr. Stubbs. Roses: 1. and 2. Mr. Stubbs; 3. Mr. Beckwith. Doubles: 1. Mr. Beckwith; 2.
and 3, Mr. Stubbs. Selfs: 1. and 2. Mr. Stubbs; 3. Mr. Lawson. Ranunculuses: 1. and 2. Mr.
Headley, nurseryman, Yarm; 3, and 4. Mr. Pattison, gardener to Edward Pease, Esq. Double
Anemones: 1. and 4. Mr. Pattison; 2. and 3. Mr. Headley. — Fruét. Apples. Eating: 1, Mr. Tel-
ford, gardener to Major Hartley, Middleton Lodge; 2. Mr. Sanderson, gardener to Captain Hew-
gill. Baking: I. Mr. Hogget, gardener to William Allan, Esq., Blackwell Grange ; 2. Mr. San-
derson, — Culinary Vegetables. Asparagus: 1. Mr. Beckwith, gardener to Jacob Maude, Esq.,
Selaby Hall; 2. Mr. Andrews, gardener to John Beaumont Pease, Esq. Cucumbers: 1. Mr.
Headly ; 2. Mr. Boyd, gardener to John Allan, Esq. Blackwell; 3. Mr. Spence, market-gardener,
Darlington. Cabbages: 1. and 3. Mr. Spence; 2. Mr. Telford. Peas, Mr, Telford, Potatoes:
1. Mr. Telford; 2. Mr. Hodgson; 3. Mr. Spence. Mr. Hodgson exhibited a beautiful plate of
strawberries. (Zbid., June 12.) x

The Heworth Society of Florists held its Annual Meeting for the show of auriculas
on May 5., and the prizes were adjudged as follows: —

1. Metealf’s Lancashire Hero, and 3. Cleugh’s Defiance, Mr. David Young, gardener to Joseph
Shield, Esq. ; 2. Taylor’s Ploughboy, Mr. M. Robson; 4. Salter’s Garland, and 5. Ridling’s Junius,
Mr. George Boiston. Mr. Michael Robson produced a beautiful green-edged seedling, which was
much and deservedly admired : he named it Matthew Bell, M.P. Mr. George Boiston exhibited
the best bouquet of flowers. (Ibid., May 15.)

‘

522 Porvincial Horticultural Societies : —

Maften Tulip Show. — May 3. The prizes were awarded as follows: —
© Whites: 1. Cerise Primo Superbe, 2. La Sultane, and 4. Rose Mignon, Mr. Hall; 3. Belle Fla-
mande, Mr. Johnson ; 5. Ambassadeur d’Hollande, Mr. Charlton. Yellows: 1. Gloria Mundi,
3. Grotius, and 5, La Belle Financiére, Mr. Hall; 2. Suprema Superfine, and 4. Marie Louise,
Mr. Charlton. (Newcastle Courant, June 12.)

The Heworth Society of Florists. — May 26. Prizes adjudged as follows : —

1. Rose Triomphe Royal, Mr. George Stephenson ; 2. Roi de Macedoine, and 4, Bien Fait, Mr.
David Young; 3. Tour de Salisbury, Mr. A. Bouglas; 5. La Cantique, Mr. George Boiston. Mr.
George Stephenson produced the best bouquet of Flowers, and Mr. Michael Robson the best
double golden wallflower. (Zbid., June 12.)

The Hendon Independent Florists held their Annual Show of Tulips on the 31st
of May, when the prizes were adjudged as follows, viz. : —

1. Boadicea, and 2, Maddock’s Yellow, Mr. John Hull; 3. General Washington, Mr. Thomas
Hull ; 4. Rose Triomphe Royal, Mr. James Sutton ; 8. Prince of Orange, Mr. Robert Shawkell.
(1bid., June 12.)

The Botanical and Horticultural Society of Hecham held a Meeting on the 3d of
May, for the exhibition of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, when prizes were awarded as follows : —
. To Mr. James Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe, for auriculas, 1. Warris’s
Blucher, 2. Falla’s Swiss, and 5. Riding’s Junius: Hyacinths, 1. Marie Louise ; best bouquet of
flowers; best brace of cucumbers; and the best four heads of broccoli. To Mr. Robert Charl-
ton, gardener, Wall, for the 3d auricula, Broadhead’s Sir George Saville ; Hyacinths, 2d, Groot
Voort ; and for the best twelve dessert apples. To Mr. Robert Grey, gardener, Humshaugh, for
the 4th auricula, Metcalfe’s Lancashire Hero, and the best four lettuces. To Mr. Thomas Wat-
son, gardener to James Kirsop, Esq., Spital, for the best four cabbages. To Mr. Joseph Robson,
gardener, Hexham, for the best four stalks of rhubarb; and tothe Rev. C. Lee, Stagshaw, for the
best twenty-five heads of asparagus. ‘There was a fine dish of green peas from the garden of W.
Donkin, Esq., Sandoe ; and likewise a dish of very fine peas from the garden of James Kirsop,
Esq., Spittal. Also a fine specimen of the King of the Forest Apple, from the garden of N. Clay-
ton, Esq., Chesters; together with an equal specimen of the Drudge’s Beauty of Wilts, from the
garden of Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe ; and a specimen of Pomme de Asse apples, from the
garden of Mr. Robert Charlton, Wall. (Jbéd, May 15.)

The Morpeth Florists’ Society held its Annual Show of Tulips on the 27th of
May, at the house of Mrs. Thompson, when the following prizes were adjudged : —

Rose: 1. Le Brillant Eclatante, Mr. R. Lewins; 2. Cerise. Primo, and 3. Cerise Triom-
phante, Mr. Hindhaugh ; 4. Noble Blanche, Mr. E. Noble ; 5. Rose Triomphe Royal, Mr. Hind-
haugh. Bybloemens: 1. La Pucelle, Mr. Hindhaugh; 2. Roi de Macédoine, Mr. E. Noble; 3.
Bien Fait, Mr. M‘Lellan ; 4. Violet Bellissimo, Mr. E. Noble; 5. Violet Alexandre, Mr. Hind-
haugh. Bizards: 1. Liquirus, Mr. R. Lewins; 2. Grandeur du Monde, and 3. General Bolivar,
Mr. E. Noble; 4. Leopoldina, and 4. Demetrius, Mr. M‘Lellan. (Jdid., June 12.)

Pandon Dean Florists’ Society. — May 8. Prizes were awarded as follows ; —

Auriculas. I. Moat’s St. George, Mr. R. Mains; 2. Grimes’s Privateer, Mrs. 8S. Dodds; 3.
Salter’s Garland, Mr. J. Lister; 4. Thorneycroft’s Invincible, Mr. G. Belt; 5. Smiling Beauty,
Mr. J. Lister. Hyacinths: 1. Prince William Frederick, and 2. Grande Blanche Impériale, Mr.
O. Robson ; 3. Couronne Blanche, Mr. S. Dodds ; 4. Blue Rose Riga, Mr. O, Robson; 5. Candidus
violaceus. (Ibid., May 15.)

“LANCASHIRE,

Liverpool Horticultural Society. — April 28. The Spring Show of auriculas
was highly gratifying to the friends of this very popular Society. ‘The various productions were
rich in all the glories of nature at this smiling period of the year, and excited from the brilliant
groups present the warmest praise. The flowers were in great abundance, and the esculents lux-
uriant and rich. The arrangements were in the best order, and the ‘‘ Harmonic Band,” as usual,
failed not to encrease the attractions of the scene. The following is a list of the prizes: —

Premier Prize: 1. Booth’s Freedom and Ringleader, Mr. Turner; 2. Booth’s Freedom and
Ringleader. Stove Premiers: 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mrs. E. Cropper; 2. Cyrtopddium Ander-
sonéz, variegated, R. Harrison; 3. Ixdra coccinea, Thomas Davies. Green-house Premiers: 1.
Azalea sinénsis lutea, Messrs. Dickson ; 2. Azalea dedifdlia, Thomas Davies ; 3. E’pacris grandi-
fldra, Mrs. Rathbone.

Plants. Stove: 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. Preston; 2. Cyrtopddium Anderson, Mr. R.
Harrison ; 3. Cactiis specidsa, Mrs. E. Cropper ; 4. Amaryllis Johnsdnz, Mr. R. V. Yates; 5.
Crinum capénse, Mr. Powell; 6. Thunbérgéa alata, Mr. Skirving; 7. AmarYllis psittacina, Mr.
Powell; 8. Calanthe veratrifolia, Mr. R. Harrison. Green-house: 1. Calceolaria corymbosa, Mr.
‘W. G. Walmesly ; 2. Corrz‘a specidsa, Mrs. Rathbone; 3. Calceolaria rugdsa, Mrs. E Cropper ;
4, Bordnéa denticulata, Mr. Whalley; 5. Polygala grandiflora, Mrs. Rathbone; 6. Eutaxia myr-
tifdlia, Mr. H. Wilson; 7. Azalea /edifdlia, Mr. Powell; 8. E’pacris pulchélla, Mrs. Rathbone.

-‘Ericas: 1. Cylindrica, H. B. Hollinshead, Esq ; 2. Odorata, Mr. H. Wilson; 3. Andrémede
flora, and 4, Scaridsa, Mr. T. Davies; 5. Grandindsa, Mr. Whalley; 6. Perspicua, Mr. H. Wil-
son; 7. Hartnéll¢, Mr. Whalley ; §. Mutabilis, Mr. I. Davies. Herbaceous: 1. Verbéna Melin-
dres [chamedryoides Sw.], Mrs. G. F. Dickson; 2. Lithospérmum pulchéllum, and 3. Eupa-
torium ceanothefidrum, Mr. Skirving; 4. Geum coccineum, Mrs. Rathbone ; 5, Lithospérmum
datricum, Mr. Skirving; 6. Primula cortusdides, Mr. Whalley. Baskets of Plants: 1. Mrs. E.
‘Cropper; 2. Mr. Thomas Davies; 3. Mr. Thornas Walker. — FV/owers. Auriculas. Green-
edged: 1. King, Mr. T. Boardman; 2. Waterloo, Mr, T. Ingham; 3. Freedom, Mr. Turner;
4. Ploughboy, Mrs. Rathbone ; 5. Colonel Taylor, Mrs. S. Ogden, 6. Hoffley’s Nelson, Mr. T’.
Conoley ; 7. Jubilee, Mr. S. Ogden. Grey-edged: 1. Privateer, Mr. T. Conoley ; 2. Ringleader,
and 3. Newton Hero, Mr. S. Ogden; 4. Revenge, Mr. T. Ingham; 5. Morning Star, Mr. I.
Faulkner ; 6. Bearson’s Liberty, Mr. S. Ogden; 7. Lord Bridport, Mr. J. Leigh. White-edged :
1. Taylor’s Glory, Mr. T. Conoley ; 2. Conqueror, Mr. Griffiths; 3. Regulator, Mr. T. Conoley ;
4, Emulous, Mr. S. Ogden; 5. Venus, Mr. I’. Conoley; 6. Crompton’s Admiral Gardiner, Mr.
Bruce ; 7. Pillar of Beauty, Mr. T. Ingham. Selfs: 1. Ned Ludd, Mr. T. Boardman ; 2. Metro-
politan, and 3. Flora’s Flag, Mr. T. Conoley ; 4. Lord Milton, Mr. Horsfall ; 5. True Blue, and
.6. Goldfinch, Mr. T. Conoley ; 7. Black Joke, Mr. Horsfall. Shaded Selfs: 1. Queen of May, Mr.
T. Conoley ; 2. King of the Alps, Mr. T. Harrison ; 3. Beauty of Everton, Mr. Bruce; 4. Seed-
ling, Mr. T. Harrison; 5, Favourite, Mr. Horsfall ; 6, and 7, Seedlings, Mr. T. Harrison, Poly-

Lancashire. | 523

anthuses: 1. Alexander, Mr. T. Ingham; 2. Regent, Mr. Turner; 3. Princess Royal, Mr. T.
Ingham ; 4. Bang Europe, 5. George the Fourth, and 6. Lady Mary, Mr. Bruce; 7. Gold Lace
Mr. R. F. Buckley ; 8. Turner’s Defiance, Mr. T. Ingham. Seedling Auricula, Mr. T. Boardman.
Maiden Growers: 1, Green-edged, 2. White-edged, 3. Grey-edged, and 4. Self-edged, Mr. West-
land. Hyacinths. Red double: 1. Mr. Skirving ; 2. Mr. Powell; 3. Mr. Whalley. Blue double:
J. Mr. Faulkner; 2. and 3. Mr. Whalley. White double: 1. Mr. W. Smith ; 2. Mr. Whalley ; 3.
Mr. Powell; Yellow: 1,2, and 3. Mr. Whalley. Red single: 1. Mr. Whalley; 2. Mr. Powell:
3. Mr. Whalley. Blue single: 1. and 2. Mr. W. Smith ; 3. Mr. Faulkner. White single: 1. and
2. Mr. Powell; 3. Mr. Whalley. Baskets of cut Flowers: 1. Mr. S. Ellison; 2. and 3. Mr.
Whalley. — Fruzt. Apples: 1. Mr. Dobson; 2. and 3. Mr. W. Smith; 4 Mr. Horsfall. Pears:
1. Mr. Manifold; 2. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq.; 3. Mr. Whalley; 4. Mrs. E, Cropper. Grapes.
Black: 1. Mr. Forrest; 2. and 3. Mr. Tayleur. White: 1. Mr. Forrest ; 2. Mr. Woodhouse;
3. Mr. Forrest. Pines: 1. Sir R. Brooks; 2. Mr. T. Davies; 3. Mr. Powell. Strawberries: 1.
Mr. J. Clare; 2. Mr. Roskell. Nuts: 1. and 2. Mr. Whalley. —Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers :
1. Mr. H. Wilson; 2. Mr. R. Harrison; 3. Mr. W. Smith; 4. Mr. H. Wilson. Asparagus: 1,
Mr. W. Smith ; 2. Mr. R. V. Yates; 3. Mr. Whalley ; 4. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. Rhubarb: 1,
and 2. Mr. Roskell; 3. Mr. Horsfall; 4. Mrs. E, Cropper. Kidneybeans: 1. Mr. J. B. Yates -
2. Mr. T. F. Dyson; 3. Mr. J. Clare; 4. Mr. C. Tayleur. Potatoes: 1. Mr. H. Wilson; 2. Mrs.
G. F. Dickson; 3. and 4. Mrs. Rathbone. Sea-kale: 1. Mr. Whalley; 2. Mrs. Rathbone ; 3. and
4. Mr. Whalley. Mushrooms: 1. Mrs. Rathbone; 2. Mr. W. Smith. Broccoli: 1. Mr. J. A.
Yates; 2. Mr. Manifold; 3. Mr. J. A. Yates; 4. Mrs. Earle. Cabbage: 1. Mrs. Rathbone ; 2,
Mr. Skiryane 5 3, Mrs. Rathbone; 4. Mr. Powell, Lettuce: 1. and 2. Mr. J. A. Yates; 3. Mr. W.
mith.

- Lxtra-Prixes. Apples, Mrs, Earle (two prizes), Mr. Manifold, H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. Straw-
berries, Mr. John Topham. Lemon tree, Mr. William Barton. Orange tree, Mr. Thomas Da-
vies. Lemons, Rev. R. Gwillym. Gooseberries, Mrs. Pyke. Fig tree, Mr. Powell. Asparagus,
Mr. Whalley, Mrs. Rathbone. Baskets of plants and flowers, Mr. Powell, Mr. Horsfall, Mr. T.
Davies, Mr. T. Walker, Miss Waterhouse, H. B. Hollinshead, Esq., Mr. Tayleur, Mrs. G. F.
Dickson, Mr. Skirving (two prizes), Mr. Whalley, Mr. T. F. Dyson (two prizes), Mr. Dobson.
Acacia armata, Mr. S. Woodhouse. Cyrtanthus obliquus, Mrs. Rathbone. Gentidna acaiilis and
vérna, Mr. Skirving. Georgina fimbriata, Mr. Powell Pednia Movitan, Mr. Davies. Kennidia
monophylla, Mr. Skirving. Huphdérbéa punicea, Mr. Horsfall. Cucumbers, Mrs. Rathbone.
Parsley, Mr. Whalley. Potatoes, Mrs. Earle. Carrots, Mrs. Rathbone. Coffee, Mr. W. Smith,
Damsons, Mr. Roskell. Peas, Mrs. G. F. Dickson.

The prize-money fixed upon by the Committee amounted to 502, but, the very valuable pro-
ductions in all departments being sonumerous, they were induced to give the very large amount
of 302. in extra-prizes. (Gore’s General Advertiser, May 6.) -

Liverpool Floral and Horticultural Show. — The Show of tulips, fruits, vege-
tables, and green-house plants, took place on May 27th. Many of the tulips exhibited were ex-
tremely beautiful, including flowers of every shade and ofall varieties. The hot-house and green
house plants were even more splendid than the tulips, and the fruits and vegetables were of the
finest kind. The strawberries were particularly large and beautiful. The following is a list of the
prizes :—

Best Pan: 1. Trafalgar (feathered bizard), Bien Fait (feathered bybloemen), Comte de Vergennes
(feathered rose), Surpasse la Cantigque (flamed bizard), Alexander Magnus (flamed bybloemen),
and Rose Unique (flamed rose), W. Turner, Haslingden ; 2. Trafalgar (black baguet), Do Little,
Phenix Abdalénymus, and Rose Unique, T. Roby; 3. Surpasse Catafalque (black baguet),
Heroine, Lord St. Vincent, Dido, and Triomphe Royal, Mr. Pyke.

Steve Premiers: 1. Solandra grandifldra, H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. ; 2. Crinum hybridum amd.
bile capénse, Mr. R. Harrison; 3. Combrétum purptreum, Mr. R. Powell. Greenhouse Pre-
miers: 1. Choryztma Henchmanni, Mr. Thomas Davies ; 2. Salpigldssis picta var., Messrs. Dick«
sons ; 3. Melaletica filgida, Mr. Skirving.

Plants. Stove: 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. G. Cunningham; 2. Maranta zebrina, Mr. Powell;
3. Dionz*a muscipula, Mr. Skirving; 4. Crinum améabile, and 5. Ixdra coccinea, Mr. G. Cunning»
ham; 6. Gloxinia specidsa_ alba, S, Colquitt, Esq. ; 7. Erythrina Crista galli, Mr. Horsfall; 8,
Thunbérgéa alata. Mr. C. Tayleur. Green-house: Calceolaria thyrsifldra, Messrs. Whalley ; 2.
Elichrysum proliferum, H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. ; 3, Alstroeméria pelegrina, Mr. Skirving ; 4. £li-
chrysum himile, Rev. R. Gwillym; 5. Calceolaria rugdsa var. latifolia, Mrs. Rathbone; 6. Boa
ronza pinnata, Messrs. Whalley ; Cyrtanthus obliqua, Mr. Powell; 8. Calceolaria plantaginea,
Messrs. Dickson. Ericas: 1, Translicens, Rev. R. Gwillym; 2. Ventricdsa var., Messrs. Whal-
ley ; 3. Odorata, and 4, Vestita falgida, Mr. T. Davies ; 5. Dénsa, Messrs. Whalley ; 6. Ventricdsa,
H. Wilson, Esq. ; 7. Linnze‘a superba, Rev. R. Gwillym; 8. Buggéiza, Mr. G. Cunningham. Pes
largoniums: 1. Mrs. Rathbone; 2. Victory, Mr. G. Cunningham; 3. Latildbium, and 4. Davey-
anum Mr. T. Walker; 5. Paul Pry, Mr. Skirving; 6. Htmez, Messrs. Whalley ; 7. Defiance, Mr.
Isaac Hadwen; 8. Smith#, Mr. T. Walker. Herbaceous: 1. Lupinus polyphyllus, Messrs. Dick-
son; 2. Pentsttmon ovatus, Mr. R. Harrison; 3. Phlox setacea, Mr. E. Roscoe; 4. Aquilégia
alpina atropurpirea, 5. Papaver alpinum, and 6. Ramonda pyrenaica, Messrs. Dickson ; 7. Verbtna
Melindres (chamedryéides Sw.], Mr. I. Davies ; 8. Lilium longifldrum, Mrs. Cropper. Shrubs:
1. Pednia arborea, Mr. G. Cunningham ; 2. Rhododéndron pinticum album, Messrs. Dickson/;
3. Rhododéndron catawbiénse, Mr. G. Cunningham; 4. Rdsa Noiséttia, and 5. Hydrangea horténsis,
Mr. Skirving ; 5. Spartium scoparium sulphureum, Messrs. Dickson; 7. Azalea variegata orange,
Mr. G. Cunningham ; 8. Rhododéndron ferrugineum, Mr. Skirving. Baskets of Plants: 1. H. Wile
son, Esq.; 2. Mr. T. Davies; 3. Mr. T. Walker; 4. My. Horsfall.—Fvowers. Feathered Bizards :
1. Surpasse Catafalque, Mr. Turner; 2. Trafalgar, S. Ogden ; 3. Bolivar, and 4, La Cantique, Mr.
Turner ; 5. Sir Sydney Smith, Messrs. Whalley ; 6. Duc de Savoie, and 7. Seedling, Mr. Turner.
Flamed Bizards: 1. Albion, Mr. Wakefield: 2. Lustre de Beauté, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 3. Phoenix,
T. Roby ; 4. Smith’s Alexander, W. Leighton, Esq. 5. Duke of Manchester, S. Ogden; 6. Aber-
crombie, W. Leighton, Esq.; 7. Seedling, J. M. Taylor. Feathered Bybloemens: 1. Baguet, Wil-
liam Leighton, Esq ; 2. Bien Fait, Mr. Turner; 3. Lord of the Manor, Mr. Faulkner; 4. Row-
bottom’s Incomparable, S. Ogden ; 5. Tout, and 6. Roide Siam, Mr. Turner; 7. Gadby’s Magni-
ficent, J. M. Taylor. Flamed Bybloemens: 1. Violet Wallers, Mr. Whittingham; 2. Triomphe
de Lisle, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 3. Violette tondée Noire, and 4, Tout, Mr. Whittingham ; 5. Magnus,
Mr. Pyke; 6. Violette Remarquable, Mr. Hulme; 7. Telegraph, Mr. Whittingham. Feathered
Rose or Cherry: 1. Do Little, 2. Comte de Vergennes, 3, Hero of the Nile, 4. Walworth, 5. Duc

-de Bronte, and 6. Holden’s Rose, W. Leighton Esq.; 7. Rose Cornelia, Mr. Turner. Flamed
Rose ; 1. Triomphe Royal, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 2. Vesta, Mr. Turner; 3, Unique, S. Ogden; 4,

524 Provincial Hort. Societies : —Lancashire,

Walworth, Mr. Whittingham; 5, Rose Quarto, W. Leighton, Esq.; 6. Lord Hill, 8. Ogden; 7.
Roi de Cerise, W. Leighton, Esq. Double: 1. La Claire, Messrs. Whalley ; 2. Mariage de ma
Fille, Mr. Turner; 3. Litea Rubra, Messrs, Whalley ; 4. Unknown, J. Harrison. Selfs: 1. Char-
bonnier breeder, I’. Harrison ; 2. Glaphyra breeder, Mr. Turner ; 3. Bybloemen breeder, S. Ogden.
Maiden Growers. Feathered Bizards: 1. Beurrées, W. Fletcher ; 2. Surpasse Catafalque, Mr. H.
Porter. Flamed Bizards: 1. Surpasse la Cantique, and 2. Whitehead’s Seedling, Mr. Fletcher.
Feathered Bybloemens: 1. Partout, and 2, Black Baguet, W. Fletcher. Flamed Bybloemens; 1.
Magnificent, W. Fletcher; 2. Unknown, Mr. H. Porter. Feathered Rose: 1. Do Little; 2.
Hero of the Nile, W. Fletcher. Flamed Rose: 1. Triomphe Royal, and 2, Duc de Bronte,
W. Fletcher. Georginas. Double: 1. Turban, Mr. R. Preston; 2. Trifldra, and 3. Crimson,
Mr. G. Cunningham; 4. Specidsa, Mr. T. Davies. Single: 1. Coccinea, Mr. Skirving; 2. Pur-
pirea, and 3, Crimson, Mr. C. Cunningham. Ponies: J. Papaveracea, Mr. R. Harrison; 2.
Motitan, Mr. Skirving; 3. Rdsea, Mr. Cunningham; 4. A’lbicans, and 5. Paradéxa fimbriata,
Mr. T. Davies; 6. Officinalis pléna, Messrs. Whalley. Cut Flowers: 1. Mr. Powell; 2. Messrs,
Whalley; 3. and 4. Mr. S. Ellison. — Fruét. Oranges: 1. Mr. T. Davies; 2. W. Smith, Esq.
Lemons: 1. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq.; 2. J. W. Thomas. Pines: 1. Mr. G. Cunningham; 2.
Mr. I. Davis. Grapes. Black: 1. and 2. Mr. C. Tayleur; 3.8. Woodhouse. White: 1. Mr. G:
Cunningham ; 2. S. Colquitt, Esq. ; 3. W. Smith, Esq. Melons: 1, 2,and 3. Mrs, Rathbone. Figs :
1. L. Rawden; 2. H. Wilson, Esq. Strawberries: 1. Mr. Roskell; 2. Rev. R. Gwillym; 3. Mr.
Roskell. Apples: 1. Mr. Horsfall; 2. Mr. Dobson; 3. and 4. W. Smith, Esq. — Culinary Vege-
tables. Peas: 1. Rev. R. Gwillym; 2. Mr. R. Preston; 3. W. Smith, Esq.; 4. H. Wilson, Esq.
Beans: 1. Mrs. Rathbone; 2. Rev. R. Gwillym. Kidneybeans: 1. Mr. T. Davis; 2. Mr. Powell ;
3. Mrs. Rathbone. Cauliflowers: 1. and 2. Mrs. Rathbone; 3. H. Wilson, Esq.; 4. Mr. Horsfall.
Asparagus: 1. Mr. Roskell; 2. Mr. S. Woodhouse; 3. W. Smith, Esq. Cucumbers: 1. and 2.
Mr. Roskell; 3. and 4. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. Carrots: 1,2, and 3. Mrs. Rathbone. Tumnips :
1. Mr. R. Preston; 2. Mr. T. Walker; 3. Mr. R. Preston. Lettuces: 1. Mr. T. Davis; 2. Mr.
Manifold; 3. Mrs. G. F. Dickson. Mushrooms: 1. C. Downie; 2. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. ; 3.
Mr. W. Myers. Nuts, 1. and 2. Messrs. Whalley.”

Extra-Prizes. Apples, W. Smith, Esq., Mr. Dobson, Mr. S..Woodhouse, W. Smith, Esq.
Celery, W. Smith, Esq. Cabbage, Mrs. Rathbone, W. Smith, Esq. Parsley, Mr. Skirving.
Baskets of Plants, Rev. R. Gwillym, R. Preston, Mr. Powell, Mrs. Pyke, Isaac Hadwen, Messrs.
Whalley, Mr. C. Shand, Mr. T. Davis, T. Walker, S. Ellison, Messrs. Whalley, H. B. Hollins-
head, Esq., Mrs. Cropper. Cut Flowers, Mrs. Rathbone; Crinum amabile, Mr. Horsfall; Fachsia
gracilis, Mr. Skirving; Primula farindsa, Messrs, Whalley ; Sempervivum arbdreum, Mr. Raws-
thorne. Asparagus, H. B. Hollinshead, Hsq. Mushrooms, W. Smith, Esq. Cucumbers, W.
Smith, Esq., Mrs. Rathbone, S. Woodhouse. Erythrina Crista galli, Mr. R. Preston. Verbéna’ Me-
Undres, Mrs. G. F. Dickson, and Ardisia crenulata, Mr. Powell. (Gore’s General Advertiser,
June 3.) :

Rochdale Floral and Horticultural Society. — April 28. The following prizes
were awarded, viz. :—

Plants. Stove: 1. Strelitzia regine, 2. Erythrina Crista galli, 3. Misa coccinea, and 4. Blétéa
Tankerville, J. Entwisle, Esq. Green-house : 1. Azalea indica Alba, Mr. R. Robertson ; 2. Hlichry-
sum sesamGides, and 3. E pacris grandifldra, J. Entwisle, Esq. ; 4. Amaryllis vittata, Rev. W. R.
Hay. Pelargoniums: 1. Octavius, E. Ashworth, Esq.; 2. Daveydnauwm, and 3. Victory, J. Entwisle,
Esq. Grown without the protection ofa green-house: Daveydnum, Mr. Robt. Chadwick. Hardy
Herbaceous : 1. Trillium grandifldrum, Mr. George Haworth ; 2. Uvularia grandiflora, and 3. Clay-
tonéa virginica, Mr. H. Midgley; 4. Gentidma vérna, Mr. R, Scholfield ; 5. O’robus vérnus, Mr. J.
Taylor; 6. Trillium eréctum var., Mr. J. Whitworth ; 7. Adonis vernalis, Edw. Ball, Esq. Hardy
bu!bous-rooted: 1. Narcissus Grand Monarque, Mr. Henry Midgley; 2. N. Bulbocédium, Mr. J.
Whitworth; 3. N. Incomparable, Mr, J. Taylor; 4. Fritillaria meltagris, John Entwisle, Esq. ;
5, Narcissus angustifolia, Mr. Edward Hilton. Hardy Shrubs : Ahoddra canadénsis, Mr. Robert
Robertson ; 3. KAlmia glatica, Mr. J. Whitworth ; 3. Andromeda calyculata, John Entwisle, Esq. ;
4.°-Am¥edalus nana; Mr. Robert Robertson. For the best Erica, Hrica cylindrica, John Entwisle,
Esq. — Towers. Auriculas: Lee’s Col. Taylor, a premier prize to Mr. John Ecroyd. Green-
edged: 1. Booth’s Freedom, Mr. John Taylor; 2. Highland Laddie, Colonel Lee ; 3. Jolly Tar,
Mr. J. Cheetham ; 4. Nelson, Mr. H. Midgley ; 5. King, and 6. Jingling Johnny, Mr. J Cheetham ;
7. Standard, Mr. T. Clegg. Grey-edged: 1. Ringleader, Mr. James Taylor ; 2. Privateer, Mr. J.
Cheetham ; 3. Liberty, Colonel Lee; 4, Waterloo, Mr. J. Taylor; 5. Lady of Honour, Mr. J.
Woolfenden ; 6: Alpine Shepherdess, Mr. Ed. Hilton; 7. Revenge, Col. Lee. White-edged; 1.
Regular, Mr. J. Mills; 2. Venus, Mr. H. Thomas ; 3. Incomparable, Mr. J. Taylor; 4. Regulator,
Mr. J. Cheetham ; 5. Rule all, Col. Lee; 6. Glory, Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 7. Seedling, Mr. J. Woolfenden.
Selfs: 1. Lord Lee, Mr. T. Clegg; 2. Ned Ludd, Col. Lee; 3. True Blue, Mr. J. Taylor: 4. Stadt-
holder, Mr. T. Clegg ; 5. Lord Primate, Mr. J. Etches ; 6. Metropolitan, Mr. H. Midgley; 7. Flora’s
Flag, Mr. J. Cheetham. Alpines, or Shaded Selfs : -1. Alpine King, Edw. Ball, Esq. ; 2. King of the
Alps, Clement Royds, Esq.; 3. Moses, Mr. J. Ecroyd; 4, Lady Douglas, and 5. Seedling. Polyan-
thuses: 1. Pearson’s Alexander, and 2. Seedling, Mr. Thomas Clegg; 3. Princess Royal, Mr. J.
Tweedale ; 4. Defiance, and 5. Beauty of Over, Mr.J. Mills ; 6. George the Fourth, Mr. J. Cheetham ;
7. Princess of Wales, Mr. J. Etches. Auricula. Green-edged (largest bunch) : Highland Laddie,
Mr. J. Cheetham. Grey-edged, Waterloo, and White-edged, Incomparable, Mr. J. Taylor. Self,
Lord Lee, Mr. J. Taylor. Alpine, Unknown, Mr. J. Whitworth. Polyanthus, Alexander, Mr. J.
Taylor. Hyacinth. Double: 1, 2, 3, and 4, Mr. John Whitworth. Single: 1. and 2. Mr. John
Whitworth; 3. Mr. W. Holland; 4. Mr. J. Whitwotth. Best Basket of Flowers, Mr. J. Entwisle,

“Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Sea-kale, Clement Royds, Esq. New Potatoes: 1. Mr. Robt. Robert-
son; 2. Edmond Ashworth, Esq. Rhubarb: 1. Edmond Ashworth, Esq. ; 2. Clement Royds, Esq.
Cucumbers and Mushrooms, Mr. John Ashworth. French Beans, Clement Royds, Esq. Cauli-
Hower Broccoli, Edmond Ashworth, Esq. — J. Ecroyd.

Bolton Horticultural Society. — May 20. The following is the award of

YIZeS : —
F Plants. Alpina nitans (silver cup), J. Ridgway, Esq. Stove: 1. Combrétum purpireum, W.
Hulton, Esq. ; 2. Blét¢a Tankervilliz, J. Ridgway, Esq. ; 3. Oxyanthus specidsus, 4. Crinum sca-
brum, 5. Ardisia colorata, 6: Crinum longifdlium, and 7. Besléréa cristata, E. Silvester, Esq. ;
8. CActus speciosissima, W: Hulton, Esq. ; 9. Clerodéndron Kempferidnwm, and 10. Solandra
grandiflora, E. Silvester, Esq. Polygala specidsa (silver cup), J. Ridgway, Esq. Greenhouse :
1. Bordnia serrulata, I. Silvester, Esq.; 2. Chorizema Henchmannz, 3. Sprengéléa incarnata, 4.
Verbena pulchélla, and 5. Bordnéa denticulata, R. Holland, Esq. ; 6. Capparis spindsa, E. Silvester,
Esq. ; 7. Pultenw*‘a villdsa, 8. Calceoliria rugdsa, 9, Calceolaria integrifdlia, and 10. Correa
specidsa, R. Holland, Esq. rice: 1. Gemmifera, 2. Tricolor, 3. Mdndula, 4. Ventricdsa, and

Devonshire. 525 ©

5. Ventricdsa carnea, R. Holland, Esq. ; 6. Véstita coccinea, E. Silvester, Esq. ; 7. Pre’gnans, E.
Ashworth, Esq. ; 8. Ventricdsa alba, W. Hulton, Esq. Pelargoniums: 1. A’rdens, and 2. Quin-
quevilnerum, R. Holland, Esq. ; 3. Macranthon, E. Ashworth, Hsq.; 4. Daveydnum, R. Holland,
Esq. ; 5. Miss Maitland, E. Ashworth, Esq.; 6. Augiista coccinea, R. Holland, Esq. ; 7. Double
Purple, and 8. Emmélia, E. Ashworth. Esq. Herbaceous: 1. Lilium longifdlium, W. Hulton,
Esq.; 2. Phl6x amee‘na, R. Holland, Esq. ; 3. Dodecatheon Meadia, E. Ashworth, Esq.; 4. Ane-
mbdne narcissifldra, R. Holland, Esq.; 5. Raménda pyrenaica, E. Silvester, Esq.; 6. Luniria
rediviva, James Cross, Esq. ; 7. Geum coccineum, J. Ridgway, Esq. ; 8. Saxifraga granulata, E.
Ashworth, Esq. Hardy Shrubs: 1. Adsa odorata, James Shippobottom ; 2. Magnifique, J. Ridg-
way, Esq. ; 3. Double Azalea, W. Hulton, Esq. ; 4. Yellow, 5. Scarlet, and 6. Clématis flérida, E.
Ashworth, Esq.; 7. Crimson Rose, J. Ridgway, Esq.; 8. Cytisus purptreus, E. Ashworth, Esq.
— Flowers: 1, Trafalgar, 2. Bien Fait, 3. Comte, 4. Unique, 5. Pitt, and 6. Czar de Moscow,
(silver cup), William Turner, Esq. Trafalgar (premier prize), William Leighton, Esq. Feathered
Bizards: 1. Duc de Savoie, William Leighton, Hsq.; 2. Surpasse Catafalque, and 3. Rainbow,
W. Turner, Esq.; 4. Goud Beurs, Joseph Stewart; 5. Victoria, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 6. Viper,
John Bradshaw ; 7. Sydney, James Rushton. Feathered Bybloemens: 1. Baguet, Mr. Butler ;
2. Incomparable, W. Leighton, Esq.; 3. Bien Fait, R. Holland, Esq.; 4. Maitre Foot, and 4.
Washing/on, W. Leighton, Esq.; 6. Bacchus, R. Holland, Esq.; 7. Impératrice de Mora, W.
Turner, Esq. Flamed Bizards: 1. Lustre, W. Leighton, Esq.; 2. Surpasse La Cantique, William
Turner, Esq. ;-3. Albion, 4. Abercrombie, and 5. Frappant, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 6. Britannia,
and 7. Alexander, James Southern. Flamed Bybloemens: 1. Queen Charlotte, Mr. Butler; 2,
Abdalénymus, Mr. Leighton; 3. Roi de Siam, Mr. Butler; 4. Alexander Magnus, Mr. Leighton ;
5, Violis Wallens, Mr. Ormrod; 6. Grenadier, Mr. Crompton; 7. Magnificent, Mr. Holland.
Féathered Rose: 1. Comte, Mr. Turner; 2. Hero of Nile, Mr. Gaskel; 3. Do Little, J. Yates ;
4, Triumph, William Crompton; 5. Duc de Bronte, T. Ryley; 6 Walworth, Mr. Butler; 7,
Holden’s Rose, John Bradshaw. Flamed Rose: 1. Rose Unique, R. Greenhalgh; 2. Roi de Ceres,
P. Ormrod; 3. Vesta, R. Holland; 4. Lapurate, William Crompton; 5. Vulcan, R. Holland;
6. Seedling, William Leighton, Esq.; 7. Grand Valier, R. Greenhalgh. Basket of Flowers,
EK. Ashworth, Esq. ‘Tulips. Self, R. Greenhalgh. .Breeder, P. Morris. Double, R. Greenhalgh,
— Fyuit. Pines, J. Ridgway, Esq. Strawberries, J. Ridgway, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Cu-
cumbers, E. Ashworth, Esq. Melon, William Hulton, Esq. Mushrooms, J. Ridgway, Esq.
French Beans, W. Hulton, Esq. Potatoes, W. Hulton, Esq., Rhubarb, Mr. Crompton. Lettuce,
James Morris.
Extra-Prizes. Turnips, W. Hulton, and J. Ridgway, Esq. (Bolton Chronicle, May 29.)
Bolton Flower Show. — April 30. The prizes were awarded as follows : —

Best Stove Plant, Eugtnia Jémbos, E. Silvester, Esy. Best Green-house Plant, Corre‘a specidsa,
R. Holland, Esq. Best pan of four Auriculas, as in each class, Colonel Taylor, Ploughboy,
Regulator, and Flag, R. Holland, Esq.

Plants. Stove: 1. Ardisia colorata, E. Silvester, Esq.; 2. Blét¢a Tankervilliz, J. Ridgway,
Esq. Beslérza cristata, and 4. Streptanthus élegans, E. Silvester, Esq. ; 5. Cactus specidsa, Mrs.
Crompton ; 6. Musa coceinea, J. Ridgway, Esq.; 7. Gardénza armata, and 8. Justicéa sp.?, E.
Silvester, Esq. ; 9. Begonia acrostigma, R. Holland, Esq. ; 10. Ardisia crenata, EK. Silvester, Esq.
Green-house: 1. Bordnéa serrulata, E. Silvester, Esq. ; 2. Bordnza denticilata, R. Holland, Esq. ;
3. E/pacris grandifidra, 4. E’pacris microphylla, 5. Hlichrysum rupéstre, 6. Eutaxia myrtifOlia, 7.
Azalea indica alba, and 8. Didsma serratifdlia, R. Holland, Esq. ; 9. Protea melaleica, J. Ridg-
way, Esq. ; 10. Corysanthes multiflora, E. Silvester, Esq. Hrice: 1. Suavéolens, R. Holland, Esq, ;
2. Vérnix, E. Silvester, Esq. ; 3. Hartnéllé, 4. Hchiifldra, 5. Bonplandza, 6. Bowiedna, 7. Propén-
dens, and 8. Mandula, R. Holland, Esq. Pelargoniums. Victory, R. Holland, Esq. Macraén-
thon, E. Ashworth, Esq. Coccineum, R. Holland, Esq. Octavius, E, Ashworth, Esq. Lady
Elcho, E. Ashworth, Esq. Lady of the Lake, R. Holland, Esq. Htmez, R. Holland, Esq. Prince
Regent, R. Holland, Esq. Herbaceous. Fumaria cava ndbilis, J. Ridgway, Esq. Cypriptdium
paucifldrum, James Faulkner. Pulmonaria azirea, J. Ridgway, Esq. Sédum album, J. Ridgway,
Esq. Primula cortusdzdes, R. Holland, Esq. Dodecatheon Meadéa, R. Holland, Esq. Claytdnia
virginica, R. Holland, Esq. O’rchis spectabilis, James Faulkner. Hardy. Rhododéndron, R.
Holland, Esq. Spirz*a levigata, E. Ashworth, Esq. Andrémeda Catesbe’, J. Ridgway, Esq.
Moss Rose, W. Hulton, Esq. bes aGrea, Thomas Booth. 1, and 2. Unknown, E. Ashworth,
Esq. — Flowers. Auricula, best, of any colour, Matthew Gaskell. Green-edged: 1. Colonel
Taylor, and 2. Barlow’s King, William Crompton ; 3. Howard’s Nelson, and 4. Highland Lad,
Mr. Thomas Ormrod ; 5. Booth’s Freedom, Michael Potts; 6. Barlow’s Lustre, William Hylton,
Esq. ; 7. Standard of England, James Faulkner. Grey-edged: 1. Ringleader, R. Greenhalgh ;
2. Ploughboy, R. Holland, Esq.; 3. Revenge, Michael Potts; 4. Waterloo, and 5. Bang-up,
R. Holland, Esq. ; 6. Alpine Shepherdess, Mr. Thomas Ormrod ; 7. Speedwell, William Hulton,
Esq. White-edged: 1. Venus, Roger Yates; 2. Ashworth’s Rule-all, R. Holland, Esq.: 3. Karl
Grosvenor, James Morris; 4. Wood’s Delight, R. Holland, Esq. ; 5. Pott’s Regulator, John Brad-
shaw; 6. Seedling, Matthew Gaskell; 7. Popplewell’s Conqueror, R. Holland, Esq. Selfs: 1.
Apollo, John Bradshaw ; 2. Seedling, and 3. True Blue, Reger Yates; 4. Primate, John Hard-
man; 5. Ned Lud, Roger Yates; 6. Flag, Joseph Stewart; 7. Haphasaid, Mr. Thomas Ormrod,
Polyanthus. Dark : 1. George IV., James Morris ; 2. Cox’s Regent, W. Turner, Esq.; 3. Dragoon, 4,
Mrs. Hulton, and 5. Seedling, William Hulton, Esq. ; 6. Princess, John Bradshaw ; 7. Duke of Lan-
caster, Mr. Glover. Red: 1. Alexander, Mr. Thomas Ormrod; 2. First Rate, John Hardman ;
3, Princess Royal, R. Greenhalgh; 4. Stranger, John Bradshaw ; 5. York Regent, William Hul-
ton, Esq. ; 6. Bang Europe, John Hardman; 7. Fletcher’s, William Hulton, Esq. Jruit. Pine:
1. E. Silvester, Esq.; 2. and 3. J. Ridgway, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: J. and 2,
William Hulton, Esq. Asparagus: 1. and 2, William Hulton, Esq. Mushrooms: 1. Joseph
Ridgway, Esq.; 2. William Hulton, Esq. French Beans: 1. and 2. William Hulton, Esq. New
Potatoes: 1. and 2. William Hulton, Esq. Rhubarb: 1. Mr. William Crompton ; 2. J. Ridgway,
Esq. Sea-kale: 1, William Hulton, Hsq. ; 2. James Cross, Esq. gal

Extra-Prizes : 1. Lemon Tree, Mrs. Crompton, Farnworth; 2. Camélléa, R. Holland, Esq. ;
3. Cauliflower Broccoli, W. Hulton, Esq. : Y

The prizes, &c., were adjudged by Mr. Shepherd, of the botanic garden, Liverpool. (Bolton
» Chronicle, May 8.)

DEVONSHIRE.

South Devon and East Cornwall Botanical and Horticultural Society. — May 27.
Prizes were awarded as follows: —

526 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Ayrshire,

Plants and Flowers. Stove Climber: Combrétum purptreum, Mr. Pontey, nurseryman, Ply-
mouth. Stove Shrub. Erythrina Zaurifdlia, E. Churchil!, Esq. R.M His Majesty’s ship Caledonia.
Stove Bulbous Plant: Crinum pedunculatum, E. Churchill, Esq. Stove Herbaccous Plant:
Gloxinéa cauléscens, Mr. Pontey. Succulent Plant: Cactus speciosissima, J. Bromley, Esq.,-
Stoke. Best Climbing Green-house Plant: Thunbérg/a alata, Mr. Pontey. Erice: Erica erio-
céphala, Mr. Saunders, Kitley; #rica Hartnélla, Mr. Pontey; Zrica propéndens, Mr. Pontey.
Australian Plant; Dryandra nervosa, Mr. Pontey. Pelargoniums: 1. Daveyanwm, Mr. Narracott 5
2. Anne Boleyn, Mr. Pontey ; 3. Mr. Roberts, gardener to Commissioner Ross. Tender Annual:
Cockscomb, Mr. Saunders, Kitley. Tulip, Mr. Barrett, Morice Town. Green-house Plant:
Polygala cordifdlia supérba, Mr. Pontey. Six varieties of potted Herbaceous Plants, Mr, Bray,
gardener to the Duke of Bedford, Endsleigh. Auricula, Mr. Barrett, Morice Town. Ranunculus:
1. Mr. Pontey ; 2. Mr. Rendle, nurseryman, Plymouth. Bouquet of Roses, Mr. Pontey Bouquet
of Pinks, Mr. Barrett. Bouquet of Ponies, Mr. Bray, Endsleigh. Hardy Bulbous Flowers:
Crinum longifdlium, Mr. Pontey. Hardy Flowers, Mr. Pontey. Azalea, Mr Pontey. Kalmia,
Mr. Pontey. Rhododéndron, Mr. Bray, Endsleigh. — Fruit. Pine-apple: 1. Black Jamaica,
and 2. Green Providence, Mr. Pringle, gardener to L. C. Daubuz, Esq., Truro. Grapes: 1. and 2.
Mr. Saunders, gardener to E. P. Bastard, Esq. M.P., Kitley. Strawberries: 1. Mr. Saunders; 2.
Mr. Brown, Tamerton. Apples: 1. Mr. Ellis, gardener to J. Bulteel, Esq., Fleet; 2. Mr. Burge,
gardener to the Rev. J. Lane, Coffleet. Filberts, Right Hon. Earl Morley. Cherries, Mr. Brown,
Tamerton. Citrus Tribe. Kitley Shaddock: 1. Mr. Saunders, Kitley; 2. Mr. Burge, Coffleet.
Walnuts, Mr. Saunders, Kitley. Melon: 1. and 2. Mr. Saunders, Kitley. — Culinary Vegetables.
Cucumbers, Mr. Edmunds, gardener to C. Calmady, Esq., Langdon, Wembury. Peas, Mr.
Saunders, Kitley. French Beans, Mr. Bray, Endsleigh. Mushrooms, Mr. Saunders, Kitley.
Asparagus, Mr. Jackson, Beer. Potatoes, Mr. Roberts, Dock-yard. Carrots, Mr. Saunders,
‘Kitley. Cauliflower, Mr. Roberts, Dock-yard. Early Cabbage, Cos Lettuce, and Cabbage Let-
tuce, Mr. Saunders, Kitley. Rbubarb, Mr. Pontey. Turnips, Mr. Doidge, gardener to C. Tolcher,
Esq., Plymouth.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Cabbage, Mr. Stapleton, Compton. Cauliflower, Mr. Sims, Plymouth.
-Cucumbers, Mr. Sims. Peas, Mr. Stapleton. Cos Lettuce, Mr. Stapleton. Bouquet of Tulips,
_Mr. Wood, gardener, Plymouth.

Extra-Prizes.. Mrs. Mock, Portland Square, for a splendid Geranium. Alderman Dunster-
ville, Plymouth, for seven pots of Giant Stocks. Commissioner Ross, for a fine group of Pelargo-
niums. Mr. Burge, Coffleet, for a beautiful specimen of Ginger. R. Bromley, Esq., Stoke, for
two beautiful Coffee Trees, with berries.

Judges : — Plants and flowers, Messrs. E. Luscombe, Reid, and Crawford; Fruit, Messrs. J. H.
Luscombe, Booth, and Sharland ; Culinary vegetables, Messrs. Parker, Kerr, and Palmer; Cot-
‘tagers’ Prizes, Messrs. Cummins, Rendle, and Burge.

Among the preceding, the coffee trees from the garden of R. Bromley, Esq., of Stoke, and the
beautiful specimens of the citrus tribe from the seat of E. P. Bastard, Esq. M.P., Kitley, attracted
peculiar and merited attention. The specimens of Zingiber officinale, grown by Mr. Burge, gar-
dener to the Rev. J. Lane, Coffleet, were considered by competent judges as equal to the best of
Jamaica growth.

The magnificence of the exhibition was greatly increased by contributions for that special
purpose, without any pretensions to prizes. We noticed a Canna glatica, from Admiral Brook-
ing ; a splendid bouquet of roses, with two beautiful double yellow flowers, from Captain Hare,
Higher Hooe; a Pontedéria crassipes, from Guayaquil, in a vase with fishes, a Carica Papaya,
an Acréstichum alcicérne (a South American fern), a splendid Astrape ‘a Wallichi, Drace‘na
terminalis, Ardisia solanacea, white moss rose, a deliciously fragrant Pancratium littorale, and
a splendid collection of heaths (Zrica), ixias, azaleas, kalmias, vincas, verbenas, and pelargo-
niums, from Mr. Pontey’s nursery ; a Cactus speciosissima, a plant two years old, nearly 4 ft. high,
a Cactus specidsa, with a great number of flowers, a Maurandia Barclaydna and Maurandia sem-
perfldrens, with beautiful flowers, Pimeléa dinifdlia, Pimelta dsea, Lachnz‘a eriocéphala,
Elichrysum sesamiides, and a splendid collection of heaths and pelargoniums from Mr. Rendle’s
nursery. The opium manufactured by Mr. Cox, of His Majesty’s dock-yard, from the large white
poppy from Mr. Pontey’s, was declared by several medical gentlemen as superior to that generally
imported. (Plymouth and Devonport Weekly Journal, June 3.)

AYRSHIRE,
The Ayrshire Green-house Society.— Kilmarnock, May 27. The judges

awarded the prizes as follows :—

Flowers. Cherry and Rose Tulips: Comte de Vergennes, Rose de Berlin, Rose Unique, Madame
Gyzaleure (Dutch), Pas Triomphe Royal, Mr. John Brown, Kilmarnock. Five Bybloemen
Tulips: Daveydna, Louis the Sixteenth, Gloria Albdrum, Impératrix Fldrum, Rowbotham’s
Incomparable, Mr. John Brown. Five Bizard Tulips: Platdnia, Sir George Duckat, Surpasse Cata..
falque, Holm’s William Pitt, Grand Cairo, Mr. John Brown. Three Double Tenweek Stocks,
Mr. Robert Purvis, gardener to John Smith Cunningham, Esq., Caprington. — Culinary Vege-

tables. Early May Cabbage: 1. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles, Kilmarnock; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis ;

. 3, Mr. James Young, gardener to James Fairlie, Esq., Holmes ; 4. Mr. Robert Roger, Kilmarnock.
Early Turnips: 1. Mr. Robert Purvis; 2. Mr. James Young. Cucumbers, Mr. James Young. Best
Thirteen Asparagus: 1. Mr. James Young; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis. Broccoli, Mr. Robert Purvis.
‘ Of extra-articles some very fine early potatoes, lettuce, cresses, Agapanthus umbellatus, and
other green-house plants, by Mr. Robert Purvis. A monstrous production of asparagus curiously
twisted, early potatoes, and Papaver bracteatum, by Mr. James Young. Flowering shrubs, Zhodo-
déndron, Azalea, Ltdum, &c., by Messrs. Dykes and Gentles, and a variety of double anemones
by Mr, John Brown. — A Subscriber.

RENFREWSHIRE.

West Renfrewshire Horticultural Society. — May 25. Prizes were awarded as
follows, viz. :—

Flowers. Tulips: 1. Malcolm Service, gardener to Mr. Fairrie; 2. Archibald Brown, gardener,
Park; 3. Mr. J. Borthwick, nursery and seedsman. Early Cabbages: 1. Mr. John Sinclair,
gardener; 2. James Kirkpatrick, gardener to Mrs. Crooks, Leven; 3. Mr. James Campbell,
gardener, Gourock. Asparagus, 1. Mr. Archibald Brown; 2. John M‘Nab, gardener to Lieu-
tenant-General Darroch, Gourock ; 3. Peter M‘Inroy, gardener to Mrs. M‘Inroy, Leven.

Renfrewshire, Stirlingshire. 527

The show articles were arranged by the Committee according to their respective excellence, in
the following order : —

Double Wallflower, A. Melross, gardener to Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, Ardgowan. Single
Wallflower, Edward Brodley, gardener to Andrew Rankin, Esy., Ashburn. These articles were
exceedingly beautiful Single Anemones: 1. Malcolm Service; 2. A. Melross. Rhubarb: 1. A,
Melross ; 2, Edward Brodley ; 3. Charles Miller, gardener to James Watt, Esq. Early Potatoes :
1. John M‘Nab; 2. Malcolm Service These potatoes were ofa good size, and reared in the open
air. Cos Lettuces, John M*Nab. Bouquet of Flowers: 1. John Borthwick ; 2. Archibald Brown ;
3. Malcolm Service. Two boxes of articles had also been received, one from Henry Knox. gar-
dener to Jacob Dixon, Esq., and the other from William Knox, gardener to Mrs. Dixon, Dum-
barton, which were not exhibited in consequence of their Jate arrival. Asparagus was one of the
articles which the boxes contained, and was as fine as any ever produced at any exhibition, and
would undoubtedly have taken the prize. They contained also a quantity of cabbages, potatoes,
and lettuces, very fine in quality, with stocks, wallflowers, roses, and other flowers, which in

‘beauty could scarcely be rivalled. (Greenock Advertiser, May 28.)

STIRLINGSHIRE.

Stirling Horticultural Society. — May 11. The following articles were com-
peted for, and prizes awarded : —

Flowers. Auriculas: 1. Mr. John Christie, Causewayhead ; 2. Mr. John Mitchell, gardener to
William Murray, Esq., of Polmaise; 3. Mr. Robert Kay, Shiphaugh. Polyanthus: 1, Mr. Ninian
Niven, gardener to James Stirling, Esq. of Keir; 2. Mr. George Lightbody, Falkirk ; 3. Mr. Wil-
liam Somerville, gardener to John Stirling, Esq., of Kippenross. Hyacinths: 1. Mr. Ninian
Niven; 2. Mr. Peter Mackenzie, gardener to Robert Lowis, Esq., of Plean; 3. Mr. James Mac-

~farlane, Stirling. Bulbous Flowers. Best Bouquet: 1. Mr. John M‘Innes, gardener to Robert
Bruce, Esq., of Kennet; 2. Mr. Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. —— Gow, gardener to Count Flahault,
Tullyallan Castle.—. Fiwt Apples: 1. Mr. John M‘Innes; 2. Mr. Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. —
Gow. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. John Mitchell; 2. Mr. George Milne, gar-
dener to Robert Stein, Esq., of Kilbagie. Rhubarb: 1. Mr. Hugh Macoll, gardener to James Cal-
Jender, Esq., of Craigforth ; 2. Mr, James Mitchell, gardener to Mrs. Hume of Auchinbowie; 3.
Mr. George Milne. ‘Curnips, Mr. John M‘Innes (no competition). Cabbage: 1. Mr. William
Somerville; 2. Mr William Moir, gardener to Mrs. Edmond of Comely Bank. Asparagus ;

1. Mr. John M‘Innes ; 2. Mr. Ninian Niven ; 3. Mr. David Trotter, gardener to James Johnstone,
Esq., of Alva.

Among the different articles exhibited were some beautiful specimens of apples in a state of
high preservation, by Major Baird of Park. They were, however, precluded from competition,
owing to their having been received too late. Mr. David Trotter, Alva House, exhibited some
pears, which were also in a high state of preservation. Mr. Ninian Niven, Keir, in addition to
the articles for competition, produced some full-sized early potatoes of two sorts, and a dish of
very superior mushrooms. Mr. Nicol Cathie, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Abercrombie,
although not yet a member of the institution, exhibited rhubarb, cucumbers, and mushrooms,
which were much admired for their excellence. Besides the flowers nominated for competition,
the tables were richly furnished with very fine specimens of bulbous, herbaceous, green-house,
and stove plants, &c., by the operative members. The Magnolza purpirea, Azalea indica, Glycine
sinénsis [ Wistaréa Consequana], cactuses, and ericas, in particular, were very splendid. The
Committee were presented with some bottles of very excellent vinegar, produced from goose-
berries, by Mr. Dickson, butler to Robert Stein, Esq., of Kilbagie}; which was considered to be
excellent in point of purity and flavour. The zeal of the members of this association cannot be
too highly commended. They some time ago resolved to connect with the institution a library
of standard and periodical works on horticulture, and other subjects of a kindred nature, and we
are happy to inform our readers that the resolution is meeting with general support. For our
own part, we consider this to be a remarkably happy idea, and expect that it will be the means of
doing unspeakable service not only to the institution, but also to every individual in the district
who happens to have a patch of garden-ground to cultivate. It will gratify and improve the
taste of the amateur, and induce many who have a little spare time, to devote it to the delightful
and innocent amusement of ‘‘ rearing plants and flowers.’’ It will extend the taste for reading
among operative gardeners, and put them in possession of the theoretical knowledge of the man
of science. (Stérling Advertiser, May 14.) s

Falkirk Horticultural Society. — April 27. The successful competitors for the
prizes were as follows, viz. ; — :

Flowers. Auriculas: 1. Mr. Henry Masterton, Falkirk; 2. Mr. George Lightbody, Falkirk;
5. Alexander Forrester, gardener to William Falconer, Esq., Carlowrie. Polyanthuses: 1. Alex-
ander Forrester, gardener to William Falconer, Esq., Carlowrie; 2. Mr. George Lightbody, Fal-
kirk ; 3. Mr. Henry Masterton, Falkirk. — Fruit. Apples: 1. Robert Hardie, gardener to William
Forbes, Esq., Callendar ; 2. David Dow, gardener to J. Logan, Esq., Clarkston ; 3. James Sinclair,
gardener to Thomas Spottiswood, Esq., Dunipace. — Culinary Vegetables. Broccoli: 1. James
Cruikshanks, gardener to Cumming Bruce, Esq., Kinnaird; 2. Keith Buchanan, gardener to Sir
M. Bruce, Stenhouse ; 3. David Dow, gardener to J. Logan, Esq., Clarkston. Carrots: 1. James
Cruikshanks, gardener to Cumming Bruce, Esq., Kinnaird; 2. Robert Hardie, gardener to
William Forbes, Esq., Callendar. Leeks: Alexander Forrester, gardener to William Falconer,
Esq., Carlowrie; 2. Alexander Berrie, gardener to Thomas Learmouth, Esq. Lawrence Park ;
3. James Cruikshanks, gardener to J. Logan, Esq. Clarkston.

The flowers and vegetables brought forward bore the most ample testimony to the skill and
successful industry of the competitors ; and seldom has the Society been favoured with such a
display from its members. They met with the warmest approbation of the gentlemen present, and
gave them reason to think that this part of the country was not behind in the cultivation of fine
flowers. The auriculas and polyarthuses were particularly deserving of notice, as any one at all
acquainted with the subject may satisfy himself by referring to the annexed list of names, which
it is only necessary to mention. First prize Auricula, among others, contained Lee’s Colonel
Taylor and Howard’s Lord Nelson (green-edged), Kenyon’s Ringleader and Taylor’s Ploughboy
(grey-edged), Lee’s Bright Venus and Hughes’s Pillar of Beauty (white-edged). Second prize
Auricula, Hood’s Lord Lascelles and N, Smith’s Emperor Alexander (green-edged), Kenyon’s
Ringleader and Thomson’s Bang-up (grey-edged), Taylor’s Glory and Scholfield’s Maid of the
Mill (white-edged). First prize Polyanthus: Coxe’s Prince Regent, Fletcher’s Defiance, Park’s

528 Prov. Hort. Soc.— Fifeshire, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire.

Lord Nelson, Billington’s Beauty of Over, Lombard’s Highlander, and Thomson’s Princess of
Wales. Second prize Polyanthus: Pearson’s Alexander, Turner’s Bonaparte, Fletcher’s
Defiance, Coxe’s Prince Regent, Scott’s Seedling, and Yorkshire Regent. (Stirling Advertiser,
May 14.)
FJFESHIRE. .
Cupar Horticultural Society. — April 28. The prizes were awarded as
follows : — : -

Flowers. Auriculas: 1. John Paterson, gardener to John Dalzell, Esq., of Lingo; 2. Thomas
Greig, gardener to the Earl of Leven and Melville ; 3. James Anderson, gardener to Colonel Don
of Springfield. Self Auriculas: 1. Alexander Paterson, gardener to George M‘Gill, Esq., of Kem-
back ; 2. James Anderson. Polyanthus: 1. Alexander Paterson ; 2. James Anderson ; 3. Thomas
Greig. Double Hyacinths, ‘Thomas Greig. Polyanthus Narcissus, Thomas Greig. Single Ane-
mones: 1. James Anderson ; 2. Thomas Greig; 3. John Paterson. Spring Flowers, Thomas
Greig. Exotic Plants, James Anderson. — Culinary Vegetables. Broccoli: 1. Thomas Greig ;
2. John Paterson. Asparagus: 1. James Bouchard, gardener to George Campbell, Esq., of Eden-
wood; 2. John Paterson; 3. Alexander Paterson. Scotch Leeks: 1. Thomas Greig; 2. Alex-
ander Paterson; 35. John Paterson.

Some fine specimens of early forced strawberries, of the Rose and Keen’s seedling kinds, were
produced to the Meeting by Mr. Greig, gardener to the Earl of Leven. They presented an
uncommonly inviting appearance, and the plants seemed to be as richly clothed with flowers and
fruit as we have seen them in the best situations inthe month of June. Mr. Greig also exhibited
a fine bundle of succory, a delicate salad, which is too little grown in this neighbourhood. Mr,
Anderson, gardener to Colonel Don, exhibited a fine collection of exotics, among which we
observed beautiful plants of the following species: — Erica cerinthéides, coldrans, 7emndides,
oddra-7dsea, and grandindsa;° Lechenatltia formdsa; E’pacris grandifldra; Gardenia fidrida,
Azalea indica, double purple and single white. (fife Herald, April 29.)

PERTHSHIRE...

Dundee Horticultural Society. — May 3. The successful competitors were as
follows; viz. —
. Mr. James Smith, gardener, Ellangowan, for the best auriculas, ‘and Mr. John. Hampton, gar-
dener, Crescent House, for the second; Mr. J. Smith, for the best self auriculas, and Mr. J.
Hampton, for the second; Mr. J. Smith, for the best seedling auriculas, second polyanthuses,
and best hyacinths; Mr. Thomas Spalding, gardener, Arthurstone, for the best polyanthuses ;
Mr. J. Stewart, Dudhope nursery, for the best seedling polyanthus ; Mr. J. Hampton, for the best
bouquet of flowers, and Mr. J. Kidd, gardener, Rossie Priory, for the second ditto. Mr. J. Kidd
for the best cucumbers; Mr. J. Kettle, gardener, Glendoig, for the second ditto, and best purple
broccoli, and Mr. Radley of the Asylum, for the best white broccoli; Mr. J. Walker, gardener,
Airly Castle, for the best sea-kale; Mr. J. Hampton, for the best lettuce and best leeks; Mr. J.
Dick, gardener, Ballindean, for the second lettuce, and Mr. J. Kettle, for the second leeks and
best spinach; Mr. Thomas Spalding, for the best Brussels sprouts and best early cabbage: Mr. J.
Hampton for the second early cabbage, and Mr. J, Dick for the best mushrooms ; Mr. W. Brow,
gardener, Meigle House, for the best asparagus; Mr. A. Smith, gardener, Cunnoquhie, for the
second ; and Mr. f. Spalding, for the best preserved apples; Mr. J. Kettle, for the second pre-
served and best variety of apples; Mr. J. Dick, for the second variety of apples and second variety
of vegetables; and Mr. D. Mitchell, gardener, Carolina Port, for the best variety of vegetables
and best onions. A very fine plant of Corree‘a specidsa was exhibited from Crescent, and a beau-
tiful plant of the Sempervivum arbdreum in full flower, from Carolina Port ; a very pretty variety
of rainbow self auriculas, violets, and flowers of white chrysanthemum, from Arthurstone ; some
pears, in apparently good preservation, from Ballindean,.and some early potatoes, of tolerable size,
from Glendoig and Ballindean. Some very excellent Spring spinach and asparagus were received
three days after the Meeting, from Mr. James Kellock, gardener to W. Fergus, Esq., Kirkcaldy,
which, had they come forward in time, had a good chance for prizes. (Dundee Courier, May 11.)

ABERDEENSHIRE.

Aberdeenshire Horticullural Society. — May 4. The following is the order of
merit :—

Flowers. Stage Auriculas: 1. and 2. D. Gairns, Glenbervie House; 3. Mr. J. L. Massie.
Seedling..Auriculas: 1. Mr. J. Forbes, Broadford; 2. Mr. A. Diack. Polyanthuses: 1. Mr. W.
Davidson, jun.; 2. Mr. Massie; 3. Captain Clyne. Seedling Polyanthuses: 1. and 2. Mr. Massie ;
3, D. Gairns. Hyacinths: 1. D. Gairns-; 2. Captain Anderson. — Fywit. Dessert Apples: 1.
J. Brodie, Denmore; 2. A. Brown, Heathcot ; 5. William Chalmers, Loch-head; 4. J. Collie,
Forglen House. Twenty-five Stalks Rhubarb: 1. William Anderson ; 2. P. Archibald ; 3. Charles
Berry, Ury. Three Bottles Home-made Wine: 1. (Gooseberry Champagne) Mrs. Young, Corn-
hill; 2. (Black Currant) ‘Mrs. Crombie, Phesdo; 3. (Strawberry) Mrs. Gordon, Kincardine : 4.
(various Fruits) Al. Diack, — Culinary Vegetables. Mushrooms, William Anderson, gardener,
Cornhill. Asparagus: 1. J. Alexander, Murtle, and D. Cadenhead, New Bridge (equal in merit) ;
2. and 3. George Cardno, Woodside. Broccoli: 1. William Gallow, Scotstown ; 2.. W. Lawson,
Devanha House; 3. J. Cobban, Arbuthnot House. Sea-kale: 1. George Cardno; 2. P.-Archi-
bald, Park; 3. William Smith, Grandholm Cottage. Cucumbers : 1. (twins, 11 in. long), 2. (13in.),
and 3. (14in.), William Anderson.

Extra-Prixe. Mr. W. Davidson, jun., a large collection of beautiful Green-house Plants, in
full flower. ;

The Society’s large silver medal was awarded to D. Gairns, gardener to J. M. Nicholson, Esq.,:of
Glenbervie, for the hyacinths, being the best articles at the Show. The Society’s small silver
medals were awarded to all the other first articles, as well as to Mr. W. Davidson, for the extra-
prize: there were no second prizes given upon this occasion. The display of auriculas, polyan-
thuses, and hyacinths, was very fine. The specimens of apples were numerous and uncommonly
good; the vegetables were excellent; and the wines delicious. (Aberdeen Journal, May 5.)

THE

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,
OCTOBER, 1830.

PART TY.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during a Tour through Part
of F’ranee and Germany, in the Autumn of the Year 1828. By
the Conpucror.

€ Continued from p. 392.)

Tue public gardens of recreation in and around Paris are
numerous, and they are all of them more conspicuously, and
perhaps more truly, scenes of enjoyment than the public gar-
dens of England; because the French are more gay and social
in their enjoyments than the English. ‘Fhe Garden of the
Tuilleries, once «alled royal, is, taking it altogether, perhaps
the most interesting public garden in the world. We will
not enter either on a history or a deseription of this garden;
and, indeed, as we have other important business to transact
on this bright morning of September 14th, we are determined
that the present article shall be short. Besides, we feel that
it would be a species of profanation, even in a Magazine of
Gardening, to say much on any subject in which Paris is con-
cerned, foreign from the glorious events which took place on
the 27th, 28th, and 29th of July last; events which, sangvine
as we are as to the destiny of the human race, and great
as have of late been our expectations from the French (see
pp. 474. and 514.), have produced results of which ‘“ we
dare not have dreamed.”* When once society is freed from
the trammels of antiquated institutions, the rapidity with which

* See To the Tricolor, a poem, by T. Roscoe, Esq.; and the letters of
O. P. Q. in the Morning Chronicle, a newspaper which has been justly de~
signated by the French as the dignity and ornament of the British press,

Vou. VI. — No. 28. MM

530 Notes and Reflections during a Tour.

the natural rights of man will gain the ascendency can only be
compared to the rapid growth of a tree, which, after having
been for many years clipped, is at last permitted to shoot
forth in all the character and beauty of truth and nature;
when its widely-spreading and vigorous branches soon burst
through the limits to which the tree had been previously
confined by the tonsor, and a formal and insipid piece of ver-
dure becomes in time one of the noblest subjects of the forest.

The Gardens of the Tuilleries are invaluable from their
situation in the centre of Paris, and from their being open at
all times to all the world. ‘They have open airy walks for
winter, and shady walks and deep yet airy groves for sum-
mer ; flower-borders, in which a constant succession of showy
flowering plants is kept up; lawn, kept green by daily water-
ing ; fountains, which, however, do not play so frequently or
so magnificently as they should ; and a number of very beau-
tiful statues. During the summer, the principal walks are
bordered by lofty orange trees in tubs: and what is singular
respecting these trees is, that the blossom, being a perquisite
of the gardener, is always plucked off before they are set out,
and sold, for his benefit, to the orange-flower-water manufac-
turers; so that the trees are not half so ornamental as they
would be if covered with fruit and blossom.* As to the de-
licious perfume which these blossoms would afford, we could
write a volume upon the subject. Whoever has walked in
the orange orchards at Nervi, knows that the quantity of
orange trees distributed in the Gardens of the Tuilleries, if
allowed to retain and expand their blossoms, would scent not
only the air of the gardens but of half Paris. If there are
any who deny this, we ask them to account for the orange
fragrance of the air for miles around Genoa and Naples, both.
by sea and land. If all the public gardens in Paris were
moderately stocked with orange trees, and a few distributed
along the Boulevards (and the Parisian populace are suf-
ficiently cultivated not to touch either the blossoms or the
fruit of trees thus confided to their care for their advantage),
the entire atmosphere would be that of the Island of St.

* Sprigs of orange trees in blossom, and wreaths of the same, are sold in
the markets at Paris throughout the year (the trees being forced in the
winter season), to be worn at marriages; the bride being crowned with a
wreath, and the bouquets being distributed amongst her attendants. In the
evening the wreath is divided into small pieces, and eagerly sought for by
the young female friends of the bride, who believe it to possess the same
qualities as are attributed to pieces of the bride-cake in England. We have
seen sprigs of orange trees worn at marriages in this country ; and we rejoice
to observe the striking manner in which the customs of two nations, so
formed to be united as England and France, are beginning to amalgamate.
— Note by J. L. Cobham. Sept. 15.

Gardens of the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert. 531

Michael: nor would this perfuming en masse surpass other
improvements of the age; lighting by gas, for example. By
the judicious distribution of orange trees, and of other odori-
ferous flowers, shrubs, and plants, or even by mignonette
alone, the air of any city might be rendered as odoriferous as
that of a garden. When the many have once conquered
from the few what is necessary and convenient, they will then
attempt what is agreeable and refined; and, with the know-
ledge of the wonderful resources of nature and art, requisite
to give them the sovereignty of society, they will succeed.

But, to return to the orange trees at the Tuilleries, or, to
speak our minds freely, all those kept in tubs in the open gar-
den every where, we should greatly prefer having the tubs or
boxes sunk in the borders, and covered and disguised in such a
way as would convey the idea that the trees were growing in the
natural soil. Nothing could be easier to execute; and we re-
commend this, and also the subject of plucking off the blossoms,
to the proper authorities. We are aware of the allegation,
that suffering the fruit to come to maturity would weaken the
tree, &c. &c.; but it is the gardener’s business to supply the
tree with strength ; and we know he can supply it when his
interest does not interfere. *

(To be continued.)

Art. II. Notice of the Gardens of the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert
at Spofforth. By N. H.S.

Ar Spoftorth, a mean-looking straggling village, about four
miles south of Harrogate, is the residence of that eminent
botanist the Hon. and Rey. William Herbert, brother to the
present Earl of Caernarvon. Mr. Herbert is a gentleman of
good private fortune; and the rectory of Spofforth is said to
bring him in an income of 2500/. per annum. As a botanist
Mr. Herbert is well known: he is also a most accomplished
scholar, an eloquent preacher, and a poet. (See his Helga,
2 vols.) The rectory house has nothing about it to deserve
either encomium or disparagement. ‘The gardens nearly

* Since writing the above, we have seen, in the Times (Sept. 24.), an
intention expressed of pulling down the Tuilleries, to rebuild a palace for
the use of the three princes. We should not be sorry to. see that part of
the Tuilleries pulled down which is said to be ina state of decay, and rebuilt
as a continuation of the National Galleries of Sculpture and Painting; but
most deeply should we regret to hear of a palace for a prince being built in
France after what the French have done. The days for erecting palaces for
individual kings, we trust, are gone never to return, not only in France but
throughout Europe: a government palace is a different thing.

MM 2

532 Gardens of the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert.

surround it, and are rich in rhodendrons, azaleas, kalmias, &c.,
together with the most choice irises, African gladioli, and hy-
brids of the greatest variety and beauty, which may be sought
for in vain elsewhere. In front of the stove and green-house,
the borders are filled with the most choice bulbs, as erinums,
amaryllis, pancratiums, cyrtanthus, cannas, &c., which bloom
in such perfection as few green-houses, or even hot-houses,
ean boast. Here are also beautiful rock plants and many
choice aquatics, with gold fishes, in a small pond. The noble
curvilinear conservatory (which opens into a drawing-room)
seems to be admirably managed, if we may judge from the
luxuriance and size of the Australian and Cape acacias, lipa-
rias, beaufortias, melaleucas, leucadendrons, and other choice
shrubs, with which it is planted: along the front glasses is
a raised border, 2 to 3 ft. broad, in which are planted many
splendid creepers and climbers, as platylobiums, elycines, ken-
nedias, and choice calceolarias, salpiglossis, heaths, elichry-
sums, crotolarias, &c. &c. ‘The stove is entirely a botanical
one, and is literally crammed with rare and curious plants, in-
cluding the beautiful ixoras, bignonias, hibiscus, passifloras ;
and at each end are a number of Orchideze, parasites, epi-
phytes, &c., such as Dendrobium, Epidéndron, &c., some
growing in baskets, some in pots, and others in the stumps of
old trees ; many of these are not to be found in any other place
in England. ‘The green-house joins the stove: in it are
numerous camellias of extraordinary size and beauty, and
many hybrids raised from seed by Mr. Herbert; and the tribe
of ixias, gladioli, &c., on the raised border is endless. ‘The
bulb-house communicates with the green-house, and is so full
of every variety of exotic bulbs that it is not easy to pass
them. In this house are also very fine plants of Strelitzza, and
Gloriosa supérba ; several plants of that singular genus Man-
tisia saltatoria, or opera girls; and on the rafters some beauti-
ful and rare climbing plants. Beyond the bulb-house is the
heathery, in which many of the better varieties of those hand-
some plants, and some hybrids, &c., are found, as well as a
numerous assemblage of mesembryanthema, cacti, pelargo-
niums, &Xc.

The borders and beds in the garden have every thing rare
and curious, from the superb magnolia to the Neapolitan
violet.

The site of the kitchen-garden is not good; nevertheless it
appears to be highly productive. ‘There is a small flued pit,
in which a few grapes, pines, and melons are grown. On the
whole, Mr. Herbert’s collection cannot fail to please any one
fond of plants; but I regret one thing that truth obliges me

Leperiment for bettering the Labouring Classes. 533

to mention: the garden is not easy of access for those who find
themselves without an introduction. Mr. Herbert is said to be
a very amiable man, enthusiastically attached to his garden,
in which he spends much time: if, therefore, he allowed his
collection to be shown to all callers, he would in the summer
months be every day annoyed with company from Harrogate,
who, having little to do, are constantly going from one show-
place to another ; some from a real love of science, and others
to drive away ennui, which the tedium of a watering-place
very commonly produces.

Newton-Kyme, June 19. 1830. INE

Art. Ill. Some Account of the Progress of an Experiment going
on in Monmouthshire, for bettering the Condition of the Labouring
Classes. By Joun H. Moceripee, Esq.

Sir, ,
AurHouGH cohsiderable time has elapsed since my last
communication to you on the subject of my experiment for

bettering the condition of the labouring classes (Vol. III.

p- 167.), yet have I not forgotten my promise of occasionally

notifying its progress to you. It has now nearly two years

and a half of experience more to boast of than when I trans=
mitted you the last particulars of its state and circumstances ;
and although these have been (and must be still more, I fear)
very injuriously affected by the distress which generally, if
not universally, pervades the country, yet has nothing occurred
to invalidate the principle on which the experiment was
founded, or even to oceasion doubt as to its continued local
success. On the contrary, the effects of the pressure of the
times, and of the impolitic attempts which have been made,
with partial success, to fasten direct local taxation on the
laudable exertions of humble industry to set itself above want

_ in sickness and old age, and to reassume a portion at least of

that independence of spirit which their forefathers possessed,

have only added other proofs in support of the fact, — that

the labouring classes in this country have been degraded, im-

poverished, and demoralised, much more by the baneful sys-

tem of misgovernment to which the country has been long

subjected, than to any inherent vice in their own constitution,

or any personal fault of their own. ‘The partial imposition of

poor-rates, church-rates, and highway-rates, though fortu-

nately defeated in the intention of its being made general,

and confined to that which the strict letter of the law unhap-
MM 3

534 Experiment in Monmouthshire

pily admits of being enforced, has driven away a few adyen-
turers, and alarmed, disgusted, and in some degree para-
lysed all; so that the prospect of rescuing many more from
the jaws of poverty, and from the fangs of oppression and
want, is not at present very encouraging, although the num-
ber of inhabitants in the three villages mentioned in my last
has, since the date of that account, increased to between two
and three thousand. At present, from the conjoint operation
of local taxation, and the necessary effects of the present
depressed state of every branch of British industry, the popu-
lation in these experimental villages is on the decrease rather
than otherwise. How much this is to be regretted by every
real friend of his country, the following short statements, show-
ing in part, but materially, the altered condition and conse-
quent feelings of the poor, will unanswerably testify. Early
in the year 1827, an unfortunate difference respecting wages
took place between the proprietors of the Monmouthshire
collieries and their workmen; and a comparatively few vaga~
bonds became the terror of the country for several weeks, by
means of nightly alarms, and depredations committed on such
of their fellow-workmen as were willing to work on their
masters’ terms. Then it was that the difference was con-
spicuously shown between those who had nothing they could
call their own, and those who were conscious that, in their
houses and gardens more particularly, they had something
to lose; between those who had been made half brutes by
having been subjected to contumely, contempt, and inhu-
manity, and those who had been treated with the consider-
ation and kindness due from all human creatures one to the
other. Whilst the unmarried colliers rambled into other
mining districts in search of work; and whilst the great mass
of the married men scoured the country for fifteen miles
round in parties of from ten to twenty in each, with wallets
over their shoulders, and bludgeons im their hands, levying
contributions in victuals and clothes for the support of their
families, the Blackwood villagers, who had gardens, turned
their attention to them, and subsisted themselves out of them
and of the resources at their command: and when it became
necessary to swear in a considerable number of special con~
stables to aid in preserving the peace of the country, and for
the protection of property, none were found more ready,
none more zealous, none more faithful, none more effective,
than the cottage freeholders of Blackwood.* Again, in the

* In December, 1828, sixty of these villagers formed themselves into
The Blackwood Society for Free Enquiry. In the address delivered at the

Jor bettering the Labouring Classes. 535

very spot which, as to cultivation, had been a waste a few
years before, has sprung up gardens producing all the varieties

first meeting, by Mr. Moggridge, the great object of the Society is stated
to be, “ to obtain knowledge by means of free enquiry. Some may know
something worth imparting which others do not know, but may learn; so
that thus the knowledge of each and every member may in time become
the property of all. By discussion also, and attending to select readings,
much knowledge will be obtained which none of the members may know
any thing of at present; and attentive consideration of and thinking upon
what you hear, will be sure to make you both wiser and better. The plan
and rules of the Society have been repeatedly read, and finally approved :
they are simple and easy to be understood, and calculated to do what is to
be done in the cheapest, most regular, and most effectual manner. Amongst
the leading subjects which will probably be brought forward are geology, or
the knowledge of the structure of the earth; mineralogy, or a knowledge of
minerals: both subjects particularly deserving the attention of persons who live
in this great mining country, and who are in the habit of going under ground.
Mechanics, or the knowledge and use of machines, by the help of which
one man may do the work of many; a subject also very important to
miners and manufacturers. I mentioned just now the name of the greatest
inventor of machines in ancient times, Archimedes : he was a native of that
part of the world in which a cruel war has been carried on by the Turks
against the Greeks. Here is a model of his screw-pump. See! in working
simply by the winch it raises the water from the bottom of the tin can to
the top, through a pipe which I have had twisted round the outside of a
cylinder, instead of its being a screw in the inside, in order that you may
see its mode of working more clearly. It is used for pumping water out of
canals and reservoirs, and for other purposes, and might be used to advan-
tage in your mines. The arts of life, or a knowledge of the different trades
of the industrious, will be another subject for your attention; and ‘do-
mestic economy, or the means of enabling every poor man’s family to live
better and more cheaply, by applying things to the best purposes in the
best way, and by teaching the use of different articles of food, of which
many are at present ignorant, or know but little about. A garden all of
you begin to value as one of your best friends: my gardener will give you
a lesson upon gardening ; so that you may, if you will, have vegetables of all
sorts, and common fruits in plenty, and know how to raise your own plants,
and sow your own seeds. I shall mention only two other subjects, but they
are of the greatest importance, viz. politics and religion. I am one of
those who think it but just that those who pay for the support, and contri-
bute to the expenses, of government (and all pay more or less, directly or
indirectly), should occasionally turn their attention to the measures and
principles of government. It is only bad governments that do not like to
render an account of their proceedings and expenditure to the people,
like as bad servants fear to be called to an account by their master; tem-.
perate and constitutional discussion on this subject is the right of all
people, and can do no harm to any whose conduct is upright and honest.
Above all, and as being the most important, and your enquiries being, as I
understand, the most directed thereto, is the subject of religion; in com
parison with this all other subjects become of little consequence.”

We should be happy to hear of societies of this sort being formed in
every village of the kingdom; nothing but the control of opinion will save
this country from a crisis. It is in the nature of things that the political
sufferings of all will render all politicians. — Cond.

MM 4

536 - Experiment in Monmouthshire —

of the most useful vegetables, and many others which, though
desirable, are not necessary; currants and gooseberries,
raspberries, strawberries, apples, and the rhubarb for tarts ;
and (though more rarely) single plants and beds of flowers :
so that the prizes for “ the best cultivated villager’s garden
in the hills of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire,” and for “ the
best basket of sorted vegetables,” as well as for ‘ the finest
apples,” and for ‘ new or rare sorts of apples,” all fell to the
lot of the Blackwood villagers, at two successive shows of the
Horticultural Society in the year 1829, as well as the prize
for ‘the most beautiful flower in bloom.” That these are
striking indications of physical and moral improvement, who
will venture to disbelieve ? and who that is a real friend to the
peace and tranquillity, the reputation and happiness of his
country, but must wish them to become, as they EVEN YET
might be, uNiversaL? In the present state of the country
little progress in the true cottage system can be expected in
England, notwithstanding various applications for practical
information thereon have been made, and some of them from
persons of rank and extensive influence. In Ireland, on the
contrary, the labouring poor are not subjected to the fatal
effects of that taxation which in England renders the circum-
stances of the poor all but desperate; if the curse of tithes
could be previously removed as affecting improvements, the
cottage system on the most liberal scale might, under the
direction of judicious and experienced persons, be rendered a
real blessing to the country; as the editor of the Zrish Farmer’s
Journal for January 1827 justly observes. The hints for
farther improvement in the circumstances of the labouring
poor, afforded by the very interesting particulars, given in the
Gardener’s Magazine, of your late Continental tour, I cherish
with fondness, but, alas! without the hope of seeing many of
them adopted in my time.

Joun H. Mocerince.
Woodfield, Monmouthshire, March 5. 1830.

Art. 1V. On the Subject of an Experiment made for bettering the
Condition of the Labouring Classes. By Joun H. MoceripGe,
Esq.

Sir,

Farruer information as to the progress of my experiment
for bettering the condition of the labouring classes may not be
unacceptable to certain of your readers. It is now some
length of time since the last account appeared; and although

’

for bettering the Labouring Classes. 537

the additional incidents are few, and by no means so satis-
factory as heretofore, certain of them furnish matter of much
though mournful interest to the political economist, and to
the friends of the improvement, happiness, and respectability
of the working poor.

Except in one of the villages where local circumstances
have fostered improvement, very few additional houses have
been erected by cottagers ; who, partaking of late largely in
the distress of the times, have generally been disabled from
making any exertion to extricate themselves from the degraded
and dependent state into which they have been so deeply
plunged, or from availing themselves of the proffered assist-
ance for that purpose. Yet, up to the beginning of the last
winter, the progressive improvement in the appearance of
many dwellings previously built, as well as of their inmates,
was perceptible and gratifying; but, above all, the superior
cultivation and increased comforts derived from their gardens
strongly denoted greater ease of circumstances, as well as ma-
terially contributed thereto. A more striking proof of what
the exertions of the labouring classes, duly encouraged, instead
of unnaturally depressed, would effect in this way, can hardly
be furnished, than that which arises out of the fact, that, at all
the Horticultural Society meetings held during the past year, _
the cottagers of the earliest-established village, heretofore de-
scribed, carried away the prizes offered for the productions of
cottage gardens in the hills of either of the two counties of
Monmouth and Glamorgan. ‘The depression of trade, which
has within a year past been grievously felt in this part of the
country, and the imposition of local taxes, which the friends of
the strugeling poor have been unable to prevent, have ope-
rated a most distressing change, affording another and striking
proof of the gross impolicy as well as injustice of a state of
society which raises the price of provisions beyond the reach
of the unassisted poor; at the same time that, from the same
cause (enormity of taxation for church, king, and poor), exer-
tions directed to the preservation of a spirit of independence
are palsied, and the attainment of self-maintenance and self-
respect rendered a hopeless task. ‘The consequences of this
deplorable change in the state of affairs are too visible and too
lamentable to escape notice ; and, in particular, I am sorry to
have to mention that many cottage freeholds have been mort-
gaged, and others sold; and that a considerable number of
the most industrious, intelligent, and striving labourers have,
in the course of the summer, emigrated to the United States
of America; for which land of liberty, and freedom from
tithes and other oppressive taxation, many more are eager to

538 Agricultural and Horticultural Labourers

embark. The necessity which exists, and which seems likely
to continue, for selling the produce of our mines and manu-
factories at very reduced prices, if sold at all, operating, and
necessarily so, great reduction in the rate of wages ; the impo-
sition of direct taxes, and the probability of the curse of tax-
ation being farther extended so as to include the cottages of
the poorest of the poor, as contemplated in a bill introduced
into parliament in the course of the last session by Mr. Slaney,
one of the members for Shrewsbury, render, I fear, all pros-
pect of retrievement but faint and feeble, till that change takes
place in our national affairs which error and misrule have been
long preparing. I am, Sir, &c.

Woodfield, August 28. Joun H. Mocerinee.

Art. V. Observations chiefly relating to the Agricultural and
Horticultural Labourers in France and England. By R. BaKe-
WELL, Esq.

Sir,

I wave perused with unmixed satisfaction your notes and
reflections on the country round Paris, in the last Number
of the Gardener’s Magazine (p. 1.): though much has been
written and published on the French capital, I have met with
no other account which conveys so correct and original a de-
scription of what is peculiar and distinctive in the characters
and appearance of the environs of Paris, compared with those
of London. ‘Travellers generally confine their observations
too much to the higher orders of society, whose manners in
all civilised countries are so nearly reduced to the same form,
that they may, as Rousseau observes, be regarded as puppets
fixed to the same board, and moved by the same wire. “ ‘The
simple annals of the labouring poor,” who compose the great
mass of society, deserve the chief attention of the traveller, at
least of him who would really benefit the world by his ram-
blings. It has doubtless occurred to you, that many customs of
the people on the Continent, which appeared at first as absurd,
for no better reason than their variance from those in Great
Britain, were, ona more complete knowledge of them, found
to be appropriate to the climate and circumstances of the
country. I would therefore ask you, in the spirit of enquiry,
and not of criticism, whether the “ intolerably high roofs” of
which you complain, as disfiguring the houses in France, do
not possess substantial advantages which more than compen-
sate for their appearance? In the first place, the empty space
under the roof forms the grenier, and is appropriated to keep

in Erance and England. 539

the winter stock of wood for fuel dry; but it performs more
important services. I appeal to the thousands of persons re-
siding in the flat low-roofed houses round London, whether,
in the years 1826 and 1827 (which had true French summers),
they did not find their upper sleeping-rooms, from being so
close to the roof, as hot as bakers’ ovens, and whether they
could by any possible means keep them cool. In winter,
owing to the same cause, the rooms are extremely cold, and
subject to frequent inundations from the sudden thawing of the
snow which lodges upon the roof. ‘These inconveniences are
effectually prevented by the high roofs of the French houses,
which, by interposing a great body of air between the tiles and
the upper ceiling, tend to equalise the temperature, while the
form of the roof prevents the snow from lodging in thick
masses. [A sufficient argument; and we now see a beauty in
high roofs which we did not see before. ]

The following case strongly exemplifies the folly of con-_
demning practices because they are at variance with those in
our own country: —A very intelligent friend of mine observed
in the neighbourhood of ‘Tours a large public work (I believe
it was an embankment), which appeared to proceed very
slowly, compared with the rapid execution of such works in
England. He expressed his surprise to the overlooker, and
received the following answer : — “I admit, Sir, that in Eng-
land you would have completed the work in as many months
as it will take us years to finish, but I believe that the expense
‘would have been greater in the same ratio ; it is not, however,
to save expense that we conduct the work slowly; we have a
higher object in view, the benefit of the labouring classes in
the neighbourhood. ‘There are certain times of the year when
they have not sufficient employment; at such times any man
may come here and work as long as he pleases, for one hour,
two hours, or more, and he is paid in exact proportion to the
quantity of work he performs. ‘The barrows are all of the
same size, and he receives for the number of barrowfuls of
earth that he wheels to a certain place, a clerk noting down
each time that he passes. Whenever he pleases he demands
his money, and returns home. ‘The wages we allow are some-
thing less than the common rate of labour, but are sufficient
for his support; and in this way we have rendered essential
service to the labouring poor for several years.” Many a
John Bull, who thinks himself a political economist, would
have chuckled with exultation at the superior cleverness and
quickness of the English, when he first learned the slow pro-
gress of such a work, and would never have stopped to dis-
cover the practical good sense by which it was directed. In

540 Agriccltural and Horticultural Labourers

regarding France as an agricultural and horticultural country,
it is impossible to overlook the political revolution which has
divided the landed property into small masses, and which, by
abolishing the right of primogeniture, tends continually to
subdivide every estate in France. It is easy to conceive, in
theory, that this subdivision might be carried so far as to
prejudice the interests of agriculture: but I do not believe that
it has had or will have this effect, for the proprietors of very
small portions of land will almost always sell them if there be
no house upon the property. A more equal division of land,
by increasing the number of proprietors, gives security to
property, as it increases the number of those deeply interested
in its defence. ‘The system applauded by some economists, of
breaking up small farms, and consolidating them into large
ones, has not (as it has often been contended) the necessary
effect of increasing produce, but it sends the greater part of
the population of whole villages to the workhouse.

In Flanders, where the farms do not on the average exceed
from eight to eighteen acres, we find a population which, taken
per square mile, is double that of England; and a greater
quantity of food is said to be produced there than from any
country of the same size in Europe: the people are also living
in a state of great comparative comfort. ‘The natural fertility
of Flanders is not greater than that of England.

Another advantage resulting from the division of property
will be, that the possessors will cease to be very eager to turn
soldiers, and hazard their lives for objects in which they have
no interest whatever; and if in this way the military ardour of
the French people should abate, it will be better both for
themselves and their neighbours. When the right of primo-
geniture underwent a fresh examination by the French legis-
lature four years since, and the law which abolished it was
reconfirmed, an English senator, whose views are in general
liberal and just, surprised his friends by declaring im parlia-
ment that the French legislators were insane; because the
abolition of the right of primogeniture would, by the division
of property, increase the number of rural consumers of pro-
duce, and be the ruin of France. In proof of this, he stated
that the rural population of France at present consumed one
half of the agricultural produce, whereas in England the rural
population consumed less than one third,* I confess that I

* Tam not certain that the relative proportion of food consumed by the
rural population of France and England is precisely what was stated, not
having the papers to refer to: the principle, however, remains the same. I
published some remarks on this extraordinary speech in the Times news-
paper, a few days after its delivery:

‘in France and England. ~ 541

cannot understand why a nation may not be as great and as
happy when a large portion of its population consume the
produce under a clear atmosphere, instead of being cooped up
in large towns, factories, and garrets. Be this as it may, I bee
the attention of your readers to the extraordinary fact, that
the worthy senator who pronounced the French legislators to
be insane, and stated so dogmatically what portion of the food
ought to be consumed by the rural population, entirely over-
looked the important circumstance, that France is a wine
country, and employs some millions of the country people in
the cultivation of the grape; and that the total yearly value of
the wines in France exceeds twenty-five millions sterling, an
amount ereater than that of any three manufactures of English
national produce, such as wool and iron, Vineyards require
twenty times more hands per acre than what are wanted in
pasturage and tillage farms; besides this, a great number of
workmen are required for cooperage and making glass bottles.
Wine-making, though performed by the rural population, is
_ In every respect as much entitled to be regarded as a manu-
facture as that of wool, of flax, or of iron.

If the vine cultivators consume a large portion of the agri-
cultural produce in their neighbourhood, do they not confer
as great a benefit on their country in return as the consumers
in Manchester and Sheffield do on England, a large amount
of French wines being sold for exportation ?

The above is a proof of the facility with which Englishmen
too often decide on what foreign nations ought to do for their
own happiness, without possessing a knowledge of all the cir-
cumstances which alone could enable them to judge correctly.

As closely connected with the subject it may be proper to
state, — the fact is fully ascertained, that the average duration
of human life in France has been greatly prolonged since the
revolution, which is mainly attributed to a large portion of the
people being enabled, by the more equal distribution of the
land, to live in a state of greater comfort than formerly.

The quantity of agricultural produce consumed in the
country may be less in England than it was formerly ; yet no
one can deny that the state of the agricultural population has
greatly and alarmingly deteriorated, and that crimes and pau-
perism have increased to an enormous extent. The solid
strength and prosperity of a nation ought not to be measured
by the greatness of its capital in the hands of a few monopolists,
or by the quantity of manufactured or agricultural produce
which it can export, but by the general comfort enjoyed, and
by the physical and moral condition of its inhabitants. I
was informed by a clergyman, who has been forty years the

542 Labourers in France and England.

resident rector of a large agricultural parish in Gloucester-
shire, that, when he entered upon his rectory, there were forty-
five small farmers in the parish, who brought up their families
respectably in habits of dustry; and their children, when
they left home, made excellent domestic and agricultural ser-
vants. At that time there were only a very few paupers in
the whole parish: at present, all the small farms have been
consolidated into four large farms; and what is the conse-
quence ? — the parish teems with miserable paupers, and the
character of the inhabitants is entirely changed for the worse.
This is too general a description of English agricultural pa-
rishes. It is true, the landlords may at first increase their
income, and lessen the expense of building repairs by this
system; but if the poor-rates devour a large portion of their
rents, and their property is exposed to the ravages of a starving
and demoralised people, they will find that they have not
gained much by the extinction of small farms. The present
state of the agricultural poor in this country is a subject of
the most momentous import ; and any information respecting
the condition of the same classes on the Continent cannot be
without its use, as it may tend to elucidate the causes of pre-
sent distress, and suggest some hints for amelioration. ‘This
is the best apology I can offer for sending you the above very
desultory observations : they were elicited by the vivid recol-
lections of the Continent which your admirable description of
the environs of Paris brought fresh to my mind. Before I
conclude, allow me to propose one question. Great Britain,
or rather our ministers and parliaments, have expended not
less than a thousand million pounds sterling to restore the
monarchical and paternal government of the Bourbons*:
now, I very much doubt whether any minister or parliament
could be found, who could by any means be induced to vote
one fifth part of the sum, or two hundred millions, for any
measure to benefit the condition of the English people, how-
ever great the good it would confer on them. If this be so
(and few or none will deny it), I say, if this be the fact, does
it not prove that we love our neighbours five times more than
we love ourselves? Yet, notwithstanding this surpassing kind-
ness towards them, whether it arise from a defect in the organ
of gratitude, or from some mental idiosyncracy, I never met
with a Frenchman, of any class or party, who felt thankful
for what we had done, or who did not seem to rejoice at the

* The total expense of the last war exceeds the sum here stated ; for,
besides the addition which it made to the national debt, all the supplies
were raised (without law) by the income tax for a considerable number of
years.

Timber Tree Plantations at West Dean. 543

difficulties into which we were plunged by interfering in their
concerns. Now, the question I would ask you, Sir, is this,
Have you been more fortunate in discovering the national
gratitude of Frenchmen? Nor is the question foreign to our
subject; for, if we find that we have burdened ourselves with
an intolerable load of taxation (the main cause of our present
distress) in order to settle the government of France, and have,
notwithstanding, failed in exciting any kind will thereby, would
it not be prudent to change our system entirely, and to dis-
miss all our expensive military establishments, to confine our-
selves to a strictly defensive plan for the future, and to leave
other nations to choose what form of government they may
like best ? Among the expensive military establishments that
might be dismissed with advantage are those in most of our
foreign possessions ; as it might be proved that they have cost
more to conquer and maintain than the total amount of all the
extra-profit we derive from their commerce. France, deprived.
of nearly all her foreign possessions, has within herself the
elements of mighty power ; and is, I conceive, much stronger
than if her population were taxed to maintain establishments
which possess little utility beside that of providing situations
for the younger sons of the aristocracy.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Hampstead, March 2. 1830. R,. BaKkEweELL.

Art. VI. On the Management of the Timber Tree Plantations at
West Dean, in Sussex. By Mr. Joun Bowers, Gardener and
Planter there.

Sir,

WuEN you visited the West Dean Gardens, you appeared
much pleased with the thriving appearance of the young
plantations. As I attribute their luxuriancy in a great degree
to my method of management, perhaps a detail of the experi-
ment may be acceptable to some of your numerous readers.
The experience of three years proves it to be both practicable
and advantageous.

When the forest trees are from 4: to 5 ft. high, I commence
the winter pruning by taking off all the strong side shoots up.
to the leader, and cutting them close to the bole of the tree.
I leave a few of the small weak shoots, at about 15 or 18 in.
apart, on all the forest trees (except the ash), from which they
are all removed; I consider these to be of service in conduct-
ing the sap to the leading shoot. I prefer those shoots whose

544 Timber Tree Plantations at West Dean.

points are declming. The buds of the ash, being much larger
than those of the other forest trees, are of themselves capable
of absorbing the superfluous sap.

Young thriving plantations require to be pruned and thinned
every two years. ‘The same method as at the first is followed
in all subsequent prunings. I afterwards take off some of
those side shoots which were left at the first pruning, as many
fresh ones will have grown out since. As the trees increase,
I take off the lower branches, where they are intended to
form a high wood, but those of the park or pleasure grounds
of course remain untouched, as their beauty and grandeur
depend on their widely extended limbs.

Where many larch and Scotch firs are interspersed with
the forest trees, | remove some of their bottom branches at
the first pruning: the spruce fir does not require this. At
the second, and all future prunings, the bottom branches of
every species of fir tree will require great attention. Peculiar
care must be taken in thinning the plantations, as the trees
will have grown much since the last pruning. ‘The tops of
the trees should stand clear of each other, as a free circulation
of air is necessary to their health and vigour. When they are
20 ft. high they will require to be well: thinned, after which
but little pruning will be wanted.

I find early pruning and thinning to be essential ; where this
is neglected the inees. make but little progress; for, being en-
cumbered with useless branches, their leaders become stunted.

I have every reason to be satisfied with my experiments on
summer pruning: J begin this operation when the young
shoots are from 8 to 10 in. long; if done earlier, the leading
shoots cannot dispose of the redundant sap, and many weak
useless branches will be thrown out. ‘The trees pruned
the preceding winter make vigorous shoots in the spring; and
it is on these trees only that Thave practised summer pruning,
by t taking off their strong side-shoots, as in the winter prun-
ing. I suffer some of the small side shoots to remain on tll
the forest trees, except the ash. ‘The shoots at this season
being extr emely tender, require great care to prevent injury ;
and the operation is best perfor med with a small sharp knife.
The damage arising from storms is in a great measure pre-
vented by this pruning.

The growth of the trees which have been submitted ‘to
summer “pruning far exceeds that of the others, especially the
ash. Some of the leaders of the latter are upwards of 6 ft.
long, strong and firm.

T first made the experiment of summer pruning in June
1828. ‘The trees were about 6 ft. high; in the autumn of

On Mr. Howden’s Management of Forest Trees. 545

1829, they exceeded 20 ft.; and the oak, beech, and other forest
trees have grown in proportion. ‘The summer-pruned trees
are manifestly the strongest. Another advantage attending
this system is, that the timber will be free from knots, the
wounds soon healing after the removal of small branches;
whereas injury necessarily follows from taking off large ones.
The business of winter pruning will consist only in removing
the small bottom branches.

I have this summer pruned a hundred acres of young
plantations, which are remarkably thriving and healthy; I
find the expense much less than that attending winter prun-
ing, nearly in the proportion of one man to four.

Previously to planting, the ground is broken up by the
spade or the plough, as deep as the soil will admit of. In
exposed situations I plant at the distance of 2 ft. 6 in., mak-
ing choice of strong healthy plants from the nursery 18 in.
high. It is of great importance that the roots of the plants
should not be exposed to the drying air; I have them
well covered at all times. Under this process credit will
accrue to the foreman, and advantage to the proprietor...”

I am, Sir, &c.
J. Bowers.
West Dean Gardens, August 23. 1830.

Art. VII. Observations respecting Mr. Howden’s Management of
Forest Trees. By Mr. J. ELiEs.
Sir,

Some excellent papers have lately appeared in the Maga-
zine respecting the pruning and general management of tim-
ber trees, by practical men, of great experience and reputa-
tion; but as there are some points to which I cannot give my
unqualified assent, a few observations with reference to those
points may, I trust, not be deemed impertinent. ‘To begin,
then, with our old, facetious, and excellent friend, Agronome.
I wish Mr. Howden had kept us in ignorance of his real cog-
nomen ; there was a charm about the word ‘ Agronome,”
which irresistibly impelled me to the perusal of his papers,
in preference to any other. Yes, Sir, the facetious, the prac-
tical, and rigidly critical Agronome has latterly 2lluminated
the principle of pruning forest trees, not, it is true, with a
corona of wax lights, nor yet with a halo of gas, but (hez
mihi !) by teaching us the greasy drudgery of dipping tallow
candles !! (ducus d non tucendo.). Now, this comparison ap-

Vou. VI.— No. 28. NN

546 Observations respecting Mr. Howden’ s

pears to me, with all due deference to Mr. Howden, to be
not only lowering, but positively sinking, the dignity of our
ancient profession, To be recommended to a tallow-chandler
for instruction!!! I think there must be some consanguinity
between prose and poetry ; for this comparison reminds me of
a ludicrous couplet I have seen or heard somewhere, exhibit-
ing a specimen of what, I believe, the critics call the bathos,
or the art of sinking in poetry; in which a death by light-
ning is thus described, due solemnity of course being given
to the diction, for it is part of an epitaph : —

“* By elemental fire this maid was kill’d,
Behind a haycock, mn John Stanly’s field.”

Besides, Sir, my humble opinion is, that both metaphor and
analogy are exceptionable modes of expression when reason-
ing on vegetable substances; for our deductions by analogy
are not unfrequently the converse of those we arrive at by
physiology. ‘The strawberry plant, to wit: cut off the stolons
as they appear, says analogy, and you will strengthen and
fructify the parent plant. Touch not one till they are
rooted, says physiology, and you will strengthen and fructify
the parent plant. Now, which is right, analogy or physi-
ology? Analogy, the novice would say; but the experienced
horticulturist knows that physiology is right. Adjust (by
pruning) the branches to the roots of transplanted trees, says
analogy. ‘Touch not a twig, or a leaf, says physiology; and
physiology is right ; notwithstanding a contrary opinion has
been expressed by Mr. Gorrie, a man whose name I men-
tion with great respect, and who is an honour to his pro-
fession.

That the plan of not pruning transplanted trees is strictly in
accordance with the principles of physiology, I think few men
will hesitate to admit; for the gardener is almost daily exem-
plifying the principle, in either’ striking or cutting, removing
his celery plants, or transplanting his cabbages. I remember
the time when it was thought excellent practice to dock all
these, both at the top and bottom!! Even a carnation could
not be layered nor a pink piping struck without some empirical
mutilation! ! A better practice now happily prevails. Be-
sides, it is practised by thousands, merely from the effect of
long habit and observation. In Devonshire the plan of not
pruning transplanted: apple trees is general, and there I first
learned it from a farmer and planter, who knew as much
about physiology as about Sanscrit ; nevertheless he practised
transplanting trees with as much success, though with infinitely
less notoriety than the far-famed Sir Henry Steuart, whose

Management of forest Trees. B83

egotism and arrogance are now happily treated by gardeners
with that contempt they so well merit.

May not, then, after all, some principle of this kind, I
mean a physiological principle, interfere to render the perfect-
ibility of the candle-dipping theory somewhat problematical ?
All knots come from the centre; so they do: but observe
the number of lateral knots in embryo, doubtless as a provi-
sion in cases of accident, and which are always ready to pro-
trude, and do protrude, on the removal of the parent branch ;
this is peculiarly the case with oak and elm; so that how-
ever early, or however carefully, they may be pruned, knots
there will be, unless the distance is regulated so as to prevent
the growth of those knots or branches; and this distance I
hold to be of as much importance as all the systems of
pruning put together.

I am no enemy to pruning deciduous trees; on the con-
trary, I agree with Mr. Howden, that to prune well we
should prune early; but all the pruning in the world will
not effect the forester’s intention, unless a due regard be
had to the distances when thinning out. On it depend the
form of the tree, and, consequently, the value of the tim-
ber; and, at the last thinning, on the distance depends the
value of the underwood, a consideration too frequently
overlooked. Leave an acre of ground covered at regular
distances with forest trees, and what will be the value of
the underwood ? — Not worth cutting. Leave the same num-
ber in groups, and you not only have as fine timber, but the
underwood becomes of the utmost value. I have seen thou-
sands of acres of land covered with timber trees and under-
wood grouped in this manner, or closely approximating to it,
and where pounds, shillings, and pence were not secondary
considerations ; and it has been found to answer well.

Mr. Howden strongly advocates pruning the fir tribe; no
doubt he has good reasons. I am decidedly opposed to prun-
ing them at all. I mean the silver, Scotch, and spruce; the
larch is of a different nature. Early pruning, or pruning at all,
injures the growth of the spruce and silver; the Scotch bears
cutting better ; but the wood is irretrievably injured in all by
pruning, for they have a most provoking disposition to swell
and bulge out round a wounded part, and, by the very pro-
cess of healing, considerably elongate the original wound.

One observation more, and I have done for the present.
I do not think it at all surprising that people should differ in
opinion respecting the management of forest trees, when we
consider that it is barely possible for one man to live long
enough to ascertain the merits or demerits of his own prac-

NN 2

548 Culture of Seedling Ranunculuses.

tice: he lops, and prunes, and dies! Even his very name: is
probably forgotten before the objects of his care, his solici-
tude, and skill, are put to the test by the plane of the car-
penter. I am, Sir, &c.

Palace Gardens, Armagh, Aug. 28. 1830. J. ELLEs.

THE preceding communication we consider of very great
importance, and we earnestly recommend it to the study of
the young gardener. ‘The error of taking off strawberry
runners before they are rooted, and that of adjusting the
branches of transplanted trees to the roots, we had fallen into
ourselves, and we therefore feel the force of Mr. Elles’s ar-
guments.. We repeat our opinion, that communications of

this kind are invaluable to the practical cultivator. — Cond.

Art. VIII. | On the Culture of Seedling Ranunculuses.
By the Rev. Josrpu Tyso.
Sir,

I nave been making experiments on the culture of seedling
ranunculuses for five or six years, and I hcve at length suc-
ceeded to admiration. This year I had one seedling bed,
20 ft. long and 3 ft. broad, which contained about 500 roots,
out of which I have selected more than 100, many of which
will vie with their renowned predecessors. One obtained the
first prize at our annual show at the Town Hall, and also the
premium prize, as being the best flower exhibited that day.
The root was afterwards sold to Mr. Brown of Slough for five
guineas. ‘The florists then went to see the bed, and expressed
their admiration. Mr. Brown purchased another root for
three guineas, and several others were sold at the same time
for-a guinea a root. A few days after ten pounds were offered _
for three other roots, but were refused. As this is not the age
for keeping secrets, when making them known will be a public
benefit, I most cheerfully communicate my method of culture
to you.

Some years ago I sowed some ranunculus seed, but not one
vegetated. Next year I examined the seed I sowed, by the
aid of a small lens, and found it only chaff; Some time after-
wards I obtained a thousand seedlings, which had never
bloomed, but they did not produce any good flowers; they
were evidently grown fo be sold. However, I sowed some
seed from the best semidoubles; this produced only a few
promising blooms. I thought if I could sow seed from my
old double flowers, my seedlmgs would many of them be

Culture of Seedling Ranunculuses. 549

double. I then began to impregnate the double flowers with
the farina of the single ones. ‘This could not be done with
effect in every case; but wherever I found an old flower with
a pericarpium, or eye, I gathered a single or semidouble
flower, and applied the farina to the eye of the double flower.
Soon after this operation I perceived the pericarpium or seed-
vessel increase in size, until many of them became an inch
long, particularly those of the Variat, Arbrisseau, Grand Mo-
narque, Horatio, Rose Incomparable, La 'Tendresse, and a few
others. I kept the seeds separate, at least I preserved them
in classes ; dark yellow-edged, &c., and others the most strongly
marked ; and sowed them in separate boxes, and the next year
I planted the roots in separate rows. The result has been that
they all bear a striking resemblance to the mother plant, as to
colour and habit of growth. The seeds sowed from Naxara,
Variat, and Viola la vraie noire produced dark flowers. Those
sowed from Arbrisseau, Grand Monarque, and Horatio, pro-
duced yellow spotted and edged, and several superior to the
original plants. Double flowers cannot produce seed, because
they contain no anthers, but merely the germ, which must
come in contact with the farina from the single flowers before
it can be impregnated ; for which reason no good seed can be
saved from double flowers without a bed of seedlings.

I have sowed at all seasons from the Ist of August to the
Ist of March. I prefer the middle or latter end of October,
and the beginning of January, to other times. I sow in boxes
18in. by 1lin. and 4in. deep. I fill them full of loamy
earth, and press the surface level. ‘Then I sow the seeds
about an eighth of an inch apart, cover them as thinly as
possible, and water with a fine rose; then I place the boxes
under glass without heat. ‘The plants usually make their ap-
pearance in about a month. I give air day and night, except
in severe frost; then I cover up with straw mats; with such
protection the young plants will endure the severest seasons.
Mine were not injured by the severity of last winter. I clean
the surface of the boxes from green moss in February, and
top-dress them. I put the boxes in the open ground up to
the edge the second week in May, and water daily until the
grass begins to wither. I then suffer the boxes to become
quite dry; and in the middle of July I take them up and pre-
serve the roots in bags until February, when I plant them as
I do my general stock. In the following June they flower in
great profusion.

I am confident if florists would adopt this method that
more than half the old flowers under name would soon be
thrown into mixtures. Much has been done in raising seed-

NN):

550 Effectual Method of killing Wasps.

ling tulips, carnations, pinks, auriculas, and polyanthuses, yet
nothing has been done to any extent in the culture of the
ranunculus, though it excels all other flowers in the symmetry
of its shape, and in the brilliancy and variety of its colours.
A bed of choice ranunculuses presents one of the most attrac-
tive objects Nature can exhibit in her gayest mood. ‘There
you behold black, purple, and violet of every shade, mingled
with others as white as snow. ‘There you see crimson, red,
and rose of various tints; orange, yellow, and straw of every
die. Many are striped as distinctly as the carnation, some
are red and white, and others scarlet and gold. - Numbers are
edged like the picotee, having white, buff, or yellow grounds.
Others are shaded, spotted, and mottled in endless variety.
The sight of such a collection instantly fills the spectator with
admiration and delight. Tam, Sir, &c.

Walling ford, Sept. 1. 1830. JosEPH Tyso.

Art.1X. A simple and effectual Method of killing Wasps. By W.
Sir,

In your Magazine, last year, you gave several very good
methods for destroying wasps (Vol. V. p. 277. 332. 438.) ;
but the method I by mere accident found out, the other day,
is still more simple and effectual than any of those you have
mentioned, and the whole operation does not take a minute.

My plan is this; — When a wasps’ nest is found, I take
about half a pint of tar in a pitch-ladle, and run part of it
into the hole where the nest is; put the remainder of the tar
round about the mouth of the hole, and the job is done. All
the wasps that are in the nest are caught in their attempt to
come out, and those that are out are caught in their attempt
to go in: so that none escape. If the nest should be ina
place where the tar will soon get dry, it may, perhaps, be
better to put a little more tar round the hole the following
day ; as, in general, there are a great many of the wasps which
are out all night, and when the tar is dry it will not catch
them.

It is not necessary to dig out the nest; and the tar may be
applied at any time of the day, even when the wasps are most*
busy.

Within the last week I have destroyed above twenty nests,
and the wasps at no time made any attempt to sting.

I am, Sir, &c.
C. , near Winchester, Aug. 24. 1830. W.

Lnsects tn Orchards. 551

Art. X. On Insects in Orchards. By Mr. D. ANDERSON.
Sir,

Ir will be admitted that horticulturists are more susceptible
of, and more exposed to, the vicissitudes of the atmosphere,
and to destruction by insects, in their labours and property,
than most other men, and indeed more than even agricultur-
ists in general. Much light has been thrown upon this sub-
ject by your various correspondents, and much yet remains
for investigation and observation. I have two acres of orchard,
of from twenty to thirty years’ standing; three fourths apples :
I have paid considerable attention to their growth and crops
during that time, and I find that apples suffer more from
insects than any other sort of orchard fruit. I have not, how-
ever, been able to discover any effectual remedy, nor do I
think any will be found, as I conceive the evil does not arise
from any peculiar state or condition of the trees, or soil, or
situation, but from the early or late, wet or dry, state of the
season, over which we can have no control. If the months of
January and February be mild and temperate, the blossom
buds become prominent; and if the month of March be dry
and frosty, as is often the case, the buds become stagnant
in rather an open state. Just then a certain small fly
makes its last change, and coming forth on wing, strikes
its ege into the eye of the bud. ‘The egg soon comes to
a caterpillar, which, during the months of April and May,
eats out the blossom, and, when full grown, preys upon the
young foliage, and may be seen hanging by a thread, and
resting upon your hat and clothes as you pass under ; it leaves
the trees, in the latter end of May, as naked as they were in
winter. ‘This is a small light green caterpillar, one third of
an inch long, which does not lodge itself on the trees, but,
like the gooseberry caterpillar, buries itself in the ground till
the proper season for coming forth. ‘The years 1817, 1819,
1821, 1824, and 1827 exhibited these appearances in a greater
or less degree. On the contrary, when the early months are
severe, the buds are kept back till April: if then the season
proves mild and wet, the fly is impeded, the bud is encouraged,
and in May the blossom opens freely, and seldom fails of a
crop, as in the years 1818, 1820, 1822, and 1826; and, if
my views on this subject be correct, I calculate upon a full
crop of apples this year.

D. ANDERSON.
Driffield, Yorkshire, April 30. 1829.

NN 4

552 Mode of destroying the Green Fly.

Art. XI. On the Green Fly in the Blossoms of Peach Trees.
By Mr. James Craic, Gardener to G. Cholmeley, Esq., How-
‘sham, York.

Sir,

Last year the blossoms of several of the peach trees at this
place, both on the walls and in the houses, appeared un-
healthy : they seemed not to expand freely, which induced me
to examine them minutely, when I found, in many cases,
three or four green flies in a flower, surrounding the base of
the style, which in consequence was discoloured and sickly ;
and, in short, all such set no fruit. At that time I could not
find any of these insects but what were in the flowers ; hence
T infer that the larvee had been deposited in the inner folds of
the buds during the preceding summer. I tried an experi-
ment to check them on one tree on the open wall as follows :
I added clear water to tobacco liquor till I brought it to the
colour of pale ale, and in that state applied it freely with a
fine syringe to the tree when in full flower. This killed part
of the insects; and the remainder were so sickly after it that
they were unable to do much harm until the fruit was set,
when I considered myself at liberty to give them a much
stronger dose. I do not pretend that this is altogether a safe
method, although, from the closest observation I could make,
I did not discover that the tree thus treated sustained any
injury from the treatment; the atmosphere might at that time
be in a state to favour it: it was done in the forenoon, and the
liquor was probably soon evaporated ; otherwise it might, by
remaining a long time in the flower-cups, have done as much
harm as the flies. The necessity of endeavouring to extirpate
this pest to the peach tree cannot be too often pressed on the
gardener’s attention, as they multiply so very rapidly. To-
bacco liquor is the best thing I know of for this purpose, after
the fruit is set, until the trees shed their leaves in the autumn.
When the major part of the leaves are fallen, I recommend
syringing every part of the tree with soap-suds and urine ; and
this repeated several times between that time and the opening
of the buds the following spring. When these insects com-
mence their attacks on peach trees under glass before the
fruit is set, no remedy that I know is better or safer than the
old one of fumigating with home-grown tobacco; and I take
the liberty of attempting to give you a description of a fumi-
gating pot ( fig.94.), which, I believe, is not generally known. I
never saw but one of the kind ; one which my father got made
many years ago. It is made of sheet iron, holds about 3 Ibs.
of tobacco, and acts on the outside of the house: the bellows
it is worked with are double blasted.

Mode of destroying the Black and Green A'phides. 553

The pot may be made at a trifling expense, and, with care,
will last for many years.

a, the pot; 6, the blow-hole, with a grate at the inner end :
c, the lid, on which is fixed a tube (d) to convey the smoke
into the house, through an aperture made in a square of tin
(c) which is fixed into the upright sashes (one in every third
or fourth sash) imstead of a square of glass; when there are
no upright sashes, the tube will require another angle (f). An
apparatus of this sort is very convenient, as any person may
work it, and fill the houses to any degree required without
suffering a night’s sickness by it.
J. Crate.
Howsham, February 15. 1830.

Art. XII. On the Destruction of the Black and Green A'phides
on Cherry and Plum Trees. By N. T.
Sir,

In my former communication (p. 403.) upon the subject of
insects, I observed that the mixture described would not de-
stroy the black A‘phis on the cherry tree, nor the light green
A‘phis on the plum tree. I have now found that by the
addition of another ingredient, viz. one gill only of tobacco
water, such as can be procured from any of the tobacconists,
both these troublesonie insects are readily and effectually de-
stroyed, by applying it in the manner before recommended.
About three weeks ago I immersed all the young shoots of
my cherry trees, plum trees, and black currant trees, which
were infested with the A’phides peculiar to each tree, in this
mixture, as warm as the hand could bear without inconve-
nience, keeping the young shoots and leaves in it a few
seconds only. ‘This was done in the evening after the sun
was off the tree: and I found the A’phides all dead the next
morning. The leaves of these young shoots are now free from

554 Cheap Method of raising Celery.

them, and as vigorous as if they had not been attacked by the
insects. In this method of destroying them there is not that
waste of liquor which there is in other mixtures applied by
means of the garden engine. One ale quart was sufficient for
all the cherry trees and plum trees in my garden.

The sulphuret of lime may be kept almost any length of
time, so as to be ready for use when wanted for making the
mixture, by filling small bottles with it, corking them, and
immersing them, with their necks downwards, in a vessel of
water.

I am, Sir, &c.
July 10. 1830. Neh

Art. XIII. A cheap and easy Method of raising Celery. *
By Mr. E. Rocer.
Sir,

As almost every person who has a garden plants a few
early potatoes, those who are fond of celery will find the fol-
lowing method of raising it cheap, simple, and easy.

After the potatoes are fully hoed up, it will be found that
the furrows are an excellent ready made trench for the celery ;
then take a small spade, and cover in a good dose of strong
manure betwixt every alternate row of the potatoes, every
furrow would be too close, and then plant in the usual man-
ner. In digging the potatoes, take up every alternate row
first, which will give more air to the celery. —

The advantages of the above plan are as follows: — Ist,
no ground is lost by the celery crop; 2d, no labour is
required in making the trench; 3d, the celery plants really
thrive better at first by being partly shaded by the potatoes ;
and 4th, the celery can be partly earthed up when digging
the potatoes, without any additional labour.

I may also observe that every economical gardener may
also take a crop of early cabbage from the other furrows, as
every alternate furrow is only occupied with the celery; the
other furrows may be planted with spring-sown cabbage plants,
which will be quite ready for cutting before the earth is
wanted for the celery. I remark farther that celery plants
raised in the open air are by far the best, and just as easily
raised as green kail or cabbage, notwithstanding the mystifi-
cations of some of the professional gardeners.

* Originally published in the Ayr Advertiser, and recently sent to the —
Gardener’s Magazine by Mr. Roger.

Easy Method of raising an early Crop of Peas. 555

It will be seen that the above plan is really taking three
crops off the same piece of ground, which will of course
require to be well manured. Do not forget that “the midden
is the mither o’ the meal-kist.”

Iam Sir, yours, &c.

EK. Rocer.
Turf Inn, Kilmarnock, June 18. 1828. -

Art. XIV. On raising an early Crop of Peas, as formerly practised
in Tynningham Gardens, East Lothian. By Mr. Matn, A.L.S.
Sins: bat eae We,
Tue indefatigable President of the Horticultural Society,
among his many valuable papers presented to the Society, has
one on the practicability of raising a first crop of peas, by
transplanting. On this same subject it may not be amiss, for
the information of your readers, to detail the practice of gar-
deners in Scotland forty years ago, particularly the never-
failing method followed by the late Mr. Thomas Thomson at
Tynningham, the seat of the Karl of Haddington.

About the 10th of November, provide as many clean 24-
sized pots as may be necessary ; fill them with light rich com-
post; divide the pots by a diametrically placed piece of broken
glass, slate, tile, or any thin bits of pales cut to length, thrust’
down into the mould; draw, with the two fore and middle
fingers united, shallow drills on each side the partitions. In
these sow the seed (the earliest sort) moderately thick ; cover
with the compost; plunge the pots in a cold frame, in an open
spot, and protect them from mice and frost ; giving air on all
seasonable occasions throughout the winter. As soon as the
rigours of winter are over, they may be transplanted ; if under
a south wall the better. Dig a spit along and close to the
wall; cut out a shallow trench within 5 in. from it; turn out
the contents of each pot into or upon the hand; withdraw the
partition, and separate the roots of the divisions which will be
found united at bottom with a knife; then place the divisions
along the trench, earth up, and make all smooth. | Stick them
immediately with light slender sticks previously prepared, and
about 2 ft. high. ‘This will not only defend them from the
boisterous equinoctial gales which happen about that time
(middle of March), but also from frost. The peas are fit to
gather about the ist of May, according as the spring is more
or less genial.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Chelsea, Aug. 1829. J. Main.

556

PART IL.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. The Villa and Cottage Florist's Directory ; being a familiar
Treatise on Floriculture, particularly the Management of the best
Stage, Bed, and Border Flowers usually cultivated in Britain. To
which are added Directions for the Management of the Green-
house, Hot-house, and Conservatory; with the different Modes
of raising and propagating Exotic Plants : interspersed with many
new Physiological Observations and various useful Lists. By
James Main, A.L.S., Editor of the 23d Edition of Maw’s Gar-
dener’'s Calendar, and a Writer in various Departments of Gar-
dening, Agriculture, and Natural History. London, 1830.
12mo. 6s.

Tuts work is intended for practical florists; and where the
author adheres to what should have been his sole object, the
communication of the information obtained from an appa-
rently extensive and long experience in the management of
the flower-garden, the green-house, hot-house, and conser-
vatory, we know few works that more deserve the patronage
of the public than this little volume. But, soaring above the
ambition of the horticulturist, Mr. Main has unfortunately
involved himself and his readers in clouds and vapours, in
attempting to theorise on vegetable physiology. Whilst,
therefore, on the first account, we can honestly recommend
the volume as a practical guide to the young and inexpe-
rienced florist, it is our duty to prevent erroneous impres-
sions from being made, where they are most likely to be
received, and to become permanent, on the minds of the
uninformed and credulous. It is to this portion of the work
that it behoves us, reluctantly, to direct the attention of our
readers.

_ In describing the nature of bulbs, and the manner in which
the offsets or young bulbs are produced, Mr. Main has given
a kind of definition of the corculum, which, we confess, is far
beyond our homely understanding. He informs us that it

Villa and Cottage Florist?s Directory. 57

is ** an indefinite series of dividual essences, which are annu-
ally brought forth in succession ;” that “¢ it is the most essen-
tial organ of a vegetable being ;” and further, that it is ‘the
fountain which first contains, and from whence flows all the
productions of a plant.” Now, previously to reading these
passages, we flattered ourselves that we had some idea of
what is usually understood by the word corculum, in reference
to a bulb; we find, however, that we had quite mistaken the
meaning of the term. But whether it is an essence, or an
organ, or a fountain of vegetable production, our worthy
author should have informed us, as assuredly it cannot be all
three. We are still more puzzled to comprehend what fol-
lows. “It is,” says our author, “ variously located im the
system: in some, it is confined to one place; in others, de-
tached in groups from the first station ; and, on the generality
of trees and shrubs, it is diffused like a covering over the
whole surface of the plant.” (p.2.) We are also informed
that “the first, or highest in order,” of this series of essences,
‘¢ is, in the autumn before zt 7s developed, composed of a sur-
rounding envelope of thick fleshy bodies, like scales.” Now,
we candidly acknowledge that we have not capacity sufficient
to understand this mysterious passage; but we are willing
that our objections to it should be set down solely to the
obtundity of our everyday intellect. We dare not attempt
to follow our author in his profound lucubrations respecting
the developement of the ‘ processes of the sendor part of the
corculum,” nor those regarding the increase in size of the
vital principle (p. 3.); nor express our astonishment at the
discovery, “ that the essence which covers the whole surface
of trees and shrubs is no bigger than a grain of mustard seed ;”
neither will we venture to dispute the still more extraordinary
information respecting the influence of disease in hyacinths.
We speak this advisedly ; for our author informs us that the
new bulb is formed “ by the gouty basis of some of the last
and this year’s leaves embracing those, together with the
stem and flower, which are to be expanded in the next.” The
transcendental philosophy is a mere joke, comparing it with
the mysticism of that of our honest phytologist.

It is surely unnecessary to say one word more on the phy-
siology of this volume. We blame the author for his temerity
in throwing away his bladders before he has learned to swim,
and incautiously venturing beyond his depth: in plainer
language, for introducing as physiology, vague, unintelligible,
and crude ideas into his otherwise useful book; lessening his
authority with his readers ; and rendering them distrustful of

558 Villa and Cottage Florist’s Directory.

the practical instruction that he is so well fitted to afford to
them, by the exposure of his ignorance of a subject which is
altogether out of place * in his volume. It is painful to be
obliged to make these remarks, especially when the castiga-
tion is applied to an individual who is a very able floriculturist,
and a most respectable man ; but we have a public duty to per-
form paramount to every other consideration. We therefore
recommend the purchasers of this book to pass their pens
over what is termed the physiology; and then they will find
it a very useful guide.

But, leaving this part of the subject, we would correct a
few errors that have crept into the better part of the volume.
Thus tubers are frequently confounded with roots; and we
are informed that the turnip and carrot are ‘ bulbs differing
only in form.” Now we can most confidently assure our
readers that neither bulbs nor tubers are ever the productions
of roots, but of the stem, or ascending axis of the plant; and
that the turnip, and also the carrot, is a real root or descend-
ing axis: it is of little importance, and does not invalidate the
fact, that the portion of the stem usually producing bulbs and
tubers is beneath the surface of the ground. We are more
surprised that such an error should appear, after finding it
stated, that tubers are productions of the stem. (p. 19.) We
are also informed that the leaves are of no use in perfecting
the young bulb; yet, in treating of the cultivation of polyan-
thus-narcissus, our author correctly admits that cutting off
the leaves whilst in vigorous growth is detrimental. He doubts
whether the crocus can be ranked as a bulbous plant. If it be
not, what is it? The author’s application of the phrase “ vis
inertize,” towhat he terms the sleep of the anemone, is perfectly
new. In the use of well-known terms he is also frequently
incorrect : thus he calls the support of the carnation a peduncle,
whereas the immediate support of every flower is a pedicel ;
the prop of the pedicel, if it has one, is a peduncle. He
uses the word fecundified imstead of fecundated ; and fre-
quently other words peculiar to himself: thus, for example,
cauline instead of caulinar. His employment of terms that

* We cannot agree with our reviewer in this position. Unless the sub-
ject of vegetable physiology be altogether beyond the reach of cultivators,
in what work can the application of its principles be more appropriately
introduced than in a treatise on flowers ? The fault of our excellent friend
Mr. Main consists not in having introduced the subject ; for that he appears
to us to deserve great praise; but, as we have mentioned to our friend per-
sonally, im having mystified it. Mr. Mam has too much good sense and
good feeling, not to profit from the reviewer’s remarks. — Cond.

Botanical Magazine.. 559

have very distinct meanings as synonymes is also curious:
for instance, the phrase ‘‘ bundled or pendulous tubers ; ” as
if all pendulous tubers were produced in groups or bundles,
whereas some, particularly in the Orchidez, are invariably
solitary. We would also caution him against the employ-
ment of Latin plurals, until he ascertain the gender of their
singular number : the words Hybernaculum and Lilium are
neuter nouns, and, consequently, cannot have the plural in
@ ; thence Hybernacule and Lilize are incorrect.

We should be doing injustice to our author, if, notwith-
standing there remarks, we did not admit, as we have already
done, that the volume contains much valuable information to
the young and inexperienced florist.

Jaro JP ADs

Art. II. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, &c., published since June last, with some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

Our Hortus Britdnnicus being now published, we shall in future, in enumerating the plants
figured in the Botanical Periodicals, place a star (*) against all those which are not enumerated
in the Catalogue. This will direct the attention of our readers to these species, which will
be collected together at the end of every year, and incorporated with other newly introduced or
discovered species in the Annual Supplement to that work.

Britain.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, or Flower-Garden displayed; New Series.
_ Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. 6d. col. ; 3s. plain,

No. XLII. for June, contains

2990 to 2996. — Oncidium altissimum. — Crocus minimus. A presumed
British plant, unknown in our gardens, but as elegant and prettily varied
with colour as any in the genus. — Huphorbia corollata. “Raised at Bury
Hill, from seeds sent from North America by Mr. Nuttall. — Sphacele
Lindléy?. From Valparaiso; flowered in 1828.— Heléniwm autumnale.
— A’ster levigatus. — *O’cymum montanum.

No. XLITI, for July, contains

2997 to 3003.—Renanthéra coccinea.—* Rantnculus cardiophyllus. “One
of the many new discoveries made by Dr. Richardson and Mr. Drummond in
the second over-land Arctic expedition, under the command of Captain Sir
John Franklin.” Found in the limestone districts of Canada, and in the
alpine prairies of the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 52° and 55°. Large
bright glossy yellow flowers, which remain a long time expanded ; hardy.
Whether a perennial or an annual is not mentioned; but “ it is likely to
prove a great acquisition to our collections of hardy plants.” —*Indigotera
sylvatica. The I. speciosa of the gardens. A showy conservatory plant, with
bright rose-coloured flowers, inclining to purple. — *Begonia longipes. —
Trillium erythrocarpum. Pure white petals, marked with a bright purple

560 _ Botanical Register.

stain. From Canada to the Glasgow botanic garden, by Mr. Cleghorn [? an
old friend of ours]. — *Ettoca sericea; Hydrophyllez. A pretty and per-
fectly hardy perennial alpine, from the Rocky Mountains, in North America, ~
by Mr. Drummond.

No. XLIV. for August, contains

3004: to 3010. — Terminalia Catéppa ; Combretacee. A tree of India,
bearing a drupe, containing a nut, the kernel of which resembles that of
an almond or filbert in flavour, and yields an oil equal to that of the olive.
The fruit is abundantly eaten in India. — Didymocarpus Réxi. From
Southern Africa, by Mr. Bowie, to Kew. — Crotalaria ovalis. — Morican-
dia arvénsis. ‘“ The Glasgow botanic garden is indebted for the possession
of this plant to Messrs. Young of Epsom, whose choice collection of
plants is only equalled by the liberality with which they distribute them
wherever they can be of real service to science, and who may justly be -
ranked among the first and most zealous cultivators in the kmgdom.” —
Ribes céreum. A much branched compact twiggy shrub, growing from
4 ft. to 6 ft. high, on the banks of the Columbia, whence it was intro-
duced to the Horticultural Society by Mr. David Douglas. — Randnculus
millefoliatus. A native of Italy, in the north of Africa, and seeds of it
were lately sent to the Glasgow botanic garden. — *Phrynium coloratum ;
Cannee. Introduced from Brazil by Richard Harrison, Esq., and flowered
in Lord Milton’s stove in April last.

No. XLV. for September, contains

3011 to 3017. — *Bignonia grandifolia. One of the handsomest of stove
climbers. — * Lobélia Kratssii. A stove plant, of moderate beauty, from
Dominica, in 1828.—*EncyYclia patens. A stove epiphyte, from Rio de
Janeiro to the rich collection at Aigburgh.—*Vangwiera velutina; Ru-
bidceze. A stove shrub, from Madagascar, of very little beauty. — *Cero-
pégia élegans; Asclepiadee. A most elegant stove twiner, showing its
beautiful greenish white flowers, thickly spotted with purple, in January.
It was sent to the Kew garden, by Dr. Wallich, in 1828. —*Brachystélma
crispum; Asclepiidee, A most elegant bulb, sent from the Cape of Good
Hope, by Mr. Bowie, to the select collection of Mr. Neill, at Cannon
Mills. —*Anthéricum bulbdsum. A handsome yellow-flowered Antheri-
cum, from New South Wales.

Edwards’s Botanical Register. Continued by John Lindley, F.R.S. L.S. &c.
Professor of Botany in the London University. In 8vo Numbers, monthly.
4s, coloured.

: No, IV. for June, contains

1327 to 1334.— Andna (menona or manoa, Malayan names) /aurifolia.
A small tree, from the islands of the Caribean Sea, flowering in August ;
blossoms large, of a deep orange; foliage handsome ; fruit of no value. —
Mammillaria pélchra.— */imulus propinquus.—*Cactus (subgen. Epi-
phyllum) Ackermann?. From Mexico, by Mr. George Ackermann, in com-
pliment to whom it was named by Mr. Haworth. It is remarkable, “ that
about the same time that Mr. Tate’s imported plant blossomed, our artist
was summoned by Mr. Mackay to make a drawing of a seedling raised by
Mr. Smith, gardener to Lord Liverpool, at Combe Wood, which proved so
similar to this as to give rise to doubts as to the originality of the species.
We understand that the flower of this seedling is rather larger, and its colour
deeper red than that of the Mexican plant. It was first brought into bloom by
John Brampton, Esq., of Stoke Newington, a gentleman who cultivates a
small but very select collection of stove and green-house plants.” The young

Botanical Register. 561

shoots have a deep red margin, which is not the case with the mules referred
to. “ A most desirable species, excelling, in brilliancy of colouring, even
the well-known C. speciosissima.”’ — Acacia uncinata. “ Very near A.
armata.”’ — Podolobium trilobatum. ‘“ The leaves of this and some other
leguminous plants are opposite; a striking exception to the general fact,
that in that order they are alternate; and a proof that what botanists con-
sider even the most fixed characters are occasionally liable to deviation ; so
imperfect are the means we at present possess of distinguishing, by exter-
nal indications, the constitutional peculiarities of vegetation.” — Justicia
guttata; Acanthacea. A tender stove perennial, flowering in August, and
increasing freely by cuttings. Presented by the East India Company to the
Horticultural Society. It is a native of the Pundua Mountains. “ The
marking of the corolla with deep blood-red spots, upon a greenish ground,
is exceedingly pretty: when closely examined, it will be found to arise
from the presence of a deep crimson colouring matter, filling here and there
the cavities of the cellular tissue of the parenchyma, and not existing in
that part which forms the ground coloyr. When will natural philosophy
tell us why contiguous spaces on a plane surface, the functions and anato-
mical structure of which are uniform vary thus in the matter they secrete ?”
—*Lobelia purptrea. A handsome half-shrubby plant, from Valparaiso,
“ crowing in the open border in the summer, but requiring protection in the
winter. It does not ripen its seeds, and can only be increased by cuttings,
or division of the crown of the root.”

No V. for July, contains

1335 to 1341.— Brunsvigia grandiflora. A noble addition to the genus ;
no doubt a native of the Cape of Good Hope. Approaching B. striata in
flower, and B. Josephine in bulb.— Kennédya monophylla var. longira-
cemdsa. Raised from New Holland seeds, by Mr. Rollison of Tooting.
A green-house plant, of much beauty, propagated readily by cuttings. —
Pothos scandens; Ardideze. Imported from China by Mr. Tate of the
Sloane Street nursery. It roots into the bark of trees, in the most shady
forests of India. — Tillandsia stricta; Bromelidcee. From Buenos Ayres
and Brazil, to Peter Kendall, Esq., a zealous cultivator of curious hot-
house plants, who presented it to the Horticultural Society. “ This is
among the most beautiful of its tribe, and one that is very easily culti-
vated. Mr. Kendall finds it succeed remarkably well with the following
treatment : — In June he takes it out of the stove, and suspends it from
a wall in the open air, where he leaves it without water, attention, or pro-
tection, till the succeeding October; thus creating a sort of artificial win-
ter. When the time for placing it again in the stove arrives, it is found
withered, discoloured, and, in appearance, half dead: as soon, however, as
it is again submitted to heat and moisture, it recovers rapidly, commences
a new and vigorous growth, and in the course of a few weeks loses all
traces of its previous sufferings, assuming a rich healthy vegetation. After
throwing out suckers from each side, it shoots up its spikes of bright blue
flowers, which begin to open in March, and endure till the end of April:
‘when the period for a cessation of growth draws near, its parts harden, its
flowers fall away, and by June it is ready again to undergo the same treat-
ment as before. It is no doubt: desirable to create an artificial winter, or
cold season, for all tropical plants, if it be possible, but this is generally
impracticable; and although Mr. Kendall’s management succeeds with this,
‘and two or three similar plants from the same part of the southern hemi-
sphere, it by no means follows that it can be applied generally ; on the con-
trary, we know, from experience, that Brazilian and West Indian epiphytes
of the orchis tribe are destroyed by it.” — Passiflora ligularis. Nearly
related to P. quadrangularis and edtilis; the fruit is said to be about the
size of an orange, and eatable; the leaves are entire. — Justicia quadrangu-

Vou. VI. — No. 28. 00

562 Botanical Register.

laris. A tender stove plant, of easy culture in a damp hot atmosphere.
—*Phycélla Herbertidna ; Amaryllidee. From the Andes, by Mr. M‘Rae,
in November, 1825.
: No. VI. for August, contains

1342 to 1348.— Senecio /ilacinus. “ A most lovely shrubby plant, cul-
tivated easily in the conservatory, striking freely from cuttings, and well
adapted for the flower-garden in the summer.’ From the garden of the
Duke of Northumberland, by Mr. Forest. It is supposed to be a native of
the Cape of Good Hope, and to have a near affinity with S. lanceus. —
Argemone mexicana var. ochroletica. — *Crassula turrita. From the
“very rich collection” of C. Law, Esq., Nelson Terrace, Newington Road,
now about to be disposed of, and which is “ one of the most interesting in
the neighbourhood of London.’ —*Habranthus Andersoni. From Monte
Video, to Mr. Mackay of the Clapton nursery, in 1829, by Mr. Anderson,
his collector, in whose honour the specific name is given by the Honourable
and Reverend W. Herbert; flowers of a golden yellow, with brownish red
streaks on the outside, in April and May. — * Drimia villosa ; Asphodclez.
‘A green-house bulb, from the Cape of Good Hope to Mr. Tate of the
Sloane Street nursery, in May, 1826.— Collomia heterophylla.— Geum
chilénse var. grandiflorum.

No. VII. for September, contains

1349 to 1355. — Rtbes sanguineum; Grossulacez. The district of the
Columbia River, on the north-west coast of America, abounds with cur-
rants, remarkable for the great beauty of their flowers. One of these is
R&.atreum. The present subject “1s inferior in beauty to no plant in
cultivation. It is as hardy as the common currant of the gardens, and
bears a vast profusion of bunches of the most lovely purplish-red flowers,
during the end of April and beginning of May, remaining in perfection full
three weeks.” Readily increased by cuttings, either of the new or old
wood. Prefers a dry soil, but not peaty, as it is apt to die off in swampy
places. “ This species was sent by Mr. Douglas to the Horticultural
Society; and of such importance do we consider it to the embellish-
ment of our gardens, that if the expense incurred by the Horticultural
Society in Mr. Douglas’s voyage had been attended with no other result
than the introduction of this species, there would have been no ground for
dissatisfaction. It is not the number of objects that a public body or an
individual accomplishes that creates a claim to public gratitude, so much
as their utility; and, in this view, the gentleman who brought the first live
plant of the now common China rose to England deserves his country’s
gratitude in a greater degree than all the collectors who have sent plants to
Kew for the last twenty years. But if we consider that it is not R. sangui-
neum alone that the Horticultural Society has introduced through the same
active traveller, but that the gigantic pines of North-west America, one of
which yields timber superior to the finest larch ; .A‘cer macrophyllum, the
wood of which is as much better than our sycamore as the species is supe-
rior in the beauty and amplitude of its foliage ; Gaulthéria Shallon, an ever-
green shrub of great merit; have all been secured to this country, and dis-
tributed in every direction, — to say nothing of the beautiful lupmes, pent-
stemons, berberries, cenotheras, and other plants of less moment ; — when
all this, we say, is considered, it is not too much to assert that this result
alone has justified all the expenditure of the Society’s garden from the
commencement, and has stamped it with a character of great national
utility, which nothing but future mismanagement can shake.”

This species was originally discovered in 1787, by Archibald Menzies,
Esq., during his first voyage round the world; and again, in his second
voyage with Van Couver, in 1792. Lime, or lime rubbish, mixed with the
soul in which it grows, adds to the profusion and depth of tint of the
blossoms,

Botanical Cabinet. — British Flower-Garden. 563

*Lachenalia pillida of Thunb. — Phl6x specidsa. A rare species from
‘Columbia, extremely impatient of cultivation. ‘ The late incessant rains
have nearly destroyed it; and it is to be feared that it will be soon lost
altogether.” — Acacia lunata.—*Sterctlia Tragacantha. The tragacanth
tree of Sierra Leone; “a gum resembling gum tragacanth being copiously
‘exuded by it when wounded.” — Vaccinium ovatum. A handsome ever-
green shrub, bearing an edible fruit, like most of the vacciniums, and of
‘easy culture in shady situations. —*Scilla plambea. A bulb imported
from the Cape to Kew, and drawn there by Mr. Edwards in 1813, but now
probably lost.

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s.; small paper, and partially coloured, 2s. 6d.
Part CLVILII, for June, contains
1571 to 1580. — *Pleurothallis saurocéphalus ; Orchideze. Rio Janeiro.
—*Erica multiflora. —*Lantana lavandulefolia.— I‘ris pumila. — Mi-
mulus rivuliris. — Fothergilla alnifolia. — *Watsonia compacta. — Onocléa
obtusilobata; Filices. From Dr. Wray of Augusta; stove. — *Leche-
naultia multiflora, — Anthéricum glaicum.

Part CLIX. for July, contains

1581 to 1590. —Plantago montana. —* Andrémeda calyculata ventricosa.
— Styphéelia longifolia. —* Rhododéndrom datricum sempervirens. “ Much
more adapted to our climate than the deciduous variety, as it flowers later,
and is less subject to injury from early frosts. — Primula Pallasi#. — *Ca-
mélla japonica corallina. One of the varieties raised from seeds by Mr.
Chandler. —*Arméria fruticdsa. — Diplazium plantagineum; Filices. A
native of Jamaica. — *Fumaria cava. —*Caladium lividum.

Part CLX. for August; contains
1591 to 1600. — *Andrémeda polifolia angustifolia. —*Bléchnum lan-
céola. — Ranunculus amplexicailis. —*Pyrus japonica. —*Justicia Gen-
dartssa. — Phi6x crassifolia. — Primula inflata.— Prunus borealis, —Amyg-
dalus sibirica. —*Epidéndrum rigidum.

Part CXLI. for September, contains

1601 to 1610. — *Steélis tubata. A curious epiphyte, from New Spain,
in 1828.— *Rubus spectabilis. From the Columbia River, by Mr. Douglas,
to the Horticultural Society, where it appears to be quite hardy, producing
red flowers in May. Whether it is a trailer, or a subfrutescent plant, like
the common raspberry, is not mentioned. —Stréptopus roseus. — Jatropha
pandurzefolia. — Vaccinium ovatum. — Petréa erécta.— Prunus depréssa,
the Cérasus depréssa of Pursh, bearing a black, sweet, and agreeably fla-
voured cherry. — * Erica vernalis. — Raninculus montanus.

The British Flower-Garden. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers,
monthly, 3s.

No. XIITT. for June, contains
49 to 52. — Saxifraga retusa. A beautiful and rare little species, resem-
_ bling S. oppositifolia, from M. Schleicher, to the Chelsea garden. —Rhodo-
déndron Smith. A hybrid between 2. pénticum and R.arboreum ; raised
from seed by Mr. W. Smith of Coombe Wood, and will, there can be little
doubt, prove quite hardy; peat soil and layers; “ or young cuttings, with
their wood nearly ripened, taken off at a joint, and planted m pots of sand,
placed in a frame, or under a hand-glass, in a little bottom heat, will not
be difficult to root.”— Plectocéphalus (plektos, plaited, kephale, a head ;
plaited leaflets of involucrum) americanus; Composite Centauréze. From
the Arkansa territory, in North America, to Bury Hill. A beautiful annual,
‘with blue and pink flowers, deserving a place in every collection. — Pri-
mula villosa.
oo 2

S504 +) Botanical Misceliany.

: ' No. XIV. for July, contains

53 to 56.— Soldanélla minima. A native of the Carinthian Alps, and
well adapted for rock-work, or growing in small pots. — O’xalis floribinda.
« A most beautiful species, continuing to produce an abundance of its
handsome rose-coloured flowers all the spring and summer, when planted
in a warm border.” — Aquilégia glandulésa. The sepals (segments of
‘the calyx) of the flower are of a dark bright blue, and the petals of a
delicate cream colour. A very handsome species, from the nursery of
Messrs. Buchanan and Oldroyd of Camberwell, “ who possess a large col-
lection of hardy herbaceous plants, and are now forming a general col-
lection of hardy trees and shrubs..... This species and A. alpina are
‘certainly two of the fmest of the genus, and few plants are possessed of
greater beauty. A. sibirica is also very delicate and beautiful, and may be
likened to the present species in miniature.” A. glandulosa “ appears to
suffer a good deal from too much moisture in winter ; it should therefore
be planted in a border of light dry soil. The best way of increasing it 1s
from seeds, which should be soon after they are ripe, the plants will then
‘come up the following spring ; but, if kept till spring before they are sown,
many of them will not come up till the spring after that.”” — Iris flavéscens.
A pretty species, with yellow flowers and knotted tuberous roots.

No. XV. for August, contains

57 to 60. — Dracocéphalum altaiénse. A handsome herbaceous peren-
nial plant, growing in dense tufts, with numerous very large dark blue
flowers. From the Fulham nursery.— Ornithdgalum refractum. From
the Berlin botanic garden, to Mr. Anderson, at Chelsea. It is a native
of grass fields in Hungary, and produces its white flowers from the end
of April till June. —*Salvia falgens. A native of Mexico, brought into
notice by Messrs. Newman, nurserymen, Chichester. — Dodecatheon
Meadia élegans, A superb variety, raised by Messrs. Wocd and Son, nur-
serymen, Huntingdonshire. On the cover of this number we observe Mr.
Sweet advertising for a situation for a gardener, whom, he says, he can
“ take upon himself to recommend as the best gardener in the country.”
The gardener alluded to, Mr. Sweet observes, knows nothing of the present
advertisement. It is gratifying to see such generous conduct on the part
of Mr. Sweet ; and we sincerely hope his advertisement may prove success-
ful. We well know the individual alluded to, and can bear testimony to his
high merits, both as a man and a gardener.

No. XVI. for September, contains

61 to 64. — *Potentilla Hopwoodiana, A handsome hybrid, between P.
formosa and récta, raised, in 1829, in Hopwood’s nursery, at Twickenham.
Colour bright rose. — Viola canadénsis. A handsome American species,
from the Bury Hill collection. — Genista Scérpius. A handsome spreading-
branched spinous profuse yellow-flowering shrub, highly ornamental in
April. North America; and of the easiest culture at Bury Hill. — Siléne
compacta. Among the finest of hardy annual border plants. Pink flowers
in May and June, and of easy culture from seeds. A native of Mount
Caucasus, and introduced by Mr. Hunnemann.

Botanical Miscellany. By William Jackson Hooker, LL.D. F.R.A. & L.S.,
and Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. In 8vo
Parts, quarterly. 15s. coloured; 10s. 6d. plain.

Part II. for September, contains
Saccharum officinarum, Officinal, or common, Sugar-cane. The cane of the
West Indies was probably brought from Spain, since it is not indigenous
to any parts of the New World. In the West Indies it refuses to perfect
its seed, and has, from its introduction thither in the fifteenth century to
the present time, been raised from cuttings of the stems. There are, in

Botanical Miscellany. 565

consequence, very few varieties. Along the banks of the Ganges, its native
region, the cane perfects its seed; and being frequently raised in this
manner, it produces innumerable varieties. The oldest cane of the West
Indies is called the country cane; there is also the riband cane, the
Bourbon cane, and the violet or Batavian cane. “ The cane is a plant of
a warm latitude; its growth being in proportion to the heat of the climate,
and the fertility of the soil. It may be considered as the production of
the highest effort of the powers of vegetation. In almost all other plants,
it is only during the germination ef the seed, the most active period of
their lives, that the sweet principle is to be detected. In the cane it is at
all times to be found, and that in quantities surpassing what exists in all
other plants put together. It is on our plains that the cane reaches all
the perfection of which it is capable in these islands. Yet even here,
according to report, its size and luxuriance are inferior to what it attains
in Madagascar, the Isle of France, and the districts of the East, more
immediately beneath the equator. Like all gramineous plants, it delights
in a rather moist climate. When the rains, however, are excessive, a rank
luxuriance is the consequence, unfavourable to the maturavion of the plant;
the juices it affords being watery and deficient in the saccharine principle,
yielding in crystallization a dark-coloured sugar.” The cane demands a
fertile soil; and there is no plant in the cultivation of which manuring should
be carried to a greater extent. A succession of crops is adopted by the
best cultivators; and yams, arrow root, or other plants cultivated for man
or cattle, not gramineous, intervene with the cane. Burning of lands, as
a species of manuring, is carried to a blamable extent in some parts of the
island. Irrigation is extensively employed on some estates. In the com-
mon practice of planting the cane, “ parallel trenches are dug, little more
than six inches in depth, and the same in breadth; a hard bank being left
on each side, on which the earth removed from the trench is raised. The
defect of this system is, that enly a slight depth of soil is brought inte
cultivation; whilst the hard ridge left on each side of the cane-hole must
give a very limited space for the developement of the roots, and conse-
quently restrict the plant in its supply of nourishment.” A better plan is,
previously to digging the trenches, to turn over the whole surface with
the plough. The cuttings of the cane are planted in the bottom of the
trench or pit. The pits or plants are placed at distances proportionate to
the richness of the soil, and the moisture of the climate; but the range of
this distance is not mentioned. The top of the stalk is generally employed
as a cutting, being otherwise useless. The writer of this paper, Dr. Mac-
fadyen of Jamaica, suggests the idea of taking a cutting from the centre of
the stem where the juices are richest, with a view to obtaining a plant of
more vigorous growth. The young plants are earthed up as they grow,
and in 14 or 16 months it is fit to cut over for the first time. The suckers
or ratoons which form the succeeding crops require a less time to arrive at
perfection, and are generally cut at from 10 to 12 months. How long a
plantation lasts is not mentioned, and indeed the article is by no means so
complete as it should be. The editor has added, from Dr. Ure’s Chemistry,
an account of the processes employed for the production of sugar from
the cane. — Monocleéa crispata; Cryptogamia Hepatice. This liverwort
grows in small tufts on the branches of trees in the Island of St. Vincent,
and was sent thence to Dr. Hooker by our correspondent the Rey. Lans-
down Guilding. — Sinapis frutéscens. A shrubby weak entangled-branched
shrub, hanging down on the face of rocks in the Island of Madeira. Sent
to Dr. Hooker by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. — Weissia reticulata ; Cryptogamia
Misci. A moss from the Cape. — Guildingia psididides ; 10 and 11, and
MMemecylez. <A shrub from the Island of Martinique, approaching in cha-
racter to one of the Myrtaceze. — Phascum tetragonum; Cryp. Misci. A
very interesting little African moss from the Cape of Good Hope. — Draba
OO 3

566 Botanical Miscellany.

alysstides ; Cruciferea. From the Andes of South America, and probably
the largest species of Draba which exists. — Parmeélia enteromérpha; Cryp.
Zichénes. A lichen found on the branches in the western parts of North
America, by Menzies, Douglas, and others. — Poinciana Gilliesi ; Legumi-
nose Ceesalpinee. A beautiful shrub from the neighbourhood of Quinto
and Mendosa in South America. “ The flowers have a sickly disagreeable
smell, and are supposed by the common people to be injurious to the sight.
Hence its vernacular name ‘ Mal de Ojos.’” — Neckéra Douglassii; Cryp.
Miusci. A moss growing on rocks and trunks of trees near the Columbia
River, — Grimmva crispata; C. Masci. A moss from the Cape of Good
Hope. — A’tropa rhomboidea ; Solanez. From the neighbourhood of
Buenos Ayres. — Brachyménium pilchrum ; C. MZusci. A South African
moss. — Colliguaja (from Colliguay, the native name) integérrima, salici-
folia, and odoritera; Huphorbidcee. Three shrubs from North America,
of which little is known. — Gymnéstomum Wilsoni; C. Misci. Found
in Cheshire and Forfarshire. — Lémna gibba. The seeds of the different
species of Lémna are so minute, that it is extremely difficult, if not impos-
sible, to comprehend their structure satisfactorily, and germination alone
can teach the true nature of the different parts. Mr. Wilson of Warring-
ton, in 1827 and 1828, paid the most patient attention to the develope-
ment of the seeds of Lemna. He preserved them through the winter in a
dry state, and exposed a few of them to germinate in March and April,
finding the beginning of the last month the most favourable period. The
account is exceedingly interesting, and we shall give it in Mr. Wilson’s own
words :—

“ Germination of the Seeds of Lémna gibba. When the seeds have
been macerated for five or six days, they imbibe sufficient water to enable
them to sink to the bottom: previously to this they swim on the surface,
and, when almost ready to descend, the upper end of the seed, from which
the embryo bursts forth, is turned downwards.

“ After lying at the bottom a few days, the embryo expands, and bursts
the inner coat of the seed, elevating its upper portion, which is always
circular, with a small rather thick wmdo at its centre. I term this part the
scutellum, as it seems destined to protect the embryo from injury while
breaking through the external covering, which is of a rather firm texture,
though much thinner in the part intended for the transmission of the embryo
than it is elsewhere. Between this part and the apex of the inner coat of
the seed there is at first a considerable vacancy; and it is only
after the rupture of the inner coat that the embryo is sufficiently
swelled to arrive at the outer barrier, and force open a passage.
(fig. 95.) At the time when that is accomplished the embryo
becomes visible, bearing on its summit the scutellum, firmly at-
tached, by its centre only, to the lower lip of the cotyledon, and
also covering, with a portion of its circumference, the upper one ;
which, how2ver, very soon forces the scutellum aside, and projects
beyond it. The cotyledon, at first erect, now takes an oblique direction,
and ultimately an horizontal one (jig. 96.); and soon after its appear-

ance the seed rises to the surface of the water.
When the embryo was a little more advanced,
andthe removal of the coats
of the seed (jig. 97. a) ef-
. fected ( fig. 98.), the inner
eoat of the seed, the scu-
tellum or upper portion |
separating from the lower
part at a circular fissure,
then appears to view.

(fig. 99. a

Botanical Miscellany< 567

When the plantule, hitherto concealed, begins to extend its disc beyond -
the lips of the cotyledon, passing over the scutellum, and projecting far be~
yond it, the spur of the plantule, seated within the cavity (fig. 97. a) of the

100

lower lip, also grows
=> larger; and its gra-
dual developement
is marked by a con-
tinually increasing
prominence just be-
low the scutellum
(figs. 100, 101, and

: 102.), in the middle
of the lower lip, which is at length pierced (_7#g.103.), and the spur becomes
the root of the now almost erect plantule. The root
bears at its extremity a sheath, not formed of a_por-
tion of the lower lip, as I once erroneously sup-
posed, but precisely similar to that found on the roots
' of the parent plants or innovations afterwards pro-
duced. (figs. 103, 104, 105, 106, and 107.) The root
continues to grow until it is about six times as long
as the seed (sometimes it remains very short); and
the lower portion of the embryo within the mtegu-
ments of the seed now swells, and becoming slightly
bulbous at its extremity, is securely retained within
them. An innovation, or secondary plant, from one or other of the sides

106, and 107.), near the insertion of the root,
now makes its appearance. (I do not remember
to have seen an instance in which there was
one on each side of the same plantule, though
T have frequently seen a second innovation after-
wards arise close to the first.) Its developement
is exactly similar to those subsequently pro-
duced; and the spur or root does not pierce
any portion of the plantule, but slips from the
lower margin of the fissure, which has the same
appearance as the (so termed) calyx in the fer-
tile plant. This secondary plant usually bears
two innovations on each side; and at the time
when the plantule has thus given birth to a race
of grandchildren, viviparously produced, the
cotyledon remains attached to the whole, without any symptoms of decay,
and the integuments of the seed are still retained unaltered by the lower
portion of the embryo. At this stage the plantule appears to be destitute
oo +

568- Botanical Miscellany. |

of gibbosity on its lower surface, but the secondary frond is slightly convex
below, and the tertiary ones still more so.

“ The scutellum, it must be observed, has always a greater diameter than
the orifice of the lower portion of the inner coat of the seed. This puzzled
me at first ; and it was onlyafter a very careful dissection thatgi ascertained
the fact of the inner coat being formed of three distinct skins ( fig. 108. a 6 c),
and that the scutellum is formed of different proportions of each; the

inner one (a) being the largest, and the middle one (4)

108 1 the smallest of the three. They are all of a circular

figure, and the fissure in each of the skins is differently

situated. In one instance I found the scutellum, after

the expansion of the embryo, not wholly detached from

yvst% the lower portion of the inner coat of the seed, and.

entirely separated from the lip of the cotyledon, except

110 perhaps the mney reticulated portion,

which I have reason to think was carried
up with the cotyledon.

“ Fig. 109., the two upper coats, or
skins of the scutellum, detached from the
lowest one. Fig. 110., the inner or lower
coat of the scutellum, showing its reticu-
lated structure.”

A species of the genus Collétéa, Rhamnez; one of Verbena; and one of
the genus Macree‘a (James Macrae, a collector of the Horticultural Society
in the Brazils, now curator of the botanic garden at Ceylon), are de=
fined or remarked on, in three articles, which do not afford any thing
suitable for quotation. — A Sketeh of a Journey to the Rocky Moun-
tains, and to the Columbia River, in North America; by Thomas
Drummond, Assistant Naturalist to the second Land Arctic Expedi-
tion, under the command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R. N. This is
the longest article in the book; and, to a naturalist, will well repay
perusal. It chiefly enumerates the plants and animals which were met with,
saying little of minerals or the weather, of general scenery, impressions on
the mind, or personal adventure. Perhaps, indeed, there is as much of the
last as it would be proper to admit in a scientific relation. For the benefit
of gardeners who may become collectors, we quote the following : —

** The plan I pursued for collecting was as follows: — When the boats
stopped to breakfast, I immediately went on shore with my vasculum, pro-
ceeding along the banks of the river, and making short excursions into the
interior ; taking care, however, to join the boats, if possible, at their en-
campment for the night. After supper, I commenced laying down the
plants gathered in the day’s excursion; changed and dried the papers of
those collected previously ; which operation generally occupied me till day-
break, when the boats started. I then went on board, and slept till the
breakfast hour, when I landed and proceeded as before. Thus I continued
daily until we reached Edmonton House, a distance of about 400 miles ;
the vegetation having preserved much the same character all the way.”

The woody country between Edmonton House and the Rocky Moun-
tains consists of Populus balsamifera and P. trépida, the white spruce
fir, the birch with Pinus Banksidna in drier situations, and P. nigra and
microcarpa in swamps. A’rbutus alpina and Dryas Drumméndii gave the
first indications of the mountains. The A’rbutus Uva-trsi, mixed sometimes
with Juniperus prostratus, thickly covered the dry arid sides of the low
hills. On the Red Deer River a species of Viscum was found growing on
the Pinus Banksidna, and giving the branches of that tree a most curious
appearance. An interesting encounter with a white bear is given, and the
important information added, from “ subsequent experience,” that the best
mode for a botanist to get rid of bears, when attacked by them, is to rattle

TAIL
a

ies!
nara

_ Geraniacee. : 569.

his vasculum, or specimen box, when they immediately decamp. This easy
way of driving off so formidable an enemy gives rise to a thousand re-
flections. How many individuals may have perished from ignorance of this
simple fact! The first idea of opposing brutal force is the employment of
brutal force; the second, that of stratagem; the last step is the employ-
ment of scientific knowledge, or the force of the mind. Most wild animals
are frightened by fire; but may there not be some more simple means, and
means always at hand for effecting the same object ? Cannot the school-
master be set to work among the brute creation? Every animal-may have
some specific action, sound, or smell, which will frighten him? May not a
man in Africa one day frighten away the hungry lion by some means. as
simple as Mr. Drummond employed against the bear ? If success be attained
with the lion, then, by analogy, it will extend to the tiger, and other ani-
mals belonging to the same group. In describing all animals, the mode of
frightening, and of enticing them, ought to be given as far as known; and all
zoologists ought to pay particular attention to this branch of their subject. |

The rise of the waters of brooks and rivers, caused by the melting of the
snows, produces inconveniences of which an inexperienced traveller cannot
very well form an idea. Mr. Drummond found, after crossing a stream in
the morning, that it was so swollen on his return, as to compel him to
remain for days a prisoner on the other side, away from books, specimens,
and food. The article concludes with a perilous adventure in a boat;
and, on the whole, it does much honour to Mr. Drummond.

A succeeding short article informs us that Ledebour’s [//ustrations of
Russian Plants is im an advanced state, and will be published at Munich
with 500 folio plates. The figures will chiefly represent new plants dis-
covered on the Altaic mountains and their environs.

Remarks on the Botany on the Banks of the Swan River. By Mr. Charles
Fraser, Colonial Botanist in New South Wales. The impression made on
the mind of Mr. Fraser and his companions was highly favourable; and
though the accounts which have since been received are contradictory, and
at variance in many particulars, yet, on the whole, we think Mr. Fraser has
been correct. Many of the emigrants, from ignorance of botany and country
matters, are unable to separate temporary inconveniences from permanent
drawbacks to improvement. j

Geraniacee. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. &c. In 8vo numbers, monthly. 5s.

No. XXIV. for June, contains

93. to 96. — Pelargonium fastudsum. A hybrid, raised at the nursery
of Mrs. More, King’s Road, Chelsea.— P. ursinum. A little bushy
plant, raised by Mr. Dennis. — P. conchyllatum. A splendid hybrid, raised
by Mr. Welsh, though the whole of the stock is in the possession of Messrs.
Chandlers of the Vauxhall Nursery. — P. Drakee, Mrs. Drake’s Stork’s
Bill. A magnificent plant, raised by L. Weltje, Esq., of Hammersmith,
and named in compliment to Mrs. Tyrwhit Drake of Amersham. —

No. XXV. for July, contains

97. to 100. — Pelargonium pallidulum. A fine stout-growing plant,
raised by Mrs. More. — P. staphysagridides. One of the most singular
species of the genus. Mr. Sweet says, “ Had we seen the plant without
flowers, and been asked its name, we should have immediately pronounced
it to be Delphinium Staphysagria, the foliage and habit being so exactly
like it, that we believe it would have deceived the most attentive observer.
It was raised from seed, at the nursery of Messrs. Allen and Rogers of the
King’s Road and Battersea; but how the seed was procured they cannot at
present say. We do not believe that it is of hybrid origin, as we know no
plants that could produce any thing like it; we therefore suppose it must
have been received amongst other seeds from the Cape, which is frequently

570. Florisi’s Guide. — Medical Botany.

the case at nurseries. Plants are raised from seeds; and before they come’
into flower, the country from which they were imported is quite forgotten.
We should expect that all the admirers of this handsome tribe of plants
would wish to have so singular a production as the present in their pos-
session, as it appears to be a strong free grower, and a very abundant
flowerer, the flowers being produced in panicles ; and although not so large
as some others, their abundance makes full amends. It will thrive well in
a rich light soil; and young cuttings will doubtless root readily.” — P. At-
kinsidnwm. A pretty little small-leaved citron-scented plant, with pale
blush flowers, with a brilliant dark purple patch in the centre. Raised by
Mr. J. Atkins, nurseryman, Northampton. — P. dedaleum, A hybrid, by |
Mr. Dennis.

This number completes the fifth, or supplementary, volume of a work
which certainly may be described as of unrivalled beauty in its particular
line. Whoever wishes to become acquainted with the splendid beauties of
this natural order, will find no other work that can at all compare with it
in supplying his wants.

The Florist’s Guide and Cultivator’s Directory, &c. By Robert Sweet,’
F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. coloured; 2s. plain.

No, XXXVI. for June, contains
141 to 144. — Winifred Tulip. A bybloemen, white, with dark purple.—.
Lee’s Colonel Taylor Auricula. Green-edged; “ considered by florists as
the finest variety grown.” Price 3/. per plant. — Horace Ranunculus.
Yellow and brown or purple. — Ford’s William of Walworth Pmk. Very
large, and double ; brilliant dark purple, edged with white, and a patch of
clear white in the centre of each petal.
No. XXXVII. for July, contains
145 to 148.— Davey’s Trafalgar Tulip. White, variegated with dark
purple or velvet. — Russell’s Incomparable Picotee. White, edged with
bright scarlet. — Bonaparte Rose. Intermediate between Rosa gallica and
R. centifolia. — Oliver’s Lovely Anne Auricula. White and green, shaded
with black, and edged with white, “ In the collection of J. P. Burnard,
Esq., of Formosa Cottage, Holloway; raised by a person of the name of
Oliver.” :
No. XXXVITT, for August, contains
. 149 to 152. — Grandee Ranunculus. From the collection of the Rev.
J. Tyso. — Louis XVI. Tulip. From the collection of J. Goldham, Esq.,
of White Cottage, White Conduit Fields. — Forster’s King William Pink.
From Mr. Hoge’s collection. — Lee’s Light Blush Rose. From the Ful-
ham nursery.
No. XX XIX. for September, contains
' 153 to 156.— Pompe Funebre Tulip. — Greig’s Wellington Auricula, —
Napoleon Ranunculus. — Hill’s Duke of Leed’s Carnation.

Medical Botany, &c. By John Stephenson, M.D., and James Morss
Churchill, Esq., Surgeon. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. 6d.

No. XLI. for May, contains Lh ais

160 to 162.—Cécculus palmatus ; Dice‘cia Hexandria and Menispérmez.
This is the Calumba plant of the shops, a native of thick forests on the
shores of the east coast of Africa, and lately figured and described in the Bot.
Mag. by Professor Hooker. Medically, it is a powerful antiseptic and tonic,
and is free frem that nauseous taste which distinguishes many other bitters.
The roet of our common .Bryonia dioica, tinged yellow with tincture of Ca-
lumba, and the root of an American plant, Fraséra Waltéri Mich., Swartzia
Fraseére Smith, are sometimes seld as substitutes for the true Calumba ; but
the spurious roots give no precipitate with infusion of galls. — Astragalus
créticus. From this low shrub, which grows plentifully in Candia, Greece,

Medical Botany. 571

and many parts of Asia, is procured the gum tragacanth. The gum exudes
copiously through natural openings in the bark, to which it adheres and
concretes. It is used for various purposes in the arts, and in medicine as
a demulcent.—- Smilax Sarsaparilla; Dice‘cia Hexandria and Asparagi-
nee. A climbing perennial, native to Mexico, Brazil, and Peru, whence
the dried root is imported. It is used im affections of the stomach, rheuma-
tism, scrofula, &c.

No. XLIT. for June, contains

163 to 165.— Amanita (a, intensive, mainomai, to madden ; intoxicat-
ing effects) muscaria (musca, a fly; killed by its infusion), Agaricus mus-
carius Lin. “ One of the largest and most beautiful of the agaric tribe ;
the pileus of a brilliant pink, with white warts; extremely conspicuous,
even at a distance, in the shaded recesses of its native woods.’ Found in
woods generally throughout Britain, and very abundant in those of the
Highlands of Scotland. There are two varieties, which, with the A. semi-
globatus, are generally considered poisonous.

No. XLIII. for July, contains

166 to 169.— Agaricus bulbdsus. One of the common poisonous native
agarics, abounding in woods in the autumnal months. “ Poisonous fungi
do not in general manifest their action till six or eight hours after they are
eaten, and twelve or sixteen occasionally elapse..... Although the fungi have
generally passed the stomach prior to the manifestation of alarming symp-
toms, it will be right to excite vomiting as speedily as possible, by a solution
of sulphate of zinc or copper; evacuations from the bowels should be im-
mediately produced by stimulating purgative clysters; and as soon as the
stomach becomes settled, the intestines should be thoroughly emptied by
means of castor or croton oil; perhaps a large dose of spirits of turpentine
would be better than either.”

Amanita muscaria is used by the inhabitants of the north-eastern part of
‘Asia “in the same manner as ardent spirits, or wine, to promote intoxi-
cation. These fungi are collected in the hottest months, and hung up by a
string in the air to dry; some dry of themselves on the ground, and are
said to be far more narcotic than those artificially preserved. Small deep-
coloured specimens, thickly covered with warts, are also said to be more
powerful than those of a larger size and paler colour.

“« The usual mode of taking this fungus, is to roll it up like a bolus, and
swallow it without chewing, which the Kamtschadales say would disorder
the stomach. It is sometimes eaten fresh in soups and sauces, and then
loses much of its intoxicating property. When steeped in the juice of the
berries of the Vaccinium uliginésum, its effects are those of strong wine.
One large, or two small fungi, is a common dose to produce a pleasant
intoxication for a whole day, particularly if water be drank after it, which
augments the narcotic principle. The desired effect comes on, one or two
hours after taking the fungus. Giddiness and drunkenness result from the
fungus, in the same manner as from wine or spirits. Cheerful emotions of
the mind are first produced ; involuntary words and actions follow ; and,,
sometimes at least, an entire loss of consciousness. It renders some remark-
ably active, and proves highly stimulant to muscular exertion; with too
large a dose, violent spasmodic effects are produced.

“ So very exciting to the nervous system, in some individuals, is this
fungus, that the effects are often very ludicrous. If a person under its
influence wishes to step over a straw, or small stick, he takes a stride or a
jump sufficient to clear the trunk of a tree; a talkative person cannot keep
secrets or silence; and one fond of music is perpetually singing.

“ The most singular effect of the Amanita is the influence it possesses
over the urine. It is said that, from time immemorial, the inhabitants have
known that the fungus imparts an intoxicating quality to that secretion,

572 Medical Botany.

which continues for a considerable time after taking it.. For instance, a
man moderately intoxicated to-day, will by the next morning have slept
himself sober; but (as is the custom) by taking a tea-cup of his urine, he is
more powerfully intoxicated than he was the preceding day by the fungus.
The intoxicating property of the fungus is capable of being propagated ; for
every one who partakes of it has his urine similarly affected. Thus, with
a very few amanitas, a party of drunkards may keep up the debauch for
a week. Dr. Langsdorf mentions, that, by means of the second person
taking the urine of the first, the third that of the second, and so on, the
intoxication may be propagated through five individuals.” .
Agaricus semiglobatus. A case is given, in the London Medical and Phy-
sical Journal, of a family of five persons, who ate champignons which had
been stewed with butter, flower, pepper, salt, and water, in an iron vessel,
and within ten minutes afterwards felt their spirits exhilarated. In about
five hours they were attacked with stupor; in three days one of them
died; the day afterwards two more: the mother miscarried; the father
barely escaped; and a dog died in great agonies.
“ On the Continent a great many kinds of fungi are used for culinary
purposes. In this country, very few are regarded by epicures as edible ;
but Dr. Greville enumerates no fewer than twenty-six species, which grow
abundantly in most parts of Britain, that may be eaten with safety. They
are the following: — J'dber cibarium, or common truffle; 7. moschatum
and 7’. album, two analogous species ; Amanita czsaréa and aurantiaca, the
oronge of the French, which is often contounded with the A. muscaria,
but may be distinguished from it by the colour of the gills, which in the
former species are yellow; Agaricus précerus, campéstris, oréades, odorus,
ebarneus, wlmarius, ostreatus, violaceus, piperatus, Acris, and delicidsus ;
Cantharéllus. cibairius; Boletus edulis, scaber ; Fistulina hepatica; Hyd-
num repandum ; Clavaria coralldides, cinerea; Morchéllaesculénta ; Helvella
mitra and leucophe‘a. Some of these, however, especially piperatus and acris,
have been deemed unwholesome. M. Orfila, in his Towicologie Générale, men-
tions the following species as decidedly poisonous : Amanita muscaria, alba,
citrina, and viridis; the Hypophyllum maculatum, albocitrinum, tricuspi-
datum, sanguineum, crux-militénse, pudibindum, and pelitum; the Agaricus
necator, acris, piperatus, pyrdgalus, stipticus, annularis, and urens. To these
may be added, the A. semiglobatus, bulbdsus, and probably many others.” |
Rhis Toxicodéndron, Rhus radicans of Hort. Kew. The yellowish
milky juice which exudes from the wounds of this plant becomes black with
exposure to the atmosphere, and forms one of the most perfect kinds of
indelible ink. Applied to linen it does not fade from age, washing, or ex-
posure to common chemical agents. It contains an acrid poison, as does
the juice of several other species, R. pumilum, ¢yphinum, and vérnix. This
poison affects different individuals very differently, and on some it has little
or no effect. Low diet and purgatives form the treatment recommended. In
France it has been used as a medicine. — Pterocarpus erinaceus. This is
the tree which yields the kino of the materia medica, though the Edinburgh
college has inserted kino as the inspissated juice of the Eucalyptus resi-
nifera, and the Dublin Pharmacopa@ia as the product of Butea frondésa.
The Pterocarpus is a native of Senegal, and the kino is obtained from it by
incisions made in the trunk and branches. It is principally employed, com-
bined with other astringents, in obstinate chronic diarrhoea, &c.
Pterocdrpus santalinus. This is the red saunders tree of the druggists,
chiefly used as a colouring matter, like dragon’s blood.— Férula persica.
A hardy perennial, from the Persian mountains, supposed to produce assa-
foetida, though the principal species from which that drug is obtamed is the
fF Assafoe’tida. This gum resin is obtained by cutting over the stem at the
collar, when the leaves begin to decay; the juice then exudes, and is
scraped off and inspissated by exposure to the air.. The assafcetida is em-

Medical Botany. 873

ployed as a powerful antispasmodic in many nervous diseases, in dyspepsia,
&c. In India it is used by the natives as a specific for the Guinea worm,
and to destroy the parasites which infest the rectum.

No. XLIV. for August, contains

170 to 174. — Dryobalanops Caémphora; Guttiferee. A lofty tree of
Sumatra. “ The camphor is found, as already observed, in a solid state,
occupying portions of about a foot, or a foot and a half, in the heart of the
tree. The natives, in searching for the camphor, make a deep incision in
the trunk, about 14 or 18 ft. from the ground, with a billing, or Malay axe;
and, when it is discovered, the tree is felled, and cut into junks of a fathom
long, in order to allow of the extraction of the crystalline masses....Cam-
phor is imported into this country in chests and casks, chiefly from Japan,
in small granular or friable masses, and is afterwards purified by sublima-
tion, in low flat-bottomed glass vessels, placed in sand for that purpose...
Camphor, or a substance analogous to it, exists in several other vegetables
besides the Latrus and Dryobalanops; as mint, thyme, marjoram, and many
other plants, and is held in solution by the essential oils obtained from
them.... There is still some difference of opinion respecting the action of
camphor on the animal system: by some it has been regarded as a stimu-
lant; while others have maintained it to possess considerable sedative
powers. Its primary operation is that of an excitant, but its stimulant
action is not very considerable. In moderate doses it increases the heat
of the body, softens and increases the fulness of the pulse, and excites
diaphoresis. In a large dose it diminishes the force of the circulation, in-
duces sleep,and sometimes produces delirium, vertigo, convulsions, or coma ;
effects which are best counteracted by wine and opium.”

Quassia Simaruba. A tree of Jamaica, which yields the valuable tonic
and astringent bark termed Simariuba Quassia. — Quassia amara. A shrub
of Surinam, named in honour of a negro, Quassi, who, Stedman observes,
was a drunken doctor, but had discovered the virtue of the wood in curing
the malignant fevers of that hot marshy country. All parts of this shrub are
intensely bitter.— Quassia excélsa. A tree in Jamaica, the bark of which is
used as a tonic.— Piper nigrum. A ligneous climbing perennial of the East
Indies, where it is extensively cultivated, and supported by living trees, up
which it climbs, instead of posts. These trees are most commonly the
Areca palm, the Erythrina indica, the Mango, and the Jack tree. The
plants, or pepper vines, as they are called, begin to bear about the third
year, and are in their prime about the seventh; in which state they continue
for three or four years, and then decline. Two crops are produced annually,
the first in December, the second in July. “ As soon as any of the berries
redden, the bunch is reckoned fit for gathering, the remainder being gene-
rally full grown, although green. When gathered, they are spread on mats
in the sun: in this situation they become black and shrivelled; and, as the
pepper dries, it is rubbed occasionally between the hands, to separate the
grains from the stalks.” The pepper countries extend from long. 96° to
115° E., and from lat. 5° to about 12° N. “ The pepper of Malabar is
esteemed the best; next, that of the east coast of the Gulf of Siam; then
follow those of Calantan, Borneo, the coast of Sumatra; and, last of all,
the pepper of Rio, which, through the avidity of the cultivators and
dealers, is plucked before it is ripe, and hence is hollow and ill coloured.
There are two sorts of pepper in commerce. The best black pepper is that
which is well garbled and clean, having the stalks, bad grains, and other
impurities, taken out, and is denominated heavy pepper; it is the sort
usually brought to Europe. This pepper, when dry, assumes a dark appear-

ance, and is called black pepper: divested of its external coat, by steeping
_ the grains in water, and afterwards drying them in the sun, rubbing between
the hands, and winnowing, it is termed white pepper.’ Pepper yields its
virtues to ether and alcohol, and partly to water. Piperin, a new principle

574 Pomological Magazine.

lately discovered in black pepper, bears a considerable analogy to the
resins. As a condiment the use of pepper is well known; as a medicine
it is given to relieve nausea, check vomiting, &c. Piper longum is in no
respect materially different from Piper nigrum. P. Cubeba, the Cubeb or
Java Pepper; affords the officinal cubebs, and is a native of Java, Nepal,
Sierra Leone, and the Isle of France. Its small round berries are red
when ripe, and of a greyish brown when dried. Cubebs are diuretic, and
slightly purgative, and are used in India as a grateful condiment, carmi-
native, and stomachic. At one time cubebs had some repute as a specific
for gonorrheea, but at present they are considered of doubtful utility in that
disorder. — Chenopddium dlidum. This is an indigenous annual, readily
distinguished from all others of its family by its strong fetid smell, resem-
bling that of putrid fish. This plant was anciently in great repute as an
emmenagogue (en, in, mén, a month, and ago, to lead; promoter of menstru-
ation), and is still cultivated at Mitcham, and brought in large quantities
to Covent Garden Market, and sold by the herbalists for this purpose.
Regular practitioners, supposing that the suppression of this periodical
secretion arises from deficiency of action in the uterine vessels, are in the
practice of giving tonics or general stimuli; but recently a specific stimulant
of the uterus has been discovered. This vegetable substance is the ergot,
or spurred rye. The editors of Medical Botany are also “ firmly convinced
that the C. dlidum is possessed of such virtues ; and those of our readers
who may be inclined to try the inspissated juice or extract, in doses of from
5 to 15 grains, given at bed-time, may obtain any quantity of Mr. Barnes,
chemist, Brown Street, Bryanston Square, who has prepared several pounds
of it. It must be borne in mind, that it does not succeed in plethoric
habits, unless they have been reduced by venesection and saline purgatives ;
nor is its success to be so often expected even then, as in the pale or
cachectic patient.”

' Rhéum undulatum. Its qualities and uses are the same as those of R.
palmatum. — R.compactum. This isa native of Tartary, frequently substi-
tuted for the true rhubarb.— Wintéra aromatica; Magnolie. This is a
tree of 50 ft. in height, a native of the Straits of Magellan, and its bark was
once much celebrated as an antiscorbutic, though now out of use.

The Pomological Magazine. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s. coloured;
3s. 6d. plain.

No. XXXIV. for August, contains

133. Adams’s Pearmain. Sent to the Horticultural Society by R. Adams,
‘Esq. A most superior fruit ; the tree hardy, very healthy, and a particu-
larly free bearer. The fruit is rather large, pearmain-shaped or parabolic,
not angular. It is not subject to speck or deformity, is a good keeper, and
the proportions of sugar and acid are so intimately blended as to form
the most perfect flavour of which the apple is susceptible.

134. The Ripley Pine, or Old Ripley. <A pine cultivated upon the
Ripley estate, in Jamaica, which has in that island the reputation of far sur-
passing all other sorts. This is not the Ripley pine, but the Ripley queen.
The Ripley pine is one of that tribe which gardeners call black pines. It is
an excellent variety for winter fruiting, and easily known by the great quan-
tity of mealiness upon the pips.

135. The Elton Seedling Strawberry. Raised by Mr. Knight, and found
to be a variety of the first class in point of excellence. “ It is not too
much to say, that it stands upon a level with the celebrated Keen’s seed-
ling. It is a healthy hardy sort ; it bears most profusely; the fruit is very
large and handsome ; it ripens so late as to furnish a supply of pine straw-
berries, to which class it belongs, long after all the other pine-like sorts are
over ; and, finally, it possesses the great merit of packing well, and of being
particularly fit for preserving, a quality of which very few strawberries can

Camellise. | 575

be said to be possessed. All the strawberry-growers who have seen it
have been so much struck with it, that there can be no doubt it will soon
be among the most common fruits in the market. It comes in after the
old pine, Downton and Keen’s seedling: it is larger, and a much more
abundant bearer than either of the former ; and, like the latter, keeps ripen-
ing its berries in long succession.”

136. The Cockle Pippin Apple, Nutmeg Cockle, Nutmeg Pippin, or
White Cockle. “ A Sussex variety, much valued in the London markets
for the lateness to which it will keep sound in the spring, as well as for its
good qualities otherwise. A pretty good bearer as a standard, but rather
apt to canker. Hence it succeeds better upon a Paradise stock, in a shel-
tered place. It ripens in December. Sometimes the fruit is perfectly
smooth, occasionally it becomes russety; and hence the idea has arisen
that there are two cockle pippins, the one called the white, and the other
the nutmeg. But all gardeners know how apt smooth fruit is to become
russety under particular circumstances, and the contrary.”

No. XXXV. for September, contains

137. Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Sudlow’s fall pippin. Of American
origin, and supposed to have been introduced to England about 1805. An
excellent sort, in use in October, November, and December. The true fall
pippin is a very different variety.

138. Zhe Downton Cherry. Raised by Mr. Knight from a seed either
of the Waterloo or Elton, but from which is not certain. Ripe soon after
the May duke; bears well as a standard ; and, in richness of juice, yields to
no cherry of any season.

139. The Aston Town Pear. Origin uncertain. An excellent Novem-
ber pear, resembling, in some respects, the swan’s ege. “ Mr. Knight has
truly remarked that it will not come into bearing until six or seven years
after the trees have been grafted; and that, like the crassane and the
colmar, its wood requires, when pruned, to be left longer than that of pears
in general. When it once comes fairly into fruit, it is an excellent bearer
as a standard, on which account it is well worth cultivating wherever
orchard fruit is wanted. In perfection in the end of October and beginning
of November, and then the most delicious of pears.”

140. The Cornish Gilliflower Apple, the Colville d’ Angleterre of Bau-
mann’s Catalogue. Discovered in a cottage garden, near Truro, about the
first year of the present century; and the discovery was considered by the
Horticultural Society of so much importance, that the silver medal was
awarded to Sir Christopher Hawkins, for his exertions in bringing it into
notice. “ This is the best apple that is known, if high flavour, combined
with a very rich subacid saccharine juice, be the qualities we most desire
in fruit; but it is a bad bearer. Its merit is, however, of so decided a
character, that no one who is aware of its excellence would wish to be
without a tree or two, for the sake of the chance of adding so valuable a
variety to his winter dessert. It ripens in November, and will keep till
April. The fruit is apt to grow from the extremities of the shoots, which
should be remembered in pruning the trees.”

Chandler and Booth’s Illustrations and Descriptions of Camellige, &c. In
Imperial 4to Parts, every two Months. 7s. plain; 10s. coloured; and
18s. extra-size.

Part IV. for August, contains
13. Caméllia japénica Wilton, Lady Wilton’s Japanese Camellia. Raised
from seed by Mr. Knight of the Exotic Nursery, about sixteen years ago,
probably from a seed of the single red, impregnated with the double striped.

A desirable well-marked variety, and distinct from either the double striped,

Parks’s rose-striped, or the C. japénica Elphinstoni. Flowers 2 in. or

24 in in diameter, similar to those of the double striped.

576 Loudon’s Ilustrations of Landscape- Gardening.

~. 14. Caméllia japénica myrtifdlia. . Supposed to have been imported, in
1808, for the Kew garden. The branches are numerous ; the flowers freely
produced, large in proportion to the size of the plant in the leaves, of a
deep rose colour when they first open, but paler when they become
expanded. In certain soils, and undar differefit kinds of treatment, this
variety is apt to vary a good deal ; and hence we hear of the large myrtle-
leaved, small myrtle-leaved, and large-flowering myrtle-leaved.

~ 15. Caméllia japénica fimbriata, Fringed double-white Japanese Camellia.
Imported about 1816, but by whom is uncertain. “ Mr. Colville, of the
King’s Road nursery, has the merit of being the first who brought it into
notice, and no collection ought to be without it.” It resembles the double
white, except that the edges of the petals are ciliated or fringed.

‘ 16. Caméllia’ japonica Chandlér, Mr. Chandler’s. Japanese Camellia. -
Originated by Mr. Chandler, in the Vauxhall nursery, in 1819, from the
seeds of a Waratah, crossed with the double-striped. Approaches nearer to
the Waratah than-to any other variety, and is one of the very best sorts
which has been raised.

Loudon, J. C.: Illustrations of ‘Landscape-Gardening and Garden Archi-
tecture; or, a Collection of Designs, Original, and Executed, for laying
out Country Residences of every degree of Extent, from the Cot-
tage and Farm to the National Palace and Public Park or Garden,
Kitchen-Gardens, Flower-Gardens, Arboretums, Shrubberies, Botanic
Gardens, Scientific Gardens, Cemeteries, &c., in different Styles, by
different Artists, of different Periods and Countries: accompanied by
Letterpress Descriptions in English, French, and German. London,
Longman and Co., and Charlwood ; and Treuttel and Wurtz in London,
Paris, and Strasburgh. In atlas folio, with 4 plates and 4 pages of let-
terpress; quarterly. Price to gardeners, 6s.; retail price, 7s. 6d.

It is the object of the above work to mcrease the knowledge, and im-
prove the taste, of the amateur and practical gardener, in all that relates to
design in gardening. For this purpose it 1s mtended to select and publish
plans and descriptions of a number of the principal country residences,
parks, pleasure-grounds, and other garden departments, which have been
executed in different parts of the world, in different styles, in different
times, and by different artists. Public gardens and promenades of every
description connected with planting and gardening will also be introduced.
With these plans, already executed, will be given at least an equal number
of original designs by the editor and by others, garden artists, practical
gardeners, or amateurs.

The plans for country residences will comprise examples of every degree
of extent, from those of ten or twenty acres to the most extensive demesne ;
and of every variety of application or purpose, from that of the small pro-
prietor who cultivates his own farm, to the most splendid residence, or
public park or promevade, Though all the different styles of design that
have been adopted from the time of the Romans to the present day will be
exemplified, yet most of the examples will be given in the modern English
or natural style, as by far the best suited to the climate and state of civilis-
ation of Europe, America, and the colonies belonging to these countries.

A secondary object in the present work is to promote the introduction
in country seats, whether on a small or extensive scale, of botanic flower-
gardens and arboretums, arranged according to the Jussieuean or Natural
‘System. -The enjoyment derived from flowers, and trees, and shrubs, as at
present introduced in flower-gardens and shrubberies, and known merely
by their names, and with reference to the Linnean system, is felt. to be
considerable; but that enjoyment will be greatly increased by knowing them
with-reference to the natural groups to which they belong. We shall be
able to show graphically, in the present work, with what ease flower-gardens

Loudon’s Illustrations of Landscape-Gardening. +577

of a very moderate size, and shrubberies not larger than such as are now
planted to shelter a kitchen-garden of an acre, or to shelter and decorate a
lawn or paddock of an acre or two, may display an epitome, or repre-
Sentative system, of the whole vegetable kingdom. In this way every
country residence, however small, may display all the rural elegance
hitherto recognised by general observers, with the addition to the naturalist
of all that interest which has hitherto been found only in botanic gardens.

But the great object of this work is to cooperate with the Gardener’s
Magazine, and other works which we have already published, and with an
Encyclopedia of Landscape-Gardening which we intend to publish, in
improving the knowledge and maturing the taste of the practical gardener.
The study of principles by the perusal of written works, and the experience
obtained by the practice of altering grounds from the plans of others, will

not alone effect these objects. It is necessary that plans should be copied,
studied, compared, and analysed; and that the pencil should be called
into exercise by the composition of original plans and designs.

The young gardener further requires to be taught the difference between
the possession of knowledge in an art, and the possession of good taste in
that art. Many gardeners are competent to design a kitchen-garden or a
pleasure-ground, and to delineate their ideas for that purpose on paper;
but it does not follow from this that they possess a cultivated or refined
taste in this branch of their profession.

As a practical maxim it may be affirmed, that to possess good taste in
the productions of any art is, to be able to form a judgment or opinion con-
cerning them in harmony with that of the most enlightened minds. For
this purpose a great many objects of art must be seen and compared. But
as, from the temporary duration of trees and other materials-in use by the
landscape-gardener, no less than from geographical distance, the actual pro-
ductions of different ages and countries cannot be compared together, we
must of necessity content ourselves with comparing delineations of them.
Such a collection of delineations it has not hitherto been within the power

- of the practical gardener to compare ; and it is the intention of the present
work to supply this desideratum.

By studying and carefully copying and comparing the collection of
examples which we shall present, in connection with reading and reflecting
on what has been written on the subject of gardening, as an art of design,
by G. Mason, Wheatly, Price, Allison, and others, (the essence of which

_we shall embody in our Encyclopedia of Landscape-Gardening,) the young
gardener may henceforth effect by seli-instruction what it was not in his
power to do before, he may render himself master of the highest branch of
his profession.

As the descriptions accompanying the plans will be translated into the
French and German languages, some good will be effected by them in the
way of facilitating the intercourse between the gardeners of Continental
Europe and those of Britain, America, and Australia; more especially as ~
few of the technical terms of gardening are to be found either in German
French, or English dictionaries,

Part I. for October, contains

I. Elementary Details of Pictorial Map-Drawing. This sheet is published
as a separate work (p. 580.); and therefore those purchasers of the Id/us-
trations who do not intend to copy the elementary plate with a view to
improve themselves in drawing, may content themselves with the impres-
sion they will find here. But whoever wishes to make use of the plate of
Elementary Details as a drawing-book, should purchase it apart; for, to be
copied properly, it requires to be rolled up, which would spoil the sheet as
a part of the present work. ‘

II. Graphic Arrangement of an Arboretum in one extended Line alongside

Vor. VI. — No. 28. PP

578 Lindley’s First Principles of Botany.

of a Walk. The object of this plate is to assist gardeners in arranging
trees and shrubs, according to the Natural System, in shrubberies or plea-
sure-grounds. Every tree and shrub may be here said to be laid down to
a scale according to the height it will grow, and the breadth it will occupy,
on an average of circumstances. The evergreen proportion of each order
is distinctly marked, as are those plants which are climbers, twiners, trailers,
or creepers. A list of the orders and tribes, containing all the trees or
shrubs that will endure the open air in Great Britain, is given ; the number
of species (their names can be got from the Hortus Britdnnicus), classed
according to their heights, and each class arranged as deciduous and ever-
green. The climbers, twiners, trailers, and creepers are also classed by them-
selves.

III. and IV. Design for laying out 100 Acres as a Villa Residence. By
Joshua Major, Landscape-Gardener, Knowstrop, near Leeds. The first of
these plates is the working plan of a very ingeniously devised design in the
modern style of landscape-gardening. The second is a vertical profile,
showing the general effect. Both plans well deserve the study of the
practical gardener and the amateur. For the conditions on which this
work will be published, and other particulars, we refer to the advertising
sheet. We have risked the publication on our own account, and do not
intend advertising it any where, except in this Magazine and that of Na-
tural Estory.

Lindley, John, F.R.S. U.S. and G.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of London: An Outline of the First Principles of Botany.
London. 18mo, pp. 106. 3s.

The elements of botany are here laid down in 543 propositions, which
form the basis of Mr. Lindley’s lectures in the University of London. “ No
person can be considered a botanist who is unacquamted with the nature
of the evidence upon which such of these propositions as are indisputable
are founded ; or by which it is supposed that others which are less certain
can be disproved. Acquiring this kind of knowledge constitutes the study
of vegetable comparative anatomy, or organography ; a curious and inte-
resting subject, upon which systematic botany entirely depends.” To enable
the reader to become acquainted with “ the evidence,’ he is referred to
Decandolle’s Organographie Végétale, from which chiefly the “ outline” 1s
abridged, or to Link’s Eleménta Philosophie Botinice. This is a most
excellent little work, which every gardener ought to purchase and study as
a preparation for Professor Lindley’s Introduction to the Jussieuean System,
just published at 12s. The only objection we have to “ An Outline” is
the price, which ought not to have exceeded 1s.

Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus: A Catalogue of all the Plants indigenous,
cultivated in, or introduced to Britain. Part I. The Linnean Arrange-
ment, in which nearly 30,000 Species are enumerated, with the Syste-
matic Name and Authority, Accentuation, Derivation of Generic Names,
literal English of Specific Names, Synonymes Systematic and English of
both Genera and Species, Habit, Habitation in the Garden, indigenous
‘Habitation, popular Character, Height, Time of flowering, Colour of the
Flower, Mode of Propagation, Soil, Native Country, Year of Introduc-
tion, and Reference to Figures; preceded by an Introduction to the
Linnean System. Part H. The Jussieuean Arrangement, of nearly 4000
Genera, with an Introduction to the Natural System, and a General De-
scription and History of each Order. Edited by J, C. Loudon, F.L., H.,
G., and Z.S. London. 8yo. 14/. 1s.

Having reviewed a work bearing the above title in our First Volume

(p. 434.), it may here be necessary to state the reason why that work never
appeared. It is simply this, that, in preparing the appendix for it, it was

Loudon’s Hértus Britdénnicus. 579

found that the latter would be almost as bulky as the body of the work.
Rather than submit such a work to the public, the editor proposed to the
proprietors, that, if they would consent to sustain the loss of breaking up
the stereotype plates of the first edition, he would superintend a new edi-
tion gratuitously. Mr. George Don undertook the Linnean Arrangement of
this improved edition, at a price far below its value; and Professor Lindley
and Dr. Greville gave their services gratis. In reflecting how the most
could be made of a new edition, the happy idea occurred to the editor of
giving literal translations of the specific names, and the etymologies of the
generic names. From this inprovement alone an interest is given to the
science of botany that ordinary botanists could scarcely have imagined.
Those scientific names hitherto of unknown meaning to all who were not
classical scholars, or profound botanical students, will henceforth present
to the mind of the humblest English reader a biography or a history, and
often both. It would be affectation in us to deny that we think this cir-
cumstance and others render our catalogue one of the most important
presents hitherto made to the practical gardener.

Weare happy, notwithstanding the immense sacrifice of time and labour
which it has cost us, to have been the means of placing such a work within
their reach. Without meaning to depreciate any other catalogue whatever,
we certainly consider this one by far the most perfect work of the kind; and
the gardener who does not possess it can never pretend to much either in
the way of scientific or practical botany. The Natural Arrangement alone
is worth the price of the work. We have given our reasons (Vol. I. p. 435.)
for giving the species under the Linnean Arrangement rather than under
the Jussieuean: to these reasons we still adhere ; but, fortunately for such
as may differ from us in opinion on this point, there is the Hortus Britan-
nicus of Mr. Sweet, the second edition of which will be ready by the time
this notice is published, in which the species are given under the Jussieuean
system. These two catalogues do not at all interfere with each other ; and
whoever can afford it ought to possess them both. The following extracts
from our preface indicate the principal points of difference between the
books : —

“ Short introductions are given [i Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus] to the
Linnean and Jussieuean systems, illustrated by engravings ; and this cireum-
stance, together with the important one of all, the specific names being
literally translated, will, by giving the meaning of almost all the terms used
in botanical description, in a great measure supersede the necessity of a
grammar of botany to the young gardener. The literal translation of the
specific names may be considered as, to a certain extent, teaching him the
Latin language ; and the etymologies of the generic names will give him the
meaning of an immense number of Greek words. The species of every
genus, where numerous, are subdivided into sections and subsections,
which are shortly defined by specific characters; and so copious are the
descriptive particulars after each species, that we will venture to assert that,
the genus to which any plant belongs being known, the specific name, in a
majority of cases, may be discovered by this catalogue without the aid of a
Species Plantarum.

“ In the popular descriptions of the Natural Orders, the medicinal proper-
ties and economical uses are slightly noticed ; and the soil, propagation, and
general treatment of the different groups indicated ; so that this part of the
work, in our opinion the most valuable collection of botanical facts that has
ever been brought into so small a space, may be considered an epitome of
the history, uses, and culture of the whole vegetable kingdom. Whoever
has a sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge of plants and of vege-
table culture to generalise on these subjects, will find, im this Natural
Arrangement, the rudiments of every thing that can be said or written on
botany, gardening, and agriculture.

PP 2

580 Loudon’s Pictorial Map- Drawing.

- © The literal translation of the specific names, the derivations of the
generic names, the indications of derivations, and, above all, the general
descriptions of the Natural Orders, will, the editor confidently expects, be
found not only of great value in determining the names of plants, and_in
recognising them at sight, both individually and in masses ; but im assisting _
the botanical and practical gardener to acquire some knowledge of their
structure, physiology, analogies, affinities, properties, uses, and culture.”

We can state all these things respecting this work with the more confi-
dence, since the principal labour and merit belong to George Don and
Alexander Rowan, and since we have not, nor can we possibly ever have,
the slightest pecuniary interest in its sale.

Loudon, J. C.: Elementary Details of Pictorial Map-Drawing, in 154 Les-
sons, printed on One Sheet, and explained in English, French, and Ger-
man, for the Use of British and Continental Working Gardeners. Lon-
don, Longman and Co., and G. Charlwood; and Treuttel and Wurtz
in London, Paris, and Strasburgh. Price to Gardeners, 3s.; retail
price, 3s. 6d.

The purpose of this work is to show the young gardener and amateur in
what manner the different objects which occur in landscape and garden
scenery, and especially ground, rocks, trees, water, and buildings, are repre-
sented in maps and plans for laying out and improving landed property.
The young gardener, by copying them with a black-lead pencil, or simply
with pen and ink, will teach himself to draw every object in the field or
garden that can be required of him, in the way of laying out parks.or plea-
sure-grounds, or planning gardens.

We strongly recommend this work to every young gardener who is ambi-
tious of drawing plans neatly and on scientific principles. It is unique in
its kind ; and we can truly say, that, if we had met with such a work thirty
years ago, it would have saved us a good deal of time, some money, and a
great many blunders. Whoever looks at the work, and at the price, will
see that, though we expect to be paid what we have been out of pocket, yet
that we can never expect profit. Had not M. Hertz, one of the cleverest
young Germans that we know, volunteered the drawing, we must have
charged five shillings instead of three.

Weld, Isaac, Esq., one of the Secretaries of the Royal Dublin Society, and
Member of the Royal Irish Academy: An Essay on Evergreen Oaks
(Quércus Ilex), originally published in Trans. Roy. Dub. Soc. Dublin.
8yvo.

Mr. Weld’s remarks on the evergreen oak are valuable, as they may
induce planters to give that tree a place among forest trees more generally
than it has hitherto been the fashion to do. The timber is described as
being remarkably solid and durable ; and this valuable quality is ascribed to
its slow growth. Evelyn was, it seems, a strenuous advocate for the ‘lex ;
and it is probable that, on his recommendation, the park of Harefield Place
in Middlesex, the seat of Sir George Cook, was planted almost entirely with
this kind of tree. From the appearance of these plantations they cannot
have stood less than a century; but are far from being so ornamental as it
might be expected woods of evergreens would be: the leaves are liable to
be tarnished, as well by the summer’s sun as by the winter’s frost. Their
outline is lumpish and heavy, without being picturesque ; and at no season
‘of the year are they ever so interesting to the eye as the cedars of Lebanon,
or even the Scotch pines which are sprinkled amongst them. The timber,
nevertheless, may be very useful to the turner and machine-maker, and on
this account the tree deserves cultivation. The largest specimen in England
is.at Col. Brereton’s, near Chichester. — J. 1M.

M‘Intosh, Charles, C.M.C.H.S., Head Gardener to His Royal Highness
Prince Leopold at Claremont, and Author of the “ Practical Gardener

M‘Intosh’s Flora and Pomona. 581

and Modern Horticulturist :”? Flora and Pomona, or British Fruit and
Flower-Garden; containing Descriptions of the most valuable and inte-
resting Flowers and Fruits cultivated in the Gardens of Great Britain,
with Figures drawn and coloured after Nature; accompanied by a con-
cise Analysis of their botanical and pomological Character, their Nature,
and Mode of Culture; including a Definition of the Technical Terms
used in the Science of Botany, with familiar Instructions for the Draw-
ing and Colouring of Fruits and Flowers. London, 4to and 8vo. Price
Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d.; or coloured, 2s. and 3s.

The object of the present work seems to be to promote a taste for
botany and gardening among amateurs; and those who have hitherto been
accustomed to look at plants in gardens in a cursory and unscientific man-
ner. It contains “aconcise though luminous description of the origin, the
botanical and pomological character of each fruit and flower, the period of
their introduction into this country, with other general and useful observ-
ations on their nature and mode of culture, it is intended to give a defini-
tion of the scientific terms which may be used in their description.” An
“ original feature” in this work is, “ instructions, on easy and scientific
principles, for drawing and colouring fruits and flowers, including the
requisite directions for properly mixing the colours, and other minutiz.”
Such are the very laudable objects of this work; and it remains only to
examine how far they have been attained. After looking over the first nine
parts, it gives us much pleasure to state that the descriptions and remarks
are well calculated to promote the end in view: they are scientific, and,
under the direction of so distinguished a gardener as Mr. M‘Intosh, and so
excellent an artist as Mr. Smith, it is almost needless to add, they are prac-
tical. The work is rather too expensive for a young gardener; neverthe-
less, we would recommend those of this class who can afford it to purchase
one or two coloured parts, as a drawing-book, for the sake of the instruc-
tions which are given at the end of each part for drawing and colouring
the flowers and fruits contained in it. Parts i. and ii., for example, con-
tain Cactus Jenkinsénii, Calceolaria corymbosa (improperly printed on the
plate with a capital C: capitals in specific names being limited, with regard
to adjectives, to such as are derivedfrom names of persons), Green-fleshed
Melon, Noblesse Peach, Morello Cherry, and Gloxinia cauléscens (misspelt
on the plate cauléssens). The colouring of the figures is not altogether so
well as might be expected from the superintendence of Mr. Smith; but still
the objects are good resemblances of nature,every one of them being taken
“ from the subject itself, in its highest perfection.” On the whole, we can
safely recommend the work both to the scientific and practical reader ; and,
as we understand it has a very considerable sale, we have pleasure in reflect-
ing that it will do much good. Every one ought to acquire some knowledge
of gardening, agriculture, and natural history; because, though they may
never have a garden of their own, this knowledge will greatly enhance their
enjoyments when looking at the gardens and farms of others, or travelling
generally in the country. To promote the same object, we recommend
Mr. M‘Intosh to introduce occasionally notices respecting the insects,
worms, birds, &c., which infest fruits and flowers; and it would be easy to
give coloured figures of such small objects on the same plate with the fruit
or flower, in the manner of Mr. Curtis. The value of the work would be
doubled by something of this kind. As it is, however, we strongly recom-
mend it to all who can afford the expense. To all those who are person-
ally acquainted with Mr. M‘Intosh, or have had an opportunity of seeing
the high order and keeping of every thing under his care at Claremont, the
excellent crops in the kitchen-garden, and the great improvements he is
making in the shrubbery and pleasure-ground, what we have said of this
book, or shall say of any other which may be entirely under his control,
will be superfluous,
PL

582 Literary Notices.

Catalogue of Flowers, Roots, Plants, §c., sold by Henry Groom, Florist, at
Walworth, near London. 1830. 18mo. 6d.

We notice this trifle for the sake of stating that the list of ranunculuses
‘is very well arranged in the manner of Tyso and Woollard, noticed in our
last Number. (p. 473.)

Mangold Wurzel [erroneously spelled Mangel Wurtzel]: Report of the
Committee of the Doncaster Agricultural Association on the Advan-
tages of Mangold Wurzel as a Fallow Crop. Founded on Returns re-
ceived in Answer to the Queries issued by the Committee. London, 1830.
Pamph. 8vo, pp. 7.

“ The advantages of mangold wurzel are these: — It is more sure to
plant, being very little liable to the fly or grub; it will produce more
weight ; it is off the land earlier; it is useful as a change of fallow crop,
‘when the land is tired of turnips; it will grow on land where turnips can-
not be raised; it is better spring food. On the other hand, in favour of
Swedish turnips, it may be said, that the weeding and singling out are less
‘expensive; there is rather more time for fallowing in the spring; the suc-
ceeding crop is better than after mangold wurzel. Perhaps cattle feed best
on Swedish turnips when they are used alone. It must, however, be
remarked, that these last two evidences in favour of Swedish turnips are
not fully proved, and only partially supported. In conclusion, perhaps
two observations may be of use. First, That the very early season at
which mangold wurzel should be sown, renders it highly expedient that .
tthe land should be made as clean as possible in the autumn, so that a few
-days in the spring may be sufficient to get it into a proper state for the
reception of the seed.. Secondly, That wet seasons do not suit mangold
wurzel so well as dry; and, consequently, for the last two years, the
‘Swedish turnips have been the more valuable crop of the two.”

Art. HI. Literary Notices.

THE Genera and Species of Orchideous Plants. By John Lindley, Esq.
F.R.S.&c. Part I., Malaxidea, 8vo, 7s., is in an advanced state. This
work will consist of about five parts.

The Introduction to the Natural Orders, by the same author, is just pub-
lished in I vol. 8vo. Price 12s.

Arborétum Briténnicum ; or, the Description, History, Native Country and
Habitation, Uses, Cultivation, Botanical Figures, and characteristic Out-
lines of all the Trees and Shrubs which will endure the open air mn Great
Britain. In lvol. 8vo. Edited by J. C. Loudon. This work is in pre-
paration by competent persons, under our guidance and inspection, and it
will be brought out as early as possible, in order to cooperate with our
Illustrations of Landscape-Gardening, &c. (see p. 576.), in promoting the
diffision of a greater variety of trees in our useful and ornamental planta-
tions and pleasure-grounds. Besides botanical figures of the principal
species, skeleton outlines will be given of the general shape and character
of the tree at different ages. In short, though the work will be highly con-
densed, so as to be sold cheap, yet the subject of hardy trees will be
exhausted.

An Encyclopedia of Essential Knowledge for Women of all ranks, forming
a comprehensive system of female education in the most extensive sense of
the expression ; preceded by a general history of female education in all
ages and countries. This work, which will appear in separate volumes, is in
preparation by a fully competent and well known authoress.

PART IIL.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. 1. General Notices.

DESCRIPTION of a Rattery invented by the late Mr. Robert Paul of Starston,
Norfolk.— My dear Sir, You were pleased to express yourself so well
satisfied with a recent notice of an article by me on Ratcatching (see
Country Times, No. 18.), that I am willing to hope a more detailed account
of the plan therein alluded to may not be unacceptable to you. I shall
endeavour to illustrate my meaning by appropriate sketches; which, though
not so satisfactory as I could wish (having been merely given from me-
mory), will, I trust, enable you the better to understand my description.

This “ Rattery” was, as I have elsewhere stated, invented by my late
excellent friend Robert Paul of Starston, in Norfolk. He bestowed much
labour and time to bring it to perfection; and, though living in a situation
peculiarly favourable for encouraging the breed of rats, used to boast that
he had completely subdued them. In fact, I have heard him say that he
offered a reward to any one who would bring rats on his premises; and
that having marked and turned off one particular pair, he betted a wager
that he should soon catch them both; which, in the course of a very few
days, he did. He selected, as the site of his rattery, some outhouse where
rats were known to frequent, and which he could lock up, and keep sacred
to his own devices and operations. Here he fixed his trap, the construc-
tion of which will be best understood by referring to the accompanying
sketches. (figs. 111, 112.) This spot he endeavoured to make as inviting
and comfvrtable to the animals as possible; for which purpose he placed
faggots, loose wood, and even straw, with an occasional wheat sheaf, on
and about the trap. His plan was, to render the trough (/) a complete
thoroughfare ; for which purpose the trap or falling bottom (g) was, for
several days, secured by a pin, and the end (m) used as a feeding place.
After the rats had got accustomed to the spot, and passed the bridge with
confidence, he took out the pin which secured it, and every rat that
attempted to pass thereafter was taken prisoner. I should here observe,
that great care is necessary in the construction of this part of the trap.
It is not enough that the floor give way under the rat, and be merely
brought back into its place again by the balance weight at the end of the
bridge (2). One rat might be accidentally so caught, but you would not
catch a second. They are, as is well known, remarkably cunning and sus-
picious in their dispositions; and are in the habit of trying the bridge with
their forefeet, in order to ascertain its soundness, previously to adventuring
the weight of their bodies thereon.* It is obvious, therefore, that unless
the bridge is sufficiently fastened to enable the rat to make this trial, the

* The same precaution is said to be used by elephants in regard to tem-
porary bridges over which they have to pass. They will sound them with
their trunks as far as they can reach; and if, in their judgments, they are
not sufficiently secure, it is perfectly nseless to try to get them over.

mes BIA

584

General Notices:

The same letters refer
to each of the figures,

A, End view of the trap,
with the tub (sec-
tion).

+

B, Longitudinal section
of trap.

c, Birdseye view of
longitudinal section
of trap.

a, Doubting Castle.

b, Forlorn Hope.

c, Slough of Despond.
d, Partition wall.

e, Ground level.

J, Pipe of brick or tile.

g, Falling floor, or bot-
tom of trap,

h, The weighted end
of the fall, to bring
it back into its place.

z, The end of the fall,
that gives way under
the rats.

1, Trough, or thorough-
fare, in which the
trap (@) is placed.

m, The feeding end of
the trough.

n, The end at which
the rats enter.

o, Loose” wood, to
serve both as a cover
and a road into the
trap.

p, A slip of wood, to
which the rats spring
from the pipe f, and
which gives way un-
der them, and lets
them into the water
below.

trap will be no trap to them; and yet the catch or fastening should not be
so stiff but that it will suffer the bridge to give way under thew weight

when once upon it.

I cannot show this catch in my sketches; they are so

small, but (enlarging the scale) it is, when the bridge is viewed sideways,
something like the following sketch. (jig. 112.) g is the bridge or fall of
wood tipped with thin sheet iron at the end (2), which works into the

catch (7).

This catch should be sufficiently rank to bear the trial already

General Notices. 585

_ Spoken of; and yet not so
rank but that it suffer the
bridge to fall when wanted
(as shown by the dotted
Imes 2). It is brought back
by the weight (2),and moves
on pivots at s.

The beauty of this trap
is, that, when once set, and
the catch (r) regulated to
its proper pitch, it requires
~ no further trouble. One is
sufficient for the whole pre-
mises. The great object is, to give them time enough to get acquainted
with it; for which purpose every thing should be done to attract them
to the spot, and to make them feel themselves at home. A little pale
malt, slightly tinctured with oil of caraway, will prove to be the most
inviting dish you can set before them; and it will be well to bear in mind,
that no part of the trap, not even the straw or the wood by which it is
surrounded, ought to be touched by the naked hand without first rubbing
the skin with a portion of the oil of caraway. Do not scatter the malt
upon the bridge (g), but spread it carelessly, as it were, about the feeding
end of the trough (m). It will thus be in sight from the other end (7);
and, to get it, the rats must pass the bridge (g); for it will be seen at
Jig. 2. that the entrance to the trap is now (by means of the wood piled
up) at the end of the trough (7), although at first it had an entrance at
each end, and was, as I have stated, a complete thoroughfare. Indeed,
some have them on this plan still; having no particular feeding place, and
trusting entirely to time and chance for what they may catch; having first
taken pains to make the trap a run, and the place itself a harbour for rats.
I do not know that it is requisite for me to add many more words. The
drawings sufficiently explain the principle; and as to dimensions, those can
be determined by the projector, and must, in some degree, depend on the
size and convenience of the building to which the rattery is attached. The
trap itself should not be above 3 or-4 inches wide, and 12 or 15 inches
long; in order to allow plenty of room for the fall of a large rat. “The
forlorn hope” into which he dropped from “ doubting castle,”— for, you will
observe, my friend had the Pilgrim’s Progress in his eye when he was thus
labouring to entrap sinners, — “ the forlorn hope,” I say, should be suffi-
ciently deep to prevent the rat from making any attempt to reach the
bottom of the trap (g); for which purpose it should be of a conical form,
and perfectly smooth mside. Once in “the forlorn hope,” therefore, he
has no means of egress but by the pipe or drain (f), the length of which
is immaterial, and which conducts to a tub or cistern of water called, not
inaptly, “the slough of despond.”” Against the side of this tub is fixed a
flap (p), upon which, as the only chance of escape, the rat jumps from the
mouth of the pipe (f). It gives way under him, as shown by the dotted
line, and he soon ends his career in “ the slough of despond.”

It will be observed, that the operation of this trap is so silent, and yet
so effectual, that hundreds may be caught in quick succession without any
alarm being given to the remainder; for it appears that they continue but
a very short time in “ the forlorn hope,” leaving it almost immediately
for “ the slough of despond ;” their immersion in which (it being at such
a distance from the trap) is unattended with any noise: whereas, had the
water been immediately under the fall (¢), each rat would have occasioned
more or less of disturbance, and thus have intimidated many. Besides, the
mere examination of the cistern, and taking out the captured, would have
been a constant source of annoyance ; whereas, in its present situation, it

586 General Notices.

may be examined every day without in the least interfering with the
trap.

aa thus hastily put together the above particulars, which, if thought
worthy a place in the Gardener’s Magazine, are quite at your service. Be-
fore I conclude, however, I will just observe, that my friend had a mouse-
trap on the same principle, only on a smaller scale, and of lighter materials,
which answered extremely well. The mice dropped through the trap to
a little cistern of water beneath. Iam, my dear Sir, &c.— 8. Taylor.
Country Times Office, 139. Fleet Street, May 20.

The rapid Generation of Insects, §c.— Sir, I take the liberty of submitting

to you an idea which has struck me upon the subject of the very rapid ge=
neration of insects in the spring, otherwise called blight; and particularly of
those insects called A’phides. It is well known, that in a few days, or even
hours, after a certain state of atmosphere has prevailed in the spring, the
hop, oak, and various other plants, are covered with them in millions.
Some have attributed this appearance to spontaneous generation ; others,
to the wafting of immense quantities of invisible eggs in the air; others, to
electricity; some to one thing, some to another; but I think we may find
a solution of this most curious problem in a very striking passage to be
found in p. 245. of Huber’s book upon ants, and quoted in the Insect
Transformations (Library of Entertaining Knowledge), p.113. The substance
of which is, that in the month of November, while investigating the sub-
terraneous chambers of the yellow ant, he found an assemblage of little
eggs for the most part of an ebony colour. They were taken the greatest
care of by theemmets. In another hill he found a great number of brown
eggs, of which the ants took the same care as the former, never abandoning
them. Both kinds were totally unlike the eggs of the ant. “'The following
day,” he says, “ I saw one of these eggs open, and an aphis fully formed,
having a large trunk, quit it. I knew it to be the puceron of the oak : others
were disclosed a few days after, and the greater number in my presence.
They set immediately about sucking the juice from some branches of the
tree 1 gave them; and the ants now found within their reach a recompense
for their care and attention.” The ant-hill was situate at the foot of an
oak. “ All this,’ says the Editor of the Insect Transformations, “is done
by the ants to secure for themselves a supply of the honey-dew secreted by
the aphides in the spring.” Here, then, we have the whole mystery of
blight explained. The aphis eggs are laid up by the ants and protected_
during the winter. As soon as they are born, they hasten away to the
neighbouring plant from which the ant had collected the eggs. They begin
immediately to lay their eggs; a season more or less favourable arrives,
which is indicated by that appearance in the air which is called a blighting
wind, aad the eggs are hatched in greater or smaller numbers. The new
insect immediately begins to lay its eggs, or to produce its living offspring;
and as it is calculated that one aphis may be the progenitor (vide Insect
Lransformations, p. 19.) of 5,904,900,000, descendants during its life, and
as there may be twenty generations in a year, it is not to be wondered at
that more than 1060 aphides have been counted on a single leaf of the
hop, all proceeding from the eggs stored up by the ants for the purpose of
securing to themselves a supply of the honey-dew. Should this theory be
found to be true, it may by possibility lead to some important practical
results, and it is for the purpose of attracting attention to this view of the
subject that I address you. We have, then, discovered the store-house of
these insects, and whence they come every spring. The question is how
to destroy them, or, in other words, how to destroy the ants, their pro-
tectors. According to this theory, if we could remove all ants from a hop-
garden, or an oak-coppice, we should have no insects in it; we should have
no honey-dew on the leaves; and most assuredly the plants would be
much more healthy and productive. This would be turning the study of

General Notices. 587

natural history once more to its real purposes of great utility to man;
and I do therefore hope that some of your practical correspondents will
give the public information as to the best method of dislodging the va-
rious species of ants from our fields, orchards, and gardens: for I cannot
help suspecting but that the eggs of the cotton blight, so destructive to
our apple-trees, may be preserved in a similar manner.

There is a curious article in § 299. of Cobbett’s English Gardener, on the
ant. He maintains they are exceedingly destructive to gardens; and that
the only way to destroy them is by pouring boiling water into the nests. I
hope you will point out something more practicable in the large way.
Yours, &c.— X. Y. Aug. 14.

Remedy for Blight.— A decoction of feverfew and elderberry flowers,
applied to the black blight on peach and cherry trees, will effectually destroy
the insects and recover the trees. Probatum est.— Joseph Tyso. Walling-
ford, Sept. 1.

Honesty in Matters of Taste. —“ People are afraid to like for themselves ;
and until they can find some other examples of note to countenance them,
dare not express their taste. Let all the world know that one man’s liking
is as good as another’s, according to its intenseness. Tutored persons and
untutored persons like different things, it is true; and, for that very reason,
the untutored person should not adopt the taste of the tutored, because he
does not feel it. The contrary practice is the worst of all sorts of hypo-
crisy. People pretend to like or dislike Mademoiselle Taglioni, for example,
or any other object of taste, without the perception of any feeling whatever ;
or if they find the authorities going one way, they follow the stream, bongré
malgré, and thus give themselves the pain perhaps of concealing a partiality,
in deference to others, who, it may be, excel them only in impudence. Let
no man say he either likes or dislikes, without really feeling the correspond-
ing emotion in a manner not to be mistaken. If he is indifferent, let him
say so; if he is sensible of a pleasure or a pain, let him not seek asanction.
Let us be honest. As the pain of pretending to like or dislike as the wind
blows, so is the pain of being afraid to declare your taste whatever it may
be. With taste as with opinions, nine-tenths of the world neither form
opinions nor feel emotion from objects of taste; why then pretend to do
either? We say again, let us be honest; neither let us say, ‘ I think,’
when guiltless of thoughts, nor ‘ I like,’ when free from all movement of
pleasure.” (Spectator, July 3.)

Garden Operations for Ladies.—In our last notice on this subject (p. 312.)
we omitted several things ; among others, the gathering of flowers or fruits,
or the cutting off of decayed or injured leaves from the high trees, from the
upper part of green-house stages, from the back or interior parts of beds or
borders, or, indeed, wherever the unassisted hand cannot reach. This is to
be effected by a very ingenious instrument, invented some years ago, called
the flower-gatherer (figs. 113, 114, 115.), and, though little known, manu-
factured for the last seventeen years by Messrs. Steers and Wilkinson of
Sheffield. It consists of two parts, the clippmg or cutting part, and the
handle. The former, by a spring, may be inserted in the latter.. The cutting
part being formed on the principle of a wire-worker’s pliers, cuts and holds at
the same time (f). The handle is formed of any light wood (4). Previously
to using the instrument, the iron collar of the cutter (c) is moved upwards
towards a projecting knob (d), in consequence of which the spring (jig. 114.
e) throws the cutting part (f ) open to receive the leaf, flower, or twig, to
be cut. The operation of cutting is performed simply by drawing back the
collar (c) from its position at d by the line g._ Besides the ordinary opera-
tions of gathering flowers and fruits, those of pruning off small twigs and
taking off leaves infested by insects from high trees (by the French called
écheniller, and the instrument an échenilloir) may be performed by ladies,
and form as good exercise for the arms of the very delicate, as
archery for those of the more robust. The handle may be made to any

General Notices.

588

SENATE

REXASSLERCATAN RT

General Notices. 589

convenient length; or han-
dles of different lengths
may be prepared, and the
instrument inserted in the
end of any of the handles
at pleasure, and made fast
there by a screw pin. The
most complete arrange-
ment would be to have it
fixed on at the end of a
telescope handle, as light
as a fishing-rod; and this
we have had done by
Messrs. Weir of Oxford
Street, who have promised
to prepare some of them
for sale. Messrs. Steers
and Wilkinson have also
sent us another beautiful
lady’s instrument, a hand
flower-gatherer or berry-
gatherer ( fig. 115.), which
is particularly useful for
gathering roses and pruning
off decayed flower-buds
without pricking the fingers
or soiling the gloves. It is
on the same principle as
the other, cutting and hold-
ing at the same time. As
both these instruments pro-
| duce crushing cuts, they
| ought not to be used for
; the same purposes as the
sliding shears, or for cutting
off any thing thicker than
an eighth of an inch, or at
the utmost a fourth of an inch. With the hand flower-gatherer, and a small
basket or pouch tied before her, a lady might with one hand hold her parasol,
and with the other cut off and drop into the basket or pouch whatever decayed
flowers or withered leaves came in her way. In this manner, also, she might
select from the gooseberry bushes and strawberry beds her own dessert. With
the handles a little longer, and jointed on the principle of the laz-tommy
shears, she might pull up weeds or suckers without stooping: but to do
this well would require a little alteration in the cutting part (see Encyc. of
Agr., fig. 254), and we should be glad if Messrs. Wilkinson and Steers
would bestow their attention on inventing something of this kind. At the
“same time, we should not recommend the exclusive use of such an instru-
ment, as stooping must be regarded as an exercise. This hand instrument
( fig. 115.) and the iron part of the flower-gatherer (jig. 114.) are made of
various lengths, from 44 to 8 in., and sold by retail at from 3s. to 8s. The
expense of the handle to the flower-gatherer (jig. 113.) depends on its
‘length and on its construction, and may range from 5s. to 27. — Cond.
Customs in hiring, and Method of paying, Farm Servants in Northumber-
land. — Single servants, both men and women, are hired by the year and
half-year, and are boarded in the farm-house, but the men sleep in an out-

590 General Notices.

house; the “ byre bauks”’ are most frequently chosen, where they are in
the way should any of the cattle be taken ill, &c., should there not be a loft
adapted to the purpose. Their food consists of oatmeal, in “ crowdy,” or
“ porridge,’ broth, and butcher’s meat; skim milk, cheese, and potatoes.
The bread used is made of barley and peas, in the proportion of three to one ;
it is, in fact, the Scotch “ bannocks of barley meal,” and is said to be very
wholesome, and is far from unpalatable to those accustomed to it. The
girls, in addition, are generally allowed Cobbett’s abomination, tea, once a
day. The wages appear higher than in the southern counties, being, for
men, from 5/. to 12/. ; and even where an active industrious young man is em-
ployed to act as steward or head man, he will still expect 15/. or 16/., if not
more. Ploughmen are hired at from five to eight guineas; and it appears
not likely there will be any fall in their wages this year. The reason will
appear when I detail the conditions of the married servant, or hind: these
have, for the year, a cottage-house, coals, bed, a small garth, to set a few
early potatoes and cabbage, a cow’s grass with straw, and two loads (nearly
two tons) of hay for wintering, 3/. or 4/. in cash, and about twelve or thir-
teen Berwick bolls of corn (6 imp. bushels): the proportions vary in dif- ~
ferent districts; but say, one of wheat, two of peas, four of barley, and five
of oats; more oats, and less wheat, are given in Tweed side, and the con-
trary near the Tyne. They have also thirty bushels of potatoes, or, what is
more general, have the produce of the'setting of two bushels, or 1000 yards
of drills; they find the seed and hoe during summer, the master finding the
draught-work.* As they are allowed to keep a pig at their own expense,
they always contrive to have one bacon pig, if not two, in the year, of
which the most careful sell the hams, and consume the bacon at home.
When there is a son or father who lives in the same house, this is called a
double hind ; and the second is hired at proportional wages, either in money
or corn, as may be bargained for: they are also required to find for each
house a woman, or sufficient lad, for batn-work, turnips, hay, &c., at 8d. a
day, and in harvest at 1s. This is provincially called a “ bondager,” a name
certainly objectionable, yet, to those who will look closely into the custom,
it may not appear so bad as at first sight: the fact is, that there are plenty
of men who will most thankfully accept of a place under these conditions,
rather than run the risk of takmg a house in a town or village, and depend-
ing on their livelihood for the year upon occasional jobs and piecework.
These last are the hands in this country who suffer most in bad times for
want of work, and make frequent attempts to throw themselves upon the
parish. This winter subscriptions were entered into to employ these per-
sons in the levelling of roads, improvements of footpaths, &c., to prevent
such demoralising an effect; and, I am happy to say, were well supported,
particularly at Alnwick, as well as a soup kitchen, and ladies’ clothing
society. ‘The shepherds are also paid in kind: the payment for a man is
the keep of two cows and forty sheep. These go with the master’s “ hir-
sel” of different ages: where the master herd has to find a man or two, he
hires them, and is allowed stock in proportion; so that he has nearly as
much interest in the stock as his master, and, his all being at stake, he is as

* I find the practice of setting potatoes by the acre is also used in
Scotland: a manufacturer from Galashiels tells me he has known it there
for several years back. The price charged at Alnwick is 6/. without
manure, and 10/. or 11/. with it: it requires from ten to twelve bolls per
acre for seed, and the produce may average about twenty bolls for one of
seed; the taker therefore calculates upon haying his potatoes at about 9d.
or ls. per boll (of two heaped imperial bushels), exclusive of hoeing, which
is done at spare times, and does not cost much. a

General Notices: 591

much upon the alert in a storm or lambing season as can be desired. They
mow and make their own hay, and, where coals are difficult to get, also cut
and win, or dry, their peat, and carry these home ; the master herd is there-
fore frequently allowed ahorse.. They all contrive to have a patch of land,
planted with potatoes, which is the only vegetable, except a few cabbages,
they cultivate.

When amongst some of our herds on the hills adjoining Cheviot, I made
enquiries respecting the use of peat as fuel ; I find they all prefer coal when
within reach; they estimate nearly ten loads of peat for one of coal in use,
therefore, the expense of carriage and winning, or drying, becomes serious,
even at a small sum per load. I find the winning is a tedious process, re-
quiring some weeks of dry weather ; in the first stage, if much rain fall, the
peats are rendered entirely useless. Might not a powerful press be advan-
tageously employed to press the water out, save all the labour of turning,
heaping, &c., in drying, and improve the quality of the fuel, by rendering it
in substance more hike coal ?. Turves are also sometimes used; but, laying
bare a large space of swarth, the practice is objected to by the farmers. To
enable you to compare, I may state that our best coal, Shilbottle, is nearly
equal to the best Tyne side, and is sold at 5s. for four corves, a two-horse
cart-load of about 16 cwt.; and a family will require about five or six of
these in the year; inferior in proportional quantities.

As Ihave said before, there are hands that live in towns and villages who
work by the day, or take piece-work in dyking, draining, &c., and hire
themselves for a month or two.in harvest. When the cottage is in a vil-
lage, and in the hands of the farmer, he sublets it for a small sum in money,
but stipulates for reapers at low wages; this enables him to get his corn
cut down with ease and expedition by the bondagers. Where a sufficient
number of hands cannot be had m this way, and when the farm is within
reach of a populous village or town, reapers are hired by the day; but,
what is mostly preferred, Irish reapers are hired by the week, victualled
and lodged upon the farm. These last work two or three hours more each
day, and cut the corn better.

It has been said that the Northumberland hind is the happiest of labourers,
and never feels a bad season. I believe so: his wages are certain, and, with
frugality and care, his wife may brmg up a large family upon this income.
The reverse is sometimes the case; but this is attributed to a bad wife, who
wastes the produce of the cow. The bondager certainly rather presses
upon the hind when his wife has a young child, and cannot work; he then
hires a girl: but in turnip districts, where they are certain of plenty of
working days, turnip-hoeing brmgs in more money than almost any thing a
woman can work at (the low price of manufactured goods having completely
broken up all our domestic manufactures).. The low wages induce the master
to give plenty of work; and the certainty of having workers always at
command induces him to extend the cultivation of crops, which require
hand labour, much further than he would otherwise do. The small stock
of the hind being always his own, and the cow generally so, makes him pru-
dent and careful during single service to save as much of his wages as will
set him up for himself. To this, and the fact that the wages of labour are
never paid out of the poor’s rate, the enviable state of the Northumbrian
labourers is, in my opinion, to be attributed. It appears to operate as a pre-
ventive ‘check upon population, and beautifully illustrates Mr. Malthus’s
theory; or, in the words of Burns, it teaches them to

“« Know, prudent cautious self-control
Is wisdom’s root.”

They are all anxious to give their children such education as they can
command, When they are within the reach of a charity school they thank-

592 Foreign Notices: —Holland and the Netherlands.

fully avail themselves of it, and we find in every hamlet some person who
teaches the younger children the rudiments; and several of these, when
they get older, work and save the wages of summer to pay for putting
themselves to schools in winter. —J.C. April 24.

‘The Right of Property itself is subservient to the general welfare; and
that welfare is clearly not promoted by a distribution of property which
confers princely wealth on a few, and condemns the industrious multitude,
by whom that wealth is fabricated, to the alternative of hopeless toil or
abject pauperism. (Quarterly Review, May, 1830, p. 277.)

Corn Laws and Tithes. — Corn laws are quackery; and tithes are partly
a burden on the industry of the country, and partly a deduction from the
landlords. It is well that those who delight in seeing the church of Eng-
land lifting up her mitred front: should know who pay the seven millions
required for that purpose. (Morning Chronicle, March 20.) Q.Do not the
landlords pay the tithes ? A. No more than a man pays what was left to his
brothers and sisters by their common father. A man cannot be said to
pay what he never had. If tithes were abolished, they might fall to the
landlord; and if a man’s brothers and sisters were out of the way, he might
be heir to the whole of his father’s estate. But this does not make a man
pay what is held by others by a right coeval with his own. (Catechism on
the Corn Laws.)

The Erinus alpinus on old Walls, §c. — Sir, In speaking of the Kensing-
ton nursery (p. 382.) you say, “ We notice it at present for the sake of
calling attention to the Zrinus alpinus, which has taken possession of the
tops of the hot-houses and brick walls, and-is now beautifully in bloom in
sheets of purplish red, and affords a fine hint for ornamenting walls and ruins
in the country.” When I first visited Messrs. Malcolm’s nursery, now about
sixteen or seventeen years ago, the Hrinus, as above described, was in full
beauty ; and I was so struck with its luxuriance, and the peculiarity of the
situation, that I immediately took the hint, and established the plant on the
brick walls of my own green-house, where it has grown and thrived ever
since, with greater vigour and beauty than I have ever observed it else-
where, with the single exception of the Kensington nursery. It has the
advantage too, when once established in such situations, of maintaining and
propagating itself freely without the slightest care or attention; whereas,
when kept in pots, on rock-work, or in the borders, the plants are very apt
to die, or, at least, to dwindle, after flowering, and require to be constantly
renewed. I would therefore strongly recommend all admirers of this little
alpine beauty to adopt the same method of cultivation, by sprinkling the
seed into the crevices of walls, &c, Almost any old wall, especially if it
be damp and moss-grown, will answer the purpose. Yours, &c.—W. 7.

-Bree. ~ Allesley Rectory, June 21,

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
HOLLAND AND THE NETHERLANDS.

HAARLEM, June 13. 1829.—Sir, In my tour back to my dear native town,
I passed from London through Haarlem, a favourite place of mine, where 1
once stopped eight months, and where I now found the tulips which 1
planted last autumn dropping their flowers.

The principal thing I looked for here was the difference between the
Dutch and English modes of forcing; and really they are as dissimilar in oper-

Foreign..Notices : — Holland and the Netherlands. 593

ation as they are similar in. effecting their object. 'The Dutch force with -
dung, the English with fire heat ; and both have their advantages. To give
an idea of Dutch forcing, I may mention a place near Haarlem, called Ba-
shenhoven, which is pretty extensive. The forcing-houses consist of about
100 lights; and the forcing-pits of 200 lights. A Montagne peach tree,
which occupied the breadth of two lights of a pit, was charged (June 2.),
with fifty-two beautiful nearly ripe fruits: One melon plant, called the
Groote Orange, had seven very fine nearly ripe fruit, all of a goodsize. Out
of a-cucumber pit of four lights were cut forty fruits on May 28th, and
twenty on May: 31st. The vines bear well, and a quantity of fruit was
already used. Of strawberries, the fine English sorts are wanting, and only
the oldest sorts are used in forcing. Peaches, nectarines, apricots, grapes,
raspberries, melons, cucumbers, salad, carrots, peas, and French beans are
very generally forced. As I saw many similar forcing-houses last year, I
may observe that all of them are kept in perfect good order, and managed
in one and the same way, so that nothing farther of novelty is to be found,
after having seen one of the principal places. The pine-plants, compared
with the English, are exceedingly poor.

I like the Dutch manner of forcing very well because it is less expensive ;
has where the enjoyment of a fine sight is desired, the English style is pre-
erable.

With respect to the florists’ gardens of Haarlem, I cannot give a better
description, than by subjoining the following abridged list. of the bulbs
cultivated in the establishment of M. E. H. Krelage, which was commenced
twenty years ago, and must now be acknowledged as one of the best gar-
dens of its kind. M. Krelage is a very enthusiastic florist, who collects all
that is fine and new, and has raised since the year 1818, about 300 new
varieties of hyacinths from seeds, for one of which, flowering for the second
time this year, 100/. was offered ; but none of them can be sold before they
are propagated. I had the good fortune to learn a good deal about the
culture of bulbs from M. Krelage; and I may remark, that last year, when
the tulips in most places looked very ill, they had grown here as well as
ever; and soit is with the whole collection.

Specification of the Bulbs cultivated by M. E. H. Krelage, Florist, Kleine
Houtweg, No. 146. Haarlem. ~

DousLe HyAcInTHs.

Sorts. Sorts. Sorts.
Reds . - 20 Whites with yellow 14 Dark blues - - 24
Light reds - -60 Yellow - - 12 Blues - - 55
Rose - - 65 Whites with red - 42 Light blues - - 45
Whites - - 60
SrneLe Hyacintus.
Sorts. Sorts. Sorts.
Reds - - = 27% Whites - - 36 Dark blues - - 15
Light reds - - 30 Yellows - - 40 Light blues_ - - 18
Roses - - 25 Dark, nearly black - 6 Blues - - 20
Double hyacinths - 397 sorts.
Single - - 217

New varieties - 300

914 occupying 6000 sq. ft. Rhenish.

Under the new varieties a double blue, a double red, a single blue, and
a single black are distinguished.

Vou. VI. — No. 28. rome)

594 Foreign Notices :—Holland and the Netherlands.

FINE LATE TULIPS.

Bybloemens. Sorts. Yellow, with brown - 106
White, with black - - 65 Yellow, with violet - 30
White, with brown - - 66 Yellow, with red - - 40
White, with rose - - 70 Yellow, with orange - = 24
White, with red or cherry - 75 Yellow, with feuillemort - 20
White, with violet - - 125 Seedlings.

Bizards. Whites or bybloemens - 60

Yellow, with black = - 60 Yellows or bizards - - 16
Bybloemens - - 401 sorts.
Bizards = - 280
Seedlings = - %6

757 occupying 950 sq. ft. Rhenish.

Under the bybloemens are very remarkable: Lows XVJI., Ambassadeur
d@ Hollande, Grand Monarque, Violet 81, Violet St. Antoine, Cerise In-
comparable, General Worrenzoff, Hoogerbert, Grotius, Roi de Siam, In-
comparable Mere brune, Gouverneur Générale, L’Impératrice de Maroc,
Cramoisi No. 16., Reme des Maures, Reine du Monde, Rose camure de
Grecque, Cerise belle Forme, Toilette de la Reine, Cerise blanche, Comte
de Versanes, Globertine, Queen of England, Ornement du Parc, Rose
tendre, Reine des Roses, &c. &c.

Under the bizards are remarkable: Pompe funébre, Catafalque, Castrum
Dolorum, Charbonier, Ne plus ultra, Gloria Mundi, Bruin Casteel, Déesse
Flora, Gordianus, la Delphine noir, Grand Maitre, Beauté supréme, Bien-
fait, Sans Rival, Marmoisie, Charbonnier noir.

Earty TuLips ror Forcine.

Sorts. Sorts.
Yellow, with red - - 46 Whites, with violet - 36
Whites, with red = = 80 Whites = is =
Whites, with rose - - 16 Reds - - - 18
Dovusie Tuties.
Sorts. Sorts.
Yellow, with red - - 24 Whites, with violet - - 18
Yellow - - - - 8 Whites, with red 16
Yellow, with brown = .- | 16 Whites, with rose - - 12
Whites - - - 3 Reds - - - 20
: Early Tulips - 152 sorts.
Double Tulips - 117
Monstrous se)

————=

274 occupying 850 sq. ft. Rhenish.

: ; Sorts. vais Sorts.
Yellow and White Tazettas - 100 Crocus, new varieties - 100
Iris anglica (wiphidides) - 75 Ranunculuses, fine sorts - 250
I‘ris hispanica (Xiphium) - 75 Anemones - - - 100

The Narcissus Tazettas occupy - 1200 sq. ft.
The other Narcissi and Jonquils - 600
The Liliums, Martagons, Fritil-
larias, Gladiolus, I‘ris susiana - 650
The Iris Xiphium, &c. - - = 250
The Crocus = - - = 600

The Ranunculuses and Anemones ~- 1200

Foreign Notices : — Holland and the Netherlands. 595

in all, the number of square feet planted with bulbs in this establishment
is 12,300; and, besides this, one finds here quantities of Amaryllises, Ixias,
Antholyzas, Georginas, Auriculas, Primulas, and Pelargoniums.

After glancing at this specification, and considering that there are here
still twelve other first rate florists, and as many or more establishments on
smaller scales, all of which are exceedingly neat ; you may imagine that the
small town of Haarlem stands amidst the finest florists’ flower-gardens in
the world.

With respect to fine Cape and New Holland plants, they are very scarce
here, neither do they thrive well. The reasons of this appear to me to be,
that the climate is too unfavourable, the soil too wet in winter for exotics,
and that too little use is made of the rich turf so common here; but it is
also true, that a florist cannot think about botanic plants and his florists’
bulbs at the same time, without neglecting one of them.

Although M. van der Hope has a fine and well kept collection of exotics,
and seems to be a very great amateur, collecting every year some very
scarce plants, with which he endeavours to gain the honorary medal of the
exhibitions of Utrecht and Haarlem, he is also, for want of good mould,
put to the expense of fetching it in boats from a place thirty miles distant
from Haarlem; this is, in my opinion, unnecessary, for I think the turf in
the neighbourhood of Haarlem would answer the purpose as well if pro-
perly prepared, and it only requires a trial. However, there must be some-
thing in this soil which is favourable to hyacinths, and disadvantageous to
camellias, ericas, epacrises, and other fine plants ; for I was not able, when
here last year, to root one cutting of camellia out of fifty, although in Franc-
fort I always counted on rooting nine out of ten.

Fine market-gardens are very common here, as well as large pleasure-
srounds, or parks, though the Dutch manner of laying out grounds is very
inferior. The whole park is usually planted so thick, that one actually
walks in the dark under the trees when the sun shines; and it is only from
the mansion that a fine view can be obtained. Stagnant ditches cross each
other in all directions ; but this taste is too well known, and very justly too
little adopted, in other countries, to require further notice.

Horticultural science, about Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and the whole pro-
vince of Holland, is kept up merely by a few florists in Haarlem, and some
botanists in Leyden, and perhaps by a few others; but the love of garden-
ing in private gentlemen has so declined, that the florists could not exist
without their trade to ioreign countries. It is surprising that as yet none
of the numerous cultivators of bulbs has published a work ; and even few
foreign books on gardening are known among them, because they are of no
use for the culture of bulbs.

The botanic garden in Leyden has, as | remember when | was there last
year, a good collection of hot-house plants, and others; but it is much m-
ferior to Kew Gardens.

From this I shall depart soon for Hanover, Brunswick, Hamburgh, and
Berlin; and hoping that in this last place I shall find a few hours’ leisure,
I will take the liberty of writing to you again. I am, Sir, &c. — Jac, Rinz.

Fruit-trees in Churchyards. — N. Phillipe Bosquet, who died at Am-
sterdam on the 8th of January last, bequeathed two thousand florins to the
Benevolent Society of the Northern Provinces of the Netherlands, on the
condition that “two fruit-trees of full growth shall be planted over his
grave, the fruit to be publicly sold by auction every year, in order to prove
that the receptacles of the dead may be rendered useful and beneficial
to the living.” The directions of the testator, say the papers, have been
complied with. (Scotsman, May 20. 1829.)

The most beautiful and picturesque road in Europe, not excepting even the
beauties of the Rhine, is the tour from Namur to Liege along the banks of
the Meuse. Half-way stands the town of Huy, with its lofty castle and

QQ 2

596 Foreign Notices: — Poland, North America.

recently planted vineyards already yielding good wine. This is a singular
instance of the establishment of vineyards where no vines were ever before
cultivated. (A Spectator in the Netherlands, in the Derbyshire Courier of
Nov. 28. 1829.)

POLAND.

A Manufactory of Sugar from Beet-root is in progress on the estate of
Guzow, seven German miles from Warsaw, on the road to Posen. The
concern will be conducted upon the newest principles. The government
have promised to assist it liberally: they wish the manufacture of sugar to
become general in the kingdom, and arrangements are made to mstruct
pupils free of expense in every branch of the business. Besides the above
manufactory, there are already several others actually established. A sample
of raw sugar has been sent to Warsaw. The estate alluded to is the pro-
perty of Count Henry Lubienski. —J.Z. Warsaw, May 13. 1830.

NORTH AMERICA.

Sweet and sour Apples.— Mr. Bradley mentions an apple which was
sweet and boiled soft on one side, and sour and boiled hard on the other
(Treatise on Gardening); and the late John Jay of New York notices
another sweet on one side and sour on the other. (Comm. Board Agric.
vol. i. p. 362.) Ican relate a third case of a similar nature. The late
Levi Hollingsworth, merchant, who resided for more than sixty years in
Philadelphia, and was a man of the highest integrity, informed me, several
years since, that when he was a boy, living at Elkton in Maryland, there
was a full grown apple-tree, the fruit of which was sweet on one side, and
sour on the other: on the same limb there grew apples quite insipid, others
sweet, and others sour. He mentioned the fact as of his own knowledge
to a club of literary gentlemen, who met at a public-house once a week to
discuss useful subjects, in the year 1762, in Philadelphia ; but the doctrine
of the marriage of plants was not familiar to them, and the fact was
doubted. This so mortified him, that he went down to Elkton, in com-
pany with the late Mr. Samuel Nicholas, who was a respectable citizen,
and brought away several of the apples to the club. Mr. Hollingsworth
assured me that the tree had never been grafted. —J. MZ. Philadelphia,
Sept. 7. 1829.

Apples and Pears on the same Tree. —“ Mr. John Gage of Upton Union,
a few years ago, grafted a pear upon an apple scion in his garden. When
it grew up so as to begin to bear, it bore for two years very excellent pears.
The third and fourth years its leaves, which formerly were those of a pear
tree, changed, by degrees, to those of an apple tree. The fifth year, and
ever since, it has borne excellent apples. This has been related to me
by at least fifty of the most respectable men on the spot, who personally
knew it to be true.”’ (Job Johnston in Long Island Patriot.) —J. M. Phi-
ladelphia, Sept. 7. 1829. Unquestionably an error in the observer; the
scion in all probability never united properly, and a shoot from the stock
was mistaken for it.— Cond.

Identity of the Peach and the Nectarine.—In the Linnean Correspond-
ence it is stated (preface p. 1.) that a tree bought for a nectarine produced
peaches; the next year it bore nectarines and peaches, and for twenty
years after. P. Collinson informs Linnzeus (p. 7.) that at Lord Wilmington’s
a tree produced both nectarmes and peaches. Sir J. E. Smith, the editor,
says, that several instances of this have occurred; and that he was pre-
sented with a fruit half nectarine half peach. It grew on a tree which
usually bore nectarines and peaches ; but in two seasons, at some years’
distance from each other, the same tree produced half a dozen of these
combined fruits. Collinson mentions (p. 70.) that he saw both fruits on the
same tree close to each other; and (p. 75.) that a peach produced a nec-
tarine from a stone, and not a peach, in his own garden. Without knowing

foreign Notices: — Australia. 597

the foregoing facts, Professor Chapman informed me that formerly, in Vir-
ginia, peach trees lived a number of years, and that when they were very
old, he had often seen them bear nectarines. The fact is well known, he
says, to all old natives of Virginia. — J. MM. Philadelphia, Sept. 7. 1829.

AUSTRALIA.

The Swan River, or more properly Western Australia, 25th of Jan. 1830. —
300,000 acres have been located; and there are in all about 1000 settlers.
This is evidently a pasturage country, and will only repay by breeding
the finest wool sheep. It has been proved that, at the low price at which
grain can be imported from Java, it can never answer to grow that article for
exportation except in the interior for home consumption. The soil, both
as to quality and the facility of bringing it into cultivation, has been over-
rated by Mr. Fraser, who, though an indefatigable botanist, does not under-
stand agriculture. To a certain extent, the soil is a good friable loam ; but
it soon cakes, and cannot be broken up for cultivation except after rain.
There is great variety of soil; and clay, marl, sand, and limestone all lying
convenient. All the productions of Europe, including to a certain extent
those palms and that species of sugar-cane which are cultivated in Spain, it
is believed will thrive here. A parochial lending library for the working
classes has been established; a literary institution has been commenced,
with 45 subscribers, 12 candidates, and annual funds to the amount of
100/.; and it is tended to join to this institution a museum, and a bo-
tanical garden. (Morn. Chron. July 22.)

A Literary and Scientific Society, patron the Lieutenant-Governor, was on
the eve of being formed at Hobart Town, in addition to other highly useful
and praiseworthy institutions which have been lately established there.
(Colonial Times, Jan. 29. 1830.)

Mr. Scott’s. Garden at Hobart Town.— No resident of Hobart Town,
either passing or permanent, should omit visiting Mr. Scott, the industrious
and well-informed seedsman of Brisbane Street. In his garden there will
be found a most interesting collection of almost all the indigenous plants
of our island, and many others of foreign origin. A visit to Mr. Scott
will be considered a very useful disposition of a vacant hour. Mr. Scott
has now a great collection of Mount Wellington plants, dried and pre-
served, and has succeeded in collecting a quantity of the bark from the
pepper tree; which some of the gentlemen of the faculty so highly approve,
that we understand they intend to analyse it, in order to discover its virtue.
The pepper shrub of this island grows in a close thicket, to the height of
from 6 to 10 ft. when in blossom, in the spring months of November and
December. The farma of the flower is so pungent, especially if shaken
about by the feet of horses or cattle, that it is necessary to hold a hand-
kerchief to the nose, in order to avoid continually sneezing. It has a pretty
appearance with its red bark and dark green leaves. The whole of this
country is also interspersed with that magnificent shrub called warrataw,
or tulip tree, and its beautiful scarlet flowers. (Colonial Times, Dec. 11.
1829.

Pie and Fruit, — Potatoes 4s. to 6s. per cwt.; cabbages 10d. per
doz.; onions ld. per lb.; shallots 1d. per bunch; turnips 2d. do.; carrots
8d. do.; grapes 6d. per lb.; peaches 4s. per basket; nectarines 6s. do. ;
apples 2s. per doz.; melons 4d. each. The long continuance of dry
weather has made forage unusually scarce. Hay is sold at from 97. to 10/
per ton. High fruit has also been made to ripen too fast, and great quan-
tities have fallen prematurely from the trees. Peaches and nectarines will
hardly ripen at all. (Hobart Town Courier, March 6. 1830.)

QQ 3

598 Domestic Notices : — England.

Art. Ill. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND.

SrTocKPorT Floral and Horticultural Society.—A Floral and Horticultural
Society has been established at Stockport, and a notice of the circumstance
in the Stockport Advertiser is accompanied by the following gratifying ob-
servations : — “ Of all recreations, the cultivation of fruits and flowers is
the one which ought to be the most encouraged. It is most congenial to
civilisation, and conduces very materially to health; attaches men to their
homes, consequently in many instances prevents a life of dissipation;
inclines the mind to serious thought and reflection ; and teaches us to look
through nature up to nature’s God.

“ Every rank of people, from the humble cottager with his favourite auri-
culas and polyanihuses, to the lady of fashion with her more tender exotics,
equally enjoys flowers as a gratification, and nothing more conspicuously
bespeaks the good taste of the possessor than a well cultivated garden ; and
it may be generally remarked, that when we see a neat cottage-border well
stocked with plants, the inhabitant is respectable and possesses domestic
comfort ; whilst, on the contrary, a neglected garden but too frequently
marks the indolence and bespeaks the unhappy state of the owner. But
what must be the satisfaction, as well as essential profit, which the botanist
derives from a closer examination of these beauties of nature! They behold
them as the wonderful works of the Creator, and are convinced that vege-
tation could not possibly be a mere matter of chance, but must be effected
by the all-creating wisdom of a beneficent Bemg. The poets are never more
fortunate in their illustrations than when they sing the beauties and virtues
of these splendid productions ; nor does the artist derive less satisfaction
in delineating their delicate and lovely forms with the pencil. Indeed, of
all luxurious indulgences, that of the cultivation of flowers is the most
innocent, and (except our terrestrial angels, ever bright and fair) they are
of all embellishments the most beautiful ; therefore, we cannot for a moment
doubt that the Stockport Floral and Horticultural Society will meet with
such fostering aid, as to place it foremost in the rank of its competitors.”
(Stockport Advertiser, March 5.)

Medico-Botanical Society. — This Society suddenly claimed the attention
of the public; its pretensions were great, its assurance unbounded. It
speedily became distinguished, not by its publications or discoveries, but
by the number of princes it enrolled in its list. It is needless new to ex-
pose the extent of its short-lived quackery ; but the evil deeds of that insti-
tution will long remain in the impression they have contributed to confirm
throughout Europe of the character of our scientific establishments. It
would be at once a judicious and a dignified course, if those lovers of science
who have been so grievously deceived in this Society were to enrol upon
the latest page of its history its highest claim to public approbation, and by
signing its dissolution, offer the only atonement in their power to the in-
sulted science of their country. As, with a singular inversion of principle,
the Society contrived to render expulsion the highest honour it could confer ;
so it remains to exemplify, in szicide, the sublimest virtue of which it is
capable. (Professor Babbage in the Edinb. Jour. of Science tor J uly, 1830, p.76.)

Cottage Gardens. — The sensible remarks of R. C. Kirkliston (p. 109.),
respecting labourer’s cottages, meet with my warmest approbation; they
are trueandimportant. I have long noticed that the labourers or mechanics
who are attached to their gardens are generally sober and industrious.
Every man must have his hobby, and a garden is the best hobby a poor
man can have. ‘Thirty years ago, when a Lancashire weaver could live by
his honest labour, the neighbourhood of Eccles and Barton, and indeed the
entire vicinity of Manchester, were celebrated for neat gardens and clean
houses in the occupation of the above class of mechanics. - It was, indeed, a

Domestic Notices : — England. 599

most delightful treat to visit the tulip beds, the gooseberry gardens, or the
auricula and polyanthus sheds of some of these intelligent and ingenious
men. Of late years many have turned their attention to the culture of
apple trees ; and, wretched as the situation of the whole of this class of use-
ful men now is, there is still a marked difference in the circumstances and
appearance of those who love their gardens. _ But some there are who. do
love them, without being able to possess them ; many houses being now built
in this, as well as other districts, without agarden. This is wretched policy:
I find among the few cottage tenants Ihave here, those with a garden pay the
best and the most rent, and seem to live in the greatest comfort. I am glad
to find you are going to publish a Manual of Cottage-Gardening, with the
model of a cottage, at the moderate price of 1s.6d. I shall direct my book-
sellers, Messrs. Longman and Co., to send mea few copies when published,
and I have no doubt of its being perfectly adapted to insure the end de-
signed, improvement in cottage building. -On some future occasion I will,
if not intruding too much on your pages, present you with the description
of several cottages in the village of Hadnal, near Shrewsbury, with remarks
on the advantage of a plot of land being attached to the dwellings of the
labouring classes. Iam, Sir, &c.— Charles Hulbert. High Street, Shrews-
bury, Feb. 24.

Wistaria Consequana. — Sir, In my botanical rounds and researches, I
find that beautiful climber the Glycine sinénsis [Wistaria Consequana] in
many green-houses, and in some hot or forcing houses. Now, Sir, as this
plant 1s worthy of every gentleman’s garden, for the information of those
friends of yours who may, or who may wish to, possess it, I here give them
my experience in the treatment of it. Loam and peat I find suit it better
than any thing else. The one [have has been with me three or four years ;
it flowers twice in the year; I have it in a very large pot, and it is: from 10
to 15 ft. high. Ihave kept it out in the most severe frost, nearly unpro-
tected ; and that intense frost which we had this spring, after some very
warm days, it was out under a south wall, and not at all injured. Ihave
increased it, by layers, with little or no difficulty. It is a plant of such
beauty as a climber for a veranda, or any warm situation out of doors, that
I would recommend it to every lover of plants, especially of climbers, among
which it holds the highest station. Iam, Sir, &.—G.G. Edgbaston,
near Birmingham, Aug., 1830.

The Rhodes Grape. — Sir, I send you a specimen of the Rhodes Grape,
a seedling, raised at Horsforth Hall, near Leeds, a
few years ago. It is, as you will see, a fine large black
grape, but rather a shy bearer. It is also abad setter ;
the specimen sent was set with Black Hamburgh. I do
not consider the bunch sent as the best specimen that
could be produced, owing to the wet season and a wet
border. In more favourable circumstances, I have no_ /i!
hesitation in saying, that for size of bunch and berry (4)
( fig. 116.) it bids fair to be amongst the finest of black n
grapes. The flavour is not particularlyremarkable. I
remain, Sir, &c.— Thos. Appleby, Gardener at Hors-
forth. Horsforth Hall, Aug. +.

The bunch contained 84 berries, and weighed 1 |b.
7 oz.; and the flavour was very nearly as good as that
of the Black Hamburgh. — Cond.

Large Pumpkins. — Sir, Seemg in your Magazine of December last,
No. 23., an account of a pumpkin grown by Mr. Thomson, which
weighed, when ripe, half a hundred, I beg to inform you that I grew one in
the garden at Broomhall, near Oswestry, the seat of H. P. T. Aubrey, Esgq.,
in 1819, weighing 92 lbs.; in 1820, one weighing 113 lbs. ; and in 1821, one
weighing 136 lbs. Tam, Sir, &c. — Geo. Davenport, Gardener. June, 1830.

0Q 4

600 Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

Large Melon.— A Cantaloup melon has been raised by Edward King,
gardener to John Buckle, Esq., of the Wildlands, near Chepstow, measuring
34.1 in. in circumference, and weighing 151b. 20z. (Newsp.)

Large Cucumber. — A cucumber (the Bloor’s White Spme) was cut on
the 8th of June, in the garden of W. Hardman, Esq., of Chamber Hall, near
Bury, of the following dimensions: — Length 26 in., girth 1] in., weight
5 Ibs. 83.0z. It did not appear overgrown, but -in a proper state for the
table. (Morn. Chron., June 23.)

SCOTLAND.

Promenade, &c., in the Caledonian Horticultural Society’s Experimental
Garden at Inverleith, July 10. — The garden is about ten English acres in
extent, and commands from every part a superb view of the city. It is
divided into compartments suited to the different kinds of plants raised in
it ; the chief of these compartments being the arboretum, the orchard, the
nursery, the hot-houses and stoves, and the kitchen-garden. The arboretum
is formed of the numerous species and varieties of trees and shrubs, and
extends round nearly three sides of the garden, besides intersecting it in
the form of two raised belts. The orchard contains upwards of 600 sorts
of apples, collected with great care, and at considerable expense, and many
new seedling varieties. The pears amount to 350 sorts, the plums to 100
sorts, the cherries to 80 sorts, and the filberts to about 10 sorts. Ofgoose-
berries there are 350 varieties; and the distinet kinds of strawberries are
about 100. The nursery is filled with fruit and forest trees and shrubs
in various stages of growth, intended chiefly for distribution among mem-
bers. The hot-house establishment is not yet complete, but the collection
of pine-apples amounts to about 20 sorts, and that of grape vmes to about
100 sorts. The culinarium, or kitchen-garden department, is richly stocked
with rare culinary plants and herbs. The whole garden is under the ma-
nagement of Mr. Barnet, and never did we see a place of the kind in better
order. Not a weed was to be seen; and, still more marvellous to be told,
not a bush appeared deranged, nor a bed furrowed by the deluges which had
poured down daily for a month before from the weeping skies. The turf-
walks were shaven so closely, that they seemed to the eye, and felt to the
feet, like a carpet of velvet.

In the centre of the garden a large tent was erected, supported on pillars
gaily festooned with evergreens and flowers. Under this awning two tables
were placed, capable of accommodating about 500 people. The tables were
profusely covered with all the fruits of the season, interspersed with con-
fections, and beside each cover a nosegay was invitingly deposited. At
each end of the tent was an elevated platform, supporting a variety of mag-
nificent-exotic plants, the exhibition of which was one of the principal fea-
tures of the entertainment. The collection was as numerous as many of
the specimens were splendid. It included the Nepénthes distillatoria, or
pitcher plant of China, from the garden of Professor Dunbar, bearing
pitchers 10 in. long; the Optntia Tvina, or prickly pear, in fruit, from the
conservatory of Mr. P. Neill; a splendid specimen of the Cactus specio-
sissima, in flower; from the botanic garden, the Alstroeeméria pulchélla,
tricolor, and Pelegrina ; a large Cycas revolita, and Latdnia borbénica ;
Hibiscus Rosa sinénsis, Kalmia latifolia (splendid), Erythrina /aurifolia
(property of garden), Gladiolus cardinalis, Protea nigra, Lilium japonicum,
Maurandya Barclayana, Sarracénia rubra, Calceolaria purptirea; Verbéna
Melindres, Pimeléa rosea; and a vast variety of ericas,-or heath plants,
among which the most remarkable, both for size and beauty, were specimens
of the perspicua, ventricosa, erécta, flérida, alba, pilosa, tricolor, pree’gnans,
metulzeflora, radiata, sptria, élegans, and jasmmmiflora. The manner in
which these superb plants were arranged showed them off to the greatest
advantage.

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 601

_ The chief contributors of the exotics were Mr. M‘Nab of the botanie
garden, Professor Dunbar, Mr. Cunningham of Comely Bank, Mr. Patrick
Neill, Messrs. Dickson and Sons, Hanover Street, and Mr. Wauchope of
Edmonstone. Messrs. Peacock of Leith Walk nursery furnished nosegays
for the company, in each of which there was either a moss, a crimson, or a
blush rose. These gentlemen also exhibited fifty-nine different varieties of
pinks, amongst which were several seedlings of great beauty, raised by them-
selves. (Hdinburgh Observer, July 13.)

Edinburgh Vegetable Market. — Aug.. There was a very large display
of garden produce in the market this morning ; and there was a grand turn
out of the citizens. Grapes, peaches, nectarines, and currants sold rapidly.
Red and white currants sold at 6d: and 7d., and black currants 1s. and 1s. 2d.
a basket. There was a great supply of potatoes ; and two sorts, that have
been rapidly rising in the estimation of horticulturists during the last five
years, namely, the Liverpool Don, and the Bath Kidney, sold at 6d. to 8d.
a peck. Excellent Black Hamburgh Grapes were sold at Is. 9d. a Ib.
Gooseberries from 3s. to 5s. a gallon. On the whole, both the sale and
prices exceeded the expectations of the gardeners. (Scotsman, Aug. 7.)

sly Cottage, near Glasgow, Oct. 6. 1829.— Sir,.....We are, thanks
to good food, abundant exercise, and keen appetites, in good health and
spirits, and we continue to like our little retreat here as well as when we first
came to it two years ago ; for, although the effect of novelty is gone, we have
always some thing in progress to keep up an interest. Indeed my flower-
garden is an unceasing source of enjoyment, as well as employment to me.

I remember, before I left London, wishing I could manage to spend my
days in my garden. You hinted, rationally enough, a doubt whether in that
event the interest which I then felt and anticipated would not leave me.
Now I can say, after a trial of three years, it has not; and I have no fears
that it ever will. The beauty of gardening is, that, independently of present
gratification, there is always something to do, something to project, and
something to look forward to, to keep up a sufficient degree of excitement,
without too much anxiety. I wish you were here to see what a pretty place
Lhave, and how busy Iam; never, when the weather enables me to be
out of doors, without a rake or a trowel in my hand, and happier, I guess,
than George the Fourth in his gorgeous palace at Windsor. I fear, how-
ever, with all my zeal for this art, I have not much talent for making dis-
coveries or observations.

. I noticed, last winter, that one of my double primroses, flowering out
of season, produced single flowers. They were what florists call pin-eyed,
the pistil being visible at the mouth of the tube; and, on tearing the tube
open, the anthers were found perfectly formed and ranged round the
bottom. Early in the spring some of the flowers on the same plant were
semi-double; and on examining the interior of their tubes, such of the
anthers as had not been transformed into perfect petals were found at
the bottom in the form of small tiny leaflets. Farther in the season,
when vegetation was more vigorous, the flowers were perfectly double,
and no anthers in any form were to be found in the tube; a proof, I con-
ceive (if any were necessary), of the correctness of the generally received
opinion, that in double flowers the anthers have been converted into petals.
Among my coloured single primroses I have some whose first flowers in
the season are regular primroses; but those produced later, say about the
beginning of summer, are furnished with a scale like polyanthuses.

Mrs. W. had a present made her of a beautiful pet goldfinch, which, after
moulting, two years ago, became altogether of a dingy black colour, not
a red, or a yellow, or a white feather to be seen; and so it continued for a
twelvemonth. Reflecting on the cause of this metamorphosis, I could
think of no peculiarity in the habits of the bird, except that it lived almost
entirely on hemp seed; and, to try if this had any effect in changing his

602 Domestic Notices : — Ireland.

colour, he was, before and about the time of moulting last year, made to
eat a portion of canary seed (which he would not taste if he could help it) ;
and in process of time he was furnished with a beautiful new suit of the
original colours. It is now moulting again, and kept upon a mixed diet. I
would have fed him on hemp-seed again, by way of experiment, but was
afraid of injuring his health. Do you think that the sort of food he eats
can affect the colour of his feathers? And, if so, would not you think that
the same cause might produce a somewhat similar effect upon the colour of
the human species? By the by, goldfinches, which used to be plentiful
enough hereabout, are scarcely to be seen, whilst I understand there are
still plenty of them farther north.

- I was lately at Castle Semple gardens, the property of Colonel Harvey,
which have been formed at great expense, under the superintendence of Mr.
Hay of Edinburgh. There I saw pine-apple plants growing in a bed of earth,
placed over a chamber filled loosely with stones, and heated by steam, the
stones being introduced for the purpose of retaining heat. The plants were
in a very healthy state, and growing vigorously; but the gardener, Mr.
Lauder (whose brother you may recollect being some time ago with Mr.
Campbell, at the Comte de Vande’s ), was apprehensive they would not show
fruit at the right time. Experience, | believe, proves that such a result may
be anticipated. Iam, dear Sir, &c. — A. W.

The Ash and Beech doubtful Natives. — These trees have a place in the
Flora Scotica of Lightfoot and Hooker, and they have long ornamented
eur “ woods and plantations.” But there is great reason to doubt their
being truly indigenous to this country, or having formed any part of the
ancient forests. No traces of them occur in our peat mosses: yet ash
keys and beech mast would in all probability have proved as indestructible
as hazel nuts or fir cones, which are abundant in many peat mosses. Be-
sides the oak, which seems greatly to have prevailed, the ancient forests pro-
bably consisted chiefly of fir, meaning the Pinus sylvéstris, or Scotch pine ;
birk or birch ; hazel; wych elm, or broad-leaved, not the smooth wych elm
of England ; roan tree, or mountain-ash ; yew; aller or alder; and saugh, as
the willow is here called.” (Note by the Editor in Jameson’s Journal for
Oct. 1829. and Jan. 1830.)

Setting the Tokay Grape. —TI have for the last seven years practised the
following method of setting the Tokay grape with the most perfect success ;
— Before the vines come into flower, I keep them in a temperature of from
70° to 75°; and as I see the first opening of the flower, I gradually lower
the temperature to 60° or 65°, and find that they set freely, and as well as
the Hamburgh, and other free-setting kinds. Any persons wishing to satisfy
themselves as to the above statement may, if convenient, call and see my
Tokay vines, when I shall be ready to answer any enquiries they may make
respecting them. — Duncan Wright, Gardener to James Kibble, Esq., of
Greenlaw, near Paisley. July 12.

IRELAND.

Horticultural Society of Ireland. — June 22. Among the plants which at-
tracted particular notice were, Combretum purpureum, Cactus speciosissima,
Ixora coccinea, Calceolaria corymbosa, C rugosa var. angustifolia, C. arach-
ndidea, Alstroeméria tricolor, Lantana mutabilis, and fine specimens of Erica
ventricosa var. stellata and odorata, sent by Mr. Mackay, from the college
botanic gardens ; Erythrina Crista galli, Peeonca Whittle7?, Gaulthéria Shal-
Jon, and fine flowering specimens of Calceolaria rugosa, connata, and inte-
eritolia, sent by Mr. Nevin, from the chief secretary’s garden; Thunbérgia
alata, sent by Viscount Dungarvan; Erythrina Crista galli, A‘rum Colocasia,
Amaryllis purpurea, sent by Isaac D’Olier, Esq. ; Carmichaelia australis,
Lechenatltia formosa, Pimeléa decussata, Euchilus obcordatus, sent by
Mr. Grant, gardener to G. Putland, Esq. ; Melaleuca spléndens and filgens,

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 603

Ardisia colorata and solanacea, Verbena pulchélla and Lambérti, sent by
Mr. Keefe, nurseryman; Andrémeda buxifolia, Stenochilus maculatus, and
a very splendid collection of heaths, sent by Messrs. Toole, nursery and
seedsmen.

- The prizes were awarded as follows : —

- Flowers, Ranunculuses, consisting of 12 varieties, three blossoms of
each variety: 1. Mr. M‘Mahon, gardener to William Rathbourne, Esq.,
Scripplestown ; 2. Mr. Ryan, gardener to T. Leland, Esq., Roebuck ; 3.
Dr. Plant, Montpelier Place, Black Rock. Pinks, consisting of twelve
varieties, three blossoms of each variety: 1. Mr. Ryan; 2. Arthur Crofton,
Esq., Roebuck Castle. Seedling Pink: 1. Mr. Farrell, 116. Capel Street ;
2. Mr. Ryan. Bouquet of Roses, consisting of not less than twelve varieties ;
1, Mr. Nevin, gardener to the chief secretary, Phoenix Park; 2. Thomas
Lyster, Esq., Lyster Wood, Miltown. Group of eight Pelargoniums, of
distinct sorts: 1. Mr. Toole, Westmoreland Street; 2. Mr. Simpson, Col-
lege Green. Seedling Pelargonium: 1. Mr. Simpson; 2. Mr. Toole. Group
of six Exotics, of different sorts: 1. Mr. Nevin; 2. Mr. Grant, gardener to
George Putland, Esq., Bray-head House, Bray. - Bouquet of cut Flowers :
1. Mr. Nevin; 2. Henry Haffield, Esq., Cullen’s Wood. — Fruit. Plate
of twenty-four Strawberries: 1. Mr. Fox, gardener to Charles Smith, Esq.,
Rosemount, Booterstown; 2. Charles Slowe, Esq., Chapelizod.

This was the first exhibition since the Society was remodelled, and it was
most gratifying to the members to see that the arrangements were approved
of by the principal practical gardeners who consituted the former com-
mittee ; and who most obligingly lent their assistance on the present occa-
sion. The stage presented one of the most brilliant displays of plants and
cut flowers ever exhibited in Dublin ; and it is hoped that this Meeting will
be the precursor of an increasing interest in the advancement of horticul-
tural science in Ireland. (Dublin Evening Post, June 26.)

Aug. 10. The following prizes were adjudged : —

Plants. Exotic, Mr. Nevin, gardener to the chief secretary. Six rarest
and best grown: 1. Mr. Keeffe, nurseryman, the gold medal; 2. Mr. Grant,
gardener to G. Putland, Esq. Herbaceous. Best six rare, each different, Mr.
Toole, seedsman. — Flowers. Carnations. Best Flake of any colour (the
silver medal), and best Bizard, H. Plant, M.D. Best three Pink Bizards :
1. H. Plant, M.D.; 2. Mr. M‘Mahon, gardener to W. Rathborne, Esq.
Scarlet (three): 1. H. Haffield, Esq., Cullen’s Wood; 2. H. Plant, M.D.
Scarlet Flake (three): 1. H. Plant, M.D.; 2. Mr.Clarke, gardener to Mrs. La
Touche, Belvue. Purple Flake (three): 1. and 2. H. Plant, M.D. Pink
Flake (three): 1. H. Plant, M.D.; 2. Mr. M‘Cabe, gardener to the Right
Hon.W. Saurin. Seedling Pink Bizard, Mr. Derm, gardener to the Right Hon.
Karl of Charleville. Scarlet Bizard, Scarlet Flake, and Purple Flake, Henry
Haffield, Esq., Cullen’s Wood. Pink Flake, Mrs. Synge, Glenmore Castle.
Picotees. The best six Red, H. Haffield, Esq. Six Purple, H. Plant, M.D.
Seedling, H. Haffield, Esq. Yellow Picotees, the best Self, disqualified.
Mixed, Mr. Hessian, gardener to R. Roe, Esq. Seedling, Mr. Derm. Geor-
ginas (the best stand of not less than eighteen flowers, arranged in sorts
and named): 1. J. T. Mackay, Esq. M.R.I.A. A.L.S.; 2. Mr. Nevin.
Seedling (first time of blooming): 1. Mr. Nevin; 2. disqualified. — Prat.
Pines. No prize was adjudged, as there were none sent in of a sufficient
weight. Three very fine specimens of pines, grown without fire or tan heat,
were sent to the exhibition by Richard Rothwell, Esq., of Kells. Two of
these were cut up, and the flavour was found to be particularly fine, but
unfortunately they being under weight, three pounds being the standard,
the Committee could not award a prize. Grapes. The weightiest bunch of
any variety, except the Syrian: 1. (51 1bs.) Mr. Byrne, gardener to J. Alex-
ander, Esq. Carlow ; 2. (23 lbs.) Mr. M‘Cabe. Muscat, or Frontignac, the
best-flavoured: 1. Mr. M‘Manus, gardener to Samuel Hutchinson, Esq. ; 2.

604 Retrospective Criticism.

Mr. M‘Mahon. Black, not Muscat or Frontignac, the best-flavoured: 1.
Mr. Winton, gardener to T. R. Needham, Esq.; 2. Mr. Archbold, gardener
to Michael Sweetman, Esq. White, not Muscat or Frontignac, the best-
flavoured: 1. Mr. Downes, gardener to Thomas Crosthwait, Esq.; 2. Mr.
Derm. Peaches. Six Double Montaigne: 1. Mr. Wilkie, gardener to W.
Gregory, Esq.; 2. Hon. and Rev. W. Plunkett. Six finest-flavoured No-
blesse: 1. Mr. Hyland, gardener to Thomas Ellis, Esq.; 2. Mr. Hendrick,
gardener to W. Gibbons, Esq. Six finest-flavoured, not Montagne or
Noblesse: 1. Mr. Hetherington, gardener to the Right Hon. the Earl of
Charlemont. Nectarines, six finest-flavoured of any variety: 1. and 2.
disqualified. Apricots, six finest-flavoured: 1. A. B, Crofton, Esq., Roe-
buck Castle; 2. Mr. Grant. Melons. Largest of any variety, 7 lbs. 2 02z.,
Mr. Nevin. Finest-flavoured Scarlet Rock: 1. Mr. Fox, gardener to John
Sweetman, Esq.; 2. premium withheld. Finest-flavoured, any other variety:
1. Mr. Henly; 2. Mr, Nevin. Plums (six), Green Gage: 1 and 2. disqualified.
Gooseberries (the heaviest twenty-four): 1. Mr. Dumphy, gardener to A.
Cooper, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Hessian. Twenty-four finest-flavoured, Mr. M‘Mahon.
Currants (the weightiest twenty-four bunches of white): 1. Mr. Hethering-
ton; 2. Mr. Fox. Figs (six finest-flavoured of any variety): 1.and 2. dis-
qualified.

Amongst the plants exhibited, the following were reckoned the finest
specimens : —

Sent from the college botanic gardens by T. Mackay, Esq., M.R.LA._
and A.L.S., as ornamental exotics : — Gesnéria bulbésa, Gloxinia hirsuta,
Besléria pulchélla, Bignonia grandifolia, Sinningza villosa, and velutina,
Boronia denticulata, Pimeléa glaica; also some fine specimens of Erica
Eweridna, gemmiflora, jasminiflora, and tricolor, and several beautiful exo-
tics not now so rare.

Sent by Mr. Keeffe, nurseryman : — Fichsia microphylla and virgata,
Hakea linearis, Selago fascicularis, Gloxinia cauléscens and alba, Boronia
denticulata, and some beautiful specimens of heaths and pelargoniums.

Sent by Mr. Nevin, chief secretary’s gardener : — Erythrina Crista galli,
first prize, as best-blown exotic, and grown from a cutting of this year ;
Pharnaceum incanum, Fachsia virgata, Salvia pseudo-coccinea, Tristania
nereifolia, Hrica longipedunculata, Lobélia corymbosa, Cactus speciosa, with
flowers and ripe fruit, Dracc‘na australis, Calceolaria rugosa, Bignonia
radicans.

Sent by Mr. Toole :—Calceolaria arachnoidea, plantaginifolia, thyrsifolia,
and integrifolia ; Isétoma axillaris, André6meda duxifolia, Fuchsia conica and
virgata, and a fine collection of Ericas. Phl6x philadélphica, penduliflora,
corymbosa, americana nova, Wheeleéri, and capitata. (Saunders’s News-
Letter, Aug. 14.)

Large Strawberry.— A Wilmot’s Superb strawberry was gathered at
Belvoir Park, near Belfast, in the first week of July, which measured 6in.
in circumference, and weighed a full ounce. —J.F. Aug. 1830.

Art. IV. Retrospective Criticism.

MANAGEMENT of the Horticultural Society. — Sir, The facility with which
you receive contradictions to your opinions, and the readiness with which
you give them to the judgment of the public, encourage me to attack some
of the doctrines you have disseminated in your Gardener’s Magazine for
April, 1830. And first, as to that which you call “ Mr. Loydon’s evi-
dence,” on the general management of the Horticultural Society, and the
plan of the garden. You say (p. 248.), “ Not a plant, cutting, or seed ought
to be given away direct from the garden, or in consequence of written ap-

Retrospective Criticism. 605

plications to the Society, but to nurserymen or other commercial gardeners.
All spare plants, cuttings, or seeds, ought to be given away at the meetings
of the Society to those who happen to attend; and the officers of the
Society ought on no account to be liable to be written to by country or
other members (always excepting commercial gardeners), for grafts, seeds,
plants, &c. There can be no end to these applications, which add much
to the expense of conducting the business of the Society, and cannot be
otherwise than sources of dissatisfaction to all parties.’ Now, (not to
dwell on the circumstance that all this, which is dignified with the name of
evidence, is pure and mere opinion, not on a matter of science, but of the
probable effects of a particular mode of conducting a joint stock company
or partnership,) I wish to observe, that although a society possibly may be
properly conducted in the manner you recommend, yet it must be a very
different society from the present London Horticultural. Cast your eye over
the list of its members, and see how very many there are who wholly reside
in the country, and never visit London at all. What inducement have they
to become fellows of the Society ? They can neither avail themselves of the
library, nor of the models of fruits, nor acquire information at the meetings
of the Society, nor hope to acquire importance as members of the com-
mittees. The only compensation they can expect for their money, is the
return of plants, seeds, and cuttings, which may be issued to them from the
garden. I say the only return; for the sparing supply of a few numbers of
wire-wove hot-pressed Transactions, which are scattered over a long period
of time, and in which the information that is of real importance comes still
more rarely than the publications, cannot be thought, by any reasonable
person, a return worth computing for the annual payment of four guineas.
IT ought, however, to have enumerated, among the valuable equivalents, the
permission given to the fellows to send up their best vegetable productions,
whether pines, grapes, peaches, apples, or any other, to be exhibited at the
meetings of the Society, and there devoured with far more refined taste and
genuine science than could be evinced by a country grower in the munch-
ing of a pippin or pine-apple. But, beyond these, I am not aware of any
inducement for a resident in the country to become a fellow, except as he
wishes to become a member of a joint stock nursery ground, from which
he hopes to derive plants, fruits, seeds, and vegetables, either newly intro-
duced or improved by culture, or which may be depended on as genuine,
and which he, whether wisely or not, expects that he shall be able to obtain
cheaper or better, or more varied, or more new, than he can get from his
own nursery gardener. He believes that a number of persons subscribing
may be able, by sending out a Don or a Douglas, to obtain new ornaments
to his park or his garden, which he individually could not hope to acquire ;
because the cost of fitting out such an adventurer at his own risk is greater
than, with very few exceptions, can be defrayed by a private person. Judge,
then, what is his surprise to learn from your pen that he is to be inter-
dicted from receiving a plant, seed, or cutting, direct from the garden, be-
cause he is not a commercial gardener. Will a country gentleman in Dor-
setshire or Gloucestershire be content to pay his money, year after year, for
the introduction of valuable novelties, that they may all be engrossed by
the commercial gardeners, who know extremely well how to appreciate the
public appetite for any thing that is new, or really good, and make their
customers pay very handsomely for such articles? Ihave not heard of any
nurseryman yet who inserts in his circulars, “ Fifty per cent discount is
allowed to all members of the London Horticultural Society.’ Iamso far
from acceding to your doctrine, that I am of opinion that too great a pre-
ference and priority is already given by the London Horticultural Society
to commercial gardeners, in supplying them exclusively with all new and
superior articles, with the intent that they shall make an abundant profit

606 Retrospective Criticisin.

thereof from the rest of the world before any are issued to fellows who are
not engaged in that line of commerce.

I am not insensible to the talent, the science, the enterprize, and the
liberality of commercial gardeners. If they wish to form a joint stock com-
pany, for the purpose of discovering and importing new and valuable foreign
productions exclusively for the use of the trade, it is competent for them
to do so; and then let them charge and exclude as they please; but if Mr.
Loddiges, or Mr. Kennedy, puts down each his four guineas against my four
guineas, or his ten pounds against my ten pounds, for the garden, I contend
that we are partners and equals in this speculation: and I am jealous, and,
I believe, justly so, that these gentlemen shall get their A’rbutus procera,
or Caméllia reticulata, or Pinus Douglasi, when I am denied it. But it
will be said, they contribute articles to the garden, and take these by way
of exchange. I, however, should much prefer that what they contribute in
plants should rather be paid for in money, or in plants which there is little
difficulty in obtaining, than in articles of peculiar rarity or excellence: the
latter ought to be distributed among all of the fellows who wish to obtain
them as equally and impartially as possible. All do not wish for the
same articles, A florist has no room for a pine 240 ft. high; a landscape-
gardener cares not for a new grey-edged auricula; an orchardist may not
covet an amaryllis. But all, if they know that the circumstance of their
not being in trade excludes them from the fair share of the returns of the
joint adventure, would naturally and reasonably hasten to dissolve the
partnership. For my own part, I must say, that, if your advice is adopted,
I shall withdraw my name from the list of fellows; and I also avow my
hope, that one effect of the recent change in our councils will be, not
a more niggardly, but a more abundant issue to country fellows, who
cannot attend the Society’s meetings, of all articles they may desire,
which it is in the power of the Society to bestow. I believe that if
the concerns of the Society be conducted with impartiality and judgment,
commercial gardeners, very many of whom I know, and most highly esteem
and admire, may combine with private persons not engaged in trade to
sustain, as they did to form, this Society, with justice and satisfaction to

each class; but the gentlemen are not so dependent on the nurserymen,
but that if too great a preference is given to the latter in the distribution
of new plants, the gentlemen may fearlessly withdraw and form another
society, exclusively consisting of persons not engaged in trade, and send
out their exploring botanists, and enrich their collection with objects which
shall be impartially distributed among the members, so that they need not
pay twice over for the same thing, or suffer the unpleasant alternative of
waiting till the article is divulged over the whole kingdom, and become
dog-cheap, before they can enrich their own garden with the very thing
which their combined enterprise introduced. And, if the fellows of the
Society are to be at all remunerated with a share of the produce, how are
those who live in the country to obtain it, except through the medium of
writing to the Society’s officers for it? If all the country residents were to
withdraw from the Society, the catalogue of fellows would be extremely
diminished, and their means of effecting the useful objects of their union
much curtailed. Iam, Sir, &c.— Causidicus, June, 1830.

The Cottage System, §c. — I am afraid our opinions may clash respecting
cottagers. What I wished to correct was what had appeared in the
Quarterly, and you had copied into the Gardener’s Magazine, respecting
the late and present Duke of Northumberland. The late duke, certainly
at the sacrifice of several thousands a year in rental, carried the cottage
system completely into effect. The cottages that were built had two apart-
ments, a thing unusual in the county before; and had each half an acre of
land attached, as garden and potato-ground: those who possessed, or
wished to have, a cow, had from 5 to $ acres of old grass land let for that

Retrospective Criticism. U7

purpose. Now, the rents were not much above half of what might have been
got for them from a farmer; yet it did not make labourers so happy and
comfortable as might have been expected. It too often led to jealousies
and quarrels with the adjoining farmer, to whom part of them were intended
to officiate as farm-labourers : when this was the case, and the cotter could
not get employment at home, the difference of the rent was then of so little
consequence, that I have known some give up the cottage to become a bailiff.
Besides, it has not kept them off the parish: almost every township which
they inhabit can point out individuals who have had parochial relief. Except
in very fertile districts, and where they are within reach of a town, to get rid
of the garden stuff, half an acre appears more than a labourer can manage
with a spade. They generally employ a person with a plough to assist
them in sowing the corn (of which they have always a part), and planting
the potatoes. To show how inadequate they have been found, I may say
that the present duke (than whom there cannot exist a more beneficent,
kind-hearted nobleman,) has ordered several of them to be again attached
to the farms, as they have become vacant, and are contiguous. I throw out
these hints and facts, as [am afraid you may be led away, by warmth of
feeling in favour of the labourers, to recommend measures which may turn
out much to their disadvantage, like the present poor laws, which have
done infinite mischief to those they were intended to benefit. The first ques-
tion, therefore, must always be, Is there likely to be sufficient employment near
the intended site, or a town at such a distance as may take off crops raised
by the spade? Lands, then, might be let to advantage to the cottager ; but
the farmer can raise crops with the plough at much less expense, and there-
fore with more advantage to the community. I have often fancied that in-door
mechanics make much better gardeners than the farm-labourer : where they
have adjoming cottages in the same village, the gardens of the former are much
better cultivated. It is probable that the change to exercise in the open
air, which is so necessary to health, may make it much more pleasant to
them than to the farm-labourer, who has probably been employed at the
most laborious work during the day. It is generally thought that a hind
can keep himself or son much more economically than will be admitted in
the farm-house. By killing a pig in the autumn (of which they sell the
hams), purchasing part of an ox or a sheep from their master in the
autumn or winter, they always contrive to have wholesome food, or, as _
they call it, “ kitchen,” to their potatoes all the year: they get milk from
the cow during summer ; but she is considered a very bad housewife that
uses it new: she ought to sell 1 or 14 cwt. of butter. I have heard of some
making 4 firkins from one cow. They scarcely ever make veal of the calf,
as this is a breeding country, and the calves are worth more to the farmer
for rearing. Some of the villagers, where there is waste land, make somes
thing yearly by keeping a brood goose: the goslings some immediately
sell at Is. or ls. 3d.; or keep them till stubbling-time, and sell them to
the corn farmers, who do not choose to rear them, when they are worth
about double that price. The shepherds and hinds are very anxious to give
their children a suitable education: when not within reach of a school, a
hind will hire a young lad into the house for that purpose; and when a
neighbour is within reachable distance, his children may also attend. Most
village schoolmasters find it their interest to teach a night-school during the
winter ; that is, two hours in the evening for lads who have been employed
during the day. By these, and the other more common means of charity-
schools on the Lancasterian and Bell systems, very few there are who cannot
read and write. In the Journal of a Naturalist will be found some accounts
of the culture of the teasel by the cottager, as also of potatoes. A custom has
gained ground here, within the last few years, of the farmer setting potatoes
for small tradesmen, mechanics, &c., who find the seed, and, in some in-
stances, the manure, at the rate of 10/. or 12/. per acre: they only keep the

608 Retrospective Criticism.

weeds down by hoeing, and receive the produce in the autumn. ~ There is
also a hint thrown out in the same book respecting dyers’ weed (Reséda
Lutéola): it appears to flourish most luxuriantly on wastes, rubbish of quar-
ries, and might be collected ; perhaps, also, the Digitalis, if it is still im as
much favour with the physician. I once saw a cottager growing henbane and
white poppies for the druggist. I did not learn how they paid him; but
there are, in many places, wild plants which run to waste. [remember once
being solicited to employ a person to gather the Datcus Carota from some
sandy dikes near the shore: a physician had prescribed the use of the ripe
seeds, as tea, as a remedy or preventive of the gravel. It was so very
plentiful that tons might have been got, if there had been a demand to pay
the gatherer.

The cottages in this county are certainly far from good: most of them
have only one apartment, sometimes with an earthen floor, where they cook,
eat, and sleep in close beds (beds cased with wood). Those who have two
ends do not appear to use the second much, the expense of fuel coming too
high for them to do so. I do think the first improvement will be to have
the sleeping apartments above, which the fire will then always keep dry and
comfortable. The tile is a bad cover : it is very porous, and frequently breaks
or scales off with frost. The Welsh slate is now superseding it here ; the addi-
tional expense is very trifling ; it may be laid on at less elevation, and saves
roofing timber. Probably railroads and canals may soon convey these slates to
every part of the united kingdom, at so low a rate as may enable us to get
rid of the unsightly red pantile. On the subject of fuel, there still appears an
immense accumulation of small coal at the sea-side collieries. Will the con-
veyance ever become so low as to allow them to get into the midland coun-
ties ; or is there still a duty upon them if carried by sea to the eastern or
southern coasts of England? They are at present a national loss, and
might be a great boon to the cottager. I think Count Rumford has a plan
of mixing them with clay, to economise the fuel and retain the heat : has it
ever been practised ?

By way of making you acquainted with some of my opinions, I have sent
a separate paper upon the, corn laws, which you are at liberty to transfer
to the Country Times*, if they think it worth insertion. From it you will
partly judge that my opinions are not at all in favour of cooperative
societies. I think it is doing away, in a great measure, with the division
of labour ; or even admitting that they were all industrious, and each stuck
to his employment, what chance is there of holding together ? Will no mis-
chievous, lazy, or designing man ever find admittance into such societies ?
An industrious man, pursuing one line of business, studiously living within
his income, and carefully placing his savings in a savings’ bank, or other
good security, may even now raise himself in life, as I have no doubt many
of your correspondents im this Magazine have done; and, F should think,
far more safely than when they have to depend upon others’ exertions, and
even honesty. I hope to see the day when, by the freedom of trade, and
taking the taxes off the productive labourer, the demand for labour may be
so great, and wages so high, that one half of the labourers in the kingdom
may inhabit such houses as you have designed for them.

With respect to waste lands, where these are what are called inferior
Jands and private property, never doubt but that they will be cultivated as
soon as ever the price of corn rises high enough to allow them to be so ;
but it must be by the plough or some other machinery. The extra-produce

* The article alluded to appeared in the Country Times of May 10. ; and
as we consider it of great importance to disseminate the opinion of an ex-
tensive farmer at rack-rent, on a subject in which he is so deeply interested,
we shall probably give it in a future Number. — Cond.

Retrospective Criticism. 609

by the spade can never compensate for the difference of expense ; but, cer-
tainly, much may be done with those in the hands of corporations, &c., and
kept as commons. Many of these do not yield a quarter of the rent of
what they might be made to do if properly cultivated. The expense of an
act of parliament deters the owners of many of the smaller ones. A general
inclosure act, reserving the power of settling disputes to the quarter sessions
or assizes, might materially expedite the object.

I have thus, perhaps tediously enough, detailed some facts and opinions
which may assist you in your projected work. I have no wish to have any
of the observations upon the cottage details in the Quarterly published: I
only wished to show you that the new plan of building cottages may, in
some cases, increase the distress, and the poor’s rate, and thus to prevent
you from being imisled by the visions of Dr. Southey. Iam, Sir, &c. —J.C.

Our enlightened and much esteemed correspondent, if he thinks that
we wish to force the cottage system, has mistaken our meaning; quite the
contrary : what we say is, when there are to be cottages, let them be good
ones, and never without large gardens attached. We are most happy to
find such an able practical advocate for free trade hoping “ to see the day
when, by the freedom of trade, and taking the taxes off the productive
jabourer, the demand for labour may be so great, and wages so high, that
one half of the labourers in the kingdom may inhabit such houses as we
have designed for them.” Free trade, parliamentary reform, and a national
system of education, may be said to comprise all that we wish for. We
wish we could say that we hoped to see any of them, for any one would
jead to the other two. — Cond.

Education as a Check to Population.— My reflection on the point has
been but little, but that little induces me to think that this can scarcely be
the result. Labouring men are paid according to their absolute wants: if
their labour could be purchased at a lower rate, it would be done; for it is
commerce, not benevolence, that is the buyer. At present, the workman
labours but six days out of seven, and yet he receives as much as will support
him the seven days; for this reason, and this reason only, that his absolute
wants require thaf it should be so; and, were the working days reduced to
five, he would still receive as much. Now, this is precisely the case sup-
posed by you(Vol.V. p.694.): there is no commercial difference between the
same amount of wants supplied by a smaller amount of labour, and a larger
amount of wants supplied by the same amount of labour. Your creation
of wants, therefore, would not check population; it would merely raise the
price of labour. This very principle regulates the salaried portion of middle
life: the appearances necessary to be kept up in given situations operate as
powerfully on the amount of wages as bread and potatoes on the wages of
the mechanic. Many men in middle life do not marry, it is true, because
they cannot support a family; but population is not therefore checked, it
is only of a different kind —a population of bastards. Nature cannot be
bridled ; and such a result as the prevention of marriage would be dreadful :
either disease and death from promiscuous intercourse ; or the introduction
of sin and sorrow into the bosoms of innocent families, and the turning of
this lovely world into a universal hell. The dreams of overstocking the
world, when so large a portion of its surface is uncultivated, always put me
in mind of the worthy alderman who lamented so bitterly, because that in
800 years there would be no more coals at Newcastle. Why, even now,
steam is likely to supersede draft-cattle, and leave the land at present
employed in raising food for them, to the production of food for man. A
thousand ways will suggest themselves by which the Creator of man could
remedy his over-increase; sealing up the womb would leave all to be enacted
over again. Surely we might leave a little to God, and not suppose him
such a bungler, or such a ferocious parent, as to botch up a system under
which his children would be eventually driven to devour each other. Edu-

Vou. VI. — No. 28. RR

616 Retrospective Criticism.

cation will never check population; but it will do infinitely better: it will
make a man better able to support his family, and it will make that family
‘more comfortable, by the creation of absolute wants, which to withhold
would shake the kingdom to its centre. By giving the capability of emi-
grating, it will further the intentions of Nature in spreading civilisation over
every portion of the habitable globe, and approximate the consummation of
that felicity which must have been in the designs of a beneficent God when
he laid the foundations of this lower world. — N.

Garden Libraries. — Sir, As you request any and every one to give their
opinion concerning garden libraries, permit me, as a Cockney gardener (1
mean one of only a few yards square), to add my observations. Any method
that can rid ws of the obstinate ignorant set of blue-apron men that we
are obliged in general to employ, is a point devoutly to be wished. If
recently asked a man, who had been employed for fifty years as a gentle-
man’s gardener, if he had seen such a book (mentioning Lawrence on Gar-
dening), and was answered, “ Books! What can I learn from books ?
What can they teach me more than I know ?”’—Irreplied, “ You will learn
from them what the Scotchman has learned.”— “ What’s that ?”’ was the
instant question; and directly answered, “ To get the superior places as
master gardeners, and keep the Englishmen as labourers.” My man was, as
you may suppose, totally silenced. I have a large collection myself of the
old writers on the subject, which I am in the habit of lending to my friends,
and sometimes to my workman, if he wishes to beguile his evenings in im-
proving himself, and to keep from the alehouse; but of the latter set I can
find but few, from the natural, or unnatural (which you please), aversion
the common-place gardeners have from book-learning. I need not tell you
how many articles have been brought forward as new discoveries that are
mentioned by the old authors ; and how vexed must the well informed, but
unread, man be, when he finds he has been imposed upon in this way! I
therefore give a hearty concurrence to any thing that can improve so useful
aset ofmen. As I am not likely to ever arrive at keeping an establish-
ment of the kind, I éan only say, that, if I did, I should consider a library
as a necessary éoo/. I therefore, situated as I am, think small horticultural
libraries, in the villages round London, would be of excellent service: the
gardeners to subscribe a small weekly sum for the privilege of using the
books, and the employers to be honorary members on paying a certain sum
down, or annually, towards the support; by which means a library-room
might be made, and members appointed among the working-men, at a small
allowance, to keep things regular. This would be truly useful, as convers-
ation, one with the other, would greatly promote knowledge. Were I to
say that there are ten thousand small gardens round London that are much
injured by the obstinate and ignorant, [ should be within bounds. As I have
many duplicates of the old writers in my possession, and on ‘many of the
fly-leaves there are my notes of what have been copied almost verbatim by
the moderns, and what have been put forward as new discoveries, I shall
willingly give a collection to any establishment in my neighbourhood which
I think will be of service. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.— Superficial. Brixton Villa.

Landscape-Gardeners. — Mr. Morris’s figure and description (Vol. I.
p- 116.) well represents what the writer wishes to convey: but I have in-
variably observed that all landscape-gardeners (fashionable ones) fall short
of producing a handsome effect upon estates, whatever they may advance
upon the subject ; and although the nobility and gentry are biassed by their
agents, who are generally better educated than gardeners, I feel convinced
that an experienced gardener is capable of producing a much better effect,
and I am confident with much less than half the expense always incurred
by employing those useless intruders of the profession, generally called land-
scape-gardeners, although in your Introduction (Vol. I.) you appear to be
favourable to a different opmion. Like many land stewards, they wish to

Retrospective Creticism. 611

impress on the employer (and generally accomplish it at his expense), that a
gardener ignorant of every thing but the drudgery of his profession is all that
is required ; whilst they themselves creep in sometimes, to the total ruin and
disgrace of the employer. I am fully persuaded, that if a nobleman would
condescend to converse half as familiarly with his gardener as he gene-
rally does with his land agent, his estate, and consequently his pocket,
would be benefited. — Jno. Newman. i. B. Garden, Mauritius, March 12.
1830.

M. Rinz’s Criticisms on Landscape-Gardening in England.— Sir, I could
not help being struck with M. Rinz’s criticism (Vol. VI. p.31.) on the
English style of landscape-gardening, while making his tour in England.
Although I have but little leisure time, and no doubt you are furnished
with matter much more profitable than this subject will afford, yet I think
M. Rinz’s efforts to exhibit the English artist as void of taste should not
pass unnoticed. Under this impression I venture to offer a few brief re-
marks on the subject, and probably, if you think them worthy of a place
in your Magazine, you will do me the favour to insert them. M. Rinz
says, “It seems that the taste is by no means improving in this country
(England), but rather remains in its first or old principle; while we in Ger-
many endeavour to improve on them.” Is not this a bold, or rather an
assuming, assertion? What are we to understand by it? Must it not be
allowed that much was done to abolish the “ old principle,” in the days of
Wheatley and Brown: and is it possible to suppose that this particular
branch of art has not improved since then, after the long practice and valu-
able publications of Repton, Loudon, and numerous other eminent men,
some of whose works must have been seen by M. Rinz; unless he made
a determination while on his tour to wink at them, and bias his mind with
the defective, of which, undoubtedly, much yet exists in all countries
as well as in England, and more or less even in Germany, where the pro-
prietors happen to have no taste for improvements, or to deviate from the
“ old principle.’ need not dwell more on this point, as it will be per-
ceived M. Rinz has travelled too far amongst the defective parts of land-
scape-gardening in England, and stepped too little into its beauties. If I
understand the plan right, which appears in the same Number with his re-
marks, and which he says “ his father executed,’ I must confess it shows
no extraordinary specimen of good taste or style. An English artist, I am
sure, would blush to exhibit a plan like that as a design of “ one of the
jirst placesin” England. In the first instance, I should say the combination
which M. Rinz endeavours to establish is much destroyed by a public road,
dividing the fields, vineyards, &c., from the pleasure-grounds, as it seems to
pass at least three parts round it. The walks, seats, and temple are too
near the public road to afford retirement. Perhaps it is a taste peculiar to
the Germans to hear and see all they can. The junction of four walks,
broad spaces of gravel, and too many entrances, are bad ; the dug patches, or
beds, in the lawn are too stiff, and also too much alike in their formation.
The flower masses diverge principally from the walks in right angles, instead
of being contiguous and more parallel to them. Instead of the formal
flower masses, it would be much more characteristic to have various-sized
groups naturally blending with the shrubs, so that the lines between them
and the flowers may not be traced as we see them in the plan, allowing the
large and most conspicuous kinds to range backwards. There should also
be various-formed masses of flowers surrounded with grass lawn, of different
breadths, broken or varied with groups of shrubs in order to produce effect,
as well as to afford convenience of approaching the flowers for inspection.
What M. Rinz means by saying, “ We commit a great fault in dividing the
park from the pleasure-grounds, and the pleasure-grounds from the flower-
garden,” I must confess I am quite at a loss to understand. Is it that we
should have no fence betwixt the park and the pleasure-grounds ? If so,

RR Z

612 fielrospective Criticism.

of course M, Ring cannot intend that cattle should be admitted into the
park, which would be a great evil, as the plants in the pleasure-ground
would be in danger of being destroyed by them; whereas their exclusion
from the park would cut off a grand feature in park scenery. To have a
meadow, park, flowers, and shrubs, all mingled together, would exhibit a poor
figure, and afford but little pleasure to an admirer of order and beauty. I
think he eannot mean that the park and pleasure-grounds should be united
in appearance by invisible fences ; for this is done more or less where the
style is modern throughout the kingdom. However, be this as it may, I:
differ in toto with M. Rinz, and say, “ Let a park be furnished with groups
and masses of different extent of fine, ornamental, and picturesque trees,
connected with self-protecting bushes and low-growing trees, such as black
and white thorns, hollies, whins, &c. ; and let the dressed ground be varied
with ornamental trees and shrubs, so as to unite in appearance as much as
possible with the park, but to be entirely separate. I do not mean to say
there shall be no walks through the park; but, on the contrary, I should
recommend them, when they would lead to any thing of importance. In
all cases there should be a principal flower-garden, at a moderate distance
from the house, that it may be resorted to without traversing the whole
grounds for the sake of imspecting any favourite flower or flowers. Indeed,
it oftener happens than otherwise that a short walk is more agreeable than
a long one; and what can be more gratifying than a garden well varied with
valuable flowers and shrubs ? At the same time I should have masses of
flowers at greater and less distances, to some extent from the principal
flower-garden ; diminishing the number of groups and masses of the most
valuable kinds of flowers, as we approach the woods or forest grounds,
and introducing, where it is necessary, the wild and uncultivated kinds in
masses with the commoner shrubs. To give M. Rinz his due, the attempt
he has made to group his plants in the lawn is not without some merit ;
and that is all which may be said favourable of the design in question.

As brief as I have endeavoured to be, I feel that I have already tres-
passed too much upon your pages: and therefore I would only add, that,
after all which has been said about the defects of landscape-gardening in
this country, I feel sufficient courage to assert, that the most picturesque,
the most tasteful, and the most beautiful places in the world are to be found
in England; and before the English landscape-gardeners are to be dictated
to by the Germans, we must be convinced of their superiority by some better
specimen than the plan of Johanisberg, which M. Rinz, in his prescriptive
wisdom, has thought proper to lay before us. I am, Sir, &c. — Joshua
Major, Landscape-Gardener. Knowstrop, near Leeds, May 13.

Lathyrus vendsus.— Sir, In p. 281. you take particular notice of the
Lathyrus venésus, figured in Mr. Sweet’s British Flower-Garden for March.
I have to acquaint you that the plant is already in Scotland; [brought seeds
of it from Canada in 1823, from which plants were raised in my brother’s
garden, at Dalry, Edinburgh, some of which I gave to P. Neill, Esq., and
Mr. M‘Nab of the botanic garden. I stated to them, that I felt confident
it would make an excellent forage plant, provided it grew as luxuriantly in
Scotland as it does on the banks of Lake Ontario, where I gathered the
seed. It grows in abundance on the narrow neck of land which forms the
Bay of York, Upper Canada, called there the Island. It grows equally lux-
uriantly on the clay banks in the same neighbourhood, as it does on the drift-
sand of thebeach. Cattle are very fond of it; and I observed that the plant
retains its verdure a considerable time after the seeds are ripe. — 7. Blair,
Gardener to John Martineau, Esq. Stamford Hill, Middlesex. July 19.

Kennédia monophylla. — In the Botanical Register for July, a variety of
this plant is figured from Mr. Rollinson’s, supposed to be new. About six
teen years ago J raised the same variety in Scotland, from seeds of the
common K. monophylla. I propagated it, and sent plants to Bothwell

Retrospective Criticism. 613

Castle and Dalhousie Castle : from the former place I received seeds of it
two years ago, from which J raised four plants: three have flowered this
spring, two were the same as Mr. Rollinson’s, and the other proved to be
the common variety. At the time it first flowered with me in Scotland a
specimen was exhibited at the Caledonian Horticultural Society, but I be-
lieve it has not been seen about London until this spring, as | made enquiry
at several nurserymen previously to receiving the seeds from which my
plants were raised. A fine plant of it is in a pit at the Clapton nursery,
amongst ether natives of New Holland, and grows vigorously. — 7’. Blair.
July 19.

Amarijllis solandreeflora is mentioned by Mr. Sweet (Vol. I. p. 32.) as
continuing to grow all the year. What he has advanced upon this head I
cannot doubt, not having cultivated it in England; but I can assure you,
that in its native climate, Brazil, both that variety and the other species of
Amaryllis (I believe figured in Catley’s Plants) from Mr. Brookes, although
described as two distinct species, are only varieties of my A. longiflora; and
although I have not the credit of introducing them into England (amongst
many other plants), I have not only a letter to prove the receipt of them, as
sent by me from the north part of the Brazils (not of Cayenne), but also a
passage “ to know if I approve of the name solandreflora,’ &c. Among
my numerous pencil sketches of plants of that most interesting country, I
made one of the original species, which I sent to Mr. Lee at Hammersmith,
from the seed of which I produced three distinct varieties. The original
species and one of the varieties, as far as it has come to my notice, have not
flowered in England. They all shoot up their flower-stalk, without being
accompanied with leaves, precisely the same as Belladonna, and the leaves.
soon appear afterwards. —Jno. Newman. R. B. Garden, Mauritius, March
12. 1830.

Verbena chamedrifolia is not my name, but that of Jussieu, first pub-
lished in Persoon’s Synopsis, but overlooked by Mr. Lindley when he gave
it the name of Melindres in the Botanical Register.—R. Sweet. Pomona
Place, March 29.

Lf the Pollen of Plants (Vol. 1. p. 68.) has no effect in producing different
varieties in size, flavour, colour, &c., what part of the plant are we to ima-
gine the production of a new variety to spring from? In a natural state
plants seldom produce varieties, and the favourers of hybrids collect the
pollen of the one for the impregnation of the other ; and it appears well
proved that vegetables have different sexes, and are carried on by the same
laws of the Almighty as animals; it cannot be wholly the result of chance
or climate. I, however, consider hybrids as unnatural objects, though they
are occasionally more handsome than the parent. Man himself appears to
be the agent which produces them, whether in animals or vegetables. —
Jno. Newman. R. B. Garden, Mauritius, March 12.

List of Fruit Trees. — Sir, Your correspondent (p. 230.), in answer to
J. S. L.’s query, I think would have conferred a still greater favour if he
had stated the shape, size, and colour, and when in use; and, as he states
that his employer is one of the greatest fruit-growers in that part of the
country, he might have easily done so. The following isa list of American
fruit trees. The American nurserymen mention the time that the different
sorts of fruit trees are in use; and I think it would be a great improvement
if our nurserymen would adopt the same plan.

A Selection of the most esteemed American Fruit Trees, selected in the autumns
of 1827 and 1828, from the Botanic Garden, New York, for the Pomolo-
' gical Garden, near Lancaster, belonging to M. Saul.

1827. 1. Monstrous Pippin, or New York Gloria Mundi, has weighed
35 oz.; Oct. to Jan. 2. Surprise (yellow outside and red to the core
within); Nov. to March. 3. Sine qua non (one of the finest flavoured
early apples); July. 4. Federal Pearmain; Nov. to March. 5. Red Bald-

RR 3

614 Querics and Answers.

win Pippin (one of the most esteemed American apples) ; Noy. to March.
12. Prince’s St. Germain Pear (originated by intermixture between the old
French St. Germain and the St. Michael); Nov. to February.

1828. 1. Yellow Rareripe Peach; August. 2. Green Catherine Free-
stone (not the English Catherine); New. 4. Esopus Spitzenburgh; Nov.
to March. 5. Federal Pearmain; Nov. to March. 6. Large Red and
Green Sweeting; Aug. to Sept. 7 American Nonpareil; Oct. to Nov.
8. Yellow Harvest (finest early apple); July. 9. M‘Keen’s small Russet-
ing; Jan.to April. 10. Red Baldwin (very fine); Nov. to March. 1].
American Wine; Oct. to Feb. 12. Williams’s Favourite; Jan. to April,
13. Sine qua non; July. 14. Moore’s red Winter Sweeting; Dec. to June..
15. Blood Apple; Nov. to March. 16. Large double Almond; rare. 17.
Pope’s Scarlet Major Pear (beautiful); Sept. to Oct. 19. Many’s Italian
Apricot (a Seedling from a stone received from Italy); New. 20. Bowne’s
Imperial Russet (the largest of all Russets, and highly esteemed) ; Nov. to
April. 21. Duane’s Purple Plum (monstrous); New. 22. Prince’s Duke
Cherry (the largest of American cherries); June.

Autumn, 1829, from the Albany Nursery, North America.

1. Pound Peach. (See Gard. Mag., Vol. III. p. 347.) 2. Washington
Plum; August. 3. Seek no further Apple; Oct. to Feb. 4. Green New-
town Pippin; Nov. to May. 5. Yellow Newtown Pippin; Nov. to May.
6. Moore’s Apple (a fine winter fruit) ; Dec. to June. 7. Jonathan Apple;
Dec. to March. 8. Cayuga Redstreak; Dec. to March. 9. Beauty of the
West; Dec. to March. 10. Swaar (a favourite winter apple); Oct. to
May. 11. Ortley. (See Gard. Mag., Vol. III. p. 347.) 12. Vermont
Nonpareil ;- winter. 13. Straat (a very fine autumn apple); Sept. to Jan.
14. Sapson Apple; Aug. to Oct. 15. Pomme Grise (a favourite Canada
apple, of a flattish form and russet colour, streaked beautifully with red,
and keeps till March). 16. Fameuse (from Canada; a pretty large apple,
of a beautiful dark red, with a little yellow on the side from the sun); Nov.
to Feb. 17. Genessee Pear (a fine autumn variety); New. 18. Washing-
ton Pear; Sept. to Oct.

American Fall Pippin and Pound Apple from Ronalds and Sons. —
IM. Saul. Pomological Garden, near Lancaster, June 1.

Wired Walls for training Fruit Trees. (p. 229.) — Wherever there is a
free current of air between the shoots and the wall I entirely disapprove of
wiring, from two years’ experience. The benefit of the wall is thereby con-
siderably lessened, and the flavour of the fruit often deteriorated. W. M.
may find the practice to succeed in some parts of Seuth Britain, but never
in the North. I consider nailing, the culture being the same, the best
practice. W. M. is right in not wishing his trees to flower early in the
open air: to have fine fruit much depends on the strength of the anthers,
bursting and discharging plenty of pollen, with the vigorous state of the
stigmas to receive the same; and this process is always best performed in a
high temperature. — James Housman. Toft, April 15.

Erratum. — I find in copying my jaunt to the Lothians (p. 495.), Ormis-
ton Hall is twice spelled Arniston Hall. Your readers will be kind enough.
to correct this error with the pen, writing Orm for Arn. — A. Gorrte.

Art. V. Queries and Answers.

InsEcTs on Young Peas. — 1 enclose you a few of a kind of insect which
appeared in great numbers, with the warm weather at the end of last March,
on some rows of peas of mine, about 2 in. high. The small and darkest-
coloured (fig. 117.a) are the males, the others (6) are the females. The
peas are now only fit to be dug in; and IJ also send a few of them for your

Queries and Answers. 615

inspection. The imsects feed only by day, when the sun is bright, five or
six of them being on each plant. When I go
near the row, they fold themselves up and
drop down, some on the ground, and some in
the axils of the leaves, where they lie for the
space of a minute, appearing like small bits of
earth. Ihave never seen them fly, but they
run very quick. Ihave dusted the plants with
lime and soot, but without effect. 1 have
upwards of 300 ft. of row, the greater part of which is worse than the
specimen sent, and none better. This same species of insect, I recollect,
nearly destroyed some deuble-blossomed peach trees, by stripping them of
all their leaves, two years ago, in the pleasure-grounds here. A hint as to
what method I may pursue to destroy the insects without injuring the
plants will greatly oblige, Sir, &c.— W. P. Vaughan. Archdeaconry, Brecon,
April 18. 1830.

Tale for Green-house Sashes. — 1 should feel myself greatly obliged would
some one of your numerous correspondents inform me where talc is to be
purchased ready prepared for green-house sashes, and price per square foot ?
— A Great Friend to the Gardener’s Magazine. Birmingham, July, 1830.

Destroying Daisies. — Sir, Having the management of alawn, which is so
thickly covered with daisies that it never looks well more than one day
after it has been mown, permit me, through the medium of your miscellany,
to enquire if any of your correspondents can inform me how they may be
destroyed without injury to the grass? Yours, &c.—J. July 20. 1830.

Why not cut them out with a sharp spud, taking care not to remove
any of the earth, and drop a few grass seeds in the naked space? Salt
will kill the daisy, but it will render the ground unfit for any other plant
till the salt is washed down by rains. — Cond.

Trees suitable for a certain Situation. — At the approaching removing
season I shal] plant a piece of low land, subject to frequent mundations
in rainy seasons; the soil a retentive loam, of a good depth, say 4 or 5 ft.,
and the situation much exposed to winds. I shall be grateful would
any of your friends inform me the sorts of trees most likely to succeed in
such a situation. —A Great Friend to the Gardener's Magazine. July, 1830.

Verénica agréstis is plentiful here in cultivated grounds and dry pastures ;
at least it answers the description given in your Encyc. of Plants, except
that it has a white flower. Is it another plant or a variety ? — John Mor-
gan. Southampton, June 21. A variety only. — Cond.

The Affane Cherry.— In Mrs. A. T. Thomson’s Life of Sir Walter Ralegh
it is mentioned, that he brought “ the celebrated Affane cherry” from the
Canary Islands, about the same time that he introduced the potato from
Virginia. Can any of your readers inform me what name this Affane
cherry is now known by, since it is not mentioned in your Encyclopedia,
nor in the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue of Fruits ?—John Stuart. Near
Ramsgate, July, 1830.

Mr. Saunders’s List of Pears. — If Mr. Saunders would furnish the com-
plete list of pears he promised, with notices of their peculiarities as to
general habits, modes of fruiting, and degrees of hardihood and flavour, he
would confer a favour on me, and, I think, many others ; and I wish some
of your other practical correspondents would give some evidence concern-
ing the quince stocks, which would then tend to set the matter at rest.
I have little doubt the swan’s egg is good for that purpose; but this
amounts to twice grafting or budding. — R. Errington. Oulton Park, June,
1830.

Heating Pits by Hot Water Pipes.— Sir, In answer to the questions of
R.H.R., dated Feb. 24. 1830, I beg leave to state my opinion, that heating pits
by hot water pipes has decidedly the advantage of any other system I have

RR 4

616 Queries and Answers.

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tried. In pits recently constructed in Sir Giffin Wilson’s gardens, Woburn
House, near Beaconsfield, Bucks (which were left to my direction), I have
grown cucumbers, French beans, potatoes, strawberries, and melons to per-
fection ; and, as they are, I believe, the first pits which have been heated at
bottom on the following plan, I subjoin a sketch. (fig. 118.) The wall is
built of 4-in. brick-work, the back 4 ft. high, the front 2 ft. 9in., 55 ft. long,
and 6 ft. wide; it is divided into four divisions, but the two next the boiler
are heated at bottom. The boiler (a) is a plain dome: 4 is the fireplace.
The heated water passes out of the neck of the boiler into a 3-in. pipe (c),
going all round the pits, and entering the bottom of the boiler. dis a branch
cross pipe, flanged to back and front main pipe in the middle of the pit ; ee,
stop-cocks, to turn the water off if not wanted in the third and fourth
divisions. fis a 2-in. lead pipe flanged to pipes (d and c) at the bottom of
the boiler, passing through two long wooden boxes or troughs (gg) lined
with lead (the first box 7 ft. long, 1 ft. wide, 9 in. deep, the second 9 ft. long),
and filled with water from a small cistern (A) in the end of the wall, close
to the fireplace. #, a 4-in. pipe, going from the cistern, and soldered to box
g. The one box fills the other through the 3-in. pipe (7), which serves to
fill and empty. & is a small pipe, soldered to bottom of box g, with a cock
(2) to empty both at pleasure. The water circulates freely, and very soon
warms that in the boxes, causing a fine moist bottom or under ground heat.
m,a bottom made of wooden rails, 2 in. apart, laid over the pipes and boxes ;
n, a thin board laid over this bottom, exactly above the boxes, te prevent
the mould from dropping through, on which and all over the wood-work is
a layer of turf. This bottom stands clear of the pipes and boxes, forming a
chamber under the mould. Two holes (0 0) are cut in the board, and two
tubes of 2-in. pipe, 2 ft. 9 in. long, set upright on the holes, to take both heat
and steam up to the surface of the bed among the leaves, which I find very
congenial to the growth of cucumbers and other plants. p p, the upright
tubes or pipes, with lids to.cover them when the steam is not required ; and

Queries and Answers. + 617

if a dry heat only is wanted, the water must be drawn off from the boxes.
q is one of the lights; r, end view of the pit ; s, air stick, or tilt; ¢, place to
hold coals under ground, with hatchway to let them down; 1, place to
receive the ashes; v, key to turn the cocks.

I beg to observe, that I have no doubt but the same fire would heat the
pits if built to 100 ft. in length, or placed in another row. The apparatus
was erected by Messrs. H. and D. Grainge of Uxbridge, whose attention

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118

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and workmanship are highly satisfactory. Iam, Sir, &c.— John Cameron.
Woburn House Gardens, Bucks, June 18.

Canker in Peach Trees. — Sir, The extent of the kitchen-garden at this
place is about an acre within the walls, which are entirely of brick. The
east, south, and west walls are 12 ft. high; the wall on the north side
is 13 ft. high, and 300 ft. long, with a border on the south side of it 18 ft.
wide. It is not more than twenty-eight years since this wall was built
and the border made; and it has been appropriated to the growth of
peaches and nectarines from that time to the present: but, unfortunately,
peach and nectarine trees cannot be kept in existence against this wall
more than five or six years. No trees can thrive better, or show a more
healthful appearance, than the trees do on this wall for the first three or
four years after being put in: but at the end of-that time, all the lower
branches of the trees are affected by the gum and canker, which soon
destroy them; the remaining part of the tree begins to bear evident marks
of weakness and decay; and this weakness and decay is succeeded in the
following spring by swarms of the green fly, and a still farther increase of
the gum and canker, which, for the most part, terminate in the destruction
of the trees, or in rendering them worthless. These mortifying circum-
stances always take place at the time the trees are just arriving at a good
bearing state.

With respect to the border, it has been made and remade twice over ;
the last time, it was renewed under the direction of the late Mr. Lee, of the
Vineyard, Hammersmith, who also pointed out the spot where the best soil
was to be taken from to renew the border; but, after all, the trees have
failed twice since, it being supposed that the roots perished after getting
out of the good upper soil into the sour clay. The border is at present
about 3 ft. 6 in. deep, to all appearance of as good soil as is to be got any
where near this place; the bottom or subsoil of the border is a stiff sour

618 Horticultural Society and Garden.

clay, something nearly approaching to brick earth; and at 2 ft. below this
sour stiff clay it is all chalk, which is the case with all the land near to, or
situated between, the Chiltern Hills, as this place is; the situation is a
wide valley, which opens to the north into the Vale of Aylesbury. I ought
to inform you, there isa double row of sycamores and limes at the back of
the peach and nectarine garden wall. The branches do not overhang the
wall, but some of the sycamores are within a few feet of doing so. I ob-
serve that the foliage of those sycamores is every year, in the months of
May and June, covered by thousands, and tens of thousands, of the green
fly. Ihave heard it asserted that the green flies which infest the sycamore
and lime do not infest the peach and nectarine; for my own part, I cannot
observe any difference by comparing them together, as I have frequently
done: they are all, apparently, the same kind of insects, at least as far as I
am able to judge, from colour, shape, and size. On turning to the article
Insects in your Encyclopedia of Gardening, § 2224., it is said, “ The insects
that infest plants are almost as numerous as the plants themselves, almost
every species having a particular insect, which it seems destined by nature
to support.” This may be true in hundreds of cases, but certainly does
not hold good in all. The red spider, for instance, is an imsect that
infests the peach, nectarine, vine, French bean, melons, and many other
plants, in a dry season, and those that are kept in a dry heat. On turning
to the article Red Spider (read “ Spider”) in your Eneyclopedia, it says,
“ The only two British species which infest plants are the A’carus telarius,
and A’carus holosericeus.” I have no motive for noticing these things, only
from the circumstance of the sycamores and limes being so very near the
garden wall, and being, at the same time, as I observed before, so much
infested with the green fly at the time those insects attack the peach and
nectarine trees. If you can suggest any thing whereby the evils I have
mentioned may be got quit of or mitigated, or can point out where the best
information is likely to be got on this business, it will be considered a great
and lasting obligation conferred on, Sir, &c. — &. Watts, gardener to R. G.
Russell, Esq. Chequer’s Court, Wendover, Bucks, August 16.

We recommend the above letter to some of our practical friends who
have lately written on the peach, the pear, and the preparation of borders.
— Cond.

Art. VI. Horticultural Society and Garden.

JuLy 20.—- Evhibited. A collection of Carnations and Picotees, from
Mr. Hoge of Paddington. Princess Augusta Pelargonium, Potentilla Rus-
sellidna, and Georgina flowers, from Mr. Russell, Enham Nursery, Batter-
sea. Black Hamburgh Grapes, from Mr. George White, gardener to Sir
Rowland Hill, Bart., Hawkstone Park, near Shrewsbury. Fruit in Spirits
of the Lucuma, from Alex. Caldcleugh, Esq., of Valparaiso. A small Gourd,
from the Hon. T. H.J. Strangeways, F.H.S8.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Four sorts of Résa indica; Rose
Bourganville ; Drummond’s Thornless Rose ; a collection of Garden Roses ;
F’chium violaceum ; Calceolaria arachnoidea; A’nthemis arabica; Esch-
schéltzia californica ; Clintonia élegans ; three varieties of Verbéna; Silene
compacta; five varieties of Pentstémon; Galardia aristata; twelve varieties
of Ginothéra; Clarkia pulchélla; two varieties of Papaver ; dalope mala-
cdides; Petunia nyctaginiflora ; Coredpsis lanceolata; Collomia grandiflora ;
three varieties of Phlox; Centauréa Cyanus; nine varieties of Campanula ;
Loasa nitida. Four sorts of Pears; two sorts of Apples; Wilmot’s new
Early Orleans Plum; two sorts of Apricots; Elton seedling Strawberry ;
twenty-six sorts of Gooseberries.

Florticultural Society and Garden. 619

Aug. 3.— Read. The Meteorological Journal kept in the garden during
the year 1829.

Lxhibited. — Duchess of Oldenburgh Apples, from Mr. Francis, Ivy
House, Canterbury. Moorpark Apricots, from Mr. J. G. Fuller, F.H.S.
Seedling Currants, from John Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Three sorts of Pears ; five sorts of
Apples; Prunus cerasifera; five varieties of Apricots; two sorts of Cher-
ries ; a Golden Mignonne Peach, accidentally ripened prematurely in con-
sequence of the death of the upper part of the branch to which it belonged.
An Otaheite Pine-apple, weighing 5 lbs. This proved to be a very bad
variety. A collection of flowers, consisting of A’nthemis arabica ; [beris
umbellata; Tagétes licida; seven sorts of Pentstemons; three varieties of
Chelone ; MJalope trifida ; Agératum mexicanum; Calceolaria arachn6idea ;
C. new sp.; C. pinnata; Pyréthrum inodorum; eight varieties of Gno-
thera; two sorts of Lodsa ; two sorts of Coredpsis ; AZimulus moschatus ;
Eschschéltzia califérnica; two sorts of Verbéna; seven sorts of Phlox ;
a collection of tall, dwarf, and anemone-flowered Georginas.

Aug. 17. — Exhibited. Specimens of an amber-coloured Grape from
Portugal, from C. Holford, Esq. F.H.S., apparently some variety of the
Chasselas. Sir Abraham Pytches’s Black Grape, from C. Holford, Esq.
F.H.S. Sweetwater and Black Prince Grapes, from the same. Black
Hamburgh Grapes, from Miss Prest of Lewisham. These were very beau-
tiful specimens.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Montagu Cantaloup Melon; Melon
of Siam); long green-fleshed Melon; Psidium Catleydnum; eight sorts of
Pears; eight sorts of Apples; seven sorts of Plums; Early Anne Peach ;
a collection of tall, dwarf, and anemone-flowered Georginas ; Jbéris umbel-
lata var.; Verbena chameedrifolia; Eschschéltzia californica; Malope
malacoides; Cladanthus arabicus; Senécio élegans; three varieties of
Coreopsis ; Agératum mexicanum; China Asters; Pyréthrum inodorum
(double); nine varieties of @@nothéra; three varieties of Nigélla; five sorts
of Phléx ; Lupinus polyphyllus albus; L. polyphyllus; ZL. plumdsus; L.
ornatus; Combrétum purpureum; Calceolaria, new sp.

Sept. 7.— Read. Account of a case of Malformation in an Exogenous
Tree, by John Lindley, Esq. F.R.S. &c.

Hxibiied. Caméllia Chandler in blossom, from John Allnutt, Esq.
Flowers of Camellias, from the same. A curious Root from Pulo Penang,
from J. L. Haythorn, Esq. Double Georginas, from Mr. Russell of Bat-
tersea. Guimaraen Plums, from J. Biddulph, Esq. A collection of Ap-
ples, and Kirke’s fine Plum, from Mr. Joseph Kirke. Sweet Red Cur-
rants, and two cross-bred Melons, from T. A. Knight, Esq. A Queen
Pine, weighing 4 1b. 1 oz., Tokay Grapes, Muscat of Lunel Grapes, from
Mr. William Greenshields. An Apple, unnamed, from N. W. Wickham,
Esq. Amber-coloured Portugal Grapes, and Black Grapes of Champagne,
from Charles Holford, Esq.

Also from the Garden of the Society. Coredpsis tinctéria and lanceolata ;
Pentstemon atropurpureus and campanulatus ; Cladanthus arabicus; Malva
miniata and moschata; Jberis umbellata; Tuagétes lucida; Maéalope
malacoides ; China Asters; Agératum mexicanum; CG’notheéra tetraptera,
purpurea, Romanzovii, viminea, quadrivilnera, odorata, and a new variety ;
Helianthus lenticularis; Verbéna chameedrifolia; Catananche czrtlea;
Pentsttmon diffisus; Salvia cardinalis and Graham; Mélva purpurata ,
Escallonia bifida; Lupinus plumosus, ornatus, polyphyllus, and poly-
phyllus albus; Georginas. Pears of the following sorts: Norman, Amande
@E’té, Orange Bergamot, Sanspareille, Summer Franc-Real, Cuisse Ma-
dame, Williams’s Bon Chrétien, Orange Tulipée, Augustbirne, Julienne,
Archduc ?E'té, Early Bergamot, Pastorale de Christe, Impératrice d’ E’té,
Waterloo, Ambrette d@’E’te, Tresam Prata, Vallée Franche, Deux-Tétes,

620 London Nurseries.

Chair 4 Dame, Hepple. Peaches: Royal George, Grosse Mignonne, No-
blesse, Bellegarde, Barrington, Belle Bausse, Royal Charlotte, White In-
comparable. Apples: Transparent de Zurich, Drap d Or, Longville’s
Kernel, Valleyfield Pippin, Reinette de Laak, Cole Apple, Kentish Cod-
lin, Dutch Codlin, Summer Golden Pippin, Summer Thorle, White
Crofton, Large White Colville, Kilkenny Codlm, Scarlet Pearmain, Bed-
fordshire Foundling, Foxley, Yellow Ingestrie, Pomme de. Jerusalem,
Wormsley Pippin. Plums: Reine Claude, Violette or Purple Gage. Kirke’s,
Whitton, Magnum Bonum. Nectarines: Violette Hative, Elruge,
Golden.

Art. VII. The London Nurseries.

Epsom Nursery. — New or rare plants which have flowered in July and
August : —

Class I. DICOTYLEDO‘'NE. Subclass 1. Tuatamirio‘re.

Ord. Ranunculacee. Trib. 4. Helleboree. Aconitum (Tourn.) molda-

vicum Bess.
- Papaverdacee. Argemone (Tourn.) Barclaydna Penny. In Vol. VI.
p- 115., I have adverted to a second perennial species of this genus, but I
have erred in stating the flowers to be sulphur-coloured: they are of a
delicate cream colour, somewhat smaller than those of A. grandiflora. Like
the latter species, it began flowering in June, and has already attained the
height of 5 ft. I would characterise it thus: — A. Barclaydna. Perennial ;
leaves sinuate dentato-spmose; midrib and veins covered with glaucous
bloom; calyx nearly spimeless ; capsule spinose; stigma subsessile. Native
of Mexico. :

Violariée. Trib. 2. Alsodinee. Wymenanthéra (Banks) dentata R. Br.
Loud. Hort. Brit. Supp. p.472. A curious green-house shrub, native of
New Holland.

Frankeniacee. Frankénia (Z.) pauciflora Dec. A pretty green-house

shrub, with pink flowers. Young cuttings root freely.
~ Caryophijllee. Trib. 1. Silénee. Dianthus (L.) ferrugineus LZ. A beau-
tiful capitate species, with rose-coloured flowers; hardy. — D. Fischérz
(Spreng.) y. albus. A seminal production of the prototype: an elegant
variety. — Saponaria (L.) calabrica Ledeb.? A pretty rock-plant, with
elegant rose-coloured flowers, surpassing the well known S. ocymoides.
’ Geranidcee. Trib. 2. Pelargoniée. Pelargonium (L’ Herit.) Webbianum
Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2d ined. (Guy Mannering of the gardens). This
hybrid has been named in compliment to the accomplished Miss Webb, the
elegant authoress of The Mummy, from which an extract may be seen in
Vol. III. p. 478.; who, to her numerous acquirements, is adding, with un-
paralleled ardour, an extensive knowledge of botany. A most desirable
plant, raised from P. Hume, which had been fertilised with some unknown
kind. — P. Carelessidnwm Penny in Hort. Eps. ed. 2d ined. (Marmion of
the gardens). This splendid hybrid, resembling in some respects Lord
Combermere of the gardens, has been chosen to commemorate an excellent
botanical lady residing in the vicinity of Bath.

Oxalidee. Oxalis (L.) Bowii Ait., O. Martidna Zuc., O. papilionacea W.

Subclass 2. CaLycirLo‘ra. |

Leguminose. Subord. 1. Papiliondcee. Trib. 2. Lotee. ~Subtrib. 1.
Genistee. Adenocarpus (Dec.) intermédius Dec. Native of Sicily: a
desirable, half-hardy, evergreen shrub, with terminal racemes of fragrant
yellow flowers. Cuttings and seeds. — Subtrib. 5. Astragalee@. Astragalus
(Dec.) dealbatus Ledeb. — Trib. 3. Hedysdree. Subtrib. 2. Euhedysaree.
Desmodium (Dec.) acuminatum Dec. — Trib. 5. Phasedlee. Lupinus (L.)
plumoésus Doug. fi

London Nurseries. 621

Melastomacee. Melastoma (L.) ? subtriplinérvis Link et Otto.

Caprifolidcee. Symphoria (Pursh) microphylla Spreng. Native of
Mexico. A hardy evergreen shrub, with tubular pinkish flowers.

Composita. Subord.2. Labiatiflore. Mutisia (Cay.) arachnoidea Mart.
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 351.— Subord. 3. Cardudcee. Div. 3. Vernoniacez.
Vernonia (Schreb.) flexuosa Link et Otto. nec B. M., axilliflora Link et Otto.
A lovely green-house shrub, with lilac flowers : strikes freely. — Subord. 6.
Jacobée. Tagétes (L.) florida Sweet, B. F. G. t.32.—Subord 7. Helidnthee.
Wedelia (Jacq.) attrea D. Don, Loud. Hort. Brit. Sup. p. 448. A beautiful
perennial, with golden-yellow flowers from May to October. Frame; divi-
sion. — Zexménia (Lal.) taget?flora D. Don, Loud. Hort. Brit. Supp. p. 488.
— Echinacea (Monch. et Cass.) pterophylla D. Don, Sweet’s B. F. G. t. 32.
A splendid herbaceous plant, with sweet-scented lilac flowers. Frame.

Campanulacee. Campanula (L.) Nuttall Penny in Hort. Eps. ined.
Sent by Mr. Nuttall as C. rotundifolia v. americana ; but is unquestionably
a very distinct species, distinguished at once by its long and very narrowly
linear leaves. An exceedingly pretty plant, about 18 in. in, height, with
deep blue flowers, flowering from May to October.

Gesnerice. Gesnéria (L.) placentifera Link et Otto?

Subclass 3. CoroLLirLo'RE.

Asclepiadex. Asclépias (L.) mexicana Cav. :

Polemonidcee. Phlox (L.) tardiflora Penny. In your admirable Hértus
Britannicus (Sup. p. 470.) this species seems to be noticed under the name
of P. Sickmann? Lehm., giving longiflora Sweet as the synonyme. The latter
is, correctly enough, a synonyme of P. tardiflora; but P. Sickmanni of Leh-
man (to which must revert P. scabra Sweet) has lilac flowers, and belongs
to a different (the first) section of the genus with smooth stems and a
pubescent tube to the corolla. It may also be observed, that, at p. 59. of
the same work, there are two very distinct plants referred as varieties to
P. pyramidalis ; the second variety, penduliflora, has recently received its
rank by Mr. Sweet, and is scarcely related to that species. The third variety,
corymbosa, is referable to the same section as P. Sickmann?! and not to
the second section of the genus with rough stems and a smooth tube to the
corolla; e. g. P. pyramidalis, P. refléxa, &c.

Solanee. Sect. 1. Pericdrpium capsulare. Salpigléssis (Ruiz et Pav.)
Barclaydna Gard. Mag. v.6. p. 510. If the flowers of this hybrid are less
beautiful than its parents, it amply compensates as a border flower, there
being at present upwards of 150 flowers open at the same time. The
branches haye never been observed to damp off, so frequently the case with
the original species.

Scrophularinee. Sect. 1. Stamina (4) antherifera. Lophospérmum (D.
Don) scandens D. Don in Lin. Trans., vol. xy. p. 349. Sweet’s B.F. G.
ined. Seeds of this splendid summer climber were presented, with other
rare plants, to Messrs. Young, by A. B, Lambert, Esq. It is a native of
Mexico. The genus was first placed upon the records of science by Mr. D.
Don, who described it from native samples in Mr. Lambert’s herbarium, and
published the account in the work above cited. Mr. Don points out its affinity
to Maurandya and to Antirrhinum; but from these it is obviously distinct,
both in habit and character. From its amazing rapidity of growth, and pro-
fusion of large rose-coloured flowers, it may be pronounced the finest sum-
mer climber that has yet been introduced. It has already attained the height —
of 12 ft., and appears to be suffruticose. Cuttings ; protection. — Sect. 2.
Stamina (2) antherifera. Calceolaria (L.) Herbertidna Lindl., C. polifolia
Hook. B, M. 2857.

Labiate. Trib. 2. Satureinezee. Pycnanthemum ovatum Nutt. — Trib. 3.
Ajugoidee. Tetcrium (L.) levigatum Vahl. A neat herbaceous peren-
nial, with three or many parted smooth leaves, and pale yellow flowers.
The whole plant has a very fetid scent. Division; frame. — Trib. 4. Mo-

622 London Nurseries.

nérdes. Bilephilia (Raf) hirsita Raf.? Loud. Hort. Brit. Sup. p. 468. —
Trib. 5. Nepétee. Phlomis (L.) floccosa D. Don, Bot. Reg. t. 1300. — -
Salvia (L.) falgens Cav. Sweet’s B. F. G. t. 59., 8S. Lindley: Bentham ?

Verbenace@. Clerodéndrum (Z.) hastatum Wall. Loud. Hort. Brit.
p. 247. A beautiful stove climber, with fragrant white flowers.

Primulace@. Lysimachia (L.) hybrida Mich, Native of Carolina: allied
to L. longifolia, but is a taller and more beautiful plant. It thrives in com-
mon earth : division.

MONOCOTYLEDO'NEZ.

Orchidee. Trib. 4. Ophridee. Habenaria (Willd. et R. Br.) lacera Mich.
A fine species, with yellowish-green flowers. Cultivated with Cypripedium
ventricdsum. Vide Gard. Mag., vol. vi. p. 510.

Amaryllideze. Alstroemeria acutifolia Link et Otto.

Asphodélee. A'llium (.) lineare L., A. eudsmon Link et Otto, Loud.
Hort. Brit. Sup. p. 476.

Filices. Trib. 2. Osmundacee. Aneimia (Swz.) fraxinifolia Radd.,
A. collina Radd.— Alpha. Sept. 8. 1830.

August 30, and 31.— Weare happy to find it is the intention of Messrs.
Young to form an arboretum, with the same extraordinary exertion that
they have bestowed on their herbaceous collection; and most ardently
do we desire that their efforts may be attended with the same success.
We know of no nurserymen who can do it so well ; because we know of no
nursery where there is a foreman so truly scientific, and so very enthusiastic
and industrious, as Mr. Penny. We hope we shall not spoil that young man,
by saying all that we thmk of him. We hope he will continue to labour
hard both in body and mind, and to keep his heart for many years on his
very extensive (for an individual so circumstanced) botanical library. At
45 he may relax a little. We have now Mr. Donald, Mr. Buchanan, and
Messrs. Young following the example set by Messrs. Loddiges. We shall
surely have something as a result; and we trust that, in connection with our
plans to be given in Lustrations of Landscape-Gardening (Part 1. of which
appears with the present Number), it will be the diffusion of rare trees and
shrubs everywhere — every shrubbery in short an arboretum. — Cond.

Tooting Nursery. Aug. 29.— The collection of heaths here, of which in
an early Number we gave a copious list, is yearly increasing. Above a
dozen of new species and varieties were raised last year from seeds received
from the Cape of Good Hope; and some of them have already come into
flower. The collection of American trees and shrubs is also receiving ad-
ditions, especially in that most beautiful genus Azalea. The home nursery,
enclosed within high walls, is being gradually converted into a choice flower
garden ;-and the fruit trees on the walls made to give place to the more rare
and beautiful trees, shrubs, and roses. Fiichsta cénica, ¢hymifolia, and
other species, and Magnolia fuscita, have stood the winter against these
walls without any covering; dying down to the ground, and springing up
again vigorously in spring, so as now to be between 3 and 4ft. high. That
noble plant Hovea Célsi has here been propagated with extraordinary suc-
cess, and we saw upwards of 1000 seedlings. This plant ought to be in
every green-house and conservatory, and tried against every warm wall. As
usual here, every thing is in excellent order. We were much pleased to
see that the Miss Rollisons, highly accomplished young ladies, have gardens
which they form, plant, and cultivate themselves. These ladies draw flowers
most beautifully and scientifically ; and we have recommended to them the
drawing on stone and publication of the different heaths raised for the first
time by their father and brothers. To see Miss Ronalds, the daughter of
one nurseryman, preparing a work on apples, and those of another preparing
a work on heaths, is a gratifying proof of the progress of the age. The
young nurseryman who would not desire to possess the Brentford col-
lection of apples, and the select Tooting heaths, must be a heartless son
of Adam indeed, — Cond,

Art. VIII.

The Cabbage Tribe

Cabbages, per dozen:
White - c
Red - - -
Plants, or Coleworts

Savoys, perdozen -

Cauliflowers, per dozen

Broccoli, Cape, per bunch

Legumes.
Peas per half sieve
per sieve
Beans, persieyve - -
- er sieve
Winds Pp
oy cals per sack
Kidneybeans, per half sieve
Scarlet runners - 3

Tubers and Roots.

per ton
Potatoes « Sper cwt.

: per bush.
Kidney, per half sieve
Turnips, White, per bunch

Carrots, per bunch -
Red Beet, per dozen -
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :

Red, per dozen hands

(24.
to 30 each) - -
White Turnip, per bunch

The Spinach Tribe.
Spinach, per sieve - -
Sorrel, per half sieve -
Patience Dock, per 4 sieve

The Onion Tribe.
Onions :
Old, per bushel - <
. For Pickling, per 2 sieve
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound 55
Shallots, per pound - ~-

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, &c.
Artichokes, per dozen -
Lettuce, Cos, per score -
Endive, per score - -
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)
Small Salads, per punnet
Watercress, per dozen small
bunches - c =
Burnet, per bunch -

Pot and Sweet Herts.

Parsley, per half sieve -
Tarragon, per doz. bunches
Purslain, per punnet -
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches -
Peppermint, per doz. bunch.
Marjoram, per doz. bunches
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches -
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, per doz. bunches
‘Lansy, per dozen bunches -

Covent Garden Market.

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Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,
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Angelica Stalks, per pound
Sea Samphire, p. small pun.
Vegetable Marrow, per coz.
Tomatoes, per punnet -
Capsicums, per hun. -

Edible Fungt and Fuct.

Mushrooms, per pottle -

Morels, perpound - -

Dried Trufties, per pound:

English - - =

Foreign = . -
Fruiés.

Apples, Dessert, per bushel :
Nonsuch - -
King of Pippins - -
Downton Pippin - -
Kerry Pippin - -
Baking, per bushel -
Jersey = one
Pears, Dessert, Summer Ber-
gamot, per half sieve

Jargonelles = -
Williams’s Summer Bonne
Chrétienne - =

Knevett’s Seedling
Gansell’s Bergamot
Peaches, per dozen -
Nectarines, per dozen
Apricots, per dozen ‘ _-
er 2 sieve
Plums, Dessert We punnet
Orleans, per half sieve -
Green Gages - -
Baking, per halfsieve -
Damsons 2 co
Mulberries, per gal. (2 pot.)
Barberries, per half sieve
Widerberries, per bushel -
Gooseberries, per half sieve
Currants, Black, per 3 sieve
White - -
Red, for Wine - o

For tarts = -
Dessert - 2
Raspberries, Red, per gal.
(2 pottles) a) o5

Strawberries, per gallon (2
pottles) about 3 pints , -
Walnuts, per bushel -
Filberts, per 100 Ibs. =
Pine-apples, per pound -
Hot-house Grapes, p. pound
Figs, per dozen - s
Melons, per pound - =
Cucumbers, I'rame, p. brace

psEre per hundred
Pickling, per thousand

per dozen -

Oranges ne hundred
perdozen -

Lemons per hundred
Brazil Nuts, per bushel -
Spanish Nuts, per peck -
Barcelona - Sere
French Almonds - -

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Observations. — Our supplies of fruit have been rather plentiful, especially
plums, green gages, and damsons; pears of the summer varieties in good
supply; apples, although not a general crop, are in some places good, and
come to hand large and fine; filberts are of excellent quality, and plentiful.

— Sept. 14. 1830.

Our supplies at market have been generally good; and the fruits, consi-

624 Provincial Hort. Soc. : — Cambridgeshire.

dering the changeableness of the weather, fine asto appearance, but deficient
in flavour from the want of sun and warmth. Wall fruits, such as peaches,
nectarines, &e. &¢., have been plentiful and extremely cheap, but by no
means fine in quality and flavour. The supply of grapes from the vineries
has been very abundant; the prices, consequently, low, even to Is. per Ib.
for inferior quality. Pine-apples have been deficient in supply compared to
other seasons, but quite equal to the demand for them, since the breaking
up of parliament and the absence of the king, and, consequently, of the no-
bility and official personages, at this season. Filberts have been very plenti-
ful ; and from having been sent in large quantities early in the season, in an
unripe state, have realised very low prices: at present they are in much
better condition for packing, and command a higher price. Vegetables ge-
nerally have been furnished in large quantities and at rather low prices, with
few exceptions, such as gherkins and small onions for pickling, which, from
the prevalence of wet, and the necessary consequence, in our climate, of
cold, and in some instances frosty, nights, have been short in quantity and
in demand. :

Upon the whole, the season, I fear, cannot be considered favourable to
the horticulturists, who have been suffering, for many years past, under the
continuous depression of prices: in evidence of which, I offer you the fol-
lowing comparative state of proceeds of the produce of 14 acres of land,
within four miles of London, under what may be considered a fair system
of culture. In the mean time, very little difference has taken place in the
necessary outlay, especially in the rent, tithes, and taxes; the price of
labour, one of the most important features of expense, is the same ; the cost
of manure, horse-keeping, &c., has been somewhat reduced.

Receipts of the Produce of 14 Aeres of Garden Land, from the Year 1815

to 1830.

Total produce. Average per acre, Total produce. Average per acre,
excluding fractions, excluding fractions.

LS hy GA = BG 8. d.
1816-838 3 11 About 59 17 5 1823 - 730 16 114-About 52 4 0
1817-859 16 3. - 61 8 0 | 1824-779 6 84 - 55 13 4
1818-900 13 3% - 64 6 74 | 1825-922 0 63 - 65 11 5
1819-722 7 4 - 51 12 42 | 1826-744 15 OL - 53 26)
1820-787 10 2 - 56 50 | 1827-589 10 7 - 42 5 OL
1821-786 12 10 - 56. 40 | 1828-525 15 2 - 38 11 1

1822-667 6 8 - 47 13 4 | 1829-475 6 0 - 33190

From these data you will observe, the highest rate of proceeds was in
1825, during the period of the speculative mania which forced up artificially
every article of produce; the lowest of depression, in 1829, considered as
the result of the-change in the monetary circulation from paper to gold;
and I am sorry to add, that the proceeds of 1830, as far as made up, are
lower than to the corresponding period in the preceding year.— G. C.
Sept. 20.

Art. IX. Provincial Horticultural Secieties.

Name of Secretary not before given: — Wallingford Ranunculus Show, W.

Greenwood.
i CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. — July 22. The judges awarded as fol-
lows :—

Flowers. Carnations (five bloom) : 1. Perfection, Bellerophon, Fletcher’s Devonshire, Doctor
Barnes, Gregory’s Alfred, Mr. Robert Nutter; 2. Wilde’s Perfection, Madame Mara, Turner’s
Princess Charlotte, Tollitt’s Triomphe Royal, Cartwright’s Rainbow, Mr. John Bailey. Of any
sort, Alfred, Mr. John Bailey. Seedling, Mr. Gimson. Picotees (six best bloom, one of a sort) :
1. Martin’s Linnzus, Bunting’s Miss Neville, Countess of Sandwich, Lee’s Cleopatra, Lee’s Cran--
field Beauty, Wood’s Desdemona, Mr. Twitchett ; 2. Countess of Sandwich, Martin’s Linnzus
Black Prince, Queen Caroline, two unknown, Mr. John Bailey. Of any sort, Hood’s Triumphant?
Mrs. Lascelles. Seedling, Mr. John Bailey. Wollyhock, Mr. Catling. Balsam: No first prize?

Norfolk. 625

2. Mr. Searle. Cockscomb, Mr. R. Foster, jun. Georginas: (best three) Brewer’s Cambridge
Surprise, Kentish Hero, Elizabeth, Mr. Brewer ; (one) Globe Dark Crimson, Mr. Widnall. Bou-
quet (Treasurer’s), Mr. Gimson. — Fruit. Melon (not less than 2 lbs.): 1. Scarlet Flesh, Mr.
Dall; 2, Waterloo, Mr. Newman, Lord De la Warr’s gardener. Apricots, Mr. Searle. Duke
Cherries, Mr. Challis. Raspberries, Mr. Dall. Gooseberries: Red (12 to the pound), Roaring
Lion, Mr. Rickard; White (16 to the pound), Mr. Challis; Green (14 to the pound), Green Ocean,
Mr. Challis; Yellow (16 to the pound), Gunner, Mr. Fordham, gardener to Mr. Quintin; for fla-
vour, Early Green, Col. Pemberton ; Seedling, Mr. Brown of Fordham ; Heaviest, of any colour
(loz. 3dwts. 6 grs.), Roaring Lion, Mr. Rickard. Currants, White ‘(30 bunches to the pound),
Dutch, Mr. Palmer; Red (42 to the pound), Mr. Henry Green. Plums, Mr. Searle. Pears,
Citron des Carmes, Mr. Palmer. Apples: 1. White Imperatrice, Mr. Gimson ; 2. Glory of Ford-
ham, Mr. Brown of Fordham. — Culinary Vegetables. ttuces, Paris Cos, Mr. Lestourgeon.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Carnation, Balsam, and Currants, Joseph Beales, Cherryhinton. Goose-
berries, Crown Bob, Solon Denson. The cucumber prize would have been awarded to Joseph
Beales, but his cucumbers were grown under a hand-glass.

Extra-Prizes. Cottager’s Onions, James Tuck, Windmill Cottage, Harston. Larkspur, Mr.
Brewer. Peaches, Galande, Mr. Palmer. Nectarines, Early Newington, Mr. Palmer. Georginas :
Anemone Flora, Globe Lilac, Spectabile, Painted Lady, Mr. Widnall. Prussian Stock, Mrs.
Lascelles. Yeicca dracdnis, Mr. Jas. Wilson. Agapanthus, Mr. Brewer. Hydrangea, Mr. Hudson.
(Cambridge Chronicle, July 30.)

Cambridge Florists’ Society. — July 26. The award of the judges was as
follows : —

Carnations. Premium Subscription Prizes (five best blooms,one of each sort) : 1. Wilde’s Per-
fection, Gregory’s King Alfred, Stearne’s Dr. Barnes, Turner’s Princess Charlotte, and Fletcher's
Duchess of Devonshiré, Mr. Twitchett; 2. Mr. Sharp; 3. Mr. Rickards. Bizards. Scarlet: 1.
Wilde’s Perfection, Mr. Sharp; 2. Wilde’s Perfection, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Wilde’s Perfection, Mr.
Haylock; 4. and 5. Wilde’s Perfection, Mr. Twitchett ; 6. Wild’s Perfection, Mr. Peeling. Crimson :
1, 2, and 3. Gregory’s King Alfred, Mr. Twitchett; 4. and 5. Gregory’s King Alfred, Mr. Sharp ;
6. Gregory’s King Alfred, Mr. Rickard. Flakes, Scarlet: 1. Pearson’s Madame Mara, Mr.
Sharp ; 2. Stearne’s Dr. Barnes, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Stearne’s Dr. Barnes, Mr. Sharp; 4. Stearne’s
Dr. Barnes, Mr. Stearne; 5. Pearson’s Madame Mara, and 6G, Stearne’s Dr. Barnes, Mr. Sharp.
Purple: 1. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Rickard ; 2. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Sharp;
3. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Ripsher ; 4. and 5. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Twitchett ;
6. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Sharp. Rose: 1. Fletcher’s Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. Pailey 5
9. Fletcher’s Duchess of Devonshire, and 3, Pollitt’s Triomphe Royal, Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Fletcher’s
Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. Peeling ; 5. Fletcher’s Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. Sharp ; 6. Pollitt’s
Triomphe Royal, Mr. Twitchett. Seedling: 1. Painted Lady, Mr. Twitchett ; 2. Duke of Sussex,
Mr. Crisp; 3. Duke of Sussex, Mr. Haylock. — Picotees. Scarlet. Heavy-edged: 1. Chilwell
Beauty, and 2. Spratt’s Earl of Effingham, Mr. Haylock ; 3. Brinklow’s Seedling, Mr. Twitchett 5
4. Lady Effingham, Mr. Taylor; 5. Barclay’s Beauty, Mr. Haylock ; 6. Hufton’s Will Stukely,
Mr. Rickard. Light-edged: 1. and 2. Russell’s Incomparable, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Wood’s Tri-
umphant, Mr. Ripsher ; 4. and 5. Wood’s Triumphant, and 6. Bunting’s Hon. .Miss Neville, Mr.
Bailey. Purple. Heavy-edged: 1. Lee’s Cleopatra, Mr. Twitchett ; 2. Mason’s Black Prince, Mr.
Bailey ; 3. Lee’s Cleopatra, 4. Martin’s Linnezus, 5. Read’s Beauty, and 6. Mason’s Black Prince,
Mr. Twitchett. Light-edged: 1. Metcalfe’s Flora, Mr. Bailey; 2. Brinklow’s Seedling, Mr.
Twitchett ; 3. King William the Fourth (seedling), and 4. Serjeant Frere (seedling), Mr. Bailey ;
5. Dr. Syntax, Mr. Ripsher ; 6. Countess of Sandwich, Mr. Twitchett. Rose: Cornfield’s Lady
Miller, Mr. Rickard; 2. Brinklow’s Queen Caroline, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Cornfield’s Lady Miller,
Mr. Rickard ; 4, Cornfield’s Lady Miller, Mr. Haylock; 5. Cornfield’s Lady Miller, Mr. Bailey ;
6. Wood’s Aurora, Mr. Twitchett. Yellow: 1. Howlett’s Paragraph, Mr. Rickard; 2. Howlett’s
Paragraph, Mr. Bailey ; 3. Howlett’s Paragrapb, Mr. Rickard; 4. Marshal Bulow, Mr. Ripsher ;
5. Hyland’s Zenobia, Mr. Sharp ; 6. Seedling, Mr. Bailey. Seedling, Queen Adelaide, Mr. Bailey.
— Georginas. Premium Prize: 1. Donna Maria, and 2. Desiderdabilis, Mr. Widnall; 3. Brewer’s
Cambridge Surprise, Mr. Brewer; 4, Squibb’s Pure Yellow, Mr. Nutter; 5. Widnall’s Prince
George, and 6. Imperiosa, Mr. Widnall. (Jdéd., July 30.)

t NORFOLK.
Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society. — July 8. Prizes were awarded

as follows : —

Plants. Cyeas revolita (sago palm), Rev. G. Leathes. Citrus decumana (shaddock tree),
R. Alderson, Esq. Araucdéria excélsa (Norfolk Island pine tree), Lord Stafford. Fuchsia gra.
cilis, Robert Atter, gardener to Frs. Gosling, Esq. — /owevs. Pink: 1. Barratt’s Conqueror, Mr.
Wilson ; 2. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. Asker, jun. Bouquet of Roses, Mr. J. Smith. Bouquet,
Mrs, Mackie. — Fruit. Melon, Cantaloup, Mr. Whiting, gardener to Lord Stafford. Strawber-
ries, Wilmot’s Superb, Mrs. Gurdon.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Raspberries, Robert Atter. Windsor Beans, P. Widdow. Pink, Davis’s
Eclipse, —— Wilkinson. Collection of Irises (wiphidides), George King.

Robert Alderson, Esq., sent two orange trees in fruit.— Rev. G. Leathes, Celdsia cristata. —
Mr. Middleton, six plants of Nérium spléndens, and eight very fine balsams. — Mr. Brundell, six
varieties of China rose from one bush, and twelve other roses, — Mr. J. Smith, eighteen pelargo-
niums, and bouquet of mixed flowers. — Brace of Cantaloup melons, from J. J. Gurney, Esq. —
Roses, pinks, and different varieties of strawberries (very-fine hautbois), from the Rev. Jeremiah
Burroughes. — Col. Harvey, apricots, gooseberries, several sorts of strawberries, and white pip-
pins. — Mr. Matchett, Lakenham, Persian and green-fleshed melons, and long whzte semi-trans-
parent radishes (new here). — Brace of Cantaloup melons, from Mr. J. Cozens. A specimen of
the snake cucumber (4 ft. 6in. in length) was sent by John Gregory, gardener to the Rev. J. Day
of Hethersett. — Mrs. Mackie, Maurandya Barclaydna, a splendid specimen, covering 69 ft. wire. —
Four double georginas, flowered in pots, viz. Scarlet, Alexandrina Victoria, Colville’s Perfécta,
and Gerban Eclipse. T'wo of Verbéna Aublétia. An Alstroeméréa hirtélla. One Azalea nudiflora
var. serétina rtbra, a splendid specimen. A Potentilla seedling hybrid, variety between For-
modsa and Atrosanguinea. Forty specimens of distinct roses, amongst which the most admired were
White Globe, Celestial, Tuscany, Purple and White Noisette, Boursault, Carmine Enchanters,
Grand Purple, Purple Mignonne, Negro, Royal Bouquet, Blanche Pompone, and Brussels.
Forty Specimens of choice herbaceous flowers, amongst which the most conspicuous were Delphi-
nium bicolor, pictum, and chinénse ; Potentilla formdsa Russellidza, and a new seedling hybrid

Vou. VI. — No. 28. Ss

626 Provincial Horticultural Socicties : — Berkshire,

variety; Verbtna Mclindres ; and L¥chnis fiilgens. Forty specimens of pinks, amongst which Bar-
ratt’s Conqueror, Westlake’s Hero, Woollard’s Blush, and Bowes’s Lustre were much admired.
Twelve specimens of double georgina flowers, anda splendid general bouquet. There were many
fine dishes of Caroline, Hautbois, Wilmot’s s Superb, and Chile strawberries; cherries, raspberries,
gooseberries, and currants; with some large cauliflowers, horseradish, turnips, potatoes, and
Windsor beans. (Nozfolk Chronicle, July 10.)
Norwich Horticultural Society.— Aug. 4. Prizes were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Qimnothéra Lindleyina, Mrs. Mackie. Himea élegans, Rev. G. Leathes. Nérium
spléndens, G. Jennings, gardener to Mrs. Ives. Hydrangea guercifdlia, Mrs. Gurdon. Collection
of Hollyhocks: 1. Edward Lombe, Esq.; 2. Mr. Noverre. — Flowers. Carnations (best half-
dozen), Captain Custance. Carnations and Picotees: 1. T. Bacon (cottager) ; 2. J. Howlett (flo-
rist) ; 3. Wm. Craske (florist). In pots: 1. Mr. Wilson; 2. Mrs. Burroughes. Seedling Carna-
‘tions and Picotees, Lieut.-Colonel Mason. Georgina, Mr. John Smith. Best half-dozen, Mrs.
Mackie. Balsams in pots, W. Randall (florist). — Fruit. Pine: 1. Black Jamaica, Mr. D. Stewart ;
By Queen, Mr. Whiting, gardener to Lord Stafford. Grapes: J. Black Hamburgh, R. Crawshay,
ie sq. ; 2. Black Prince, R. Hawkes, Esq. Peaches, Noblesse, Mr. D. Stewart. Nectarines, Red
‘Roman, Mr. D. Stewart. Apricots: 1. Algerine, Mr. Hartt; 2. Anson, T. Basey (cottager). Ap-
ples, Hawthornden, P. Wilson (cottager). Cherries, Morello, J. Nurse (cottager). Melon:
1. Orange Cantaloup, T.S. Norgate, Esq.; 2. Polignac, Rev. T. S. Buckle. Gooseberries, Crown
Bob, Mrs. Gurdon. Twelve heaviest, mixed, Mr. Noverre. — Culinary Vegetables. Peas, Green
Marrow, Wm. Everitt, Esq. 1 ettuce, Bath Cos, the Dean of Hereford.

Mr. G. Thurtell had an exhibition of 350 blooms, and two dozen pots of carnations and yellow
and English picotees. Some of the gooseberries weighed no less than loz. There was also a
specimen of a cockscomb, measuring 15 in. across. (Norwich Mercury, Aug. 7.)

, BERKSHIRE.

Walting ford Ranunculus Show.— June 8. Several gentlemen of the town and
neighbourhood sent some splendid specimens of green-house plants to decorate the hall, which
were viewed with delight, by a large number of ladies and gentlemen, for three successive days.
The ranunculuses were shown in classes, and the prizes were awarded as follows : —

Class 1. Dark and Dark Purple: 1. Seedling, Rev. Jos. Tyso; 2. Naxara, Mr. Woodbridge ;
3, Naxara, Mr. Costar. Class 2. Striped: 1. Teméraire, Mr. Costar ; 2. Mélange, Rev. Jos. Tyso ;
3. Mélange, Mr. Turner. Class 3. Crimson Red and Rose: 1. Apollo, Rev. Jos. Tyso; 2. Gunn’s
Crimson, Mr. Woodbridge; 3. Henrietta, Mr. Turner. Class 4. Edged: 1. Doctor Franklin, Mr.
Turner; 2. Rose Incomparable, Mr. Costar; 3. Sophia, Mr. Greenwood. Class 5. Spotted:
1. Agamemnon, Mr. Clarke; 2. Arbrisseau, Mr. Woodbridge; 3. Arbrisseau, Mr. Turner.
Class 6. Orange, Yellow, and Straw: 1. Eliza, and ea Cedo Nulli, Rev. Jos. Tys0 ; 3. Eliza, Mr.
Costar. Class 7. Mottled: 1. Pucelle, Mr. Birkett; 2. Earl of Coventry, and 3. Cora, Mr. Clarke.
pends of nine Flowers: 1. Mr. Turner; 2. Mr. Clarke ; 3. Rev. Jos. Tyso ; 4. Mr. Greenwood 5

5. Mr. Costar; 6. Mr. Woodbridge; 7. Mr. Birkett.

>? Seni prize for the best flower shown that day, Rev. Jos. Tyso: a very fine dark crimson,
raised by him this year. Mr. John Ronalds of B rentford and Mr. Biddall of Finchingfield were
the umpires ; and they, as well as every florist present, pronounced it the best dark flower they
had ever seen. Every one was anxious to possess it; and, as the owner consented to its sale,
Mr. Brown of Slough, who was present, purchased it for five guineas, and named it “ Othello.”
There were several other seedlings of great merit exhibited ; and we are happy to be informed
that the rev. gentleman who has been so successful in raising seedling ranunculuses will shortly
communicate his method through the medium of the public press. — W. Greenwood, Secretary.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Gloucester Horticultural Society. — June 18. There were about 1200 speci-
mens ticketed, and prizes were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove or _Green- house: 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 2. Cactus specidsa,
R. Canning, Esq.; 3. Hdya carndsa, Mrs. Matthews ; 4. Combrétum élegans, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ;
5. Alstreeméria Peleorina, — Shewell, Esq. Heath: 1. Erica ventricdsa supers Mr. J.C.
Wheeler ; 2. Ventricdsa incarnata, R. Canning, Esq. ; 3. Carnea, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Hybrida,
R. Canning, Esq ; 5. Perspicua, Mr. J. C. Wheeler. Hardy: |. Kalmia latifolia, Mr. J.C.
Wheeler; 2. Pxonia albifldra, Mr. Holbert ; 3. Delphinium intermédium, Miss Walters ;
4. Fraxinélla riibra, Miss Cother; 5. Rhododéndron maximum, Mr. J.C. Wheeler. — Flowers.
Ranunculuses. Dark: 1. Mr. J. C. Wheeler: 2. B. Canning, Esq; 3, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Mr.
Grafton ; 5. Mr. J. C. Wheeler. Light: 1. Mr. T. Reynolds ; 2. Mr. Crump ; 3. Mr. T. Reynolds ;
4. and 5. Mr. Crump. Pinks. Black and White: 1. Mrs. Jas. “Reynolds ; 2. Mr, J. D. Wheeler ;
3. Mr. George Bubb: 4. and 5, Mr. ‘Hitch. Purple-laced : 1. Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 2. Mr. Jordan :
3. Mrs. Matthews; 4. Mr. Pigott : 5. Mr. G. publ Red.laced: 1. Mrs. Jas. Reynolds ; 2. Mr. G.
Bubb ; 3. Mr. Jordan ; 4. Mr. J.C. “Wheeler ; 5. Mr. Jordan. Selfs and Fancies: 1. Mr. Hitch ;
9. Mrs. Matthews ; 3. D. Pennant, Esq. ; 4. Mr. Hitch |; 5. Mr. Jordan. Roses. Dark: 1. and g.
Mrs. Jas. Reynolds: 3. and 4. C. O. Cambridge, Esq. ; 5. Mrs. Dowdeswell. Light : 1. Mr. J.C.
Wheeler; 2. D. M‘ ean Esq. ; 3. D. Pennant, Esq. ; 4. Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 5. C. O. Cambridge,
Esq. Bouquet, Mr. J. D. Wheeler. — Fyuit. Cherries : 1. May Duke, R.S. IDES, Esq. ; 2, May
Duke, W. Wood, Esq. ; 5. Early Heart, D. M‘Lean, Esq. ; 4. May Duke, Mr. Wilkins: 5. May
Duke, Mr. Holbert. Strawberries : 1. Keen’s Seedling, Joseph Bennett, Esq. + 2. Pine, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler ; 3. Roseberry, Mrs. Dowdeswell ; 4. ——Shewell, Esq. ; 5. Alpine, Mrs. _Dowdeswell. —_
Culinary “Vegetables. Cauliflowers: 1. —~ Shewell, Esq. ; 2. D. M‘Lean, Esa. ; 3. Mr. Holbert ;
4. Miss Cother ; 5. Mrs. J. Reynolds. (Gloucester Journal, June 19.)

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Worcester Horticultural Society. — June 17. The award of prizes was as fol-
lows: —

Plants. Stove and Green-house: 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. Linton ; Gloxinia specidsa,
Mr. Bradley; 3. Gladiolus cardinalis, Mr. Smith; 4. Fuchsia gracilis, ne “Mowbr. ay. Hardy:
1. Kalméa latifdlia, Mr. Tapp; 2. Verbtna Melindres, Mr. Smith. Heaths: 1. Exiea ventricdsa
stellata, Mr. Tapp; 2. Hrica fidrida, Mr. Smith. — Flowers. Ranunculuses. Dark and Dark
Purple : 1, Mr. Smith ; 2. Mr. Pennethorn; 2. Mr, Tapp. White Ground, striped, spotted, and

Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Monmouthshire. 627

edged: 4. Rey. T. Waters; 2. Mr. Gummery; 3. Mr. Smith. Yellow Ground, striped, spotted,
and edged: 1. and 2. Mr. Pennethorn; 3. Mr. Tapp. Orange and Yellow: 1. Mr. Gummery ;
9. Rev. T. Waters; 3. Mr. Gummery. Scarlet and Crimson: J. Rev. T. Waters; 2. Mr. Smith 5
3. My. Pennethorn. Light: 1. Rev. T. Waters ; 2. Mr Tapp; 3. Mr. Smith. Pinks. Purple-laced: 1.
Mr. Fuller: 2. Rev. T. Housman. Red-laced: 1. J. Taylor, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Smith ; 3, Rev. T. Housman.
Plain: 1. Mr. Hickman; 2. J. Taylor, Esq. Roses; 1. R. Berkeley, Esq. ; 2. and 3- Mr. Beach ;
4. Mr. Fuller; 5. Mr. Beach; 6. J. Taylor, Esq. ; 7. Mr. Tapp; 8. J. Taylor, Esq. — Fruif. Pine,
Black Jamaica, Mr.Wood. Melon, Stanhope’s Early, R. Nuttall, Esq. Peaches, Red Magdalen
(forced), Mr. Beddard. Grapes: 1 Black Hamburgh, Mr. Kirby; 2. White Muscadine, Mr.
Wood. Cherries: 1. May Duke, R. Allies, Esq.; 2. May Duke, R. Berkeley, Esq. Strawberries :
1. (one pint, heaviest) Keen’s Seedling, Mr. Mowbray; 2. (one pint, best flavoured) Mr. Walker.
—- Culinary Vegetables. Cauliflowers, Mrs. Farley. Peas, double-blossomed, Mr. Mowbray.
Beans, Broad, R. Berkeley, Esq.

Extra-Prizes. Grapes: 1. White Hamburgh, and 2. White Muscadine, Rev. T. Hardward.
Strawberries, Sir H. Wakeman, Bart. Cauliflowers, Sir A. Lechmere, Bart. Lettuce, R. Allies,
Esq. Onions, Lisbon, R. Allies, Esq. Turnips, Mr. Smith. Coredpsis tinctdria, and Cocks-
comb, Sir H. Wakeman, Bart.

The beautiful varieties of the rose, from the extensive collection of Earl Beauchamp, are
entitled to especial attention ; and a Cactus speciosissima, in brilliant bloom, was justly admired.
Amongst the hardy shrubs were several of the Kalma latifdlia, equalled by few of its tribe. In
one dish of strawberries were 22 of Keen’s Seedling, weighing 12 oz. (Worcester Herald, June 26.)

July 20. The display of fruits was abundant. A dish of the new Scarlet Elton
strawberries (first introduced by T. A. Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, Herefordshire), grown
by Mrs. Farley’s gardener, were in high perfection. Among the vegetables were five beautiful
cucumbers, from the garden of Sir A. Lechmere, Bart., all grown on one plant. A Cactus spe-
ciosissima, from the garden of Mr. Mann, merits notice on account of being the fourth time of
blossoming this year. Prizes were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Nérium spléndens, J. Taylor, Esq.; 2. Verbéna chamedry-
Sides, Mr. Smith; 3. Caleeoliria corymbdsa, Sir H. Wakeman; 4. Lachnz‘a conglomerata, Mr.
Tapp. Heaths: 1. Ventricdsa supérba, Mr. Smith; 2. Hrica Bowiedra, Mr. Tapp. Hardy An-
nuals: 1. Schizanthus pinnatus, R. Berkeley, Esq. ; 2. Clarkza pulchélla, Mr. Smith. — Tower's.
Carnations. Bizards. Scarlet: 1. William the Conqueror, Mr. Gummery; 2. Lord Hill, and 3.
Strensham Hero, J. Taylor, Esq. Crimson: 1. Paul Pry, Mr. Holmes; 2 Cartwright’s Rain-
bow, Mr. Smith. Flakes. Scarlet: 1. Lady Lennox, Mr. Holmes; 2. Neal’s George the Fourth,
J. Taylor, Esq. ; 3. Seedling, Mr. Holmes. Purple: 1. Timmis’s Lord Byron, Sir A. Lechmere;
2. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, J. Taylor, Esq. ; 3. Hall’s Major Cartwright, Rev. T. Housman.
Rose; 1. Neal’s Miss Paton, Mr. Smith; 2. Plant’s Lady Wood, Rev. T. Housman; 3. Aurelia,
J. Taylor, Esq. Picotees. Red: 1. Princess Victoria, Mr. Holmes; 2. Seedling, J. Taylor, Esq. ;
3. Seedling, R. Berkeley, Esq. Purple: 1. Cleopatra, J. Taylor, Esq. ; 2. Martin’s Linnzus, Rev.
T. Housman; 3. Fair Flora, Sir A. Lechmere. Balsams: 1. and %. R. Berkeley, Esq. — Fruit.
Gooseberries, 12 heaviest berries: 1. Huntsman (14 of these berries weighed 1 lb.), J. Taylor,
Bsy.; 2. Red, Roaring Lion, and 3. Green, Ocean, My. Fuller; 4. Yellow, Reyal Gunner, R.
Nuttall, Esq. ; 5. White, Cheshire Lass, J. Taylor, Esq. Currants: 1. Red, and 2. White, Sir T.
Winnington, Bart. Raspberries, Antwerp, Mr. Linton. Grapes: Black, Black Prince, J. Taylor,
Bsq.; White, White Muscat, Mr. Wood. Pine, Enville, A. Skey, Esq. Melon, London Rock,
Mr. R. Allies. Peaches, French Mignonne, Sir H. Wakeman. Nectarines, Red Roman, Sir
H. Wakeman. Apples, early dessert, White Costin, Rev. T. Walters. Plums, early dessert, Blue
Gage, Mr. Linton. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers, from ridge, Sir H. Wakeman.

Extra-Prixes. Cherries, Morello, Mr. Wood. Strawberries, New Scarlet, Elton, Mrs. Farley.
Onions, Potato, Mr. R. Allies. Celery: 1. White, and 2. Red, Sir H. Wakeman. Shaddocks, Mr.
Smith. (Lbid., July 24.)

Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society, — June 17. The following prizes were
awarded : — ;

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Cactus speciosissima, and 2. Staptlda grandiflora, Edward
Rudee, Esq. ; 3. Rivina levis, Mr. Jessop. Hardy Annuals: 1. Rev. Mr. Shute; 2. Mr. Payne.
— Flowers. Ranunculuses. Dark Purple: 1. Hortensis, Mr. Bannister of Shipston; 2. Mrs. Hys-
ton. Scarlet, Mr. William Murrell. Crimson: 1. and 2. Edward Rudge, Esq. Shaded: 1. Mr.
Bannister of Shipston; 2. Mrs. Eyston; 3. Mr. Shayler. Yellow Ground, striped : 1. Mrs. Eyston ;
2. Mr. Fulton. White Ground, striped: 1. and 2. Mr. Mayfield. Orange: 1. and 2. Mrs. Eyston.
Sulphur: 1. Mr. Felton; 2. Mrs. Eyston. White: 1. and 2. Mrs. Mayfield. Pinks. Purple-laced:
1. Barratt’s Conqueror, and 2. Mrs. Hunt; 3. Davey’s Lord Hill, Mr. Jessop. Red-laced: J. Du-
chess of Oldenburgh, Mrs. Eyston; 2. and 3. Mrs. Hunt. ‘Stars: 1. Lady Mostyn, Mrs. Hunt;
2. Mr. Goodall; 3. Mr. Fulton. Roses: 1. Tuscany, Mrs. Hunt; 2. Sultan, Mr. Jessop; 3. Mr.
Izod; 4. Miss Day; 5. Mrs. Hunt; 6. Pluto, Mr. Jessop; 7. Mrs. Hunt; 8. Rev, G. Shute. —
Fruzt. Melons: Morocco Melon, Edward Rudge, Esq. Strawberries: 1. Keen’s Seedling, Mrs.
Charles; 2. Black Taunton, Mrs. Hunt; 3. Mrs. Eyston. Best-flavoured: 1. Mrs. Charles ;
2. Black Taunton, Mr. Hunt; 3. Keen’s Seedling, Mrs. Eyston. Cherries: 1. Black, Mrs. Charles ;
2, May Duke, Mr. Goodall. — Culinary Vegetables. Cauliflowers, Edward Rudge, Hsq.

Extra-Prixes. Grapes, Black Hamburgh, Mr. Fulton. Queen Pine, Mr. Fulton. Apples:
1. Mr. Fulton ; 2. Mrs. East.

The president exhibited a sample of dried Russian peas, which had been consigned, during the
last winter, to a seedsman in Jermyn Street, London, on trial for approval, and which are found
2 Bene vee good substitute for green peas during the winter months. (Worcester Journal,

une 26.

MONMOUTHSHIRE.

Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Horticultural Society. — June 16. Chairman,
H. Moggridge, Esq., V. P. of the Society. Judges of the Show, Mr. Mogeridge, Mr. Deacon, Mr.
Matthews, Mr. P. Potter, and (we believe, for we did not catch his mame) the gardener of C. H.
Leigh, Hsq., of Pontypool Park. Amongst the prizes announced, the greatest in number was, as
might be expected, adjudged to Sir Chas, Morgan and Mr. Leigh ; several were given to Mr. Booth
Grey, Mr. Prothero, Mr. John Moggridge, Mr, . P. Richards, Mr. Richard Hill, Mr. Jenner of
Wenvoe Castle, and Mr. Reece, honorary secretary ; and amongst those who took extra-prizes we
moticed the names of Mr. Moggridge, Mr, Jenkins of Lanharran, and Miss Leyson, “Phe compe-

SESmZ

628 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Herefordshire,

tition amongst the cottagers, it was regretted, was not so great as usual, a great majority of the.
offered prizes not being claimed. The only prizes awarded to cottagers on the hills of the two
counties were extra-prizes given to two labourers in Blackwood village. (The Cambrian, June 19.)

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Hereford Horticultural Society. — June 22. The prize-stand contained a beau-
tiful and extensive variety of roses, most of them the choicest sorts, pinks in great perfection and
the finest kinds, and ranunculuses also of great excellence, with several noble hot and green-house
plants. The large stand was tastefully decorated with a magnificent collection of pelargoniums,
stove, and green-house plants; and the stage appropriated to fruits and vegetables contained
remarkably fine pines, melons, grapes, strawberries in great variety and excellence, cherries,
apples, cauliflowers, carrots, cabbages, turnips, lettuces, &c. Amongst the strawberries was a new
seedling from Sir J. G. Cotterell, Bart., Garnons, of excellent flavour ; a variety of white beet, also
from Garnons, was on the stand, which is highly spoken of as an esculent. The show afforded the
utmost satisfaction to the large company that attended ; and the arrangements were highly credit-
able to Mr. Godsall, the secretary. (Hereford Journal, June 23.)

July 24. A specimen of a new esculent vegetable, called “ panace,” for the
introduction of which the silver medal was given by the Society of Arts, was exhibited, and
attracted particular attention: the roots taken up in December and January are from 6 to 10 in.
long, and, when boiled, are similar to: asparagus in flavour. On the small stand was placed a
medal (with those we noticed at the last exhibition), presented by the London Horticultural So-
ciety to Mr. Gardner, Sir J. G. Cotterell’s gardener. The prizes were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove: Cactus speciosissima, C. G. Cooke, Esq. Green-house: 1. Fuchséa grAcilis,
C. G. Cooke, Esq.; 2. Calceolaria rugdsa, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Hardy: 1. Double Yellow China
Rose, T. H. Symons, Esq. ; 2. Verbéna Melindres, Mr. Godsall. — Flowers. Carnations, Scarlet
Bizard : 1. Ives’s Prince Leopold, Mr. Godsall; 2. Lord Hill, Mr. Nott. Flakes. Scarlet: 1. Tur-
ner’s Jupiter, Mrs. W. Pateshall; 2. Madame Mara, R. J. Powell, Esq.; 3. Pearson’s Madame
Mara, Mr. Godsall. Rose: 1. Lady Clinton, and 2. Lady of the Lake, R. J. Powell, Esq. ;
8. Ives’s Ensign, Mr. Godsall. Purple: 1. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Godsall; 2. Smith’s
Fair Ellen, Mrs. W. Pateshall. Picotees. Purple: 1. Hufton’s Miss Emma, R. J. Powell, Esq. ;
2. Hufton’s Isabella, Mrs. W.Pateshall ; 3. Green’s Cupid, Mr. Godsall. Red: 1. Perkin’s Mayor of
Northampton, 2. Pearson’s Chilwell Beauty, and 3. Pike’s Defiance, Mrs. W. Pateshall. Georginas.
Dark: 1. Mount Vesuvius, Mr. Nott; 2. Miller’s Juba, and 3. Diadem, Mrs. W. Pateshall ;
4, Black Turban, Mr. Cranston. Light: 1. Dwarf Yellow, Mr. Cranston; 2. Minerva, Mr. Nott.
Balsams: 1. and 2. T. H. Symons, Esq. Cockscombs: 1. Sir J. G. Cotterell; 2. Mr. Nott. — Frwit.
Gooseberries. Red : 1. Crown Bob, Mr. Spencer ; 2. Roaring Lion, Mr. Cranston ; 3.'\Cockspur, and
4, Scotch Black, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Green: 1. Sirrel’s Green, 2. Green Ocean, and 3. Chevel’s
Green, Mr. Spencer. Yellow: 1. T. H. Symons, Usq.; 2. Golden Sovereign, and 5. Mr. Godsall.
Grapes: 1. Black Prince, Mr. Spencer; 2. American, and 3. Black Hamburgh, Sir J. G. Cotterell.
Melons: 1. Golden Cantaloup, Mr. Lee; 2. Netted Cantaloup, T. H. Symons, Esq.; 3. Silver
Cantaloup, Mr. Williams. Plums: 1. Orleans, Sir J. G. Cotterell; 2. Blue Gage, R. J. Powell,
Esg. Currants: White, T. C. Bridges, Esq.; Red, R. J. Powell, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables.
Celery: 1. S. Cam, Esq. ; 2. R. J. Powell, Esq. (Zdid., July 28.)

Ross Horticultural Society.— June 16. Amongst the house productions, Mrs.
Smallwood’s gardener produced a Cactus speciosissima, in flower and fruit, which took the first
prize; and Mr. J.C. Wheeler showed another specimen of this splendid plant in extraordinary
tine flower. Mr. Reynolds furnished some of his znfant cockscombs, which will be of age by the
next show. Pexbdnia edilis Whittléj7, from the garden of the Rev. Love Robertson, was as fine a
specimen as ever was bloomed, in quantity of ¢russ and colowr ; and the second prize in colour was
never surpassed. The number of specimens ticketed and entered into the Society’s books amounted
to 1164; and the evening’s sale of unremoved fruits and vegetables produced 1. 7s. 7d. Prizes
were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mrs. Smallwood; 2, Erythrina Crista
galli, Mrs. Westfaling; 3. Hdya carndsa, John Cooke, Esq.; 4. Amaryllis vittata, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler; 5. Gloxinéa maculata, Mrs. Westfaling. Heaths: 1. Ventricdsa carnea, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler; 2. Ventricdsa coccinea, John Cooke, Esq.; 3. Ventricdsa supérba, Mrs. Westfaling ;
4, Hybrida, Miss Trusted; 5. Vestita florida, Mr. J.C. Wheeler. Hardy: 1, Padnia edulis Whit-
tltjz, Mrs. Robertson; 2. Kalmia latifolia, and 3. Rhododéndron maximum, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ;
4, Spire‘a Uimaria, Edward Pritchard, Esq.; 5. Siléne glutindsa, Mr. Reynolds. — Flowers.
Ranunculuses. Dark: 1. Indiana, Mrs. Westfaling; 2. Naxara, Mr. J.C. Wheeler; 3. Roi de
Pourpre, and 4. Black Prince, Mrs. Westfaling ; 5. Vulcan, Mr. Crump. Light: 1. Angelina,
W. Gillman, Esq.; 2. Thesée, Mrs. Westfaling ; 3. Painted Lady, Mr. Godsall; 4. Anna Maria,
Mrs. Westfaline: 5. Queen of Wurtemberg, Thomas Rudge, Esq. Pinks. Black and White :
1. Westlake’s Heroine, W. Gillman, Esq.; 2. Lewis’s Defiance, and 3. Plower’s Novelty, J. F.
Willis, Esq. ; 4. Cole’s Miss Manby, Mr. Reynolds ; 5. Symond’s Eclipse, Colonel Money. Purple.
laced: 1. Buffalo’s Beauty, and 2. Oxonian, John Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Law’s Hero, K. Evans, Esq. ;
4. Karl of Uxbridge, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 5. Looker’s Oxonian, K. Evans, Esq. Red-laced: 1. Ste-
phens’s Waterloo, and 2. Glory of Newport, John Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Taylor’s Nonpareil, and 4. Mid-

- shipman, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 5. Cooper’s Cupid, Charles Biss, Esq. Roses. Dark: 1. Royal Purple,
Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 2. Tuscan, Col. Money; 3. Rosa Africana, Mr. ‘Thos. Edwards; 4. L’ Ambre
Agréable, Mr. Reynolds; 5, Sanspareil, Mrs. Nourse. Light: 1. Yellow China, Mr. Reynolds ;
2. White Moss, Mrs. Nourse; 3. Unique, K. Evans, Esq. ; 4. Hybrid de Bengal, Mr. J.C. Wheeler ;
5. Celesté, Colonel Money. Best Nosegay, J. F. Willis, Esq. — Fruit. Cherries: 1. Rd. Compton,
Esq. ; 2. Mrs. Platt; 3. and 4. Mrs. Cary Cocks; 5. Mr. Holbert. Strawberries: 1. Keen’s Seed-
ling, Mr. Reynolds; 2. Surinam, Mrs. Cary Cocks; 3. Roseberry, 4. Scarlet, and 5. Alpine, Col.
Money. — Culinary Vegetables. Cauliflowers: 1. John Cooke, Esq.; 2. Mr. Reynolds; 3, Mrs.
Westfaling ; 4. Mr. Holbert ; 5. John Cooke, Esq. (Zéid., June 23.) i ‘

July 21. The number of specimens ticketed and entered in the Society’s
books amounted to 633 ; and the evening’s sale of unremoved specimens of fruits produced Si. 11s.
Prizes were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Mr. J.C. Wheeler; 2. Rev. T. Underwood; 3. J. Cooke,
Esq. ; 4. Miss Trusted; 5. Messrs. Breese and Reynolds. Hardy: 1. Mr. Reynolds; 2. J. Cooke,
Esq. ; 3. W. Gillman, Esq.; 4. and 5. Mr. Reynolds. Heaths: 1. Mrs. Platt; 2, 3, and 4. Miss
Trusted; 5, Mr. J. C. Wheeler. — Flowers, Carnations. Bizard. Scarlet; 1. Messrs. Breese and

‘Yorkshire. 629

Reynolds ; 2. Col. Money; 3. Mr. J.D. Wheeler; 4. Mr, Reynolds; 5. Mr. T. Edwards. Crim-
son: 1. Mr. Crump; 2. Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 3, 4, and 5. Mr. Crump. Flakes. Scarlet: 1. and 2.
Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 3. Mr. Crump; 4. Mr. T. Edwards ; 5. Mr. Crump. Purple: 1, Mr. Crump;
2. Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 3. Colonel Money ; 4. Mr. J. C.Wheeler ; 5. W. Gillman, Esq. Rose: 1. Mr.
Crump; 2. and 3. Messrs. Breese and Reynolds; 4. Col. Money; 5. Mr. J.D. Wheeler. Picotees.
Purple: 1. W. Gillman, Esq. ; 2. Mr. J.C. Wheeler; 3. Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 4. and 5. Mr. T. Ed-
wards. Red: 1. J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Crump; 3. Mr. J.D. Wheeler; 4. Mr. Crump; 5. Mr.
T. Edwards. Georginas. Dark Double: 1. Messrs. Breese and Reynolds; 2, 3, and 4. Mr. J. C.
Wheeler; 5. Messrs. Breese and Reynolds. Light Double: 1. and 2. Messrs. Breese and Rey-
nolds ; 3. Mr. James Rudge; 4. Mr. Wm.Wheeler; 5. Messrs. Breese and Reynolds. Balsams :
1, and 2. Mr. Reynolds; 3, Mr, J. C. Wheeler; 4. and 5. Mr. Reynolds. Cockscombs: 1. and 2.
Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 3. Mr. Reynolds; 4. Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 5. Mr. Reynolds. Best Nosegay, Mr.
Reynolds. — Fruzé. Gooseberries. Red: 1. I. Spencer, Esq.; 2. Mr. P. Baylis; 3. Mr. Holbert ;
4. Col. Money; 5. Mr. Holbert. Green: 1. Mr. P. Baylis; ¥. and 3. T. Spencer, Esq. ; 4. Mr. Hol-
bert; 5. Colonel Money. Yellow: 1. Mr. P. Baylis; 2. T. Spencer, Esq.; 3. Rev. L. Robertson ;
4. K. Evans, Esq.; 5. Mr. Holbert. Grapes: 1. Muscadel, Colonel Money; 2. Black Prince, and
3. Black Frankenthal, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 4. Black Hamburgh, Messrs. Breese and Reynolds ;
5.. Sweetwater, E. Prichard, Esq. Melons: 1. Kew Green Flesh, 2, 3, and 4, Windsor Prize,
K. Evans, Esq.; 5. Rev. L. Robertson. Apricots, Mr. Holbert. Raspberries: 1. Red, R. Comp-
ton, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Holbert; 3. C. Biss, Esq. ; 4. White, Mrs. Platt; 5. Red, Mrs. Webb. Currants :
1..White, Mrs. Nourse; 2. Red, Rev. L. Robertson ; 3. Red, R. Compton, Esq. ; 4. Black, Col.
Money; 5. W. Gillman, Esq. (Hereford Journal, July 28.)

YORKSHIRE,

Yorkshire Horticultural Society. — July 7. Prizes were awarded as follows : —
Plants. Stove: 1. Hiimea élegans (a fine specimen, grown from seed brought from South
America), Mr. Joseph Moore; 2. Gloxinia cauléscens, Mr. John Menzies, gardener to C. Raw-
son, Esq., of Hope House, Halifax. Green-house: 1. Lupinus pulchéllus (a beautiful specimen
from Mexico), Mr. John Menzies, gardener to C. Rawson, Esq. ; 2. Calceolaria arachnOidea, Mr.
W.Wood, from Messrs. Backhouse of York ; 3. O’xalis Bowiedana, Mr. James Brown ; 4. Fachsia
microphylla, Mr. John Menzies. Best Geranium: 1. De Vere, and 2. Lineatum maculatum, Mr.
Thos. Appleby. Rarest Hardy Plant: 1. Potentilla Russellzina, and 2. Galardéa aristata, Mr.
John Menzies. — Flowers. Ranunculuses. Dark and Dark Purple: 1. Bravura, 2. Vercati, and
3. Bishop van Lima, Mr. Anthony Parker of York. Striped and mottled: J. Oressus, and 2. Mé-
lange des Beautés, Mr. Anthony Parker; 3. Benjamin, Mr. John Raby. Spotted and edged: 1. Le
Téméraire, Mr. Anthony Parker ; 2..Tendresse, Mr. William Firth; 3. Julius, Mr. Anthony Par.
ker. Selfs: 1. Kermes, and 2. Charlemagne, Mr. John Raby; 3. Unknown, Mr. William Firth,
Pinks. Purple-laced : 1. Bowes’s Suwarrow, Mr. William Firth; 2. Bowes’s Cato, Mr. Win. Clark,
Rodley; 3. Penny’s Queen, Mr. Robert Jackson of Leeds. Scarlet-laced : 1. Gorton’s George the
Fourth, Mr. William Firth ; 2. Bowes’s George the Fourth, Mr. William Riley; 3. Mann’s
Oldenburgh, Mr. John Raby. Dark-eyed: 1. Westlake’s Heroine, Mr. John Raby; 2. Beauty
Flora, and 3, Seedling, Mr. William Riley. Georgina, Mr. John Kearsley of Woodhouse Hill,
Hunslet.: Hardy Bouquet: 1. Mr. John Menzies; 2. Mr. Thomas Appleby. Exotic Bouquet:
1. Mr. Wm. Wood ; 2. Mr. Samuel Currie. — Fruit. Pine: 1. Mr. Joseph Deuxbury, gardener to
Abr. Rhodes, Esq., of Roundhay ; 2. Mr. T. Appleby, gardener to the Rev. J. A. Rhodes, Horsforth
Hall. Grapes. White: 1. Muscat, Mr. James Brown, gardener to John Hebblethwaite, Esq.,
Woodhouse Lane, Leeds; 2. Mr. Wm. Ashton, gardener to B. Gaskell, Esy., ‘Thornes House;
3. Sweetwater, Mr. J.Deuxbury. Black: 1. Black Hamburgh, Mr. William Reynolds, gardener to
— Armitage, Esq., Farnley Hall; 2. Mr. James Brown; 3. Mr. William Ashton. Melon:
1. Mr. Joseph Deuxbury; 2. Mr. Samuel Currie, gardener to James Ingham, Hsq., of Blake
Hall, Mirfield. Peaches: 1. Mr. James Brown; 2. Mr. James Sykes, gardener to Wm. Radcliffe,
Esq., of Lightcliffe, near Halifax. Nectarines, Mr. Thomas Appieby. Currants, White and
Red, Mr. William Hatfield of Wakefield. Oranges, very large and fine, Mr. J. Catton, gardener
to B. Sadler, Esq., of New Laiths, near Leeds. Cherries, Mr. Wm. Ashton. Strawberries; 1. Mr,
William Clark of Rodley; 2. Mr.S. Currie. Seedling, Mr. Wm. Hatfield. Raspberries, Mr. 8.
Currie. Gooseberries: 1. Mr. G. Hick, farmer, of Beningborough, near York ; 2. Mr. John Raby,
gardener to Messrs. Backhouse of York. Apples, eating: 1. (for a fine specimen preserved in dry
sand in jars), Mr. John Raby ; 2. (for a fine specimen preserved in a dark room, with a porous
floor to absorb the moisture), Mr. Wim. Ashton. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. Jas.
Brown; 2. Mr. Wm. Wood, from Messrs. Backhouse of York. Peas, Mr. Wm. Wood, from
Messrs. Backhouse of York. Potatoes: 1. Rosslyn Castle, Mr. J. Raby; 2. Ashtop Kidney, Mr.
S. Currie. Celery (a very large and beautiful specimen), Mr. S. Currie. Cabbages: 1. Mr. John
Catton ; 2. Mr. John Marshall, gardener to Edwin Birchall, Esq., Burley Grove, near Leeds.
Lettuce: 1. Mr. Wm. Hatfield ; 2. Mr. S. Currie. French Beans, Mr. 8. Currie. Parsley (a beau-
tiful specimen), Mr. W. Clark, from Messrs. Backhouse of York. Cauliflower: 1. Mr.S. Currie;
2. Mr. William Appleby of Wydam, near Buslingthorpe, Leeds. Carrots, Mr. 8. Currie. Cape
Broccoli, Mr. John Moore, gardener to T. B. Pease, Esq., Chapeltown, near Leeds, Turnips, Mr.
John Marshall. Onions, Mr. W. Clark of Rodley.

Mr. Hazelgrave of Wakefield exhibited a new specimen of the Potentilla, which was much
admired. A superior specimen of Zupinus pulchéllus was shown by Mr. Menzies, gardener to
C. Rawson, Esq., of Hope House: it was highly eulogised by the chairman. A beautiful assort-
ment of roses, comprising 146 different specimens, was exhibited by Messrs. Backhouse of York.
A similar collection of 100 different roses was exhibited by Mr. Menzies, gardener to C. Rawson,
Esq., each of them being named. — A beautiful sample of seedling white grapes was exhibited by
Mr. James Brown, gardener to John Hebblethwaite, Esq. At the request of several gentlemen,
the chairman named it ‘* Hebblethwaite’s Seedling.” The following choice and rare plants were
exhibited by the gardener of Christopher Rawson, Esq., of Hope House, Halifax, in addition to
those mentioned above : — Alstroeméréa tricolor, Anagallis Webbzana, Calceolaria angustif lia,
Calceolaria arachnéidea, Caleeolaria corymbosa, Calceolaria paniculata, Calceolaria purpiirea,
Calceolaria thyrsifldra, Eschschéltzéa californica, O’xalis floribinda, Pentsttmon diffiisus, Salpi-
gldssis straminea, Sinningéa Hellérz, Verbéna Melindres, Verbena pulchélla, Lathyrus califérni-
cus. (Halifax Commercial Chron., July 10.) .

Hull Floral and Horticultural Society.— June 21. The flowers were adjudged
by Dr. Blundell, and Messrs. Norman and Lumb, who placed them as follows: —

630 Provincial Hortecultural Societses : — Durham,

Flowers. Society’s Premium, Vulean, Mr. Wm. Burman. © B. Haworth (of Rowiston), Esq.’s
Premium, Benjamin, Mr. Bell. Ranunculuses. Dark: 1. Vulcan, Mr. Bell; 2. Naxara, Mr.
Beecroft; 3. Thomasina, Mr. Robert Oglesby; 4. Naxara, Mr. Burman. Light Purple, Grey,
and Ash: 1. Shakspeare, Mr. Allinson; 2. Venus, Mr. Deighton; 3. Nocturnus, and 4. Brillante,
Mr. Heward. Scarlet, Crimson, and Pink: 1. Mercurius, Mr. Percy ; 2. Crimson Brillante, Mr.
T. Lambert, gardener to Mr. Casson ; 3. Adonis, Mr. Allinson; 4. Rosney, Mr. Heward. Orange,
Yellow, and Buif: 1. Juliana, Mr. Burman; 2 Urelia, and 3. Golconda, Mr. Beecrott ; 4. Saint
James, Mr. Robert Oglesby. Spotted and edged,on White Ground: 1. Benjamin, Mr. Burman ;
2. Ghillet Parfait, Mr. Heward; 3. Venus, Mr. Burman; 4. Téméraire, Mr. Kobt. Oglesby. Spotted
and edged, on Yellow Ground: 1. Preciosa, 2. Lady Falconberg, and 3. Preciosa, Mr. Beecroft ;
4, Prince Galitzin, Mr. Bell. Stripes, on Yellow Ground : 1. Favorite Mignonne, and 2. Melange
ces Beautés, Mr. Beecroft ; 3. Favorite Mignonne, Mr. T. Lambert; 4. Mélange des Beautés, Mr.
Beecroft. Stripes, on White Ground: 1, Téméraire, Mr. Bell; 2. Oressus, and 3. Rose Invincible,
Mr. Burman; 4. Témeéraire, Mr. Bell. White, and shaded White: 1. Argus, Mr. Beecroft ;
2. Princess Coburg, Mr. Bell; 3. and 4. Princess Augusta, Mr. Percy. Stocks. Brompton: 1, 2,
3, and 4. Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Esq. Of any other description: 1, 2,3, and
4. Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Esq. Best Bouquet, Mr. D. Brown. — Culinary
Vegetables. Caulitlowers: 1. Mr. Robert Robson ; 2. Mr. Wadsworth ; 3. Mr. Robert Robson ;
4. Mr. H. Blundell. For the best plate of Vegetables (Rhubarb), Mr, George Donkin. (Hult
Advertiser, June 25.)

July 5. . The judges placed the flowers and fruit in the following order : —

Flowers. Society’s Premium, Bowes’s Lustre, Mr. Burman. B. Haworth, Esq.%s Premium,
Duchess of Wellington, Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Esq. Pinks. Purple-laced:
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Bowes’s Lustre, Mr. Burman; 6. Jackson’s Jubilee, Mr. Percy. Red-laced: 1.
Duchess of Wellington, Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Wsq. ;,2. and 3. George ,the
Fourth, Mr. Burman ; 4. Duchess of Welliurgton, Mr. Wadsworth ; 5. George the Fourth, and 6.
Bates’s Seedling, Mr. Burman. Black and White: 1. Incomparable, Mr. Priest; 2. and 3. Incom-
parable, Mr. Burman; 4. Davey’s Eclipse, Mr. Norman; 5. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. Robert
Oglesby ; 6. Dormont’s Supréme, Mr. Burman. Semi-double of any description : 1. Duchess of
Devonshire, Mr. Norman; 2. and 3. Bowes’s Lustre, Mr. H. Blundell; 4. and 5. Bowes’s Cato,
and 6. Bowes’s Suwarrow, Mr. C. Oglesby. Roses. Moss: 1. White, Mr. Wadsworth ; 2. Pro-
vidence, Mr. Allinson ; 3. Scarlet, Mr. Wadsworth ; 4. Single Red, Mr. Allinson ; 5. Prominence,
Mr. Wadsworth ; 6. Prominence, Mr. Allinson. Plain: 1, Duke of Tuscany, Mr. Norman ; 2. Rose
Unique, Mr. Wm. Priest; 3. Burning Coal, and 4. Rose Unique, Mr. Robson; 5. Rose Unique,
Mr. Wm. Priest; 6. Grand Swibb, Mr. Wadsworth. Bouquets: 1. Mr. D. Brown; 2. Mr. R.
Robson. — Fruit. Grapes. Best bunch of White (Haddington’s White), weight 51b. 6 0z., Mr.
Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Esq. Best bunch of Black, Mr. Thomas Holmes. Straw-
berries: 1. Wilmot’s Superb, Mr. Robson; 2. Wellington, Mr. Daltry; 3. Manchester Hero, Mr.
Norman ; 4, Keen’s Seedling, Mr. 'T. Simpson, gardener to Mrs. Casson. (Jdid., July 9.)

Aug. 5. The specimens were placed by the judges in the following order; —

Flowers. B. Haworth, Esq.’s Premium, Wilde’s Surpasse-Perfection, Mr. D. Brown. Society’s
Premium, Paul Pry, Mr. Wm. Burman. Mr. B: Ely’s Prizes: Purple-edged Picotee, Wads-
worth’s Queen Adelaide, Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G. Egginton, Esg.; Red-edged Picotee,
Heward’s William the Fourth, Mr. Deighton. Bizards. Pink: 1. Paul Pry, 2. Heward’s Kingston,
and 3, 4, and 5. Cartwright’s Rainbow, Mr. William Burman; 6. Heward’s Kingston, and 7.
Paul Pry, Mr. Percy ; 8. Ranting Widow, Mr. Deighton. Scarlet : 1. Wilde’s Surpasse-Perfec-
tion, 2, and 3. Ely’s Mayor of Ripon, Mr. D. Brown ; 4. Wilde’s Surpasse-Pertection, Mr. W. Bur-
man ; 5. Wilde’s Surpasse-Perfection, and @. Ely’s Mayor of Ripon, Mr. D. Brown; 7. Wilde’s Sur-
passe- Perfection, Mr. W. Burman ; 8. Wilde’s Surpasse-Perfection, Mr. Deighton. Flakes. Purple :
i. Bates’s Wellington, 2. Ely’s Neptune, and 3. Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Wm. Burman;
4, Turner’s Princess Charlotte, Mr. Wadsworth; 5. Wilde’s Mary Anne, 6. Pike’s Cato, 7. Wood’s
Commander, and 8. Wilde’s Mary Anne, Mr. Jos. Allinson. Pink: 1. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr.
Wadsworth ; 2. Faulkner’s tliza, and 3, Pollitt’s Triomphe Royal, Mr. Burman; 4 Duchess of
Devonshire, 5, and 6. British Rose, Mr. Beecroft ; 7. Plant’s Lady Hood, Mr. Burman; 8 Duchess
of Devonshire, Mr. Wadsworth. Scarlet: 1. and 2. Andrew Marvel (seedling), Mr. M. Bell ;
3. Madame Mara, Mr. Burman; 4. Andrew Marvel, Mr. Bell; 5. Madame Mara, Mr, Nor-
man; 6. Hufton’s Hobhouse, Mr. Bell ; 7. lord Hood, Mr. Norman ; 8: Madame Mara, Mr. Bell.
Best seedling Carnation, Mr. Wadsworth. Picotees. Purple-edged: 1. Wadsworth’s Queen Ade.
Jaide, Mr. Wadsworth ; 2. Ely’s Lady Grantham, Mr. Burman ; 3. Wadsworth’s Queen Adelaide,
Mr. Wadsworth ; 4. Ely’s Mrs. Lawrence, and 5. Mary Queen ‘of Scots, Mr. Burman; 6. Tate’s
Surpasse, Mr. Wadsworth ; 7. Rob Roy, Mr. Norman; 8. Major’s Beauty of Northampton, Mr.
Burman. Red-edged: 1. Heward’s William the Fourth, Mr. Deighton; 2. Lee’s Little Jona-
than, and 3. William the Fourth, Mr. Heward; 4. Will Scarlett, Mr. Norman; 5,and 6. William
the Fourth, Mr. Heward; 7. Will Stukely, Mr. D. Brown ; 8. Lamb’s Defiance, Mr. Burman.
Yellow Ground: 1. General Ludd, Mr. Wadsworth ; 2: Goldfinch, Mr. D. Brown; 3. Howlett’s
Paragraph, Mr. Norman; 4. Alexander, Mr. Wadsworth ; 5. Goldfinch, Mr. Allinson ; 6. Gene-
ral Ludd, Mr. Wadsworth ; 7, and 8. Foreigner, Mr. Norman. Best Seedling Picotee, Mr. Wads-
worth. First Bouquet, Mr. D. Brown. — Fruit. First Melon, Mr. W. V. Norman. Gooseber-
ries. Red: 1. Roaring Lion, Mr. Allinson; 2. Huntsman, Mr. Wadsworth; 3. Crown Bob, Mr:
Allinson ; 4. Sportsman, Mr. Smithson. White: 1. Kagle, Mr. Allinson; 2, and 3. Toper, Mr.
Wadsworth ; 4. Queen Caroline, Mr. Smithson. Yellow: 1. Rockwood, Myr. Allinson ; 2. Gun-
ner, Mr. Wadsworth ; 3. and 4. Regulator, Mr. Smithson. Green: 1. Greenhood, Mr. Allinson’;
2, and 3. Ocean, and4. Greenhood, Mr. Smithson. Best plate of Vegetables (Shallots), Mr. John
Jones. Best plate of Fruit (Apples, of season 1829.), Mr. J. G. Lumb. (Hull Packet, Aug. 10.)

i DURHAM.

Durham Botanical anti Horticultural Society. — June 10. A Branch Meeting
of this Society was held in Alnwick, when the prizes were awarded as follows:—_ .

For the best Melon, the gold medal to Mr. Thomas Cook, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq.,
M.P., Bywell Hall; for the best half peck of Potatoes from the open ground, the silver medal to
Mr, Robert Turnbull, gardener to the Rev. J. S. Ogle, Kirkley Hall; for the best half peck of
Peas, the silver medal to Mr. John M‘Cleish, gardener to A. J. Cresswell Baker, Esq., Cresswell ;
for the best Bouquet of Scarlet and White Brompton Stocks, the silver medal to Mr. Matthew
Brewis, Alnwick ; for the best Exotic Plant in-flower (Crassula versicolor), the silver medal to

Northumberland. : 631

William Burrell, Esq., Broome Park; and for the best Bouquet of Flowers, the silver medal to

Mr. Benjamin Gibbinson, gardener to the Hon. General Grey, Falloden. We are sorry that a

mistake was made in the Secretary’s report of the last Meeting at Newcastle, the medals awarded

i Mr Seat gardener should have been gold instead of stlver, as stated. (Newcastle Courant,
une 25.

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Botanical and Horticultural Society of Durham, Northumberland, and Newcastle
upon Tyne. — July 9. The following prizes were awarded : —

For the best-flavoured pine-apple (Queen), the gold medal to Mr. William Kelly, gardener to
A. Donkin, Esq, Jesmond. For the best Melon (Windsor prize), the gold medal, and for the
best exotic plant in flower, Brugmansza arborea, the silver medal to Mr. A. Simpson, gardener
to William Losh, Esq, Little Benton. For the best dish of Grapes, the silver medal to Mr.
Joseph Clarke, gardener to Mrs. Bewicke, Close House. For the best dishes of Strawberries and of
Cherries, silver medals to Mr, Thomas Cook, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq., Bywell Hall.
For the best bouquet of ten-week Stocks, the silver medal to Mr. Newton, nurseryman, &c. New-
castle. For the best bouquet of six double Ranunculuses, the silver medal to Mr. Matthew Bates,
Kenton. For the best bouquet of twelve double Roses, of sorts, the silver medal to Mr. James
Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe. For the best bouquet of Chinese Roses, the
silver medal ; for the best bouquet. of flowers, the silver medal; and for the best bouquet of Ane-
mones, the bronze medal to Mr. Adam Hogg, at Mr. Falla’s, Gateshead. For the best bouquet
of six double Pinks of sorts, the silver medal to Mr. Thomas Gray of Humshaugh. ‘The sum of
three guineas, to the gardener for the greatest length of servitude, &c., was awarded to Mr. James
Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe. ‘wo very large Orange Trees, covered with
fine fruit, were sent to the exhibition by Mr. Hugh Robson, gardener to Charles Bacon, Esq., of
Styford; for these the Committee voted Mr. Robson a silver medal, A fine seedling yellow
Picotee, named William the Fourth, and several beautiful seedling plants, were exhibited by Mr.
R. Telford, gardener to Francis Hartley, Hsq., Middleton Lodge, Yorkshire ; blossoms of two
seedling Geraniums, raised by the Rev. Henry Wastell, Newborough, were also sent for exhibi-
tion, which the reverend gentleman named King William the Fourth and Queen Adelaide.

July 12. A Branch Meeting of the above Society was held in Durham, when
the prizes were adjudged as follows : —

For the best-flavoured pine-apple, Black Antigua, the gold medal to Mr. John Robson, gardener
to R. E. D. Shafto, Esq., Whitworth: this pine was the fourth fruit produced {rom the same
plant in four successive years, the weight of the fruit being as follows: —

1827, May - 5 |b. 1829, August 4 Ib. 15 oz.
1825, September 5 |b, 7 oz. 1830, July = 5 |b.
This is, we believe, an unparalleled performance in pine-growing, and does very great credit to Mr.
Robson, who is an able pupil to that justly celebrated pine. grower Mr. George Dale, gardener to
William Russell, Esq., Brancepeth Castle. For the best Melon, the gold medal to Mr. James
Ireland, gardener to William Donkin, Esq., Sandhoe. For the best dish of Grapes, the silver
medal to Anick Smith, Esq., Langley Mill. For the best dish of Strawberries, for the best bouquet
of Roses, and for the best bouquet of Flowers, si!ver medals to Mr. John Avery, gardener to W.
Thomas Salvin, Esq., Croxdale Hall. For the best dish of Cherries (the Elton), the silver medal
to Mr. George Dale, gardener to William Russell, Esq., Brancepeth Castle. For the best bouquet
of six double Ranunculuses, the silver medal to Mr. John Harrop, Sunderland. For the best
bouquet of six double Pinks, the silver medal to Mr. John Beckwith, gardener to Jacob Maude,
Esq., Sellaby. For the best exotic plant in flower (Agapanthus umbellatus), the silver medal to
Mr. William Atkinson, gardener to G. H. Wilkinson, Esq., Harperley Park. Some fine and very
darge santichokee were exhibited by Mr, Frushard, from the garden of the prison, Durham. (Idid.,
uly 17.) L
Newcastle Botanical and Horticultural Society. — Aug. 12. The prize medals
which had been awarded during the year were distributed to the successful competitors, and the
following gentlemen were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing year : —

President, T. W. Beaumont, Esq., M.P. Vice-Presidents, John Hodgson, Esq. M.P., James
Losh, Esq., Henry West, Esq. R.N., Matthew Culley, Esq., Dr. Headlam, James C. Anderson,
Esq. Treasurer, John Anderson, Esq. Secretaries, Mr. William Falla, and Mr. G. A. Lambert.
Committee, Sir R. S. Hawks, R. B, Sanderson, Esq., Rev..W. ‘Turner, Mr. John Adamson, Mr,
Thomas Milner, Mr. Thomas Hedley, Mr. T. M. Young, Mr. I. S. Crawford, Mr. T. Ferguson,
Mr. William Wallis, Mr. Hetherington, J. L. Loraine, Esq., David Cram, Esq., J. F. Baird, Esq.,
Mr. James Archbold, Mr. William Dunlop, Mr. Joseph Grey, Mr. D. Laidler, Mr. Thomas Small,
Mr. William Coates, jun., Mr. John Green, Mr. J. Bulman, and Mr. Matthew Anderson.

The members, to the number of forty, afterwards dined together, George Silvertop, Esq., the
President of the Society for the last year, in the chair, supported by several country gentlemen.
The chairman, in a very luminous speech, entered into a lengthened detail of the great benefits
which hada been derived not only from this but every other similar institution, which he described
as being powerfully calculated to produce the best moral effects upon every branch of society.
he Meeting was also most ably addressed by Mr. Orde, Mr. Clark, and Mr. Culley. Of delicious
fruits there were upwards of eighty dishes (amongst them were four excellent pinesfrom the gar-
den of J, G. Clarke, Esq., at Fenham), the whole being liberally supplied by the following mem-
bers of the Society, viz.:—'the Right Hon. Iord Ravensworth, ‘I. W. Beaumont, Esq. M.P.,
A. J. Cresswell Baker, Edward Charlton, M. J. Davison, Matthew Anderson, Humble Lamb,
J. W. Parker, Armorer Donkin, James Archbold, John Straker, and J. G. Clarke, Esqrs,, the
Rey. Joseph Cook, and Mrs. Bewick. (Jbid., Aug. 21.) :

The Haddrick’s Mill Gooseberry Showe-— July 31. The prizes were awarded
‘as follow : —

Red: 1. Bloodhound, 19 dwts. 16grs., Mr. John Dees; 2. Bloodhound, 16 dwts. 19 grs., Mr. Tho-
mas Hindmarsh. Yellow : 1, Rockwood, 19 dwts. 8grs., Mr. John Dees ; 2. Nelson’s Waves, 16
dwts. 6 grs., Mr. Thomas Hindmarsh. Green: 1. No Bribery, 16dwts. 6grs., Mr. John Shipley ;
2. No Bribery, 14 dwts. 12 ers., Mr. Robert Purvis. White: 1. Queen Anne, 14dwts. 18 grs., Mr.
James Dees; 2. Wellington’s Glory, 14dwts. 8 grs., Mr. Edward Laws. ‘The. Maiden Prize: 1.
No Bribery, 16 dwt. 6 grs., Mr. John Shipley; 2. Prince Regent, 19 dwts, 4 grs, Mr, Robert Purvis.
{Ibid., Aug. 21.) hig: 14

SS 4

632 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

Newcastle Annual Carnation, Picotee, and Gooseberry Show. — Aug. 14. The
prizes were awarded as follows; —

Flowers. Carnations: 1. Sherwood’s Corinthian, and 2. Sandham’s Lady Kay, Mr. John Bates ;
3. Bulmer’s Lord Manners, Mr. Andrew Buckham; 4. Pope’s Queen, Mr. Pattison; 5. Hutchin-
son’s Lady Ridley, Mr. Andrew Buckham. Picotees: 1. Pearson’s Favourite,-Mr. Hepple; 2.
Seedling, Mr. Buckham; 3. Bates’s Choice, Mr. John Bates; 4. Will Stukely, Mr. Hepple; 5.
Prince of Picotees, Mr. John Bates. — F’ruzé. Heaviest Gooseberry, grown in any county, and
produced by a subscriber: 1. Roaring Lion, 23dwts. 14grs., Mr. John Menham, grown by Mr,
John Dees, Gosforth ; 2. Roaring Lion, 23 dwts, 5 grs., Mr. Andrew Buckham, grown by Mr.
Matthew Pyle, Stella; 3. Roaring Lion, 23 dwts. 4 grs., Mr. Thomas Donkin, grown by Mr. Jos.
Clark, of Close House. Reds: 1. Roaring Lion, 22 dwts. 12 grs., Mr. John Dees; 2. Roaring Lion,
17 dwts. 10 grs., Mr. Michael Ford. Yellows: 1. Nelson’s Waves, 17 dwts. 2 grs., Mr. Menham 5
2. Viper, 17 dwts. 10 grs., Mr. Michael Ford. Greens: 1. Green Ocean, 19dwts. 4grs. Mr. John
Dees ; 2. Green Ocean, 14dwts. 12 grs, Mr. Hepple. Whites: 1. Smiling Beauty, 14dwts. 8 grs.,
Mr. John Menham ; 8. Smiling Beauty, 13dwts. 5 grs., Mr. John Knox. Maiden Prize: Nelson’s
Waves, 17 dwts. 12 grs., Mr. John Menham. (Newcastle Courant, Aug. 21.)

The Ponteland Florists’ Society held their Show of Pinks on the 10th of July,
when the prizes were adjudged as follows : —

1. Sprat’s Glory of Abingdon, 2. Brooks’s Eclipse, and 3. Harrison’s Rising Sun, Mr. Robert
eae 4. Conqueror, Mr. John Turner; 5. Gowland’s Beauty, Mr. J. Oliver. (Jdzd.,

uly 17.

Coxlodge Carnation, Picotee, and Gooseberry Show. — dug. 7.. The prizes were
awarded as follows : —

Flowers. Carnations: 1. Harvey’s Lord Ravensworth, and 2. Bulmer’s Lord Manners, Mr.
Michael Ford; 3. Hutchinson’s Lady Ridley, 4. Queen Caroline, and 5. Stranger’s Friend, Mr.
John Menham. Picotees; 1. M‘Queen’s Choice, Mr. Andrew Buckham ; 2. Bates’s Sir Robert
Wilson, Mr. Michael Menham,; 3. Will Stukely, Mr. Michael Ford; 4. Menham’s Fancy, Mr.
Michael Menham ; 5. Northumberland’s Choice, Mr. John Menham, — Fywit. Gooseberries :
The Maiden Prize, 1. Rockwood, 19 dwts. 12grs., Mr. Robert Dawson. The Stewards’ Prizes,
Red : 1. Lion, 20 dwts.2 grs., Mr. John Dees; 2. Prince Regent, 19 dwts. 9 grs., Mr. Edward Low-
don. Yellow: 1. Royal Gunner, 22 dwts. 16 grs., Mr. John Dees ; 2. Rockwood, 19 dwts. 16 grs.,
Mr. John Menham. Green: 1. Ocean, 14dwts. 17 grs., Mr. Michael Ford; Y%. No Bribery,
14 dwts. 14grs., Mr. Ephraim Richardson. White: 1. Wellington’s Glory, 16 dwts. 16 grs., Mr.
Michael Ford; 2. Queen Anne, 13 dwts. 16 grs., Mr. Edward Shipley. There was an extra Stew-
ards’ and Maiden Growers’ Prize, which was awarded to Mr. John Menham, for the Lion,
22 dwts. 8 grs. (Ibid., Aug. 21.)

Florists of Monkwearmouth. — Aug. 9. At a Sweepstake Show of Picotees
and Gooseberries, ield at Mr. John Spence’s, the prizes were adjudged as follows : —

Flowers. Picotees: Lamb’s George Baker, Mr. William Hind; best Seedling Picotees,
Mr. Thomas Davison. — Fruit. Gooseberries. Yellow: 1. Gorton’s Viper, 23 dwts.,Mr. Juggings.
Red: 1. Crown Bob, 18 dwts. 10 grs., Mr. William Hind. Green: 1. Wardman’s Green Ocean,
18 dwts. 4grs., Mr. William Hind. White: 1. Cheshire Lass, 16dwts. 4grs., Mr. Juggings.
(Ibid., Aug. 21.)

Newcastle Annual Gooseberry Show. — dug. 7. This Show was held at Mr,
Richard Harker’s, Gateshead Low Fell, when the prizes were adjudged as follows : —

1. Roaring Lion, 22 dwts. 18 grs., and 2. Gunner, 20 dwts. 18 grs., Mr. Robert Rickaby ; 3. Green
EI dwts., Mr. John Wilson; 4, Yates’s Thrasher, 18 dwts, Mr. Robert Rickaby. (Jbid.
Aug. 21.

The Ovingham Gooseberry Show. — dug. 9. This Show was held at Mr. Isaac
Johnson’s, when the prizes were awarded as follows : — ? i

1. Roaring Lion, 17 dwts. 9 grs., 2. Green Ocean, 15 dwts. 20 grs., 3. Whitesmith, 14 dwts. 16 grs.,
and 4, Viper, 14dwts. 4grs., Mr. John Lawson. A gooseberry was produced at the Meeting,
grown by Mr. Edward Dobson, of Mounthully, which weighed 21 dwts., but he not being a mem-
ber was not allowed to compete for the prizes. (Zbid., Aug. 21.)

Burnopfield Gooseberry Show. — Aug. 14. The prizes were adjudged as
follows :—

Red : 1, Crown Bob, 20dwts. 5. grs., Mr. M. Hunter; 2. Crown Bob, Mr. W. Handcock; 3.
Crown Bob, Mr. T. Robinson. Gyeen: 1. Wardman’s Green Ocean, 18 dwts. 22 grs., Mr. M. Hun-
fer; 2. Green Ocean, Mr. T. Robinson ; 3. Green Ocean, Mr. B. Pearson. Yellow: 1. Gordon’s
Viper, 18 dwts. 6 grs., Mr. M. Hunter; 2. Gordon’s Viper, Mr. T. Rippon; 3. Gordon’s Viper,
Mr. T. Robinson. White: 1. Smiling Beauty, 18 dwts. 3grs., Mr. M. Hunter; 2. Mr. R. Pear-
son; 3. Mr. M. Hunter, with a Seedling which henamed William the Fourth. (Zbid., Aug. 21.)

LANCASHIRE.

Liverpool Floral and Horticultural Society. — August 5. The following is a
list of the various specimens to which prizes were awarded : —

Best Pan (silver cup): 1. Perfection (scarlet bizard), Paul Pry (pink bizard), Champion (scarlet
flake), Geo. Crew (rose flake), Bellerophon (purple flake), Eclipse (red picotee), Hector (purple
picotee), Mr. Wakefield, Manchester; 2. Perfection (scarlet bizard), Rainbow (pink bizard), Seed-
ling (scarlet flake), Devonshire (rose flake), Cartwright (purple flake), Stukeley (red picotee),
Cleopatra (purple picotee), R. F. Buckley, Esq., Chester; 3. Perfection, Paul Pry,'Etna, Foote,
€ommander, Magnificent, Cleopatra, W. Leighton, Esq., Preston.

Stove Premiers: 1. Cattléya Loddigts#, Mr. A. Harrison ; 2. Crinum amabile, Mr. Horsfall; 3.
Cuphea Melvilla, Mr. Skirving. Green-house Premiers: 1. Fachsia cénica, Mrs. Cropper; 2.
Clethra arborea, Mrs. Rathbone ; 3. Fichséa microphylla, Mr. Thomas Davis.

Plants. Stove: 1. Strelitzza regine, Mr. C. Downie; 2. Lagerstroe\mia indica, Mr. C. Tay-
leure; 3. Bignonia grandifldra, Mr. Dobson; 4, Erythrina Crista galli, Mr. S. Davis; 5. Cattléya
Forbész, Mr. A. Harrison ; 6. Didymocarpus Réxiz, Mr. Smith, Fulwood; 7. Gloxinza hirsuta,
Mr. S. Davis; 8. Cactus specidsa, Mr. Smith. Green-house: 1. Calceolaria arachnoidea, Mr. C.
€unningham ; 2. Fiachsia gracilis, Mr. Skirving; 3. Fichséa tenélla, Mrs. Cropper ; 4. Hlichry-
sum proliferum, Mr. H. Wilson ; 5. Lechenatltéa formdsa, Rev. R. Gwillam ; 6. Salpigléssis picta,
Mr, Skirving; 7, Alstroeméria Pelegrina, and 8. Moricandia Barclaydna, Mrs. Cropper. Pelargo-

Lancashire. 633

niums: 1. Defiance, and 2. Dene’s Rival, Mr. Thomas Walker; 3. Apollo, Mr. H. Wilson; 4.
Victory, Mr. Thomas Davis ; 5. Triumph, Mr. Isaac Hadwen ; 6. Ann Biden, Mrs. ‘I. D. Dyson.
Ericas: 1. Ventricdsa, Mr. G. Cunningham ; 2. Aitoniana, and 3. Irbydna, Mr. 'T. Davis; 4. Am-
pullacea minor, Messrs. Whalley ; 5.,Thunbergéa, Mrs. Cropper ; 6. Bowiedna, Mr. T. Davis. Her-
baceous: 1. Verbéna Melindres, F. and J. Dickson; 2. Campanula pyramidalis, and 3. Ferraria
tigrina, Mr. Dobson ; 4. Gladiolus cardinalis, and 5. Phléx pendulina, F. and J. Dickson ; 6. Ma-
tricaria grandifldra, Mrs. Cropper.— Flowers. Scarlet Bizard: 1. Rising Sun, Mr. Potter; 2.
Seedling, Mr. Roby; 3. Passe-Perfection, and 4. Superior, Mr. Wakefield; 5. Perfection, Mr.
James Griffiths; 6. Foxhunter, W. Leighton, Esq.; 7. Lord Milton, Mr. Bruce; 5. King Solo-
mon, Mr. Dearden. Pink Bizard: 1. Altred, Mr. Large; 2. Paul Pry, Mr. Buckley; 3. Seedling,
Mr. Dearden; 4. Kent, Mr. Potter; 5. Rainbow, Mr. Buckley; 6. Durham, Mr. Griffiths; 7.
Jolly Tar, Mr. Buckley; 8. Seedling, Mr. Pyke. Scarlet Flake: 1. Mount Etna, Mr. Potter; 2.
Champion, Mr, Wakefield ; 3. Seedling, Mr. Potter; 4. Mara, Mr. Pyke; 5. Seedling, No. i7.,
Mr. Large; 6. Miss Taylor, Mr. Wakefield; 7. Seedling, No. 2., Mr. Large; 8. Seedling, Mr.
Bruce. Rose Flake::1. Incomparable, Mr. Roby; 2. Lady Stanley, Mr. Griifiths; 3, Seedling,
Mr. Turner ; 4. Lady Hood, Mr. Dearden ; 5. Smiling Beauty, Mr. John Appleton ; 6. George
Crewe, Mr. Pyke ; 7. Miss Foote, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 8. Devonshire, Mr. Roby. Purple Flake;
1, Charlotte, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 2. Seedling No. 3., Mr. large; 3. Royal George, Mr. Buckley;
4. Wellington, Mr. Wakefield; 5. Bellerophon, Mr. Griffiths; 6. Seedling, Mr. Pyke ; 7. Com-
mander, and 8. Cartwright, Mr. Buckley. Red Picotee: 1. Chilwell Beauty, Mr. Pyke; 2. Seed-
ling No. 32., Mr. Wakefield; 3. Pyke’s Defiance (owner not known) ; 4, Seedling, Mr. Potter; 5,
Lady Broughton, Mr. Griffiths ; 6. Unknown, Mr. Harrison. Purple Picotee: 1. Cleopatra, Mr,
Buckley ; 2. Hector, W. Leighton, Esq. ; 3. Seedling Voltaire, Mr. Dearden ; 4. Seedling, Mr. Pyke ;
5. Mason’s Wellington, Mr. Roby; 6. Seedling, Mr. Faulkner. Red-striped Picotee: 1. Sir R.
Peel, Mr. Faulkner ; 2. Eclipse, Mr. Waketield; 3. Stukely, W. Leighton, Esq.; 4. Kenny’s, and
5. Seedling, Mr. Pyke ; 6. Magnificent, W. Leighton, Esq. Purple-striped Picotee: 1. ‘Taylor’s
Nelson, and 2. Artaxerxes, Mr. Roby; 3. Fair Ellen, Mr. Wakefield; 4. Seedling, and 5, William
the Fourth, Mr. Potter; 6. Mumford’s Nelson, Mr. Bruce. Maiden Growers: Scarlet Bizard,
Surpasse, John Dowson; Pink Bizard, Kent, Mr. J. H. Westland; Scarlet Flake, Mara, Mr.
Turner; Rose Flake, Seedling, Mr. Dearden; Purple Flake, Commander, Mr. Horsfall, junior ;
Red Picotee, Stukely, Mr. Holme; Purple Picotee, Cleopatra, Mr. Horsfall, jun. ; Red.striped
Picotee, Lady Broughton, Mr. Porter ; Purple-striped Picotee, Seedling, Mr. Whittingham. Geor-
ginas, Pan, Mr. G. Cunningham. Georginas, Double. Dark Purple: 1. Mr. Smith; 2. Mr. Skir-
ving ; 3. Mr. Downie; 4. Mr. Skirving ; 5. Mr. Thomas Harrison. Purple: 1. Mr. Smith, Ful-
wood ; 2. Mr. Thomas Davis; 3. Mr. Skirving; 4. Mr. F. Davies; 5. Mr. Skirving. Scarlet: 1.
Mr. Powell; 2. Mr. Thomas Roby ; 3. Mr. H. Riding; 4. and 5. Mr. G. Cunningham. Mixtures :
1. F. and J. Dickson ; 2. Mrs. Cropper; 3. Mr. G. Cunningham; 4. Mr. Potter; 5. Mr. Whitting-
ham. Single: 1. Mr. Thomas Davis’; 2. Mr. G. Cunningham; 3. Mr. Skirving: 4. Mr. Holgate;
5, Mr. Potter. Flowers, Cut: 1. and 2. Messrs. Whalley; 3. Rev. R. Gwilliam. Baskets: 1.
Mr. Thomas Davis; 2. Mr. Skirving; 3. Mr. H. Wilson; 4. W. Earle, Esq. — Fruit. Oranges:
1. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq.; 2. Mr. W. Preston. Lemons: 1. Mr. Preston; 2. Mr. Powell.
Pines: 1. John Gladstone, Esq.; 2. and 3. W. Earle, Esq.; 4. Mr. Horsfall. Melons: 1.
Mr. Tayleure; 2. and 3. Mr. Hill; 4. Mr. H. Wilson. Peaches (grown in _peach-houses) :
1. Mr. C. Duff; 2. and 3. Mrs. Rathbone. Grown in the open air: 1. and 2. Mrs. Rathbone ;
3. Mr. John Roberts. Nectarines. Grown in peach-houses: 1. Mr. John Roberts; 2. and
3. Mr. Duff’ Grown in the open air: 1, 2,and 3. Mrs. Rathbone. Apricots: 1, 2, and 3.
H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. Figs: I. Mr. C. Duff; 2. Rev. R. Gwilliam; 3. W. Earle, Esq. Grapes,
Black: 1. Mr. R. Preston; 2. Mr. Smith, Fulwood ; 3. W. Earle, Esq. White: 1. Mr. T. Davis ;
2. Mr. Cropper: 3. Mr. T. Davis. Currants : Black, Mrs. Cropper; White and Red, Mr. T. Walker,
Plums: 1. Mr, T. Davis; 2. Mrs. Rathbone ; 3. Mr. Smith. Cherries: 1. Mr. T. Walker; 2. Mr,
J. Roberts. Apples: 1. Mr. Davis; 2. W. Leighton, Esq.; 3. Mr. H. Wilson. Pears: .1. H.
B. Hollinshead, Esq. ; 2. Mr. T. Walker; 3. Mr. Manifold. Gooseberries. Premier Prizes: Red,
26 dwts. 10 grs., John Copack ; Yellow, 23 dwts. 3grs., Mr. Skirving ; Green, 16dwts, 19 grs., Messrs,
Whalley ; White, 23 dwts. 16 grs., Mr. Copack. Red: 1. Mr. John Copack; 2. Mr. Thomas Har-
rison ; 3. Mr. Robert Wood. Yellow: 1. Mr. Copack ; 2. Thomas Harrison ; 3. Messrs. Whalley.
Green: 1. Messrs. Whalley; 2. Mr. Skirving; 3. Mr. W. H. Riding. White: 1. Mr. Copack;
2. Mr. Kay ; 3. Mr. Harrison.— Culinary Vegetables. Celery: 1. Mr. H. Wilson; 2. and 3, Mr,
T. Walker. Onions: 1, 2, and 3. Mr. Dutton. Spring-sown: 1. Mr. Tayleur, 2. Mr. Smith; 3.
Mr. Tayleur. Lettuce: 1. H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. ; 2. Mrs. Rathbone. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. Tho-
mas Walker ; 2. Mr. H. Wilson. Cabbage, Mr. Thomas Orritt." Carrots, Mr. Horsfall.

Extra-Prizes. Apples (1829), H. B. Hollinshead, Esq. Lemons, Rev. R. Gwilliam. Parsley,
eee Cabbage, Mr. Whittingham. Cucumbers, Mr. Gandy. (Liverpool Chronicle,
Aug. 7.

Rochdale Floral and Horticultural Society. — May 26. The prizes were
awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove: 1. Erythrina Crista gAlli, Mr. James Hoyle; 2. Cactus specidsa, Mr. Robert
Robertson; 3, Thunbérgia alata, Mr. Henry Midgley; 4. Renealmza nutans, and 5, Cri-
num australe, John Entwisle, Esq. Green-house: 1. Calceolaria corymbdsa, Mr. Joseph
Tate; 2. Pimeléa 7dsea, John Entwisle, Esq. ; 3. Calceolaria angustifolia, Mr. Joseph Tate; 4.
Verbina pulchélla, George Priestley, Esq.; 5. Pimeléa /inifdlia, Mr. Joseph Tate. Extra: 1.
Rdsa odoratissima, Clement Royds, Esq.; 2. Petunia nyctaginiflora, Mr. Robert Robertson ; 3,
Amaryllis vittata, Mr. Joseph Aston; 4. Agapanthus umbellatus, and 5. Elichrysum_sesa-
méides, John Entwisle, Esq. Herbaceous: 1. Lupinus polyphyllus, 2. Hanfinculus parnassifolius,
and 3. Verbascum Mycdni, Mr. Joseph Tate; 4. Cypripedium Calcéolus, Mr.George Haworth ; 5.
Géum coccineum, Mr. Robert Robertson; 6. Ondsma tatrica, Mr. Joseph Tate; 7. Dodecatheon
MeAadia Alba, Mr. Henry Midgley; 8. O’rchis spectabilis, Mr. John Ecroyd. Extra: 1. dnemdne
thalictrdides var. pléno, Mr. John Ecroyd; 2. Anchusa violacea , and 3. Primula farindsa var. Alba,
Mr. Henry Midgley ; 4. Pednia mascula, William Mann, Esq. ; 5. Phldx amoe‘na, Mr. Joseph Tate.
Pelargoniums. Grown in green-house: 1. Maculatum, Geo. Priestley, Esq.; 2. Defiance, Mr. Jas.
Hoyle; 3. Victory, Mr. Joseph Tate ; 4. Tricolor, Mr. James Hoyle; 5. Pannifdlium, Mr. Joseph
Tate. Grown out of green-house: 1. Augdsta coccinea, Mr. James Cheetham ; 2. Ignéscens major,
and 3. Latildbium, Mr. Henry Midgley; 4.——, Mr. D. Clarkson; 5. Commander, Mr. John
Standring. Ericas: 1. Quadrifldra, and 2, Vestita supérba, Mr. Joseph Tate ; 3. Oddra 7vdsea, and
4, Ventricdsa carnea, George Priestley, Esq. Hardy Shrubs (not forced): 1. Rhododéndron
catawbiénse, Mx, Robert Schofield ; 2. Cotoneaster microphylla, Mr. John Ecroyd; 3. Menzitsia

634 Provincial Hort. Societies : —Somersetshire,

globularis, Mr. Joseph Tate ; 4, Azalea nudifldra, John Entwisle, Esq. ; 5. Rhododéndron 7dseum,
Mr. Clement Royds; 6. Azalea pontica, Mr. Edward Hilton; 7. Ledum latifdlium, Mr. Robert
Robertson; 8. Anododéndron ferrugineum, Mr. George Haworth. Extra: Lédum duxifdlium,
Mr. Joseph Tate. — Fiowers. ‘Lulips. Feathered Bizards: J, Surpasse-Catatalque, Mr. John
Dalton; 2. Tratalgar, Mr. ‘Chomas Clegg; 3. Goude Beurs, Mr. John Whitworth; 4. Duc de
Savoie, Mr. James I'weedale; 5. La Cantique, Mr. Joseph Sleath ; 6. Little John, and Fire-
brand, Mr. John Etches, Flamed Bizards: 1. La Cantique, Mr. James Tweedale; 2. Surpasse-
la-Cantique, Mr. James Taylor; 3. Seedling, Mr. John Scholes; 4 Phanix, Mr. John Etches 5
5. Unknown, Mr. George Scholes; 6. Lustre de Beauté, ‘ihomas Clegg; 7. Pompey's Pillar, Mr.
John Morton. Feathered Bybloemen: 1. Black Baguet, Mr. John Ecroyd; 2. General. Wash-
ington, Mr. James I'weedale; 3. Ambassador de Holland, Mr. John Whitworth; 4, Laura, Mr.
Alexander Fothergill ; 5. Triomphe de Lisle, and 6. Bienfait, Mr.Vhomas Clegg ; 7. Incomparable,
Mr. John Morton. Feathered Rose or Cherry: 1. Comie de Vergennes, Colonel Lee; 2. Sher-
wood’s Rose, Mr. Thomas Clegg; 3. Do Little, Mr. James Taylor ; 4 Duc de Bronte, Mr. Thomas
Clegg ; 5. Hero of the Nile, 6. ‘Vriomphe Royal, and 7. Rose Beau repére, Mr. William Crompton.
Flamed Bybloemen: 1. Bienfait, Mr. James ‘'weedale ; 2. Incomparable, Mr. John Etches; 3.
Waller’s Violet, Mr. John Dalton; 4. Grenadier, and 5. Vulean, William Crompton ; 6. Monsieur
Pitt, Mr. John Etches; 7. Cramuisi la Fidelle, Mr. Thomas Clegg. Flamed Rose or Cherry:
1. Rose Unique, Colonel Lee; 2. Triomphe Royal, Mr. William Crompton; 3. Rose Vesta, Mr.
John Wild; 4. Roi des Cerises, Mr. John Taylor; 5. Guerrier, Mr. Thomas Clegg; 6. Comte de
Vergennes, Mr. John Whitworth; 7. Feu de Grande Valeur, Mr. William Crompton. Self-
coloured: 1. Mine d’Or, Colonel Lee; 2. Breeder, Mr. John Etches; 3. Whitaker’s Flag, Mr.
James Tweedale ; 4+. Breeder, Mr. Henry Midgley. Basket of Flowers, John Entwisle, Esq. —
Fruit. Grapes, Clement Royds, Esq, Apples, Mr. Ralph Craig. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucum-
bers: 1, Walker’s New, Mr. Ralph Craig; 2. Longford, Mr. Jonn Ashworth; 3. Unknown, Mr.
John Schofield ; 4. Unknown, John Entwisle, Esq. Mushrooms: 1. John Entwisle, Esq. ; 2.
Clement Royds, Esq. Rhubarb: 1. Mr. William Crompton ; 2. Clement Royds, Esq. Potatoes:
1. Golden White, Mr. Joseph Aston; 2. Golden White Dwarf, Mr. Kalph Craig ; 3. Unwin’s
Kidney, Mr. Robert Robertson. French Beans: 1. Mr. John Ashworth; 2. Rev. W. R. Hay.
Asparagus: 1. William Mann, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Ralph Craig. Sea-kale, Clement Royds, Esq. Let.
tuce, Mr. Ralph Craig. —J. Ecroyd. Rochdale, July 3.

Bolton Floral and Horticultural Society. — June 30. The following is a list of
the successful competitors for the principal prizes : —

Plants. Stove: Lagerstree’mia indica (a silver cup), E. Silvester, Esq. Green-house : Alstroe-
miéria pulchélla (a silver cup), Roger Holland, Esq. Hrica Shannonidna, Roger Holland, Esq. Pe-
largoniums: Pajkiz, Roger Holland, Esq. Herbaceous: Delphinium grandiflbrum, Roger Holland,
Ksq. Hardy Shrubs: Rhododéndron maximum, E. Ashworth, Esq. — Flowers. Pinks: Pan
(silver cup), Mr. James Faulkner; Premier prize, Suwarrow, Mr. Hawkesworth, Man-
chester; First class, Mr. Partington; Purple-laced, Lustre, William Leighton, Esq., Preston ;
Red-laced, #dsea, William Leighton, Esq., Preston. Ranunculuses, dark purple, Mr. Barber.
Roses: 1. Moss, Mr. Barber; 2. Single, and 3. Double, William Hulton, Esq. ; 4. Double White,
W. Eckersley, Esq.— Fruit. Pine, Joseph Ridgway, Esq. Grapes, Hesperian, E. Ashworth,
Fsq. Nectarines, B. Rawson, Esq. Peaches, B. Rawson, Esq. Cherries, E. Ashworth, Esq.
Black Currants, P. Ormrod, Esq. White Currants, Mr. T. L. Rushton. — Culinary Vegetables,
Cucumbers, E. Ashworth, Esq. Lettuce, J. Ridgway, Esq. Turnips, W. Hulton, Ksq. Celery,
W. Hulton, Esq. Melon, J. Ridgway, Esq. Cauliflowers, R. Barlow, Esq. Onions, Mr. J.
Moscrop. (Bolton Chronicle, July 3.)

SOMERSETSHIRE, a

Bristol Horticultural and Botanical Society. — June 22. The specimens of
fruits, flowers, &c., were of the choicest description, and the remarkably fine pines forced by
Mr. Miller, on the hot-water system, attracted particular attention. Mr. Allen of Bedminster,
who was not a member of the Society, and consequently could not compete tor the prizes, exhi-
bited some specimens of fine laced pinks, which probably have never been exceeded. Among
many others, the following plants were contributed to the exhibition : —

Pimeléa decussata ; Hrica ventricdsa hirta; Hrica refléxa fldre albo ; and a choice collection of
roses, ranunculuses, and pinks, by Mr. Lee. Plumbago tristis, Polygala latitolia, and other
flowering plants, by Mr. Fedden. Pimelta decussata, Cactus speciosissima, Pentstemon ovatus,
Galardia bicolor, Pelargonium Deverzdnwm, and Pelargonium succuléntum, by Mr. Miller.
Phidx-pyramidalis, A’ster argophyllus, Pelargonium Nairnéz, and Pelargdnium essexianum, by
John Hurle, Esq. Two samples of apple sugar, by Dr. Gingell, Thornbury, which, when that fruit
is as abundant as it was last season, may be extracted at a remarkably low price. .
~ The sugar extracted from apples was first brought into notice in this country by Mr. Salisbury,
in his Botanist’s Companion, appendix, vol. ii. p. 205. The late abundant crop of apples afforded
such an opportunity of putting this portion of rural economy, so essentially necessary, into oper-~
ation, that the cost of this excellent sugar did not exceed two-pence per pound.

Some beautiful plants, sent by G. Goldney, Esq., greatly contributed to the decoration of the
room. Some of the productions of the kitchen-garden were very attractive from their size: a
couple of cucumbers measured 13in. in length. An improved hoe for turnips was sent by Mr.
Salisbury. Prizes were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove: 1. Aloe, John Acraman, Esq.; 2. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. Maule. Green-
house : 1. Alstroemtria Pelegrina, Mrs. Ames; 2.Gloxinia specidsa, Mr. Vorney. Ericas: 1.Ornata,
H. Nugent, Esq. ; 2. Ventricdsa, Mr. Maule, Hardy Shrubs: 1. Kalmia latifolia, Mr. Maule ;
9. Rhododéndron hirstitum, Mr. Maule. Herbaceous: 1. Sarracénia purptirea, H. Nugent, Esq. ;
2. Eschschéltzéa californica, R. Bright, Esq. Annuals, Clarkia pulchélla, Mr. Maule. — Flowers..
Ranunculuses. Dark: 1. Mr. Maule; 2. Mr.'faylor. Light: 1. Mr. Maule; 2. Mr. Taylor.
Pinks. , Black and White: 1. Mr. Maynard; 3. Mr. Taylor. Purple-laced: 1. Mr. Hurle; 2. Mr.
Maule. Selts, Mr. Maule. Seedling: 1. Mr. Maynard; 2. Mr. Tiler. Roses. Dark and Mottled :
1. Miss Swete; 2. Mr. Maule. Crimson: 1. Miss M. Swete; 2 Miss Swete. Light: 1. Miss
Swete; 2. Miss M. Swete.— Fruit. Grapes. Black: 1. St. Peter’s, P. J. Miles, ksq.; 2. Black
Hamburgh, P. Protheroe, Esq. White: 1. Royal Muscat, P. J. Miles, Esq.; 2. Sweetwater,
Mrs. Harford. Strawberries: 1. Wilmot’s Superb, G. Yeeles, Esq. ; 2. Keen’s Seedling, R. Bright, |
Esq. Cherries: 1. May Duke, Mrs. L. Gregory ; 2. May Duke, Mr. Gerrish. Currants. Red,
Mrs, Cartwright.. White: 1. J.-N. Franklyn, Esq.; 2. Mrs. Cartwright. Black, Mr. Beard.

. Devonshire. 635

Melons: 1. Coronation, Mr. Verney; 2. Canteloup, W. Blathwayt, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables.
Cauliflowers: 1. Mr. Maynard; 2 Mr. Sealey. Peas: 1. Mr. Cambauld; 2. W. P. Taunton,
Esq. Beans: 1. Long-pod, Mr. Sealey ; 2. Long-pod, Mrs. Cartwright.

Superior Merit. Wemons and Oranges, W. P. Jillard, Esq. Apples, Mr. John Beard. Ra-
nunculuses, Mr. Tiler. Cockscombs, Rev. Mr. Richards. Potatoes, Mrs. L. Gregory. Cucum-
bers, Mr. Maule. Carrots, Mr. Maynard.

The Censors were, Messrs. Fedden, Masey, Rootsey, and Lee. (Bristol Mirror, June 26.)

DEVONSHIRE.

South Devon and East Cornwall Botanical and Horticultural Society. — July 21.
The Second Exhibition of Botanical and Horticultural produce took place in the Town-Hall,
Devonport. he chair being taken by G. Strode, Esq, of Newham Park; the Secretary,
W. Hamilton, Esq. M.D., addressed the assembly at considerable length. We select the following
passages : — :

“ Permit me to call your attention for an instant to a matter of equal interest te the horticul-

turist and the agriculturist, the study of aéromancy, or the art of regulating the operations
of horticulture and husbandry by the phenomena of nature; a branch of useful study recom-
mended to your notice by no less an authority than that of the immortal Linneus himself. The
inadequacy of almost every instrument hitherto devised for predicting the changes of the weather,
and furnishing a practical guide to the labours of the garden, has been long and universally admit-
ted. The information, however, which we vainly seek from those costly toys of the philosopher,
Nature furnishes, as Linnzus long since pointed out, in her most common productions, at no
other cost than that of observation. The opening of the buds, and the expansion of the leaves of
trees, afford an unerring calendar for regulating our various operations, far more useful than the
directions of Abercrombie or of Mawe, and adapted to every possible variation of climate, of
season, or of latitude. If our crops prove unproductive, and barren harvests mock the hopes of
the farmer, the cause is to be sought in our neglect of the instructive calendar which Nature
herself offers for our acceptance, not only without price, but beyond price; and regulating the
sowing of our crops by the artificial divisions of the year, rather than by those natural indica.
tions which alone mark with precision the arrival of the appropriate season.
4.“ The leather, which I hold in my hand, has been tanned with a substance which I hope
before long to see among the most productive of our imports, and superseding, in a great degree,
the costly and ruinous culture of the cane in our West Indian Islands. The introduction of a
substitute for bark in tanning may be viewed, perhaps, with alarm, as interfering with our own
domestic interests ; but this fear will vanish when I tell you, as the registers of the customs will
attest, that upwards of three fourths of the bark consumed by the tanner are of foreign growth,
and purchased, not with the manufactures but the gold of Britain ; while the importation of
dividivi from our colonies will enable the planter to take a large portion of our manufactures in
exchange, and, by adding to the resourees of the master, augment the comforts of the servant.
Of the superiority of this substance, not only as a substitute for the bark of the Continent,
but also for the galls of Aleppo, and, indeed, for every other astringent substance hitherto
known, except catechu, I have in my possession the most ample, and the most convincing
evidence, furnished not by one individual, but by every person to whom I have had an oppor-
tunity of submitting it: and I gladly avail myself of this opportunity to express my obligations to,
Mr. Prideaux, and Mr. Tanner, of Plymouth, whose scientific experiments afforded me the first
demonstrative evidence of its enormous value, and whose important report has been more than
corroborated by the extensive experiments made at my request by Mr. Rootsey of Bristol, as
well as at Sandwich, and in the Island of Jamaica.

“¢ Among other productions of Mr. Pontey’s stove, which now claim your regard, I beg to call
your attention particularly to a noble plant of the family of the pine-apple, whose magnificent
flowering stem produced the fibre from which the cord before you, beautiful in its texture, and
powerful in its strength, has been manufactured through the liberal zeal of your excellent presi-
dent, Commissioner Ross. This plant, which is abundant in the province of Carthagena, and
will, I hope, before long, be extensively cultivated in our West Indian Islands, is knewn by the
name of pita: and is thus spoken of by the late learned prior, Don Jost Ignacio de Pomba, the
friend of the great and lamented Mutis, and the natural historian of the province of Carthagena,
in his work On the Productions of the Province of Carthagena :—‘ We have also the pita in abund-
ance in various parts of this province, but it has not been applied to any useful purpose hitherto.
Among all the fibrous plants of the Old Continent which are known, none has a more tenacious
fibre, nor one that is more capable of resisting the action of acids and humidity. It is superior
to flax, to hemp, and to the esparto (of Spain), in durability and strength ; and should be actively
cultivated, spun, wove, and applied to all the uses to which the former are applied. Paper manu-
factured from this fibre would be superior in texture and quality, at least for printing, to that
made from flax ; and, perhaps, like that manufactured from siJk or cotton, would not be subject
to the depredations of worms and other insects, so destructive in this country (Carthagena), which
would be a most important discovery for the preservation of books and documents of every
description.’

© Should the specimen now before you disappoint your expectations, and appear to fall short of
the praise bestowed upon it by the prior, it should be brought to mind under what disadvantages
it labours; coming from a people sunk in sloth and ignorance, and deficient in the requisite
knowledge of the proper time for cutting, and the proper method of preparing it. Under more
favourable circumstances, and more judicious treatment, it will, I feel assured, fully realise the
promises of the prior, and prove as superior to hemp in the strength and durability of its fibre, as
it exceeds it in length and beauty. The importance of transferring our dependence for so
important a portion of our marine stores, as the material for fabricating the cordage and sail-
cloth of our navy, from the shores of the Baltic to our possessions in the West Indies, is too
obvious, both in a commercial and political point of view, to call for demonstration.

“* One plant more demands your notice, from its highly important qualities; and this is the
celebrated guwaco plant, now betore you: one of the most powerful antidotes to animal poisons
which ‘have yet been discovered, as well as one of the most valuable remedies in some of the
most cruel and dangerous maladies which afflict our nature. From recent experiments we have
reason to hope that we shall find in it a sure and effectual remedy for that dreadful and hitherto
incurable complaint which follows the bite of a rabid animal; while in gout, in rheumatism, in
toothache, in fevers, and a multitude of other-complaints, it has proved itself a sovereign
remedy. But I shall not ask you to rely solely on my assertion, but support it by an extract

636 Provincial Hort. Societies : — Ayrshire,

from the anniversary speech of one of our Honorary Presidents, Earl Stanhope, delivered at the
meeting of the Medico-Botanical Society of London, in January last : —

«© « He (Senhor Maldonado) confirms the statement which we had previously received respecting
the efficacy of the Mikania Gudco, as an antidote against the bite of serpents; and this very
important fact was originally discovered by mere accident, in remarking that a bird, called the
Guaco, which had been bitten by one of them, flew to the plant, and after rubbing itself upon the
leaves, returned back to attack the reptile. This affords an additional proof of the great benefit
to be derived from an attentive observation of the works of nature, which are no less instructive
than interesting. So impressed is the author with the utility of this plant that he has employed
five acres of land in its cultivation. The plant might, as he very properly suggests, be tried as an
antidote in Europe against the bite of vipers; and he thinks that its best preparation would be in
the form of an extract. Nor is this the only virtue, valuable as it is, which is ascribed to the
Mikania Guaco ; for it appears, by the statement of the author, that an infusion of the leaves in
water is very beneficial in cases of diarrhoea, and that, by taking internally a decoction of the
leaves, and by using it also as a bath, three persons recovered, in a very short time, the use of
their limbs, of which they had been deprived, during seven or eight months, in two cases by
rheumatism, and in the other by palsy. He states that it has been found to be very useful in the
cure of fevers, for which he particularly recommends a mixture, in equal quantities of the Mi-
kania Gudco, of the Donna annita, of the Bacquey, and of the Ponosi, reduced to powder ; and of
this mixture a scruple is boiled in a cupful of water, and taken morning and evening. A single
dose of this remedy cured two other patients, although, in all the four cases, the sulphate of
quinine had been given without effect.’ ”

On conclusion of this address the Chairman read the following prize list : —

Plants and Flowers. Hot-house or Stove Climber: Passiflora alata, Mr. Pontey. Stove Shrub :
Astrapz*‘a Wallichiz, Mr. Pontey. Stove Bulbous Plant: Pancratium ovatum, J. Norman, Esq.
Stove Succulent Plant: Cotylédon orbiculata, C. Horne, Esq. Stoke; Celdsia cristata (six
potted tender annuals), Mr. Pontey. Ericas (not less than six), Mr. Pontey. Australian Plants
(not less than six), Mr. Pontey. Twelve Roses of sorts in a Bouquet, Mr. Brown. Six Carnations
of sorts, Mr. Paul, Saltash. Twelve Georginas of sorts, Mr Pontey. Six G. anemonefldra, Mr.
Saunders. — Fruit. Pine-apple: 1. Mr. Sharland, gardener to the Duke of Northumberland,
Werrington ; 2. Mr. Crawford, gardener to Lady Molesworth, Pencarrow. Bunch of Grapes
(flavour) : 1. Mr. Saunders, gardener to EK. P. Bastard, Esq., Kitley; 2. Mr. Ellis, gardener to
J. C. Bulteel, Esq., Lyneham. Largest-berried, Mr. Saunders. Peaches, R. Bromley, Esq.,
Stoke. Apricots, Mr. Roberts, gardener to Commissioner Ross. Highest-flavoured Melon: 1.
Mr. Saunders; 2. Mr. Sharland. Citrons, Lemons, Oranges, and Limes, Mr, Saunders. Pears
(of this year’s growth), Mr. Jackson, Beer. Apples (of this year’s growth), Mr. Sims, gardener to
the Rev. W. Radclifte, Warleigh ; of last year’s growth, Mr. Ellis, gardener to J. Bulteel, Hsq.,
Fleet. Plums, Mr. Brown, Tamerton. Cherries,!Mr. Ellis, gardener to Captain Morshead,
Widey. Twelve largest Gooseberries: 1. Mr. Paul, [Saltash; 2. Mr. Barrett, Morice Town.
Best-flavoured Gooseberries, Mr. Brown. Heaviest Thirty Bunches of White Currants, of Red
Currants, and Black Currants (one pint), Mr. Ellis, Fleet. White Raspberries (one pint), Red
(one pint), Mr. Brown. Strawberries: 1. Mr. Ellis, Widey ; 2. Mr. Ellis, Lyneham. —Culinary
Vegetables. Three Cauliflowers, Mr. Ellis, Widey. Kidneybeans (Dwarfs), Mr. Roberts, Dock-
yard. Brace of Cucumbers (grown on ridges), Mr. Roberts. Six Cos Lettuces, Mr. Webb, gar-
dener, Penny-come-quick. Six Cabbage Lettuces, Mr. Webb.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Three Roses of sorts, Mr. Potam, Devonport. Three Carnations, Mr.
F. Wood, Plymouth. Three Picotees, Mr. Potam. Three Georginas, Mr. John Jarman, Ply-
mouth. Bouquet of Stocks, Mr. Potam. Bouquet of Hardy Flowers, Mr. Jarman. Basket
of Vegetables} (not less than six sorts), Mr. Stapleton, Compton. Carrots, Mr. Wood. Potato
Onions, Mr. Potam. Gooseberries, Mr, Wood. Largest Gooseberries, Mr. Jarman.

Extra-Prizes. Plants and Flowers. Bouquet of Poppies, C. Horne, Esq., Stoke. Celdsia cristata,
Mr. Manning. — Fruzt. Pine-apple: 1. Mr. Sharland; 2. Mr. Keane, gardener to E. Tolcher,
Esq., Ridgeway. Grapes: Mr. Buge, gardener to Rev. J, Lane, Coffleet; T. Holberton, Esq.,
Yealmpton ; R. Bromley, Esq. ; and Mr Ellis, Lyneham. Rock Melon, Mr, Roberts, Dockyard,
and Mr. Sharland. Mayduke Cherries, T. Holberton, Esq. Morello: 1. Mr. Paul, Saltash 5
2. Mr. Barrett. Citrons, Mr. Burge, Coftleet. — Culinary Vegetables. Fine Head of Cape Broc-
coli, Mr. Edmunds, gardener to C. Calmady, Esq., Langdon. Bunch of Altringham Carrots,
Mr. Webb. Bunch of Horn Carrots, Mr. Manning, gardener to Admiral Sir Manley Dixon.
Bunch of White Spanish Onions, Mr. Sharland. — Cottagers’ Prizes. Seedling Geranium, Mr.
Herring, warder in the Dockyard. Carnations, Mr. Potam.

Judges: — Plants and flowers, KE. W. Churchill, Esq. Royal Marines, R. Luscombe, Esq., and
Mr. Kanes. Fruit, J. H. Luscombe, Esq., D. Little, Esq., and Mr. Kerr. Culinary Vegetables, R.
Bromley, Esq., Mr. Brown, and Mr. Cummins. Cottagers’ Prizes, Mr. Saunders, Mr. Bennett,
and Mr. Sharland.

Among the plants from Pontey’s nursery, besides the Piéa and Gudco, noticed in the Secretary’s
address, we observed the following : — Passifldra alata, with beautiful flowers; Hrica viridiflora,
furnishing arare instance of a plant with truly green flowers ; #. Saviledna, ampullacea, Irbydna,
and many others. Thunbérgia alata, Combrétum purpitreum, DryAndra nervdsa, D. formdsa,
and several sorts of Gloxinias and Dracenas; C4nna bicolor, C. glatica, Cérbera fruticdsa, Phyl-
lanthus latifodlius, falcatus, and others ; Chame‘rops Palmétto, Tamarindus indica, Ruélléa Sabinz,
Pergularia odoratissima, with its highly-scented flowers, Quisqualis indicus, Vincas of sorts,
Calanthe veratrifdlia, Gloridsa supérba, Maurandya Barclayana, Salvia involucrata, Verbéna
Melindres and others; Pelargoniums in great variety; several sorts of Acacias, Amaranthus,
Crassulas, Lechenaultias, Calceolarias ; a beautiful display of cockscombs, balsams, and globes,
of different colours ; a great variety of Russian and Prussian stocks.

S. Fuge, Esq., furnished some fine Georginas, in pots, and several beautiful exotics ; J. Norman,
Esq., some fine Pancratiums, Crinums, and orange trees with fruit; and C. Horne, Esq., a great
variety of plants. To Captain Morshead of Widey, the Society is indebted for the quantity of
evergreens and flowers which he contributed towards the decoration of the room, as well as to
Mr. Brown of Tamerton, for his beautiful bouquets, which attracted particular notice. (Ply-
mouth Journal, July 29.)

AYRSHIRE.

The Ayrshire Green-house Society. — Kilmarnock, June 24. The different
competitors stood as under : = 2 y ;

Renfrewshire. 637

Plants. “Herbaceous: 1. Mr. James Young, gardener to James Fairlie, Esq., Holms; 2. Mr.
Robert Purvis; 3. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 4. Mr. George Paxton, Kilmarnock. Delphinium
grandifldrum, Papaver bracteatum, Thalictrum, &c. Three Double Rockets: 1. Messrs. Dykes
and Gentles ; 2. Messrs. Fowlds and Lymburn; 3. Mr. Robert Purvis. — Flowe7s. Ranunculuses}:
1. Mr. Jobn Brown, Kilmarnock; 2. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles ; 3. Messrs. Fowlds and Lym-
burn; 4. Mr. John Morton; 5. Messrs. W. and J. Samson; 6. Mr. Robert Purvis, gardener to
John Smith Cunningham, Esq., Caprington. The principal flowers were, La Téméraire, Mélange
des Beautés, Adam’s Spot, Agricola, Louisette, Crawford’s Yellow Mottle, Cremona, Nankeen,
Grand Monarque, Dr. Franklin, &c. Double Anemone: 1. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 2. Mr.
Robert Purvis; 3. Messrs. W. and J. Samson, — Fwit, May Duke Cherries: 1. Mr. John
Brown; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis; 3. Mr. George Paxton. — Culinary Vegetables. Peas: 1. Mr.
James Young; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis. Early York Cabbage: 1. Mr. James Young; 2. Mr.
George Paxton; 3. Mr. Robert Purvis. Early Potatoes: 1. Mr. James Young; 2. Mr. Robert
Purvis. Early Dutch Turnips: 1. Mr. Robert Purvis; 2. Mr. James Young.

Of extra-productions may ,be mentioned some very fine double georginas and strawberries,
which were presented by Mr. John Brown ; Seedling ranunculuses by Messrs. Fowlds and Lym-
burn, fine ; early carrot, Malta and Altringham turnip, and green-house plants, by Mr. Robert
Purvis, fine ; potatoes, &c., by Mr. Hamilton, writer, Kilmarnock, fine; pinks, &c., by Mr. Wil-
liam Anderson, Kilmarnock : radish, by Mr. George Paxton ; and geraniums, &c., by Mr. James
Young. — A Subscriber. Kilmarnock, June 28. if

The Competition between the Ayr and Kilmarnock Florists’ Societies being this
year for ranunculuses and pinks, they met at Kilmarnock on the 22d of June, and competed for
the thirty.six best in four classes; viz. nine striped, nine edged, nine mottled, and nine self-
coloured. After careful inspection, the Judges awarded the first prizes to the Kilmarnock florists
in all the four classes. Among the leading flowers may be mentioned, of striped, Mélange des
Beautés, Marbre de Paris, Giillet Naturelle, Phanta, Flagelle de Quatre Couleurs, &c. ; of edged,
Louisette, La Téméraire, Dr. Franklin, Boyd’s Enterprise, Lady Gower, &c.; of mottled and
spotted, Aimable, Pucelle, Cremona, Dalgleish’s Mrs. Hunter, and Dalgleish’s Diana, &c.; of
selfs, Curtis’s Yellow, Stewart’s White, Condorcet, Pourpre Fonce, Orange, Brabancon, &c. The
flowers were allowed to be very fine, and in excellent condition. Of extra-articles were some
very fine seedlings, presented by Mr. R. Boyd, Kilmaurs, and Messrs. Fowlds and Lymburn, Kil-
marnock ; and some very fine specimens of double rocket geraniums, cabbages, turnips, potatoes,
and chives, by;members of the Kilmarnock Horticultural Society ; also some very fine cabbages,
asparagus, turnips, and potatoes, by Mr. W. Telery, gardener to his Grace the Duke of Portland,
from the Ayrshire Horticultural Society.

Ayrshire Green-house Society. — Kilmarnock, July 8. The competition was as
under: —

Flowers. Pinks: 1. Mr. John Brown, Kilmarnock; 2. Messrs. William and Thomas Samson ;
8. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles. The leading fowers were: Davey’s Bolivar, Galton’s George the
Fourth, Barratt’s Conqueror, Bowes’s Premier, Haslam’s Ruler, Thomson’s Princess Charlotte,
Davey’s Juliet, &c. Roses: 1. Messrs. Fowlds and Lymburn, Kilmarnock; 2. Messrs. Dykes
and Gentles ; 3. Mr. Robert Purvis, gardener to John Smith Cunningham, Esq. Caprington; 4.
Messrs. William and Thomas Samson; 5. Mr. James Young, gardener to James Fairlie, Esq.,
Holms. Leading flowers, Tuscany, Mignonne, Grand Monarque, Stadtholder, Grande Cramoisie,
&c. Annuals: 1. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis. Larkspur, Lupins, &c.
Biennials: 1. Messrs. Dykes and Gentles; 2. Mr. John Brown; 3. Mr. Robert Purvis. French
Honeysuckles, Canterbury Bells, &c. — Fruit. Rose-scented Strawberries : 1. Mr. Robert Purvis ;
2. Mr. James Young; 3. Messrs. William and Thomas Samson. Strawberries: 1. Mr. James
Young ; 2. Messrs. William and Thomas Samson ; 3. Messrs. Fowlds and Lymburn. — Culinary
Vegetables. Early Horn Carrot: 1. Mr. James Young; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis. Early Dutch
Turnip: 1. Mr. Robert Purvis; 2. Mr. James Young; 3. Mr. Andrew Kelly, Kilmarnock. Three
Heads Cauliflower: 1. Mr. James Young; 2. Mr. Robert Purvis. Peas: 1. Mr. James Young ;
2. Mr. Robert Purvis. Early Yellow Gooseberries: 1. Mr. Robert Purvis; 2. Messrs. William
and Thomas Samson ; 3. Mr. James Young.

Among the extra-articles were some very fine Double Georgina coccinea and supérba, Princess
Alexandrina Victoria, Well’s Victory, &c., presented by Mr. John Brown. Flowers of Antir-
rhinum, Geum coccineum, &c., by,Messrs. Fowlds and Lymburn; 4’rum maculatum, Ranun-
culuses, Malta turnips, &c., by Mr. Robert Purvis. One of the largest strawberries (Keen’s
seeding) measured 32 in. in circumference, and weighed 12 dwts.— A Subscriber. Kilmarnock,

uly 10.

RENFREWSHIRE.

West Renfrewshire Horticultural Society. — June 22. The articles competed
for were Ranunculus, early turnips, and peas, of which a large exhibition was made, and in
quality were exceedingly fine. Besides these there were exhibited, as show articles, a splendid
display of choice flowers, vegetables, &c. The Committee appointed to examine the articles, and
report, awarded the prizes as follows: —

Flowers. Ranunculuses: 1. George Cunninghame, Esq., Port-Glasgow ; 2. Mr. William Mac-
Diarmid, gardener to James Hunter, Esq., Hafton; 3. Mr. John Sinclair, gardener. Dutch Tur-
nips: 1. Mr. Adam Melross, gardener to Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, Ardgowan; 2. Mr. John
Niven, gardener; 3. Mr. William M‘Diarmid. Peas: 1. Mr. Duncan Fletcher, gardener ; 2. Mr.
John Sinclair; 3. Mr. Charles Miller, gardener to James Watt, Esq.

The show articles were arranged by the Committee according to their respective excellence, in
the following order : —

Anemones: 1. Mr. Malcolm Service, gardener to Mr. Fairrie; 2. Mr. James Campbell, gar-
dener, Gourock; 3. Mr. John M‘Nab, gardener to Lieutenant-General Darroch, Gourock.
Stocks: 1. Mr. Adam Melross; 2. Mr. Malcolm Service. There were exhibited by Mr. John
Borthwick, seedsman, three giant Cape stocks, which were particularly fine. Cucumbers, Mr.
Malcolm Service. Early Carrots: 1. Mr. Adam Melross ; 2. Mr. James Campbell. May Duke
Cherries: 1. Mr. Archibald Brown, gardener, Park; 2. Mr. John Niven. These cherries were
perfectly ripe, although exposed to the open air, and unaided by any artificial means. Bouquet
of Flowers: 1. Mr. James Campbell; 2. Mr. Malcolm Service; 3. Mr. John M‘Nab. Mr. M‘Nab
also exhibited a lot of very fine spring-sown lettuces. Mr. Adam Melross exhibited a beautiful
orange tree, measuring upwards of 5ft. in height, with fruit thereon as large as the common

638 Prov. Hort. Soc.:-— Stirlingshire, Aberdeenshire.

orange, which was the first ever exhibited at any competition in this place. There was produced
by Mr. John Borthwick a lot of very fine early potatoes.

Mr. Duncan Fletcher exhibited at a previous meeting a species of onion, named by him the
multiplying sybo, This onion, we are informed, resembles very much the Welsh onion, but is
more tender. The seed of it, when sown, does not bulb like other onions, but each onion multi-
plies at the root like that of shives, and the shoots being separated and planted out, each will
produce upwards of twenty. A premium has been awarded to Mr. Fletcher for this valuable
production. (Greenock Advertiser, June 25.) :

West Renfrewshire Horticultural Society.— July 20. The exhibition, both of
competition and show articles, was very extensive ; and large bouquets of flowers decorated the
hall on all sides. The prizes awarded by the committee chosen to determine the merit of the
respective articles competed for were as follows: —

Roses: 1. Mr. Wm. Knox, gardener to Mrs. Dixon, Leven Grove, Dumbarton; 2. Mr. Mal-
colm Service, gardener to John Fairrie, Esq.; 3. Mr, John Borthwick, nursery and seedsman.
Pinks: 1. Mr. Henry Knox, gardener to Jacob Dixon, Esq., Dumbarton; 2. Mr. Arch. Brown,
gardener, Park; 3. Peter M‘Inroy, gardener to Mrs. M‘Inroy, Leven. Cauliflower: 1. Mr. Chas.
Miller, gardener to James Watt, Esq.; 2. Mr. Wm. Knox; 3. Mr. John M‘Nab, gardener to
Lieut.-General Darroch, Gourock. Melon: 1. Mr. Adam Melross, gardener to Sir Michael Shaw
Stewart, Ardgowan ; 2. Mr. Malcolm Service.

The show articles were arranged by the committee, according to their respective merit, in the
following order : —

Strawberries : 1. Mr. John Sinclair, gardener, Wood ; 2. Mr. William Knox ; 3. Mr. Archibald
Brown. Gooseberries, three of a sort: 1. Mr. Wm. Knox; 3. Mr. Henry Knox; 3. Mr. John
M‘Nab. Currants: 1. Mr. Wm. Knox; 2. Mr. Archibald Brown; 3. Mr. Henry Knox. All of
which were very large, and quite ripe. Turnip: 1. Mr. John M‘Nab; 2. Mr. Adam Melross.
Tris: 1. Mr. Malcolm Service; 2. Mr. Henry Knox. Bouquet of Flowers: 1. Mr. Malcolm Ser-
vice ; 2. Mr. James Campbell, gardener, Gourock; 3. Mr. John Borthwick.

Besides these, there were many others contributed. Mr. Henry Knox exhibited a specimen of
that much admired annual Collinséa grandifldra ; two lots of very fine seedling pinks by Mr. Mal-
colm Service and Mr. Henry Knox. A beautiful seedling carnation, crimson bizard, was exhibited
by Mr. Malcolm Service, named “‘ Service’s William the Fourth ;”’ a lot of fine georginas, several
very large cabbages, and a number of fine Cape stocks were also exhibited by Mr. Malcolm Service.
A lot of excellent spring-sown lettuces, by Mr. John M‘Nab; who also exhibited a well executed,
full-length figure of a man composed of flowers ; two lots of very fine raspberries were contri-
buted by Mr. Thomas Grey, Plantation, and Mr. Charles Miller; with numerous other vegetables
and dowers, by the members generally. (Greenock Advertiser, July 23.)

STIRLINGSHIRE. fi

Stirling Horticultural Society.— July 13. Prizes were awarded as follows : —
Flowers. Roses: 1. Mr. Ninian Niven, gardener to James Stirling, Esq., of Keir; 2. Mr. John
Macinnes, gardener to Robert Bruce, Esq., of Kennet; 3. Mr. Jas. Macfarlane, Stirling. China:
1. Mr. John Macinnes; 2. Mr. John Gow, gardener to Count Flahault, Tullyallan Castle; 3. Mr.
John Christie, Causewayhead. Stocks, Double: 1. Mr. James Macfarlane ; 2. Mr. William Moir,
ardener to Mrs. Edmond of Comely Bank. Pinks: 1. Mr. Robert Kay, Shiphaugh ; 2. Mr. John
itchell, gardener to William Murray, Esq., of Polmaise; 3. Mr.-Ninian Niven. Sweetwilliam.
Double: 1. Mr. Ninian Niven; 2. Mr. John Gow; 3. Mr. Wm. Laing, gardener to Col. Simpson
of Plean. Single: 1. Mr. Hugh Macoll, gardener to James Callander, Esq., of Craigforth ; 2. Mr.
Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. Wm. Moir, gardener to Mrs. Edmond of Comely Bank. Ranunculus:
1. Mr. John Christie; 2, Mr. Wm. Moir. — Frat. Strawberries: 1. Mr. John Macinnes; 2. Mr.
Wm.-Somerville; 3. Mr. David Trotter, gardener to James Johnston, Esq., of Alva. Cherries:
1. Mr. John Macinnes ; 2. Mr. W. Somerville; 3. Mr. William Gow, gardener to John Murray,
Esq., of Wester Livilands. — Culinary Vegetables. Cauliflower: 1. Mr. John Macinnes; 2. Mr.
George Milne, gardener to Robert Stein, Esq., of Kilbagie; 3. Mr. John Gow. Turnips. Yellow :
1. Mr. John Macinnes ; 2. Mr. George Milne; 3. Mr. Wm. Somerville, gardener to Wm. Stirling,
Esq., of Kippendavie. Carrots, Early Horn: 1. Mr. Hugh Macoll; 2. Mr. Wm. Moir; 3. Mr. John
Macinnes. Lettuce: 1. Mr. Wm. Moir; 2. Mr. Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. Hugh M‘Coll. (Stirling
Advertiser, July 16.)

ABERDEENSHIRE.

Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society.— May 26. The following was the order
of merit, as decided by the judges : —

Piants. Green-house: 1. A package of various plants, particularly the Cactus specidsa, Azalea
indica Alba, Mesembryanthemum inclidens and spectabile, Blétéa hyacinthina, Gortér¢a Pavonia,
F’pacris grandiflora, Spartium lineare, Melaleica spléndens, four Ericas, and six new Geraniums,
Mr. William Frazer, nurseryman, Ferryhill; 2. A collection in full flower, particularly the Stre-
litzéa reginez, Mr. William Anderson, gardener to D. Young, Esq., of Cornhill; 3. A coliection,
many of them new and rare, amongst which were the Lupinus polyphyllus, Gum coccineum
majus, Calceolaria arachnéidea, C. connata, C. floribinda, C. plantaginea, Litte‘a geminiflora,
Isopdgon anemonifdlius, Lechenaiiltia formdsa, Correa specidsa, Pultene*a candida, Brachyséma -
latifolia, and Cypriptdium arietinum, Mr. W. Davidson, jun. Pelargoniums- 1. Mr. W. Davidson,
jun. ; 2. Mr. James Walker, nurseryman ; 3. Mr. Wm. Gallow, gardener to Sir M. Bruce, Bart. —
Flowers. Tulips: 1. Alexander Bell, Esq., Crown Street; 2. Mr. D. Taylor, gardener to Wm.
Annand, Esq., of Belmont; 3. Alexander Bell, Esq., Crown Street. Anemones (only one parcel
offered for competition), Al. Bell, Esq. Stocks: 1, and 2. Mr. James Forbes, merchant; 3. Capt.
Anderson, Skene Square. Wallflowers, Captain Anderson. —Fruét. Strawberries: 1. Roseberry,
Mr. Thos. Milne, nurseryman, Sunnyside; 2, and 3, Keen’s Seediing, Mr. G. Cardno, gardener to
G. Hogarth, Esq., Woodhill.

An extra-medal was awarded to Mr. Robert Davidson of Elmfield, for a basket of very fine
grapes, in full perfection. He had ripe grapes a month ago. The judges awarded the Society’s
large silver medal to Alexander Bell, Esq., for his tulips, they being deemed the best articles
at the Show. The Society’s small silver medals were awarded to all the other first articles; there
were no second or third, prizes given upon this occasion. — J. J. M.

June 22. The Third Competition took place in the New Inn, when medals
and premiums were awarded as follows : —

Obituary. 639

' Flowers... Ranunculuses: 1. Captain Clyne; 2. Mr. Wm. Davidson, jun. Anemones, Double:
j. Mr. Thomas Milne; 2. Mr. Wm. Smith, gardener to James Hadden, Esq., Grandholm Cottage.
Pinks, Mr. Thomas Milne. Irises: 1. and 2. Alexander Bell, Esq. — Frudt. Grapes: 1. and 2.
Black Hamburgh, Mr. William Anderson, gardener to D. Young, Ksq., of Cornhill. Cherries: 1.
May Duke, Mr. John Wood, gardener to Sir R. D. H. Elphinstone; 2. May Duke, Mr. William
Barron, gardener to Colonel Campbell of Black-hall; 3. May Duke, Mr. John Wood, — Culinary
Vegetables. Cauliflowers: 1. Mr. David Taylor, gardener to W. Annand, Esq., Belmont; 2. Mr.
David Gairns, gardener to J. Mitchell Nicholson, Esq., of Glenbervie. Potatoes. Kidney (grown
in the open ground): 1. Mr. Robert Davidson, Elmfield ; 2. Mr. Thomas Milne, in consequence of
Mr. William Lawson, gardener to Major Fisher, Devanha, and Mr. George Hardie, gardener to
Sir Robert Burnett, Crathes, not being present to answer questions by the judges. Both their
potatoes were better than Mr. Milne’s. Melon: 1. Golden Rock, Mr. William Wales, gardener
to Colonel Duff, Fetteresso ; 2. Reeve’s Rock Cantaloup, Mr. Peter Archibald, gardener to W.
Moir, Esq., of Park. Cucumbers: 1. White Turkey, Mr, David Gairns; 2. Halley’s Long Green,
Mr. John Davidson, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Kennedy, Dunottar.

Extya-Prizes. 1. A splendid bouquet, containing, among other things, Lupinus polypbyllus,
Mimulus moschatus, M. luteus var. rivularis, Verbtna pulchélla, V. Melindres, new Geraniums
and Calceolarias, Mr. William Davidson, jun. ; 2. Six new Ranunculuses, imported last autumn
from Rome : two of them were uncommonly large, and the whole were beautiful.

The best Ranunculuses, Anemones, and Peas, and the second best Cucumbers, were brought for-
ward by Mr. Wm. Jack, gardener to J. Cruickshank, Esq., of Langley Park, but a little too late to
enjoy the benefit of competition. Owing to the late very unfavourable weather, there was rather
a paucity of flowers, and there was only one specimen of strawberries (the Rose), which was sent
from the garden of Mr. Alexander Aitken, Upper Strawberry Bank; there were also offered for
competition, other three specimens of peas, viz. from Mr. Duncan Cadenhead, Strawberry Bank ;
from the garden at Aboyne Castle; and from the garden at Murtle; but the judges did not think
any of them worthy of being placed on the prize table. A mushroom, rather uncommon in this
quarter, and somewhat curious, was sent from the garden at Murtle ; it is produced from the
mushroom-stone, a specimen of which was handed to the Society. The Society’s large silver me-
dal was awarded to Mr.sThomas Milne, for his productions at this competition, and small medals to
the persons having the other first articles. Garden Duff, Esq., of Hatton, and William M‘Combie,
Esq., of Easter Skene, were elected members of the Society. i (Aberdeen Journal, June 30.)

July 14. The Fourth Competition took place in the New Inn, when medals

and premiums were awarded to the following competitors : —
. Mr. John Davidson, gardener, Dunottar, medal for first Pinks, first Cherries (the May Duke),
third Pinks, third Melon (Pinky House, green-fleshed), third Strawberries (Keen’s Sesdiin gay?
third preserved Apples (Golden Reinettes and Nonpareils). Mr. William Smith, gardener to James
Hadden, Esq., Grandholm Cottage, the small medal, for first red, white, and black Currants, first
and second preserved Apples (the Oaken Pine). Small medals were also awarded to Mr. Alexan-
der Malcolm, gardener, Damside, for the first and second seedling Carnations, second and third
Gooseberries (the White Bear and the Early Yellow), and second Strawberries (own Aberdeen
Seedling). To Mr. David Taylor, gardener to William Annand, Esq., Belmont, for six seedling
Pinks, and second Cauliflower. To Mr. David Gairns, gardener to J. M. Nicholson, Esq., Glen-
bervie, for the first and second seedling Double Roses (the first flowers), and the third best six
Irises. To Mr. James Cruickshank, gardener, Cotton, for the first twelve Stage Carnations. To
Alexander Bell, Esq., for the best six Irises. To Mr. James Alexander, gardener to John
Thorburn,’ Esq., of Murtle, for the best twelve Double Roses. To Mr. Robert Burnett, gardener
to George Forbes, Esq., Springhill, for the best melon (the Netted Green-flesh). To Peter
Cheyne, Esq., Loch Head, for the best Gooseberries (the Pheenix), and the third best Double
Roses. To Mr. William Lawson, gardener to Basil Fisher, Esq., Devanha, for the best three
heads of Cauliflower. To Mr. Duncan Cadenhead, Strawberry Bank, for the best Strawberries,
(the Rose). To Mr. William Davidson, jun., an extra-medal for six beautiful Double Georginas.
Mr. Davidson had also the second best six Irises.

The other successful competitors were: Mr. P. Archibald, gardener to W. Moir, Esq., of Park,
the second Melon (the Windsor Prize), the second Cherries ( the Whiteheart), and the second
red, white, and black Currants. Mr.’ Thomas Milne, Sunnyside, the second best Stage Carnations
and Pinks. Mr. William Fraser, Ferryhill, the second best Double Roses. Mr. D. Smith, gar-
dener to the Right Hon. the Earl of Aboyne, Aboyne Castle, the third red, white, and black
Currants. Mr. George Johnston, gardener to the Right Hon. the Earl of Aberdeen, Haddo
House, the third best Cherries (the May Duke). Mr. J. I. Massie, the fourth best six Irises.

The London Horticultural Society’s large silver medal was delivered to Mr. D. Gairns, gar-
dener to James Mitchell Nicholson, Esq., of Glenbervie, he being the most successful competitor
at this Society during the season 1829.

Mr. Adams, schoolmaster at Banchory, sent a basket of seedling Irises for the extra-prize, but
omitted to give any open detailed account of them ; they. not being of the-very first quality were
laid aside. - It, however, came afterwards to the knowledge of the Meeting that they were seed-
lings, and the thanks of the Society were in consequence voted to Mr. Adams.

The tables were decorated with a superb basket of flowers, brought by Mr. W. Anderson, gar-
dener to D. Young, Esq., of Cornhill. This collection consisted of the dcacia decirrens, Cob‘
scandens, Passifldra ceertileo-racemdsa, Cactus specidsa, Gladiolus cardinalis, Mimulus moschatus,
Calceolaria integrifdlia, Ph¥salis peruviana (an excellent fruit), and about forty others, including
the Symphytum aspérrimum, a plant well deserving the attention of the agriculturist, &c. Xe.
Mr. Walker also had a splendid basket of Irises, Ranunculuses, and Anemones; and Mr. William
Davidson, jun. had several new flowers in pots. (Aberdeen Journal, July 21.)

Art. X. Obituary.

Diep ‘at Harlow, Essex, on the 25th of July, in the eighteenth year of
his age, William, eldest son of Daniel French, who has been many years
gardener to W. H. Dobson, Esq., of the same place. This amiable and

640 Obituary.

promising young man met his death in a very melancholy manner : — He had
long been upon terms of intimate friendship with a neighbouring youth, eldest.
son of Mr. Winch, a respectable master-bricklayer ; and on the evening pre-
ceding the fatal event, Winch, having been employed in taking up a copper,
and being obliged to go out with his father’s cart on business before he had
time to clean himself, proposed to young French, who had accompanied him
for a ride, after he came from work, to go to the river to bathe on the fol-
lowing morning. Accordingly, after breakfast, the other children being gone
to the national school, French held a very interesting conversation with his
father for a considerable time, and then left the house, without saying wuere
he was going, his father going up stairs to dress himself at the same time.
The subject of this memoir and his friend went together to a bathing-place,
three miles off; below Latton mill, where, it appears, they met with a dis-
-agreeable party, in consequence of which they left the place, and went about
two miles higher up, to Harlow marsh, where, ignorant of its depth, they
selected as the most private spot that which afterwards proved so fatal.
The river at this place flows over spongy ground, and forms a hole of an
oval shape, 15 ft. deep. Plunging in at once, it is supposed that Winch
lost his ground, and that French, who could swim, making to his assist-
ance, caught fast hold of him, and both went down together, most pro-
bably never rising again, as French was found with Winch fast clinging
to him. Thus died this amiable and respected youth, in the act of attempt-
ing to save the life of his friend. He had been nearly five years at the
nursery of Messrs. Rivers, highly respectable nurserymen of Sawbridge-
worth, Herts; and was lately removed and placed under Mr. Terrence, gar- ‘
dener and steward to Selwin, Esq., of Down Hall, Essex. He was
strictly honest ; and so prudent that any thing might be confided to him.
His temperance and industry were remarkable; and his frugality was such,
that he would not lay out a penny for any thing that was not necessary.
His quietness and orderly habits are borne testimony to by his late worthy
employer; the constant neatness and cleanliness of his person and dress
won the admiration of the neighbourhood ; and so moral was his conduct,
that an obscene word was never known to escape his lips. His counte-
nance bore the stamp of manly innocence, and his look and gait indicated
study. He was rapidly improving in his profession, and pursuing the
course which his father had always endeavoured to impress upon him.
That father, therefore, saw and indulged the pleasing hope of his son’s
future advancement in life; but the flower is cut off in the bud ; and were
it not for the consoling reflection that his short life on earth was well
spent, and that he is thus early removed to a brighter region, where sorrow
is known no more, his afflicted parents would be inconsolable. Such is the
brief outline of the character of this humble gardener lad, of whom it may
be said, not only to the young gardener, but to the general reader, “ Go thou
and do likewise.’ — J. S. Harlow, August 30.

Mr, Rigg, a nurseryman at York, with his whole family, consisting of
Ann Guthrie Rigg, the eldest daughter, in her 20th year; Thomas Gar-
wood Rigg, the eldest son, aged 18; John Rigg, the second son, aged 16 ;
Eliza Rigg, the second daughter, in her 16th year; James Smith Rigg,
aged 7; and Charles Rigg, aged 6; with Miss Grace Robinson, of Ayton,
near Scarborough, about 18, who was on a visit at Mr. Rigg’s, all perished
in the Ouse, while sailing down that river, in a small boat, on the 19th of
August last. The verdict of a coroner’s jury was: — “ We find that the
deceased were all accidentally drowned, and lay a deodand of 21/. on the
vessel.” (Times.)

THE
GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,
DECEMBER, 1830.

PART I.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during « Tour through Part
of France and Germany, in the Autumn of the Year 1828. By
the ConpucToR.

{Continued from p. 531.)

Tue Gardens of the Luxembourg resemble in general character
those of the Tuilleries; but near the palace they are, perhaps,
more ornamented with statues, and with basins of water. A
defect which strikes a stranger, at first sight, is, the ascent
from the platform in front of the palace to the central avenue.
This ascent is much too near for dignity of effect. Had it been
considerably greater it would have had a character of its own,
and might have proved a feature of interest : as it is, it militates
against the idea of freedom of choice as to situation, or of
liberty to extend operations on every side; and, consequently,
against general grandeur of expression. ‘The avenue is long
and flat, and its termination is bad, — a common-place obsery-
_atory tower in the horizon, backed by the sky. Notwith-
standing these disadvantages, the groves, or bosquets as they
are called, are good of their kind, and constitute great luxuries
in the midst of a crowded populous city, ‘Trees, indeed,
never come amiss, provided they are healthy, and they redeem
_in France, as in England, many of the deformities of artificial
landscape. To sit down in the interior of one of these groves ;
-to look through the multitude of trunks of trees, which inter-
“vene between the eye and the distant crowds in the open parts
Vou. VI. — No. 29. fa Pigs: a att

642 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

of the garden ; and to hear, at the same time, the faint mur-
murs of the thousands of human voices, occupied, we may
suppose, with as many different topics, constitute to us the
greatest enjoyment afforded by these gardens.

The Garden of the Palais Royal, once called the Garden of
the Revolution*, deserves to be mentioned for the beautiful
verdure of the turf, maintained by nightly waterings during the
summer season. We were very curious to ascertain, if pos-
sible, what species of grass succeeded so well with this treat-
ment; because a grassy surface similarly treated at Caserta,
near Naples, was, when we saw it in 1819, comparatively
coarse and tufty. We could not determine this exactly, but
we think the species were chiefly Zolium perénne, and Poa
trivialis and annua.

Nothing could be easier than to cover the whole of this
garden, from colonnade to colonnade, with a glass roof, which
might be opened and shut instantaneously by machinery, on
the principle which we have elsewhere suggested. (Lincyc. of
Gard., § 1610. and 6179.) The soil and the atmosphere
within might be heated by hot water, or by steam; and the
area laid out as a Sicilian, Andalusian, or tropical garden.
Orange trees planted in the ground would, so treated, thrive
as well here as they do at Auteuil, at the villa of M. Ter-
neaux ; and palms as well as they do in the south of Spain.
Before this plan is pronounced to be either difficult, ex-
pensive, or impracticable, we must request the reader to
examine what we have written on the subject of hot-houses.
He will find that by having the glass roof in small copper or
iron sashes, glazed with small panes, and balanced on pivots,
the whole of the sashes might, by a sympathetic movement,
be opened to the perpendicular to admit a shower of rain, or
to any smaller angle, to admit air, or the direct rays of the
sun, with as much ease as common Venetian window-blinds.
The surrounding sides of this garden being already erected
would considerably lessen the expense, which, independently
of the gardening required, would be little more than that of
the roof and of some scores of cast-iron columns, varying in
height from those of the surrounding colonnade, to the eleva-
tion deemed requisite for the central part of the garden; say,
100 ft. These columns need not contain much metal, and
may be cased in a frame of wire-work, to be covered with

* Les Préjugés détruits. Par J. M. Lequinio, Membre de la Convention
Nationale de France, et Citoyen du Globe. A Paris; chez Desenne et
Debray, Libraires, au Jardin de la Revolution, ci-devant le Palais Royal.
1792. This work, we understand, is in the course of translation, for a
newly projected Library of Useful Knowledge.

Garden of the Palais Royal. =—S—S=«~HAG

climbers, as in the botanic conservatory at Syon.* We will
not indulge in imagining what might be done in laying out
and planting the garden, thus enclosed ; which, when finished,
we would, of course, have open to all the world, as the Palais
Royal is at present. It should be properly lighted with gas,
enlivened by fountains, and peopled with exotic birds and
insects, kept from escape (when the windows were opened) by
wire netting thrown over the roof, and by double doors at the
different entrances. On the occasion of great national fétes,
bands of music might be introduced; and at all times there
might be demonstrators of botany and natural history, serving
also as curators to answer scientifically the enquiries of the
curious. Every plant and tree might have its name and
other particulars affixed, as in the garden of the Horticultural
Society. The shops in the Palais Royal would remain, and
business would be transacted in them as at present. All the
difference would be that the temperature would be milder.
‘The birds and insects would shun the crowd in the colonnade,
and keep to the centre of the garden, as being the part the
most umbrageous and retired.

The present head of the French government being, as a pri-
vate individual, immensely rich, he might form such a garden
and present it to the people, on whom it certainly would not
be lost. ‘We should be proud to assist (gratis of course) in
forming the plan. The time is not yet come for the people to
form such a garden for themselves: but, as exotic scenes of
this kind must in all countries, by all people who have en-
joyed them, be felt as a great luxury; and as whatever is
ardently desired by a whole people is certain of being ob-
tained; such gardens will, we have no doubt, be eventually
found in all the great cities in the world. We have seen the
attempts of Catharine and Potemkin, which were certainly
nothing to what may now be done, but still something, rela-
tively to the times in which they were produced. ‘Tropical
gardens will be formed in the capitals of the kingdoms of the
temperate and frigid zones; and temperate and frigid gardens
in the torrid zone. New and easy methods of abstracting heat
from air, water, and earth will, by and by, render it as easy to
produce the latter, as it is now to construct the former. ‘The
idea, at least, is in perfect accordance with the progress of
improvement; which consists, first, in creating enjoyments of

* A plan and description of the above conservatory will, we hope, soon
appear in this Magazine, with the approbation of His Excellency the Duke
of Northumberland; and the same plan, including all the details of the
stove apparatus, will also appear on a large scale in an early Part of //us-
érations of Landscape-Gardening and Garden Architecture,

rr 2

644 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

different kinds in different countries, according to the rude
materials afforded in them by nature; and next in equalising
enjoyments, by bringing those of differ ent countries to bear on
the indigenous enjoyments of any one and of every country.

The progress which has been made towards this result is
greater than may at first sight appear. In two or three spots
on the globe, industry thes obtained the richest fruits from
crabs, alge. and other wildings; and these have been distri-
buted wherever man is civilised. The most useful grains
and edible roots may be said to be in universal cultivation:
The orange and the pine-apple are eaten in every capital in
the world; wine, ice, sugar, tea, and coffee are also common
every sihewe. ne enlightened application of the power of
steam will in a very few years equalise, all over the globe,
every human enjoyment which is portable; and man will then
visit man in every clime, with greater ease and comfort than, |
a century ago, he could have taken a journey of fifty miles in
the most civilised country in Europe. The tendency of every
thing in human affairs is to advance, and, in advancing, to
appr roach nearer and nearer to a level. This level will never
be attained ; because, like still water, it would be inconsistent
with that motion and progress which belong to the consti+
tution of human society; but, nevertheless, it is nature’s beau
idéal. All possible enjoyments will never be common to all;

but to all they will be open, according to their different capa-
cities for attaining them.

The Boulevards, outer and inner, as nablie promenades,
may be included under our present division of the subject.
They act to a great city like breathing zones (Vol. V. p. 686.),
and, as promenades, are great sources of enjoyment. ‘The
trees consist almost entirely of the small-leaved elm: a great
many of them were, during the July Revolution, cut down;
and, we doubt not, others will be planted in their stead
about the time when this Magazine reaches Paris.

We cannot help earnestly wishing that they may be
planted in a manner suitable to the progress of the age; and
that, instead of monotonous lines of elms, there may be a
representative system of all the vigorous-growing timber
trees which would flourish in the open air in the latitude of
Paris. On looking over the ‘ Diagram for the Composition
of Arboretums in anes along the Margins of Walks,” in our
Illustrations of Landscape- Gar dening, Part I. Plate 2., we find
‘that the number of these, exclusively of the pine and fir tribes
(which tribes we do not think would find, under the streets of
Paris, a suitable medium for their surface-growing and wide-
spreading roots), amounts to nearly 300 species and varieties.

the Boulevards. ay 645

Of Messrs. Loddiges’s specimens of all of these we have lately
had portraits taken for ourforthcoming Arboretum Britannicum :
none of them are under 15 ft. high, | and few of them above
30 ft.; the ultimate heights they will attain are from 30 ft. to
100. If Messrs. Loddiges would part with these trees, they
would be exactly, both as species and individuals, what would
suit the Boulevards. We would plant three of each species
adjoining each other; and we would place a label on one of
them, with its name, native countr y, year of planting, and the
other usual scientific and popular particulars. ‘The general
forms of these trees at all seasons; their ramifications and
spray in winter; their budding, and the different tints of their
foliage in spring; their different shades of ereen during
summer ; and Aine powerfully marked autumnal hues, would
delight the Parisians and spread a general taste throughout
France for exotic trees. ‘There are about 150 hardy climber Sy
exclusively of climbing roses, which might run up the stems of
the more hardy species; and all Those. trees whose autumnal
tints were not conspicuously beautiful, might be enlivened by
the deep purple red of the Ampelopsis quinquefolia, or the .
claret grape.

The success of trees planted in such a situation as that of
the Boulevards, the species bemg properly chosen, depends
almost entirely on the quality of “the soil, its quantity, distri-
bution as to depth and to the supply of moisture, and more
especially on guarding against the evils of superincumbent
pressure. The last point is by far the most difficult to manage.
The pressure under the carriage pavement we shall not attempt
to get rid of; because, if the pressure on the footway be pro-
perly provided against, a stratum under it of proper soil,
3 or 4 ft. in depth, will insure the vigorous growth of the
trees till they attain a mature size, and strength sufficient to
force their roots into the surrounding strata. ‘The modes of
lessening the superincumbent pressure on the soil under the
footway are three : — First, by vaulting; filling the vaults with
the proper soil, preserving vertical and lateral communications
for the introduction of water from the gutter between the path-
way and the roadway, and forming a footpath of gravel, or
other suitable material, over the vaults. Secondly, by building
up piers from the bottom of the stratum of prepared soil to
the surface, and on these piers resting flag-stones to form the _
footpath; provision for the entrance of water beme made as
before, along the side next the roadway. Thirdly, by mixing
the prepared soil with chips of wocd and fragments of com-
pressed manure, which will decay and leave interstices for the
roots; and with gravel and the rubbish of old buildings, , in

ae tan Bh

646 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

vertical or oblique strata, which will keep the soil open for
the free reception of water, and thus assist the roots in pene-
trating the soil, in this case unavoidably more compressed than
in the two others. Over this last preparation the footway may
be formed of flag-stones, causewayed, or laid with gravel or
any other suitable material. When the roots of trees must
unavoidably depend for their nourishment on a prepared
stratum, laid under a Macadamised or causewayed street, the
last mode of preparation is the most suitable for general adop-
tion ; and, indeed, it is that which will answer perfectly well
for footways unless in extraordinary cases.

The Champs Elysées, and the Parisian Guinguettes or Tea-
Gardens. Having paid little attention to these public pro-
menades and places of amusement ourselves, we prefer giving
what has been furnished to us by a coadjutor who has lived in
Paris several years, and has seen them at various seasons.

The Champs Elysées is rather a wood, than either gardens
or fields, as its name might seem to import; and it partakes
of the mingled characteristics of our Hyde Park and Ken-
sington Gardens. It is invaluable to the Parisians, not only
as affording scope for walking and riding, but also as being
a general place of public resort like the Boulevards, where
the people can enjoy the gaiety of the scene around them, or
amuse themselves by chatting with their friends, while sitting
en movable wooden chairs, which they hire for about a half-
penny each, It is reckoned fashionable to employ as many of
these chairs as possible; and it is curious to observe the inge-
nuity with which a Parisian dandy contrives to occupy four or
five. He sits upon one, rests his feet upon another, his hat is
placed upon a third, and his two arms are supported by the
fourth and fifth. Of course a sous is paid for each chair; and
the gentility of a Parisian beau may thus be established for
the trifling sum of twopence English, which is about the dif-
ference of the price between the accommodation which he
does and that which he does not want. Ridiculous as this
may seem, it is but an example, ona small scale, of the feelings
created by the present state of society ; for the chief distinction
between a very rich man and one in moderate circumstances
is, that the former has it in his power to purchase useless
luxuries, while the latter is obliged to confine himself to such
things as he really wants. The graver portion of the male
loungers in the Champs Elysées read the newspapers, which
are supplied at the moderate charge of a sous each, by per-
sons stationed there for that purpose; and the ladies seat
themselves in little groups, criticising the dress of the passers
by, or listening to their attending beaux. ‘Taken altogether,

the Champs Elysées. 647

the scene is uncommonly lively and brilliant: the ladies sitting
under the trees are generally gaily dressed, with all those
varieties of colour and redundancy of ornaments which usually
characterise the Parisian belles; the centre road is filled with
equestrians and carriages ; and a number of flower-girls, and
itmerant venders of eau de groseille (currant water) and the
thin wafer-like cakes called les plaisirs des dames, are walking
up and down, endeavouring to sell their respective wares, and
dividing the public attention with intelligent dogs and monkeys,
and yarious musical performers, some of whom are really very
far beyond mediocrity. ‘The great avenue of the Champs
Elysées is very fine, being terminated at one end by the Bar-
riére de Neuilly, sometimes called the Barriére de I’ Etoile, a
grand triumphal arch, which has a magnificent effect when
seen at a distance; and on the other by the Place Louis
Quinze, with its four pedestals, surmounted by fine statues of
horses, beyond which are seen the palace and gardens of the
Tuilleries.

The Champs Elysées was always the principal scene of
the festivities which took place under the reign of the elder
branch of the Bourbons on all great occasions of national re-
joicings. ‘The most remarkable of these were those celebrated
on the birthdays of the kings Louis XVIII. and Charles X. ;
on which occasions the Champs Elysées used to resemble
a great fair, with swings, roundabouts, rocking ships, con-
jurers, and puppet-shows, calculated, as we should suppose in
England, only to amuse children. The most striking feature
of these days of festivity was, however, the distribution of
sausages, bread, and wine to the populace, by the royal family
in person. For this purpose booths were erected, in which
the different members of the royal family and the nobles of
the court were assembled, to throw the sausages (they being
first carefully wrapped in paper, to prevent them from soiling
the gloves of the ladies) and pieces of bread to the people,
who scrambled for them like dogs fighting for a bone; the
chief amusement of the august personages present being derived.
from the struggles and awkward efforts of the candidates, each
trying to get as much as possible for himself. The wine (the
common red Bourdeaux) was distributed by proper attendants,
from large barrels placed in front of the booths; and the
people, from their frequent falls and tumbles over one another,
to get each a fitting share, became soon besmeared with it:
and this, joined to the grease and dust they had acquired by
their struggles for the sausages, made them look more like
demons than men, and occasioned frequent bursts of laughter

7D, As

648 Notes and Reflections during a Tour.

from the royal booths. Perhaps one cause of the fatal contempé
in which Charles seems to have held his subjects, may have
arisen from the repetition of these brutalising scenes; as, from
the general seclusion of his habits, he saw but little of any other
portion of the Parisians than these pol/ssons, who may be con~
sidered the very lowest dregs of the people: and persons are
generally apt to draw deductions solely from what they see,
forgetting how wrong it is to judge of a whole from detached
parts. It is thus very possible that the ideas which Charles
acquired of the working classes in France, from the annual
disgusting exhibitions of the Champs Elysées, should, together
with the influence exercised over him by the priests, have led
to his extraordinary infatuation. ‘That the Catholic: priests
should wish to keep the people in slavery is not surprising,
because freedom of opinion in politics might be natarally
expected to lead: to freedom of opinion in religion; and that
Charles’s bigoted notions should have made him easily yield
to their wishes is also not to be wondered at: but, had he not
been deceived in his ideas of the real character of the people
over whom he ruled, he would not have dared to attempt to
treat them as he did. Happily the days of ignorance and
slavery are both rapidly passing from the earth; and the time
is coming when kings will find it necessary to study the dis-
positions and inclinations of their subjects, and when their
subjects will have become so virtuous and enlightened as to
be well worthy of such consideration.

Tivoli is the most fashionable and best frequented of the
public gardens of festivity in Paris, and may be called the —
Parisian Vauxhall. It is, however, very inferior to the Vaux-
hall of London, both in extent and variety. ‘The principal
attraction used formerly to be the Montagnes Russes ; the
amusement of which consisted in sliding in a car down an
inclined plane with great velocity. The other diversions in-
clude bands of music, minor theatres, puppet-shows, and
charlatans, the evenings generally concluding with a display
of magnificent fireworks. ‘The company are accommodated
with ices and other refreshments, of which they partake sitting
in alcoves, or on chairs among the trees.

The Gardens of Beaiyeu, and others of similar description to
Tivoli, differ so slightly as to seem undeserving of particular
description. 2

The Guinguettes are public gardens of festivity for the lower
orders: they are chiefly in or near the Fauxbourgs St. An-
toine and St. Denis, and on the Mont Rouge side of Paris.
‘They are, generally, neatly kept gardens, with little cabinets,
or alcoves, within thickets of young elms. ‘These alcoves are

Description of Harewood House and Grounds. 649

usually complete bowers cut in the trees, the leaves forming
the only covering ; and the people, while taking refreshments,
sit at little tables placed in each, as in tea-gardens of an inferior
description in England. Over the open entrances to the
alcoves are stretched wires, from which are suspended the
numbers of the different tables; and behind the whole is
generally a saloon appropriated to dancing, in which is a very
tolerable band of music.

The Salles de Mars and de Flore, in the Champs Elysées,
are also dancing rooms, with bands of music, for the lower
orders ; the visitors being generally inferior servants, laun-
dresses, flower girls, common soldiers, &c. The decorum and
excellent order preserved in these places are truly astonishing ;
as is the air of refinement which pervades the whole. Very
little wine is drunk, but ices and cakes are taken abundantly ;
and the girls, with large baskets of bouquets of flowers, who
stand in different parts of the saloon, seem to find a ready
market for their nosegays. The saloons are circular, and the
place for dancing is surrounded by pillars, which support the
roof; the space between the walls and the pillars being occu-
pied by lookers-on. ‘The gardens belonging to these saloons
are laid out like those belonging to the guinguettes on the other
side of Paris. —J. W. L.

(To be continued.)

Art. II. Description of Harewood House, and its Gardens and
Grounds. By Oytrws.

Harewoop House is nearly a mile from the beautiful
village of that name, and is a noble specimen of architecture,
of the Corinthian order. On the wings of the building of the
north or carriage front are four beautiful medallions, repre-
senting Liberty, Britannia, Agriculture, and Commerce. ‘The
rooms are universally admired for the taste and splendour of
their decorations ; the entrance hall is spacious and noble; the
panels on the walls adorned with trophies of war; and in niches
are beautiful bronzed statues of Euterpe, Minerva, Iris, Flora,
&c. The library is a very splendid room; the coved ceiling
is highly ornamental, and very rich; it is supported by pilas-
ters with Corinthian capitals: there is an excellent collection
of books, well arranged, and busts of Newton, Machiavel,
Dante, Petrarch, &c. The saloon is most elegant; the furni-
ture green and gold. The chimney-piece, of white marble, by
Vanguelder, is ‘exquisite; over this, admirably executed’ in

650 Description of Harewood House, 3

bronze, is a representation of some drunken and heathenish
rite, the subject of which, as I did not care to remember,
escaped me before I was out of the mansion. A fine portico,
at the south front of the house, communicates with this room.
The gallery extends across the west end of the house, and is
77 ft. long. The French plate looking-glasses are immense.
The superb chimney-piece, supported by two bewitching
figures of nymphs, is a chef @cuvre. 'The chandeliers, tripods,
busts, &c., are all in the first style of excellence. The ceiling
is of stucco work, and adorned with subjects from that endless
labyrinth of fiction the Heathen mythology, admirably painted
by Rebecca. ‘The music room is very handsome ; the ceiling
is divided into compartments by cornices elegantly carved, and
the floor is covered with a rich carpet to correspond with it.
The white drawing-room, the yellow drawing-room, the couch-
room, the dining-room, and others, are all splendour and ele-
gance. ‘The best staircase is admirable ; the walls decorated
with paintings of the Birth of Venus, the Triumph of Bacchus,
&c. Itstruck me as singular that scenes of drunkenness should
so frequently be depicted on the walls of this mansion, to the
exclusion of historical pictures, of which there are none of any
note. ‘The muniment (archive) room on the ground floor,
the kitchens, still-rooms, &c., are all complete in their kind.
Water is conveyed to the house by upwards of 2500 yards
of lead pipes, from a spring sufficiently high to raise it to the
most lofty rooms of the building.

The park is finely wooded, and contains about 1800 acres.
The pleasure-grounds were laid out by the celebrated Launcelot
Brown, Esq. (or, as he was in his lifetime often called, ‘Ca-
pability * Brown’’), and have subsequently been altered and
improved by Repton, and other eminent artists in landscape-
gardening.+ ‘They are now considered to rank among the
first in England; and indeed their variety and grandeur are
very striking, especially when it is considered that, unlike
Hafod, Dunkeld, and Mount Edgecumbe, nature has done
little to add to their beauty.

The kitchen and fruit gardens are of an irregular form, and
contain about 8 acres: they lie on a very gentle slope towards

* Some persons say that this prenomen arose from a frequent remark of
Brown’s, when viewing any grounds which he thought might be improved,
that “ the place had its capabilities:”’ others consider the term as a title
complimentary of his superior talents in his profession.

In the first Lord Harewood’s time, R. A. Salisbury, Esq. (who then
resided at Chapel Allerton, where he had an immense green-house), was a
frequent guest at His Lordship’s table, and many important alterations are .
said to have been made in the grounds from his designs.

and its Gardens and Grounds. 651

the south, and are sheltered from the north by a large wood
of fine oaks, beeches, &c. The walls (brick) which surround
them are 15 ft. high. ‘There is a very fine cross wall, with
aspect south by east, appropriated entirely to peaches and
nectarines; the crop of fruitin some seasons is immense: at
present some of the trees seem to be stunted in their growth,
and want renewing. A very large and beautiful mulberry tree,
trained within the very obtuse angle of a wall with the greatest
symmetry, bears abundant crops of fruit. The range of forcing
pits, for asparagus and culinary fruits, as cucumbers, capsi-
cums, &c. is very commodious, and on a very extensive scale.

The forcing department for fruit consists of a vinery, with
the glass-work at a very great angle ; the forcing commencing
when the sun’s meridian altitude is at the lowest. The vines
are, of course, trained to light open trellising, a little detached
from the wall and flues. Adjoining, in the same range, is
another vinery for the latest crop of grapes, to succeed the
general crop in the pine-houses. ‘There are four considerable
houses for the forcing of peaches, nectarines, and figs : the trees
introduced are both trained and standards; the latter are in
very large pots, and are exceedingly fruitful. Slight hotbeds
of decayed leaves are made in the front of the houses, on which
the pots are placed. Abundance of fine mushrooms are grown
on the beds, The “ old stove,” as it is called, a large house,
exhibits a fine assemblage of pines, of the best varieties. A
muscat grape fills all the rafters in the house, and bears abund-
antly ; the bunches, thinned to six or seven on each rafter, very
large and well grown. In this stove are many rare plants :
the plantain (Musa sapiéntum), allspice (Piménta officinalis),
silk cotton tree (Bombax heptaphyllum), striped-leaved arrow
root* (Maranta zebrina, or Calathea zebrina of Loudon’s
Hort. Brit.), and other tropical plants, are cultivated with great
success. ‘The limodorums (Tankerville and hyacinthznum),
very large and strong plants. Gloriosa supérba, very ram-
pant, with the largest flowers I have ever seen. Nérium

* Perhaps I may be pardoned for here mentioning that of the beautiful
order Scitaminez the stoves of John Smith, Esq., of Hungate, in the city
of York, afford many fine specimens, grown and managed in a superior man-
ner. Mr. Smith is entirely blind; he is, nevertheless, an ardent admirer of
plants, and an assiduous collector, which may be thought a singular pursuit
for a person under so pitiable a bereavement. The precision and quick-
ness of his touch in recognising plants in other collections than his own, are
altogether surprising; and his knowledge of botany and floriculture is no
less gratifying to the gardener or amateur, than his urbanity and kindness
in showing his collection of rarities. I regret to hear that Mr. Smith’s
health is seriously impaired, attributed to his unceasing attention to his
favourite pursuit in his stoves and green-house.

652) Description of Harewood House and Grounds.

spléndens, very tall and graceful plants, with amazing clusters
of flowers. The “new stove” is 100 ft. long, 30 ft. broad, and
15ft. high. It is used principally as apine-house, buthas, more-
over, abundance of grapes. There are in it two very fine plants.
of the granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis), which for a long
period have annually ripened in the greatest perfection plenty
of well grown fruit.* In this house I observed a number of
pots of the Trevirana coccinea, of very fine growth, and covered
with the greatest profusion of flowers. There is only one
plant in a pot, by which mode of culture they are grown more
strong and bushy than when several stems are suffered to rise ;
they seem to have much heat given them, being placed near
the back flue. The “ Calcutta house,” built purposely for
pines, is 80 ft. long, the back wall little more than 8 ft. high,
the lights at a very small horizontal angle, and nothing trained
within the sashes; so that the summer’s sun has greater effect
on the temperature of the house than where the inclination of.
the glass is greater, and the light and heat of its rays obstructed
by the foliage of vines. The pines in this house are of the
finest growth and beauty. The conservatory is but small ; it
contains a very fine and wide-spreading heliotrope (Heliotro-
pium peruvidnum) trained to a trellis, choice varieties of
Ipomoea, J’xia, and other herbaceous plants. ‘he green-house
is a very light, airy, and handsome structure, upwards of 70 ft.
long, well stocked with the best pelargoniums, orange and
lemon trees, Australian and Cape plants; several fine varieties of
Alstroeméria, capitally grown, larger and more luxuriant than
any I have seen ; a fine collection of cockscombs of the greatest

* In the Hort. Trans. may be found a paper on the cultivation of this fruit,
which was written by Mr. Robert Chapman, who was then the able and in-
telligent gardener at Harewood. Mr. Chapman is a native of Scotland,
and, I believe, in early life worked under Aiton; he was upwards of forty
years in the only situation as head-gardener which he ever held: a more
upright and industrious man never entered His Lordship’s service. In the
rigours of winter, the heats of summer, early or late, call when you might.
at the gardens, there was this sedulous man to be found, always at some-
employment: neat, clean, and respectable in his person and dress; affable
and cheerful in his demeanour. He retired from Lord Harewood’s service
about three years ago, and now lives, as he ought, in comfortable retire-
ment, free from all fears of the “ res angusta domi” [poverty], having re-
ceived from the hands of his noble master a handsome piece of plate, of
the value of 50/., as a token of the respect and estimation in which he was
held, as a skilful, industrious, and upright servant ; a memento, certainly,
not the less honourable for Mr. Chapman to have deserved, than for His
Lordship to bestow. There are, in many parts of England, nurserymen:
and gentlemen’s gardeners who have had the advantage of Mr. Chapman’s
instructions, and the benefit of his example; and who, if this note should
fall under the observation of any of them, will be pleased to hear of the
honourable exit from their fraternity of an intelligent and honest man...

On several Gardens in England and Scotland. 653,

beauty, and surprisingly uniform in height and size. The
tree carnation, trained upon little trellised poles, 7 to 8 ft.
high, is very ornamental, and has a fine appearance. There
is a small shrub, of straggling growth, in a shallow rectangular
pot of white and blue porcelam, supposed to be some variety
of tea, but, as it has never flowered, its species has not been
ascertained ; it is said to have been in its present domicile
from 20 to 30 years: the leaves appear much like those of the
poplar-leaved birch (Bétula populifolia), At the entrance of
the gardens there is a neat and commodious building, with
apartments for the foremen; and business, seed, and fruit rooms.
The number of gardeners and assistants averages 15 or 16;
they have constant wages, beg employed in severe weather
in the winter season (when out-door operations are impeded)
in making nets for wall trees, grinding tools, making brooms
for sweeping lawns and walks, cleaning and sponging the
leaves of hot-house plants, &c. ‘There are two spacious flower-
gardens adjoining the mansion, one at each end. That to the
east is very much shaded by large trees; the rosariums in it
are very beautiful and well managed, and there are some ad-
mirable weeping ashes: also a small conservatory, with a few
ornamental plants, chairs and seats, &c. and delightful arbours
and summer houses. ‘The new flower-garden to the west of
the house is, I think, capable of much improvement in the
arrangement of its walks, flower clumps, &c., not being com-
mensurate with the magnificence of the house and other parts
of the grounds. It was, I believe, laid out about 12 years
ago by a country nurseryman, whose experience in landscape-
gardening I should think has been very limited, or his know-
ledge and taste very defective; there are, however, abundance
of fine herbaceous plants, and many luxuriant exotic shrubs,
a fountain, &c.

The whole of the gardens, pleasure-grounds, and park are
kept in the highest order. The name of the present gardener,
I believe, is Laurel, a very well educated and highly respect-
able man, and, it is needless to add, master of his profession.

Yorkshire, Oct. 7. 1830. ONTQS.

Art. III. A few Observations made on visiting several Public and
Private Gardens, &c., in England and Scotland, during the Sum-
mer of 1830. By Mr. W. SAUNDERS.

FroGNnazs, the seat of Lord Sidney, near Bromley, Kent;
June 9,—A place much noted for growing superior crops of

654 ‘Observations on several Gardens

fies, chiefly a white fig, known in Mr. Lee’s nursery as the
“© White Sidney Vig,” and. introduced some years ago by a
member of that noble family. It is an exceedingly rich juicy
fruit. The fig trees are planted against the walls, at about the
distance of 12 ft.; the border is entirely appropriated to them,
across which they are trained, in the manner of espaliers, at
the distance of 5 or 6 ft., at the same time keeping the wall full
of branches to preserve the young fruit and branches from
frost. The trees are carefully covered at the approach of
winter, and not uncovered until the beginning or middle of
April. By preserving the young fruit, Mr. Moffat is enabled
to gather the crop earlier, and to continte doing so equally
late with an abundant supply ; he has also a certainty, even in
the worst seasons, of having ripe figs. I conceive it to be a
practice well worth the attention of the gardening world, and
more particularly when the state of fig trees in general this
season (from the effects of last severe winter) is contrasted with
those at Frognals. I observed a very fine plant of the Eccre-
mocarpus sciber at the end of an orange house in full flower,
which had stood there during the winter; also a Magnolza
grandiflora, 30 ft. high, against the front of the mansion. It
had suffered considerably from the severity of the weather.

Mr. Moffat has erected a range of excellent pits, the walls
of which are built of layers of turf, each layer well beaten down,
and pegs, at intervals, are driven through the turf to consoli-
date the whole. When the walls are raised to a convenient
height, a slight frame is put on for the reception of the light.
They are only used for the preservation of half-hardy plants
during the winter months, and with a slight covering they
effectually exclude the frost.

There was a good crop of wall fruit, which Mr. Moffat be-
lieved he had preserved by applying cold water to the trees
before sun-rise on the mornings of the Ist, 2d, 3d, and 4th of
April, during the severe frost which occurred at that period.

White Knights, near Reading; June 21.— Once so famous
amongst gardens, and still rich in splendid specimens of the
American family. ‘The conservatories are stripped of their most
valuable tenants, and are now fast falling to decay. ‘The pre-
sent stock contains chiefly young plants, of which there is a
good collection, and many of the newer varieties: they form
the main prop by which the garden is upheld. ‘The fine wall
of Magnolza grandiflora has suffered considerably by the frosts.
There are some remarkably fine specimens of Magnolia glaiica,
conspicua, acuminata, tripétala, and macrophflla, as standards,
studded thickly throughout the grounds, and many of them

in England and Scottand. | 655

from 12 to 15 ft. high. I observed several plants of Kalmia
latifolia, one of them measuring 9 yds. in circumference, of
an elegant colour, and many shades darker than any I have
hitherto seen, although standing in equally good places; they
were quite ten days later in coming into flower than the com-
mon sort. ‘There were many magnificent specimens of rhodo-
dendrons, but the flowers had anced On the lawn in
front of the conservatories are two uncommonly shaped Irish
yews ; they are at least 12 ft. high, of a close conical figure.
The place was in good order, considering the limited means
Mr. Jones has in his power ; it envelopes the mind in a gloomy
sensation to see summer-houses, fountains, and extensive
covered walks, going so fast to ruin for want of that main-
spring of all human works, money. -

The same day I called at Englefield House, the seat of
Benyon de Bouverie, Esq. A neat well-kept place, sur-
rounded by fine young plantations. The garden walls are
well stocked with healthy trees. ‘There is a good collection
of stove and green-house plants growing luxuriantly, and
pines and grapes in the same houses, both doing extremely
well. The houses are heated by flues. A piece of ground
was walled in last autumn as an orchard, for the choicer
sorts of standard fruit trees ; several of the trees, particularly
pear standards, from 12 to 14 ft. high, were moved this spring,
and are now covered with an excellent crop, showing no symp-
toms of having received the least check. Such a spot of ground
would be a desirable appendage to most places, as affording at
once shelter from severe weather, and an opportunity of grow-
ing many of the coarser sorts of vegetables; while it would re-
lease the kitchen-garden (too often overburdened) from a part
of its discipline, and would also give the chance to the gardener
of keeping it more neatly. Mr. Greenshiel’s out-of-door melons
now fill the glasses, and look very promising. Notwithstanding
the unfavourable season of last year he ripened a great num-
ber, although not so fine as in some former years. His method
of growing them is to be found in Vol. III. p. 182. of this
Magazine.

Wasing Hail, Aldermaston, the seat of W. Mount, Esq.;
June 22.——The mansion is delightfully situated on an eminence,
commanding a view of the surrounding country ; and a fine
plantation of American plants, including some remarkably fine
rhododendrons, partly encircles the house. There is a very
superior collection of both stove and green-house plants, par-
ticularly ericas, which were in such a state of high cultivation
that they could not fail to attract attention. There are some

656° Method of making Bass for binding Plants.

good plants of Cléthra.arborea and Datura arborea in the con-
‘servatory, nearly 16 ft. high ; also Ficus elastica and prostrata,
Myrtus pimentiides, &c... Mr. Wiggins seems very successful
in his management of Hlichrysum ; having a number’ of fine
plants, he seldom fails in striking every cutting put in. His
method is simply this: — Having selected the young shoots,
which he slips. off the stem or branch of the mother plant, he
inserts them into.a pot which has been previously filled’ to’ the
brim with a mixture of sand and good heath mould, in the pro-
portion of two thirds of sand to one third of heath mould, at
the same time putting plenty of drainage into them. He then
places the pot in the front of any of his houses where a mode-
rate heat is kept up, watering rather sparingly. The knife
is not used, nor are they covered with a glass. ‘This method
is applicable to many plants that are tenacious of damp.
WILLIAM SAUNDERS.

Art. IV. Historical Account of a Method of making Bass for bind-.
ing Plants, &c. By M. P. Linpecaarp. Translated from the
Danish by M. Jens P. Perersen, of the Royal Gardens at
Rosenburgh, Copenhagen. 7

AccIDENTS sometimes will occur during the lives of men,
which are often the causes of the discovery of many useful, and
even important inventions. Some years ago I cut the branches
of several lime trees (Zilia europze‘a) growing, along the mar-
gin of a narrow piece of water, into which parts of. these
branches fell. Shortly afterwards the frost happened to set in,
and the branches remained in the water below the ice till the
spring following, when the ditch or piece of water was cleaned,
and the branches taken up and thrown on a heap along with
some other faggots or spray. Some time after this, when the
weather had become milder, I passed by this heap, and ob-
served the bass to separate easily from the alburnum; and as
I could draw it off in long strips, and found it very, strong, I
-concluded it would answer the same purpose as bass .of Rus-
sian mats, and be tougher when properly prepared. This
happened during the time of war, when trade and nayigation
languished, and consequently bass, as well as every thing: else,
was at a high price. I took advantage of this opportunity ;
_and whenever I had cut the lateral branches. of lime trees,
all the smooth branches were collected, and, in the beginning
of the ensuing April, put into a ditch or piece of water, and
something weighty put over them to keep them below the sur-

An English Cottage and an Irish Cabin. 657

face of the water. Towards Midsummer the branches were
taken up, when the bark loosened:perfectly from the alburnum,
and was immediately pulled off and washed in clean water, to
make the glutinous matter separate from the bass. es
wards it was hung up and dried.

To gardeners eeident in the country where the lime tree
abounds, and at a great distance from large towns, this method
of making bass will be found of great importance.

Branehies of even an. inch in iediametcn are useful for this
purpose, but, of course, large branches and stems afford more
lier of bass.

Art. V. Description of a Cottage in England, and a Mud Cabin
in Ireland. By Mr. Joan HowneEn, heretofore AGRONOME.
Sir,

Your very tempting offer of an Encyclopedia for an essay
on the cottage system, Induces me to attempt an article on
that subject : and, though I have a most excellent library,
worth some scores of pounds, I prize no volumes so much as
yours: yet I greatly fear that I can write very little worthy
of a stereotype edition on any subject. Providence seems to
have designed that I should never be an author: you have
seen some of my attempts; but none are fit to be read twice
ever, much less to be translated into different HLIB EEG Ss: and
every good work ought to bear that test.

I do not pretend to agree with you on every subject, yet I
never read the productions of an author or editor with whom
I coincided in so many things. I do not agree with you in
the cottage system to its full extent. Iam a cottager myself,
at least I live in a cottage or lodge, and such a cottage as
seldom falls to the lot of a poor man: it is not, as Oliver

Goldsmith describes,

<“ A chair-lumber’d closet just twelve feet by nine ;”

but thirty feet by twenty-one, exclusive of kitchen and wash-
house, fifteen feet by fifteen feet. My house and parlour are
entered by two distinct doors from a porch in front, and each
has a distinct backdoor ; so that, if bumbailiffs or other intru-
sive visitors should come upon me, I have always a backdoor to
creep out at. I have a small cellar under each staircase : the
one under the parlour is calculated to hold two hogsheads of
ale and two barrels of beer, with shelves and recesses for a
few bottles of cowslip, currant, and other wines, for a friend
or so; that under the house is chiefly used as a pantry, and

Vou. VI. — No. 29. UU

658 ~ Description of a Cottage in England,

for a cart-load of potatoes. From the floor to the ceiling of
the house and parlour is a height of 8 ft. 6in.,; and that of
the chamber 7 ft.: the whole is built of freestone ashlar, with a
pavilion-slated roof. I have been thus particular in describing
my own cottage; for, as the saying is, what is nearest the
heart is nearest the mouth, and, of course, nearest the pen. I
am particularly fond of my cottage, because I think it the
most beautiful and accommodating in the whole world. Nor
are its inside ornaments less attractive. I have a Venus, five
Dianas, and an Adonis, which excel any paintings that ever I
saw. We have neither dog nor cat, cow nor pig, nor so much
as a canary bird, to take up our attention fora moment. If
such a cottage as this, such a home as this, is not worth fight-
ing for, where must patriots come from ? Now, I donot think
that any peor man could, should, would, or ought to build
such a cottage: but if gentlemen and noblemen would build
such cottages for their servants, think of the comfort there
would be in living in one of them; think what such a servant
would do for such a master, or rather think what he would
not do for such.

I shall now contrast my cottage with the thousands of
cottages which I have seen in Ireland, in twelve different
counties; and, first, to begin with the lowest. ‘The first thing
that an Irish peasant thinks of, when he comes to the age
of puberty, is to get married. He is encouraged in this by
his priest; partly to prevent the deadly sin of fornication,
and partly because there is always a collection of money
made by the friends of the parties, like the penny-weddings in
Scotland: but, instead of giving the collection to the young
couple, as in Scotland, it is, every farthing, given to the priest.
I myself have given as much as a pound-note at a time, rather
than appear shabby or singular. Well, Sir, you always see
that, when birds begin to couple, they begin to think of build-
ing a nest ; and so do the Irish peasantry. The young man
begins to build his house on a piece of waste land, by the
road-side. His first process is to work up a quantity of clay,
as if he meant to make a quantity of bricks; he then lays the
foundation of his cabin with this soft clay, about 9 ft. by 15ft.
long, about 1 ft. high, leaving a door-place near the centre,
which is to serve as door, window, and chimney. As the clay
gets dry and stiff, he adds another layer, just as the swallows
do, till it is about 6 ft. high; he then begs, buys, or steals.
rails or poles, and lays them across it; he collects brushwood
to raise the roof, and then covers the whole with turves or
straw, or both, as he can get them. He then begs or steals
straw sufficient to make a bed of; for, though he might beg,
chaff from his master, or his master’s neighbour, he has got

-and a Mud Cabin in Ireland. 659

no bedtick to put it in, and the straw is more easily kept
within bounds: he has no bedstead, but a few turves or raised
earth to keep the bed distinct from the rest of the floor.

His young wife is all this while living with her own parents
or with his; but now, being “as ladies wish to be who love
their lords,” she is busy spinning blankets and coverlets ; and
she now goes home to her own new mansion to lie in. Her
household furniture consists of a spinning-wheel, a stool or
bench to sit on, a pot for boiling the potatoes, and a sort of
table to eat them off. Of other furniture there is none that
I remember, except a besom for washing the potatoes with.
As soon as the potatoes are boiled they are carried to the
door, the water is poured off from them, and they are then
brought in and emptied upon the table. The pot is set down
to receive the peelings as the potatoes are eaten; a neighbour
who keeps a pig sends round and collects them, paying for
them with whatever he abounds in: if a publican, the com-
mon price of potato-peelings is a pint of ale with a penny roll,
every Saturday evening, for each potato-eater ; if a farmer, the
reward is generally a piece of ground to plant potatoes on.

In the course of time, if the man be industrious and healthy,
he will muster up a pig of his own, to eat his own potato-skins,
to graze in the lanes, and sleep with the children. By and by
he begins to look up in the world, gets a nanny-goat, or
may-be two tied together with a hayband; they graze in the
lanes, and really give a great deal of milk. He rents a small
corner of some field for a potato-garden, and formerly gave
his vote for members of parliament. His children grow up
to be men and women, come over to England, and make
their fortune either by serving the bricklayers or enlisting for
soldiers; in either of which capacities they are made men of,
as the life of a private soldier is a king’s life compared with
their former state.

I dare say, Sir, you have observed the features of an
Irish peasant of the lowest grade; the curl of his lips, and
how he shows his teeth, something like the passion of fear,
pain, or disgust, just as if he were walking in snow, or on
sharp flints or thorns, with his naked feet; for how can he
afford himself proper clothing on 4d. or 6d. per day? I had,
when gardener to Lord Doneraile, where your correspondent
Mr. Haycroft now is, I had, I say, ten men, four women,
and four boys, all of whom I paid, on a Saturday night,
with a two-pound note. I dare say their wages are not much
altered yet. I am, Sir, &c.

Joun Hownen.
Heath House, near Cheadle, May 10. 1830.
uu 2

660 Designs for Labourers’ Cottages.

Art. VL. Four Designs for Labourers’ Cottages. By Mr. Ricuarp
VARDEN, Architectural Pupil with John Perry, Esq., Architect,
Godalming.

Sir, '
Tue invitation you give to artists, in Vol. I. p. 354., to fur-
nish you with designs of various kinds, has induced me to
trouble you with a few sketches of cottages; although, as they
are nearly the first attempt of a very young hand, I fear they
may not be such as to be of any service to you. Should
one among them be found worthy of a place in a Number
of your Magazine, I should feel myself very highly honoured ;
and, if not, I trust you will excuse the liberty I have taken
in laying them before you. Subjoining a few words in expla-
nation of the sketches,
I remain, Sir, &c.
Godalming, Jan. 2. 1830. RicHarp VARDEN.

No. 1. (fig.119.), a cottage of the smallest description, con-
taining a porch (a), tool-house (6), pantry (c), living-room (d),
and bed-room (e), with a garret over the two latter apart-
ments. ‘The walls of this cottage should be built in 14-in.

Designs for Labourers’ Cottages. 661

rough stone-work, with square dressings, properly coped.
The floor ought to be at least 9in. above the level of the
ground, the surface of which should be inclined, to carry the
water off when being cleaned: the height of the room 8 ft.
If possible, the front should be to the south-east: for, if the
rooms receive their light from the north, they will always be
cold, having a damp cheerless effect ; if from the west, they
will be heated to such a degree by the afternoon sun, as to
make the sleeping-room scarcely habitable during the three
summer months.

Cow-shed, pigsties, fuel-house, &c., are supposed to be at
a convenient distance, and of a size suited to the habits and
wants of the tenant.

Fon fp y
40"0X8'6
Ss

S

No. 2. (fig. 120.) contains a living-room (a), wash-house
(0), lobby (c), sleeping-room (d), and pantry. (e) If another
sleeping-room should be wanted, it may be added behind, or

uv 3

662 Designs for Labourers’ Cottages.

by converting: the wash-house ifito a bedroom, and the pantry
and lobby info a wash-house, which should contain a copper,
oven, &c. To be built with any materials that come handy,
and coloured a good warm stone tint. The roof to be covered
with old tiles, and the gables to have large boards, &ce. Fuel-
house and other outhouses to be placed according to the
nature of the ground.

PR TTT
TN AA? Beet

sin ani io

feu fb oo
G0” 0x B"9

CO
1940 KI200

N

Ltt

SEE WY

No. 3. ( jig.121.), a larger cottage, containing a kitchen (a),
back-kitchen (6), lobby (c), two bedrooms (d d), and pantry
(ce). May be built of timber-framing plastered, of the Pisa
walling, of stone, or whatever is cheapest in the neighbour-

hood. The roof thatched with reeds or straw. Pigsties, &Xc.,
detached.

Designs for Labourers’ Cottages. . 663

sti Ii
i

Bite
Rete TH ral
a |

Ht vt) ti
Se
ow ao

feu fou
1170XK HT

di

No. 4. (fig. 122.), a double cottage, built with stone or brick,
and thatched with reeds. They each contain three rooms on
the ground-floor, and two above. Living-room (a), wash-
house (4), pantry (c), porch (d), tool-shed (e), and bedrooms
(ff). The walls may be built hollow, of brickwork, in Sil-
verlock’s manner, as described in your Encyclopedia of Gar-
dening, and also in this Magazine; or in brick in bed, 11 in.
wide, with a vacuity between, as described in your own essay
on Cottage Husbandry and Architecture, in the present
Volume.

Cow-shed and out-buildings to be according to the wants
of the occupiers.

We Ue

664 Design for a small Green-house or Conservatory.

Art. VII. Design for a small Green-house or Conservatory.

nite aie Rees We
Sir,

THINKING it not improbable that the enclosed particulars
of a small green-house, or conservatory, might furnish some
hints to such of your readers as may be desirous of adding
that agreeable appendage to their residences at a reasonable
expense, I shall make no apologies for forwarding them to you.
There are many who forego this luxury on account of the usual
cost of buildings of this kind, when they are ornamental enough
to be attached to a house, and also large enough to contain a
sufficient variety of plants to look gay throughout the major
part of the year. Having found the one, of which I now send
you a sketch (jig. 127.), to answer the latter purpose, with
merely the assistance of two or three common two-light frames,
I do not hesitate to recommend something similar, where the
power may be wanting to erect the costly and magnificent
building given in Vol. II. p. 170. of your Magazine. My
humble one is within the scope of most persons: it was built
and fitted up entirely by a common bricklayer and carpenter
from an adjoining small village, and cost between 250/. and
2601. I do not here include the expense of heating it, both
because the new method by hot water has superseded mine,
and because the cockle which heats it warms, through a sepa-
rate main flue, the lower rooms, passages, staircase, and entrance
of my residence. It answers, however, the double purpose
extremely well, and as far as it creates a constant flow of pure
air from without, by introducing it through a Jarge flue, has
that advantage over any plan which only heats the air already
in the green-house. I may also observe, that there is an ad-
vantage attached to the present plan, which may be a recom-
mendation to such as may be occupying houses for only a
limited period : all the roof-lights, side-lights, and doors, con-
sisting of movable frames; and the only expensive articles,
which are the lead-gutters, lead-ridges, and cast-iron pillars,
being still valuable when the house may be dismantled; the
loss upon removal could not be great.

Fig. 123. is the ground plan, of which a aa are three doors,
each dividing in the middle; and, being hung upon Collinge’s
patent hinges, they are lifted on and off with the greatest ease.
The letters 6 are so many Gothic lights, resembling the doors.
(jig. 126.) ‘The letters c are cast-iron pipes, conducting the
rain-water from the roof-gutters into the drains (d d), which
carry it into the tank (f). The letters e are beds containing
soil of the quality best suited to their respective plants. The

Design for a small Green-house or Conservatory. 665

a
Yi
| Be
Y, Ky

WN
ye

tank (f) is 12 ft. by 10, and 63ft. deep, arched over, and covered
with a movable flag-stone at the mouth, supplying the pump
(g), through the bottom of whose trough the waste water is
again returned into the tank. m is a glass door opening into
a library, and 7 a similar door opening into the drawing-room.

Fig. 124, is a section of the main beam, 44 ft. long, extend-

124:

ing through the centre of the building, and upon which the
inner ribs and lights rest. ‘The gutters, lined with lead (A), are
cut out of the solid beam, and fall each way to the three hollow
cast-iron pillars (¢ ¢ c) standmg over the centre drain.

Fig. 125. is a cross section of the roof, where //// are the
rafters, on which the lights rest,
a exactly after the same manner

os)
aie h, Nz vy as those of the common cucum-
| ber frame, with the addition of
: a slip of wood, 5 in. wide, ex-

tending from the ridge to the
gutters along the rafters, to cover the outer wood-work of the
lights, after they are returned to their places in September.
Without this the rain water would find admission down the
openings at the sides of the lights. This is essential to the
dryness of the house; and if the two or three screws, with
which they are fixed, are well greased, they are readily taken
off from such lights as are removed for the summer. ‘The
three lead gutters (i h h) should be wide encugh in the centre
to admit of a person walking along it. c is one of the cast-iron
pipes, a pillar 9 ft. long, supporting the beam, and having
five small wooden shafts round it, to train climbing plants
upon. ‘The ventilating shutter (J x) works upon two pivots,
and is raised by a wooden rod, which also props it open.

666 Design for a small Green-house or Conservatory.

Fig. 126. is one of the upright lights, 6 ft. 8 in. to the spring
of the arch, and rising 8 in. in the centre, fitting
into a corresponding frame, and secured merely
by three bolts (ki 4%). gy are two windows,
14 in. deep, opening upon horizontal pivots at
their centre; the panes of the glass 44 by 4.
Fig. 127. is a slight sketch of the elevation,
s with the doors and lights removed for the sum-
mer; but not being done upon a scale it does not
give the proportions, for the height of the para-
126 : . : 6 7
pet, including all the distance from the crown of
the arches to the coping, is only 2 ft. 6in., and the pillars

AS
ma

between them 23 in. wide, bevelled off to 10 inside. ‘The
glazing of the roof is curvilinear, each pane being only 5} in.
by 4; the laps rather more than one eighth of an inch, with
putty between, except a small opening at the centre; but
where the best crown glass is used, and the panes so narrow,
I do not conceive putty necessary, where merely the usual
green-house temperature is wanted. Not only is the original
cost, and the expense of repairs, most considerably reduced
by adopting panes of small dimensions, but breakage from
frost is completely prevented, when the laps do not exceed
one fourth of an inch. ‘Though my house is 43 ft. by 18, the
cost of glazing did not amount to 50/.

If it should be desirable to have a bed or beds, ample direc-
tions are given in your Magazine (Vol. I. p. 108.), with this addi-
tional caution only, that where the substratum does not afford a
ready escape for the water, drains should be made on the out-
side, and far below the foundation of the house all round ; small
openings being left in the foundation walls, to allow the water
to pass freely from the bottom of the beds. Whilst speak-
ing of those beds in which camellias usually find a place, I
cannot help expressing a doubt whether it is not more advis-
able to have the plants in pots plunged in the soil, should

An economical Green-house. 667

that situation be preferred, than to plant them in the bed itself, _
as they are apt to make a profusion of wood and but little
blossom. ‘Though the effect of the elevation sent you is much
prettier than it appears upon paper, and corresponds with the
character of my house, yet it might not accord so well with
others of a different style, where the Grecian pilaster would
suit better, and where long lintels being used over the door
and windows, instead of stone or brick arches, would allow
lower battlements and less masonry, so as to admit a greater
quantity of light. Not that I altogether agree with you in
upholding the necessity of that continuous light (if I may so
express it) in a mere green-house, which you advocate so
strongly in your different publications, believing that in the
summer season many plants derive considerable relief from
being at different intervals thrown into temporary shadow as
the sun travels round. [We entirely concur in this opinion
for the summer season, and for most plants merely orna-
mental.] I likewise doubt the advantage of having the plants
in pots stationed upon stages, where they are usually crowded
together, and drawn up into unsightly shapes. In my opinion
they show to greater advantage when looked down upon, and
the smaller plants may be brought nearer to the eye upon a
light metal stand or two, placed where it may best suit. [In
this also we entirely agree.] I shall, however, trespass upon
you no further than merely to recommend a very liberal use
of Read’s patent syringe at all times of the year, except in damp
weather, and especially for the oranges and camellias.

Should:any of your readers wish for further information on
any point, which I may be able to supply, it shall be readily
given.

Notts, July 29. 1829. T.T:

Art. VIII. Notice of a small economical G'reen-house, built by
Mr. William Godsall, Nurseryman, Hereford. Communicated
by Mr. Gopsa.t.

Sir,

I HEREWITH take the liberty of sending you a sketch of a
small green-house which I had erected four years ago, having
experienced its utility.

I have represented the section within the elevation by dotted
lines, thereby occupying less of your valuable room should
you think it worth a place in your Magazine. The front and
end lights slope so as to form an angle of about 67 degrees,

668 An economical Green-house.

which, by receiving the winter sun’s rays at nearly right angles
(if I may so express it), warms the atmosphere of the house
considerably at that season when his animating influence
should be made the most of; the sloping front and ends cause
a very trifling additional expense, and in a house 20 ft. by 14
affords room for 300 pots 4 in. in diameter more than if those
lights were upright; and under the projection outside is a snug
winter repository for half-hardy plants, &c., plunged in tan ;
in short, where economy is a consideration, such a house will
be found to answer the purpose admirably. Eight years ago
I had also a green-house erected, the draught of the chimney
of which was not sufficient to carry off the smoke, notwith-
standing I had it raised and altered in various ways; and
conceiving at last that height had little to do with it, I deter-
mined to try what virtue there was in garden pots. I had the
chimney lowered considerably, took a pot about 14 in. in
diameter, knocked the bottom out, and had it firmly cemented
invertedly on the top, over which I put a second of a smaller
size, and also a third. (jig. 128. a) ‘The smoke then issued freely

from the top, occasioned by the current of air that passed up-
wards through the cavities between the pots, on account of
their not being quite circular, irregular ones having been
purposely selected. Indeed, it has answered the purpose
extremely well ever since, and to gardeners it is a cheap and
efficacious remedy always at hand: but, perhaps, they would
have more confidence in trying the experiment, if I refer them
to a much later though more scientific invention described in
part li. of the Mechanic's Magazine. ;
I am, Sir, &c.
Hereford, January, 1830. Wm. Gopsatt.

Kitchen-Garden at Carlton Hail. 669

Art. IX. Plan and Description of the Kitchen-Garden at Carlton
Hall, the Seat of Miles Stapylton, Esq. By W. Seymour, Son
of Mr. John Seymour, the Gardener there.

Sir,
Isenp you a plan of our garden at Carlton Hall ( fig. 129.),
not that it possesses any decided advantage over the generality

of private kitchen-gardens, but it is considered very conve-
nient in most of its divisions, although it has the disadvantage
of being placed too near the back of the house, by which we
lose the advantage of a south wall and border, as that is oc-
cupied by the court-yard and out-offices.

This garden contains about two acres, and_is divided into
two parts by a flued wall (a a), about 10 ft. high, running east
and west; with four small fire-sheds (666 6), the two middle
ones having two furnaces each in them. The outer walls (cc)
are about 11 ft. high, and the wall-borders (d d) 12 ft. broad;
the walks (ee) 5 ft., except the centre ones, which are 6 ft.
wide ; and the dwarf fruit tree borders (ff) 7 ft. broad; the
alleys (gg) 3 ft. wide; and the compartments for vegetables

670 Horticultural Buildings for a Kitchen-Garden

(kh) occupy the remainder of the ground, except two small
vineries (72), and the succession pine-stove (/), 60 ft. long by
17 ft. broad; with the vine-border (/), tool-shed (m), seed-
room (7), and a basin for water (0), supplied by a forcing-
pump, which likewise supplies the mansion. There are a
fruiting pine-stove (p) with a peach-house (g) on the same
range, and the sheds for pots and wheelbarrows at the back ;
a border in front of the pine-stove and peach-house (r); a
coal-house (s) ; a cart-road into the park (¢) ; a slip on the east,
planted with gooseberries and currants (wz) ; an herb-garden
on the west (v); a filbert ground (w); and walks leading to
the pleasure-ground (2). ‘The melon-ground (y) is situated
near the stable-yard, with a small pit (z), heated by fire, for
either melons or pines.
I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

Ealing, June 13, 1829. ‘Wma. SEYMOUR.

Art. X. Plans and Sections of the Horticultural Buildings for a
Kitchen- Garden of Three Acres and a half within the Walls. By
JUVENIS OLITOR.

Sir,

EncouraGep by the insertion of my plan for a garden
establishment (Vol. IV. p. 215.), I am induced to send you
the plans of some of the buildings in it, as I proposed. I shall
not enter into the minor details of each structure; for if I were
to give a full explanation of every thing requisite in the erec-
tion of any one of the houses or pits (such as the shutters,
boilers, pulleys, &c.), it would occupy too much room in your
most useful publication, perhaps to the exclusion of the com-
munications of abler correspondents. I shall give the ground
plan and sections of every house and pit with as brief an ex-
planation as I possibly can, which by the references given will
be sufficiently understood by every class of your readers.

The plans (figs. 130. to 138.) which I now submit to you
are arranged to be heated by hot water, which I am practically
convinced is a very simple and economical mode of heating
forcing-houses ; but its merits, compared with steam or fire
heat, I shall discuss in some future communication. In heating
houses by steam or hot water it has generally been the prac-
tice, after heating the boiler, to convey the smoke into the
chimney close by the boiler, by which I have always thought
that a great quantity of heat was lost to the house, and a
greater consumption of fuel than necessary required to keep

of Three Acres and a half within the Walls. 672

up the proper temperature; therefore, to make the most of
the heat and the fuel consumed, I have carried the flue on the
back of both the peach-houses, likewise on the back of a d,
Jig. 133., and a, fig. 136.; and, if required, the chimneys might,
by the use of dampers in the flues, be taken on the back of
bc, fig. 133., and of b, fig. 134. I have provided jigs. 133.
and 136. with wooden shutters, as will be seen by the sections ;
these will slide over the sashes by means of pulleys, and in
the day-time, or when not in use, will lie under the roof.

In my last communication (Vol. IV. p. 245.), for “ ice-
house” read ‘ tool-house.”

I am, Sir, &c.

September 3. 1828. JuvENIS OLITOR.

Ground Plan of the two Peach-houses. (jig. 130.) aa, Boil-
ers; 6b, reservoirs; cc, the pipes which go from the boilers

130
2

f RSS OR TS SOOO STRAT OO ORK SOTOR OOK
PN OO Oe OOOO NENA Cie MONE OOSS MaEN SOC OOOO OLE I)

AOR

Lyn
ain

Mn
MT aM LO TT call
a SS TS ooo —- — 1

eae SURES

10 BO 10 20 30 40 ft.

a to the reservoirs 6, the water returning the same way back
‘by the lower pipe to the boilers; dd, flues; ee, a trellised
walk; ff, water cisterns.
Interior Section of the two Peach-houses. ( fig. 131.) a, Front
trellis; b, back trellis; c, border for the peach trees; d, the
pipes; e, the flue.

72
iol =
ZK 2

i
Exterior Section of the two Peach-houses. ( fig. 132.)
Ground Plan of the Cucumber and Melon Pits. (fig. 133.)
ab, Cucumber pits; cd, melon pits; aa, boilers; 06 and ce,

LELOXIEN

Va
ae
L_—

‘
|

672 Horticultural Buildings for a Kitchen-Garden.

a a |
SN OL
Wa

reservoirs; dd, the pipes which in a and d go to the reservoirs
6 b, and return by the lower pipes to the boilers a a; but in
b and c they go to the reservoirs cc, and return to the boilers
a aon the back of the pit; dd, flues; ff, cisterns for water ;
and ¢ g g g, walks.

Interior Sections of Cucumber and Melon Pits (figs. 134. and
135.), showing the pipes d d d, and flue e; f/f; wooden shut-

135

ters; g g, pits to be filled with dung at the commencement of
forcing. ; ;

Ground Plan of the Asparagus Pits, $c. ( fig. 136.) a a, Pits
136

for asparagus; 0 6, pits for sea-kale, rhubarb, &c.; a, boiler ;
bb, pipes which go on the front to the reservoirs cc, and
return on the back of the asparagus pit to the boiler; d, cis-
tern for water ; e, flue; ff, walks.
Interior Sections of the Cucumber and Melon Pits (jigs. 137.

and 138.), showing the pits for asparagus (a a) and sea-kale
(56), and, if required, a shelf for mushrooms (c) might be
made under: the roof; dd, pipes; e, flue; and f; wooden
shutters.

Remarks on Billington’s Pamphlet on Planting. 673

‘Art. XI. Remarks on Mr. Billington’s Pamphlet on Planting, &¢.

By A. G., Perthshire. Lee our Notice of this Work, p. 473.]

bit

Mr. Brineron is more’ successful in ae forest than in
the closet, while his antagonists are more distinguished at
wielding: the pen’ than the “spade : and ‘it'is'to be. regretted
that the talents’ of this kind’ possessed by the baronet or
Mr. Withers should be employed in any degree to detract
from the merits of so well-meaning and defenceless a person
as Mr. Billington appears to me to be. In writing he is by
no) Means on an ‘equal footing with either; but in point of
practical experience, his professional avocations as a gardener
and forester have afforded him opportunities of acquiring an.
intimate knowledge with the practical parts’ of planting, rear-
ing, and pruning forest or other trees or plants, which neither
of these gentlemen can possibly possess, however beautifully
they may “flourish with their pens, when they fancy they have
hit on Some discovery in the economy of vegetation; which,
however, has been familiar to the mind, and formed part of
the ever y-day practice, of every gar dener worthy of the name,
for a century before either of shese adodeunuonesters as in
existence. ‘Their writings, however, are not without their
use. . They are read by the upper ranks of society, who
would hardly deign to look over the less finely turned
periods of the obscure practical forester or humble horticul-
turist ; and thus they excite attention to a subject amongst
that! class to-whoin it is of the most importance. If practical
gardeners should have leisure and inclination to glance over
their works, they could not help smiling at the mighty i import-
ance which these great personages attach to, and the over-
weening anxiety with which they endeavour to appropriate to
themselves, what they conceive to have been hidden from the
wise of all former ages, and instinctively revealed to them, and.
generously published by them for the benefit of all ages yet
to come; processes, too, of which every professional gardener
would blush if he supposed he were thought ignorant; and.
some few favourite theories the absurdities of which he would
blush not to be able to detect. I believe the love of fame is
a besetting sin with poor and rich; and in the pamphlet
before us I can detect a little spice of this frailty in our
friend and brother, Mr. Billington. I do not blame him for
claiming his honest share of that fame of which he supposed
himself robbed ; but I am sorry he has done it in so bungling
manner. Allowances, indeed, must be made. for irritated
feelings, and other existing circumstances connected with his
** permission to retire” from an office in which he evidently

Wore l= No. 29: X Xx

674 Remarks on Billington’s Pamphlet on Planting.

delighted, and by which he obtained his living. I am also
sorry that either of the authors should hint at invidious na-
tional distinctions between Scotch and English, as if they
really were two distinct species of animals; and that the
baronet should have known so little of the acquirements of
gardeners in general, as to have led him to treat of them as

a race deserving to be proscribed from the management of

forest trees; a department at least very closely connected with
their profession, and which forms a part of their study in the
early part of their lives.

I have been led into these reflections by the general tenour
of the pamphlet, and shall conclude my brief notice with
the following extract concerning the Quércus pedunculata
and sessiliflora, or #obur, entreating your readers to commu-
nicate through this Magazine any particulars they may think
worthy of notice, respecting the habits, thickness of bark, and
quality of timber of each of these species, and their sub-
varieties.

** Among all our writers on planting which I have read,
not one that I recollect, except Mr. Loudon, in his Encyclo-
pedia of Plants, which I saw since I first sketched these
observations, has alluded to the quality of the two distinct
species of British oak; only botanists notice two species.
Now I well recollect that when I was in the Forest of Dean,
the Quércus sessiliflora was designated by the old experienced
wood-cutters as the knot acorn oak, from the acorn growing
in clusters, close to the stalk, and considered as producing
much better timber than the other kind. As well as I can
recollect, the leaves have a darker hue, and more glossy appear-
ance, with more numerous branches subdivided into a greater
number of smaller ones, diverging from the stem in a more
horizontal direction ; whereas the branches of the other species
diverge with more acute angles in a more upright position, and
do not produce so many small branches, nor such close heads.
Might not the knot acorn oak, from its more numerous and
smaller limbs and branches, with more annual buds, with young
shoots, whereby the tree is increased in substance, tend to
give it a firmer, tougher, and harder texture than the other
species, similar to what the Billingtonian system of pruning
would effect?” (p. 57, 58, 59.) Both species are described.
and illustrated by wood-cuts in the Encyclopedia of Plants,
and the parts of fructification minutely described and illus-
trated in the first volume of the Magazine of Natural Eistory.
I intended to give an extract respecting a process of planting
an extensive “ bare rock,” but I must refer to the work itself

for this and other amusing and useful hints.

Perthshire, July, 1830. A. G.

Pontey versus Cruickshank. ‘625

Art. XII. Pontey’s “ Forest Pruner” versus Cruickshank’s “ Prac-
tical Planter,” on the Subject of pruning Fir Trees. By A Yorx-
SHIREMAN.

Sir,

In common with the reading and thinking part of mankind,
it is with me, as I am happy to find it is also with yourself, a
subject of unfeigned regret that book-making, in contradis-
tinction to book-writing, is daily becoming much too prevalent
the inevitable consequence of such practice is, on the one hand,
by their conflicting contents, to distract the public attention ;
while, on the other, their unpardonable repetition of super-
annuated and long exploded dogmas tends only to disgust.

There is another practice also, and that not the most
honourable, with which these modern babblers stand charged,
—an instance of which, in addition te the one I am about to
complain of, you point out in your review of Mr. Cruick-
shank’s Practical Planter, — viz. whenever they attempt to
palm upon the world what they would wish to have believed
as original and good, they generally misquote those authors
whose writings seem to stand in the way of such theories being
received.

Among the description of modern book-makers just alluded
to, Mr. Cruickshank (as shown in p. 456, 457. of your Maga-
zine) stands, I think, deservedly preeminent.

It is not, however, my present intention to observe upon
that gentleman’s Practical Planter, further than as it applies to
Mr. Pontey’s book called the Forest Pruner, the principles of
which are, as have been proved by thousands (myself among
the rest), invaluable. If, then, in the course of my observa-
tions, I happen to show that Mr. Cruickshank, in his Practical
Planter, is attempting to retail old and exploded errors to the
public as his own (for it does not appear he gives us more
than his zpse dixit for it); and, to support his assertions, has
misquoted that passage in Pontey’s Pruner which appears to
oppose them; by putting your readers upon their guard
against such malpractices, I shall have rendered the state some
service: for, to say the least of such acts, wherever duplicity is
practised, the result can never be honourable to the parties,
and rarely beneficial to the public.

In order, however, to enable your readers to put a proper
value upon the assertions in the Practical Planter, and the
demonstrated proofs given by Mr. Pontey in his Pruner, it
seems necessary to premise that Mr. Cruickshank acknow-
ledges his practice to have been confined chiefly to one situa-
tion 1 (at Careston, the seat of the Earl of Fife): its whole length

Me a

676 Pontey’s “ Forest Pruner” versus

he fixes at fourteen years, the greater proportion of which, it
appears, he was employed in the nursery: while the practice
of Mr. Pontey has extended to nearly every county in the
kingdom; and its duration, at the period of the last edition of
the Pruner, fell little short of forty years. To prove Mr.
Cruickshank guilty of retailmg a superannuated dogma re-
specting the pruning of fir trees, I need only refer you to
Nicol’s Planter, published in 1799 (p. 213.), where he says,
“‘ jt can never be proper to lop the branch of a fir tree by the
bole. From the resinous juice which follows the tool, at any
season of the year, all wounds become, and continue to be,
blemishes.” How far such dogmas have been exploded is
evident, from the almost universal adoption and_ beneficial
effects of Mr. Pontey’s method of pruning.

Mr. Cruickshank says, “ Independently of any other con-
sideration, the very form in which a fir grows appears sufh-
cient to teach us that pruning, if not attended with actual
injury, can at least be productive of no benefit to the tree.
An ash or an elm, for example, has a constant tendency, if
left to itself, to depart from the shape which constitutes its
chief value. It is continually throwing out branches, which
become rivals to the leader, and either bend it out of its up-
right course, or starve it by exhausting an undue quantity
of sap, and thereby disqualifying it for carrying up the tree.
Hence the great use of pruning trees of this kind is to protect
the leader from the rivalship of the other branches, to the end
that as much of the nourishment drawn from the earth may be
employed in promoting the growth of the stem, and as little of
it expended on the top, a part which is comparatively of little
value, as is consistent with the laws of vegetation. But, in the
case of firs, this use of pruning has no place. ‘Their horizontal
branches never interfere with the leader, nor obstruct its pro-
gress in the smallest degree. It always, unless broken acci-
dentally, or killed by the frost, appears above the most
elevated of the horizontal shoots; and they, instead of injuring -
or supplanting, seem to assist it in keeping its perpendicular
position, as those of the same elevation grow of equal length
all around it, and produce a perfect equilibrium. Hence it
would appear that the pruning of firs, supposing it harmless,
can yet be productive of no positive good, so that to practise
it would be to labour and lay out money for no end ; a species
of industry and expenditure which-deseryes any epithet but
that of rational.”

Pruning ash or elm, it appears, then, by your review,
is allowed by Cruickshank, in common with every well in-
formed man, to be beneficial; and here may I be allowed to

Cruickshank’s °° Practical Planter.” 677

enquire in what way is pruning beneficial ? Most assuredly by
producing a greater quantity of straight clean timber. If, then,
it is acknowledged by this author, that pruning is necessary
to produce clean straight timber, the want of such pruning
must produce the reverse, viz. knottiness, short stems, and
large branches.

The principle of pruning being admitted, I may be allowed
to ask, who is to determine or draw the line as to where this
principle shall cease to operate? Are the innumerable proofs
that we have daily before our eyes, in every part of the
country, of the beneficial effects of the judicious pruning of fir
trees, to be quietly laid aside to allow this man of fourteen
years’ experience (who has the impudence to ground some of
his nostrums on what he calls “ careful calculation rather than
on actual experience”) to say, hitherto shall it go and no
farther ? Certainly not; without he can clearly show that Dame
Nature, who has been heretofore considered consistent in her
operations, has, in this case, to suit his dogmas, falsified all
her previous practices.

He has, indeed, attempted to show that the shape of the fir
tree is less liable to suffer from the want of pruning than that
of others (a fact previously very well known); but as to the
comparative increase of clean straight timber, which, as Pontey
incontrovertibly shows by his plates and works, can only be
produced to any beneficial extent by pruning, our wordy
author, it appears, ventures not a syllable; unless the follow-
ing paragraph can be taken as such, being Cruickshank’s mis-
quotation of Pontey’s Pruner, and the false conclusions founded
upon it of which I complain.

Mr. Cruickshank receeds : — * Harmless however the
p b) ?
rocess in question is far from being 5 and I have known more
q fo)

than one thriving fir plantation utterly ruined by it.” Here,
as the advocate of pruning firs, I may, perhaps, be allowed to
ask the author, whether it was in the use of Mr. Pontey’s
theory, or the abuse of it (for I have somewhere read, the
best of things may be abused), that such plantations were
‘‘ utterly ruined”? And surely, taking the immense import-
ance of such an event into consideration, I shall not be deemed
extravagant, or unnecessarily dubious, under Mr. Cruick-
shank’s circumstances (having been caught tripping by your-
self and others), if I enquire where those plantations were, also
their age and state previously to such ruinous application,
with such other circumstantial information as will enable me
and the public to come to something like a correct conclusion.
Bare assertions, where abundant proof is, or ought to be, at
hand, are, generally speaking, very suspicious, but more par-
XX 3

678 Pontey’s ** Forest Pruner” versus
xy

ticularly so in his case. Mr. Cruickshank proceeds: — “* Mr.
Pontey tells us that it is the cutting off too many branches at
once that causes injury; and that if we take away only two or
three tiers at a time no bad effect will ensue.” All this is very
true; but Mr. Cruickshank goes on : — “ Let any person re-
move this number of living branches from a Scots fir or spruce,
of seven or eight years old ; \et him, at the same time, ascertain
its height, and mark some of the plants contiguous to it,
which are exactly of the same size. By measuring it and them
three years afterwards, and comparing the progress of the
former, made in this interval, with that of the latter, he will
have a practical demonstration of the utter fallacy of Mr.
Pontey’s assertions.” Here I would ask this immaculate
author, does Mr. Pontey indeed state, ‘‘ that two or three tiers
of living branches are to be removed from a Scots fir or spruce of
seven or eight years old?” Most assuredly not. Let Mr. Pon-
tey speak for himself: — “ If the first pruning took place when
the plants were about 8 ft. hagh, it might then be necessary to
displace two, or at most three tiers of the lower branches, and
two years afterwards two sets more of the same description ;
after which intervals of three years might elapse between the
prunings, never displacmg more than ¢wo tiers at once, ex-
cept more should prove dead.” Now, I am aware, to a casual
reader, or an unpractised man, the difference between a Scots
fir or spruce of seven or eight years old, and one of 8 ft. high,
may appear exceedingly trivial ; but what is the matter of fact ?
A spruce fir at three years old, upon an average, will be from
12 to 14 in. high, having upon it two tiers of branches: sup-
posing it then to be replanted into a nursery bed, it becomes
four years old, and has three tiers upon it, having added about
4in. to its height; let it then be removed to its ultimate des-
tination. The first year after planting it upon the forest ground
it will seldom grow more than about 3 in. ; it is now five years
old, and has got four tiers of branches: the next two or three
years it will not average more than about 12 in. per annum.
We have now got a fir, seven or eight years old, with six or
seven tiers of branches upon it, and from 4 to 5 ft. high: now,
by the same rule, to produce a fir 8 ft. high, it must be about
eleven years old, and have ten tiers of branches upon it. If
the statement above be correct as an average, and Mr. Cruick-
shank shows in your Magazine (p. 466.) I am not far off, it
then appears that Mr. Cruickshank’s statement, of Mr. Pontey
recommending from two to three tiers to be removed out of
six or seven tiers of branches, is totally false. ‘The fact is,
that “ two and at most three tiers at. once,” and those only in
the first pruning, when they are all within 2 ft. of the ground,

Cruickshank’s. © Practical Planter.” 679

and, of course, very small, are to be removed from a tree
having nine or ten tiers of branches upon it; the residue of
branches left upon the tree being, by Mr. Pontey’s Pruner,
seven tiers, and by Mr. Cruickshank’s quotation four tiers :
but let any one read from p. 179. to p. 190. in Pontey’s Pruner,
and he will discover a still greater difference between Mr.
Pontey’s ideas of pruning firs, and Mr. Cruickshank’s asser-
tion regarding the number of branches to be removed, than
is shown eyen in this statement.

A fir, too severely pruned, sometimes-bleeds at intervals,
till it regains its proper quantity of branches.

Oak, ash, elm, &c., under such circumstances, throw out
lateral branches upon the stem, and near the largest wounds.
Pontey’s practice produces none of these effects. But to return ;
Mr. Cruickshank says, ‘* Let any person remove this number
of living branches,” &c. Mark the matchless modesty of the
man: ‘* Let any one try the experiment,”—an experiment that
is to be of three years’ duration. Has he not already tried
it? If so, why not assert it? Possibly he has cogent and
special reasons moving him thereto. It may be in “this case
also that his opinion is founded rather on careful calculation
than on actual experience. However that may be, I am not
about to state that the extent of pruning he mentions would
not in some trifling degree, for a short time, affect the pro-
gress of the plant: it certainly would. Nor am [alone in
this opinion; for I find a note in Pontey’s Pruner (p. 185.),
which says, in the Transactions of the Society of Arts, vol. xxiv.
p: 68., we have a paper “on the advantages and method of
pruning fir trees,” by Mr. Salmon, surveyor and wood-agent
to his Grace the Duke of Bedford, which clearly shows the
propriety both of pruning and cutting close. ‘The opinion
of a person so intimately acquainted with the application of
timber cannot fail to be conclusive on these points. Still I
think his theory, both with regard to the quantity of tiers
of branches to be taken off at once, and the period to elapse
between the prunings, is highly objectionable. For a long
observation has convinced me, that ‘“ taking a large quantity
of branches from a fir, at once, disorders it so far as con+
siderably to retard its growth, even in shelter.” But has our
worthy author indeed written a book of 440 pages upon
this subject, and has he still to be told, that, even allowing
the tree at this age in the first instance to be somewhat too
severely pruned, the first or second year’s growth would again
set the matter right; and has he also to be told, that the cut
produced by the taking off of branches from one quarter to
half an inch in diameter, being the size alluded to both by

KX 4

680 Pontey versus Cruickshank.

Mr. Pontey and himself, is in three years not only covered
with resinous matter but also with bark? Oh, Shame! where
is thy blush! !

Mr. Cruickshank proceeds : — “ The taking off of a few
branches will not, of course, be so injurious as the displacing at
once of a great number; but none can be displaced, as the
-above experiment will show, without materially retarding the
growth of the plant.” As correctly would he argue, were he
to state, that because fire uncontrolled would destroy the
house, a little, well managed, is not desirable, and beneficial
also.

By this time your readers will have become a little curious
to know how it happens that pruning should not be bene-
ficial to firs. The fact is, that, though Mr. Cruickshank tacitly
acknowledges, by his remarks on pruning the ash, elm, &c.,
that Mr. Pontey’s demonstrations with regard to pruning
firs are correct as to producing clear and straight timber ;
yet it would not be quite so convenient for him, and the super-
annuated theory he has adcpted, to state in so many words,
if you mean to have the greatest quantity of fir timber, free
from knots, you must prune; that would be showing the
cloven foot too clearly. It suits his drivelling ideas better to
attempt by a side wind to degrade what he dare not openly
attack, by stating that pruning injures fir trees, simply be-
cause they bleed after such operation; and to insure such
bleeding to those who try the experiment, by misleading the
public with the misquotation complained of: the fact being —
and I here dare Mr. Cruickshank to the proof (not to the asser-
tion) — that not a single acre, nor any quantity of plantation of
from twelve to-twenty years’ old, or upwards, either in Eng-
land or Scotland, which has from its planting been managed
‘by Pontey’s theory strictly, has been either entirely or at all
injured by such practice; but, on the contiary, when com-
pared with those under the non-pruning system, will turn out
very much superior.

I am aware of the estimation in which anonymous com-
munications are held, but my insignificant name would add
little to their weight ; I shall therefore, with all due respect,
‘remain, Sir, yours, &c.

Barnsley, Sept. 22. 1830. A YoRKSHIREMAN.

Our opinion is, that both Pontey and Salmon were wrong
in their theory and practice, as to pruning pines and firs. It
is very well to defend Pontey, no longer with us to defend
himself; but it is more for the interest of science to acknow-
ledge that he rather overpruned the pine and fir tribes. In
this opinion we particate with many others. — Cond.

Management of Timber Trees, 681

Art. XUI. On Pruning, and other Points in the Management of
Timber Trees. By W. T.
Sir,

By this time, I suppose, the authors of the two books lately
published on arboriculture (one at 21s., the other at 12s.) are
aware that they have not given the public much new on the
subject which they undertook to illustrate: at least, those who
have added to their own practical experience an acquaintance
with the works of the scientific and professional writers on
tree culture, will not be easily convinced that they have derived
much information from the books alluded to. However, these
books, in common with others, will be the means of raising a
spirit of enquiry and investigation in this hitherto partly ne-
glected branch of culture.

Gardeners, in general, are now not so ignorant in horti-
cultural chemistry and vegetable physiology as some would
imagine. Many gardeners, I trust, will jo me in saying that
we are much indebted to the Encyclopedia of Gardening, in
which we have the essence of the best writers on all points of
importance, both within and ‘without the garden walls.” At
the same time, it must be admitted that there are some gar-
deners who think arboriculture below their notice; others,
perhaps, know more than they are allowed to put in practice.
It is but fair that he who pays the piper should make him play
as he pleases: notwithstanding, if the piper can play better,
he should beg to be heard ; and, after having given proof that
he does not overrate his abilities, it is likely he will be al-
lowed to go on in his own way.

I have had some experience, during the last 17 years, in
planting and transplanting trees, from a two-years Scotch pine
up to a tree a foot in diameter. Most of the transplanted trees
have done tolerably well, and I approve of transplantation in
some cases : but my opinion is, that transplanting a tree after
it is, say, four or five years old dwarfs it more or less, and
also tends to bring some species too soon into a bearing state.
This, in a great measure, can be obviated by picking off the
blossom, trenching, pulverising, and rectifying the soil at the
extremity of the roots. A tree which has been transplanted
can be more safely transplanted again; but will such a tree,
with its numerous matted roots, extend as far in search of
nutriment as, and become equal in magnitude to, a tree either
planted young, or sown or grown on the spot ?

The rules for pruning given in your review of Cruickshank’s
book are excellent. Sylvanus and Agronome seem to differ
much in opinion on that point. In thinning a plantation of

682 Management of Timber Trees.

Scotch pine and larch (say from 20 to 30 years old, if it has
. been very thickly planted, which is the only way to make clean:
wood, the lower branches being all dead), I prune up the trees
6 or 8ft. This is necessary in order to see how to thin them
properly, and will do them no harm, provided due care be
taken not to bark the trees to be left. Some years ago I ,
pruned some thriving larch, from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high : the:
branches were sawed off as far up the tree as they were dead
at the time, 25 ft. or thereabouts ; of course the trees did not
bleed, therefore were nothing the worse. Now, it is plain that,
when those trees come into the hands of the carpenter, they
will be freer from loose knots than had the trees continued to
enclose part of the branches until they dropped off naturally.

In short, I am an advocate for raising all forest trees, if
possible, from seed; trenching ground that will grow hard
wood trees, and keeping it lean a few years alien planting ;
planting young, 1. e. strong, well-rooted plants not above four
years old; stunted plants being headed down; pruning from
infancy; summer pruning, although only thumb-pruning (a
person will do a great deal of good this way, by going over a
young plantation i in the month of J une); and last, though not
least, keeping in view that leaves are the lungs of trees.

On the other hand, I do not approve of pruning tree roots
at the time of planting, unless they have been damaged ;
planting evergreens in this part of the country earlier than
April; pruning the same while the branches to be cut off
are alive; soft-wooded leaf-trees as nurses for hard-wooded
trees; or twin-stemmed and double-topped trees. If one of a
double-stemmed tree of the pine tribe be cut off the other will
die, except it is done while the tree is young: hence the pro-
priety of looking over plantations:

Agronome seems not pleased that all the tops of the hills
in Scotland are not covered with wood: many of them in this
“ northern corner” are so. The summits both of hills and
mountains have been planted but have not grown; their tops
being almost solid masses of rock with scarcely any covering
of soil, and it may be that their height is an obstacle to the
growth of trees. More barren ground might be planted : but
thousands of acres could be planted in Scotland, and grow
the very best of Scotch pine, &c. At the same time, from
being inaccessible, and distant froma market, the woad, in all
probability, would not be worth a shilling to the proprietor.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Aberdeenshire, Sept. 1830. W.T.

Description of Mr. Groom’s Tulip Bed. 683

Art. XIV. Description of Mr. Groom's Tulip Bed. By J. M.

Frorists have found that tulips are liable to injury if ex-
posed to frost and rain, especially during the months of Fe-
bruary, March, and April. ‘To secure these favourite flowers
from such casualties, Mr. Groom, the eminent florist at Wal-
worth, near London, has constructed a model of a tulip-bed
frame, which not only admits of the perfect protection of the
plants, but also very much facilitates the arrangement, plant-
ing, and covering of the roots.

"The bed, which, in the first place, is trenched 3 ft. deep, is
raised by side and end boards, framed together, to the height
of from 12 to 15 in. above the surface of the ground. It is
4 ft. wide within, and of any required length. ‘The prepared
soil is raised to within 35 in. of the top. For the purpose of
levelling the surface accurately, Mr. Groom uses a thin piece
of board called a strike. ‘This is longer than the width of the
bed, and has notches near each end 33in. deep, which fit
on the upper edges of the side boards; and, on being moved
from end to anc. lays the surface into the eae foun! The
lower edge of the strike is not straight but curved, so as to
leave the surface of the mould about A) Tio higher in the
middle than at the sides.

When the surface is thus regulated it is ready to receive
the roots; their places are marked with the greatest ease by
means of the strike. Seven rows are planted lengthwise of
the bed, at the distance of 6 in. from each other ane from the
sides. Of course the strike is divided into eight spaces. At the
marks between the spaces, small staples, one about 2 in. above
the other, are driven into the flat side of the strike; these
receive seven small pegs or dibbers, which, when the strike is
put down across, mark the places of the bulbs. The distances
between the cross rows, viz. 6 in., being marked on the sides,
regulate the insertions of the strike.

‘Wrow this description it may easily be conceived mae what
accuracy and expedition the planting is done. ‘The roots being
deposited in their places, are now * covered with the proper
compost; and the surface is smoothed off with the back of the
strike, which, for this purpose, is formed with a curve and
shoulders which take in the whole width of the bed and side
boards, against which last the shoulders slide while the strike
is moved ean to take off the: redundant covering, leaving
the surface regularly rounded from side to side, 6 in. higher
in the middle han at the sides.

When the season arrives that coverings against frost, &c.,
are necessary, iron rods, three fourths of an inch in diameter,

684 On the Genus A’ster.:

and bent into a regular form, are fixed over the bed. These
bearers are kept in place by the upright parts of them being
inserted into two staples, one above the other, driven into the
side boards at distances of 2 ft. 6 in. apart, the first being fixed
at the end. These bearers rise from the edge of the bed to
what may be called the eaves of the awning, 2 ft. 6 in.; and
then slopingly upward and over, forming an obtuse angle like
a ridge over the middle of the bed. ‘To connect these bearers,
fillets of thin deal are fixed along the eaves and on the top or
ridge, and thus a frame is formed sufficiently strong and steady
to support any covering of mats or
canvass which may be necessary for the
safety of the plants.

‘The annexed sketches of the frame
(fig. 139. a) and the strike (b) will
assist in giving a right idea of the
construction of the former and the form
of the latter.

b This frame and covering is only

so) intended to preserve the tulips till they

begin flowering; after which, Mr.

Groom advises that they should be shaded and sheltered by
a larger and loftier awning, as is his own practice.

per

Art. XV. On the Genus A’ster. By T. Rive'Re, Esq.
Sir,

I po not recollect seeing in any of your Magazines a trea-
tise on the A’ster; perhaps many readers will say it is not
worthy of it, being so common, and to be found in almost
every cottager’s garden. However, I will endeavour to point
out such beauties of the flower as have fallen under my prac-
tical observation. Asters which bloom in August, perhaps,
may not be worth attention, being eclipsed by a host of showy
herbaceous plants and annuals, and above all by the splendid
Georgina: but even then they have their own beauties, in
which they at least equal most of the flowers at this time in
bloom. Their extreme hardiness, their facility of propagation,
and their thriving in almost any soil, however poor, are cer-
tainly Hadknoemmenis for their intr ciduchion into gardens, where
the occupiers cannot bestow much attention on : the cultivation
of flowers: but where cultivation and taste are combined, the
A’ster, as in other flowers, can hardly be deemed the same,
either in the strength of the plant or size of the blossoms; for
instance, I have one in my garden, Lacteus alate, or

On the Genus A’ster. 685

French white, which is now 12 ft. in height, and the other
kinds are in proportion fine. ‘Tne under-mentioned sorts are
in flower from the 12th of August, and continue to the middle
of September. I grew one alamp of them, and have inserted
the height each sort attains for the information of any one
who may be disposed to bloom them in a similar manner ; of
course, the highest in the middle, the second highest next, and
so on, and the shortest outside.

Asters in Bloom in August.
Height in feet.
Cordatus, small white flower, red stamina - a) ah
Bellidifolius, small white flower - - 3) 83
Latifolius, bluish white - - - 2
Sibiricus, azure blue - - - ele
Punctatus, lilac colour, small blossoms indivi- 1
dually, but forms a perfect umbel
Corymbosus, large reddish blue ove - aaa!
Solidaginoides, sinall curled white flowers ; singular and pretty OL

} Very handsome

But August presents a meagre collection; nor is it of much
consequence, for, as before observed, there are then plenty of
flowers in bloom. But I presume, cihen loans imcescsine
the asters in bloom from the first of October, and during the
month, I think I shall be able to point out such beauties in
the flower, and to convince (I am myself convinced) the lovers
of the flower-garden, that there is no herbaceous flower during
the month of October to be compared with the 4’ster, its spe-
cies and varieties.

Asters in Bloom in September.

Height in feet.
Floribindus, large white flower, - - 4to5

Blandus, bluish white - - - 4
Cyaneus, fine dark blue - - - 3
Rigida, lilac - - - - 2

Patens, fine large dark blue - - 12
Pulchéllus, or slobésus, small white flower, red stamina 1

Wie

The 10th of October, this season (1829), we had a killing
frost. On Michaelmas day, on surveying the numerous tribes
of flowers which the day before shone with resplendent beauty,
behold the melancholy appearance! The splendid georgina,
king of autumnal flowers, turned black and withered, and
pretty-well all the annuals had shared the same fate. I would
ask what flowers the borders produce to ornament the month
of October. None but the d’ster, the only hardy perennial
which blooms at the beginning, and continues throughout the
whole month; and why eal one month, and that rather a
dreary one, be left unornamented with the beauties of Flora?

686 On the Genus A’ster.

Asters in Bloom in October,

Height in feet.
Roseus, bright pink - - ba
Novee A’nglie, purple - - i
New Belgic, fine blue - = i
E‘legans, white ~ Sein = Hs
Ericoides, white - = < s
Salicifolius, pale blue & zt u
A’sper, white - - = u
Mutabilis, white, changing to red - x

Comosus, or umbrosus, small white flowers and stamina
Ameéllus, purple - - = 2
Rivéri, small elegant white flowers * = i

WIR

SHWWW EEE EAL

ble

There are some few other flowers in bloom contemporary
with the asters: the Helianthus tribe, — but they are all
yellow; a Pyrethrum or two, Phlox marylandica, Solidago
sempervirens, and Rudbéckza speciosa. 1 know of scarcely
any other kinds.

Thave raised from seed, for two or three years past, a great
number of asters. I generally sow the seed in April, and
most of them bloom the following autumn. ‘This season I
have had mere than 1000 in bloom from seed sown last
spring; from which I have selected about 50 decidedly hand-
some and distinct varieties, the others, being almost all alike,
I generally pull up and throw away as they bloom. I have
formed a separate clump of them; and the asters before enu-
merated do not contribute more, nor perhaps quite so much, to
the embellishment of my flower-garden, in October, as the
seedlings. ‘There are all degrees of colours, from the dark
blue to the most beautiful azure ; from the rose to the delicate
blush ; from the pure white to the French and greyish white, —
&c., in numberless varieties of shades and sizes; some of the
flowers being the size of a sixpence, some an inch or an
inch and a half in diameter, and some semidouble. I generally
impregnate them, by tying the flowers of the rose-coloured
on the white, blue on the rose, &c. It is incorrect to affirm
that the afore-mentioned kinds bloom only through the month
specified ; some of them may be in bloom the beginning of the
preceding month, and some may extend perhaps to the first
or second week of the succeeding. However, on accurate ob-
servation, I can decidedly pronounce them to be in full bleom
pretty well during the respective months as enumerated.

* A’ster Rivér? was raised from seed by Rivers and Son, nurserymen,
Sawbridgeworth, Herts, three years since, and is one of the shortest: it
blooms with a beautiful tuft of small white fiowers, and is a very pretty
variety. Most of the asters mentioned im the list before enumerated I
procured from them, and they likewise possess as extensive a collection of
herbaceous plants, &c., as any nurserymen in the kingdom.

Cause and Cure of the bad Setting of Grapes. 687

Any one who attends to the cultivation of this autumnal
flower, instead of having his flower-garden nearly destitute
of flowers during one month of the year, may have it highly
ornamented with the A ster.

The principal motive of this communication it so recommend
flowers for the embellishment of the month of October only ;
but as I have enumerated the kinds of asters which bloom in
the two antecedent months, to wind up I have inserted a few
sorts underneath which flower from the middle of November
to Christmas ; though the same argument will hold good which
is applied to the sorts flowering in August and September, as
from the middle of November to Christmas the garden is or-
namented by that matchless winter flower the Chrysanthemum.

Asters in bloom from the First of November to Christmas.
Height in feet.

Lacteus altissimus, French white - - 12
Purpureus altissimus - - from 8 to 9
Grandiflorus, fine large blue - - 3

I am, Sir, &c.
. T. Rive RE.
Hampden Cottage, Sawbridgeworth, Herts,
November 4. 1829.

ArT. XVI. On the visible Cause, and easy and effectual Cure, of
the bad Setting of some Sorts of Grapes. By Mr. James Craia,
Gardener to G. Cholmeley, Esq., Howsham, York.

Sir,

I pare say it is well known to you that a great many
of those vines which “ have blossomed but brought no fruit”
have been hewn down as cumberers of the ground, and pro-
bably many more have been condemned before they were
fairly tried; and if such there are, I trust that what I am
about to state will be the means of saving them from the fatal
axe. I have at this place a vine under my care, which is a
very bad setter; it is an old plant, growing in a double-pitted
pine stove. Previously to my coming here it had been con-
demned for an apparently good reason, which was, it had
never brought to perfection more than about a dozen berries
on a bunch; the residue were about the size of peas. I was
informed of its faults, but nevertheless respited it, and have
been amply rewarded for my clemency. It ripened, last year,
a very fine crop, the bunches from 1 lb. to 3lb., well filled
with berries, considerably larger than those of the white

688 Cause and Cure of the bad Setting of Grapes.

Tokay. I am not certain of its name as I never saw the
sort before; nor could any gentleman or gardener who saw it
tell me what it was: but three good practical gardeners, to
whom I sent single berries, informed me it was the Palestine.
Be it what it may, it is an excellent grape, of good flavour,
and one of the best of keepers: the fruit was ripe in July,
and I cut the last bunch in Christmas week. The berries are
of a dark red colour, and of an oval form.

I presume that the following observations and treatment of
this vine will be equally applicable to many other bad-setting
sorts ;—

On close inspection, when the blossoms are fully expanded,

it will be obvious to every observer who is acquainted with
the parts of the fructification, that the main cause of their
abortiveness is a defect in the filament, and not in the anther,
as supposed by many. It will be found that the filaments
are very small and recurved, so as to render it almost impos-
sible for the anthers to come in contact with the stigma of the
same blossom, and I am persuaded there is a sufficient quan-
tity of pollen on the anther for the fecundation of the stigma;
but so awkwardly is the anther situated, that in very few
instances can the pollen perform its function on the stigma
without the assistance of art. The evil may certainly be
remedied in a great measure by suspending over its racemes
those of any free-setting sort, when the flowers of both
are fully open; or by itermixing with its branches the
‘branches of any free-setting sort that may be expected to
flower at the same time: but in many cases neither of these
methods would be convenient, nor do I consider them at all
necessary.

About half of the bunches I impregnated with the pollen
taken from the bunches of other sorts in flower at the same
time, collected with a soft camel-hair pencil, in the following
manner : — I took a sheet of white paper, and held it under the
bunches from which I intended to gather the pollen (select-
ing those which were fullest in flower), and then applied
the pencil gently to various parts of them; and when the
pencil was charged with yellow powder, I took it to the
bunches which I wished to fecundate, and touched lightly
with the pencil the female parts of the flowers, holding the
paper as when gathering the pollen; and what dust fell into
the paper I took up in the pencil, and applied it as before.
These did as well as I could wish. All that remained (except
two bunches) I impregnated with their own pollen, by work-
ing the pencil carefully among the flowers, and by that means
dispersing part of the fecundating dust, and collecting part of

Forcing of Cabbage Lettuce in Holland. 689

it upon the pencil. Of course, by this process, the pencil comes
as often in contact with the female as with the male part of
the flower ; consequently, the feeundation is accomplished by
the pollen which is already on the pencil adhering to the
stigma while more is collected. By the first of these methods
I had rather more berries set than I had by the latter; but I
had a great many berries to thin out of all the bunches, except
the two which I left unassisted, and which set their berries in
the usual way, almost all of them about the size of peas, and
without seed. I kept as dry an atmosphere as I conveniently
could, from 65 to 82 degrees of heat, in order to absorb a
superfluous moisture which collected on the stigma. The
operation was. generally performed about noon, when the
bunches were dry. It is necessary that the operation should
be performed every day while the trees are in flower (which
will be about a week), as some parts of the bunches are only
in flower when the others are set.
Yours, &c.
J. Craic.
_Howsham, February 10, 18309..

Art. XVII. On the Forcing of Cabbage Lettuce in Holland. By
M. P. Linpecaarp. Translated from {the Danish by M. Jens
Peter PETERSEN, of the Royal Gardens of Rosenburgh, near
Copenhagen.

Ir is well known that every country is possessed of some-
thing peculiar in preference to another, with regard to vege-
tation, or to the bringing of some plants and sorts of fruits
to greater maturity and perfection; which is partly effected
by, or attributed to, local circumstances, as air, soil, situation,
or climate.

On the Continent, the Dutch gardeners are undoubtedly
the only ones who produce excellent cabbage lettuce during
the whole winter. ‘The nobility and gentry in Holland are
remarkably fond of lettuce, having it on their table every day
in the year, and consider it very wholesome and purgative
to the blood: consequently, this branch of horticulture has
attracted the greatest care and attention of the gardeners in
that country. ‘The treatment of winter lettuce (eoude slaa,
-Dutch), as I saw it practised forty-four years back, during
my stay in Holland, is as follows :—

A hot-bed which has done bearing, and is well situated
-towards the sun,, is chosen: the mould is several times stirred

Vou. VI. — No. 29. iva

690 Forcing of Cabbage Lettuce in Holland.

up or turned over, to make the air impregnate it; and, if too
heavy, about half the quantity of mould is taken away, and
a similar quantity of good leaf mould put to the remainder,
and all well mixed together. Some gardeners take all the
mould out of the bed, and loosen the surface of the dung, to
make the moisture in winter pass through it freely; and
leaf mould only is put on the bed or in the frames: and as
the leaf mould is much incorporated with sand, particularly
all round Haarlem, it is found very suitable to the growth of
cabbage lettuce.

The sort of cabbage lettuce in use at that time was termed
klein groen, with black seed ; but of late years, I am informed,
another more palatable sort, 4lezn geel, with white seed, is
used for that purpose.

The seed is sown very thin, in the first days of September,
on a melon bed which has done bearing; and watering with a
fine syringe, if the weather continue dry, must not be neglected.
When the plants have produced the fourth leaf they are fit
for transplanting; the bed having been previously prepared,
by digging and raking, is now marked so that one plant will
be placed under every pane or square of glass in the window.
To plant a reserve, or superfluous row at top and bottom, is
very advisable, lest any of the main plants should be eaten by
the wire worm, which is often the case. After planting, the
lights are immediately put on, and no air given in the first
couple of days: asthe plants begin to grow, air is given to the
frames, as well at the bottom as at the top (about three inches),
which is best performed by putting two bricks under each
corner of every window; and this air may remain day and
night for some time. At this period it will be found very
necessary to search the beds every morning, if the wire worms
have made their appearance; and where a plant is eaten, you
will be pretty sure to find a worm under. the root or in the
surface, sometimes an inch deep or so: this is to be continued
early in the morning every day till the insects disappear. In
October, when the air begins to grow cold, and the heads of
the cabbage lettuce begin to get close or hard, no air is given
any more, and the lights are entirely closed; but it must be
observed, that the leaves do not at all touch the glass, as, if

‘they do, the least unexpected frost will hurt their edges
-and the consequence will be that the plants will rot. In
this case the frame will have to be lifted every now and
then. . When the nightly frosts commence, generally in Oc-
tober, great attention must be paid to covering the beds with
a single layer of bass mats; yet too much covering is to be
avoided before the plants are grown to perfect heads. Water-

Culture of Wheat near Ardress in Ireland. 691

ing is quite out of the question, and eyen very hurtful; but care
should be taken to prevent moisture as muchas possible. Cover
more or less according to the severity of the weather; and
keep the lights uncovered in the day, whenever and as much
as the weather will permit. By this treatment the Dutch
gardeners produce cabbage lettuce during the whole winter
till the month of April, when they are succeeded by the early
forced.

I have followed this method for forty-five successive years
in the Royal Gardens at Rosenburgh, but never so successfully
as it is done in Holland. It depends greatly on the soil: a
light leaf mould is considered the best, and it is not to be
had in large towns. I know the Roman lettuce is preferred
in England, but I suppose it is scarce in the winter; there-
fore it might be of advantage to some of your readers to get
acquainted with a method of producing salat pommé (cabbage
lettuce) in the middle of the winter.

P. LinDEGAARD.

Art. XVIII. Notice of the Culture of Wheat in the Neighbourhood
of Ardress, in Ireland. By G. Ensor, Esq., Author of The Inde-
pendent Man and other Works.

Sir,

I am induced to send you the following remarks, in conse-
quence of seeing some lost crops of wheat this year in the Isle
of Wight, from the mode of tillage in that wet land. ‘The
practice in my immediate neighbourhood, where the land is
strong and retentive clay, is as follows : —Wheat is generally
sown after potatoes, sometimes on fallows; in both cases the
land is harrowed flat ; then the plough superficially marks the
ridges, which are sown broad-cast. ‘The ridges vary from 44 ft.
to 5 ft.; the furrow 1 ft. wide, which is dug about 14 in. deep
in thin spadefuls, and cast on either side on the grain. The
furrows are shovelled as they are dug, one shovel to four
spades. This practice has various benefits: less seed is
required, all being on the same level, no grain being buried,
none lost on the surface. It can be executed any day that
men can work out; it deepens the land, and keeps land and
grain dry during the wettest seasons. ‘Ten men should dig
and shovel an acre ina day. Perhaps I should add, that the
furrow made by digging should be necked on either side the
ridge ; and the spade I speak of is the Irish spade.

Iam, Sir, yours, &c.
Ardress, Loughgall, Sept. 19. 1830. Grorce Ensor.
KONE

CIF G Method of forcing Strawberries.

Art. XIX. Ona Method of forcing Strawberries. By R. T.
Sir,

As I have just been preparing a quantity of strawberries for
‘forcing, and as I have had an opportunity of trying all the dif-
ferent ways I have read or heard of respecting them, perhaps
‘you will allow me to lay before your readers an account of my
mode of culture. During the last few years the forcing of
strawberries has very much improved, and a great many me-
thods have been tried in order to find out the best to obtain
a good crop. Since it is pretty well known that young plants
force best and bear most, and that the stronger the plants are
the more fruit they will bear, it is, of course, important to know
how they may be obtained. Some people have planted the
young runners as soon as they could procure them, ina shady
situation, and then potted them in the autumn; others have
potted them at once, and shaded them till they had begun to
grow, and by this means have had tolerably good crops: but,
though in wet summers, like the last three, runners are to be
obtained tolerably early, yet in dry summers it is very diff-
cult to have them soon enough to acquire strength before
“winter. ‘The method I practise, and recommend to others, is
this: — Some time in March, or in the beginning of April,
take up of the last year’s runners as many as wili fill the
requisite number of pots: but instead of planting them in a
“continued bed, as commonly practised, let them be planted in
single rows around the quarters of the garden, and as much
exposed as possible ; by which means, instead of having weak
drawn-up plants, with very small hearts to produce fruits,
they will be strong and firm from exposure, and produce
‘abundantly. Any time in September let them be taken up,

‘with as much earth as will adhere to the roots, and potted
‘in good loam; that from the old melon beds will do very
well, with about one fourth of the old dung mixed with it.
It is a common practice to put them three in a pot (size 32);
‘but plants treated in this way will frequently be so strong as
to allow of only one: this must, therefore, be regulated by
‘their strength. I have sometimes planted one plant in a pot
‘(size 48), and for early forcing I prefer it; as the fruit will
‘soon reach the rim of the pot, and hang over, instead of lying
on the damp mould among the leaves.
I forgot to state that, when the plants are taken up to pot,
‘the leaves ought not to be cut off, except any very straggling
Oness 7) . .
I am, Sir, yours, &c.

‘Sept. 21. 1830. RT:

Treatment of Fruit Trees. 693.

Art. XX. Remarks on the Treatment of Fruit Trees.
By Mr. Roserr ERRINGTON.
Sir,

I wave just read with pleasure another soundly practical
paper by Mr. Hiver, in your last Magazine, and must say I
have for some time been very nearly of the same opinion,
especially with regard to the too prevalent error of making.
deep and highly manured borders, and also of the necessity
of a perfect admission of heat and light to the embryo buds
to elaborate the sap; and I think it will not be long before
these matters are admitted universally : but, as I think I can.
offer a few remarks on fruit trees in general, which have not
come within the scope of Mr. Hiver’s subjects, and which,
nevertheless, I flatter myself may be of some trifling service
to the uninitiated, I trust | may venture to do so..

I must first premise, that it frequently happens that a gar-
dener, in changing situations, has to take to a lot of trees
troubled with that vegetable plethora long since described
by Mr. Hiver. I am one, and of course can speak feelingly.
I have a wall of peaches, which produced such wood as Mr.
Newington calls basket rods, and which I described to you in
a former Number as having been planted in a very porous
soil, ina highly manured state. What could Ido? I was
as sparing of the knife as possible, as far as shortening,
was concerned, leaving some of the shoots from 4 to 5 ft. in
length, knowing they had a superabundance of sap, which
would have vent in one shape or other; but this did not suf-
ficiently avail. I therefore threw open a trench before them,
and cut with a knife what I considered to be a just proportion:
of the deepest roots from them. ‘The experiment has answered
my best expectations. Now I have a wall of these trees,
240 ft. in length, which I could show against any, and which
are that just medium between strength and weakness which.
is the true criterion of fruitfulness in many trees. I must here
observe, that I thought it prudent in cutting to divide them
at a tuft of fibres (as I thought it probable they would heal
more quickly at such parts), and to spread those in a hori-.
zontal direction ; and, I believe, by so doing there will be no
danger of suckers: at any rate, I have none; and it is time
they showed themselves, if the practice would create them.

I have since served two walls of pear trees in the same way,.
and some plums also, which used to make breast wood a yard
from the wall. The result is, I have little breast wood now,.
and the buds are forming in an excellent manner for fruit;
and I must say, that this method appears preferable to all the

Viva

694: Treatment of Fruit Trees.

ringing manceuyres of the day. With regard to the quince
stock for pears, I can hardly agree with Mr. Hiver in this
matter. He seems to make disease a necessary consequence
of poverty, which I have yet to learn. I know that many in-
_ jurious effects will follow from poverty in trees, but I am not
aware that disease will of necessity. I think with him, that
it is far better to manage them by the border; but I know
also that some kinds will do well on quince stocks, and, I be-
lieve, last for many years: but these, in my opinion, should
have a little deeper and better soil than the free stocks, and
the strong-wooded and shy-fruiting kinds should alone have
the quince. By the way, are quince trees liable to premature
decay? If not, why should the pears be so when worked on
them ? I know it is difficult to get them on this stock in the
nurseries, because they will not produce wood fast enough,
and strength of wood is to many the only criterion to judge
by. As for pruning, I am convinced it is ridiculous to depend
upon any system to produce fruitfulness in pear trees; and
should rather view it in the light of an operation forced upon
us by limitation, and the necessity of light and air to all parts
of the tree. As for young trees, a year or two after planting,
if too luxuriant, how easy and efficacious it is to take them
up and replant them! But this, of course, as well as cutting
the roots, presupposes errors in the border formation. It is
strange, yet notorious, that young trees are often started, as it is
called, in the richest of soils; while, in the same garden, we
see trees exhausted with long and hard bearing suffered to
starve by inches, as though the benefits of mulching or top-
dressing were not known or admitted. By mulch I do not
mean the highly fermented manure of the melon ground, which
has lost some 60 per cent of its qualities, and has little besides
bulk and blackness to recommend it; but animal manures,
prepared on just chemical principles (I hope the term chemical
will not give offence to any). Now, I donot contend that this
is to make a tree live for ever, but that it is applicable in
numerous instances where it is too commonly omitted. I think
it probable that bone would be highly eligible for this pur-
pose ; and I wish some of your scientific correspondents would
give us a tabular analysis of all the principal fruits and vege-
tables, showing us the relative value of their constituents, that
we might be able to apply our manures accordingly : for, if I
am rightly informed, the nitrogen of animal substances is only
taken up by a few, and then in limited degrees. But here I
am out of my depth.
Another word on deep borders. I consider half the dis-
eases (commonly so called) of fruit trees referable to this very

On training the Peach and Nectarine. 695

point, and feel confident it keeps the branches of most kinds of
fruit trees growing late in the summer, when the ripening pro-
cess should be going on; and the result is, they are frequently
overtaken by the frost with their leaves ina green state, when
an imperfect developement of their buds and blossoms is, I
believe, a sure consequence the next spring. I have little
doubt it is the chief cause of that defect in the ripening of
grapes so often complained of. If vines grow and bear well in
warm regions on shallow banks with a rocky substratum, why
give them such enormous depth in a colder climate? As for
ridging borders, cropping them (unless of necessity), and some
other manceuvres, they can, in my opinion, be very well dis-
pensed with: stirring the surface with the points of a fork, for
the free admission of atmospheric assistance, will, I believe, do
all that is requisite. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.

Rozsert Errineton.
Oulton Park, June 20. 1830.

Ant. XXI. Farther Remarks on training the Peach and Nectarine.
By Mr. R. Errineton.
Sir,

I wroTE to you some time since (p. 693.) on the subject
of cutting the roots of trees to induce fruitfulness; and I have
since read in Mr. M‘Intosh’s work that this method had been
tried in Scotland (I think at Lord Mansfield’s garden), and
with great success. Of this I was not aware when I wrote
the paper in question ; and as my observations thereon, to those
acquainted with the matter, would appear preposterous, and
might be construed into a sort of claim to novelty, I am in-
duced to request you will destroy the paper in question, and,
if necessary, I will most willingly furnish you with any par-
ticulars relative to the trials quoted at any time, especially as I
am convinced it is the most eligible course that can be taken
when borders have been made on wrong principles. _ I beg
again to affirm, that no writer in the Magazine (in my humble
opinion) has hit upon the prevalent defects in this affair so
aptly as Mr. Hiver (a man I never yet saw), whose first paper
on pear trees is, in a great degree, applicable to most fruits,
&c., and should be printed and set up in every kitchen-garden
in the country.

I now wish to say a few words more about peach and nec-
tarine trees, as I find there is something concerning me in Mr.
Seymour’s paper in your last Number. I am aware that quite

Ma ous

696 On training the Peach and Nectarine.

enough has been said on the subject; yet I trust you will allow
me to vindicate what I had before written, which, [ perceive,
will be liable to misconstruction.

In Mr. Seymour’s paper, I observe, he remarks that his
young trees are growing in a soil nearly like that complained
of by me. I wish he had said how nearly. Has he the same
proportion of dung in the soil? Is this soil as sandy as I
described mine to be? Is his subsoil as porous and dry? And
does he desire excessively luxuriant wood, as a matter of choice ?
I beg to repeat that my trees not only made the basket-rods
(as Mr. Newington calls them) in the centre of the trees, but:
to the very bottom of the wall; and those shoots averaged in
leneth 3 to 6 ft. Now, the trees having been planted 6 yds.
apart only, and the wall being 10 ft. high, [remember saying
it was difficult to know how to prune them to provide a nice
succession of wood: and so it was; for pruning could not
effect what I required, as the extremities of the shoots had
already met in many places. Now, I intended to move them
all and place them farther apart, but I was requested by a
proper authority not to do so ; therefore I will describe what I
did. I opened a trench before them, at about 6 ft. from the wall,
and cut a just proportion of all their straggling roots at a tuft
of fibres, which I combed carefully out in a horizontal direc-
tion, and replaced the soil. I then removed about 6 in. in
depth of the part of the border between their roots and the
walk, and dressed it with 6 in. of fat turfy loam, forking it in,
and mixing it with the sand 2 ft. deep. Be it remembered,
I was placing this fat loam on a bottom exceedingly dry and
porous; and those minutize must be borne in mind by our cri-
tics, for I beg not to be understeod as recommending stiff soil
on a retentive subsoil. However, to proceed, I cut the trees,
leaving every luxuriant leader, just as Mr. Seymour recom-
mends (although I never heard of his system), nearly its full
length; having also reserved a pair of laterals in the summer
(disbudding towards the base of each luxuriant shoot), and in
some exceedingly luxuriant shoots, two pairs. Other wood of
a weaker character, and nearer home, I pruned a little closer.
I have now to state, that I will show that wall of trees (240 ft.
long) against any of the same age; and for symmetry, equal-.
ised strength, a just medium degree also, and complete suc-
cession of wood without any nakedness, 1 think they cannot
be surpassed. I now beg to offer a few remarks on what I
humbly conceive to be either erroneous or immaterial, in plans
proposed by a few writers in the Magazine latterly ; and hope
to give no offence by the liberty taken, as I shall most wil-
-lingly, in my turn, submit to the lash.

On training the Peach and Nectarine. 697

Mr. Newington’s plan of managing a crop of young spray
i entirely disapprove of, as being unnecessary. It might, in
trees of a very moderate strength, in the warmer parts of Eng-
land, answer what may be called decently; but, for the ma-
jority of gardeners, I feel convinced it would not be the best
plan: its evils would be confusion of wood, and, in the end,
too great exclusion of light and heat. Nevertheless, I think
Mr. Housman under a mistake in saying it might do for luxu-
riant wood: for, if he taxes his memory, he will remember
that the lowest joint of laterals on very luxuriant wood is
generally very long, perhaps from 1 in. to 6 in.; and such
wood, if topped, would seldom make bloom spurs. How-
ever, I may misunderstand him. I protest against any very
punishing crops, as onions or shallots, on the borders, the
roots of which run 18 in. deep. The most legitimate crop
I know for the purpose, in my opinion, is the strawberry,
on account of that mortal enemy to surface roots, the spade,
being so little required in its cultivation. These I would
plant in rows 3 ft. apart, leaving a space of 6 ft. next the wall,
on which the runners of the respective kinds would extend.
without mixing, especially by dressing that space in April
with leaf mould. They would be rooted early, and ready to.
clear away in the end of July with the trimmings between the
rows. I would plant a portion every year, and after bearing
the second time, destroy them. For these borders I would
have a net made, which should fit a given number of rows, and
I would cover them over with it at ripening time, By these
means, and mouse-traps round the exterior, the crop would be
as secure as the cherry orchard at Hylands. For, plant how.
we will here, unless they are covered the birds will have at
least half. As crops intermitting between the strawberries, I
would advise, with Mr. Housman, spinach, radishes, French
beans, endive, lettuce, dwarf peas, pickling cucumbers, re-
membering always to crop rather thinly; and if any of the
borders could be totally cleared through July or August, I
have no doubt it would be an advantage. ‘These borders
sheuld be always worked with a fork, and not more than 6 or
8 in. deep, if possible; for I think it of more importance to
preserve surface roots than to attend to those punctilios about
mignonette, &c. |

I now beg to say, after finding all the fault I can, that all
those papers have their merits: at any rate, it is agreeable to
see so much testimony from various quarters contrasted.

Let those who judge, therefore, bear in mind that almost.
every situation has its peculiarities; and let us not be con-
demned without those localities being taken into the question.

695 Diack’s Mode of grafting on

I should not have scribbled so far, could I have compressed
my subject more without mutilation: I must, therefore, ask
pardon for its defects, and for the digressions I have made ;
and shall make up my mind to expect a scolding for my pains,
if this be inserted.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Oulton Park, Sept. 1830. Rospert ERRINGTON.

Art. XXII. Mr. Alexander Diack's Mode of grafting on the large
Branches of old Trees, as extracted from the Books of the Aber-
deenshire Horticultural Society. Communicated by Mr. A. Diack,
C.M.H.S.

Sir,

Ir is with no little degree of surprise that I see announced,
in some of the periodical publications for this month, and
also in some of the newspapers, as being extracted from the
Transactions of the London Horticultural Society, a method of
grafting on the large branches of old trees, the merit of which
is claimed by Mr. Malone, gardener to G. S. Foljambe, Esq.,
of Osberton House, Nottinghamshire. I do not know how
long Mr. Malone may have been practising the method ; but
this much I can tell you, that previously to the year 1826 I
myself followed the same practice, and in 1827 laid before
the Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society a detailed account of
my method and success: a copy of which paper I forwarded
to the London Horticultural Society, by the advice of~ Alex-
ander Seaton, Esq., one of the Council of the said Society,
who visited my grounds in the month of May of that year ;
and I find the same noticed in your Magazine for December
following, as having been read before the Council of the
London Society. I may just mention, that my plan has been
adopted by several experienced gardeners in this neighbour-
hood with the most complete success, particularly Mr. Steven-
son, late gardener to Charles Bannerman, Esq., of Cremon-
magate, upon a number of standard and wall trees in his
orchard. Will you, therefore, oblige me by sparing a corner
of your valuable publication for the following account of my
process, which is nearly the same as that by Mr. Malone? It
is extracted from the books of the Aberdeenshire Horticul-
tural Society, under date of August 28. 1827, and is in sub-
stance that which was sent to the London Horticultural
Society. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.

: ALEXANDER Diack, C.M.H.S.

Mile End, Aberdeen, March 13. 1830.

the large Branches of old Trees. 699

* 'T’o the Secretaries of the Aberdeenshire Horticultural
Society, Aug. 28. 1827.

** I beg leave to submit to your consideration a mode of
grafting upon old stocks, branches, &c., of any size. The
method is simply this: — Having headed down your tree, take
a scion and place it upon that part of the stock where it is
meant to insert it. Cut upon both sides lengthways, through
the bark to the wood, an inch or more long, directly opposite
each other; then cut across between these at the bottom,
observing to have it rather too little than too much. Raise
now the bark between the incisions, by a hone or ivory wedge,
or the handle of a budding-knife, &c., as most convenient ;
which will be easily done, as the wood and bark will easily
separate when the sap has arisen, when the void will appear
as a mortise. Prepare now the scion, as in the common way
for whip-grafting, by cutting away one side ; then paring away
the rind or outer bark on both sides of the transverse section,
making the lower end square; so that, when placed in the
mortise, it may fill the place exactly as a tenon, the end
uniting closely with the bark of the stock.

“Tie now with matting in the usual way, observing that if
there is a vacuity. between the scion and bass, in consequence
of the bark of the stock being thicker than that of the scion,
it will be necessary to place something above that part of the
scion, so as the void may be filled up, that the tying press it tight.
If the operation is performed on branches rather low horizon-
tal, clay is to be preferred as a plaster ; if above, pitch, &c. (or
grafting wax), in case capillary attraction is necessary. By
capillary attraction, I mean having a bottle or jar for the
purpose of holding water; a bit of cord or narrow selvage
of cloth, from 24 in. to 36 in. long, as a conductor, the
one end immersed in the water, and the other end turned
once or twice round the scion; the vessel for the water to be
filled as often as necessary. By this mode I have no doubt
that cuttings, even from America or India, if kept moderately
moist (damp) on the passage, will in most instances succeed.

«‘ Tn the latter end of the month of March last, a cutting of -
a new particular pear (Duchesse d’Angouléme) was sent me
from the Horticultural Garden of London. When received,
the buds were lin. long, and perfectly blanched from the
lateness of the season, and the package having been in damp
moss. I cut the shoot in two equal parts, and wrought them
in the manner above described. The buds in the course of
a day became quite black, and died away; I had then recourse
to capillary attraction, By the first week in May, the top or

700 On keeping Fruits,

uppermost part began to push from the s¢de where the former

bud was; and about the middle of June the lower part also.
«This operation, to be denominated mortzse-grafting, has
been witnessed by the secretaries of our Society at different
periods of the season; and the same method was pointed out
to Messrs. Stevenson and Fraser, the former of whom, to my
knowledge, has adopted the plan with equal success this season.
“¢ To the size of your stock may be proportioned the num-
ber of your scions, say from half an inch to as much more as
you please between. When capillary attraction is had re-
course to, it will be most advisable to use the pitch compo-

sition, as the constant current of water loosens the clay.

Iam, &c.

(Signed ) A Ex. DIACK.
Mile End, Aug. 28. 1827.

Tiead.”

Art. XXIII. On heeping Fruits, more particularly Apples.

By Joun Ferme, Esq.
Sir,

THERE is no subject upon which there seems to be more
diversity of opinion among horticulturists, than what is the
proper mode of preserving apples and pears through the win-
ter months; and considering the importance of ascertaining,
upon scientific principles, the means to be adopted for attain-
ing this desirable object, it is to be wondered that the matter
has not been takeh up by some one qualified to explain the
catisés of the good or bad success attendant on the experi-
ments which are yearly made. In the Vransactions of the
London and Caledonian Horticultural Societies, as well as in
other publications, numerous papers occur, stating the suc-
cessful -result of experiments conducted by respectable indi-
viduals ; but, when these are compared together, the means
adopted to obtain the desired end are generally found to be
so various and dissimilar, that, in the absence of some theo-
retical reasoning to enable the reader to form his own judg-
ment, tio proper conclusion can be arrived at, and every one
follows his own method. In premising these observations, it
is not my intention to offer any theory on the subject, which
both my ignorance of chemistry and want of opportunity for
experiments preclude me from attempting; but I wish to call
the attention of your numerous contributors to the question,
and I hope to see it handled in some of your future Numbers.
In my small experience, however, one thing has occurred to me,

more particularly Apples. 701

which, I rather think, is frequently lost sight of by many per-
sons who have, like myself, but a small quantity of fruit, and
but indifferent accommodation for its preservation, viz. tha
the cause of shrivelling, the most common way in which apples
and pears decay, is not so often from the fruit being gathered
in an immature state (a mistake which few persons will twice
fall into), but from the too dry state of the air of the place
where they are deposited, and the position in which they are
placed allowing such dry air to operate too freely on them.

When fruit, however mature and finely ripened, is exposed
‘in a dry apartment, and laid singly on open sparred shelves
(as is often practised), the action of the air speedily extracts

-the juice from them; and in the month of November and De-
cember, Ribstons, Nonpareils, and other fine apples, and the
better kinds of pears, which should remain in good condition
for several months after, become shrivelled, and the pulp
stringy, unpalatable, and undigestible. Packing in jars closely
cemented or sealed up I have found to prevent this, where it is
unavoidable to deposit fruit in a dry apartment; but such a
state of atmosphere as is rather moist, without the place itself
being absolutely damp or wet, I conceive to be most favour-
able for the fruit retaining its original freshness in; and as
many persons have cellars at the surface of the ground, or a
‘little below it, who have no regular fruit-rooms, my experience
would induce me to advise them to store their fruit in a corner
of the former, in preference to dry presses and closets in higher
flats of the house. As an example of what I am advising, I
may mention, that a lady of my acquaintance, whose garden
produced annually a considerable quantity of fine Ribstons
and Nonpareils, has been anxious for several years to pre-
serve them till spring, and last year complained to me that, with
all her care and attention, she was unable to effect it, as the
fruit invariably shrivelled before the end of the year. On in-

-specting the place where it was kept, I found it a dry closet
on the second floor of the house. I advised her this year to
deposit them in the cellar, which is several feet under the sur-
face; and I was agreeably surprised, some days ago, to be
shown specimens of Ribstons and Nonpareils preserved in
‘both places: those from the closet shrivelled and skinny ;
those from the cellar as fresh as when pulled from the tree.

I know not if these unconnected observations may be worthy
of a place in your pages ; but from the apple and pear being (as
you justly observe in your last Number) the food of the mid-
dling and pcor classes, and more generally useful than any

_ other, I hope, at all events, you will call the attention of your

‘correspondents to the subject. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.

Haddington, Dec. 16. 1829. JoHN FERME.

702 Culture of the Newtown Pippin.

Art. XXIV. On the Culture of the Newtown Pippin Apple.
‘By Mr. James Brienrt.
Sir,

I raxe the liberty of submitting to you the subjoined hints
on the culture of that celebrated American apple called the
Newtown Pippin, which as yet, unfortunately, has but slightly
shared that portion of attention which so strongly characterises
the age. Little short of three years ago, my attention had
been much engaged respecting its culture. It then occurred
to me, that the chief part of North American soils was a
mixture of a part decomposed peat and vegetable leaf mould,
which induced me to try the following imitation: one part
peat earth, one part decayed vegetable leaf mould, and half
apart loam. ‘To each tree were applied four barrowloads of
the above mixture; the holes for the trees were previously
opened, and the old standing soil dispersed; the bottom of
each allotment was well drained, and the trees planted as
above. ‘The annual growth made by the trees far surpasses
any thing of the sort I have ever witnessed; nor has their
vigour prevented their bearing fruit the second year, much
finer and larger than ever before perceived by me: which
fruit bears a strong affinity to the Ortley apple described by
Mr. Michael Foy of New York (See Trans. Hort. Soc., vol. vi.
part iv. p. 409.), and probably is the same fruit as the Newtown
Pippin; which latter is very different in size and colour when
grown in our common soils. At all events, it is sufficient to
remark, that not only the other American apples, but the fine
long-decaying varieties so nearly extinct, will be found ulteriorly
to revive in the above mixture; which would, if triennially
applied around the exterior roots, enable the trees to continue
vigorous; and, moreover, do away with the adhesive companions
the canker and blight; more especially, the A’phis lanatus
would seek for its abode a more salutary habitation. As a
farther testimonial for it, the above assertions may be person-
ally proved by seeing the objects, which surpass the eulogy
bestowed on them in this paper.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
May Place Gardens, Sept. 1829. James Brient.

Art. XXV. Notice of a Citron Tree in the Gardens of Castle .
Semple. By Joun Hay, Esq.
Sir,
Tue gardener at Castle Semple observing that specimens of
particular fruits were acceptable to you, proposed to Major

Citron Tree at Castle Semple. 703

Harvey to send for your inspection a citron, produced from
a large tree growing in his garden at that place. To this he
readily consented ; and intends sending it under the care of
his eldest son, a young genileman returning to school, after
the Christmas vacation, in the vicinity of London. Major
_ Harvey and family being at present residing in Edinburgh,
the fruit was sent here. As the tree has been a good deal
under my observation and directions, I proposed to the Major
to send you a short account of it along with the fruit, which
is the principal reason for my troubling you at this time with
these lines.

This citron was planted in the old garden (now removed)
in the summer of 1818, in a small glazed apartment connected
with a conservatory; the back wall of which was 16 ft. high,
flued, and covered with a trellis on which the tree was trained.
The soil was a rich brown loam, mixed with more than one
half of rotted leaves. It grew in this situation luxuriantly ; and
in three years overgrew the house. In consequence of which,
measures were taken to train one side on the back wall of the
conservatory, where it produced some fine fruit, but was more
inclined to grow than show flowers.

A new garden having been determined on, to be erected at
a considerable distance from the old one, it became necessary
to remove the buildings, and, among the rest, the house that
protected the citron. Being desirous of having this valuable
plant preserved and carefully transplanted, I, accordingly, in
the end of autumn, 1824, caused a strong box (4 ft. square
and 3 ft. deep) to be built around the root, every plank being
well secured at the corners with strong iron bands, and the
sides otherwise well bound together; the space between the
ball containing the roots, and the sides of the box being filled up
with earth, and made very firm. The plant was then under-
mined, so as to get in the bottom of the box, piece by piece :
these were fixed to the sides by strong kneed irons, slipping
under the bottom and made firm to the sides; and the whole
was supported by a series of brick pillars built under each
plank, forming the bottom of the box. ‘The earth was now
filled in and levelled; and in this position the plant stood till
the 12th of August, 1825. The new garden was founded about
the middle of March in that year; and when the wall of the
orangery, which is flued, was finished, and a wooden trellis
put up, the tree was removed from the old to the new garden ;
and being set down in its place, the sides of the box were taken
away, and the bottom left under the roots; soil of the same
quality as it originally grew in was carefully put round it. The

ro)
house was then founded and erected over the plant ; and, when

704 Jessop’s- Mode of cultivating the Enville Pine.

finished, the tree was laid neatly to the trellis, filling the whole
of the back wall, 25 ft. long and 16 ft. high. In the spring and
summer of 1826, it showed abundance of flowers, which were all
‘cut off as they appeared ; in 1827, it put forth a greater abund-
‘ance of flowers, a few of which only were left to produce fruit ;
and in 1828, it was allowed to bear a full crop. It has been
‘under the management of Mr. Alexander Lauder for the last
‘three years; and, for its progress last year, I transcribe from
Mr. Lauder’s letter to me, of the 18th of January instant : —
«* The citron tree covers the whole of the trellis on the back
wall of the orange-house, with branches on each side extend-
ing about 6 ft. round the ends. It produced between seven
-and eight dozens of fruits last year; about four dozens were
full-sized, the remainder were taken off when half grown; be-
-sides a great quantity taken off when about the size of a com-
mon orange'and under : only four of the fruits were allowed to
ripen, the others were taken off green for preserving. ‘The
tree is in very good health: a number of last year’s shoots are
from 7 ft. to 8 ft. in length.”
Tam, Sir, yours, &c.
Edinburgh, Jan. 22. 1830. Joun Hay.

Tue citron sent measured 184 in. in circumference one way,
and 19% in. the other. — Cond.

Art. XXVI. Mr. C. Hale Jessop's Mode of cultivating the Enville
Pine. Communicated by him to the Vale of Evesham Horti-
cultural Society, at a Meeting of which on Sept. 25. 1828 it was
read ; and sent by the President of that Society to the Garden-
er’s Magazine.

I wave sent an Enville pine, raised by retaining and fruiting
‘the suckers attached to the old stem or mother plant, well
-situated near the bottom of the parent plant.

In September take off some of the leaves about the base,
to favour the emission of roots ; then potting deep the suckers
attached to the stem and roots of the old plant. ‘This mode is,

I think, well adapted for the tardy fruiters, and will insure fruit
annually which will give the same weight of fruit, and better-
flavoured than others fruiting at three years old. From the
plant that produced the fruit herewith sent I cut a fine hand-
some fruit last summer, and which, at 10s. per ib., pro-

-duced 11. 17s. 6d., weighing 4 lbs. all but 4.0z. Ihave now a
fine sucker, rising from and on the mother plant of 1827,
which bids fair to produce such another fruit for next year.

Growing Pine-apples in Moss. 705

Art. XXVII. On growing Pine-apples in Moss. By M. Jacos
SermeL, Head Gardener to the Count Montgelas, at Bogen-
hausen, near Munich.

Sir,

Wuen you lately honoured the gardens of Count Mont-
gelas, at Bogenhausen, with a visit, you expressed a wish that
I would communicate to you, in writing, my method of raising
pine-apples in moss. I am happy to have it thus early in my
power to comply with your request; and you may be assured
that the statements I am about to make are the genuine
results of twelve years’ experience and observation.

Of the Gathering of the Moss, its Treatment and Mixing. —
The moss (H¥pnum spec. diy.) is gathered in the months of
September and October in the woods, and chopped small at
home with a hatchet, or cut like chaff, after which it is laid up
in a broad heap in the open air. About four English bushels
of horn shavings, or more, are added to every two-horse-load
of moss, and well mixed with it; after that the heap is left
undisturbed till the following spring. In the first fine days
of March, the moss thus mixed is spread in the air, in order
to get it tolerably (but not thoroughly) dry; after which it is
put under cover to prevent its getting damp again.

Of the Transplanting of the Pine-apples ‘without Balls. —
The pots are chosen in proportion to the size of the plants, but
they are generally larger than when the plants are to be potted
in earth. ‘The apertures at the bottom are, as usual, covered
with bits of earthenware, after which the pots are filled in the
- following manner: — We first put in the prepared moss to
the depth of three fingers, which is well rammed down, and
then thinly covered with manure, salt, or saltpetre. This is
continued alternately till the pot is rather more than half
full; after which a cylindrical piece of wood, of from 2 to 3 in.
in diameter (according to the stoutness of the plant), is placed
upright on the moss in the pot, and the latter is then filled to
the top with the same substance, with thin sprinklings of salt
between the layers as before. ‘The wood is then taken out,
and the hole partially filled up with fine good mould. ‘The
number of pots thus prepared must be the same as that of the
roots to be transplanted.

The propagation of the pine-apple is effected, as it is well
known, either by the setting of the sprouts or suckers (proles),
or of the crowns (coma).

The suckers are separated from the mother plant-by being
torn off, after which the fibres which appear in the place where
they have been attached are trimmed with a sharp knife, and

Vou. VI. — No. 29. ZZ

706 Growing Pine-apples in Moss.

the sprouts left three or four days on a board to dry in the
hot-house. If the individuals are tolerably strong, the scaly
leaves at the trunk are taken off, for the purpose of giving a
better opportunity to the new roots for spreading themselves.

The crowns are also freed from the fibres at the lower end
with a knife, and also dried in the hot-house; and, if neces-
sary, some leaves may be cautiously taken from them at the
base. But if it is wished to transfer into moss young or old
plants which have taken root in the earth, the mould, on their
being taken up, is shaken off, the roots closely cut off the
stem (stipes), and the stem cleared of dry leaves, and also of
some green ones; which, however, must be done with care.
If the stem is too long, or dry or rotten at the base, it must
be shortened, and the rotten part cut out. This kind of plants
must also be dried in the hot-house like the former.

On transplanting any of the stems, they are placed into
the aperture left in the moss, the interstices filled up with
fine rich mould, and the whole pressed firm, so as to make
the plant stand upright. When the planting is finished,
_ the pots are placed in the pine-apple pits, in a tan bed pre-
viously prepared, treating them in the usual manner. I have
observed, however, for several years, that pine-apples grown
in moss are not so sensitive as those which are grown in
earth, and bear watering better; by this, however, I do not
mean to say that they are to be kept absolutely wet. Besides
being watered, the plants should also be moistened with the
following preparation : — |

In the month of March I put into a cask, holding about
two hogsheads, two bushels of cow-dung, one peck of horn
shavings, and from 20 to 24 quarts of bullock’s blood, filling
the remaining space with water; and I leave it for three or
four months to a voluntary fermentation, causing the liquid to
be well stirred up about once every week.

Use of the Liquid. — At the end of those three or four
months the fermentation will have been completed, and the
liquid may be applied to the pine-apples towards the end of
May or the beginning of June, and again in September and
October, under the following regulations: — When the moss
in the pots had got properly dry, I watered the plants copi-
ously with this liquid stirred up, and afterwards each indi-
vidual plant with clean water, in order to distribute the former
equally among the pots. I only used the liquid once, employ-
ing water at other times. I used this liquid again in Sep-
tember or October, also for once only, and then again used
pure water.

By this method my plants grew rapidly, having fine green

Management of Vines tn the Pinery. FEO7

leaves, and large fruit of from eight to twelve berries, of a
fine aromatic taste, much more juicy than those which are
grown in mould.

Of the Transplanting of Pine-apples with the Balls. — Vf it
is wished to transplant such roots as have been grown in moss,
pots of a proportionate size are again selected, which receive
a substratum of the mixture of moss and horn shavings, as
described before, rammed in in the same manner. ‘The pots
with the plants are then turned over, the latter taken out with
the balls, freed from the dry or superfluous green leaves,
placed on the substratum in the pot, and the interval between
the ball and the pot filled up with the moss mixture, which is
properly pressed down, salt having been introduced between
the layers as before. It is, however, to be observed, that the
plant must always be sunk into the leaves, and no part of the
stem beneath them remain uncovered. The sinking of the
pots, and the watering, airing, and shading of the plants,
require no description.

I must, however, mention a useful observation which I have
made. In order to simplify and shorten the other process, I
planted the pine-apples this year in March, in a soil prepared
of improved loam earth, dung-bed earth, brook slime, and
horn shavings, which had such an injurious effect on the
plants, that the leaves lost their fine green colour, and faded,
and the roots did not show themselves till August, after which
the plants certainly again recovered. )

But whether this was occasioned by the transfer of the
plants from moss into earth, or by the lime which is contained
in the two latter kinds of earth, I must find out by farther ex-
periments. I am, Sir, &c.

JACOB SEIMEL.
Bogenhausen, near Munich, Nov. 23. 1828.

Art. XXVIII. Observations on the Management of Vines in the
Pinery. By Mr. Gro. Futton, Gardener to Lord Northwick.
Read at the Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society, Sept. 25.
1828.

Tue high estimation in which the finer kinds of grapes are,
held, and the different modes of cultivating the vine in the
present day, form an inducement (after considerable practice)
for me to state my method, which, although not quite new,
may perhaps be regarded as, an improvement on the general

mode of cultivation.
bi VA

708 Management of Vines in the Pinery.

I prefer raising the plants from eyes of vines to every other
mode of propagation, as they root better, are short jointed,
and bear more abundantly than by any other method I have
adopted or seen practised. .

In making a suitable preparation for vines, I agree in the
opinion with many, that a good loamy soil, of not too binding
a nature, with a considerable proportion of vegetable mould
and old tan, is very good for the purpose.

But, with respect to the depth of soil outside of a forcing-
house, I am of opinion, that it is an error to prepare a border
3 or 4 ft. deep (as it is often done) : I would rather recommend
from two to three, for various reasons. The first is, I believe,
a well grounded general opinion, that sun heat penetrates
only 3 ft. into the earth; therefore it can be of no use to cause
the vine, or any other tree with fibrous roots, to extend them
downwards out of the influence of solar heat, except where
accidental situation, or other causes, may render it necessary.

Secondly, my practice is to plant shallow, that I may be
enabled to add to the border whatever kind of soils or manure
I think proper, either in summer or winter : I find this of great
use in strengthening the vine, and insuring permanent crops
of fruit.

The practice of growing vegetables or flowers near the
roots I decidedly disapprove of, not only as shading, but, what
is of greater consequence, on account of the actual wearing
out of the border from the above manner of cropping it.

To have an attentive eye to the young shoots at an early
period of their growth is of great importance; and, to procure
round short-jomted wood, my practice is to keep a low tem-
perature in the night, and a very high one in the day. Vines
by such a mode of treatment are not excited in an unnatural
degree, and nature is more imitated than exactly followed,
which may be said to be the main principle in the art of
forcing.

I have frequently in the spring months had the mercury in
the thermometer stand at 110° in a pinery early in the day,
when, with abundance of moisture, vines have grown very
rapidly with round short-jointed, instead of flat long-jointed,
shoots, caused by an extreme of fire heat in the night. ‘The
observations already made I wish to be understood as ap-
plicable to pines as well as vines, where they are necessarily
grown together.

It may also be proper to remark, that the well constructed
copper-roofed forcing-houses at Northwick Park are no less,
a credit to the taste of their noble owner, than a great recom-
mendation to those who erected them. I consider metallic
hot-houses as forming one of the greatest improvements in

Keeping a fine Bloom on Cucumbers. 709

horticulture in my time for fruits and flowers; as they are not
only light and durable, but the advantages that can be taken of
sun heat to swell off the finer kinds of grapes are very great.

With respect to pruning, my practice is to spur the com-
mon kinds, or cut them to one eye; the muscat and others of
the finer sorts I find succeed best when the shoots are laid
in at four or five: if left longer, they only break a few eyes at
the extreme part of the vine; and if cut to one or two, they
generally shoot strong without much fruit. This particularity
observable in the above kinds, no doubt, proceeds from their
being greatly excited by heat, water, and other causes, where
so many artificial means are used to vines kept constantly in
a pinery.

Much has been said and written upon the shrivelling of
grapes in hot-houses and vineries: I am of opinion that it pro-
ceeds from a combination of causes.

The first is evidently too great a crop, as there is only a
certain number of bunches, or proportional weight of fruit, the
vine can sustain or bring to perfection; and this can only be
known from long practice, and a study of the natural habits
of the different kinds.

Secondly, a deficiency of heat, when the berries are swell-
ing, particularly checks the Frontignac kinds both in fruit and
wood. A difference of opinion still exists among practical men
respecting wintering or taking out vines in forcing-houses.
My practice is, to take out only the branches of those which
are planted outside, and let them remain out from November
until March: if put in sooner than the returning warmth of
spring, it cannot be expected that they will bear good crops,
and this is, in my opinion, one great cause of the frequent
failures of fruit.

Where very early crops are wanted, such kinds as the sweet-
water, muscadine, &c., should be planted within the house.
A proper selection is too seldom made: hence the cause of
failures of fruit, and disappointments to all parties connected
with the cultivation of grapes.

Art. XXIX. On keeping a fine Bloom on Cucumbers. By Mr.
Gero. Futon, Gardener to Lord Northwick. Read at the Meet-
ing of the Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society, June 24. 1828.

Tue art of producing and keeping a fine natural bloom on
cucumbers, either for a gentleman’s table, for show, or for the
market, merits great attention, both as to the perfect appear-
ance of the fruit, and also to the general culture of the plant

ZZ 3

710 Strawberry on a light sandy Soil.

after the fruit is set. From that time a strong bottom heat
should be given with dung linings; or, if late in the spring,
short grass laid round the frame on the dung will cause a
very strong heat. Water ought then to be given plentifully,
always at the back part of the frame; and at no time should
the plants be watered over their leaves, when the fruit is wanted
for its fine delicate bloom and long regular shape. A fine
foliage over all the bed is also a very essential point; and
leaves should never be picked off near the fruit (as too often
done), as it thereby deranges the juices of the plant, and con-
sequently the fruit does not swell off finely. Air also should
be given very sparingly in the middle of the day, even in
bright sunshine, and generally there should be a little left in
the night, when the bottom heat is very strong, as by that
means the air in the frame is kept sweet. When the fruit is
fit to eat, for any of the above purposes, great care should be
taken to pack it in narrow wooden boxes, in the largest sting-
ing-nettle leaves that can be got, filling up the interstices with
well-thrashed moss, and covering over with soft leaves of any
kind. It may then be sent to a great distance with a fine
bloom, and, upon the whole, in a perfect state.

Art. XXX. On the Culture of the Strawberry on a light sandy
Soil, By THomas FLEETWoop, Gardener at Donnington. Read
at the Meeting of the Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society,
July 24. 1828.

Havine heard many persons complain of the unproduc~
tiveness of strawberries on light sandy land, and having long
observed their deficiency in bearing in soil of this description,
my attention has been directed, during the last eight years, to
the improvement of their cultivation, by changing the nature
of the soil by the use of different composts. In every instance
in which mar] did not form part of the compost I have been
unsuccessful. ‘The plan of culture I would recommend is |
the following: — After manuring the ground with dung and
soft marl, and digging them in well, I take the first plants that
grow on the runners, and plant them in four-row beds; the ~
rows 16 in. apart, and the plants 12 in. from each other in the
row. If planted in September, or early in October, and
watered and shaded, they soon take root, and generally bear
well the first year.

After the beds have been well cleaned the last time in
April, and before the runners begin to grow, I cover them

Management of the Hautbois Strawberry. 7H

13 in. thick with soft marl, for the young plants to grow in.
As soon as the first plants on the runners have taken root, I
cut off the runner an inch above the plant so formed, by
which its strength is considerably increased. On all light
sandy land I have found the strawberry most productive by
allowing as many of the young self-planted roots as will cover
the beds to remain, and the fruit is also much cleaner than
when the roots are single. When the young plants are
firmly established, all the old runners and leaves should be
carefully cut off, and the ground kept clean by hand-weeding.

By the above plan strawberries may be successfully culti-
vated among new plantations of gooseberries and currants. If
the bushes are in single rows, one row of strawberries on each
side of them will be sufficient ; but if in beds, then two rows
on each side, and the path may be made in the centre of the
bed between the bushes.

Art. XXXI. On the Management of the Hautbois Strawberry.
By Fracaria.
Sir,

Havine this year had an opportunity of visiting the gar-
dens of several gentlemen within thirty miles of London, it is
my intention to employ a small portion of my time in making
some remarks on the treatment of those kinds of plants which
appeared to me not to have received the attention they
deserve.

My method of treatment, which differs from those I have
lately seen, may not be new to many of your able correspond-
ents, but that it is so to a great many I am certain. Like
your much respected correspondent Agronome, I must for a
considerable time conceal my real name and address; but per-
haps,, also, like him, I may at some future time be able to give
it. Whatever opinion you may form of my humble endea-
vours, yet if it be true that there is some good to be learned
from every fool, perhaps there may be an individual who, like
myself, may be much informed by reading some of the most
_ trifling things in your miscellany. At any rate, whatever
' treatment this or any other communication may receive at your
hands, it cannot, of course, affect my interest ; so that you are
at liberty to do with them just as you please.

The first thing I shall trouble you with is the management
of the hautbois strawberry. That those people who know but
little of gardening, and Jess of the nature of plants to bear
male and female flowers on the same or different plants,

ZZ 4

712 Management of the Hautbois Strawberry.

should not have observed this variation in the hautbois is not
to be wondered at; but that so many gardeners should be
either ignorant of it, or so indifferent about it as to make no
difference in its cultivation, is surprising. I am aware that
some will be ready to say, as others have said, that they fre-
quently had good crops of hautbois, without taking any par-
ticular care as to the selection of their plants. I have also
seen the same in a kind season, and where the plants have
been accidentally mixed: but where this has been the case
once, | have many times seen rows of plants with scarcely any
thing but males; on the other hand, I have seen beds almost
composed of female plants, which, though they may have been
impregnated for some distance round the males, yet have not
been productive of half a crop. The best way I have been
able to discover to insure a good crop (as far as cultivation is
concerned) is as follows: —In the spring, as soon as the
plants are in flower, mark out a piece of ground about two
yards square, as that will, with care, produce plants enough
for extensive plantations; this must be done by cutting an
alley between them and the other part of the bed, which
must always be kept clear of runners, in order that they may
not mix. This done, look well over your plants, and pull up
all the females ; and when you have retained a sufficient num-
ber of males to occupy the ground, pull up all the others, as
there are frequently plants which do not flower, and which, if
permitted to remain, would afterwards mix them. Now, let
another piece be marked out for the females, pulling up all the
males, and leaving none but such as have fruit or fruit blos-
soms on; out of these two pieces all future plantations are to
be made in the followmg manner. About March, plant out in
beds of three rows, each eighteen inches apart, and one foot
from plant to plant in the rows or in the borders round the
garden, of the same width. Let the two outside rows be
planted with females, and the middle one with males. The
ground this year may be sown with seeds, or planted thinly,
and next year (unless a very bad season) it will produce abun-
dantly. ‘They may either be continued a year or two longer,
or planted every year from the two beds first marked out. I
prefer the latter method, especially where ground is scarce, as
the ground thus occupied may always be planted with some-
thing else, except the spring they are to bear fruit ; whereas
if the old beds remain they cannot be cropped at all, and
require a great deal more time to manage than it will take to
plant new ones. I remain, Sir, &c.
September, 1830. FRAGARIA.

713

PART IL

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Varieties of British Plants cultivated and sold by Mr.
James Smith and Son, at Monkwood G'rove near Ayr. By Mr.
SMITH.

... THOsE marked with a star (*) I consider the rarest in the list. I
have added four or five names, as in my manuscript, for want of better
authority. I would have sent specimens of several of the varieties, and of
those named on my own authority, but could not by the present convey-
ance: if you think them worth seeing, after receipt of your answer I will
embrace the first opportunity of sending them. I have sure information
that the Soldanélla alpina is a native of Wales: please let me know if it
is generally known as such. I have put in the Primula scética, as it was I
who named it, and, I believe, first detected it as a new British plant. John
Dunlop, Esq., brother of the late General Dunlop of Dunlop House,
brought it to me for the Primula farindsa, as he supposed he had found a
new habitation for it. I said, when [ received it from him, I was truly
obliged to him for it; for, if not a new species, it was a singular variety :
this happened eighteen or nineteen years since. Tam, Sir, &c.

Monkwood Grove, near Ayr, Aug. 30. 1827. JAMES SMITH.

TuIs communication has been delayed, partly owing to the extreme diffi-
culty of deciphering the manuscript. That the very latest novelties procured
by Mr. Smith might be included in it, we sent him a proof, which has been
received, with his corrections, this 4th day of September, 1830. We re-
commend the first alphabet in this list to the three nurserymen who are
forming arboretums, viz. Messrs. Donald, Young, and Buchanan. Mr.
Smith mentions that he has upwards of 600 species and varieties of plants,
and that he is yearly making considerable additions. His son-in-law, who
has been all the season in Russia, is daily expected with an extensive
collection. — Cond.

Hardy Trees and Shrubs.

A‘cer Psetido-Platanus hybrida v. variegatum atreum
v. argentissima nova and airea A’Inus glutinosa v. variegata
noya v. laciniata v. quercifolia
*y, variegata *y. orossularizefolia
*y, pre cox Andrémeda polifolia v. angustifolia
*y, simena [?] coccinea v. latifolia v. subulata
campéstre v. foliis variegatis A’rbutus U‘nedo »v, rtibra
v. macrophylla v. foliis variegatis
4H sculus Hippocastanum v. pree‘cox v. flore pléno v. longifolia

*v, crispum v. élegans novum U'va-irsi v. or sp. angustifolia
v. angustifolium v. roseum Azalea procimbens »v. prostrata
*v», hybridum v. variegatum ar- Bérberis vulgaris, being without seeds
génteum v. frictu albo

714

Bétula alba cértice nigro v. péndula
v. foliis variegatis
nana v. diffusa
Bixus sempervirens v, arborea
v. arborea variegata v. weeping
v. latifolia
v. arborea v. angustifolia
v. crispa and v. variegita
v. nana v. latifolia
v. nana nova
v. myrsinifolia
Carpinus Bétula v. variegata
v. quercif dlia v. asplenifolia
Oe péndula
Castanea vésca v. asplenifolia
*y, foliis maculatis v. leevigatis
v. foliis argénteis v. variegatis
Cistus Helianthemum, in all 36 va-
rieties
v. varlegatum novum
v. vari iegatum v. pléno luteo, with
eight or nine singular varie-
ties in their flowers
Cytisus Labirnum ». incisum
v. foliis variegatis
Cratee‘gus Oxyacantha v. plena
v. fl. r0se0 0. pree‘cox
EMO grandiflora v. fractu atreo
nova
v. fractu luteo v. fractu bicolori
**p, fractu striato v. apétala. Beau-
tiful.
*py, caule flexudso.
curved, singular
v. foliis variegatis v. shoots and
leaves variegated
v. pumila v. weeping
*v, splendens
*v, frictu subyiride nova
Cornus sanguinea, variegated
Corylus Avellana v. foliis variegatis
v. foliis atreis, with several rare
varieties in fruit
Comarum palustre v. variegatum
*v, or sp. minus
Daphne Mezéreum v. fractu albo
v. serotinum
E’mpetrum nigrum v.
Scotch
Erica vulgaris v. pléna v. alba
v. floribus argénteis.
*v. alba procambens ». lanata
*v, tomentosa v. fl. ribro
*o. foliis variegatis argénteis v.
_aureis
*v, dumosa ptuila
cinérea v. fl. albo v. coccineo
*v. prolifera lilac

Thorns re-

7
erectum,

Varieties of British Plants

v. bicolor v. purple-tipped
Tétralix v. albo
v. major pallido
vagans v. alba v. rubra v. carnea
Euénymus europee'a foliis var.egatis
v. fractu albo v. pumila
Euphorbia amygdaldides, variegated
Fagus Paes v. purpurea
. marginata v. asplenifolia
0 rendala v. undulata
Fraxinus excélsior v. péndula
v. cortice striato v. cértice ru-
goso
v. cortice verrucoso v, crispo
v. integrifolia
v. folus digitatis
*p, foliis térnis oppositis
v. argéntea angustifolia v. varie-
gata nova
v. cértice et foliis vari iegatis
1. cortice aireo 2. foliis atreis
jeietten Helix v. variegata v. elegans
variegata
v. aurea variegata
foliis digitatis v. foliis pal-
matis
v, subcordata

v. arborea v. major. The Irish
ivy
*v, arborea nova. Elegant

*y, fractu albo
Ilex, several varieties, but, I believe,
none that are rare
Juniperus communis, mas. and fem.
v. arborea. Upright Scotch
Ligistrum vulgare v. blotched-leaved
v. strictum rangustifolium v. fractu
luteo
Lonicéra Periclymenum v. varie-
gated
v. Dutch variegated v. querci-
folium vari iegated
VD. grandiflorum v. parviflorum
v. flore albo v. roseo
Menziésia polifolia v. coccinea
*v, nana dumosa
Myrica Gale, mas. and fem.
Pinus sylyéstris v. foliis variegatis
A*bies variegata
alba and picea foliis variegatis
ee Padus V. foliis variegitis
. minor
dotesnts pléena
*Pyrus Malus v. foliis variegatis.
Elegant
v. cértice fungoso
v. variegata apple communis
variegata é

at Monkwood Grove near Ayr.

communis flore pléno
*Quércus Robur v. variegatum no-
vum. Elegant
v. variegatum v. asplenifolium
novum
*v. leevigatum majus dentatum
novum
v. laciniatum v. novun
Ribes nigrum v. foliis variegatis
' -v. foliis lacmiatis v fractu viridi
rubrum 2. foliis variegatis
v. fractu striato v. fractu pallido
v. fractu albo. True Scotch
variety
v. foliis blotched
*petrz’um fractu albo
Rosa arvénsis v. foliis variegatis
v. fl. pleno
canina v. fl. pleno
acicularis v. fl. albo
tomentosa v. fl. albo
villosa v. plena v. parviflora
spinosissima, ten single varieties
v. foliis variegatis
v. pléna, above 100 sorts, most
of them our own rearing,
35 of which are very fine
Rubus fruticdsa v. plena
v. fractu albo
v. rubra v. rubra pléna
v. foliis argénteis variegatis
v. folis aéreis variegatis
v. hispidissima
*v. catle le'vo glaticis foliis
*v, c. |. g.f. prickles ascending,
singular
suberécta v. pléna
v, almost thornless
v. spinosissima
corylifolia sub-pléna, large
*orandifolia, dwarfish, singular
Salix caprea, variegated
cinerea, variegated
v. cortice fungdso
Forbyana, variegated
alba, fem. catkin crowned with
leaves
Sambucus nigra, variegated, v. fractu
viridi

*,

ELS

v. foliis laciniitis v. rotundifélia
*v, caule monstroso v. parviflora
*v, foliis argénteis v. atrea nova
Solanum Dulcamara, variegated
v. fl. et fractu albo
*Sérbus aucuparia v. foliis varie-
gatis
v. catle monstréso
hybrida v. péndula, with 18 or
20 more seedling varieties
Spartium jinceum fl. sub-pléno
v. fl. albo v. foliis variegatis
Spiree‘'a salicif lia foliis variegatis
*v. corymbosa v. longifdlia un-
dulata
Taxus baccata v. stricta. Irish
*v, nova stricta. Scotch. v. lati-
folia
v. foliis variegatis
* Tilia europea v. asplenifdlia
v. pendula
v. cortice atireo
*Vaccinium JV itis-Idee‘a, variegated
v. major. Scotch and Irish
Myrtillus major
Vinca minor, gold and silver varie-
gated
v. media blotched v. minor pur-
pureo pleno
Vibirnum Lantana latifolia
v. foliis variegatis
O’pulus foliis variegatis and
rosea
* Ulex europee‘a stricta. Scotch
v. fl. pleno
v. foluis variegatis
v. stricta. Irish *
*U\mus campéstris péndula nova
and * v. prostrata nova
*y, adpréssa v. cucullata nova
v. foliis variegatis
*y,.nana nova
v. humilis foliis attenuatis et
acuminatis
*y, weeping common
v. asplenifolia variegated
major variegated
suberésa foliis pulveruléntis

Hardy Herbaceous Perennials.

Achilléa Ptarmica v. pléno
v. corolla quilled or fistulous
* Millefolium rubro v. fol. var.

Ajuga réptans v. albo v. rubro v.

pléno ». foliis variegatis

Alchemilla vulgaris, variegated and

pubescent

alpina v. major
Anchusa angustif lia albo
Anemone nemordsa pléno
v. rosea v. cerulea v. grandiflora
Pulsatilla cerulea or atropur-
urea
A’nthemis ndbilis_pléno

LG

tinctoria, variegated
Anthyllis Vulneraria v. rubro v. albo
v. pallido
Apirgia autumnalis fl. albo
Armeéria vulgaris v. coccineo v. albo
Vv. pumila v. alpina
Artemisia vulgaris, variegated.
A‘rum maculatum v. viride
Aspérula odorata v. latifolia v. an-
eustifolia
A‘ster Tripolium v. latifolium
Astragalus hypoglottis ». albo
ZEgopodium Podagraria, variegated
Béllis perénnis, above 60 varieties,
single, double, and proliferous,
many of them very fine
_Beténica officinalis albo
Borago officinalis albo
Caltha palustris pléno 2. radicans v.
pallida
Campanula glomerata albo v. major
latifolia v. Albo v. czertleo
patula v. albo
persicif lia caerulea nova pléno,
&c. v. nova
v. alba pumila pleno »v. albo
single nova
rotundifolia v. albo v. pallida
v. longifolia v. longiflora
*Trachélium ceruleum plénum
and v. plenissima
2. album majus plenum
v. certleum majus plenum
*v. bicolor plenum
Card4mine praténsis pléno v. prolf-
fera
*y, albo v. albo pleno or rocket
do.
* singular ly beautiful
Carduus Mariadnus v. non-maculata
Centauréa nigra alba v. carnea
~v. grandiflora pléeno
v. erandiflora v. laciniata
v. foliis cucullatis v. foliis varie-
gatis
Scabidsa v. albo
Cheiranthus Cheri pléeno.
Chelidonium majus plenum
v. or sp. laciniatum
*Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,
quilled
v. foliis variegatis
Cnicus arvénsis alba v. fl. viridi
v. pallida v. leaves nearly entire
lanceolata albo and carneo
palastris alba
Célchicum autumnalis v. pléno
v. cerulea v. versicolor nana

True

Varieties of British Plants

v. foliis variegatis
Convallaria majalis pléna variegata
v. fl. rubro
Polygénatum v. fl. pleno
Convolvulus arvénsis v. albo
sepium v. ritbro
Cyclamen europz‘um album 2. an-

gustifolium

*Cynosurus cristatus _viviparus.
Beautiful

Digitalis purpurea v. albo v. carneo

* Doronicum Pardalidnches, varie-
gated

Epilébium hirsutum, variegated
tetr agonum V. variegated v.nanum
aon ane v. Gleason v. albi-
florum
palustre fl. pallido
angustifolium album
v. dumésum and spicatum new
sp. English
Eryngium riaearanen foliis varie-

z gatis

Eupatoriwm cannabinum fl. albo
Erédium cicutarium album
Euphrasia Odontites albo
officinalis fl. ceeruleo
Festuca ovina, viviparous
Fritillaria meléagris alba v. pléeno
Galanthus nivalis pléno
Galedbdolon liteum foliis variegatis
v. maculatis
Gentiana campéstris pléno
Pneumonaazthe v. albo
Geranium praténse album v. albo
pléno
v. album versicolor v. certleo
pléeno
sylvaticum v. albo
Robertidnum v. albo
molle v. albo
*disséctum v. albo
Géum rivale, variegated
urbanum, variegated
semperflérens new sp. British
Glechoma hederacea, variegated
v. foliis cristatis
Glatax maritima alba
Gnaphalium dioicum, mas. and fem.
v. dioicum rubrum». major or sp.
Hésperis matronalis albo pléno and
certileo pléno
v. flore maculato
*iTypéricum pulchrum pallidum
Hypochee* ris radicata fl, albo
I‘ris Pseud-A’corus foliis variegatis
a variety, or rather a species.
Beautiful, straw-coloured, and

at Monkwood Grove near Ayr.

grows much taller in the flower-
stem than the Pseud-A’corus :
it has a pleasant smell
foetidissima foliis variegatis
Jincus squarrdsus fl. pleno
Lathyrus praténsis v. latifolia, pubes-
cent
Lolium perénne fi. pléno
Lotus corniculatus, variegated
v. angustif dlius or sp.
major tomentdsus
Linaria vulgaris v. albo v. orange
v. Peloria
Cymbalaria foliis variegatis
v, fl. albo
v. répens ceerulea or sp.
Linum usitatissimum fl. albo
Luzula sylvatica, variegated
Lychnis Flos-cticuli v. fl. albo
v. fl. carneo ». fl, pleno
Viscaria v. albo v. carneo
v. fl. pléeno
dioica v. fl. albo v. pleno, red-
flowered
*v. or sp. of do. fl. pleno. Elegant
v. of do. fl. albo, and of both red,
white, and great-flowered are
mas. and fem. v. albo pléno
* Lysimachia némorum, variegated
Matricaria Chamomilla fl. pleno
v, fl. quilled, *v. quilled pléno
v. foliis variegatis
v. plumosa or sp. v. plumosa
pleno v. quilled pléno
maritima v. variegated v. nana
Malva moschata Albo”
Mentha sylvéstris, variegated
* Myosotis v. or sp. fl. albo
Mercurialis perénnis, mas. and fem.
Narcissus minor v. plénus novus
*galanthifolius, and 27 other
varieties from seeds, which
form a beautiful collection
poéticus v. plenus
(£nanthera biénnis pallida
Ononis spinosa fl. albo
#spinosissima nova sp. Scotch
arvensis v. fl. albo v. rubro
». spindsa v. spindsa alba
v. pallida v. foliis variegatis
O’rchis latifolia alba
maculata alba
O’robus sylvaticus v. ruber
O’xalis Acetosélla czrulea
*Peonia officinalis v. fl. versicolor
nova. Singular
*v. plena nova
Plantago latifolia ramosa folidsa

7Le

v. rosea v. foliis variegatis
lanceolata v. foliis variegatis
v. major, hoary-headed~
*y. glomerata nigra v. albo
v. tolidsa ramosa v, rosea
v. lurida major
maritima v. rosea
v. foliis variegatis
v. major.
Primula scotica
farmosa alba
*veéris, 20 varieties, singular and
beautiful
vulgaris
*v, calycina v. calycina alba
v. alba elatior v. albo
v. elatior cerulea
Prunélla vulgaris v. albo v. rubro
v. punctata v. pallida v. pléno
v. fl. variegato v. pumila or sp.
Perot officinalis cAndida
v. foliis candidissimis v. fl. atro
ceeruleo
v. fl. albo
Pyréthrum Parthénium plénum
* Poa trivialis, variegated
alpina v. variegated v. vivipara
Polemonium czertleum foliis varie-
gatis v. albo
Polypodium vulgare latifolium
v. monstrosum novum
Dactylis glomerata, variegated
Festuca argéntea variegata
*v, aurea variegata
Raninculus bulbdsus pléno
acris | pleéno, v. straw-coloured
v. major pléno
ex nicaria v. pléno v. major
*y. major pleno v. albo
ae fl. pallido v. ramdsus bulbi-
ferus
*v. or sp. caltheefolius
repens fl. pleno v. angustipétalus
*auricomus v. major
Rhodiola rosea, mas. and fem.
¥v, altissima angustif olia
Saponaria officinalis v. pléno
v. hybrida
Saxifraga umbrosa, variegated
eranulata pléna
Scabidsa succisa v. albo v.rtuibro
v. pallida v. maxima v. minor
v. tubiflora
arvénsis v. albo
Scrophularia aquatica, variegated
v. nodosa fi. albo v. foliis varie-
gatis
Scilla verna alba v. rubro

718

v. pallida nutans alba v. ribro
v. bicolor v. bracteolata
v. pallida
Scolopéndrium fol. ramosis multifidis
v. undulatum apice multifido
v. latifolium multifidum
*y. laciniatum v. crispum
*y, undulatum * v.
v. angustifolium v. latifolium and
other varieties
Sedum Telephiwm v. majus latifo-
lium
v. fl. albo v. verticillatum
*y. foliis viridis v. fl. coccineo
v. latifolium undulatum
Serratula. tinctoria alba
Siléne maritima fl, pleno
v. angustifolia acatlis v. albo
Scutellaria galericulata fol. pubesc.
Sédum acre apice atireo
- refléxum monstrésum majus
v. montanum
viride monstrosum
Soldanélla alpma. <A
Wales
S6énchus maritimus
*v. fl. albo
montanus sp. or v. ?
v. lacerus minor. Singular
* Statice reticulata v. or sp. ?
Symphytum officinale v. album
atropurpureum v. coccineum
v. rubrum »v. foliis variegatis
Spiree‘a Ulmaria v. variegata
*v, variegata élegans v. pléeno
Filipéndula fl. pleno
Stachys palistris fl. albo
*foliis variegatis
palastris major
*Speéregula saginoides pleno
Thymus Serpyllum v. fl. albo
* Allj
*y. fl. coccineo »v. fl. pallido

native of

Arboretum Britéinnicum.

v. foliis variegatis argénteis v.
fol. aireis
v. foliis hirsutis
v. angustifolium
v. latifolium
*Tormentilla média and récta var.
Trifolium repens v. foliis ]uridis
v. quercifolium luridum
hybrid and médium album
v. liridum
*Trollius europeeus albus
Tussilago Farfara, variegated
Verbascum nigrum albo
Blattaria v. albo
Valeridna dioica, mas. and fem.
rubra v. coccineo v. albo
Veronica officinalis v. albo
*v. rubra v. pallida
Beccabinga v. albo and v. minor
scutellata v. albo v. rubro
Chamee‘drys v. major
*y, minor stricta
*y. foliis variegatis
serpyllifolia alba
montana foliis variegatis v. albo
spicata v. élegans v. latifolia
v. alba v. speciosa v. major
v. humiftsa v. albo
*pree cox
*Vicia Cracca alba v. rubro
v. major
*sépium fl. albo
Viola odorata pleno
v. alba v. alba pleno
v. rubra v. rubra pleno
*canina v. rubra v. foliis varie-
gatis
v, fl. albo, called lactea
Urtica dioica, mas. and fem.
*y. hermaphrodita
v. foliis léngis grandidentatis

Art. II.

Arboretum Britannicum.

WE have already announced this work (p. 582.), and in our advertising

sheet some other particulars respecting it will be found, in connection with
our announcement of Tl/ustrations of Landscape-Gardening, an Encyclo-
pedia of Cottage Architecture, an Encyclopedia of Cottage Husbandry, Koran
Minor, Agricola Minor, and an Encyclopedia of Landscape-Gardenng. We
invite particular attention to our notices respecting these works, chiefly
with the view of procuring all the assistance we possibly can from our
readers and correspondents. We consider that the Arboretum Britanmcum,
if executed in the manner in which we expect to accomplish it, will be of

Arboretum Britannicum. 719

very great use to gardeners and to their employers; and will contribute
more than any work that could be published towards the introduction into
our plantations and pleasure-grounds of new, valuable, and ornamental
species and varieties of timber and ornamental trees and shrubs. Before
trees can be introduced, it is necessary that they should be known, their
uses, appearance, culture, propagation, &c.; and this it is the object of the
Arborétum Britannicum to eftect.. When once known, they will be in demand
by planters; and this demand will create the requisite supply by nursery-
men. This supply, to a certain extent, exists; but, for want of an adequate
demand, the price of the trees is much greater than it otherwise would be,
and the demand of course comparatively limited.

The arrangement of the work will be according to the natural system,
and, as stated in the notice referred to, not only botanical figures of every
species will be given, but figures of the entire tree or shrub; all those in
the volume, of the same age, being figured to the same scale, in a certain
stage of their growth. The drawings for these figures have been making for
some time past in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges. Drawings of full-
grown specimens are also in preparation from specimens at different places
within twenty miles of London, and all of these will be engraved to the
same scale. No drawings of trees remarkable for their age or peculiarity
of growth will be given, as this would introduce ornament as a leading fea-
ture in the work, and thus render it too dear for effecting the end in view.
Besides, it would interfere with Mr. Strutt’s Sylva Britannica ; or Portraits
of Forest Trees distinguished for their Antiquity, Magnitude, or Beauty ;
an admirable work, and one that we should feel it dishonourable to interfere
with in the slightest degree. (See Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 546.)

In describing each species and variety, —

Ist. The specific character will be given from Decandolle, Lindley, Don, or
other authors, and a figure by Sowerby; all those species and varieties
belonging to the same genus being drawn to one and the same scale.

2d. The general character and description ; including form and height in
youth, say at the age of ten years from the nursery (about the average of
the trees in Loddiges’ arboretum), and at maturity, or say at the age of 30
years or upwards to 50 years, as far as can be obtained by our own draughts-
men within 20 miles of London, or from the exertions of correspondents in
every part of Britain and Ireland. The periods of foliation, and the colour
of the buds and opening leaves in spring, that is, the dates, from January to
June; the shades of green during summer, that is, from June to August ; and
the periods of defoliation, and the autumnal hues of the foliage, that 1s, the
dates of the change, from Sept. to Jan. ; with the character of the ramifications
and spray in winter, will be included under this head. The information
on these points has been, and is now, collecting for by us proper persons
in Messrs. Loddiges’ arboretum, in the arboretum of the Horticultural So-
ciety, and in the arboretum at Kew. ‘The time of flowering, colour and
duration of the flower, its general or popular character, and the size, colour,
time of ripening, and duration of the fruit or seeds, will also be given
under the same head.

3d. The geographical, physical, and animal relations of each species ; in-
cluding distribution in different countries; native habitation as to soil, sub-
soil, and recks; elevation, sea, air, water, shade, &c.; and birds, insects, or
other animals to which it gives support, or by which it is injured, &c., will
be given from the original Floras of the different countries of which the
trees and shrubs are natives, and from the writings of botanical travellers
and topographers. Excellent resources for such writings are, the library
of the Linnean Society ; that of the Horticultural Society ; the Banksian
Library, now inthe British Museum; and the library of W. Forsyth, Esq. ;
to all of which we have access, and can procure it for our coadjutors.

720 Retrospective Criticism.

4th. Economical relations ; including the application of the timber or
other parts of the tree in the arts, useful or ornamental; in medicine, and
in domestic economy ; territorial improvements in profitable planting, and
in landscape-gardening, &c.

5th. Propagation and culture ; the latter from infancy to maturity.

For all the information that can be procured within twenty miles of Lon-
don we have provided ourselves ; and therefore what we particularly wish
from our correspondents, is chiefly as follows : —

1. The names, accompanied by dried specimens, no matter if the flower
is wanting, of such trees and shrubs as are in the country, though not m-
cluded in our Hortus Britannicus. There may be a few of these in the
hands of country nurserymen and amateurs; and if such will not take the
trouble to send us specimens, we request them to send us plants, which we
shall hand over to Messrs. Loddiges, on condition of getting a specimen for
the use of Mr. Sowerby next summer.

2. We should be glad to receive portraits of all trees whatever, not
natives of Britain, but above thirty and under fifty years of age; also of
all trees and shrubs, not natives of Britain, from ten to fifteen years
of age, in their winter state and in their summer state. Even if we
receive a dozen portraits of one species, the circumstance will only enable
us, by comparison, to determine more accurately the true character of the
tree.- With every drawing, the name, age, soil, subsoil, situation, whether
open or surrounded by other trees, length of young shoot made in a season,
elevation, and other relative circumstances, must be given.

3. We shall be glad of miscellaneous hints of any description.

4, Communications that shall have been made use of, either in part or
wholly, will be acknowledged in the preface, and by a copy of the work from
30 to 40 per cent under the selling price ; or where much information is given
and made use of, a copy of the work at half price, a fourth of the price,
or gratis. All suggestions for the improvement of the plan, as above de-
veloped, will be particularly acceptable, and ought to be sent immediately ;
all other information will be in time if received by midsummer-day next,
as the work will to a certainty be put to press in August 1831. In the
mean time, the botanical drawings are in preparation by Mr. Sowerby, and
the engravings by Messrs. Branston. —J.C. I. Nov. 4.

Art. III. Retrospective Criticism.

PRINCIPLES and Conduct of the Conductor.— When first you commenced
your publication, a few gentlemen in this district agreed to promote it for
the use of their gardeners ; and although they perceived the political bias it
was to have from the letters of (nominal [real]) discontented gardeners, yet
they sought to rebut their tendency through the old axiom, “ Necessitati,
qui se accommodat sapit *;”’ for every man knows that labour is a market-
able commodity, just worth, as Butler writes, what it will bring. Since then
we have had constant tirades against gentlemen for not yieldmg more and
better accommodation to their gardeners; but, as not one in a hundred
ever reaches the situation of overseer, the very men themselves see the
childishness of the complaint. Care and assiduity scarcely secure perma-
nent situations: where a vacancy occurs, the numerous applications per-
mit the master to pick and choose at his own price. Is this the employer’s
fault, or is the craft of horticulture, like other produce, subject to the cus-
tomary depression of an overstocked market ? In some late numbers, mas-

* © A wise man accommodates himself to necessity.”

Letrospective Criticism. 721

fers, not gardens, are reviewed: but our business is with horticulture;
with the gardens of White Knights, not with the owner; with the employed,
not with the employer. What have we to do with terro-metallic teeth,
with ovens, or with ladies’ earrings, unless fabricated from the Cannacorus,
&c.? No doubt these subjects are good political pegs to hang a hat upon,
or to form squibs against the pauper aristocracy ; but in no way will they
add subscribers to your Magazine, or employment to gardeners. Rather
the reverse. If you make my servant a politician, you render him restless
and discontented; he communicates the infection and is uneasy. If con-
tented, I have my comfort, and he exchanges his labour for money and for
money’s worth. If otherwise, I can buy my luxuries cheaper by 50 per
cent than I can grow them; nor would my servant, an excellent fellow, and
industrious, take any large garden this year rent free. We own ourselves
sorry to see a publication which might have been made highly useful, and
have materially conduced to the good understanding between master and
man, turned (in our estimation) into a political engine for disuniting them ;
a manual, to instruct young gardeners that they do not reap emolument
according to their deserts: when, in point of fact, right or wrong, the
payer constitutes himself sole judge.. Nor can he or you alter the tribunal.

We are, perhaps, as little inclined to wear a modern Wig, or to support
a Tory, as the Editor of the Gardener’s Magazine; but we think that in
taking hints from the Continent, in more matters than “ abattoirs,” sound
judgment and discretion are required. Abuses must be worked off, not in
anarchy and confusion, but by sound reasoning upon virtuous principles.
We therefore decline receiving into our houses your Magazine until the
modus in rebus [middle course] is better digested than at present ; for we
have not forgotten the adage, “ Summum jus summa injuria.” * We, how-
ever, shall watch the politics of the publication, and add our mite, if some
sanative drug has its due effect. “ Omnes errorem bibunt + :” we all have
need of physic. — Your Friend and a Well-wisher to Horticulture.

This excellent friend, and much esteemed contributor, for whose early
communications we have not forgotten our obligation, will find that we are
always happy to hear honest opinions, to receive good advice, and not too
old to learn. — Cond.

The Botanical Register and the Botanical Magazine. — Sir, I observe with
pleasure in your last Number (p.449.), a letter signed K. in which the
writer speaks of the comparative merits of the Botanical Register and
Botanical Magazine, and suggests certain alterations necessary to be made
in the former of the two works “ before it will obtain the unqualified appro-
bation of its subscribers.” Your correspondent complains particularly of
“ the frequency of publishing the same plants which have before appeared
in other works,” and, which is the most serious charge against the Register,
“ the imposition of an additional shilling, for a single leaf of index, at the end
of every twelve numbers.’ He might have added, too, that this extra-shil-
ling is extorted from the pockets of the purchasers, under the false pretence
of furnishing them with an appendix. Being, like your correspondent, a
constant subscriber to the Register, and possessing a complete copy of the
work from the commencement, I feel that I have an equal right with him
to enter my protest against so shameful a practice, and | beg to thank him
for his letter, and most cordially to join in every sentiment it contains. I
rejoice to see the subject taken up in the Gardener’s Magazine; as it has
been also, unless I greatly mistake, in the Magazine of Natural History, by
another writer, who signs himself “ A Purchaser of Periodicals.” allude
to what is said (Vol. III. p.305.) of the latter work, where the Botanical
Register plainly appears to be referred te Who the proprietor of the

poe . pas
* « Extreme right is extreme wrong.” + “ All drink error.

Vou. VI. — No. 29. BA

{22 Retrospective Criticism.

Register may be, —that is, who pockets the profits arising from this precious
morsel, this twelvepenny worth of index, miscalled appendix, — I do not
know. The only name (besides that of the bookseller) which appears on
the titlepage of the Register is that of Mr. Sydenham Edwards. To most
of the descriptive portions of the work, in the latter volumes at least, the
initials J. L. are affixed, which are, I believe, universally understood to
signify that emiment botanist Mr. Lindley. I am far from meaning to
charge either of these gentlemen with being guilty of so mean a transaction
as the one in question ; but, as their names appear in connection with the
work, I think they owe it to their own characters to use their influence in
the proper quarter towards the discontinuance of the practice, or publicly
to avow, through the medium of your pages, that they have no participation
in the fraud. Yours, &c.— A Subscriber to the Botanical Register. Aug. 6.
1830.

Doctor Hooker's British Flora. — When I procured the British Flora by
Dr. Hooker, I expected that I should find in it such information as is
essential to be known in order to ascertain the species of plants, disen-
cumbered in a great measure of all unnecessary remarks. One of the
first plants that I picked up, after having had this work, was Gentidna _
campéstris, which I did not know at that time. When I found that my
plant had four stamens and one pistil (the stigmas being united), I sought
for a description of it in Tetrandria Monogynia; but in vain. I then
showed it to a competent botanist, who told me that it was a Gentiana.
[turned over all the Gentidne in the British Flora, and could not find that
my plant agreed with any of them, because it had only four stamens.
However, after long puzzling, I at last found, from its general character, that
it was Gentidna campéstris ; but, at the same time, I felt assured that it must
be a strange variety, as the British Flora does not say a word about any of
the Gentidne having only four stamens; while, of course, from the situa-
tion in which I found that genus, I thought that all its species ought to
have five stamens. I happened afterwards to meet with Sir J. E. Smith’s
English Flora, in which I found it remarked of the genus Gentidna,
“filaments as many as the segments,’ and of G. campéstris, “ corolla four-
cleft.’ How soon did these few words awake me out of the fond dream of
having discovered a strange variety of G. campéstris, into which I had been
thrown by the hasty Scotchman! [Dr. Hooker is an Englishman.] This
is but a specimen of the many blunders in the British Flora calculated to
puzzle students.—J. Jones. Llanfar, Montgomeryshire, September, 1830.

The Florist’s Guide. — Sir, Having been much pleased with the improve-
ment of some of the last Numbers of the Morist’s Guide, I was greatly
disappointed to see that it will shortly be discontinued. It certainly cannot
be treating Mr. Sweet well, that, after the pains he has taken to make
himself acquainted with florist’s flowers, and just when he began to edit the
work well, for want of sufficient support he is obliged to drop it. It may
be a question whether it is not owing to the trickery of florists ; for figuring
the flowers certainly tends to establish their names, and prevent the same
flower being sold under three or four different names, as is too often the
case. We hear of florists’ societies in almost all parts of the kmgdom, and
it is a disgrace to them to let the work fall to the ground; for why should
not floriculture have a periodical work, as well as any other department of
gardening ? .I still hope that florists will more generally come forward, and
induce Mr. Sweet to continue his work, by rendering him that support which
will enable him soto do. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.— An Amateur.

Mr. Main’s Villa and Cottage Florist’s Directory. — Sir, In two instances,
I think, you have been good enough to allow authors to make replies to
their reviewers in your Magazine : I have to beg the same privilege in a few
lines. Tingling (not smarting, I assure you) under the “ castigation”’ of
your reyiewer of my little book on Floriculture, I feel, notwithstanding,
quite disposed to return my best thanks for the very civil terms in which

Retrospective Criticism. 723

you have both been pleased to speak of me personally. This I do in
perfect good humour; because you know well that I long ago predicted,
and consequently expected, this chastisement. I am only assailed on
what, I am very sensible, is my weak side, namely, my inadequate powers
of language. Still there is something cheerig ; not a word is said against
what may be called my peculiar opinions on the subject, which my reviewer
regrets so much I should have meddled with. These opinions, such as
they are, I suspect, constitute “the head and front of my offending.”
They, though in truth too briefly asserted, are plain enough to practical
men; and why should they be so mysterious to a man of science? The
reason is obvious, though it is not for me to explain. Had these opinions
been. refuted, both my readers and myself would have been instructed.
Refutation, it seems, would have been an easy affair; and it would haye
been far more graceful and consistent with the character of a superior, to
have ingenuously exposed my mistakes, than to-_have thrown over the whole
such a guise of ridicule. This omission I shall therefore accept as an
indirect compliment ; and JI also flatter myself that, had my book received
even a very slight perusal, my reviewer could not have charged me with
such ignorance of vegetable structure, as to be unable to distinguish a root
from any other member of a plant.

Having passed this cold water ordeal, I shall not, however, quail under
it, as it is more than probable I may again take up the subject of vegetable
physiology in another shape ; in doing which I shall certainly avail myself
of my reviewer’s grammatical corrections, which I have no doubt are just,
though I am not accountable for the misuse of all the terms. It will then
be seen whether the same ideas, conveyed in other words, will be more
palatable ; though this I hardly expect. Still, if I can but gain, as I have
already done, the approval of practical pens, I shall not dread the erasures
recommended by your friend my reviewer. Believe me to remain, Sir,
yours, &c.— J. Main. Chelsea, October 4, 1830.

Destroying Earwigs by Tin Pipes. — A correspondent (J. M., p. 491.)
recommends the adoption of smail tin tubes for the purpose of catching
earwigs which annoy fruit on wall trees. Instead of going to the tin-
man for the said tubes, let us apply to our own garden; to the Eng-
lish bamboo, which every one that has a plot of ground may grow, the
Arindo Donax. With this, not only may the liquorish-mouthed earwig meet
a dire fate, but the head of ingenuity sacrifice to the god Pan in concord
of sweet sounds. — W. Mason, jun. Necton Hall, Norfolk, August, 1830.

Bishop’s Dwarf and Early Frame Peas. — In the observations following
the list of prices of fruits, vegetables, &c., of Covent Garden Market
(p. 372.), it is stated that Bishop’s peas dropped their blossoms eight days
sooner than the early frame. I did not notice the dropping of the blossom.
Bishop’s dwarf pea being a favourite with me, I resolved to give it a fair
comparative trial with the frame. On the 15th of February, 1830, I had a
favourable border trenched over, and sown the first afternoon; first, two
rows 2 ft. apart of the Bishop’s, and then five rows of the early frame
3 ft. apart. The first dish I could gather from the early frame was on the
15th of June; the first dish I gathered from Bishop’s was on the Ist of
July. — W. P. Vaughan. Brecon, July 20. 1839.

Quércus Robur and sessiliflora. — Sir, As I know you do not mind being
found fault with, I take the liberty of questioning your accuracy (in a
friendly manner, and merely in the way of private correction) on one or
two points in your Number for August. First, then, at p. 458., you seem
disposed to consider Quércus Robur and sessiliflora as mere varieties : this
may be matter of opinion, though, for myself, I am inclined to think them
distinct species. But be this as it may, you certainly are not correct in
stating that “ the latter name (sessiliflora) is merely a synonyme of Sir J.
Smith’s, in his English Botany, to distinguish it from Q. pedunculata.” Both

3A 2

724 Retrospective Criticism.

kinds are figured and described in English Botany as distinct species,
under the names of Robur and sessiliflora, without any intimation of their
being only varieties. The timber of Q. sessiliflora is considered to be infe-
rior to that of Q. Robur: I agree with you that it perhaps has not “ been
clearly proved that the timber of the one is naturally, and without reference
to soil and situation, better than the other ;”” but I think it probable that
the timber of Q. sessiliflora is inferior, merely because the tree is of quicker
growth. Yours, &c.— W. 7’. Bree. Sept., 1830.

' On turning to Smith’s English Flora (yol.iv. p. 148.) we find Q. Ro-
bur and sessiliflora are made species, and that pedunculata is considered
as a synonyme of Q. Robur, and not sessiliflora as we have erroneously
asserted. — Cond.

The Functions of Leaves.— Sir, Your correspondent N. H. (p. 414.),
in his remarks on Stewart’s Planter’s Guide, says, “ Should it be required
to take any off the branches, I always defer it till the following season :
I have a great respect for Mr. Gorrie, but I cannot agree with him in
cutting any branches off fresh planted trees. I have found cuttmgs without
a leaf removed strike much better than those which were stripped. The
last three years I have particularly remarked this in striking Eccremocarpus
scaber : those cuttings struck best that hada leaf or a pair remaining at the
very joint at which they were cut off, and, in fact, formed plants im nearly
half the time that those did which had them removed.” And in a marginal
note he adds: — “ This is proved by every-day experience : every man must
be aware that roots make branches, and branches make roots; else how
could a cutting strike root, or part of a root form a plant?” Now, had
Mr. N. H. been pleased to favour us with his full name, it is likely our
respect would have been mutual: but as I can give no particular preference
to the N and the H over any other letters in the alphabet, my respect for
the anonymous writer must be formed entirely by the opinion I entertain of
the paper under consideration ; which, bating a few puerilities, or, perhaps,
agronomisms, is such as would do no discredit to his name, be that wnat
it may. I can only agree with N. H., about deferring cutting off branches
till the “ following season,” on the principle of “ better late thrive than
never do well.” If it “ be required to take any off,’ I should humbly
suppose, the sooner that is done the better. Leaves and roots may, with-
out any impropriety, be called conservative organs ; but their functions are
widely different, and mutually dependent on the operations of each other.
If the roots, by fracture or lack of moisture, cease to perform their office,
the leaves, in place of producing (or, as our author would have it, “ of
the branches making”) roots, soon flag, and ultimately wither and fall
off; and hasten, at the same time, the shrivelling of that bark and twig,
which, had the root performed its office, they would have contributed to
clothe with a fresh layer of living wood. It will be readily allowed that
roots imbibe moisture from the soil, and that leaves attract and elabo-
rate the sap thus supplied: if this be conceded, it will follow that a proper
or natural balance between root and branch is most conducive to the
health of the tree or plant. In the act of transplanting some roots will
necessarily suffer, and mm proportion, I contend, branches should be removed
instanter. That proportion will be exceedingly small where the operation
of transplanting is performed with due care, and amputations producing
large wounds, difficult to heal while the tree is suffering from the removal,
will be avoided: but, supposing that the transplanted tree has more foliage
than root feeders, will not those supernumerary leaves in discharging
their natural functions draw too liberally on the sap of the tree, and a
small yellow leaf, which soon ceases to attract or elaborate sap, with a con-
striction of bark, be the consequence ? Whereas, if root and branch are
fairly proportioned. by art or otherwise, a greater individual and general
breadth of healthy foliage is preserved, and the operation of transplanting

Retrospective Criticism. 725

is attended with less perceptible lassitude in the plant. It was to illustrate
this position that, in my short letter on Sir Henry’s book, I mentioned that,
* when plants are struck by cuttings, every gardener knows that an excess
of foliage has a tendency to exhaust the natural sap in the shoot ;” and I
say so still: and Mr., or Miss, or Mrs. N. H. will agree that an excess
of foliage will have that tendency; otherwise, why proportion the length
of the cutting abeve te that below the ground ? If “ leaves make roots”
without this tendency, then why not plant a cutting a yard or a yard and a
half long, with numerous leaves and branches ? Qn this principle the roots
will be the sooner formed. Be it observed, I was not then writing an essay
on cuttings: I only alluded to a well known fact connected with that
operation. I never either practised or spoke of stripping cuttings of their
leaves; but, if they are left iz excess, the redundant part will either decay,
or the whole cutting will languish and die. It is not strictly logical to
say, that “roots make branches, and branches make roots.” They have
intermediate functions to perferm. I grant, nay, I contend, that the one
cannot exist long in a healthy state without the other being in fair propor-
tion ; but certainly N. H. has seen foliage produced witheut their producing
roots. Has he never seen a willow or poplar tree cut in winter produce
foliage in summer without roots? Has he not seen the roots of deciduous
trees increase in spring, when the leaves were enveloped in their winter garb?
and has he never seen the willow or Solanum Dulcamara produce roots
before the buds had opened? I hope N. H. will not take these remarks
amiss, which he has called forth. Had he given his real name im place of a
fictitious signature, I might perhaps have treated him a little more cour-
teously. Whenever he chooses to appear in propria persona, he shall be
treated on my part with that respect to which, I have not the slightest
doubt, his merits and urbanity entitle him. In the twenty-sixth Number
(I think it is) a Mr. Newington has given a Mr. Houseman a severe and
ungardener-like drubbing. Such a scurrilous letter must recoil upon its
author. Although we may happen to differ in opinion on several points, it
does not follow that all who may venture to express an opposite opinion
are deficient in practical skill. Newington has lost his temper, which some
would construe into a tacit acknowledgment that he had the worst of the
argument. I am, Sir, &c.— Archibald Gorrie. Annat Gardens, Septem=
ber 3. 1830.

Pruning Timber Trees. — According to the wishes of Agronome (as one
of your readers) I have applied myself to candle-making, and beg to assure
his superior judgment, that, as far as an experience of fifteen years goes,
the foreshortening system of pruning forest trees answers most completely :
first, in giving a lead to the main stem; and, secondly, in assisting trees to
tower perpendicularly, where they grow in exposed situations. Some Chi-
chester elms, 7 ft. high, and the size of an old gentleman’s walking-stick,
were planted by me in 1814. The situation being favourable, the plants
soon threw up such vigorous shoots that, if left to themselves, they would
have found tops like the many-headed hydra. I commenced the work of
foreshortening instanter, and have continued it every year since. The
trees, on an average, now rise a height of 50 ft., and are conically shaped.
Thave served oaks, ashes, and other elms, in like manner ; but their height,
from difference of growth, does not in any case exceed 30ft. To ascer-
tain the timber quality of this rapid-growing elm, I last year stubbed one
up, put it on the sawpits, and had it cut into gate stuff, when the scant-
lings became dry. The carpenters said they could discern no difference
between it and the wych elm of the country. As to beauty, the aspiring
tree forms a contrast to the umbrageous one, the pyramidal to the round
one; and our woods and parks become equally the objects of admiration and
of utility, by at one time leaving nature to her own freaks, and at another
putting her into a state of pupilage. In my humble opinion such system

3) iB

726 Queries and Answers.

belongs to no man or writer in particular, but to the plain common sense of
the thing. One word more, and I have done. I believe it to be a great
error not to prune the Scotch fir, by taking off a tier or two of boughs
every two or three years. As for experience, I beg to say that, though the
spruce fir, when it comes to the sawpit, will show no knots in the plank,
however large its lateral boughs may have been, the Scotch fir uniformly
does ; and so much so as oftentimes to render it wholly unsightly, as well
as unfit for flooring and other purposes. If forest deal timber is cleaned,
because competition in growth destroys its lateral boughs, why not effec-
tually imitate nature, by gradually reducing the stem to the same state?
We have had spruce and Scotch fir of great magnitude in our sawpit not
long since, the former planted by my grandfather, and the latter by my
great-grandfather: the spruce, however covered with boughs, makes clean
planks ; the Scotch, clean planks only so far as the boughs had formerly
been periodically removed. May not Q. E. D. be put after this, as a solu-
tion of the fir-pruning problem? Thus much, therefore, for the present, of
candle-making, as Agronome says; in which, if I have any way succeeded
to his wish, I shall be truly gratified; and beg leave to subscribe myself your
obedient humble servant.— Wilkam Mason, junior. Necton Hall, Norfolk,
August, 1800.

Erratum. — Sir, In the notice of my two melons (p.338.) I see my
employer’s name is misspelt. His real name is Twnno, instead of Punno.
Should you think my other letter worth publishing, you will no doubt, after
this, state it correctly. Such mistakes are easily made; and the blame, if
any, is more likely to rest with the writer than the compositor. — J. Hol-
land. Taplow Lodge, September 15. 1830.

Errata.—P. 495., for “ Arniston Hall” read “ Ormiston Hall.” P.601.,
line 7 from the bottom, for “ scale” read “ scape.”

Art. IV. Queries and Answers.

GLAZING with Lead Laps. — In answer to ‘‘ A Subscriber” (p.500.), f
can assure him, from long experience, that glazing with lead between the
squares (lead laps, as they are called) will prevent their cracking. I know
a large green-house, the roof of which is glazed in this way, which was done
twenty years ago, and to this moment not a pane of glass has been cracked
in it, unless by accident; and I can further assure him that no green-house
preserves more plants through the winter than the house alluded to. This is
a subject that has undergone a great deal of discussion, and many fantastical
shapes have been recommended for the form of the squares ; but these did
not break the spell: where the glass came in contact many of the squares
would be cracked. I am at a loss to assign the cause, and I do not think
it occasioned by the frost, though certainly a very rational way of account-
ing for it; for, to the best of my recollection (now many years ago), on my
first erecting a green-house so many of the squares cracked that I had the
‘lights taken down and reglazed with lead laps, long before the winter had
commenced. Yours, &c. — Cultivator. September 30. 1830.

Proper Size for an Ice-house. — Sir, Three years ago I had an ice-house
built, of the following dimensions ; viz. 34 ft. diameter at bottom, 7 ft, at the
widest part, and 103 ft. deep. The well is sunk in a bed of gravel, 8 ft.
below the surface; the bottom of the pit is paved with a drain of 3 in.
square, which carries the waste ice into the gravel, as will be seen in the
annexed sketch. (jig. 140.) The ice-house is entered through a passage of
8 ft. im length, with sliding doors or boards next the wall; and 3 ft.from that
is another oaken door, the interval I always fill with straw. The first year

Queries and Answers. 727

a, Front oak door. b, Second door. c, Sliders, coming out one board at a time.
d, 9-inch brick wall. e, 43-inch cavity. f, 14-inch stone wall. g, 3-inch drains, , Soil on top

I filled the house with well-broken ice, sprinkling a little common salt ; and
it was all melted by the beginning of June. Last year I filled it according
to the plan recommended by Mr. James Young (Vol. IIL. p. 138.); but the
icé had all disappeared by the middle of August. The passage part is
imperfectly finished, it being only covered with oak slabs, with about 3 ft.
of clay, so that the wet comes in sometimes. Is the house too small to
contain a sufficient body of ice to last all the year? I was compelled to the
above dimensions, not from want of room, but from my employer consi-
dering it quite large enough. If it is large enough, how is it to be filled so
as to insure the ice keeping all the year? Amn answer in your December
Number will greatly oblige, Sir,&c. —W. P. Vaughan. Archdeaconry, Brecon,
September 9. 1830.

_ American Petatoes. — What is the reason that American potatoes, when
planted in England, canker, produce such large tops, and, when taken up,
are found to haye produced only two or three potatoes at a root? —S.
September, 1830.

A Collection of Geoseberries for prolonging to the utmost the Season of that
Fruit. — Sir, Intending to make a plantation of gooseberries, I wish for
some of each colour, some for size, others for flavour, and also to know
at what period they ripen, that, by having some of each size and colour,
that will come in succession from a very early to a very late period, I may
enjoy the fruit for a much longer time than I now can. I should feel
much obliged if you could give me this information, as also any other pecu-
liarities of the different sorts of gooseberries, and inform me where I could
obtain the plants. — Hdmund Vallance. Brighton, October 9. 1830.

Hybrid Melons. — Sir, In answerto your correspondent P. Lauder
(p- 502.), I send you the following observations: —'That my own expe-
rience proves the impossibility of any fecundation, either by artificial or na-
tural means, taking place between the Cucumis Melo, C. sativus, and any
species of Cucérbita. My experiments have been very numerous, and carefully

3A 4

728 Horticultural Society and Garden.

conducted, but invariably without effect ; neither will the Cucirbita Citrad/-
Zus mule with any other species of the samegenus. With respect to other
Cucurbitacez I cannot as yet decide. JF have endeavoured to fecundate
the Cicumis Anguria (which in p. 506. you erroneously name Snake Cucum-
ber) with the pollen of the melon, but without any result. Thus far from
my own experience. But from that of M. Sageret, than whom no one is
better qualified to decide, we learn that not only will not the melon,
cucumber, and gourd mule, but that there are six distinct species of Cuctr-
bita which are equally incapable of receiving fecundating influence, the one
from the other. The Cucumis Meélo, Duddim, Chate, and flexudsus will
all mule one with the other. I possess from him hybrids obtained by the
mixture of each.

Your reviewer has committed a most extraordinary and unaccountable
error in Vol. IV. p. 383., where, in reviewing the Annales de la Société
@ Horticulture, he states, on Sageret’s authority,that the melon “ is liable to
be stained by the qualities of the cucumber,” and that “by artificial or acci-
dental adhesion different properties may be conveyed along the branches,”
for neither of which is there the least foundation: since to the former his
opinion, as there stated, is directly opposed ; and, to support the latter,
there is not a tittle of evidence.

If any facts should have come to the knowledge of your correspondents
disproving the above statements (and I own I have heard of strange hybrid=
isations), I shall be most happy to be made acquainted therewith, and to
have it put in my power to witness it by the present of a few seeds. I
have grafted the melon on the cucumber, and beth of them on the gourd, but
without any extraordinary result. Tam, Sir, &c.—J.C. K. Levant Lodge,
Aug. 31. i

Fuchsias and Hydrangeas. —1 happen to have a little bed of fuchsias, and
also of hydrangeas. Can I keep them in the ground through the winter,
and how ? — Sewagenarius. Waltham Cross, Sept. 19.

Mulch them well with dry litter, fronds of fern, firs, or leaves, and
then thatch the mulch with wheat straw or reeds, so as completely to throw
off the rain. — Cond.

Art. V. Horticultural Society and Garden.

SEPT. 21.— Read. On the State of Horticulture in Ross-shire; by Sir
G. S. Mackenzie, Bart. F.H.S.

Exhibited. A specimen of the Georgina A’nton, from Mr. Jas. Suttom
ef Andover. Flowers of Georginas, from Mr. Chapman, gardener to the
Marquess of Stafford, St. James’s. Seedling Apples, from the Rev. Peter
Rashleigh, F.H-S.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Four sorts of Lupines, seven sorts
of Gnothera, Tagétes lucida, Agératum mexicanum, Lavatéra triméstris,
Clarkia pulchélla, China Asters, Nigélla hispanica, Cladanthus arabicus,
Malope malacoides, Schizanthus pinnatus, JZalya miniita, Zbéris umbel-
latus, three sorts of Pentstemons, Catananche czrulea, a collection of
Georginas and Anemone-flowered Georginas, Calceolaria diffisa, Quisqualis
fndica, Agératum ccelestinum, Dracocéphalum specidsum, fourteen sorts of
Pears, seventeen sorts of apples, two sorts of plums, four sorts of Peaches,
two species of Vaccinium, Couve tronchuda, Chou a grosse cotes verts,
Brassica from Pekin.

Oct.5.— Read. 'The Meteorological Journal kept in the garden of the
Society, to July, 1830.

Exhibited. Beddington Muscadine Grapes, from Edmund Tattersall,
Esq. F.H.S. This was a variety with small but very handsome bunches,

Horticultural Society and Garden. 729

and a powerful Frontignac flavour : it appeared to be the Chasselas Musqué.
A Seedling Pear and a Seedling Apple, from Mr. J. Oliver, gardener at
Combe Abbey, near Coventry. Wood of the Gum Sandarach tree, from
Mr. Drummond Hay of Tangier. Black Hamburgh Grapes, grown with-
out fire-heat, from John Allnutt, Esq. F.H.S. This was a single bunch of
much beauty, perfectly well ripened. Two Apples, named from Mr. Ro-
bert Clews, F.H.S. Stachys palustris, from Mr. Green of 23. Alpha Road.
The specimens had been forced in a pot, which appeared a better mode than
growing in the open ground. Seedling Camellia, from Mr. George Press,
gardener to Edward Gray, Esq. F.H.S. Camellias, from John Allnut,
Esq. F-H.S. Seedling Georginas, raised in Lincoln’s Inn, from Mr. John
Maher, F.H.S. A double Sunflower, from Mr. John Maher, F.H.S.
Three sorts of Seedling Georginas, from Mr. Adam Paul, F.H.S.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Pentstémon atropurptreum, Ver-
bena chameedrifolia and Aubleétia, Catananche ceritlea, Tbéris umbellatus,
Tagétes lucida, Chelone barbata, M4lva miniata, Schizdnthus pinnatus,
Arctotis anthemOides, five varieties of G@nothéra, Cladanthus arabicus,
Kschscholtzia californica, Agératum mexicanum, JZalope malacGides, Ni-
gélla hispanica, three serts of Phlox, Clarkia pulchélla, Stévia purpurea,
Zinnia multiflora, Poppy Anemones, Galdrdia aristata, Malva purpurata,
Coredpsis lanceolata, Georginas, Anemone-flowered Georginas, twenty-
seven sorts of Pears, thirteen sorts of Apples, seven sorts of Peaches,
Buck’s Seedling Pine-apple.

Oct. 19.— Read. Note upon the Cultivation of the Convélvulus Bat-
tatas ; by Mr. James Duncan, under gardener in the garden of the Horticul~
tural Society.

Ewhibited. A Sweet Melon of Ispahan, and a new Pine from Jamaica,
from T. A. Knight, Esq. Pres. &c. Both these proved excellent; the
former was smaller than the specimen received from Mr. Knight in the
middle of the summer, but nearly as good. Marie Louise, Duchesse
d’ Angouléme, Beurrée Diel, and Gloux Morceaux Pears, from Lord Farn-
borough. Seedling Apple from the old Gelden Pippin, and Barossa Apple,
from Jos. Warner, Esq. Ten sorts of Apples, Ganseli’s Bergamot Pear, and
Quinces, from Robert Francis, Esq., Ivy House, Canterbury. A Seedling
Apple, from Mr. Smith of Ilford.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Tagetes licida, three varieties of
(£notheéra, Cladanthus arabicus, Méalope malacdides, Catananche certlea,
Asters, twenty-four sorts of Pears, twelve sorts of Apples, Beets, Sweet
Potatoes, in illustration of the Note read this day from the Garden.

The late Librarian of this Society, Mr. Thomas Goode, having relin-
quished his situation, in consequence of the recommendation of the Com-
mittee to “ make a reduction in the establishment,” has, as we are in-
formed by a circular, “ determined to apply himself to business,” that is,
to trade. We heartily commend this determination on the part of Mr.
Goode. Of all the modes of procuring the means of subsistence, short of
that of living on one’s own land, the most independent is that of trade.
What is called a profession, a clerkship, or an official situation under govern-
ment or in some public office, used to be considered “ more genteel ;”” but
this antiquated idea is fast passing away. Clerks and persons in offices were
held to be more genteel, because in former times, when men were divided
into casts or ranks, such, for example, as nobles, clergy, peasantry, &c.,
the freedom from hard work, and the comparative skill and talent required
in order to be able to read and write, created, in the occupation and style
of the clerk, some allusion to the clergyman or the noble; hence attorneys
and others were styled gentlemen by law: but in the present day, when
almost all tradesmen are highly cultivated and enlightened, and equally well
dressed and polite with noblemen, the idea of one honest mode of pro-
curing a living being more genteel than another is most unphilosophical and

730 Horticultural Society and Garden.

absurd. The gentility in the present day depends less on the business
pursued, than on the intellectual and moral character, and the taste and
style of life, of the pursuer. Mr. Goode, as a dealer in glass and earthen-
ware, will obtain the same measure of respectability and gentility m the eyes
of all those who knew him, that he merited and justly obtained as a libra-
rian and accountant; and as to his own particular happiness, and that of
his family, we should think it would be much greater, because his new cares
must be accompanied by a much higher sense of independence. Durmg
the nearly twelve years that Mr. Goode was in office we have uniformly
received the most unremitting attention (certain impediments to our making
use of the library, noticed Vol. V. p. 86. and 88. note, did not originate with
him). We have already recommended his wasp glasses (Vol. V. p. 279.),
and (on the cover, we believe) a most valuable and elegant invention of
Mrs. Goode’s, on the principle of the cupping-glass, for the relief of mothers
in weaning children ; and we now again cordially and conscientiously recom-
mend him as successor to the old established house in Mill Street, Conduit
Street, for “ every article in china, glass, earthenware, &c., of the best
manufacture, at moderate prices.” — Cond.

The Horticultural Society has been ridden almost to death, and is now
rousing itself; but its constitution seems to have been somewhat impaired.
There are hopes of its purgation and ultimate restoration, notwithstanding
a debt of 19,0007. which the Committee of Enquiry has ascertained te
exist. This, after all, will not be without its advantage to science, if it puts
a stop to house lists named by one or two persons, to making complimentary
councillors, and to auditing the accounts without examining every item, or
to omitting even that form altogether. (Prof. Babbage in the Ed. Jour. of
Science for July, 1830, p.'76.)

The Horticultural Society, we are happy to say, is now going on remark-
ably well: a considerable sum has been appropriated to paying off the
debt ; economy, as we believe, prevails in every department; and there is
an influx of fellows, including ladies, which, though not great, is yet regular,
and certainly much greater than we expected.

The Chiswick Garden looks as well as ever we expect it to do till the
plan is entirely altered. Since the absurd regulations of keeping the gates
closed against fellows and their friends till one o’clock, and of sending a
spy round with every visitant, have been abolished, it may be visited with
something like gardening feelings. Any one, whether he has subscribed to
the garden or not, may ask for whatever he wishes; and if it is in abund-
ance, or can be spared, he will obtain it without the ceremony of a month’s
correspondence, and the postage of a score of letters: in short, there is
now something like that equality of privilege and good feeling which ought to
exist in every society. There has been a good crop of pears, and the fruit
room affords a very interesting spectacle. Mr. Thompson, its curator, and
the foreman of the fruit department, has very great merit: he has taught
himself both the French and German languages, in order to be able to read
foreign works on fruits; and he is preparing for us a catalogue of synonymes
and descriptions of all the varieties that have fruited in the garden, which
will be invaluable to the horticultural world, and especially to nurserymen.
The latter will now feel the absolute necessity of beginning de novo with
their lists of pears, and getting their grafts from the Chiswick garden. In
ten years, it will not be the fault of the Horticultural Society, if there is
one bad sort of pear sold in the streets of any town in the island: all the
old trees may be regrafted and in full bearing by that time. The Council
of the Society has kindly permitted Mr. Thompson to furnish us with a
catalogue of synonymes and short descriptions of pears and all other fruits,
for our Supplement to the Hncyclopedia of Gardening ; and we have no
doubt the value of such a catalogue will be duly appreciated by the public.

The trees in the arboretum have grown remarkably well this moist season.

Royal Gardens. -73S1

We have had a list made, and the period of their defoliation and the autum-
nal colour of their leaves noted down, by Mr. O’Halloran, an intelligent
and industrious young journeyman; and we hope next spring to procure,
with the approbation of the Society, through the same individual, the period
of foliation, the colour of the opening buds and young leaves, and various
other particulars. We shall, at the same time, take a portrait of each
species to one and the same scale; and, by comparing these with the ages
of the specimens, the comparative rapidity of growth under the same cir-
cumstances will be obtamed. This information, with others which we have
not space to mention, is for the use of our Arboretum Britdnnicum. (p.718.)
For the same object we have had a list made of the defoliation and autumnal
tints of the principal deciduous trees in the pleasure-ground at Kew; and
the same, accompanied with portraits, of the unrivalled arboretum of
Messrs. Loddiges. We earnestly request all the assistance which our read-
ers can afford us, particularly as to foliation and defoliation on different
soils ; say calcareous, argillaceous, siliceous, peaty or vegetable soils, and
water-fed soils. Portraits of the shapes of full-grown trees, not trees going
to decay, will also be highly acceptable; and for whatever is sent and made
use of, a return will be made in kind, varying, according to the nature of
the information, from a copy of our Manual of Cottage-Gardening, or of
the Supplements to the Encyclopzedias, to the Encyclopedia of Plants or
the Llustrations of Landscape-Gardening. — Cond.

Art. VI. The Royal Gardens.

THE monopoly which Mr. W. T. Aiton enjoyed of Kew, Kensington,
Buckingham Palace, Hampton Court, Cumberland Lodge, the Royal
Lodge, Virginia Water, and we are not sure that we have included all, has
been very properly broken down. Mr. Aiton is now limited to the botanic
garden at Kew: his brother, who before had Windsor, is now limited to
the kitchen-garden at Kensington. Hampton Court is given to Mr. Tyrrel ;
Windsor to Mr. Macfarlane; the kitchen-garden at Kew to Mr. Godfrey,
formerly gardener to Admiral Harvey, in Essex. As the progress of Buck-
ingham Palace has been stopped, the present king not intending to live
there, it is probable that no gardener will be appointed; and the same may
be said as to the Royal Lodge at Windsor, which is already in part pulled
down. The pleasure-ground at Kew, it is said, will be put under a separate
gardener; and we have heard Mr. Gardiner, son of Colonel Gardiner, men-
tioned as destined to fill the situation. We are not sorry to mark these
changes ; though we think it rather too much to deprive Mr. Aiton of two
of the departments of Kew. But what astonishes us most is, that, deprived
of these two, he should have accepted of the third. We can only account
for this trait m his character, by supposing that the habits of a court gar-
dener have a tendency to repress those feelings which ordinary gardeners,
like ourselves, would consider proper spirit and manly independence.

One thing we must be allowed to regret, and that is, that the forcing
department at Kensington was not put entirely under the control of Mr.
Plimley. A better pine and grape grower, or a more worthy man, does
not exist. We have witnessed his unwearied care and assiduity, attended
by the most brilliant success, during the last fourteen years; withholding,
at his own request, lest it should offend Mr. Aiton, that praise he so well
merited. His salary, we understand, has been little more than the wages
ofajourneyman. We will venture to assert, that he is as worthy of any
gardener’s situation in the gift of the crown as Mr. Aiton himself; and we
sincerely hope his deserts may yet meet with their due reward from so
considerate and kind-hearted a master as William FV.

732

Covent Garden Market.

Art. VIL.

From

The Cabbage Tribe.
Cabbages, per dozen
h

ite - 4
Red - - -
Plants, or Coleworts

Savoys, perdozen -

Cauliflowers, per dozen

Broccoli, per bunch:
White - -
Cape = - -

Legumes.

Kidneybeans, scarlet,
half sieve

Tubers and Roots.

per ton
Potatoes - Sper cwt.
per bush.
Kidney, perbushel ~
Scotch, per bushel +
Jerusalem Artichokes, per
half sieve = -
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, per bunch -
Parsneps, per dozen -
Red Beet, per dozen -
Salsify, per bunch oo 8
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :
Red, per dozen hands (24
to 30 each) = =
White Turnip, per bunch

The Spinach Tribe.
3 per sieve -
Spinach f p

er half sieve -
Sorrel, per half sieve -

The Onion Tribe.
Onions :
Old, per bushel - 2
For Pickling, per 3 sieve
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound - -
Shallots, perpound - -

©

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, &c.

Artichokes, per dozen
Lettuce, Cos, per score
Endive, per score -
Succory, per bunch
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)
Small Salads, per punnet
Watercress, per dozen small
bunches 3 = =
Burnet, per bunch -

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half sieve -
Tarragon, per doz. bunches
Purslain, per punnet =
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches -

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Covent Garden Market.

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Peppermint, dried, per doz.
bunches - -
| Marjorara, per doz. bunches
| Savory, per dozen bunches
| Basil, per dozen bunches -
| Rosemary, green, per dozen
| _ bunches - >
. Lavender, per doz. bunches
| Tansy, dried, per doz. bun.
|

| Stalks and Frutts for Tarts,
| Pickling, §c.
|

Tomatoes, per half sieve -
Capsicums, per hundred ~

Edible Fungi and Fusi.
Mushrooms, per pottle -
| Morels, dried, per pound
| Truffies, per pound:
English, green + a
Foreign, dried - 5

Fruits.
' Apples, per bushel :
Dessert -
Ribston Pippins
| Scarlet Pearmain
Downton Pippin -
| Golden Pippins -
Baking, per bushel
French -
Reinette Grise -
| Incomparable -
Pears, Dessert, per 3 sieve :
Chaumontel - -
St. Germain =
Autumn Beurrée
Crassane =
| Swan’s Eggs =
Baking sea a
pe per half sieve
Quinces Nee angen
Almonds, per peck
| Walnuts, per bushel
; Chestnuts, per peck:
English a.
French he -
Filberts, English, per 100 Ibs.
Pine-apples, per pound -
Grapes, per pound:
Hot-house = “
Spanish S =
From Holland - =
From Spain = =
From Portugal - =
From the open wall -
Melons, English, per pound

Oranges es dozen

per hundred
per dozen -

Lemons Nee hundred
Pomegranates, per dozen -
Brazil Nuts, per bushel -
Spanish Nuts, per bushel -
Barcelona = 5 os

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Observations. — Our supplies of fruit have, up to this time, been much
more plentiful than might have been expected from the known state of the
crops throughout the home districts, which have not been generally more

than half an average.

From many parts of Kent, which last season at

this period afforded very heavy supplies, at present not a bushel is
sent; from others not in the proportion of one to five.
which last year furnished us liberally, hardly a bushel is to be found,

From Essex,

Covent Garden Market. 733

except a limited quantity of the finer sorts from the orchard of Mr. Curtis
of Glazenwood. This gentleman’s establishment deserves the particular
attention of your readers, as having been created entirely by his own
application and industry, and at his own expense, in a part of the country
where, even to this hour, hardly any thing in the shape of nursery or garden
ground is to be found, and in a measure remote from the markets and
demands for the articles usually propagated ; yet, despite of all difficulties,
he has succeeded in cultivating almost all the best knewn varieties of apples
and other fruits. He also has for sale an extensive collection of roses,
very many excellent American plants in a flourishing state without peat, a
fine selection of splendid georginas of his own raising from seed, and almost
every article generally to be found in the London nurseries.

The supplies being so short, the prices have become proportionately
higher, and may continue so for a time, until the fruit from the farther dis-
tricts is fit for transport, or until the prices mey warrant the introduction
of foreign fruits; the duties upon which being high, will not allow the
inferior varieties to be imported with any chance of advantage to the
dealers. Some few cargoes from Jersey have already been received; but
these, as coming from a British settlement, are not liable. A small lot of
French Reinettes grises have been imported, from which I have quoted the
prices in the list. A few barrels of American apples have also arrived,
but, from having been packed much too early, were quite rotten. Pears of
the varieties enumerated in the list are scarce, and consequently high in
price ; and it is yet too soon to expect any of the better sorts from France.
Grapes have been very scarce, such as are fit for table more especially:
although the crop on the walls was generally good, but few have been per-
fected. The supply from Holland has not been so large as usual, nor of
the fine quality and size as heretofore; but, in consequence of large arrivals
from Spain and Portugal in barrels and jars, the prices have been kept
materially lower than might have been expected.

Respecting vegetables, little worthy of notice has occurred since my last.
We have had an ample supply of autumnal cauliflowers of very superior
quality, so large and close as to be quite equal to many that were furnished
during the summer. This is not a usual occurrence, and may be attributed
to the prevalence of fine warm weather following so closely on the humid
summer. Broccoli of the Cape variety has also been sent plentifully, of
excellent quality, and proportionately cheap. Some little of Grange’s
cauliflower, or impregnated, has also appeared; but it is not yet in season.
Coleworts, cabbages, and sayoys have been abundant and of excellent
quality, and, from the continuance of the present very fine weather, are
likely to be found so throughout the early part of winter ; and, if the weather
should remain open and warm, there can be little doubt that the supplies
after Christmas will also prove plentiful. Turnips at present are of excel-
lent quality, and in abundance, principally of the Hertfordshire White and
the Early Stone. No other sorts appear to be cultivated for our markets,
although some most suitable varieties, such as the Yellow Stone, the
Yellow Scotch or Aberdeen, and the Maltese, are found to be well adapted
for table, and are actually cultivated extensively for that purpose in the
west and north of England and in Scotland. It cannot be doubted that
the taste of the people of London would be readily reconciled to articles
of finer flavour and quality than those they may have been accustomed to,
although somewhat different in appearance and colour. The supply of
potatoes has by no means been plentiful, which in a measure may be attri-
buted to the circumstance of the growers being very generally occupied
during the month of October in preparing their grounds for wheat; and as
the season has been so particularly fine, no apprehension of injuries to the
potato crop from early frost need be apprehended. However, it is clearly

434 Provincial Horticultural Soczeties : — Sussex, Essex,

ascertained that the weight from the ground is not so great as usual, which,
in a great measure, arises from the superabundant moisture and deficiency
of solar heat throughout the season. The prices at present are moderate,
but I think may be expected higher. — G.C. Woo. 1. 1830.

Art. VILL. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

SUSSEX.

Carcurster Horticultural Society.—June 21. Prizes were awarded as under :—

Plants and Flowers. Cockscombs: 1. Mr. Hammond; 2. Mr. Cakebread, gardener to Messrs.
Henty. Seedling Geraniums. White Ground: 1. Mr. Harrison; 2. Mr. Groundsell. Scarlet
Ground: 1. Mr. Groundsell; 2. Mr. Harrison. Gloxinia specidsa, Mr. Cakebread. Heart’s-ease,
George the Fourth, Rev. W. Watkins. Fachsia gracilis, Mr. Gorsuch. Carnations, Mr. Collyer.
Erythrina Crista galli (this was a magnificent specimen), Mr. Harrison. Geranium echinatum
(growing in moss), Mr. Collyer, gardener to BE. Woods, Esq. Amaryllis specidsa, Mr. Perry,
gardener to J. Hawkins, Esq, Azaleas, Mr. Hammond. Fdachsia microphylla, Mr. Groundsell.
Thunbérgia alata, Mr. Sims. Box of Cut Flowers: 1, Mr. Sims; 2. Mr. Collyer. Box of Cut
Roses: 1. Mr. Hammond; 2. Mr. Gorsuch. Pinks: 1. Mr. Reynolds; 2. Mr. Feilder, gardener to
C. S. Dickens, Esq. ; 3. Mr. Gorsuch. Seedling Pinks: 1. M. Downer; 2. Mr. Quennell, gardener
to the Rev. —— Bouverie. ‘Ten Geraniums, Mr. Holding. — Fruit. Pine, Mr. Bradley, gardener
to Lord Arran. Melons: 1. Mr. Coates, gardener to the Rev. G. Porcher, Oakwood; 2. Mr.
Gorsuch, gardener to the Bishop of Chichester ; 3. Mr. Hammond, gardener to Messrs. Hum-
phreys. Grapes: 1 and 2. Mr. Saunders, gardener to W. C. Newland, Esq.; 3. Mr. Harrison,
gardener to the Earl of Egremont. Strawberries: 1. Mr. Davies, gardener to Mrs. Williams ;
9. Mr. Hammond, gardener ; 3. Mr. Gardiner, gardener, Bognor; 4. Mr. Hodge, gardener to the
Rev. S. J. Tuffhell; 5. Mr. Sims, gardener to W. Leeves, Esq. Cherries, Mr. Mollard, gardener
to R. Merricks, Esq. Apples. Cockle Pippins, Mr. Downer, gardener to the Rev. S. Barbut.—
Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers, Mr. Sims. Celery, Mr. Davies. Horseradish, Mr. Coates.
Mushrooms, Mr. Holding. Potatoes, Mr. Groundsell, gardener to J. Groggen, Esq. Lettuces,
Mr. Gorsuch.

July 31. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants and Flowers. Picotees: 1. The Rev. W. Watkins; 2. and 3. Mr. Hodge, gardener to the
Rey. S. J. Tuffnell. Carnations: 1. Mr. Gorsuch; 2. Mr. Reynolds. Himea élegans, Mr. Bowers.
Thunbérgia alata, Mr. Gorsuch. CaActus speciosissima, Mr. Maller, gardener to Miss Merricks.
Hodya carndsa, Mr. Downer. Cockscombs, Mr. Collyer. Chironias, Mr. Coates. Ftichsia gracilis,
Mr. Davies, gardener to J. Penfold, Esq. Dwarf Cockscombs, Mr. Hammond. Box of Cut
Flowers, Mr. Sims. Georginas: 1. Mr. Gorsuch ; 2. Mr, Hammond. Salvia filgens, Mr. Collyer.
Two Stands of Flowers, Mr. Good, gardener to William Ridge, Esq. Trevirana coccinea, Mr. ©
Cakebread. — Fruzt. Pines: 1. Mr. Bowers, gardener to Lord Selsey ; 2. Mr. Hislop, gardener
to Mrs. Smith. Grapes. White: Mr. Coates, gardener to the Rey. G. Porcher; 2. Mr. Harrison,
gardener to the Earl of Egremont. Black: 1. Mr, Cakebread, gardener to Messrs. Henty ; 2. Mr.
Bowers. Melons: 1. Mr. Bowers, gardener, to Lord Selsey; 2. Mr. Hislop, gardener to Mrs.
Smith ; 3. Mr. Sims, gardener to W. Leeves, Esq.; 4. Mr. Harrison, gardener to the Karl of
Egremont. Gooseberries: 1. Mr. Softly; 2, Mr. Downer, gardener to the Rev. 8. Barbut; 3. Mr.
Gorsuch, gardener to the Bishop of Chichester. Peaches and Nectarines, Mr. Bradley, gardener
to Lord Arran. Apricots, Mrs. G. Newland. Oranges and Lemons (this fruit was remarkably
fine), Mr. Harrison. Green Gage Plums, Mr. Harrison. Orleans Plums, Rev. W. Watkins.
Apples, Mr. Holding. Cherries: 1. Mr, Coates; 2. Mr. Gorsuch. — Culinary Vegetables. Celery :
1. Mr. Gorsuch ; 2. Mr. Cakebread. Carrots: 1. Mr. Harrison; 2. Mr. Collier. Onions, Mr. Har-
rison. Heuuces Mr. Good. Seedling Potatoes, Mr. James Gardner.—S. LZ. H. Chichester, Scp-
tember 16.

ESSEX.

The Chelmsford and Essex Floral and Horticultural Society. — September 13.
The first prize for named Georginas was awarded to the Rev. W. Jesse, for Veitch’s Grandi-
fldra coccinea, Veitch’s Beauty of Devon, Veitch’s Rubélla supérba, Veitch’s Victory, Colville’s
Perfécta, Dennis’s Telegraph, Wells’s Morning Star, and the Scarlet Turban; the second to Mr.
Edward Sorrell of Springfield nursery, for Marshall’s Purple, Marshall’s Magnet, Sorrell’s Prin-
cess Royal, Colville’s Perfécta, Mountain of Snow, Lord Grantham, Scarlet Turban, and Crimson
Superb; and the third to Mr. Marsden of Chelmsford, for Inwood’s Donna Maria, Scarlet_Tur-
ban, Black Turban, Rubidides, Dennis’s No. 16. Archduke, Wells’s Dwarf Yellow, and Dwarf
Rdsea. A separate subscription having been entered into amongst the growers of seedling Geor-
ginas, several of them brought their stands of eight flowers; this caused a slight disagreement
amongst some, who considered that large cultivators had a better chance of producing superior
flowers than themselves, they being able only to bring forward a chance one. ‘There being,
however, no rule or regulation in the Society which could affect the separate subscription, selec-
tions were made by the judges from the stands, and the prizes given to Mr. Sorrell, Mr. Curtis of
Glazenwood, and Mr. Hogg of Ingatestone. Mr. Sorrell received a prize for apples, and W. Wicks,
Esq., for some fine peaches; a fine melon, produced by Mr. Saltmarsh, was much admired.
(Kent and Essex Mercury, September 21.)

CAMBRIDGESHIRE,

Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society.— Sept. 15. The Show was larger and

more splendid than we recollect having witnessed since the establishment of the Society, Prizes
were awarded as under: —

Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire. 135

Flowers: Georginas, Double (six best, one of a sort): 1. (medal) Cambridge Surprise, Moun-
tain of Snow, Zdsa grandifldra, Bohemia, sa Constantia, Wells’s Dwarf Yellow, Mr. Widnall ;
2. Surprise, Augustus, Wells’s Yellow, Royal Lilac, Aspasia, Perfécta, Mr. Brewer. Georgina,
Globe, Dark Crimson, Mr. Widnall. Seedling, Mr. Widnall. Lobélia (grown at King’s College),
Mr. Catling. Fachsia, Mr. Brewer. Bouquet (‘Treasurer’s), Mr. Gimson.—F7ywit. Pine: 1. (medal)
Queen, Rev. G. Jenyns; 2. Mr. Dall. Grapes, Black (not less than 131b.): 1. Black Muscadine,
Mr. Dall; 2. Black Hamburgh, Mr. Fordham of Hatley. White (not less than 12 1b.): 1. White
Aleatico, Mr. Dall; 2. Mr. Robert Nutter. Pot of Grapes: 1. Mr. R. Nutter; 2. Black Por-
tugal, Mr. Widnall. Peaches (six best, three of a sort): 1. Purple Hative, Royal George, Col.
Pemberton; 2. Buckingham, Mr. Serjt. Frere. Three best of any sort: 1. Royal George, Pur-
ple Hative, Noblesse, Colonel Pemberton ; 2. Noblesse, Mr. Challis. Nectarines (six best, three
of a_sort): 1. Vanguard, Mr. Newman, Lord De la Warr’s gardener; 2: Roman Elruge,
Mr. Dall. Three best of any sort: 1. Mr. Charles Beales; ¥. Murray, Rev. Geo. Jenyns.
Cherries, Morello: 1. (42 to the lb.) Mr. Challis; a second prize would have been awarded to Col.
Pemberton, but they were deficient in weight. Plums: two sorts, not less than six of a sort,
Coe’s Seedling, Green Gage, Mr. Challis; not less than six, Green Gage, Rev. Geo. Jenyns.
Figs, Brown, Colonel Pemberton. Gooseberries (Red), Warrington, Mr. Challis. Currants: No
first prize; 2. (grown at King’s College), Mr. Catling. Melon: 1. Scarlet-fleshed, Christopher
Pemberton, Esq. ; 2. Black Rock, Mr. Biggs. Grown under a hand-glass: No first prize; 2. Scar-
let-fleshed, Mr. Newman, Lord De la Warr’s gardener. Apples, Table: 1. Spice Pippin, French
Pippin, Codling, Mr. P. Cranfield ; 2, Garrett’s Pippin, Mr, Widnall. Pears, Table: Bergamot,
Rev. George Jenyns. Filberts: No first prize; 2. Red Kernel, Geo. Jenyns, Esq. Strawberries :
No first prize; 2. Raspberry, Rev. Geo. Jenyns.— Culinary Vegetables. Peas, Mr. Lestourgeon,
Celery, White Solid, George Jenyns, Esq.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Bouquet, James Tuck, Harston. Georgina, Joseph Beales, Cherryhinton.
China Asters, Jos. Beales, Cherryhinton. Apples, Ribston Pippin, Golden Rennet, Jas. Bullen,
Wimpole. Plums, James Tuck. Onions, James Tuck. Scarlet Runners, R. Maile, Wimpole.
Cucumber, Joseph Beales. ;

Extra-Prizes. Broccoli, James Tuck. China Asters, Mr. Widnall. African Marigolds, Mr.
coe Endive, No. 87. Onions, No. 99. Cucumbers, Mr. Searle. (Cambridge Chronicle,

ept. 17.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Bristol Horticultural Society.—July 27. Prizes were awarded as under: —

Plants. Stove and Green-house: 1. Combrétum purptreum, John Hurle, Esq. ; 2. Lemon,
John Prideaux, Esq. Hardy: 1. Erica fragrans, and 2. Genista{Statice, Mr. Maule. Hardy Per-
ennials: 1. @nothéra specidsa, Mr. Maule; 2. Potentilla formosa, Mrs. T. Bayley. Hollyhocks :
Seedlings, Mr. Elbury. Hardy Annuals: 1. Clarkza pulchélla, and 2. Gnothéra Lindléy#, Mr.
Maule. — Flowers. Carnations. Bizards, Scarlet: 1. Mr. Jacques; 2. Mr. Brookes. Crimson:
1. Mr. Maule; 2. Mr. Brookes. Pink and Purple: 1. Mr. Jacques; 2. Mr. Taylor. Seedlings :
1. Mr. Chambers; 2. Mr. Brookes, Flakes, Scarlet : 1. Mr. Jacques ; 2. Mr. Taylor. Rose: 1. Mr.
Maynard; 2. Mr. Brookes. Purple: 1. Mr. Brookes; 2. Mr. Taylor. Picotees, Purple: 1. Mr.
Maule; 2. Mr. Taylor. Red: 1. Mr. Maule; 2. Mr.Taylor. Yellow, Mr.Taylor. Balsams, Mrs.
Verney. Cockscombs : 1. Rev. Mr. Richards ; 2. Mrs. Harford. Georginas: 1.and 2. Mr. Young.—
Fruit. Pine-apples : 1. Black Jamaica, Mr. James Helps; 2. Black Antigua, W.P. Jillard, Esq. ;
3. Green, J.Hurle, Esq. Grapes, Black : 1. Black Tripoli, R.Oakley, Esq. ; 2. St. Peter’s, P.J. Miles,
Esq. White: 1. Syrian, Mrs. Harford ; 2. Muscat, P. J. Miles, Esq. Melons: 1. Netted Rock, R.
Oakley, Esq. ;2. Green-fieshed, Rev.Mr. Richards. Peaches: 1. and 2. P. Protheroe, Esq. Necta-
rines, P. Protheroe, Esq. Apricots: 1. Orange, Colonel Houlton ; 2. John Prideaux, Esq. Cher-
ries: 1. Morello, Colonel Houlton; 2. White Heart, W. Blathwayte, Esq. Apples, Early: 1. John
Prideaux, Esq. ; 2. Juneating, Col. Houlton. Pears, Karly: 1. Mr. Taylor; 2. Fort du Roi [?], Mr.
Pittard. Raspberries, Red, Mr. G.W. Hall. Gooseberries, Red: 1. Roaring Lion, and 2. Crown
Bob, Mr. Cartwright. Green: 1. Miss Fewster; 2. James Parker, Esq. Yellow: I. Rockwood,
Mr. Cartwright; 2. Mr. W. Evans. Currants, Red: 1. P. Protheroe, Esq. ; 2. W. Blathwayte,
Esq. White: 1. James Parker, Esq.; 2. Mrs. T. Bayley. — Culinary Vegetables. Kidneybeans:
J. Mr. Maynard; 2. S. Bowden, Esq. Celery: 1. Mr. Sealey; 2. Mr. Maynard. Lettuce: 1.
White Cos, Mr.S, Gerrish; 2. Brown Cos, Mr. Cartwright. Cauliflowers: 1. and 2. Mr. May-
nard. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. Maule; 2. G. Goldney, Esq. Carrots: 1. Orange, Mr. Maynard ;
2. Altringham, Mr. Maynard. Artichokes, R. Oakley, Esq. Cabbages: 1. D. Stanton, Esq. ;
2. Westham, Mr. S. Gerrish. Turnips: 1. Mr. 8. Gerrish; 2. Mr. Pittard. Vegetable Marrow,
John Acraman, Esq. Spinach, Mr. Pittard. Beans, Windsor, Mr. Gregory.

Possessing superior Merit. Grumage Pippin [?] Apples, Mrs. L. Gregory. Filberts, Mr. R. Fry.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Potatoes: 1. Edward Jones; 2. Hlizabeth Dyer. Onions: 1. Elizabeth
Martin; 2. John Shortman. Apples: 1. and 2. Richard Mason, Kidneybeans, W. Kingscott.
Nosegay : 1. Sarah Cork; 2. Elizabeth Dyer; 3. John Hiron.

Censors. Messrs. Knapp, Fedden, Jacques, Masey, Lee, and Saunders. (Bristol Mirror, Aug.7.)

Sept. 14.——The display of georginas, cockscombs, China asters,and other autumnal
flowers, was excellent, particularly of those exhibited by our celebrated nurseryman Mr, Miller.
On the grand stand we noticed a fine Thunbérgéa alata, from J. 8. Harford, Esq. ; Pergularia
odoratissima, from Christopher George, Esq., Abbots’-Leigh ; a fine collection of Zrica and other
plants, from Mr. Lee, Lawrence Hill, and Mr. Maule, Lower Easton; a fine specimen of Cypérus
Papyrus, and Misa coccinea, from John Hurte, Esq. ; Witsénia corymbdsa, by H. Nugent, Esq.,
Bath ; Maurdndya Barclaydna, and Cypripedium insigne, from Miss Bright, Ham Green ; with a
splendid collection of georginas, by Mr. Wheeler, of Warminster, Mr. Young, of Taunton, and
many others. Prizes were awarded as under :— ay adh ’

Plants. Hardy Perennials: 1. Erythrole‘na conspicua, and 2. Matricaria grandiflora, Mr.
Maule. Green-house: 1. Maurdndya Barclayana, Miss Bright; 2. Amaryllis blanda, H. Nu-
gent, Esq.; 3. Fachséa gracilis, Rev. W.Trevelyan. Stove: 1. Cypripedium insigne, Miss Bright ;
2. Cyptrus Papyrus, John Hurle, Esq.— Mowers. Georginas, Double Tall: 1. George Fisher,
Esq. ; 2. H. Nugent, Esq. ; 3. and 4. Mr. Geo. Wheeler. Double Dwarfs: 1. Mr. Geo. Wheeler ;
2. Mr. Maule: 3. and 4. Mr. Geo Wheeler. Seedlings: 1. Colonel Houlton; 2. Mr, Maule, Cocks-
combs, Red: 1. O. Fedden, Esq.; 2. John Hurle, Esq.— Fywit. Pine-apples: 1. Cockscomb,
2. Otaheite, and 3. Black Jamaica, Mr. Burn, Tottenham Park; 4, Queen, Colonel Houlton,

736 Prov. Hort. Soc. : — Worcestershire, Monmouthshire,

Apples. Early Dessert: 1. Ronalds’s Golden Pippin, Rev. W. Trevelyan; 2. Peach Apple, Mrs.
Cartwright. Late: 1. Late Dessert, Mr. T. B. Miller; 2. Queen Pippin, and 3. Lisbon Pippin,
Mrs. L. Gregory. Culinary: 1. Royal Kentish, H. Nugent, Esq. ; 2. Keswick Codlins, Mrs. L.
Gregory. Cider: House Apple, Mrs. L. Gregory. Seedling: 1. and 2. Mrs. L. Gregory.
Pears: 1. Jargonelle, Mrs. Addington ; 2. Brown Beurrée, Colonel Houlton; 3. Bergamotte, Miss
Bright ; 4. Portbury, Mrs. Collings. Plums: 1. New Orleans, D. Stanton, Esq.; 2. Green Gage,
Mrs. James; 3. Magnum Bonum, Mrs. Addington. Apricots: 1. Moor Park, J. N. Franklyn,
Esq. ; 2. Moor Park, Mrs. H. Vaughan. Peaches: 1. Royal George, Samuel Waring, Esq ; 2.
Galande, Mr. Burn; 3. Late Admirable, Mr. Pittard, _Nectarines: 1. Newington, 8. Waring,
Esq. ; 2. Pitminster, Mrs. Cartwright ; 3. Red Roman, W. W. Davies, Esq. Melons: 1. Green
Egyptian, C. L. Lewis, Esq. ; 2. Melsom Melon [?], Mr. Maule. Filberts: 1. White, Mrs, Cartwright};
2. Mrs. H. Vaughan. Nuts: 1. Lambert, George Gordon, Esq.; 2. Cosford, Mrs. Robert Fry.
Grapes. Black: 1. Black Damascus, H. F. Brooke, Esq.: 2. Hamburgh, Rev. T. Coney ; 3. Ham-
burgh, George Sawyer, Esq.; 4. Hamburgh, R. Strachey, Esq. White: 1. White Muscat, R.
Strachey, Esq.; 2. White Sweetwater, Rev. T. Coney; 3. Muscat, Mr. Geo. Verney. Out of
doors: 1. White Sweetwater, Captain Langton. Cherries: 1. Morello, Mr. Burn; 2. Morello,
Colonel Houlton. Damsons: 1. Mr. James Elbury; 2. Mrs. Cartwright. — Culinary Vegetables.
Celery. Red: 1. Mr. Burn; 2. H. Meyers, Esq. White: 1. H. Meyers, Esq. ; 2. Mr. Maynard.
Broccoli: 1. Cape, Mr. Samuel Gerrish ; 2. Cape, Mr. Sealey. __

Superior Merit. — Coffee Tree, and Musa coccinea, John Hurle, Esq. Melon, Mr. W. Evans.
Erica Hartnéllz, and Amarfllis psittacina regine, H. Nugent, Esy. Jamaica Pine, Mr. James
Helps. Altringham carrots, Mr. Maynard. Snake Cucumber, W. Blathwayte, Esq. Bath Cos
Lettuce, Rev. Mr. Richards.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Apples: 1. John Nelmes; 2. Elizabeth Dyer’; 3. George Allen. Turnips,
John Watts. Potatoes: 1. Thomas Williams; 2%. Thomas Shortman; 3. Edward Jones; 4.
isaac Brookes. Nosegay, Sarah Cork. Spanish Nuts, Thomas Coles. Cabbage, Thomas Wil
liams. Onions: 1. Thomas Williams; 2. Thomas Coles; 3. W. Kingscote; 4. W. Harvey.
Searlet Runners: 1. Isaac Brookes ; 2. Thomas Williams; 3. John Turner.

The umpires were Messrs. Knapp, Donald, Ronalds, Rootsey, and Lee. (Bristol Mir., Sept. 18.)

“WORCESTERSHIRE.

Worcestershire Horticultural Society.—Sept.10. Prizes were awarded as under:

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Fachséa cénica, Mr. Smith; 2. Erythrina Crista galli,
and 3. Erica vestita failgida, Mr. Tapp; 4. Calceolaria longifdlia, Mr. Smith. Hardy Annuals:
China Pink, Mr. Smith. Perennials: 1. Campanula pyramidalis czrilea, Mr. Fuller. Cocks-
combs : 1. and 2. Sir H. Wakeman. — Flowers. Georginas, Dark: 1. Seedling, Mr.Tapp ; 2. Smith’s
Rival, Mr. Smith; 3. Venistum, J. Taylor, Esq.; 4. Duchess of Kent, Mr. Beach. Crimson: -
1. William the Fourth, and 2. Seedling, J. Taylor, Esq. ; 3. Seedling, Mr. Tapp; 4. Seedling, Mr.
Linton. Purple: 1. Helen, Mr. Beach: 2. Purpitrea globularia, Mr. Smith; 3. Fanny, Mr.
Beach ; 4. Langley’s Purple, Mr. Tapp. Scarlet: 1. Aurantia specidsa, Mr. Smith; 2. Royal
William, 3. Scarlet Turban, and 4. Ignéscens, Mr. Tapp. Yellow: 1. Litea, J. Taylor, Esq. :
2. Sulphirea, Mr. Smith. Light: 1. Seedling, and 2. Aurantia supérba, Mr. Tapp; 3. Princess
Esterhazy, Mr. Beach ; 4 Seedling, J. Bradley, jun., Esq. White: 1. Mountain of Snow, J. Tay-
lor, Esq. ; 2. Priscilentissima, Mr. Smith. — Frwt. Cherries, Morello, Mr.Wood. Plums, Cale-
donian, H. Newman, Esq. Apples. Dessert, Peach Apple, Sir H. Wakeman. Culinary, Haw-
thornden, J. Taylor, Esq. Pears. Dessert, Jargonelle, R. Allies, Esq. Culinary, Cadillac, R.
Berkeley, Esq. Peaches, Royal George, J. Taylor, Nsq. _Nectarines, Red Roman, J. Taylor,
Esq. Grapes: 1. Black Hamburgh, Mr. Smith; 2. White Muscat, J. Taylor, Esq. Walnuts, Sir
H.Wakeman. Filberts, Club, Sir H. Wakeman. — Culinary Vegetables. Carrots, Altringham,
Sir H.Wakeman. Onions, Brown Spanish, Sir H.Wakeman. Celery, White Solid, Sir H. Wake-
man; Red Solid, Sir H. Wakeman.

Exvtra-Prizxes. Pines: 1. Brown Antigua (71b. 2 0z.), Mr. Wood; 2.. Enville, Sir H. Wakeman.
Melon, Rock Cantaloup, R. Nuttall, Esq. Peaches, Noblesse, J. Taylor, Esq. Plums, White
Magnum Bonum, J. Taylor, Esq. Grapes, White Nice, J. Taylor, Esq. Dessert Apples, Sir A.
Lechmere. Pears, Woodford’s Marrow, Mr. Fuller. Cuctrbita claviférmis, J. C.._ Kent, Esq.

This exhibition was by far the most splendid we have seen since the formation ef the Society.
Four pines, from the garden of the Marchioness of Downshire, weighed 212 Ibs. each, being
a distinct variety, and not one of them of the Providence kind. The prize plums (Caledonian)
attracted much attention, the dish, twelve in number, weighing 433 0z. Of two fine speci-
mens of the shaddock tribe (Citrus Médica), exhibited by Mr. Smith, the largest 164 in. in
circumference, weighed 35 0z. A very curious specimen of vegetable (Cuctrbita claviférmis)
was exhibited by J. C. Kent, Esq., which has the singular property of continuing its growth after
a part has been taken off; the same gentleman likewise sent three fine specimens of green and
purple-leaved kohl rabi, which attracted much attention. Of georginas, upwards of 800 specimens
were placed on the stand. A blue Campanula pyramidalis, from the garden of Mr. W. Redding,
stood upwards of 8 ft. high, and was completely covered with flowers. (Berrow’s Worcester Jour-
nai, Sept. 16.)

MONMOUTHSHIRE,

Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Horticultural Society. — Newport, October 1.
The prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants and Flowers. Most beautiful Flower, Mr. Peter Potter, jun. Most curious Flower,
Mr. Moggridge of Woodfield. Six China Asters, Hon. W. B. Grey. Six French Marigolds,
Mr. Peter Potter, jun. Six African Marigolds, Sir C. Morgan. Twelve Viola tricolor, Mr. R.
Hill. Six Coreopses, Mr. Peter Potter, jun. Georginas, Sir C. Morgan. Annuals, Hon, W. B.
Grey. — Fruzt. ‘Table Apples, Mr. Prothero. Plums, Hon. W. B. Grey. Table Pears, Mr, R.
Hill. Out-of-door Grapes, Mr. Prothero. Out-of-door Peaches, Mr. Prothero. Nectarines, Mr.
R. Hill. Melon, Sir C, Morgan. — Culinary Vegetables. Celery, My. Prothero. Green Peas,
Sir C. Morgan. :

Hill Prizes. — Table Apples, Mr. Moggridge. Plums, Mr. Perkins. Georginas, Miss Mog-
gridge. Most beautiful Flower, Mr. Moggridge.

Hill Cottagers’ Prizes. — Apples, J. Williams, Blackwood Village. Basket of Vegetables, F.
Malpus, Blackwood Village. Bunch of Flowers, B, Cole, Blackwood Village. Potatoes, W.
Davies, Blackwood Village.

Vale Cottagers’ Prixes.— Apples and Pears, E. Daniel, Castletown. Vegetables, M. Jenkins,

is Herefordshire, Yorkshire. — ° Tod

€acrleon. Bunch of Flowers, C. Ray. Half-peck of Potatoes, M. Jenkins, Potherbs, D. Wil-
liams, Duffryn.

Lxtra-Prizes. — Fruit and Flowers, Mr. James, Caerleon. Flowers, Mr. Potter, sen. (The
Cambrian, October 2.)

HEREFORDSHIRE,

Hereford Horticultural Society. — September 21. It may safely be stated that
on no previous occasion was there such an abundant and rich display of georginas, many of which
paces ee 8 and 9 in. across the disk, and were well filled with petals. The prizes were awarded
as under : —

Plant. Green-house : Erythrina Crista galli, Miss Anne Parry.—Flower's. Georginas, Anemone:
1. Globe, and 2. Spectabilis, C. G. Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Blood Red, Mr. Cranston. Crimson: 1. Tur.
ban, Sir J. G. Cotterel; 2. Worcester Hero, Mr. Godsall; 3. Coronation, T. C. Bridges, Esq.
Scarlet: 1. Romulus, Mr. Nott; 2. T. C. Bridges, Esq.; 3. Morning Star, Mr. Nott. Purple;
1. Andromeda, T. C. Bridges, Esq.; 2. Purple Velvet, Mr. Godsall; 3. Sir J. G. Cotterell. Light:
1. Mountain of Snow, Mr. Nott; 2. Sir J. G. Cotterell; 3. Mr. Cranston. Asters. Striped: 1,
and 2. Mr. Godsall; 3. R. J. Powell, Esq. Selfs: 1, 2, and 3. Sir J. G. Cotterell. — Fruit, Apples.
Early Dessert. 1. Ribston Pippin, Mr. T. H. Symons; 2. Summer Queening, Mrs. J. Phillipps ;
3. Grange, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Late Dessert: 1. Nonpareil, Mrs. J. Phillipps; 2. Scarlet Non-
pareil, Mr, Cranston ; 3. Garnons Apple, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Culinary : Hawthornden, Sir J. G.
Cotterell; 2. Hinton Codlin, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 3. Flanders Pippin, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Pears,
Early Dessert: 1. Crassane, Mrs. Downes; ¥. Gansell’s Bergamot, T. C. Bridges, Esq. Late
Dessert : 1. Brown Beurrée, and 2. Bon Chrétien, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Seedling : New varieties of
Perry Fruits, 1. and 2. Sir J. G. Cotterell; of Cider Fruits, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Grapes: 1.
Black Hamburgh, Mr. I. Lee; 2. Seedling, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Peaches: 1, Early Newington,
R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 2. Royal George, C. G. Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Vanguard, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Nec-
tarines: 1. Elruge, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 2. Roman, J. S. Gowland, Esq. Pine-apple, Old Queen,
C. G. Cooke, Esq. Plums, Mrs. J. Phillipps. (Hereford Journal, September 29.)

YORKSHIRE,

Yorkshire Horticultural Society. — dug. 25. The prizes were awarded as
under ; —

Plants. Green-house (best: two), Calceolaria arachnéidea, and Fiichséa cénica, Mr. Wm. Wood,
gardener to Messrs. Backhouse of York. Stove (two best), Pontedéria lanceolata, and Seedling
Hibiscus, Mr. James Hodgson, gardener to John Smith, Esq., Hungate, York. Hardy (rarest six),
Verbéna Melindres, Escalldnza riibra, Matriciria grandiflora, Lupinus plumdsus, Penst¢mon
angustifélius, Penstemon atropurptreus, Mr. William Wood, at Messrs. Backhouse’s. ‘The best
Exotic Bouquet, Mr. Thomas Appleby. The best Hardy Bouquet, among which were the fol-
lowing flowers : Lathyrus califérnicus, Eccremocarpus scaber, Pensténion angustifdlius, and atro-
purptreus, Matricaria grandiflora, Eschschdltzéa califérnica, Galdrdia aristata, Antennaria
triplinérvis, Clematis Viorna and crispa, Yécca glaucéscens, Campanula /ilifdlia, Rudbéck7a spe-
cidsa and serétina, &c. &c. &c., Mr. William Wood, gardener to Messrs, Backhouse. — Flowers,
Georginas. Double: 1. and 2. Mr. Robert Hindsley of Hensall, near Snaith; 3, Mr. Joseph
Holmes of Fulford. Anemone-flowered: 1. Mr. Thomas Abbot of Knaresborough; 2. Mr. John
Raby, gardener to Messrs. Backhouse of York. Semi-double, Mr. Henry Bell, Thursday Market.
Single: 1, 2, and 3. Mr. Robert Hindsley of Hensall. Trays (three), Mr. William Morris, gar-
dener to Mr. Clarkson, Fulford Road. — Fruit. Best Pine, Mr. Alfred Whitelock, gardener to
the Hon. Colonel Arden of Pepperhall, near Northallerton. Largest Pine uncut, Mr. Thomas
Foster, gardener to the Hon. and Rev. W. H. Dawnay of Sessay. Grapes. Black: 1. Mr. Wil-
liam Burnett, gardener to H. M. Baines, Esq., of Bell Hall; 2. Mr. William Reynolds, gardener
to J. Armitage, Esq., of Farnley Hall; 3. Mr. William Amys, gardener to James Walker, Esq.,
of Sand Hutton. White: 1. Mr. Alfred Whitelock, gardener to the Hon. Colonel Arden; 2.
Mr. James Craig, gardener to Col. Cholmley of Howsham. Melon, Green-fieshed : 1. Mr. Robert
Cuthbertson, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, Studley Park; 2. Mr. Alfred Whitelock. Apricot,
Mr. Alfred Whitelock. Nectarines: 1. Mr. Thomas Appleby, gardener to the Rev. J. A. Rhodes
of Horsforth ; 2. Mr. William Daglish, gardener to the Hon. and Rey. W. Dawnay of Sessay,
Pears, Mr. John Butters, gardener to the Hon. A. Macdonald of Bossal. Cherries, Mr. Robert
Hodgson, gardener to B. Agar, Esq. of Brockfield, near York. Peaches: 1. Mr. James Craig,
gardener to Colonel Cholmley ; 2. Mr. Thomas Appleby, gardener to the Rev. J. A. Rhodes of
Horsforth Hall. Apples: 1. Mr. Samuel Curry; 2. Mr. Crummack, Windmill Inn, without
Micklegate Bar; 3. Mr. Philip Fawcett, gardener to Major Yarburgh of Heslington. Oranges
and Lemons, Mr. Thomas Appleby. Green Gages, Mr. Thomas Craig. Plums (Gros de Tour),
Mr. Robert Hodgson, gardener to Benjamin Agar, Esq. Strawberries, Mr. John Southwaite}
gardener to James Armitage, Esq., of Cookridge, near Leeds. White Currants (Dutch), Mr.
James Burnett. Gooseberries, Mr. Thos. Foster, gardener to Mr. Dawnay.—Culinary Vegetables,
Cabbages. 1. Mr. Thomas Routledge, Elvington ; 2. Mr. Samuel Curry, gardener to J. Ingham,
Isq., of Blake Hall, near Mirfield. Cauliflower, Mr. William Hodgson, gardener to the Rev. W.
H. Dixon of Bishopthorpe. Carrots, Mr. Mark Clarke, gardener to Messrs. Backhouse. Pota-
toes (Roslin Castle), Mr. W. Burnett, gardener at Bell Hall. Shallots and Celery, Mr. S. Curry,
gardener to Mr. Ingham. Peas and best Beet Root, Mr. Mark Clarke of York. Onions: 1. Mr.
Mark Clarke of York ; 2. Mr. James Burnett of Bell Hall. Cucumbers: 1. Mr. James Burnett
of Bell Hall; 2. Mr. Thomas Walker, gardener to the Rev. D. R. Currer of Clifton House; 3.
Mr. Thomas Foster, gardener to the Hon. and Rey. W. Ji. Dawnay of Beningbrough. Parsneps
and Parsley, Mr. Mark Clarke. Broccoli, Mr. James Burnett. ‘Turnips (Early Stone), Mr. John
Raby, gardener to Messrs. Backhouse. Lettuces: 1. Mr. Robert Hodgson, gardener to Mr. Agar
of Brockfield ; 2. Mr. Thomas Foster, gardener to Mr. Dawnay.

Mr. J. Holmes of Fulford produced a fine specimen of the Lupinus Barclayénus, a new plant,
(York Herald, Aus. 28.) h

Hull Floral and Horticultural Society. — Sept. 13. Prizes were awarded as

under : —

Flowers. Georginas, Society’s Premium, Coccinea supérba, Mr. Rees Davies. B. Haworth’s
Premium, Summit of Perfection, Mr. Wm. Woolley.. White: 1. Biandina, Mr. Deighton ; 2. and
3. New Blanche, Mr. Beecroft ; 4. French White, Mr. Davies; 5, and 6. Blandina, Mr. Beecroft ;
7, and 8. Priscilentissima, Mr. Deighton, Pink, Scarlet, and Crimson: 1. Coccinea supérba, Mr.

Vou. VI. — No. 29. 3B

738 Provincial Hort. Societies : — Northumberland,

Davies; 2. Grandeur Superbe, Mr. Beecroft; 3. Black Turban, Mr. Percy; 4. Lindleyana, Mr.
Woolley ; 5. Ceccinea, Mr. Cankrein; 6. Black Turban, Mr. Woolley ; 7. Orpheus, and 8. Black
Turban, Mr. Beecroft. Buff, Yeliow, and Orange: 1. and 2. Sulphirea grandifldra, Mr. Beecroft ;
3. and 4. Cassandra, Mr. Cankrien; 5. and 6. Sulphirea grandiflora, Mr. Beecroft; 7. Sulphirea
supérba, Mr. Cankrien ; 8. Sulphtirea supérba, Mr. Percy. Purple: 1. Summit of Perfection, and
2. Superb Dwarf, Mr. Woolley ; 3. Summit of Perfection, and 4. Mutabilis, Mr. Davies; 5. and
6. Colville’s Perfécta, Mr. Percy; 7. Amiable Rosetta, and 8. Mutabilis, Mr. Deighton. Lilac:
1. Royal Lilac, Mr. Bell ; 2. Blush, My. Allinson ; 3, Goliath, Mr. Cankrien ; 4. Blanda, Mr. Wool-
ley ; 5. Blush, Mr. Cankrien ; 6. Blush, Mr. W. V. Norman; 7. Taylor’s Superb, Mr. Woolley ;
8. Royal Lilac, Mr. Davies. China-asters. Selfs: 1. and 2. Mr. Norman; 3. Mr. Deighton; 4. and
5. Mr. Norman; 6. Mr. Deighton. Of other kinds: 1, 2, 3, and 4. Mr. D. Brown; 5. Mr. Nor-
man; 6. Mr. D. Brown. Marigolds. French: 1. and 2. Mr. T. Simpson, gardener to Mr. Casson ;
3. Mr. Smithson ; 4. Mr. Norman; 5. Mr. T. Simpson; 6. Mr. Smithson. African: 1. Mr. Deigh-
ton ; 2. Mr. Robson; 3. Mr. Smithson; 4. Mr. Robson; 5. and 6. Mr. Deighton. Best Bouquet,
Mr. D. Brown. — Fruit. Apples. Dessert: 1. Mr. R. Robson; 2. Mr. G. Rudston; 3. Mr. R.
Robson ; 4. Mr. Brown, Barton; 5. Mr. John Jones; 6. Mr. Brown, Barton. Baking: 1. and 2.
Mr. Smithson; 3. Mr. Brown, Barton: 4. Mr. Davies; 5. Mr. Brown, Barton ; 6. Mr. Smithson.
Pears, Mr. Robert Oglesby. — Culinary Vegetables. Celery, Mr. Wadsworth, gardener to G.
Egginton, Esq. Broccoli, Mr. Henry Blundell. (Hull Gazette, Sept. 18.) : E

Sheffield Floral and Horticultwral Society. — Sept. 27,28. The chief contri-
butors to this exhibition were as under :—HisGrace the Duke of Portland sent a choice specimen of
the Lobélia plant, and stove and green-house cut specimens of other curious plants. The Right
Hon. Lord Wharncliffe sent a most beautiful collection of georginas, which, being attached to a
Wwire-screen, appeared to great advantage. Amongst them we observed a choice seedling, called the
Honourable Mrs. Talbot : and the collection altogether did great credit to Mr. Harrison, the gar-
dener. Sir George Sitwell sent a superior specimen of the Caméllza japénica, and a beautiful col-
lection of the St. Catharine peaches, the largest we recollect having seen. Mr. Clark of Retford
furnished some splendid georginas ; and Messrs. Hudson and Son of the same place forwarded
to the Committee a pole of hops of their own growth, in the North Clay, which was as fine a
sample as was perhaps ever produced. Many gentlemen and practical gardeners in the town and
neighbourhood were also contributors. The display of georginas was pronounced by competent
judges to be equal to any collection ever exhibited in the country. There was anumber of choice
seedlings, particularly a bright scarlet one, tipped with white, which was really curious, and three
others, named Lord Morpeth, Lady Milton, and Henry Brougham: another, which was called
Chrysanthifldra, which had four small petals inside of each leaf; and several orange, purple, and
other colours, which we cannot particularise. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire was also a con-
tributor. (Sheffield Courant, Oct. 1.)

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Newcastle Botanical and Horticultural Society.— Sept. 3. The following prizes
were adjudged :—

For the best-flavoured Pine-apple, the gold medal; for the best-flavoured Gooseberries, the
silver medal; and for the best exotic plant in flower (Celdsia cristata), the silver medal, to Mr.
Joseph Clarke, gardener to Mrs. Bewicke, Close House. For the best green-fleshed Melon, the
silver medal, to Mr. James Scott, gardener to Humble Lamb, Esq., Ryton. For the best Scarlet
Bizard Carnation (Scott’s George the Fourth), the silver medal, and for the best Double Yellow
Picotee (Rosalie de Rohan), the silver medal, to Mr. James Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton,
Esq., Sandoe. For the best red-fleshed Melon, the silver medal, to Mr. Thomas Pearson, gar-
dener to Isaac Cookson, jun., Esq., Park House. For the best six Peaches from an open wall, the
silver medal, and for the best six Apricots from an open wall, the silver medal, to Mr. William
Kelly, gardener to Armorer Donkin, 1'sq., Jesmond. For the best six Nectarines from an open
wall, the silver medal, and for the best dish of Plums, the silver medal, to Mr. Thomas Watson,
gardener to James Kirsopp, Esq., Spittal, Hexham. For the best Crimson Bizard Carnation (Sand-
ham’s Lady Kay), the silver medal, to Mr. Thomas Grey, gardener, Humshaugh. For the best
Flake Carnation, the silver medal, to Mr. John Wilson, Newcastle. For the three best Double
Picotees, the silver medal, to Mr. Matthew Bates, Kenton. For the best bouquet of Double
Georginas, and for the best bouquet of Flowers, silver medals to Mr. Adam Hogg, at Mr. Falla’s,
Gateshead nursery. The quality of the various articles exhibited was very superior. (Newcastle
Courant, Sept. 18.) é

Sept. 7. A Branch Meeting of this Society was held at the Black Bull Inn,
Hexiam, when the prizes were awarded as under : —

For the best-flavoured Pine-apple, the gold medal, for the best six Peaches, the best six Nec-
tarines, the best-flavoured dish of Gooseberries, and for the best Exotic Plant in flower, silver
medals, to Mr. William Grew, gardener to Thomas James, Esq., Beaufront. For the best green-
fleshed Melon, and for the best bouquet of Flowers, silver medals, to Mr James Ireland, gardener
to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandoe. For the best scarlet-fleshed Melon, the best six Apricots, the
best crimson Bizard Carnation (Scott’s William the Fourth), and the three best Double Picotees,
silver medals, to Mr. James Scott, gardener to E. Charlton, Esq., Sandoe, For the best dish of
Plums, the silver medal, to Mr. Thomas Watson, gardener to R. L. Allgood, Esq., Nunwick
Hall. For the best scarlet Bizard Carnation (Waterhouse’s Rising Sun), the silver medal, to Mr.
Thomas Grey, gardener, Humshaugh. For the best Double Flake Carnation (Cartwright’s Lord
Byron), the silver medal, to Mr. Robert Charlton, gardener, Wall. For the best Double Yellow
Picotee (Rosalie de Rohan), and for the best bouquet of Double Georginas, silver medals, to Mr.
Thomas Cook, gardener to T. W. Beaumont, Esq., Bywell Hall. An extremely large and fine
bunch of the white Spanish Grapes was exhibited by Mr. Eben. Johnson, gardener to Sir E. Blackett,
Bart.,.Matten, for which the Committee voted him a silyer medal. Several beautiful and rare
exotics decorated the tables, and among the rest an extremely curious accidental variety of Ama-
ryllis formosissima, having ten petals, three in the upper part of the flower, and seven below: it
was sent by the Rev. H. Wastell of Newbrough. (Zbid,, Sept. 18.)

The Old Adam's Lodge of Free Gardeners, Sunderlund.— Sept. 6. Prizes were
awarded as under : — :

Carnations: 1. Beck’s Friendship, Brother Harrop ; 2. Butt’s Lord Rodney, and 3. Sandham‘s
Lady Kay, Brother Hull; 4. Sherwood’s Corinthus, Brother Harrop; 5. Miss Lauder, Brother
Davison. — Picotees: 1. King William the Fourth, Brother Davison ; 2. Beauty of Baillie, Bro-
ther Harrop; 3. Hogg’s Invincible, Brother Davison ; 4, Barlow’s Rose Leaf, Brother Hull; 5.
Queen Adelaide, Brother Davison. (Jdid., Sept. 18.) ;

Lancashire. 739

nea LANCASHIRE. ay
Manchester Floral and Horticultural Society.—April 22. At the First Exhibi-

tion for the year 1830, prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove: 1, Calanthe veratrifolia, James- Ramsbottom, Esq. ; 2. Pavélta indica, and 3.
Huphérbéa punicea, Richard Potter, Esq.; 4. Cypriptdium ventistum, William Garnett, Esq. ;
5. Mantisia saltatdria, Mrs. Hobson; 6. Gloxinza cauléscens, Richard Potter, Esy. ; 7. Crinum
scabrum, Robert Andrew, Esq. ; 8. Nérium oddrum, Richard-Potter, Esq. ; 9. Erythrina Crista
galli, James Darbishire, Esq. Ericas: 1. Hartnéllé, and 2. Vérnix coccinea, William Bow, Esq. ;
3, Odorata, and 4, Eximia, Mrs. Hobson; 5. Ventricdsa carnea, James Darbishire, Esq. ; 6. Echii-
‘flora, N. Phillips, Esq. ; 7. Australis, William Bow, Esq.; 8. Moschata, James Ramsbottom,
Esq. ; 9. Nigrita, George Scholes, Esq. Herbaceous: 1. dnemdne ¢halictrdides var. pleno, Mr.
Edward Leeds ; 2. Orchis spectabile, Mr. James Faulkner; 3. Lilium longiflorum, William
Bow, Esq.; 4. Trillium grandifldrum, Mr. Edward Leeds; 5. Wulfénéa carinthiaca, Mrs. Hob-
son; 6. Stréptopus vdseus, Mr. Edward Leeds. Green-house: 1. Chorizéma Henchménni, Mrs.
Hobson; 2. E’pacris pulchélla, George Scholes, Esq. ; 3. Davieséa latifdlia, Mrs. Hobson; 4.
Protea specidsa, William Bow, Esq.; 5. Banksia ericdides, George Scholes, Esq.; 6. Illicium
floridanum, James Ramsbottom, Esq. ; 7. Grevillea acanthifdlia, and 8. Didsma umbellata, Mrs.
Hobson; 9. and 10. Callistachys lanceolata, John Pooley, Esq. Pelargoniums: 1. Spectdbile
maculatum, Richard Potter, Esq.; 2. Davevdnum, William Bow, Esq.; 3. Latilobum, James
Brierley, Esq.; 4 Colvillanwm, William Bow, Esq.; 5. Quinqueviinerum, William Garnett,
Hisq.; 6. Moreinum, Richard Potter, Esq. Hardy: 1. Rhododéndron Chamecistus, Mr. C.
Moore; 2. Pebdnza papaveracea, James H. Wanklyn, Esq.; 3. Azalea nudifldra, Charles Wood,
Esq. ; 4. Daphne neapolitana, Mr. James Faulkner; 5. Andrdmeda Catesbe¥, and 6. Kalméa
glatca, William Bow, Esq. — Mowers. Auriculas. Green-edged: 1. (Premier) Highland Laddie,
Mr, John Taylor; 2. Colonel Taylor, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 3. Booth’s Freedom, William Bow,
Esq.; 4. Jolly Tar, Mr. John Taylor; 5. Highland Laddie, Mr. Col. Lee; 6. Howard’s Nelson,
Mr. William Royles ; 7. Pollitt’s Ruler, Mr. John Taylor; 8. Jingling Johnny, Mr. Col. Lee; 9.
Barlow’s King, John Whitworth. White-edged (premier) : 1. Wood’s Delight, Mr. John Etches ;
2. Bright Venus, 5. Pott’s Regulator, and 4, Ashworth’s Regular, Mr. John Taylor ; 5. Unknown,
Mr. Samuel Ogden; 6. Vaylor’s Glory, Mr. John Taylor ; 7. Beauty Flora, Mr. James Mellor ;
8. Eliza, Mr. Jon. Wolfenden; 9. Chancellor, Mr. Col. Lee. Grey-edged: 1. (premier) Privateer,
Mr. Col. Lee; 2. Privateer, Mr. John Taylor; 3. Ringleader, Mr. Col. Lee; 4. British Hero,
Mr. James Mellor ; 5. Bang-up, Mr. John Dearden ; 6. Complete, Mr. James Mellor ; 7. Plough-
boy, Mr. John Etches ; 8. Newton Hero, Mr. Samuel Shawcross ; 9. Waterloo, Mr. Colonel Lee.
Selfs: 1. (premier) Seedling, Mr. William Kenyon; 2. Flora’s Flag, and 3. Metropolitan, Mr.
Col. Lee; 4. Lord Lee, Mr. John Dearden ; 5. Othello, Mr. John Etches; 6. True Blue, Mr.
William Royles; 7. Lord Primate, Mr. Col. Lee; 8. Ned Lud, Mr. James Perren ; 9. Seedling,
Mr. Col. Lee. Polyanthuses. Dark Grounds: 1. Alexander, Mr. Samuel Ogden; 2. Bang Europe,
Mr. John Etches; 3. Fletcher’s Defiance, Mr. John Taylor; 4. Seedling, Mr. Jon. Wolfenden ; 5.
Princess Royal, and 6. Prince Regent, Mr. Col. Lee ; 7. Troubler, R. Holland, Esq. ; 8. Tantarara,
Mr. H. Thomas Light Grounds: 1. George the Fourth, 2. New York, 3. Princess, 4. Beauty of
Over, and 5. Duke of Leeds, Mr. H. Thomas; 6. Lord Crewe, Mr. Samel Shawcross ; 7. Incom-
parable, Mr. William Royles; 8. Mary Anne, Richard Potter, Esq. Hyacinths. Single: 1.
Pink, Mr. George Potter; 2. White, 3. Blue, and 4, Red, Mr. Whitworth. Double: 1. Red, 2.
White, 3. Pink, and 4. Blue, Mr. Whitworth. Baskets of Flowers: 1. John Hill, Esq. ; 2. James
Brierley, Esq.— Fruit. Pines: 1. James Hibbert Wanklyn, Esq. ; 2. Robert Andrew, Esq. ; 3.
John Pooley, Esq. Grapes: 1. Henry Marsland, Esq.; 2. Thomas Mottram, Esq. ; 3. Thomas J.
Trafford, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1. Rev. J. Clowes; 2. C. J. S. Walker, Esq. ;
3. Richard Potter, Esq. ; 4. James Darbishire, Esq. Asparagus: 1. Francis Bayley, Esq.; 2.
Charles Wood, Esq. Sea-kale: 1. William Garnett, Esq. ; 2. James H. Wanklyn, Esq. Rhu-
barb: 1. Joseph Lane, Esq.; 2. William Garnett, Esq. ; 3. John Pooley, Esq. Early Potatoes:
1, Joseph Lane, Esq.; 2. Henry Marsland, Esq. Peas, Thomas J. Trafford, Esq. ; Kidneybeans,
James Brierley, Esq. Mushrooms: 1. William Garnett, Esq.; 2. James Ramsbottom, Esq.

Judges’ Prizes. Plants. Stove: 1. Gardénia flérida, and 2. Amaryllis Johnsdnz, Mrs. Hobson.
3. Calathea zebrina, Charles Wood, Esq.; 4. Cofféa arabica, John Pooley, Esq.; 5. Passifldra
racemosa, and 6, Crossandra undulefdlia, Earl of Wilton; 7. Justicia chrysostachya, Richard
Potter, Esq. ; 8. Crinum australe, Robert Andrew, Esq. Herbaceous: 1. Phléx ovata, and 2.
Aublétia purpirea, William Bow, Esq. ; 3 Saponaria ocyméides, Mrs. Hobson; 4. Pulmoniria
virginica, Thomas Knight, Esq. ; 5. Pzednéa officinalis, James Darbishire, Esq. Green-house :
1. Azalea indica alba, William Bow, Esq.; 2. Fuchséa excorticata, 3. Bordnéa serrulata, and 4.
Pimeléa 7dsea, James Ramsbottom, Esq. ; 5. Acacia armata, and 6. Azalea sinénsis, Mrs. Hobson ;
7. Polygala cordifdlia, George Scholes, Esq. ; 8. Eutaxia myrtifdlia, Earl of Wilton; 9. Melian-
thus major, Thomas Hadfield, Esq. Hardy: 1. Lédum latifdlium, Charles Wood, Esq.; 2
Lédum latifdlium, Mr. John Hulme; 3. Lédum palistre, and 4. Menzitséa cxertlea, William
Garnett, Esq. ; 5. Rhododéndron hirstitum, and 6. Polygala Chamzbixus, Charles Wood, Esq.
—Fruit. Apples: 1. John Moore, Esq.; 2. Mr. Faulkner. Strawberries, Francis Bayley, Esq.
— Culinary Vegetables. Lettuces, Mr. Tebbutt.

May 20. At the Second Exhibition for the year 1830, prizes were awarded
as under: —

Plants. Stove: 1. Sinningéa Helléré, and 2. Blakea trinérvis, Mrs. Hobson ; 3. Alpinia nitans
Charles Wood, Esq.; 4. Misa coccinea, James Brierley, Esq.; 5, Calanthe veratrifilia, James
Ramsbottom, Esq.; 6. Unknown, Mrs. Hobson ; 7. Myrtus tomentdsa, 8. Cypripedium vents-
tum, and 9. Burchéllia capénsis, William Garnett, E-q.; 10. Erythrina Crista galli, George
Scholes, Esq. ; 11. Gardtnéa radicans, Mrs. Hobson ; 12. Yoinciana pulchérrima, Richard Potter,
Esq. Ericas: 1. Gemmifera, William Bow, Esq.; 2. Odorata, and 3 Hartnéllz, Mrs. Hobson ;
4. Triflora, James Ramsbottom, Esq. ; 5. Vestita coccineay, William Bow, Esq.; 6. Ventricdsa,
and 7. Moschita, Mrs. Hobson; 8. Gélida, Richard Potter, sq. ; 9. Ventricdsa alba, William
Bow, Esq. ; 10. Calycina capitata, Mrs. Hobson; 11. Ventricdsa carnea, Roger Holland, Esq. ;
12. Vestita vdsea, Nath. Phillips, Esq Herbaceous: 1. Cypripedium Calctolus, Mr. C. Moore ;
2. C. pubescens, Mr. J. Faulkner; 3. Anemone narcissifldra, William Bow, Esq. ; 4. Hrinus
alpinus, Mr. John Hulme; 5. Raménda pyrenaica, E. Howarth, Esq.; 6, Campanula, unknown,
Mr. Edward Leeds; 7. Rantnculus aconitifdlius, Mr. James Faulkner ; 8. Saponiria ocymoldes,
William Bow, Esq. Green-house: Andrémeda dbuxifdlia, 2. Dryandra nervosa, and 3. Pimelta
decussita, Mrs. Hobson ; 4. Polygala cordifolia, George Scholes, Esq. ; 5. Bordnéa serrulata, and

3.B 2

740 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

6. Prostanthéra violacea, Mrs. Hobson; 7. Euchilus obcordatus, William Bow, Esq. ; 8. Pittés-
porum revolutum, and 9. Pultenx‘a villdsa, Earl of Wilton ; 10. Az&lea indica Alba, William
Bow, Esq. ; 11. Bordnia denticulata; William Garnett, Esq.; 12. Verbéna Melindves, William
Bow, Esq. Pelargoniums: 1. Moreanwm, Thomas Knight, Esq. ; 2. Grevilleanwm, R. Holland,
Esq. ; 3. Unknown, George Hole, Esq. ; 4. Spectabile maculatum, and 5. Daveydanwm, Richard
Potter, Esq. ; 6. Southcotéanwm, Nathaniel Phillips, Esq. ;7. General Riego, R. Holland, Esq. ; 8.
Macranthon, George Hole, Esq.; 9. Exornatum, William Bow, Esq.; 10. Himez, George
Scholes, Esq. Hardy Shrubs: 1. Rhododéndron fragrans, Earl of Wilton: 2. Azalea nudiflora,
William Bow, Esq.; 3. A. péntica alba, Mr. James Faulkner ; 4. Rhododéndron catawboiénse,
William Bow, Esq. ; 5. R. azaledides, Charles Wood, Esq. ; 6. Spire‘a bélla, Mr. James Faulkner,
—Flowers. Tulips. The Amateur Cup, value Ten Sovereigns, to Mr. S. Ogden, Harpur-hey, for the
best pan, consisting of the six following kinds: Trafalgar, La Cantique, Baguet, Queen Charlotte,
Seedling, and Rose Unique. Feathered Bizards: 1. (premier) Seedling, Mr. Bowley; 2. Sir. Sidney
Smith, Mr. John Haigh ; 3. Trafalgar, William Leighton, Esq. ; 4. Surpasse-Catafalque, Mr. Bowley ;
5. Victoria, and 6. Duc de Savoie, William Leighton, Esq. ; 7. Surpasse la Cantique, Mr. James
Faulkner ; 8. Goude Beurs, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 9. La Cantique, Mr. John Taylor ; 10. Maitre
partout (yellow), William Turner, Esq.; 11. Suwarrow, Mr. John Haigh; 12. Firebrand, Mr.
Samuel Ogden. Feathered Bybloemens: 1. (premier) Baguet, Mr. Bowley; 2. Baguet, James
Walker, Esq.; 3. Bienfait, William Turner, Esg.; 4. Incomparable Surpasse, Mr. James
Faulkner; 5. Maitre partout, Roger Holland, Esq.; 6. Grotius, James Walker, Esq. ; 7. Wash-
ington, William Leighton, Esq. ; 8. Ambassadeur van Holland, Mr. James Hardman ; Y. Beauty,
James Walker, Esq.; 10, David, C. Todd, Esq. ; 11. Surpasse Grand Turk, William Leighton,
Esq. ; 12. Princess Charlotte, C. Todd, Esq. Feathered Roses: 1. (premier) Comte de Vergennes,
William Turner, Esq. ; 2. Triomphe Royal, William Leighton, Esq. ; 3. Walworth, Mr. Bowley,
4. Lady Crewe, Mr. James Booth; 5. Do Little, James Taylor, Esq.; 6. Comte de Vergennes,
John Morris, Esq. ; 7. Duc de Bronte, Mr. John Dearden ; 8. Queen of England, C. Todd, Esq. ;
9. Iphigenia, Mr. John Taylor: 10. Hero of the Nile, William Leighton, Esq. ; 11.Cerise blanche,
Mr. Thomas Butler ; 12. Pretiosa, Mr. John Haigh. Flamed Bizards: 1. (premier) Albion, John
. Wakefield, Esq. ; 2. Albion, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 3. Lustre de Beauté, William Leighton, Esq. ;
4. Surpasse la Cantique, and 5. Beauté frappante, William Turner, Esq.; 6. Smith’s Alexander,
Richard Potter, Esq. ; 7. Charbonnier, Mr. John Thackeray; 8. La Cantique, James Taylor,
Esq. ; 9. Lord Sidmouth, Mr. Bowley; 10. Rising Sun, William Leighton, Esq. ; 11. Lunardi,
William Turner, Esq.; 12. Captain White, Mr. Bowley. Flamed Bybloemens: 1. (premier)
Prince of Wurtemberg, Mr. James Hardman ; 2. Magnificent, Mr. John Morton; 3. Alexander
Magnus, and 4. Queen Charlotte, William Leighton, Esq.; 5. Violet Wallers, Mr, Thomas
Butler; 6, Sable Rex, John Morris, Esq.; 7. Diana, Mr. Samuel Ogden; 8. Roi de Siam, Mr.
Thomas Butler; 9. Triomphe de Lisle, William Leighton, Esq. ; 10. Duchess of Tuscany, Mr.
John Thackeray; 11. Amiable Brunette, Mr. James Hardman; 12. Vulcan, C. Todd, Esq.
Flamed Roses: 1. (premier) Lord Hill, Thomas Boothman, Esq. ; 2. Unique, William Turner, Esq. ;
3. Vesta, Roger Holland, Esq. ; 4. La Vandyke, and 5. Lord Hill, Mr. Thomas Butler; 6. Alex-
ander du Roi, William Leighton, Esq. ; 7. Triomphe Royal, John Morris, Esq. ; 8. Cerise a belle
forme, Mr. John Thackeray; 9. Seedling, and 10. Roi des Cerises, William Leighton, Esq. ; 11.
Reine des Cerises, Mr. Joseph Clegg; 12. Thalestris, Mr. James Hardman. Selfs, &c,: 1. Roi
de Mine d’Or, Mr. T. Partington ; 2. White Flag, William Turner, Esq. ; 3. Bizard Breeder, Mr.
James Faulkner; 4. Beauty Breeder, James Walker, Esq. ; 5. Lady Crewe, Mr. Wm. Fletcher.
Baskets of Flowers: 1. F. Bayley, Esq.; 2. William Bow, Esq.; 5. T. H. Hadfield, Esq.; 4.
Richard Potter, Esq. Baskets of Plants: 1. and 2. William Bow, Esq. — Fruét. Pines: 1. Mont-
serrat, Richard Potter, Esq.; 2. Providence, P. Marsland, Esq.; 3. Enville, Thomas Mottram,
Esq. Grapes: 1. Black Hamburgh, Richard Potter, Esq.; 2. Black Hamburgh, Thomas Mot.
tram, Esq. ; 3. Sweetwater, Joseph Lane, Esq. ; 4. Lombardy, Richard Potter, Esq. Peaches,.
Earl of Wilton. Strawberries, John Hill, Esq. Apples (growth of 1829): 1. Chapel, and 2.
John, Mr. P. Daine; 3. Russett, John Alcock, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers: 1,
Longford, and 2. Incomparable, C. J. S. Walker, Esq. ; 5. Richard Potter, Esq. ; 4. J. M. Marris,
Esq. Asparagus: 1. Joseph Dennison, Esq; 2. James Darbishire, Esq. Mushrooms: 1. Earl of
Wilton ; 2. William Garnett, Esq. Peas: 1. T. J. Trafford, Esq.; 2. Francis Bayley, Esq. Rhu-
barb: 1. E. J. Lloyd, Esq. ; 2. Thomas Wright, Esq. Lettuces: 1. E. J. Lloyd, Esq.; 2. .C. J. S.
Walker, Esq. Kidneybeans, William Garnett, Esq. Turnips, Charles Wood, Esq. Carrots,
T. J. Trafford, Esq. Cabbages, Francis Bayley, Esq. i

Judges’ Prixes. Plants. Stove: 1. Cérbera fruticdsa, J. H. Hadfield, Esq.; 2. Cactus speciosis-
sima, William Bow, Esq. ; 3. Erythrina Crista galli, James Ramsbottom, Esq. ; 4. Beslérza cristata,
William Garnett, Esq.; 5. Ipomee’a insignis, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 6. Coffea arabica, James
Brierley; Esq. Herbaceous: 1. Pdnia paradéxa, Charles Wood, Esq.; 2. Diphylla cymdsa,
Mr. Edward Leeds ; 5. Cypripédium Calcéolus, Mr. James Faulkner; 4. Verdnica saxatilis, Mr,
John Hulme; 5. Viola lanceolata, Mr. Edward Leeds; 6. Geum coccineum, Richard Potter,
Esq. ; 7. Lupinus polypbyllus, Earl of Wilton. Green-house: 1. Calceolaria rugosa, James Dar-
bishire, Esq. ; 2. Hlichrysum sesamdides, 3. Chorizéma, and 4, Ardisia crenulata, Mrs. Hobson ;
5. Verbena pulchélla, William Bow, Esq. ; 6. Z‘ris pavOnia, Thomas Glover, Esq. ; 7. Templetdnia
glatica, George Scholes, Esq. Hardy Shrubs: 1. Azalea ritilans, 2. Kalm#a angustifolia, and 3.
Linnz*a borealis, Charles Wood, Esq. ; 4.-Azalea specidsa, Mr. James Faulkner; 5. Rhododén-
dron catawboiénse, J. H. Wanklyn, Esq. Fruit: 1. Montserrat Pine, George Hole, Esq. ; 2.
Purple Palestine Grapes, Earl of Wilton; 3. Apples (growth of 1829), Mr. P. Daine; 4 Pears
(growth of 1829), John Hill, Esq.; 5. Grapes (in pot), Richard Potter, Esq. ; 6. Gooseberries,
Richard Smith, Esq. ; 7. Gooseberries, Francis Bayley, Esq. Culinary Vegetables: 1. Early
Potatoes, Joseph Dennison, Hsq.; 2. Celery, Mr. T. Slater. :

June 24. Atthe Third Exhibition for the year 1830, prizes were awarded as
under :— :

Plants. Stove: 1. Pergularia odoratissima, Earl of Wilton; 2. Cactus speciosissima, Henry
Pope, Esq.; 3. Gloxinia cauléscens, Rev. J. Clowes; 4. Solandra viridifldra, Wm, Garnett, Hsq. ;
5, Ardisia colorata, Mrs. Hobson ; 6. Musa coccinea, James Brierley, Esq. ; 7. Jatropha pandu-
refdlia, Wm, Garnett, Esq.; 8. Cérbera fruticdsa, J. H. Hadfield, Esq.; 9. Gloxinéa hirsita, Ed-
ward Haworth, Esq. ; 10. Erythrina Crista galli, and 11. Ipomee‘a insignis, Richard Potter, Ksq. ;
12, Blakea trinérvis, Mrs. Hobson. Green-house: 1. Pimeléa decussata 7dsea, and 2. Gladiolus
cardinalis inf., Mrs. Hobson; 3. Calceolaria arachniides, Rev. J. Clowes; 4. Lechenailtéa for-
modsa, Nath. Phillips, Esq.; 5. Pimeléa 7dsea, Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 6. Lachne‘a ericdides, Rev. J.
Clowes ; 7. Astélma eximium, Wm, Bow, Esq.; 8, Burchelléa capénsis,. William Garnett, Esq. 5,

Lancashire, 741

9. Zephyranthes grandifldra, Edward Haworth, Esq. 3 10. Elichrysum sesamiides, Mrs. Hobson;
11. Sprengéléa incarnata, and 12. Fichséa microphylla, Rev. J. Clowes. Ericas: 1, Jasminiflora, and
2. Tricolor, Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 3. Ventricdsa carnea, Rev. J. Clowes; 4. Pra’gnans, Wm, Bow, Esq. 5
5. Odorata, Rev. J. Clowes ; 6. Calycina ecapitata, 7. Tricolor major, 8. Ventricdsa mutabilis, and
9. Viridifldra, Mrs. Hobson; 10. Bethwell Castle ventricdsa, and 11. Shanndné, Wm. Bow, Esq. 5
Pre’gnans coccinea, Rey. J. Clowes, Herbaceous: 1. Cypripedium spectabile, Mr. Jas, Faulkner ;
2. Delphinium ndva var., Mr. John Hulme; 3. Lilium philadélphicum, Mr. James Faulkner 5
4, Erigeron alpinum, Mr. John Hulme; 5. Cotylédon Umbilicus, Geo. Scholes, Esq. ; 6. Lupinus
polyphyllus, James Ramsbottom, Esq.; 7. Phlox ovata, and 8. Gentidna litea, Wm. Bow, Esq.
Hardy: 1. Kalméa angustifdlia, C. Wood, Esq. ; 2. K. a. nana, Mr, William Fletcher; 3. K. an-
gustifolia, Mr. John Hulme;, 4. K. a, ribra, George Scholes, Esq. ; 5. Hhododéndron maximum,
C. Wood, Esq. ; 6. Clématis fidrida, George Scholes, Esq. ; 7. Azalea glatica, Mr. Jas. Faulkner ;
8. Rhododéndron maximum 7dseum, Wm. Bow, Esq. Pelargoniums: 1. Hime, Geo. Scholes,
Esq. ; 2. Hammersléie, Wm. Garnett, Esq. ; 3. Moredwm, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 4. Supérba,
5. Lady Frecknell, and 6, De Vere, James Ramsbottom, Esq.; 7. Daveyanum, William Garnett,
Esq. ; 8. Lady Essex, Thos. Knight, Esq. ; 9. Latilobum, Wm. Garnett, Esq. ; 10. Bakerianum,
George Hole, Esq. ; 11. Banksidnum, ,and 12. Feronia, Richard Potter, Esq. Baskets of Plants :
1, and 2. Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 3. James Ramsbottom, Esq. — Flowers. Ranunculuses. Selfs, Dark :
1. Quixos, Mr. T. Barber ; 2. Naxara, Mr. Wm. Lee; 3. Surpasse-Kempenfelt, Mr. T. Barber ;
4, Voctonnox, and 5, Rising Sun, Mr. Wm. Lee ; 6. Emperor, Wm. Leighton, Esq. Light: 1, Sul-
phirea, Mr.Wm. Lee; 2. Unknown, Thos. Knight, Esq. ; 3. PureWhite, Mr. T. Marvin; 4. Her-
cules, and 5. Unknown, Mr. Wm. Lee; 6. Unknown, Mr. James Faulkner. Yellow-edged, Spot-
ted: 1. Prince Galitzin, Mr. Thos. Barber ; 2, Orange Brabancon, Messrs. Whalley ; 3. Unknown,
Mr. Thos. Barber ; 4. Cox’s Buff, Mr. Charles Clegg; 5. Rosina, Messrs, Whalley ; 6. Unknown,
Mr. Wm. Lee. White-edged, Spotted: 1. Navarino, and 2. Doctor Franklin, Mr. Wm. Lee;
3. Princess of Wurtemberg, Mr. Thos. Partington; 4. Unknown, Thos. Mottram, Esq. ; 5. Faus-
tina, Mr. William Brundrit ; 6. Unknown, Messrs. Whalley. Grey or Purple: 1. Portia, Messrs.
Whalley ; 2. Unknown, Mr. James Faulkner ; 3. Nigrittine, Mr. Wm. Lee; 4. Unknown, Messrs.
Whalley; 5. Bishop of Lima, Mr.Wm. Lee; 6. Mr. Thos. Barber. Rose-coloured: 1. Unknown,
and 2. Scarlet Turban, Mr.Wm. Lodge; 3. Magnifique, Mr. Wm, Lee; 4. Full Crimson, Mr.Wm.
Brundrit ; 5. and 6. Unknown, Messrs. Whalley. Striped: 1. Rhododéndron, Mr. Thos. Marvin ;
2. Unknown, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 3. Mélange des Beautés, Mr. Thos. Barber ; 4. Urissa, Mr. W.
Lee; 5. Unknown, Mr. Thos. Partington; 6. Pictor, Mr. Wm. Brundrit. Shaded: 1. Unknown,
Thos. Mottram, Esq. ; 2. Unknown, Mr. James Faulkner ; 3. Unknown, Thomas Mottram, Esq. ;
4. Unknown, Mr. Thos. Partington; 5. Salmon, John Gibbon, Esq. ; 6. Unknown, Mr. James
Faulkner. Double Anemones, Best pan of eight: 1. and 2. Mr, James Faulkner. Pinks. Purple-
laced: 1. (premier) Brilliant, Mr. C. Moore; 2. Duke of St. Albans, 3. Mars, and 4, Dauphine,
Mr. James Faulkner; 5. Bow’s Lustre, Mr. C. Moore; 6. Unknown, John Wakefield, Esq. ;
7. Beauty of the West, Mr. James Faulkner; 8. Prince Regent, Mr. Thos. Marvin; 9. Seedling,
Mr. Wm. Fletcher. Ked-laced: 1. (premier) George the Fourth, and 2. Bow’s visea, Mr. I.
Partington ; 3. Humphry Cheetham, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 4. Bow’s Cato, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ;
5. Comet, Mr. James Faulkner; 6. Seedling, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 7. Lady Perth, John Dear-
den, Esq. ; 8. Bow’s Claudius, and 9. Princess Charlotte, Mr. C. Moore. Black and White:
1. (premier) Bow’s Cicero, Mr, Wm. Fletcher ; 2. Baker's Seedling, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 3. Bow’s
Lord Bagot, and 4. Beauty Flora, Mr. Josh. Clegg ; 5. Mére brune, Mr.Wm. Lodge; 6. Scorpion,
Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 7. Duchess of Rutland, Mr. T. Partington ; 8. Bow’s Queen of June, and
9. Premier, Mr. Josh. Clegg. Roses. Red Moss: 1. Damask, Mr. James Smith ; 2. Damask, C.
Todd, Esq. ; 3. Common, C. J. 8. Walker, Esq.; 4. and 5. Damask, Mr. Edward Dean; 6. Com-
mon, C. Todd, Esq. White Moss: 1. and 2. Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 3. Mr. James Smith. Single Moss :
1. and 2. Mr. Edward Dean; 3. Mr. Henry Bent. Marbled or Striped : 1. Unknown, and 2. Oracle,
Mr. James Faulkner; 3. Crimson, Mr. C. Downie; 4. Unknown, Mr. James Faulkner; 5. Car-
mine, Mr. C. Downie; 6. Trafalgar, Mr. Wm. Brundrit. Double Yellow: 1. and 2. Mr. James
Faulkner. Single Yellow: 1. and 2. Mr. James Faulkner. Red or Blush: 1. Isabella, Mr. James
Faulkner ; 2. New Provence, Mr. Thos. Marvin; 3. Favorite Mignonne, Mr. C. Downie; 4. Su-
preme Beauty, Lionel Lloyd, Esq. ; 5. Ranunculus, and 6, Penelope, Mr. James Faulkner. Dark :
J. Tuscany, Mr.Wm. Brundrit ; 2. Gladiator, Mr. James Faulkner; 3. Vigorous, Mr. C. Moore;
4, Beauty Pompone, and 5. Unknown, Mr. James Faulkner; 6. Le Triomphe des Dames, Mr. G.
Cunningham. White: 1. Unknown, Francis Bayley, Esq.; 2. White Provence, Charles Wood,
Esq. ; 3. Ayrshire Lass, Mr. James Faulkner ; 4. Unique, Messrs. Whalley ; 5. Unknown, Mr. C.
Moore; 6. Unknown, Thos. E. Tidswell, Esq. Georginas. Double: 1. Young’s Triumph, 2. Queen
of Wurtemberg, and 3. Blush Lilac, Mr. G. Cunningham; 4. dAnemonefldra, Mr. John Jones ;
5. Anemonefldra, Messrs. Whalley ; 6. Black Turban, Mr. G.Cunningham. Single: 1. Purple-
striped, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 2. Unknown, George Hole, Esq. ; 3. Seedling, Mr. Geo. Cunning-
ham ; 4. Unknown, James Darbishire, Esq. ; 5. Compacta, Rev. J. Clowes; 6. Royal Scarlet, Mr.
Wm. Lodge. Baskets of Flowers: 1. Richard Potter, Esq.; 2. Mr. James Faulkner; 3. T. H.
Hadfield, Esq. ; 4. John Pooley, Esq.; 5. John Hill, Esq.; 6. Wm. Bow, Esq.; 7. John Hill,
Esq. ; 8. Wm. Bow, Esq. — Fruit. Pines: 1. Mr. C. Downes; 2. Richard Potter, Esq. ; 3. John
Entwisle, Esq. ; 4. Richard Potter, Esq. Grapes: 1. Thos. Mottram, Esq.; 2. Mr. G. Cunning-
bam; 3. Richard Potter, Esq.; 4. Thos. Mottram, Esq.; 5. and 6. Henry Marsland, Esq. In
Pots: 1. and 2. Richard Potter, Esq. Melons: 1. Earl of Wilton; 2. James Ramsbottom, Esq. ;
3. Lionel Lloyd, Esq. ; 4. Earl of Wilton. Peaches: 1. R. J. J. Norreys, Esqg.; 2. T. J. Trafford,
Bsq. Nectarines: 1. Earl of Wilton; 2 R. J.J. Norreys, Esq. Strawberries: 1. John Moore,
Esq. ; 2. C. J. S. Walker, Esq. ; 3. Francis Bayley, Esq.; 4. Joseph Lane, Esq. Gooseberries :
1. Mr. P. Daine; 2. Mr. Josh. Grimshaw. Currants: 1. Mr. C. Moore; 2. Francis Bayley, Esq.
Cherries: 1. John Moore, Esq.; 2. Mr. James Hammett. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers :
1. C. J. S. Walker, Esg.; 2. Thos. Mottram, Esq. ; 3. J. M. Marres, Esq. ; 4. Wm. Garnett, Esq.
Lettuces: 1. T. J. Trafford, Esq.; 2. Mr. ‘thomas Slater; 3. James Ramsbottom, Esq. Cauli-
flowers: 1. C. J.S. Walker, Esg.; 2. Thos. Mottram, Esq. Celery, Lionel Lloyd, Esq. Turnips,
Carrots; and Cabbages, Charles Wood, Esq. Onions, Lionel Lloyd, Esq.

Judges’ Prizes. Plants. Stove: 1. Acréstichum alcicérne, James Brierley, Esq. ; 2. Crinum
ornatum, Mr. C. Downie; 3. Besléria cristata, and 4. Cactus specidsa, William Garnett, Esq. ;
5. Hedychium angustifdlium, J. Darbishire, Esq.; 6. Curcima Amada, Charles Wood, Esq,
Green-house: 1. Agapanthus umbellatus, John Pooley, Esq.; 2. Calceolaria rugosa, Jas. Darbi-
shire, Esq. ; 3. Hlichrysum proliferum, Geo. Scholes, Esq. ; 4. Metrosidéros lanceolata, 5. Fachsie
cénica, and 6. F. gracilis, William Garnett, Esq. Herbaceous: 1. Senécio japénicus, Wm. Bow,
‘Esq. ; 2. Delphinium elatum, Charles Wood, Esq. ; 3. Dianthus incisus, Mr. John Hulme. Hardy,

3B 3

749 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

Erica Tétralix Alba, Mr. James Smith. Ericas: 1. Odordta, Wm. Bow, Esq.; 2. Savillé, Mrs.
Hobson ; 3. Bergidna, Richard Potter, Esq. Pelargoniums: 1. Decdra, Richard Potter, Esq. 5
2. Queen of Wurtemberg, George Scholes, Esq. ; 3. Morednum, Thos. Knight, Esq.; 4. Young?
Wililam Garnett, Esq.—Flowers. Roses: 1. White Moss, Wm. Bow, sq. ; 2, Damask, Geo.
Scholes, Esq. ; 3. China, Mr. T. Marvin ; 4. China, Francis Bayley, Esq. — Fruit. Pine: 1, Richard
Potter, Esq.; 2. James Ramsbottom, Esq. Grapes, James Darbishire, Esq. Currants, J. E.
Tidswe'l, Esq. Orange tree in fruit, George Hole, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers, J.
Darbishire, Esg. Beans, John Hill, Esq. Mushrooms, Earl of Wilton. :

Aug. 9. At the Fourth Exhibition for the year 1830, prizes were awarded as
under : —

Piants. Stove: 1. Combretum purpireum, Earl of Wilton ; 2. Gloriisa supérba, William Gar-
nett, Esq. ; 3. Ardisia colorata, Rev. J. Clowes; 4. JAtropha pandurefdlia, Wm. Garnett, Esq. 5
5. Sanseviéra zeylanica, Rev. J. Clowes; 6. Geissoméria longiflbra, Wm. Bow, Esq.; 7. Gardtnia
radicans, George Hoie, Esq. ; 8. Ixdra crocata, Rev. J. Clowes; 9. Pancratium fragrans, Richard
Potter, Esq. ; 10. Gloxinéa hirsuta, Charles Wood, Esq. ; 11. Ardisia solanacea, William Garnett,
Esq. ; 12. Cérbera dichétoma, Mrs. Hobson. Green-house: 1. Crassula coccinea, H. Pope, Esq. ;
2. Salpiglissis picta, Wm. Bow, Esq.; 3. Swainsdnia galegifdlia, Rev. J. Clowes; 4. AmarYllis
Belladonna, Richard Potter, Esq.; 5. Escalltnia riibra, Wm. Bow, Esq.; 6. Dryandra nervosa,
Mrs. Hobson ; 7. Myrtus tomentdsa, Wm. Garnett, Esq.; &. Astélma eximium, and 9. Leche-
natltia formdsa, Rev. J. Clowes; 10. Alstreeméréa Pelegrtna, William Bow, Esq. ; 11. Maurandya
Barclayéna, Wm. Garnett, Esq.; 12. Verbéna Melindres, Mrs. Hobson. Hardy: 1. Ligtistrum
licidum, Thomas Hadfield, Esq. ; 2. Clématis flérida, Geo. Scholes, Esq. ; 3. Cistus (unknown),
Earl of Wilton; 4. Erica vagans, and 5. Erica multiflora, Mr. William Fletcher; 6. Gaultherza
proctimbens, George Scholes, Esq. ; 7. Cistus alimifdlius, Earl of Wilton; 8. Colutea Pocéckzz,
Mr. James Faulkner. Herbaceous: 1. Yeicca filamentdsa, Mr. James Faulkner; 2. Lilium super-
bum var., Mr. Edward Leeds ; 3. Dianthus latifdlius, Earl of Wilton; 4, Rudbéckéa hirta, Mr.
‘John Hulme; 5. Potentilla nepalénsis, Mr. Wm. Fletcher; 6. Dracocéphalum argunénse, Mr.
‘Edward Leeds; 7. Lupinus polyphyllus, I. H. Wanklyn, Esq. ; 8. Lidtris spicata, Mr. Jas. Plat-
ford. Ericas: 1. Retérta, 2. Gemmifera, 3. Jasminifldra rubéscens, 4. Irbyana, and 5. Jasminiflora,
. Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 6. Bandonédanza, Mrs. Hobson ; 7. Savileana, 8. Ampullacea, 9. Shannonédna, and
10. Aitonéana, Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 11. Viridifldra, Rev. J. Clowes; 12. Princeps, William Bow, Esq.
Pelargoniums. Dark Grounds: 1. Hammersléi@, James Darbishire, Esq. ; 2. Moredanwm, Rich.
Potter, Esq. ; 3. General Riego, James Darbishire, Esq. ; 4. Htmei, Wm. Garnett, Esq. ; 5. Fe-
ronia, 6. Decdra, and 7. Defiance, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 8. Ignéscens minor, George Hole, Esq.
Light Grounds: 1. Lanceolata, W. Garnett, Esq. ; 2. Macranthon, Mr.Wm. Bow; 3. Youngzé,
George Scholes, Esq. Baskets of Plants: 1, 2, and 3. William Bow, Esq.; 4. Earl of Wilton. —
Flowers. Carnations. Bizards, Scarlet; 1. (premier) Wild’s Perfection, Roger Holland, Esq. ;
2. Rising Sun, John Wakefield, Esq. ; 3. Lord Nelson, Mr. Samuel Ogden; 4. Seedling, Thomas
Boothman, Esq.; 5. Foxhunter, Mr.Wm. Bethill; 6. Seedling, Thomas Boothman, Esq. ; 7. Seed-
ling, Mr. Samuel Ogden; 8. Superior, John Wakefield, Esq.; 9. Lord Bagot, Wm. Leighton,
‘Esq. ; 10. William the Fourth, Mr. Col. Lee; 11. Seedling, Mr. Samuel Ogden ; 12. Seedling, Mr.
Wm. Bethill. Pink: 1. (premier) Paul Pry, John Wakefield, Esq. ; 2 Rainbow, I. M. Taylor,
_Esq.; 3. Paul Pry, R. F. Buckley, Esq.; 4 King Alfred, Mr. Samuel Hall; 5. Jolly Tar, Mr.
Robert Bradshaw ; 6. Seedling, Thomas Boothman, Esq. ; 7. Seedling, Mr. John Taylor ; 8, Wa-
terhouse’s Plato, Mr. Robert Bradshaw; 9. Duke of Kent, Mr. John Brownbill; 10. Ranting
Widow, Roger Holland, Esq. ; 11. Prince Leopold, Mr. James Booth; 12. Ne Plus Ultra, Mr. J.
Faulkner, Flakes, Scarlet: 1. (premier) Seedling, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 2. Mountaineer, John
Wakefield, Esq. ; 3. Madam Mara, Thomas Hadfield, Esq.; 4. Seedling, Mr. John Dearden ,
5, Rob Roy, R. F. Buckley, Esq. ; 6. Belmont, Mr. Samuel Ogden ; 7. Potter’s Champion, Richd.
Potter, Esq.; 8. Frances Anne, William Leighton, Esq. ; 9. Salamander, Mr. I. B. Whitaker ;
10. Duke of Rutland, Mr. John Etches; 11. Seedling, Mr. John Brownbill; 12. Rising Sun, Thos.
Boothman, Esq. Purple: 1. (premier) British Flag, Mr. Samuel Hall; 2. Princess Charlotte, R.
Holland, Esq. ; 3. Bellerophon, Mr. Samuel Hall; 4. Seedling, Wm. Leighton, Esq ; 5. Bate’s
Wellington, Mr. James Booth; 6. Henry Hunt, Richard Potter, Esq.; 7. Marianne, Mr. Robert
Bradshaw ; 8. Wood’s Commander, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 9. Alfred the Great, John Wakefield,
Esq. ; 10. Major Cartwright, Mr. James Booth ; 11. Minerva, William Leighton, Esq. ; 12. Lord
Mansfield, Mr. Robert Bradshaw. Rose: 1. (premier) Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. John Knott 5
2. Lady Hood, R. F. Buckley, Esq. ; 3. Sir George Crewe, Mr. Samuel Hall; 4. Lady Stanley, R.
F. Buckley, Esq.; 5. Earl Moira, William Leighton, Esg.; 6. Miss Sitwell, Mr. James Booth ;
7. Smiling Beauty, Roger Holland, Esq.; 8. Lancashire Lass, Mr. John Etches; 9. Yates’s Su-
preme, and 10. Vesta, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 11. Faulkner’s Eliza, John Wakefield, Esq. ; 12. Du-
chess of Rutland, Mr. John Dearden. Picotees, Purple-striped: 1. (premier) Lord Nelson, Mr.
Thomas Travis; 2. Fair Helen, Mr. John Knott; 3. Ogden’s Marianne, Thomas Hadfield, Esq. 5
4. William the Fourth, and 5. Queen Adelaide, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 6. Royal Purple, Mr.
Henry Thomas; 7. Seedling, Mr. James Faulkner. Red-striped: 1. (premier) Ringleader, Mr,
Thomas Travis; 2. Bright Star, Mr. Colonel Lee; 3. Salamander, Mr. Henry Thomas; 4. Lady
Nelson, Mr. John Knott; 5. Milkmaid, Mr. James Booth ; 6. William the Fourth, Mr. Colonel
Lee; 7. Lady Trafford, Mr. John Brownbill. Purple-feathered: 1. (premier) Seedling, Thomas
Boothman, Esq. 5 2. Cleopatra, Mr. James Booth; 3. Hufton’s Hector, William Leighton, Esq. ;
4. Hufton’s Emma, Mr. John Etches; 5. Wellington, Mr. Colonel Lee; 6. Annabella, Mr. Jas.
Faulkner ; 7. Duchess of Rutland, Mr. John Etches. Red-feathered: 1. (premier) Sir Robert
Peel, Mr. James Faulkner; 2. Little John, Mr. Robt. Bradshaw ; 3. Hall’s Magnificent, 4. Will
Stukely, and 5. Seedling, Wm. Leighton, Esq. ; 6. Pykes’ Defiance, Mr. Wm. Fletcher; 7. Seed-
ling, John Wakefield, Esq. Georginas, Double: Amateur subscription cup for the best pan,
Francis Bayley, Esq. .Black or Puce: 1. (premier) Donna Maria, Mr. John Jones; 2 Black
Turban, Mr. Wm. Lodge; 3. Young’s Triumph, and 4. Fimbridta, Messrs. Cunningham and Son ;
5. Colville’s Perfécta, Francis Bayley, Esq.; 6. Seedling, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 7. Alexandrina
Victoria, Messrs. Cunningham and Son. Purple or Velvet: 1. (premier) Wells’s Victory, Mr.
William Brundrit ; 2. Triumphant, Messrs, Cunningham and Son; 3. Alexandrina Victoria, Rev.
M. Gilpin; 4. Unknown, Mr.-Thomas Marvin; 5. Isabella, Henry Pope, Esq.; 6. Princess Vic-
toria, Mr. John Jones; 7. Juno, Mr. Thomas Marvin. Scarlet or Crimson: 1. (premier) Eximia,
Mr. John Jones ; 2. Morning Star, Earl of Wilton; 3. Scarlet Turban, Mr. Wm. Lodge; 4. Sol,
Messrs. Cunningham and Son; 5. Filgida nana, Mr. John Jones; 6. Eclipse, Josh. Lane, Esq. ;
7. Isabella, Messrs. Cunningham and Son. Orange, Scarlet, or Buff: 1. (premier) Fleur d’Ecosse, F.
Bayley, Esq. ; 2. Grisette, Messrs. Cunningham and Son; 3. Dwarf Yellow, Mr. ‘Thos. Marvin ;
4. Camelligflora, George Hole, Esq.; 5. Buff, Charles Wood, Esq ; 6. New Yellow, Mr. C.

Lancashire. * 743

Downie; 7. Seedling, Mr. James Faulkner. Lilac, Rose, or Blush: 1. (premier) Goliath, Earl of
Wilton ; 2. Theodore, Mr. Wim. Lodge; 3. Blush Lilac, Mr. William Chadwick ; 4. Excellent,
and 5. Lady Lilcon, Messrs. Cunningham and Son; 6. Lilac, Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 7. Quilled Lilac,
Mr.Wm. Lodge. Anemonefldra: 1. (premier) Unknown, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 2. Feathered
Crimson, Mr. John Jones; 3. Neat Purple, Messrs. Cunningham and’ Son; 4, Unknown, and
5. Painted Lady, Rev. M. Gilpin; 6. Painted Lady, Mr. John Jones; 7. Unknown, Rev. M. Gil-
pin. Single: J. (premier) Seedling, Wm. Garnett, Esq. ; 2. Middletonia, Mr J. Hulme; 3. White,
Richard Potter, Esq. ; 4. and 5. Seedling, Francis Bayley, Esq. ; 6. Seedling, Mr. James Platford ;
7. Unknown, Henry Pope, Esq. ; 8. Seedling, C. J. $8. Walker, Esq.; 9. Seedling, Rev. J. Clowes ;
‘10. Seedling, G. Hole, Esq. ; 11. Seedling, James Brierley, Esq. ; 12. Reine des Pourpres, Mr. Jas.
Faulkner. Baskets of Flowers: 1. Earl of Wilton; 2. Richard Potter, Esq.; 3. and 4. William
Bow, Esq. — Fruit. Pine: 1. White Providence, William Garnett, Esq.; 2. Enville, ‘Thomas
‘Mottram, Esq. ; 3. Montserrat, Edward Lloyd, Esq. ; 4. Blood, John Entwisle, sq. Grapes :
1, Muscat of Alexandria, Charles Wood, Esq. ; 2. Lombardy, Richard Potter, Esq.; 3. Grizzly
Frontignac, George Hole, Esq. ; 4. Frontignac, Earl of Wilton. In pots: 1.. Grizzly Frontignac,
Richard Potter, Esq. ; 2. Grizzly Frontignac, Edward Lloyd, Esq. Melons: 1. Gregson’s, Josh.
Lane, Esq ; 2. Gregson’s, Charles Wood, Esq. ; 3. James Darbishire, Esq. Peaches: 1, R. J. J.
Morreys, Esq. ; 2. Edward Lloyd, Esq. Nectarines : 1. Brugnon, Earl of Wilton ; 2. Elruge, Mrs.
Hobson. Apricots: 1. Mr. €. Downie; 2. Orange, Rev. J. Clowes. Plums: 1. Green Gage, Mr.
C. Dewnie; 2. Précoce de Tours, C.J.S. Walker, Esq. Pears: 1. Citron des Carmes, Mr. John
Moore; 2. Jargonelle, Mr. C. Downie. Apples: 1. Early Margaret, and 2. Summer Pippin, Wm.
Leighton, Esq, Gooseberries, Red : Roaring Lion (heaviest), 24 dwts.142 grs., Mrs. Smith. Plates’:
1, Roaring Lion, Mr. Thomas Slater ; 2. Seedling, Mrs. Smith ; 3. Seedling, Mr, Thomas Slater 5
4. Lancashire Lad, Mr. P. Daine. Green: Angler (heaviest), 20 dwts. 73 grs., R. F. Buckley, Esq.
‘Plates: 1. Favorite, Mr. Thomas Slater ; 2, Angler, Mr. Joseph Furniful; 3. Ocean, Mr. P.
Daine; 4. Toper, R. F. Buckley, Esq. Yellow : Gunner (heaviest), 24 dwts. 102 grs,, Jas. Darbi-
shire, Esq. Plates: 1. Gunner, Mr. Joseph Furniful; 2. Viper, Mr. Thomas Slater ; 3. Bunker’s
Hill, and 4, Unknown, Mr. Benry Bent. White: White Eagle (heaviest), 23 dwts. 8 grs., Mrs.
Smith. Plates: 1. White Eagle, and 2. Nonpareil, Mrs. Smith; 3. Lady Delamere, Mr. P.
Daine ; 4. Bonny Lass, Mr. Joseph Furniful. Currants, Black, Earl of Wilton ; White, Thomas
Knight, Esq.; Red, Mr. Thomas Marvin. Raspberries, Red and White, Earl of Wilton. —~
Culinary Vegetables. Celery: 1. Red, James Darbishiye, Esq.; 2. Red, and 3. White, Lionel
Lloyd, Esq ; 4. Red, Thomas Mottram, Esq. Onions: 1. L. Lloyd, Esq. ; 2. Mr. T. Barber, _

Lxtra-Prizes. Plants. Stove: Besléréa cristata, William Garnett, Esq. ; Strelitzéa ovata, Earl

of Wilton ; Erythrina Crista galli, George Hole, Esq. Green-house : Statice sinuata, Geo. Hole,
Hsq. ; Nérium spléndens, Richard Potter, Esq. ; Trachélium certleum, Mrs. Hobson. Herba-
ceous: Yticca gloritsa, Mr. James Faulkner ; Campanula pyramidalis, James Darbishire, Esq. ;
Potentilla Russellzaina, Mrs. Hobson ; ?hl6x intermedia, Mr. John Hulme. Ericas: 1. Trfcolor,
and 2. Jasminiflora minor, Wm. Bow, Esq. ; 5-Thunbérgia, J. Bradshaw, Esq.—F lowers. Picotees :
Pot of Cleopatra, with 36 blooms, Mr. James Booth, Striped: 1. (premier) Queen Adelaide,
Francis Bayley, Esq. ; 2. Hannibal, Thos. Knight, Esq. ; 3. Mutabilis, Rev. M. Gilpin. Best Semi-
double: 1. Seedling, Francis Bayley, Esq.; 2. Purple, Messrs. Cunningham and Son; 3. Lilac, C.
J. S. Walker, Esq. Fruit. Providence Pine, Thomas Mottram, Esq.; Pine, John Entwistle,
Esq. Grapes: Lombardy, Richard Potter, Esq.; Black. Hamburgh, William ‘Tetlow, Esq.,
and Messrs. Cunningham and Son; Red, Charles Wood, Esq.; Purple Constantia, Earl of
Wilton. Peaches, R. J. J. Morreys, Esq. Nectarines, Edward Lloyd, Esq. Plums, Rich, Smith,
Isq. Apples, growth of 1829, G. L. Ridehalgh, Esq., and Mr. P. Daine. Cherries, Morello, John
‘Hill, Esq. Mutberries, Mr. C. Downie. Strawberries, Alpine, John Hill, Esq. Shaddocks, W.
A. West, Esq. — Culinary Vegetables. Onions, Wellington, Wm. Garnett, Esq. Peas, C. Wood,
Esq. ; Mulatto, T. Hadfield, Esq. Artichokes, G. Scholes, Esq. Lettuce, Malta, Lionel Lloyd,
Esq. ; Magnum Bonum, James Booth, Esq. _

The Manchester Botanic Garden, which has been for two or three years in pro-
gress, was opened on the 27th of October, and upwards of 5(0 persons walked round it, and
appeared highly satisfied. The garden is far from being comp!eted, but enough is done to show
what it will be. The green-house and hot-house, constructed by Messrs. John Jones and Co. of
Birmingham, gave great satisfaction, as did the two entrance lodges [though we have heard them
spoken of as rather in bad taste]. The Council, having determined to celebrate the opening of the
garden by an exhibition of fruits and vegetables, offered three prizes, consisting of the large silver
medal of the Londen Horticultural Society, placed at their disposal for that purpose, and two sil-
ver cups given by the Council: Owing to the late period of the year, the candidates for these
prizes were not numerous ; but some very beautiful dishes of fruit were exhibited. The prizes
were gained by the following gentlemen : — The first prize (the silver medal), by Chas. Walker,
Esq., who exhibited twelve dishes of pears, four of apples, one of melons, one of plums, and three
of vegetables. The second prize, by R.W. Barton, lsq., who exhibited four dishes of grapes, one
of peaches, seven of pears, four of apples, and six of vegetables. The third prize, by Richard
Potter, Esq., of Smedley, who exhibited one pine (a most splendid fruit), two dishes of grapes,
and four of vegetables. ‘Ihere was also some excellent fruit exhibited by S. J. Trafford, Esq.,
and John Moore, Esq. The apples sent by the former gentleman were particularly fine. (Coun-
try Times, Nov. 1. 1830 ) i i

Bolton Floral and Horticultural Society. — Aug. 18. The show of carnations,
‘stove, green-house, and herbaceous plants, fruits, &c., exceeded all previous exhibitions. Mr.
James Mosley, gardener to R. Holland, Esq.; and Mr. Wm. Whittle, gardener to William Hulton,

Esq., exhibited some excellent specimens, which attracted much notice. Six silver cups have been
won this year by R. Holland, Esq., and three by E. Silvester, Esq., from Chorley. The following
‘is a list of the principal prizes, with their winners : = ( , ;

Plants. Stove: Gloridsa viréscens (the silver cup), E. Silvester, Esq., from Chorley ; Datira
‘arborea, James Cross, Esq. _Green-house: Calceolaria corymbosa (silver cup), R. Holland, Esq. ;
_Verbena Melindres, Wm. Hulton, Esq. ; Hrica, E. Silvester, Esq.; Geranium, R. Holland, Esq.
‘Herbaceous, Mr. James Faulkner. Hardy, Roger Holland, Esq. Extra-prize, Arabian Coffee in

bearing, J. Ridgway, Esq. Orange tree in fruit, James Cross, sq. Vinca alba, Roger Holland,
Esq. Basket of Plants, E. Ashworth, Esq. — H/owers. Carnations, Pan of (silver cup), consisting
of Perfection, Alfred, Major Cartwright, Madame Mara, Sir George Crew, and Cleopatra, Roger
Holland, Esg.; premier prize, Mr. Thomas Ormrod. Bizards, Scarlet, Mr. James Rushton and
six others; Pink, Wm. Leighton, Esq., and six others. Flake, Scarlet, Roger Holland, Esq., and
six others ; Pink, John Wakefield, Esq., from Manchester, and six others; Purple, Mr, J, Hard-

3B 4

TAA Prov. Hort. Soc. : — Cumberland, Devonshire,

man, Picotees: Purple Striped, Mr. James Faulkner, from:-Smedley, near Manchester, and two
others; Feathered, Mr. James Hardman and two others. Red, Feathered, Mr. James Faulkner
and two others ; Striped, Mr. Thomas Partington and two others. Georginas, Double Dark, and
Double Purple, Mr. Johm Jones, from Manchester, and two others; Double Scarlet, Mr. eter
Ormrod and two others; Double Yellow, Mr. James Southern and two others. Single, Mr.
Henry Glover and three others. — Fruit. Pine, J. Ridgway, Esq. Nectarines, William Hulton,
Esq. Grapes, E. Ashworth, Esq. Peaches, J. Ridgway, Esq. Melon, James Cross, Esq. Plums,
W. Hulton, Esq. Apples, W. Leighton, Esq., from Preston. Cherries, W. Hulton, Esq. Rasp-
berries, Mr. Joseph Ainsworth. Currants, Red and White, Benjamin Rawson, Esq. Gooseber-
ries, Red, Yellow, and White, Mr. John Bradshaw. Green, Mr. W. Eckersley. Pears, Peter
Rothwell, Esq. Fruited Vine, in pot: 1. James Cross, Esq.; 2. Wm. Hulton, Esq. — Culinary
Vegetables. Turnips (one of which weighed 162 lbs.), W. Hulton, Esq. Celery, Mr. C. Craggie.
Carrots, Mr. George Cottingham. Cucumbers, W. Hulton, Esq. Lettuce, Mr. Geo. Cottingham,
Onions, R. Holland, Esq. Savoy Cabbage, Mr. G. Cottingham. (Manchester Courier, Aug. 21.)

CUMBERLAND.

Whitehaven Horticultural Society. — dug. 27. Amongst the flowers lent for
the occasion was a Campanula pyramidalis belonging to Mr. Clementson, 7 ft. high, and bearing
upwards of 300 flowers. A mistletoe, attached to the branch of am apple tree, attracted much
attention. It was produced by Robert Elliott, gardener to Milham Hartley, Esq. Prizes were
awarded as under : — q

Flowers. Carnations. Bizard, Scarlet: 1. Lee’s Lord Nelson, and 2. Davey’s Royal Sovereign,
Mr. James Clarke, Castle. Purple: 1. Gregory’s King Alfred, and 2. Lacey’s Marquess Welles-
ley, Mr. James Clarke; 3. Lord Falkland, Mr. Alexander Oliver, Gillfoot. Flakes, Scarlet :
1. Sawyer’s Duke of York, 2. Clegg’s George the Fourth, and 3. Hill-top Seedling, Mr. J. Clarke.
Purple: 1. Wood’s Commander, Mr. Sawyers; 2. Oddy’s Henry Hunt, Mr. J. Clarke; 3. Duke
of York, J. Gaitskell, Hall Santon. Rose: 1. Metcalf’s Miss Lander, Mr. James Clarke; 2. Bel-
videra, and 3. Olivia, Mr. Alexander Oliver. Seedlings: 1. Mr. Gird, sen., Hilton Row ; 2. and
3. Mr. Robert Elliot, Rose Hill. Best Pan, one of each class, Mr. Jas. Clarke, Castle. Picotees,
Purple: 1. Cleopatra, 2. Mason’s Silk Boy, and 3. Hutton’s Miss Manden. Red: 1. Lee’s Robin
Hood, and 2. Will Stukely, Mr. James Clarke. Georginas. Double, three best: 1 Jas. Clarke;
2. John Gaitskell; 3. Alexander Oliver. Bouquet of Flowers: 1. James Clarke ; 2. James Gra-
ham, Ingwell. Bouquet of rare Annuals: James Graham.— Fruié. Nectarines, James Clarke.
Gooseberries, Red: 1. Alexander Oliver ; 2. John Pennyfeather, Castle ; 3. Mr. Fisher, Harring-
ton. Yellow, Green, and White, Mr. Alexander Oliver. Dish of twenty-five: 1. Alex. Oliver;
2. John Pennyfeather. Currants, White: 1. John Pennyfeather ; 2. Root. Elliot. Red: 1. John
Pennyfeather; 2. Robert Elliott. Black, Robert Elliott. Grapes, Black: 1. Alexander Oliver ;
2. Robert Elliott. White: 1. Jas. Clarke; 2. Alexander Oliver. Of any other kind, Alexander
Oliver. Peaches, Robert Elliott. Plums, John Pennyfeather. Pears: 1. Robert Elliott; 2. John
Pennyfeather. Apples: 1. J. Pennyfeather; 2. John Gaitskell. ,

Extra-Prixes. Cucumbers, and Apples the growth of 1829, in a high state of preservation, Mr.
Robert Elliot, gardener to Milham Hartley, Esq. (Cumberland Packet, Aug. 31.

DEVONSHIRE.
South Devon and East Cornwall Botanical and Horticultural Society. — Sept. 16.

At the Third Exhibition of this Institution prizes were awarded as under:— =~

Plants. Bulbous Stove: 1. Brunsvigéa multiflra, Mr. Saunders, Kitley; 2. Pancratium
speciosum, Mr. Pontey. Stove: 1. Passiflora mexicana, Mr. Saunders; 2. Erythrina ZaurifOdlia,
Mr. Pontey ; 3. Jatropha multifida, Mr. Saunders. Hardy Annuals: 1. Messrs... Lucomb and
Pince; 2. Mr. Brown, Tamerton; 3. Mr. Rendle, nurseryman, Plymouth. Hollyhocks: 1. Mr.
Bray, Endsleigh; 2. Mr. Rendle, Plymouth. — Iowers. Georgimas (not Anemoneflora): 1.
Mr. Pontey, nurseryman, Plymouth; 2. Mr. Veitch, nurseryman, Killerton, near Exeter; 3.
Messrs. Lucombe and Pince, nurserymen, Exeter; 4. Mr. Pontey. Georginas (Anemonefldra) :
1. Messrs. Lucombe and Co.; 2 Mr. Veitch of Killerton; 3. Mr. Saunders, Kitley; 4. Mr.
Pontey. China Asters: 1. Mr. Veitch of Killerton; 2. Messrs. Lucombe and Pince. —F7ywit.
Pine: 1. Mr. Keane, gardener tc Edward Tolcher, Esq., Ridgeway; 2. Mr. Pringle, gardener to
L, C. Daubuz, Esq., Truro; 3. Mr. Sharland, gardener to His Grace the Duke of Northumber-
Jand, Werrington. Grapes: 1. Michael Williams, Esq., Trevince; 2. Mr. Thomas Ellis, gardener
to J. C. Bulteel, Eeq., Lyneham; 3. Mr. Bray, gardener to His Grace the Duke of Bedford, End-
sleigh. _ Largest-berried, Mr. Saunders, gardener to I. P. Bastard, Esq., Kitley. Green-fleshed
Melon, Mr. Saunders, gardener to E. P. Bastard, Esq., Kitley. Melon of any other sort; 1. E.
Luscombe, Esq., Yealmpton; 2, Mr. Roberts, gardener to Commissioner Ross, Dock-yard.
Citrus Tribe: 1. Mr. Burge, gardener to the Rev. R. Lane, Coffleet; 2. Mr. T. Smale, gardener
to John Tremayne, Esq., Sydenham, near Tavistock. Exotic Fruit not before specified, Psidium
pyeierun, Mr. Burge, Coffleet. Peaches: 1. Thomas Holberton, Esq., Yealm Bridge; 2. Mr.

Keane, gardener to E. Tolcher, Esq., Ridgeway ; 3. Mr. Bray, Endsleigh. Nectarines: 1. and 2.
Mr. Keane, Ridgeway; 3..Mr. Sims, gardener to the Rev. W. Radcliffe, Warleigh. Apricots:
1. Mr. Edmunds, gardener to C. Calmady, Esq., Langdon; 2. Mr. Ellis, gardener to’ J. C. Bulteel,
Esq., of Fleet. Plums? 1. Mr. Roberts, gardener to Commissioner Ross ; 2. Mr. Sims, Warleigh.
Figs: 1. Mr. Roberts, Dock-yard ; 2. Mr. Brown of Tamerton. Pears: 1. Mr. Crawford, gardener
to Sir William Molesworth, Pencarrow ; 2. Mr. Ellis, Fleet; 3. Mr. T. Ellis, Lyneham. Dessert
Apples: 1. Mr. Sims, Warleigh ; 2. Mr. John Brown, Tamerton; 3. Mr. T. Elis, Lyneham.
Quinces, Mr. Burge, Coffleet. Mulberries, Mr. Roberts, Dock-yard. Filberts, Mr. Ellis, gardener
to Captain Morshead, Widey. Morello Cherries, Mr. Sharland, Werrington. Walnuts, Mr.
Saunders, Kitley.— Culinary Vegetabies. Celery, Mr. Cornelius, at —— Kelly’s, Eisq., of Kelly.
Peas: 1. Mr. Webb, Pennycomequick ; 2. Mr. Ellis, Widey. Artichokes, Mr. Smale, Sydenham.
Beet, Mr. Roberts, Dock-yard. Endive (blanched), Mr. Ellis, Widey.

Extra-Prizes, China Aster, Mr. Edmunds, Langdon. Crassula obliqua, Mr. Ellis, Widey.
Hollyhocks, Mr. Ellis, Widey. Seedling Georginas, Mr. Godfrey, nurseryman, Totness. Cactus,
Mr. Gosling, Athenzum Street, Plymouth. Syrian Grapes, Mr. Ellis, Lyneham. Aleppo Grapes,
Mr. Bennett, gardener to C. Horne, Esq., Stoke. Bunch of Hamburgh Grapes, Mr. Roberts,
Dock-yard. Pine-apple, Mr. Widger, gardener to J. C. Coryton, Esg., Pentillie. Wood’s Seed-
ling Peach, Mr..F. Wood. — Filberts, Mr. Saunders, Kitley. Cobnuts Mr. Sims, Warleigh.. Nee-
tarines, Mr. Sharland, Werrington. Plums, Mr. Crawford, Pencarrow. Green Gage Plums, Mr.

Wigtonshire, Renfrewshire, Lanarkshire. 745

Ellis, Fleet. Celery, Mr. Roberts, Dock-yard. Onions, Mr. Thomas Smale, Sydenham. Basket
of Vegetables, Mr. Manning, gardener to Admiral Sir M. Dixon, K.C.B.

Cottagers’ Prizes. Georginas: 1. Mr. Wood, Plymouth; 2. Mr. Jarman, Plymouth: China
Asters: 1. Mr. Jarman; 2. Mr. Potam, Devonport. Stocks: 1. Mr. Jarman; 2, Mr. F. Wood.
‘Hardy Annuals, Mr. Jarman. Peas: 1. and 2. Mr. Wood. Basket of Vegetables: 1. Mr. Wood;
2. Mr. Jarman.

Cottagers’ Extra-Prizes. Basket of Vegetables : 1. and 2. Mr. Stapleton, Compton.

Judges. Plants and Flowers: E. Luscombe, Esq., E. W. Churchill, Esq., and Mr. Burge.
Fruit: R. Bromley, Esq., B. Parham, Esq., J. H. Luscombe, Esq., N. Downe, Esq., Mr. Dyer,
gardener to H. Williams, Esq., Carnanton, and Mr. Wood, gardener to Sir William Call, Bart.
Culinary Vegetables : Mr. Crawford, Mr. Cummings, and Mr. ————. Cottagers’ Prizes: Mr.
John Brown, Mr. Kerr, and Mr. Keane.

Amongst the vegetables were an immense cabbage, weighing 26 lbs., from Erme Bridge, and two
large turnips, averaging 2ft. 7in. each in circumference, from the garden of F. Gilbert, Esq.,
Bodmin. Amongst the display of fruit were, the Psidium pyriferum, grown by Mr. Burge, gar-
dener to the Rev. R. Lane, Coffleet, who furnished a large root of the Zingiber officinale ; and a
dish, containing what many of the company mistook for painted eggs, but which, we are in formed,
were the fruit of the Cuctimis osmocarpon, or sweet-scented melon, introduced by the secretary
‘about five years since, from Carthagena de Colombia, where this fruit is known by the name of
Meloncito de Olor: these were the growth of Mr. Saunders of Kitley, and were deservedly
admired, as well for their beauty and diminutive size as for their exquisite odour. , (Plymouth

Journal, September 16.)

WIGTONSHIRE.

Wigtonshire Horticultural Society. — Stranraer, September 9. 1830. The
exhibition of fruits and flowers was much better than could have been expected, considering the
unpropitious nature of the weather during summer. In the course of the year fprizes were
adjudged for the following articles : =

Strawberries, Mr. Stewart, gardener at Galloway House. Melon, fit for the table on June es
to Mr. Porteous, gardener at Lochnaw. Green Peas, Mr. Ferguson, gardener at Balkail. Cauli-
flower, Mr. Porteous, gardener at Lochnaw. Early Potatoes, Mr. Stewart, gardener at Galloway
House. Apples, of crop 1829 (exhibited in June), Mr. Porteous, gardener at Lochnaw. Melons
(exhibited in September), Mr. Cumming, gardener at Dunraget. Grapes, Mr. Stewart, gardener
at Galloway House. Blanched Celery, Mr. Ferguson, gardener at Balkail. Plums, Mr. Ferguson,
gardener at Balkail. Varieties of Apples, Mr. Porteous, gardener at Lochnaw. Nectarines, Mr.
Douglas, gardener at Glasserton. Cherries (exhibited in September), Mr. Ingram, gardener at
Glenoch. Double Scotch Rose, Mr. Ferguson, gardener at Balkail. Ranunculus, Mr. Stewart,
gardener at Galloway House. Pink, Rev. David Wilson, Stranraer. Rose, Mr. James Wilson,
nurseryman, Stranraer. Stock, Rev. David Wilson, Stranraer. Double Georgina, Mr. James
Wilson, nurseryman, Stranraer. (Dumfries and Galloway Courter, September 28.) ;

RENFREWSHIRE.

West. Renfrewshire Horliculiural Society. — September 21. At the General
Annual Meeting the prizes were awarded as under : —

Altringham Carrots: 1. Mr. Archibald Brown, gardener, Park; 2. Mr. Duncan Fletcher; 3,
Mr. John Niven, gardener. Celery : 1. Mr. Adam Melross, gardener to Sir Michael Shaw Stewart,
Ardgowan ; 2. Mr. Archibald Brown; 3. Mr. John Sinclair, gardener, Wood. Red Cabbages: 1,
Mr. John Hill, gardener, Finlayston ; 2. Mr. James Calder, gardener, Port-Glasgow ; 3. Mr.
Malcolm Service, gardener to Mr. Fairie. Carnations: 1. Mr. Malcolm Service; 2. Mr. Henry
Knox, gardener to Jacob Dixon, Esq., Dumbarton; 3. Mr. John Borthwick, seedsman.

The committee appointed as judges arranged the show articles, according to their respective
merit, as follows :— ’

Onions, sown this year: 1. Mr. John M‘Nab, gardener to Lieutenant-General Darroch,
Gourock ; 2. Mr. Charles Williamson, gardener, Port Glasgow. Apples: 1. Mr. Adam Melross ;
2. Mr. Archibald Brown. Pears: 1. Mr. John M‘Nab; 2. Mr. Adam Melross. Double Georginas :
1. Mr. Adam Melross ; 2. Mr. Henry Knox. Single Georginas: 1. Mr. Thomas Grey, Plantation ;
2, Mr. Adam Melross. Plums: 1. Green Gage, Orleans, and Magnum bonum, Mr. Archibald
Brown; 2. Mr. Adam Melross, Red Beet: 1. Mr. Edward Brodley, gardener to Andrew Rankin,
Wsq., Ashburn; 2. Mr, James Campbell, Gourock. China Asters: 1. Mr. John M‘Nab; 2. Mr.
Henry Knox. }

Besides those enumerated there were many other articles contributed ; some very fine grapes,
by Mr. Shields, gardener to Lord Blantyre, and by Mr. Adam Melross, The former also exhibited
a quantity of excellent peaches and nectarines, and the latter an exquisitely fine pine-apple, of
large dimension, and fully ripe. A large quantity of beautiful double hollyhocks, by Messrs. John
Borthwick, James Campbell, and Adam Melross. Mr. Malcolm Service exhibited a very fine
pompion, of great magnitude, measuring upwards of thirty inches in circumference, as also a
number of very large gourds. A beautiful vegetable marrow was exhibited by Mr. James Kirk-
patrick, gardener to Mrs. Crooks, Leven ; a quantity of very large new Scoresbrick and Maltese
turnips, by Mr. John Borthwick and Mr. Charles Williamson: the latter also exhibited some
excellent dwarf greens. Peter Montgomerie, Esq. Port Glasgow, contributed a number of very
fine peaches reared on the open wall, as also a quantity of the beautiful Mirabelle plums. A lot
of very fine gooseberries, taken from off the bush on the morning of the exhibition, was exhibited
by Mr. Thomas Grey, which were considered a curiosity at this season. Some beautiful pinks
and heaths, by Mr, Henry Knox and Mr. Malcolm Service. Several late cabbages, of incredible
size, by Mr, John Sinclair and Mr. Richard Adams, Pilot. (Greenock Advertiser, Sept. 28.)

LANARKSHIRE.

Glasgow Horticuliural Society. — September 21, 22. Prizes were awarded as
under : — ; d ;

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Mr. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to Sir Archibald Camp-
bell, Garscube; no second prize adjudged. — Mowers. Hardy: 1. Mr. George Duncan, gardener
to Miss Oswald, Scotstown; 2. Mr. James Rutherford, gardener to H. Fulton, Esq., of Park.
Double Georginas: 1. Mr, William Gowans, gardener to Mrs. Stirling, Cadder; 2. Mr. John

746 Prov. Hort. Soc.: — Stirlingshire, Fifeshire,

- Wilkie, gardener to John Woddrop, Esq., Dalmarnock. Single Georginas: 1. Mr. William Knox,
gardener to Mrs. Dixon, Levengrove ; 2. Mr. James Rutherford, gardener to Henry Fulton, Esq.,
of Park. Chinese Roses: 1. Mr. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to Sir Archibald Campbell,
Garscube ; 2. Mr. George Duncan, gardener to Miss Oswald, Scotstown. — Fruzé. Pine-apples :
1. Mr. Walter Henderson, gardener to Walter Campbell, Esqg., Woodhall; 2. Mr. Andrew Turn-
bull, gardener to Lord Douglas, Bothwell Castle. Grapes: 1. Mr. George Shields, gardener to
Lord Blantyre, Erskine House; 2. Mr. John Brown, gardener to William M‘Lean, Esq., Planta-
tion. Plums: 1. Mr. James Tait, gardener to James Darnley, Esq., Merryflats ; 2. Mr. James
Sinclair, gardener to Kirkman Finlay, Esq., Castle Toward. Pears: 1. Mr. John Wilkie, gardener
to John Woddrop, Esq., Dalmarnock; 2. Mr. James Walket, gardener to Archibald Douglas,
Esq., Bredisholm. Apples: 1. Mr. Robert Brownlie, gardener to General Stewart, Carfin; 2. Mr.
John Smith, gardener to the Marquess of Bute, Mountstewatt. Peaches: 1. Mr. James Monach,
gardener to Alexander Hamilton, Esq., Southcroft; 2. Mi. George Weatherly, gardener to
Hughes, Esq., Clyde Villa. Nectarines: 1. Mr. William Knox, gardener to Mrs. Dixon,
Levengrove; 2. Mr. Andrew Turnbull, gardener to Lord Douglas, Bothwell Castle. — Culinary
Vegetables. Tomatoes, or Love Apples: 1. Mr. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to Sir Archibald
Campbell, Garscube; 2. Mr. Peter Donaldson, gardener to Michael Rowand, Esq., Linthouse.
Twelve varieties of Vegetables: 1. Mr. James Tait, gardener to James Darnley, Esq., Merryflats ;
2. Mr. James Sinclair, gardener to Kirkman Finlay, Esq., Castle Toward; 3. Mr. Charles Ross,
gardener to George Buchanan, Esq., Woodland. J

Communications. 1. Mr. George Shields, gardener to Lord Blantyre, Erskine House, for an
account of a Pine-pit on an economical construction ; 2. Mr. James Ross, gardener to James
Sword, Esg., Annafield, for an account of his mode of growing Grapes. (Glasgow Free Press,
September 25.)

STIRLINGSHIRE.

Stirling Horticultural Society. — September 7. At the Annual General Meeting

the prizes were awarded as under: —

Flowers. Carnations: 1. Mr. Ninian Niven, gardener to James Stirling, Esq. of Keir; 2. Mr.
John Gow, Tullyallan; 3 Mr. George Lightbody, Falkirk. Hollyhocks: 1. Mr. Daniel M‘Gregor,

ardener to the Right Hon. Lord Balgray, Lawers; 2. Mr: William Somerville; 3, Mr. George
Milne, gardener to John Stein, Esq., of Kilbagie. Georginas: 1. Mr. Ninian Niven; 2. Mr. James
M‘Farlane, Stirling; 3. Mr. Daniel M‘Gregor. Hardy Annuals: 1; Mr. John Gow, Tullyallan ;
2. Mr. Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. John M‘Innes. Stocks: 1. Mr; William Moir; 2. Mr. James M‘Far-
lane; 3. Mr. John M‘Innes. — Fyuzt. Melons (best-flavoured): 1. Mr. Hugh Macoll, gardener to
James Callander, Esq., of Craigforth ; 2. Mr. Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. George Lightbody. Best green-
fleshed: 1. Mr. Daniel M‘Gregor; 2. Mr. George Milne. Grapes: 1. Mr. John Gow, gardener
to Count Flahault, Tullyallan Castle ; 2. Mr. John M‘Innes, gardener to Robert Bruce, Esq., of
Kennet. Nectarines. From open walls: 1, Mr. John Mitchell, gardener to William Murray,
Esq., of Polmaise; 2. Mr. John Gow. From hot-house: 1. Mr. David Trotter, gardener to
James Johnstone, Esq., of Alva; 2. Mr. David Reid, gardener to Henry Fletcher Campbell, Esq.,
of Boquhan, Peaches. From open walls, Mr. David Trotter (no competition). From hot-house :
1. Mr. Daniel Macgregor ; 2. Mr. Ninian Niven; 3. Mr. John Gow. Apricots. From open walls:
1. Mr. William Somerville, gardener to John Stirling, Esq. of Kippendavie; 2. Mr. John
M‘Innes; 3. Mr. John Gow. Plums. Green Gage: 1. Mr. Ninian Niven ; 2. Mr. William Moir,
gardener to Mrs. Edmond of Comely Bank; 3. Mr. John M‘Innes, Any other surt: 1. Mr.
William Moir; 2. Mr. James Mitchell, gardener to Mrs. Hume of Auchinbowie; 3. Mr. William
Somerville. Apples: 1. Mr. John Mitchell; 2. Mr. Hugh Macoll; 3. Mr. William Somervilie.
Pears: 1. Mr. George Milne; 2. Mr. William Gow, gardener to John Murray, Esq., of Wester
Livilands ; 3. Mr. William Somerville. Gooseberries. Red, Green, and Yellow, Mr. William
Moir (no competition): — Culinary Vegetables. Red Beet: 1. Mr. William Gow, Wester Livi-
lands; 2. Mr. William Somerville; 3. Mr. George Milne. Onions: 1. Mr. William Gow ; 2. Mr.
Hugh Macoll; 3. Mr. James Macfarlane.

Mr. William Wypber, gardener at Cardross, produced a basket of superior articles, intended for
competition, but they were precluded, in consequence of arriving after the specified hour. (Stzr-
ling Advertiser, September 10.)

FIFESHIRE.

Cupar Horticultural Society.— Nov.10. The prizes were awarded as follows :—
To Mr. George Watson, gardener to Mr. James Home Rigg of Tarvit, for the best six kinds of
Apples, four of each sort; Mr. James Anderson, gardener to Col. Don of Springfield, 2d best.
Mr. George Watson, for the best four kinds of Pears, four of each sort; Mr. James Bouchard,
gardener to George Campbell, Esq., of Edenwood, 2d best; Mr. James Anderson, 3d best. Mr.
George Watson, for the best two kinds of Apples not generally known in Scotland, four of each
sort; Mr. James Anderson, 2d best; Mr. John Young, gardener to James Lumsdaine, Esq., of
Lathallan, 3d best. Mr. George Watson, for the best specimen of the Seedling Apple. Mr. Jas.
Anderson, for the best three Hunter Pippins. The Hunter Pippin, a fine apple of the kind, is
produced from grafts of a seedling apple raised by Dr. Hunter of St. Andrews (an-honorary mem-
ber), and sent by him to the Society, Which were divided among the members. Mr. Thos. Greig,
ardener to the Earl of Leven and Melville, for the best six stocks of red-stalked Celery ; Mr.
james Anderson, 2d best; Mr. John Young, 3d best. Mr. James Bouchard, for the best three
red beet-roots; Mr. John Young, 2d best; Mr. James Anderson, 3d best. Mr. John Young, for
the best six Altringham Carrots; Mr. George Watson, 2d best. Mr. John Young, for the best
twelve old Onions; Mr George Watson, 2d best. Mr. John Young, for the best three green
curled Endive. Mr. John Young, for the best six Salsafy. Mr. John Young, for the best six
Scorzonera. Mr. James Anderson, for the best three Savoys. -Mr.,James Bouchard, for the best
two stocks of red Cabbages; Mr. James Anderson, 2d best. (Ife Herald, Nov. 11. 1830.)

PERTHSHIRE.

Dundee Horticultural Society. — June 10. The successful competitors were as
under : —

Mr. James Kidd, gardener, Rossie Priory, for the best White Ground Pelargoniums, Second
Seedling Pelargoniums, and best variety of Green-house Ilowers ; Mr. James Smith, gardener,

WEP CST ee tO 74.7

Ellangowan, for the best variety of Pelargoniums, second White Grounds, best Seedling White
Grounds, and best Ranunculuses; Mr. John Dick, gardener, Ballindean, for the second variety of
Pelargoniums ; Mr. William Brow, gardener, Meigle House, for the best Double Anemones, and
Mr. Robert Kilgower, florist, Kirkcaldy, for the second Ranunculuses and best Seedling Ranun-
culuses ; Mr, Thomas Spalding, gardener, Arthurstone, for the best Single Anemones, second
Double Anemones, second Seedling Ranunculuses, best Scotch Roses, and best Seedling Scotch
Roses; Mr. David Stewart, Lilybank, for the second Scotch Roses ; Mr. James Kettle, gardener,
Glendoig, for the best early Peas, and best early Potatoes ; and Mr. John Hampton, gardener,
percent House, for the best Bouquet of Flowers, second early potatoes, and best Scaresborough
Turnips. -

Some very fine lettuces were produced from Arthurstone ; some very fine early Dutch turnips
from Mr. Fergus’s garden, Kirkcaldy ; some fine preserved apples from Glendoig ; some good old
onions from Carolina Port; and a variety of excellent vegetables and flowers from Crescent

ouse.

The prizes for seedling ranunculuses were this season given by David Martin, Esq., Roseangle.
(Dundee Courier, June 22.)

Dundee Horticultural Seciety. — Sept. 10. The successful competitors were
as under : —

Mr. John Hampton, gardener, Crescent House, for first Purple Flake Carnations, first Pink,
first Scarlet Bizard, second Scarlet Picotee, first Purple Picotees. Mr. Thomas Spalding, gar-
dener, Arthurstone, for second Purple Flake Carnations, first Scarlet, second Pink Bizard, and
second Purple Picotees. Mr. James Kidd, gardener, Rossie Priory, for second Scarlet Flake Car-
nations, second Pink, second Scarlet Bizard, and first Pink Bizard. Mr. James Smith, gardener,
Ellangowan, for first Scarlet Picotees, and first Hollyhocks. Mr. David Stewart, Lilybank, for
first Seedling Carnations, and first Seedling Georginas. Mr. James Kettle, gardener, Glendoig,
for first Double Georginas. Mr. Thomas Spalding, for the second Double and first Single
Georginas. Mr. John Dick, gardener, Ballindean, for first Border Flowers, first Hardy, and first
Tender Annuals. Mr. James Kidd, for first Stocks, and second Tender Annuals. Mr. John
Hampton, for first Bouquet. Mr. James Kidd, for first Pine-apple, first scarlet-fleshed Melon, first
Peaches from hot-house, second variety of Peaches, first Moorpark and Brussels Apricots, first
Hamburgh Grapes, second Muscat, first White Frontignac, second Early Pears, first Late, first
Early Apples, and second variety of Fruit. Mr. John Dick, for second green-fleshed Melon, first
Peaches from open walls, first variety of Peaches, first Nectarines from open walls, second from
hot-house, second Moorpark Apricots, first four bunches of Grapes, first Muscat Grape, first
Grizzly Frontignac Grapes, second Early Apples, second Keeping, first variety of Fruit, first
variety of Vegetables, and best Gooseberry and Black Currant Wines. Mr. James Kettle, for
first green-fleshed Melon, second open wall Peaches, first Keeping Apples, first Figs, and first
Onions. Mr. John Walker, gardener, Airlie Castle, for second scarlet-fleshed Melon, first Celery,
and first Altringham Carrots. Mr. Thomas Spalding, for second Peaches from hot-house, first
hot-house Nectarines, first variety of Plums, first Green Gage, first Muscadine grapes, first Jar-
gonelle Pears, first Gooseberries, and first Cherries. Mr. J. Lillburn, gardener, Castle Huntly,
for first white Magnum Plums. Mr. P. Adam, gardener to-Mr. Martin, Roseangle, for second
Jargonelle and first Early Pears. Mr. William Brow, gardener, Meigle House, for largest Ap-
ples. Mr. David Mitchell, gardener, Carolina Port, for first White Currants, first Cauliflower,
first White Currant and Gooseberry Champagne Wines. Mr. Thomas Watt, gardener, Ruthven
House, for first Red Currants. Mr. James Kidd, for first Beet and first Late Cabbage. Mr. James
Smith, for firsts German Greens. Mr. Anderson, Cortachy, for first Long Red Carrots. Mr.
John Hampton, for first Savoys. Some’ beautiful Carnations, Picotees, and Seedling Georginas
were exhibited from Dudhope Nursery ; some fine Double Georginas from Lilybank ; some large
Turnips from Carolina Port; some fine Roses from Mayfield; some very large Horn Radish
from Rossie Priory; and some fine Pears from Mr. Greig’s garden, Leven; also a Yéicca fila-
mentdsa, and other plants in flower, and a large variety of annuals, from Scouringburn Nursery.
The London Medal was gained by Mr. James Kidd, Rossie Priory. (Dundee Courier, Sept. 14.)

Rait Cottage-Garden Society. — dug. 10. The object contemplated in form-
ing this Society was to promote and diffuse a taste for flowers, and the rarer and more useful sorts
of vegetables, with a knowledge of their culture. For some years premiums were awarded for
the best variety of early potatoes, introduced to the village within the year. LHighteen of the
most approved varieties of that excellent roct have, in consequence, been reared amongst the
members, and this year it was thought unnecessary to continue premiums for an article brought
to such perfection. As a substitute, premiums were offered for the bést laid out flower-plot, the
ground not to exceed a fall. Five candidates started for this prize. The judges awarded the first
to the president, David Moyes, a man who has seen nearly fourscore summers ; he, to encou-
rage junior members, relinquished his right in their favour. The articles in competition for this
year were, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, turnips, pinks, violets, nosegay, carrots, onions, goose-
berries, cow cabbage, or Cesarean.kale (seeds from Mr. Loudon), carnations, &c. Sweepstakes
were taken, besides, for violets, standard cherries, seedling gooseberries, and carnations, There
were, in all, fifty-two premiums, of which James Moyes gained twelve; Peter Robertson, ten’;
Robert Bell, eight; Mr. John Duff, the villageschoolmaster, six ; David Moyes, five ; Alexander
Anderson, four; John Robertson, a young boy of fourteen, four; John Stein, two; Robert
M‘Lagan, also a young boy, one, being second for a very neat flower-pot. The interest excited
by the Society to useful and pleasant recreations, amongst a deserving class of people, adds mate-
rially to their own comforts, and the progress they have made must be gratifving to its supporters.
We are glad to observe similar societies springing up in the neighbourhood, and shall with much
pleasure give publicity to their proceedings. (Perth Courier, in Country Times, Aug. 23.)

Baledgarthno Cottage-Garden Society. — dug. 25. Tie show of vegetables,
fruits, and flowers exhibited now and at their Mecting in July consisted of early potatoes, cauli-
flowers, early cabbage, cherries, peas, turnips, strawberries, goosebetries, black and red currants,
and nosegays of flowers, in the month of July; and apples, onions, carrots, carnations, georginas,
single and double hollyhocks, double and single nosegays, late cabbage greens ; and three prizes
were awarded for the neatest-trained flovering shrubs on the front walls of the cottages, and
flowers in the adjacent borders, in August: in all sixty-three prizes: of which eight were
awarded to David Rollo; seven to William Lumsden; seven to David Lindsay; six to Robert
Bain; five to John Scott ; four to Alexander Peddie ; four to William Baxter; four to James
Peebles ; four to Andrew Peebles; three to Donald Forbes; three to James Clarke; two to
Donald Duff; two to John Bickerton ; one to David Watson ; one to William Patterson ; one to

748 Provincial Horticultural Soczeties : — Aberdeenshire.

~ Andrew Thom ; and one to John Elder. Many of the articles exhibited were excellent of their
kind, and the whole retlected credit on the first efforts of the candidates. ‘The judges were gar-
deners from the neighbourhood, who expressed their high approbation of the articles produced at
each of the Shows, and also at the good humour which prevailed amongst the competitors when
the prizes were announced. The judges, following the laudable example set them by their pro-
fessional brethren, who attended as judges at the village of Rait, requested to be allowed to be-
come contributors to the funds, and their names were inserted in the list of honorary members.
On the principle that mankind esteem most what costs them something, the promoters of the
institution wisely considered, that it would be proper for each member to contribute a small sum
towards the funds to entitle him to compete and rank as a member; but it is proper to mention,
that the institution originated with, and is chiefly supported by, the noble proprietor, Lord Kin-
naird ; and it must be gratifying to the benevolent mind of that young nobleman, to observe that
his endeavours to enhance the pleasures, and ameliorate the condition, of this class of his depen-
dents, have had such an auspicious commencement. Institutions of this nature are well calcu-
lated to produce habits of industry, sobriety, order, and cleanliness; and that neatness which
commences in the flower border, will be carried into every part of the domestic arrangements be-
longing to the peaceful cottage. Their home will afford comforts, which will render it endearing ;
and when once cottage-garden societies have become general, Cruickshanks, and lectures on tem-
perance societies, will only be recollected as “‘ things that have been.’ (Perth Courier, in Country
Times, Sept. 13.)

ABERDEENSHIRE,

Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society. — dug. 25. At the Fifth Competition
medals were awarded to the following competitors : —

Mr. Dayid Gairns, gardener to J. M. Nicholson, Esq., of Glenbervie, the large medal, for the
best twelve peaches (the Royal George) ; the largest and heaviest twelve gooseberries (the Red
Huntsman, Wellington’s Glory, and Green Troubler) ; one of the finest weighed 1oz., and the
whole weighed 100z. Also, for the best twelve Stage Carnations (viz. Gould’s and Strong’s Duke
of York, Ely’s Major Rippon, Hodge’s Jupiter, Brookes’s Lord Eldon, Strong’s Linnzus, Hall’s
Tarara and Sir W. Wallace, Cartwright’s Rainbow, Hoyle’s Magnificent, Gairns’s Conqueror, and
one unknown) ; likewise for the first twelve Stage Pinks, and the third and fourth best Seedling
Carnations. Mr. William Davidson, jun., the small medal, for the best twelve Double Georginas
(viz. Imperivsa, Perfécta, Rara, Blanda, Fimbriata, Delicata, Juno, Morning Star, Lady Gran-
tham, Black Turban, Violet Purple, and Dwarf Yellow). Mr. Davidson had also the second and
third best twelve Double Georginas, as well as the second extra-prize, a package of new and rare
Exotic Plants in full bloom (among which we observed the Fiachsza microphylla, embraced by
the parasite Céscuta nepalénsis, Fuchsia virgata, F. multiflora, F. gracilis var. tenélla, Lilium
longifldrum, Bouvardéa triphylla, Geranium ardens majus, Maurandya antirrhinifldra, Semper-
vivum tabuleférme, Calceolaria bicolor, and C. arachnGidea, with many of Mr. Douglas’s new
plants ; and, in a separate pot, a large plant of the Dracz‘na australis.

Small medals were also awarded to— :

Alexander Irvine, Esq., of Drum, for the best and third best plums (the Précoce de Tours, and
the White Primordian). Mr. William Anderson, gardener to D. Young, Esq., Cornhill, for the
largest and best three bunches of White Grapes, name unknown ; for the second best Melon (the
Ostrich Egg, green-fleshed)’; and the third extra-prize, the Queen Pine-apple. Mr. James
Walker, nurseryman, for the best and second best twelve Seedling Carnations, and the third
heaviest and largest twelve gooseberries. Mr. James Alexander, gardener to John Thorburn,
Esq., of Murtle, for the best twelve Jargonelle Pears; and the best six Apricots, grown on the
open wall. Mr. George Johnston, gardener to the Right Hon, the Karl of Aberdeen, at Haddo
House, for the best Melon (Ispahan, green-fleshed). Mr. Alexander Brown, gardener to John
Garloch, Esq., Heathcot, for the best twelve Dessert Apples (the Juneating White). Mr. Wil-
liam Gallow, gardener to Sir Michael Bruce, Bart., Scotstown, for the best quart of Gooseberries
(the Yellow Sulphur). Mr. William Smith, gardener to James Hadden, Esq., Grandholm Cottage,
for the first extra-prize, two dozen preserved Apples (the Oaken Pine). :

The other successful competitors were : —

Mr. Peter Archibald, gardener to William Moir, Esq. of Park, the second best Apples (the
Juneating), and the second best Pinks. Mr. Peter Cheyne, Esq., Loch-head, the second largest
and heaviest twelve Gooseberries (the Lancashire Lad). Mr. William Wales, gardener to Colo-
nel Duff of Fetteresso, the second best three Clusters of Grapes (the Hamburgh, and Black
Prince). Mr. Edward Keisson, gardener at Drumtochty, the second best Peaches (the Royal
George). Mr. J. G. Davidson, gardener to Dr. Forbes, Old Aberdeen, the second best Jargonelle
Pears. Mr. Alexander Pittendrigh, gardener at Ashgrove, the second best Plums (the Blue
Gage). Mr. James Reid, Springbank, the second best quart of Gooseberries. Mr. Alexander
Milne, Carnation Field, the second best twelve Stage Carnations, Mr. John Wood, gardener to
Sir R. D. H. Elphinstone, the second best six Apricots, from the open wall. Mr. Robert Burnett,
gardener to G. Forbes, Esq., Springhill, the third best three clusters of Grapes (the Black Ham-
burgh). Mr. John Davidson, gardener at Dunottar House, the third best twelve Apples (the
Juneating). Mr. Alexander Malcolm, gardener, Damside, the third best quart of Gooseberries
(Langley’s Green). Mr. Thomas Milne, nurseryman, Sunnyside, the third best twelve Pinks.
Mr. Charles Berry, gardener to R. Barclay Allardice, Esq., of Ury, the fourth best quart of Goose-
berries. (Aberdeen Journ., Sept. 1.) J ;

Nov. 3. At the Sixth Competition medals were awarded to the following
competitors : —

Peter Archibald, gardener to William Moir, Esq., of Park, the large silver medal, for first and
second Pears (the Bergamotte d’Automne), the first Beet-root, and the first Celery. A small
medal was also awarded to Mr. William Anderson, gardener to D. Young, Hsq., of Cornhill, for
first Stocks and third Broccoli; also an extraemedal for a very fine collection of Green-house
Plants in flower. A small medal was likewise adjudged to Mr. William Fraser, nurseryman,
Ferryhill, for the first one-year-old Seedling Forest Trees, and the first two-year-old Seedling
Forest Trees. David Chalmers, Esq., of Westburn, for the first and second Apples, the Ribston
Pippin. Mr. Duncan Cadenhead, Strawberrybank, for the first and second Carrots, the Altring-
ham. Mr. William Gallow, gardener to Sir M. Bruce, at Scotstown, for the first and second
Broccoli. Mr. Robert Adams, schoolmaster, Banchory, for the first and fourth Hollyhocks.
Mr. William Lawson, gardener to Basil-Fisher, Esq., Devanha House, for the first Onions and

Obituary. 749

second Celery. The other successful competitors were, Mr. Joseph Riddoch, gardener to General
Burnett, Banchory Lodge, the second and third Hollyhocks. Mr. William Wales, gardener to
Colonel Duff of Fetteresso, the second Beet-root. Mr. James Wright, gardener, Westfield, the
second Onions. Mr. Alexander Pittendrigh, gardener at Ash Grove, the third Apples, the
Ribston Pippin. Mr. John Davidson, gardener at Dunottar, the third Pears, the Bergamotte
d’Antomne. Mr. John Wood, gardener at Logie Elphinston, the third Onions, Mr, Edward
Keisson, gardener at Drumtochty, the third Carrots. ‘Twelve Onions, from the garden of Alex.
ander Thomson, Esq., of Banchory, which came too late for competition, were found, upon com-
parison, to be equal to the first prize Onions. Mr. George Bothwell, Greenbank, exhibited
twelve Potatoes, weighing half a stone, the produce of one seed of the American Purple. Mrs.
Thomson, sen., of Banchory, exhibited a very sound Carrot, weighing 3} lbs. raised in her garden,
There was also shown an Apple, in a very perfect condition, the Oaken Pine, of crop 1829, from
the garden of Provost Hadden, Grandholm Cottage; it was one of the Apples competed with in
July last, and‘was at that time laid aside, without any care whatever. A very large and beautiful
Apple, the Emperor Alexander, was shown, from the garden of Polgownie Lodge.

There was submitted to the Society a new invention of pottery, for the protection of carnations,
and similar plants, from earwigs, and other insects. The article was highly approved of by the
Society. It was suggested by Mr. Diack, and executed by Mr. Allardyce, who will very soon
have a stock of them prepared. It iscalled ‘‘ Diack’s Insect Guard.”

Colonel Skene and Dr. Mellis, both of the Honourable East India Compzny’s service, were
enrolled members of the Society. (Aberdeen Journal, Nov. 10.)

Art. IX. Obituary.

Dip, on the 7th instant, of a consumption, at Bowden, aged forty-eight,
Mr. Edward Hobson of Manchester. His death will be much regretted,
and his loss severely felt, by all who knew him. His situation was that of
a superior servant in a respectable manufacturer’s establishment, where he
spent many of his latter years in the honest and indefatigable discharge of
his duties, and attention (during working hours) to his master’s interest.
With only a common reading and writing education, but with the blessing of
good natural talents, and by the most determined and vigorous persever-
ance at all times, when unoccupied in the duties of his situation, he had
become a thoroughly skilful botanist, mineralogist, geologist, entomologist,
nay, almost a general naturalist, not contenting himself with mere theories,
but advancing into the higher and more physiological studies. His Musca
Briténnici stand a recognised monument of the depth of his knowledge, and
the soundness of his judgment in that particular and intricate portion of the
science of botany, as the general reference made to the work by Drs. Hooker
and Taylor will amply testify. In botany, mineralogy, and entomology, he
had formed considerable collections. .

Tt will thus be seen that he was unceasingly industrious. He was withal
of modest and frugal habits, warm and sincere in his attachments. Humble.
as his circumstances certainly were, yet such was his ardour in the pursuit.
of natural science, that his assistance has frequently been given to those
whose circumstances were more humble than his own.

It was no small gratification to the writer of this article, when perform-
ing the last sad office to the remains of this much esteemed man, to see the
big tear stealing silently down the manly cheeks of many of his scientific
acquaintances. This speaks volumes as to his character.

It is highly probable that the fatigues he frequently underwent, and ex-
posure to the inclemencies of the weather, added to other privations, occa-
sioned the illness which terminated in death. He has left a numerous
family to lament his loss. — J. Ashworth. Sept. 1830.

750

INDEX

TO

BOOKS REVIEWED AND NOTICED.

THE GENERAL SUBJECT.

Banxs’s Plymouth and Devonport Flora, 292

Berry’s Improved Short-horns, &c., 293.

Bishop’s Causal Botany, 99.

Brodigaus Treatise on the Tobacco Plant, rev.,

70.

Bulletin des Sciences Agricoles, not., 475.

Carver’s Treatise on Tobacco, 274.

ee and Booth’s Camellzée, &c., 289. 471.
575.

Cours d’ Agriculture Complet, 274.

Cree’s Hértus Addlestonensis, 87.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 69, 70. 275, 276.
559, 560. i

Davey on the Disease called Bane or Coath in
Sheep, 293.

Dawson’s Statement of Services to the Austra-
lian Agricultural Company, &c., 86.

Desfontaine’s Catalogus Plantarum Horti Regii
Parisiensis, 293.

Farle’s Lithographic Views of Australian Scene-
ry, announced, 475.

Doylels Hints to the Cottagers of Ireland, &c.,
292.

Edwards’s Botanical Register, 70—72. 277—280 ;
critical remark respecting, 498. 560—563.

Encyclopedia of Essential Knowledge for
Women of all Ranks, announced, 582.

Fall’s Surveyor’s Guide, 87.

Felton’s Portraits of English Authors on Gar-
dening, 2d edit., announced, 294,

Fldra Médica, 287.

Greville’s Age Britaénnice, 292.

Harleian Dairy System, 99.

Henslow’s Catalogue of British Plants, 85.

Hobson’s Misci Britannici, not., 748.

Hooker’s Botanical Miscellany, 564.

Hooker’s Fldra Boreali- Americana, 85.

Jenning’s Treatise on Tobacco, 293.

Johnson’s History of English Gardening. 86.

Johnson’s Uses of Salt in Agriculture and Hor-
ticulture, 86.

Journal de la Société d’Agronomie Pratique,
294.

Koran Minor, or a Supplement to the Encyclo-
pedia of Gardening, announced, 475.

Law’s Poor Man’s Gardener, 292.

Lindley’s Genera and Species of Orchideous
Plants, announced, 582.

Lindley’s Introduction to the Natural Orders,
announced, 582.

Lindley’s Introduction ‘to the Natural System
of Botany, announced, 294.

Lindley’s Outline of the First Principles of Bo-
tany, not., 578.

Loddiges’s Botanical Cabinet, 73, 74. 280. 563.

Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus, announced, 475 ;
noticed, 578. ;

Loudon’s Manual of Cottage Gardening, &c.,
292.

M‘Intosh’s Flora and Pomona, 99.

Mangold Wurzel as a Fallow Crop, not., 582.

Maund’s Botanic Garden, 76. 284.

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So-
ciety, Vol. LV. Part II., 68.

Philippar’s Voyage Agronomique, 474.

Plantes Grasses, not., 475.

Richard’s New Elements of Botany, 86.

Schmidt’s Tobacco Culture of the French and
Dutch combined, 274.

Servant’s Guide and Family Manual, 293.

Sowerby’s Supplement to English Botany, 291.

Stephenson and Churchill’s Medical Botany,
78—S82. 285—987. 570—574.

Sweet’s Cistinez, 76. 282—284.

Sweet’s Geranidcee, 76. 284. 569, 570.

The Bremen Cigar- Maker, 274.

Time’s Telescope, 87.

Treatise on Practical Surveying, 87.

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.

Loudon’s Elementary Details of Pictorial Map-
Drawing, not., 580.

Loudon’s Illustrations of Landscape-Gardening,
&c., announced, 475; noticed, 576.

ARBORICULTURE,

Billington’s Exposure, &c., not., 473.

Billington’s Facts, &c., rev., 446.

Cruickshank’s Practical Planter, rev., 448.

Lauder’s Observations on English Timber, an-
nounced, 475.

Library of Entertaining Knowledge.—Trees, 93

Loudon’s Arborétum Britannicum, announced,
582; prospectus in detail, 718.

Pamphlet on Planting, announced, 294.

eae Planter’s Guide, 43—46; remarks on,

Strictures on Steuart’s Planter’s Guide, 87.

Weld’s Essay on Evergreen Oaks, not., 580.

Withers’s Letter to Sir Henry Steuart, Bart., 95.

FLORICULTURE.

Groom’s Catalogue of Flowers, &c., 582,

Havell’s Print of Pinks, 291.

Main’sVilla and Cottage Florist’s Directory, 556.

Rostoeis Floral Illustrations of the Seasons, 76.

91.

Sweet’s British Flower-Garden, 74—76. 281, 282.
563, 564. :

Sweet’s Florist’s Guide, 77, 78. 284, 285. 570.

Sweet’s Geraniacee, 76, 284. 569, 570.

Tyso’s Catalogue, for 1829 and 1830, of Choice
Ranunculuses, 292.

Weelarts Catalogue of Ranunculuses for 1830,

HORTICULTURE.

Annales de la Société d’ Horticulture, not., 475.
Annales de l'Institut. Horticole de Fromont,
94.
M‘Intosh’s Practical Gardener, not., 580.
Pomological Magazine, 82—85. 287—289. 471—
473, 574, 575.

751

GENERAL INDEX.

Asranam, Robert, gardener’s house and gar-
dens at Worksop Manor, 34.

Abstract, tabular, of the three classes of cot-
tagers, 196.

Accentuation of botanical names, on the, 496.

Accomplishments, elegant, for the labouring
classes, stricture on, 218.

Addlestone nursery, May 12., 381.

Agaricus muscarius, 571.

Agricultural Association.of West Kent, plough-
ing match of, 106.

Agricultural and Horticultural Society7of New
South Wales, 327.

Agricultural Society of Jamaica, May 20., 329.

Agriculture near Paris, 9. i

Alfort, agricultural college of, 391.

Allardyce’s edging tiles, 309.

Alstroeméria Simsiz, 337.

ante muscaria, effects of,571 ; semiglobatus,

Amaryllis solandr¢10ra, critical notice respect-
ing, by Mr. John Newman, 613.

seuss vittata flowered in a green-house,

47.

Anderson, Mr. D., on insects in orchards, 551.

Animals, defined, 397.

‘Annual Carnation, Picotee, and Gooseberry
Show of Newcastle, Aug. 14., 632.

Annual Gooseberry Show of Newcastle, Aug.7.,
632

Ants on melon plants, query respecting, 502;
answer, 503.

A/’phides, black and green, on the destruction
of the, on cherry and plum trees, 553.

Apple, the Devonshire Quarrenden, 82; the
White Astracan, 83; the Gravenstein, 83;
the Irish Peach, 83; the Cole, 84; the Kerry
Pippin, 84; the Hanwell Souring, critique
respecting, by the Rev. W. T. Bree, 220; the
Bess Poole, query respecting, 231 ; Lucombe’s
Seedling, 287; the White Spanish Reinette,
287; the Downton Pippin, 288; the Summer
Pearmain, 288 ; the King of the Pippins, 288 ;
Bowyer’s Russet, 289; the Red Astracan,
289 ; the Buckley Seedling, 289 ; the Hanwell
Souring, 338; seedling from Wheeler’s Rus-
set, 388; the Royal Russet, 471; the Sam
Young, 472; Hughes’s Golden Pippin, 473 ;
the Osage, 483; the Adams’s Pearmain, 574 ;
the Cockle Pippin, 575; Franklin’s Golden
Pippin, 575 ; the Cornish Gilliflower, 575 ; the
Newtown Pippin, on the culture of, by Mr.
Jas. Brient, 702.

Appleby, Mr. Thomas, account of the Rhodes
grape, 599.

Apples and pears for a small orchard, by Mr. T.

ood, 230.

Apples and pears on the same tree, 596.

Apples, sweet and sour, on the same tree, 596 ;
on keeping, 701. c

Apsley House, critique respecting, 351.

_Aquilégia glanduldsa, 564. é

Aracacha plant in the Caraccas, mode of culti-
vating, 326.

Arborttum Britannicum, particulars of the
plan of the, 718.

Arboricultural Society of Ireland, 344. ?

Argemdne mexicana, circumstance respecting,
by W. Hamilton, M.D., 315,

Aristides and the Epsom nursery, remark con-
cerning, 498.

Arniston hall, erratum, 726.

Ash coppice, stools of, 501.

Ash, the, a doubtful native, 602.

Ash, mountain, spirit from the berries of, 352,

Asparagus, culture of, in the Mauritius, 484.

Assafoetida, hint respecting, 354.

A’ster, on the genus, by T. Rivére, 684.

Asters in bloom in August and September, 685 5
in October, 686; from the lst of November to
Christmas, 687.

Aston, W. G., hint respecting the names of se.
cretaries of horticultural societies, 222.

Astragalus créticus, 570.

Atmosphere of the neighbourhood of Paris, 4,

Auriculas, on raising from seed, &c., by Mr. P.
Cornfield, 426.

Austin, Robert, obituary of, 384.

Axles for carriages, &c., improvement in, figured
and described, 304.

Bagshot Park, critique respecting the gardener’s
house at, by Mr. Andrew Toward, 219.

Bailiff, substitute for the term, 20.

Baillie, Mr., suggestions respecting the birch
rind of the American Indians, 407.

Baillie, Mr. W. H., on propagating the Pinus by
cuttings, 210. ;

Bailly’s pamphlet on ringing fruit trees, critique
respecting, 220.

Bakewell, R., observations chiefly relating to
the agricultural and horticultural labourers in
France and England, 538. é

Beene Cottage Garden Society, Aug. 25.,

Bemboo, answer to query respecting the culture
of, in this country, 227.

Bark of the vine, changes which take place in,
at the beginning of August, 263.

Barts cultivator, description and use of,
44.2, :

Bass for binding plants, &c., historical account
of a method of making, by M. P. Lindegaara,
translated by M. Jens P. Petersen, 656.

Bathos, a specimen of the, 546.

Baumann, Nap. a new Passifldra, and a hardy
Ceandthus, 317; Tilia adrea, 317.

Baxter, Mr., seeds of, purchased by Mr. Knight,
508.

Baynton, T., a cheap and elegant method of
obtaining the impression of leaves and plants,
3804,

Beans, Windsor, culture of, 176; French, 177.

Bears, a mode of frightening, 568.

Beech, the Antarctic, hint respecting, 227; a
doubtful native, 602.

Beer, on brewing from mangold wurzel, 352.

Bees, query on sayings as to, 223; sayings asto
501

Bertie: Mr. A., remarks on Mr. Knight’s pines,

100.

Belfast, mild climate near, 346.

Bell’s reaping machine, figured and described,
295 ; testimonials in favour of, 303.

Bell, the Rey. P., notice of the wheat fly in
Perthshire, 495.

Billington, Mr. W., C.M.H.S., on a system of
pruning forest trees, 36; his pamphlet on
planting, remarks on, 673.

752

Birch rind of the American Indians, uses of,
by Mr. Hawthorn, 405 ; suggestions respecting,
by Mr. Baillie, 407.

Blaikie, Mr., his letter to the Duke of Bedford,
417.

Blaikie, T., effects of the winter in Paris, 482.”

Blair, T., notice respecting ZLathyrus vendsus
and Kennédia monophylia, 612.

Blight, the rapid generation of insects, 586; re-
medy for, by the Rev. J. Tyso, 587.

Boase, Mr. ala description of two machines
for scraping and sweeping roads, 100.

Boats for canals, improvement in, 477.

Bonplandia trifoliata, 285.

Botanic garden at Bath in Jamaica, 330; of
Edinburgh, 343 ; of Cambridge, 490.

Botanical and Entomological Society of Bury,
notice of, by Mr. J. Horsefield, 394.

Botanical and Horticultural Societies :—
Durham, Northumberland. and Newcastle

upon Tyne, Feb. 19th, 1830, 255; Nov. 15th,
1829, 124; April 8th, 1830, 3835 May 14th
and June 11th, 521; Branch Meeting of,

_ June 10th, 630; July 9th, 631; July 12th;
631; Aug. 12th, 631.

Bristol, April 20th, 383.

_ Hexham, May 3d, 522.

Newcastle Sept. 3d and 7th, 738.

South Devon and East Cornwall, Feb. 4th,
address of Dr. Hamilton, 256 ; meeting of,
May 27th, 525.

Botanical Register and Botanical Magazine,
critical remarks on the comparative merits of
the, 721.

Botanical Society of Prestwich,
Mr. J. Horsefield, 392.

Botany, lectures on, in Paris, 386;
to be given by Mr. Sweet, 487.

Boulevards, the, of Paris, 644.

Bowers, Mr. John, on the management of the
timber tree plantations at West Dean, 543.

Boyce, Mr. W., answer respecting Strelitzva
regine, 229.

Braithwaite’ s steam fire-extinguishing engine,
47

Brandy an antidote to beer, 352.

BrAssica oleracea var. arboréscens, introduced
into Philadelphia, 104.

Bread, on making, 158 ; at the foot of the Alps,
213,

Bree, the Rev. W. T., critique respecting the
Hanwell souring apple, 220; query respecting
the Bess Pool, and on the advantage of rais-
ing seedlings, 931 ; varieties of primrose, ox-
lip, and cowslip cultivated in the neighbour-
hood of Coventry, 336: the Hanwell souring
and seedling from Whecler’s Russet, 338 ; the
Erinus alpinus on old walls, 592.

Brewing beer, 168.

Brick tallies, 310.

Brient, Mr. Jas., on the culture of the Newtown
Pippin apple, 702.

Brighton, gardens at, 216.

Broccoli plant, a six-year, by Mr.
Philips, 492.

Brookes, Mr.,
491.

Buel, Mr. Jesse, education in North America,
103.

Buildings, the horticultural, for a kitchen-gar-
den of three acres and a half, 670.

Bulbs, on planting and protecting, by Mr. W.
Seymour, 49.

Burge, Mr. James, on a composition for destroy-
ing insects, 57.

Burges’ s improved axle for carriages, &c., figured
and described, 304.

Butter, ill- flavoured, remedy for, 368; tasting
ES turnips, preventive for, by Mr. J. Clarke,

4.

notice of, by

lessons on,

Solomon

notice of his rockwork to be sold,

Cabbages, culture of, 177; field, names and in-
troduction of several sorts of, 366.

Cactus Ackermanniz, 560.

Calendar, garden, for the cottager, 190; of hus-
bandry, 193.

Calla zthiépica, experiment on, 337.

GENERAL INDEX.

Camberwell Nursery, May 4th, 378.

Caméllia japénica, maliflora, *oleifera, reticu-
lata, Sasdnqua, Japonica variegata, japonica
incarnata, and japdénica anemonefldra, 289. to
291; japonica Pompodnia, japénica corallina,
japonica fldre pléno albo, and japénica eximia,
471 ; japdénica Wiltoni, 575; japonica myrti-
folia, 576 5 japonica fimbriata, 576; japonica
Chandleérz, 576.

Cameron, Mr. John, answer to, query on heat-
ing pits by hot water pipes, 615.

Canavalia bonariénsis, 210.

Canker and ulcer in plants, 29.

Canker in peach trees, query on the, by Mr. R.
Watts, 617

Cape plant, technical name of a certain one,
query on, 224.

Cape Town, gardening news from, 322.

Capper, W. W., on the anatomy of the vine, 12.
129, 257 ; papers on the vine, remarks on, by
Jobn Lindley, 358.

Caraccas, the Botanic Garden at the, notice of,
by E. A. Williamson, 484.

Carlton Hall, plan and description of the kit-
chen-garden at, by Mr. W. Seymour, 669.

Carnation, picotee, and gooseberry show of Cox-
lodge, 632.

Carpets, stair, machine for beating, 319.

Carrots, culture of, 176.

Castlemartyr, account of, 348.

Castor oil, importation of, from the W. Indies,

Caterpillar, to destroy, 210; on the oak coppice,
suggestion respecting, 2 23,

Caterpillars, critique respecting destroying, as
mentioned in a former No., 217, query on
destroying, 223 ; answer to, 223; on the Con-
stantinople nut, query respecting, 224.

Ceandthus, a hardy one on sale, 317. 2

Celery, critical remark respecting, 222; cheap
and easy method of raising, by Mr. E. Roger,
554.

Cellular texture described, 259.

Cemetery, planted, at Liverpool,
litan, 489.

Cérbera Tiinghin, 275.

Cesspools for cottages, 172. -

Champs Elysées of Paris, 646.

Chapman, Mr., notice respecting, 652.

Chenopddium élidum, 574.

Shee, Knight’s Early Black, 82; the Water-
loo, 288; the Black HKagle, 472; the Downton,
575; the Affane, query respecting, by John
Stuart, 615.

Chimneys, stacks of, in Paris, 8.

Chimney-sweeping apparatus, query respecting,
223,

353 ; metropo-

Chiswick garden, reports on, and management
of, 224; plan of, and structures in, 247; gene-
ral management, 247, 248 ; proposed plan for,
figured and described, 249,

Chrysanthemum indicum, on flowering the, 428,

Churcbyards, fruit-trees in, 595.

Cider, for the cottager, 151; the best work on .
making, 504.

Citron tree in the gardens of Castle Semple, no-
tice of a, by John Hay, 702.

Clapton Nursery, April 3d, 378,

Claremont, May 13th, 382.

Clarification in making sugar, 151.

Clarke, Mr. J., preventive for butter tasting o1
turnips, 504, :

Classical residence, 226.

Clover, South ‘American, query res apenas. 504.

Cobbett?s corn, account. of a patch of, by Mr.
Greig, 60.

Cécculus palmatus, 276. 570.

Collectors of plants, instructions for, 568.

Collet, the, explained, 15.

Colliers, Monmouthshire, circumstance respect.
ing the, 534.

Colosseum, account of the, 105.

Colville’s nursery, Jan..3d, and May 1st, 377. -

Composition for gardener’s shoes, 51].

Composts and soils, qualities of, by J. Main, Ds

Concentration, in making sugar, fait re

GENERAL INDEX.

Conductor, critical remarks on the principles
and conduct of the, 720.

Conservatory, design for a small one, 664.

Cooperation in education and travelling, 479.

Cooperative societies, object of, by J. C. Penn,
478 ; of Perth and Dundee, 494.

Copenhagen, gardening news from, 321.

Cérculum, definition of the, 556.

Corn mill, new, 352.

Cornfield, Mr. P., on raising auriculas from
seed, &c., 426.

Corn laws, 592.

Cottages, of labourers, 109; country labourers,
plans and descriptions of three, 153; labour-
ers’, four designs for, by Mr. Richard Var-
den, 660.

Cottage gardens, remarks on, by Mr. Charles
Hulbert, 598.

Cottage husbandry and architecture, with refer-
ence to prize-essays, &c., 139.

Cottage system, critical remarks on the, 606.

Cottage in England, description of one, by Mr.
John Howden, 657.

Council of the Horticultural Society, 246.

Country Times newspaper, 107.

Covent Garden Market, Jan. 2d, 119; March
12th, 253; April and May, 372; July, 511;
the new building of, 513; prizes in Septem-
ber, 623; Nov. Ist, 732.

Covering for an auricula stage, 426.

Cow, advantage of, to a cottager, 181; manage-
ment of, 182. 206.

Cow tree, 315.

Craig, Mr. James, remarks on Mr. Newington’s
observations on the management of peach
trees, 430; on the green fly in the blossoms
of peach trees, 552; on the visible cause, and
easy and effectual cure, of the bad setting of
some sorts of grapes, 687.

Crops, rotation of, for cottagers, 201; remark-
able, produced in the Vale of York, 493.

Croup, remedy for the, 552.

Cruickshank’s Practical Plantex versus Pon-
tey’s Forest Pruner, on the subject of pruning
fir trees, 675.

Cucumber, large, 600.

Cucumbers, on keeping a finebloomon, by Mr.
George Fulton, 709. -

Cultivation taught in Paris, 386.

Cummings, Mr. H., some account of a large
vine at Sellwood Park, 439.

Currants in Corsica, 211.

Curtis, Mr., his establishment at Glazenwood,
733.

Oo.

Cypress and cork tree, deciduous, query respect-
ing, 227

Daisies, query on destroying, 615.

Dalgleish, Mr. H., on heating hot-houses by
Fowler’s thermosiphon, 334 ; notice of a plan-
tain which has ripened fruit, 429.

Davenport, G., large pumpkins, 599.

Dean Forest, fences at, 446.

Defecation in making sugar, 150.

Dendrobium chrysénthum, 277.

Denson, Mr. Jobn, jun., on the sexes and his-
tory of the Lombardy, or Turin, poplar, 419.
Diack, Mr. Alexander, his mode ef grafting the

large branches of old trees, 698.

Dick’s railways, 477.

Diseases of plants, 396.

Dolichos tetragondlobus, 315.

Dove’s dung in Samaria, 216. 358.

Drawing from nature, easy method of, 305.

Drummond, Mr., his mode of frightening bears,
569.

Dryobdlanops Camphora, 573. .

Duncan, Mr. William, on the botanic flower-
garden at Trelowarren, 420.

Dykes, Mr. J., query on a weevil destructive to |

truit trees, 500; answer to, 501. ’
Farle, Mr. A., notice of his views taken in New
Zealand, &c., 486.
Ear-rings, aremnant of barbarism, 481.
Earwigs, newly invented trap for, 491; eritical

753

Edgeware, new alms-houses at, 107.

Edgeworth, Thomas, jun., the soude as inyented
by a Wrexham mechanic, 216. :

Edging tiles of Mr. Allardyce, 309.

Edinburgh, rare plants flowered near, 493; ve.
getable market, June Ist, 494; August 7th, 601.

Education, account of, in North America, by
Mr. Jesse Buel, 103; principle, critical re-
marks on, 217; system in the United States,
324; classical, 325; erroneous notions of its
effects, 488 ; as a check to population, critical
remarks respecting, 6()9.

acy an Mr. Wiggins’s management of,

Elles, Mr. J., on the potato, 58; on the culture
of the Rdsa odorata, 427; observations re-
specting Mr. Howden’s management of forest
trees, 545.

Encélia canéscens, 210.

Englefield House, remarks on, 655.

Ensor, -G., notice of the culture of wheat in the
neighbourhood of Ardress, in Ireland, 691.
Epsom nursery, plants which have flowered at,
during September and October, 1829, 115;
critical remarks concerning, 357 ; rare plants
flowered in the, from February to June, 508;

July and August, 620,

£vinus alpinus on old walls, by the Rev. W. T.
Bree, 592..

Errata, 614. 726.

Errington, Mr. Robert, fruit trees in too rich a
soil, 54; answer to query respecting vines for
a geranium house, 231; standard sizes for
garden pots, 354; query on Mr. Saunders’s
list of pears, 615; remarks on the treatment
of fruit trees, 693; farther remarks on training
the peach and nectarine, 695.

Espionage at the Chiswick garden, 242, 243.

Eucalyptus, answer to query respecting, 502.

Exotic nursery, cail at, 119.

Exotics, acclimated, list of, desired, 229; natu-
ralisation of, 493.

Falconar, Mr. D., species of “ris wanted, 502.

Faldermann, M. F., rare plants from Persia to
the Petersburgh botanic garden, 3215 collec-
tion of melons from Russia, 333; a new va-
riety of wheat from China, 339.

Fanning, Mr. D., his botanic garden at Carac-
cas, 325; account of the Guaco plant, 326;
the Aracacha plant, 526; tobacco plants of
Colombia, 327.

Farm servants in Northumberland, customs in
hiring, and method of paying, 589.

Farmers and gardeners near Paris, personal
character of, 9.

Fences at Dean Forest, the, 446.

Ferme, John, query on avoiding woodlice, 223 ;
on keeping fruits, more particularly apples,
700 ie

Férula pérsica, 572. :

Festivities in the Champs Elysées of Paris,
646,

Field sports, a subscription park and warren for,
in France, 316. -

Fig, the white Sidney, 654.

Finlayson’s harrow and Wilkie’s brake, remarks
on, by R. Finlayson, Esq., 499.

Firs, pruning of, 455. 676.

Flanders, fertility of, 540.

Fleetwood, Mr. Thomas, on.the culture of the
strawberry on a light sandy soil, 710.

Floral and Horticultural Societies : ‘
Bolton, June 30th, 634; August 18th, 743.
Chelmsford and Essex, April 20th, 514; Sep-

tember 13th, 734.

Hull, May 3d and 24th, 520; June 21, 629;
July 5th and August 5th, 630; September
13th, 737. 3

Liverpool, May 27th, 523; August 5th, 632.

Manchester, April 22d and May 20th, 739;
June 24th, 740; August 9th, 742. a

Rochdale, April 28th, 524; May 26th, 633. ;

Sheffield, 738.

Stockport, 598.

remark on destroying, ‘by tin pipes, by W. | Florence, vegetables and fruit at, 319; weather

Mason, jun., 723.

Vor. VI. — No. 29.

at, 320.

fo}
a€

754

Florists? and Horticultural Society of Notting-

- ham, April 21st, 383 ; of Darlington, 521.

Florists of Monkwearmouth, August 9th, 632.

Florists’ Societies :
Ayr and Kilmarnock, competition of the, 637.
Cambridge, June 14th, 515; July 26th, 625.
Exeter, April 15th, 384.

» Morpeth, May 27th, 522.
Pandon Dean, May 8th, 522.
Ponteland, July 10th, 632.

Flower-gardens, designs for laying out, remarks
respecting, 219.

Flower-garden, plan of a, 423.

Flower-gatherer, figured and described, 588 ;

__ hand flower-gatherer, 589. 3

Flower-pots, groove-bottomed, 309.

Flowers, hint on preserving, 229.

Flower Show of Bolton, April 30th, 525.

Fonzi’s smoke-consuming stove, 479; his terro-
metallic teeth, 480.

_Food of animals and vegetables, 400.

Foot-scraper for sandy soils, 318,

Forcing of earth, 456.

‘Fore-shortening, Mr. Blaikie’s system of, 418.

Forest trees, management of, 463,

Fowls, for cottagers, 175. 189.

Fowler, Mr., his models for markets, 105.

Fowler’s thermosiphon, extract on heating hot-
houses by, 354. ;

Frame and strike for a tulip bed, figured and
described, 684.

._Fraser, Mr., 346.

_French, Mr. D., cause of the failure of the early
Charlton pear, 503.

French, William, obituary of, 659.

Frognals, the seat of Lord Sidney, remarks on
663.

Fruit market of Edinburgh, September 26th, 109.

Fruit trees, in too rich a soil, by Mr. Robert |

Errington, 54; for cottagers, 180; earlier bear-
ing of, now than formerly, 229; from North
America, 338; in churchyards, 595; Ameri-
can list of, by Mr.M. Saul, 613 ; remarks on the
treatment of, by Mr. Robert Errington, 693.

Fruits, to increase the size of, 481; on keeping,
more particularly apples, by Mr. John Ferme,
700.

gecheles and hydrangeas, query respecting,
728.

Fuel, mode of growing, for cottagers, 144.

Fulham nursery, June 27th, 507.

Fulton, Mr. G., answer respecting Strelitzza
regine, 229; vines for a green-house, 232;
observations on the management of vines in
the vinery, 707; on keeping a fine bloom on
cucumbers, 709,

Fumigating pot, figured and described, 553.

Functions of animals and vegetables, 399.

Fund for gardeners, remarks on, by Mr. James
Rollins, 353.

Funds for general education, 335,

Fingi, poisonous effects of, 571 ;~edible, of Bri-
tain, 572.

Garden, cottage, cultivation of, 175 ; committee
of the London Hort. Soc., 246; Libraries, cri-
tical remarks respecting, by J. Newman, 610.
of the Caledonian Hort. Soc., promenade in
the, 600; royal, remarks on the, 731.

Gardener, the continental, compared with the
English one, 388.

Gardener’s house and gardens at Worksop Ma-
nor, by Robert Abraham, Esq., architect, 34.

Gardeners and farmers near Paris, personal
character of, 9. :

Gardeners sent out by the Hort. Soc., 245.

Gardens and gardeners, the royal, 489.

Gardens of Marshal Tallard, answer to query
respecting, 224; of Prince Metternich, on the
Rhine, described, 33; in England and Scot-
land, observations made on visiting several,
during the summer of 1830, by Mr. Saunders,

653. :
Gaulthéria Shkalion, 562.
Gender of botanical names, on the, 496.
: Geometrical formsand lines prevalent in France,
a

GENERAL INDEX.

Georgina, painted lady ' anemone-flowered
figured unl described, 77.

Geraniums, marking, 210. :

Ginger, culture of, &c., described, 233.

Glass, substitute for, in hot-houses, 353 ; crack-
ing, preventive for, 500.

Glazing with lead laps, answer to query re-
specting, 726. i :
Godsall, Mr. William, his new budding-knife
figured and described, 308; notice of a small

economical green-house, 667.

Goldfinch, change of colour in a, 601.

Goldworth Nursery, May 11th, 380. a

Gooseberries, queries respecting a collection of,
by Edmund Vallance, 727.

Gooseberry Shows :
of 1829, M: Saul, 337.

Hadadrick’s Mill, July 31., 631.
Burnopfield, Aug. 14., 632,
Ovingham, Aug. 9., 632. é

Gordon, Mr. Alexander, remarks on a defect in
the ripening of grapes, 221; chemical and
geological elevations of plants corrected, 359.

Gorrie, Mr. A., C.M.HLS., remarks on Sir Henry
Steuart’s Planter’s Guide, 43; on destroying
slugs, 69; on preserving tender plants in win-
ter, 402; crops in the Lothians, 495; critical
remarks respecting the functions of leaves,
724.

Gould, Mr. John, obituary of, 256.

Grafting on the large branches of old trees, Mr.
Alexander Diack’s mode of, 698.

Gram, query respecting, 224; answer to, 368.

Grape; the Rhodes, figured and described, by
Thos. Appleby, 599; the Tokay, setting of,
by: D. Wright, 602.

Grapes, defect in ripening, remarks on, by Mr.
Alexander Gordon, 221; Muscadine and
Muscat, answer to query respecting, 232;
early, 343; on the visible cause, and easy and
effectual cure, of the bad setting of some sorts
of, by Mr. James Craig, 687; cause of the
shrivelling- of, in hot-houses, 709.

Green fly in the blossoms of peach trees, on the,
by Mr. James Craig, 552.

Green-house Society of Ayrshire, April 22d,
384; May 27th, 526; June 24th, 636; July
8th, 637.

Green-house, design for a small one, 664; no-
tice of a small economical one, by Mr, God-
sall, 667.

Greffe des Charlatans, 211.

Greig, Mr., account of a patch of Cobbett’s corn,
60,

Groom’s flower-garden, May 4th, 378; tulip
bed, description of, 683.

Ground, preparation of, for the reception of
plants, 462.

Guaco plant, 326.

Guard for trees, new, by Mr. John Hislop, 47.

Cuingetter, the, or tea gardens of Paris,

Haarlem, account of the forcing and floriculture
at, by J. Rinz, 592.

Habranthus Andersdné, 562.

Hamilton, W., M.D., his address to the S. De-
von and E. Cornwall Bot. and Hort. Soc., 256 ;
Circumstances respecting Argemdne mexi-
cana, 315 ; the Délichos tetragonGélobus, 315 ;
the Meloncito d’Olor, 315; seeds from Car-
thagena, 493.

Hammersmith Nursery, April 4th, 378,

Happiness, temporal, 344.

Harewood House, and its gardens and grounds,
description of, 649.

Harrison’s method of pruning the peach and
nectarine, remarks on, by Jos. Harrison, 220.

Harrison, Mr. George, critical remarks on Ver-
béna Melindres, 222.

Hawkins, Mr. Thos., suggestions respecting the
caterpillar on the oak coppice, 223.

Haworth, A. H., query respecting hardy bulbous
plants, 368.

Hawthorn, Mr., on the birch rind of the Ame-
rican Indians, 405.

Hay, John, on forcing by means of steam acting

GENERAL INDEX.

on loose stones, 50; farther notice of the pine

plants at Castle Semple, 437; notice of a

citron tree in the gardens of Castle Semple,

792 ; his system of heating pits, 367.

Heating hot-houses, comparative advantages of
smoke and hot water, for, 233. 367.

Heating pits by hot water pipes, answer to
query respecting, by John Cameron, 615.

Hedges for cottage gardens, 152.

Herbert, the Hon. and Rey. W., notice of the
gardens of the, 531.

Hislop, Mr. John, on a new guard for trees, 47.

Hes Mr., his mode of training the pear tree,
>) ‘,

Hobart Town, a literary and scientific socicty
in, 597; Mr. Scott’s garden at, 597; prizes
of vegetables and fruits at, 597.

Hobson, Mr. Edward, obituary of, 748.

Hodson, Mr. N. S., description of gram, 368.

Hogs, for the cottager, 173. 188.

Holland, J., account of two large melons, 338 ;
erratum of the word Punno, 726.

Hooker’s British Flora, critical remarks re-
specting, by J. Jones, 722.

Hops, for the cottager, 148.

Horsefield Mr. J., notice of the Prestwich Bo-
tanical Society, and the Bury Botanical and
Entomological Society, 392.

Horticultural Chemistry, continued, by G. W.
Johnson, 27.

Horticultural Societies :

Query respecting, 223; rules of, 353 ; remarks
Tespecting, by W. Wilson, 354,

Aberdeenshire, Aug. 26th, 1829, 128; Nov.
4th, 128; May 4th, 528; May 26th, 638;
sane 22d, 639; July 14th, 639; Aug. 25th,

Belfast, June 5th, 495.

Bolton, May 20th, 524.

Bristol, May 18th, 517; June 22d, 634; July
27th, 735.

Buckingham, Aug. 4th, 1829, 121.

Bury, Noy. 24th, 1829, 122.

Caledonian, Dec. 3d, 1829; 340; March 4th,
1830, 342.

Cambridgeshire, Oct. 16th, 1829, 121; Dec.
4th, 122; March 3d, 1830, 382; April 2ist,
383.515; May 19th, 515; June 17th, 515;
July 22d, 624; Sept. 15th, 734.

Chichester, April 15th, 514; June 2ist, and
July 3lst, 734.

Cupar, April 28th, 528. 746.

Dumfries and Galloway, Sept. 17th, 1829, 125.

Dundee, May 10th, 1829,127; Aug. 7th, 127;
May 3d, 528; June 10th, 746; Sept 10th,

46

746.

Falkirk, April 27th, 527.

Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, Jan. 5th,
1830, 254; April 28th, 518; June 16th, 627 ;
Oct. Ist, 736.

Glasgow, Sept. 9th, 1829, 126; Sept. 21st, 22d,
1830, 745.

Gloucester, April 16th, 383; June 18th, 626...

Hampshire, Sept. 4th, 1829, 124.

Herefordshire, remarks on, 255; April 23d,
518; June 22d, and July 24th, 628; Sept.
Qist, 737. .

Ipswich, Noy. 17th, 1829, 122; April 20th,
1830, 383. 516.

Ireland, June 22d, 602; Aug. 10th, 603.

Liverpool, April 28th, 522.

London, meeting of, Sept. 15th, 1829, 112;
Oct. 20th, 113;, Nov. 3d, 113; Nov. 17th,
113; Dee. Ist, 113; affairs of, 114; Dec.
15th, Jan. 5th, and Jan. 19th, £34; Feb. 2d,
235 ; Feb. 16th, March 2d, 236 ; March 16th,
252; Report of the committee respecting
the affairs of, 236; accounts of, 236; debts
and assets, 237 ; retrenchment, 237 ; future
income and expenditure, 237; manage-
ment, 237; conclusion of the committee’s
report, 239; gardeners sent out by, 245;
April 6th, 20th, May Ist, 369; May 4th,
371; May 18th, 504; June Ist, 15th, and
Qist, and July 6th, 505; July 7th, and 15th,
506; July 20th, 618; Aug. 3d, and 17th, and

ac

755

Sept. 7th, 619; critical observations respect-
ing, 604; Sept. 2ist, and Oet. 5th, 728; Oct.
19th, 729; remarks on the garden, 730.
Massachusetts, 104. :
Norfolk and Norwich, 254; Nov. 25th, 1829,
123; May 26th, 516; July 8th, 625.
Norwich, Aug. 4th, 626.
Ross, April 21st, and May 19th, 519; June
16th, 623 ; July 2st, 629.
South Devon, &c., 125 ; July 24th, 635; Sept.
16th, 744.
Stirling, 127; meeting of May 11th, 527; July
13th, 638; Sept. 7th, 746.

Vale of Evesham, Oct. 15th, 1829, 124; April
22d, 518; June 17th, 627.

West Renfrewshire, May 25th, 526; June 22d,
637; July 20th, 638; Sept. 21st, 745.

Whitehaven, Aug. 27th, 743.

Wigtonshire, Sept. 9th, 745,

Worcestershire, May 14th, 517; June 17th,
626 ; July 20th, 627 ; Sept. 10th, 736.

Yorkshire, July 7th, 329; Aug. 25th, 737.

Horticultural and Botanical Society of Man-
chester, garden of, 334, 743.

Horticultural and Florists’ Society of Chelms-
ford and Essex, Sept. 15th, 1829, 121.

Hot water, query respecting heating by, by Mr.
W. G. Walmesley, 223.

Housman, Mr. Jas., observations on Mr. New-
ington’s remarks on training the peach tree,
220; best sorts of pine-apples for cultivation,
ae 3 remarks on, 363 ; remark on wired walls,

14.

Hodvea purpirea, 314.

Howden, Mr. John, on the planting and prun-
ing of forest trees, 416; his management of
forest trees, observations respecting, by Mr. J.
Elles, 545; description of a cottage in Eng-
land, and a mud-cabin in Ireland, 657.

Hybrids, critical observation concerning, by Mr.
J. Newman, 499.

Hydrangea, variation in colour in, 348.

Hydrangeas and Fuchsias, query respecting, 728.

Hulbert, Mr. Charles, remarks on cottage gar-
dens, 598.

Ice-house, query on the proper size fora, by W.
P. Vaughan, 726.

Impression of leaves and plants, cheap and ele-
gant method of obtaining, by T. Baynton,
305.

Independent Florists of Hendon, May Slst, 522.

Indian corn, result of experiments with fen
varieties of, &c. &c., 63; produce of, 103; ac-
count of some raised at Hampstead, 444.

Infant schools of Edinburgh, &c. &c. 494.

Insects, a composition for destroying, by Mr.
James Burge, 57; on trees, supposed preserv-
ation against, 220; infesting the plum and
cherry, query respecting, 204; on plants, me-
thod of destroying, 403; in orchards, on, by
Mr. D, Anderson, 51; the rapid generation
of, in spring, 586; on young peas, query re-
specting, by W. P. Vaughan, 615.

Ireland, former and present state of horticul-
ture in, by Mr. John Robertson, F.H.S., 26;
flower-gardening in, 496.

Dris, species wanting, by Mr. D. Falconar, 502.

Islington botanic garden, 333.

Jardin des Plantes in Paris, 385; not suitable.
for England, 389. ;

Jessop, Mr. C. Hale, his mode of cultivating the
Enville pine, 704. ;

Johnson, G, W., horticultural chemistry, con-
tinued, 27; remarks on the doctrines con-
cerning the diseases of plants, by John Ro-
bertson, 556,

Justicéa guttata, 561. i

Kelly, Mr. A., on raising mushrooms during
the winter season, 68. : ;

Kennédéa monophylla, notice respecting, by T.
Blair, 612. ,

Kensington Gardens, north wall of, adeformity,
490,

Kensington nursery, 332. . :
Kewley’s mode of heating on the siphon’ prin-
ciple, 377.
°

a

756
Kitchen-garden, the horticultural buildings for

-__a, 670.

Knapp Hill nursery, May 10th, 379.

Knife for budding, improved one, by William
Godsall, 308.

Knight, 1. A., remarks on his pines, by Mr. A.
Begbie, 110; treatment of, by the Conductor,
217; letter from, on the state of the Hort.
Soc., 235.

Knight, Mr., his visit to Haarlem, 317 ; his ac-
count of the bulb district, 318; of the fruit-
forcing, 318; his pine pots, 363; hot water
apparatus, figured and described, 374 ; exotic
nursery, Dec. 2Ist, 373; May Ist, 3/6; the
purchasers of Mr. Baxter’s seeds, 507.

Krelage, Mr. E. H., bulbs cultivated by, 593.

Labourers, agricultural and horticultural, in
France and England, observations chiefly re-
lating to the, by R. Bakewell, Esq., 538.

Labouring classes, progress of an experiment
for bettering the condition of the, by John H.
Moggridge, Esq., 533; further information
respecting, 536.

Laconia, 214.

-Ladies, a mode of pruning trees in plantations,
suggested as highly suitablefor them; garden
operations fit for, 312. 587.

Land to be attached to cottages, reasons for,
140; quantity of, 142.

Landscape-gardening of England and Germany
compared, by M. Jacob Rinz, Jun., 31.

Lathyrus vendsus, notice respecting, by T.
Blair, 612.

Lauder, Mr. P., query respecting hybrid melons,

02. ;

Leaves, functions of, critical remarks respeeting,
by Mr. Archibald Gorrie, 724.

Lectures on botany, in Paris, 386.

Lene gibba, 566 ; germination of the seeds of,

~ 567.

Lettuce, cabbage, on the forcing of, in Holland,

» by M. P. Lindegard, translated by M. Jens
Peter Petersen, 689.

Liber of the vine, 21.

ee converted into the alburnum, disproved,

Life, defined, 399. ;

Lilac tree, query respecting the, 229.

Lilium Pomponium, 322.

Lily, water, query respecting, 297.

time Waters observation on, by Mr. W. Stowe,

99,

Lindegaard, M. P., historical account of a me-
thod of making bass for binding plants, &c.,
translated by M.'Jens P. Petersen, 656; onthe
forcing of cabbage lettuce in Holland, trans-
lated by M. Jens Peter Petersen, 689.

Lindley, J., letter from, to Mr. Sabine, 240;

~ statement of, respecting the Chiswick garden,
240 ; on the mismanagement in Regent Street,
zs 3 remarks on Capper’s papers on the vine,
358,

Ling and Saltzburg, district between, 317.

Liston’s wheel plough, remarks on, by Mr. S.
Morton, 209. .

Loddiges’ botanic garden, April 3d, 378.

London and Paris, natural and artificial cir-

. cumstances of, compared, 1, 2; agriculture
of, 9.

Lothians, state of the crops in the, by Mr. A.
Gorrie, 495.

Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Gardening misre-

* presented, 456.:

Loyal Horticultural Society of Northampton,
April 21st, 383.

Luxembourg, gardens of the, 641.

Luxuries, use of, 170.

Lyons, coffee-houses at, 211.

Macartney’s method of obtaining new kinds of
potatoes from seed, 449.

Macdougal’s inverted garden syringe, figured
and described, 305.

Machines for breaking stones, 209.

Machines for reaping and threshing, evil effects
of,

“GENERAL INDEX.

Maclira aurantiaca, fruit of, figured and de-
scribed, 103. 483. é
Main, J., A.L.S., remarks on Mr. Thompson’s
experiments in vegetable physiology, 214; on
the qualities of composts and soils, 215; on
raising an early erop of peas, 555; reply to
criticisms on his Villa and Cottage Florist’s

Directory, 722.

Maize, as a crop in this country, conclusion re-
specting, 67. ne

Major, Joshua, critique on M. Rinz’s criti-
cisms, 611.

Malaria, 213.

Malt, for the cottager, 147.

Malting, 148.

Management of forest trees, 463.

Mangold wurzel, sugar made from, 149; variety
of, proper for this purpose, 150; on brewing
beer from, 352; advantages of, as a fallow
crop, 582.

Manure for the cottager’s garden, 172. 188.

Mason, W., jun., critical remark on destroying
by tin pipes, 723;, critical remarks on pruning
timber trees, 725.

Mauritius, letter from the botanic garden at the,
by Mr. John Newman, 484; prices of provi-
sions at the, 485.

Mearns, Mr.John, remark respecting sabots, 106.

Medico-Botanical Society, 104. 598.

Meloncito d’Olor, 315.

Melons, collection of, from Russia, by M. F.
Faldermann, 338; large, 338; the King
Charles, query respecting, 368 ; hybrid, query
respecting, by Mr. P. Lauder, 502; answered,
Gis species of, wanted, 503 ; large Cantaloup,

Menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes, 391.

Methley’s fire-places, 108.

Milk-tree of Demerara, 325,

Mind, the, 398.

Misrepresentation of the Encyc. of Gard., 456.

Moffat, Mr., his treatment of the fig tree, 654;
his mode of ‘preserving wall fruit from frost,
654.

Moggridge, John H., Esq., the progress of an
experiment for bettering the condition of the
labouring classes, 533; tarther information
respecting, 536.

Mortgage Society of Poland, origin of, 482.

Morton, Mr. S., on Wilkie’s whee! plough, and
Liston’s wheel plough, 209; improvements in
the wheels of carts and waggons, 304.

Moss, on growing pine-apples in, by M. Jacob
Seimel, 705.

Moss rose, curious, 337.

Mud-cabin in Ireland, description of a, by Mr
John Howden, 658.

Munich, weather at, 317.

Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, 391.

Mushrooins, on raisin g during the winter season,
by Mr. A. Kelly, 68.

Musk melons from Russia, 339.

Myrtle, the broad-leaved and narrow-leaved,
near Belfast, 347.

Nectarine and peach, identity of the, 596.

New Cross nursery, 379. ‘

Newington, Mr. H. John, on the peach tree,
55; observations on his remarks on training
the peach tree, by Mr. James Housman, 220;
observations on his remarks on training the
peach tree, by Mr. James Craig, 430.

Newman, Mr. John, letter from the botanic
garden at the Mauritius, 484; critical observ-
ation concerning hybrids, 499; critical re-
marks respecting garden-libraries, 610; criti-
cal netice respecting AmaryYllis solandrejtora,
613; the pollen of plants, 613.

New Zealand, views taken in, 486.

Northumberland, customs in hiring, and method
of paying farm.servants in, 589.

Northwick Park, the copper-roofed forcing-
houses at, 708.

Notes and reflections made during a tour
through part of France and Germany, con-
tinued, 1. 385, 529. 641. —

GENERAL INDEX.

Oak, culture and management of the, 466 ;| Pine-apples,

query on a blight amongst the, 502.

Oaks farm, May 12th, 380.

Obituary of Robert Austin, Esq., 384; of Wil-
liam French, 639; of Mr. Rigg, his family
and friends, 640 ; of Mr. Edward Hobson, 748.

Gmothéra deciimbens, hint respecting, 354.

Ogilvy, Sir George, his garden at Banff, 344.

arias Lodge of Free Gardeners, Sept. 6th,

00.

Olive, hardy varieties of, in the Crimea, 322.

Onions, culture of, 175.

Orange tree blossoms, use of, in Paris, 530.

Orchard fruit, deterioration of, 220,

Orchards, miniature, 340; of the Ochill Hills,
343 ; on insects in, by Mr. D. Anderson, 551.

Owen's plan of reformation, opinion respecting,

Packing fruit trees for exportation, account of,
by M. Saul, 311.

Pzonia Moritan, new mode of propagating, 102.

Palaces, remarks respecting, 531.

Palais Royal, garden of the, 642.

Paris and London, natural circumstances of the
neighbourhood of, compared, 1 ; artificial cir-
cumstances of, compared, 2; agriculture of, 9.

Paris, city of, compared with London, 5; archi-
tecture of, 6; improvements in, 11; effects of
the winter in, by T. Blaikie, 482; public gar-
dens of recreation in and around, 529.

Parsneps, culture of, 176.

Passifldra, a new one, 317.

Pathology, vegetable, 395.

Peach, the noblesse, 83; the spring grove, 83;
the George IV., 84; the Royal George, 288. |

Peach and nectarine, on the treatment of, dur-
ing the summer season, by Mr. William Sey-
mour, of Howsham, 434; on a method of
training on low walls, by Mr. William Sey-
mour of Weddington, 436; identity of the,
596 ; farther remarks on training the, by Mr.
R. Errington, 695.

Peach-houses, plan and sections for two, 671.

Peach tree, on the management of, by Mr. H.
John Newington, 55.

Peach trees, Newington’s observations respect-

* ing, remarks on, by Mr. James Craig, 430.

Peake’s vases and flower pots, figured and de-
scribed, 308.

Pear, the early Bergamot, 84; the summer
rose, 84; the summer Francréal, 84; the Jar-
gonelle, 84; the Forelle, 287; the Brown
Beurrée, 288; the Belle et Bonne, 288; the
autumn Bergamot, 288; the Marie Louise,
289; seedling of Lord Dunmore, 343; the
winter Nelis, 471; the Flemish beauty, 472;
the Beurré Diel, 472 ; the Aston Town, 575.

Pear trees, on the culture of, by Mr. B. Saun-
ders, 53.

Pears and apples on the same tree, 596.

Peas, early Charlton, failure of, 233 ; accounted
for, by Mr. D. French, 503; on raising
an early crop of, by Mr. Main, A.L.S., 555;
Bishop’s dwarf and early frame, critical re-
mark respecting, 723.

Pelargonium pallidulum, 569.

Pelargoniums, M. A. Stcettner’s collection of,

. 482.

Penn, J. C., object of cooperative societies, 478.

Pepper plant, the, 573,

Perry, for the cottager, 151.

Perspective, isometrical, explained, 351.

Petersburgh botanic garden, rare plants from

~ Persia to, 321.

Petersen, M. J. P., letter from Denmark, 212;
gardening news from Copenhagen, 321 ; trans-
lation of an account of a method of making
bass for binding plants, by M. P. Lindegaard,
656; translation of an account of the forcing
of cabbage lettuce in Holland, by M. P. Lin-
degaard, 689. , ’

Philips, Mr. Solomon, on a six-year broccoli
plant, 492. y

Physiology of plants, critical, respecting, 553.

Pinaster, query respecting the, 227.

757

introduction of, in Ireland, 26;
best sorts of, for cultivation, 232; the Ripley,
5745 the Enville, Mr. C. Hale Jessop’s mode of
cultivating the, 704; on growing in moss, by
M. Jacob Seimel, 705.

Pine, the Anson or Otaheite, critique respect-
ing, 111; by C. F. Webster, 112; Scotch, 227 2
Scotch, supposed spurious variety of, 449.

Pine plants at Castle Semple, farther notice of,
by John Hay, Esq., 437. 602. ;

Pines, Mr. Knight’s remarks concerning, 11.

Pinus, on propagating, by cuttings, by ‘Mr, Ww.
Baillie, 210.

Pinus resindsa Azfon, 219.

Pits, cucumber and melon, fora kitchen-garden,
ground-plan and sections of the; 671.

Pitting system of planting, 462.

Plantain, notice of one which has ripened fruit,
by Mr. Henry Dalgleish, 429.

Plantations at West Dean, on the management
of the, by Mr. John Bowers, 543.

Planting trees and shrubs in masses of one spe-
cies, by W. Spence, Esq. F.L.S., 408.

Planting, errors in, 410 ; use of, for preparing for
uncultivated land for agriculture, 453.

Plants, diseases of, 28; medicinal, for the cot-
tage, 153; remarks respecting the chemical
elections of, 216; American, query on pur-
chasing a collection of, 224; hardy, treated as
green-house, 330; sent from England to Te-
heriffe in 1829, account of, by W. Young,
330; new or rare, flowered near Edinburgh,
March 10, 1830, 343; chemical and geological
collections of, corrected, by Mr. A. Gordon,
360 ; hardy bulbous, query respecting, by A.H.
Haworth, Esq., 368 ; the diseases of, 396 ; ten-
der, on preserving in winter, by Mr. A, Gor-
rie, F.H.S., 402; for a flower-garden, during
the year, 423; British varieties of, cultivated
and sold by Mr. James Smith and Son, at
Monkwood Green, near Ayr, by Mr. Smith,
pe to 718; rare, flowered near Edinburgh,

Pleurothallis prolifera, 277.

Plough-hoe, newly invented one, 208.

Ploughing match of the West Kent Agricul-
tural Association, 106.

Plough, steam, 476.

Plum, Kirke’s, 287; Lucombe’s Nonsuch, 83 ;
the Morocco, 84; the Purple Gage, 472.

Podoldbium trilobatum, 561.

Politics, advantage of a knowledge of, 395.

Pollen of plants, remark concerning, by J. New-
man, 613.

Pontey’s “* Forest Pruner ’’ versus Cruickshank’s
** Practical Planter,” on the subject of prun-
ing fir trees, 675.

Poor laws, 346.

Poplar, Athenian, query respecting, 368; the
Lombardy or Turin, on the sexes and history
of, by Mr. John Denson, 419.

Population, education as a check to, critical .
remarks respecting, 609.

Potato, on the, by Mr. J. Elles, 58; the Ever-
lasting, and the late Red Roger, 482.

Potatoes, for a late crop of, 58; for an early
crop, 59; list for a succession of, 60; early for
cottagers, 178; late, 179; necessity of. plant-
ing early, 263; considered as the sole food of
man, 316; new kinds of, Macartney’s method
of obtaining from seed, 440; setting by the
acre, 590 ; American, query respecting, 727.

Pot-barley, for the cottager, 148.

Pots, garden, standard sizes for, proposed, by R-
Errington, 354.

Primrose, double-flowered, 601.

Prize essays on cottage gardening and husband.
ry, 167. 185. 198.

Produce of fourteen acres of garden land, from
1815 to 1830, 624.

Promenade in the Caledonian Horticultural
Society’s garden, 600. My

Property, advantages of the division of, 540 ;
the right of, 592.

Prosperity of a nation, the true, 541... __

758

-GENERAL INDEX.

- Pruning forest trees, on a system of, by Mr. W. | Seeds, 401 ; alpine, received from South Ameé-

Billington, M.C.H.S., 36.

Pruning, 417; larch nuyrslings, Billington’s
mode of, 448; summer, and thinning timber
trees early, advantage of, 544; the fir tribe,
547; remarks concerning, 676; and other
points in the management of timber trees,
681; vines, Mr. Geo. Fulton’s mode of, 709;
timber trees, critical remarks respecting, by
W. Mason, jun., 725.

Pruning shears for ladies, &c., 313.

Pterocarpus erinaceus, 572.

Puffing, 358.

Pumpkins, large, account of, by G. Davenport,

« 599.

Quail, W., experiment on Calla zthidpica, 337.

Quércus Rodbur and sessiliflodra, critical remarks
respecting, by the Rev. W. T. Bree, 723.

Railway, suspension, 477.

Rait Cottage-Garden Society, Aug. 10., 747.

Ranunculus cardiophyllus, 559.

Ranunculus, Nonpareil, figured and described,
78.

Ranunculuses, seedling, on the culture of, by
the Rev. Joseph Tyso, 548.

Ranunculus Show of Wallingford, June 8., 626.

‘Rats, water, how to destroy, 223.

Rats, to destroy, 5'

Rattery, description of one invented by the late
Mr. R. Paul, by A. S. Taylor, 583.

Red'spider on plants, method of destroying, 403.

Relief, permanent, to all classes, 481.

Rhododéndron Smithz, 562.

Rhus Toxicodéndron, 572.

Ribes aareum, 562.

Rigg, Mr., hisfamily and friends, obituary of 640.

Rinz, M. Jacob, jun., landscape-gardening of
England and Germany compared, 31 ; account
of the forcing and floriculture at, 592 ; critique
on his criticisms, by Joshua Major, 611.

Rivére, T., Esq., on the genus 4’ster, 684.

Road, the most beautiful and picturesque one in

_ Europe, 595.

Roads, machines for scraping and sweeping, 100.

Robertson, Mr. John, F.H.S., on the former
and present state of horticulture in Ireland,
26; on Mr.Johnson’s doctrines concerning the
diseases of plants, 356.

Rockwork, a picturesque mass of, on sale, 491.

Roger, Mr. E., a cheap and easy method of rais-
ing celery, 554.

Rollins, Mr. James, remark respecting the term
humane mouse-trap, 216; a gardener’s fund,

_ 353.

Roofs, high, in France, 7; reason for, 538.

Rdsa odorata, on the culture of, by Mr. J. Elles,
497.

Rose, W. B., on destroying slugs, 210; treat-
ment of the American shrubs at Foxcote, 425.

Rose tree, peculiar, query respecting, 229.

Sabine, Mr., letter from Mr. Lindley to, 240;
review of his conduct, and remarks on, 252.

Sabots, 106.

Saccharum officinarum, 565.

Salads, effect of washing in sea water, 219.

Salles de Mars and de Flore in Paris, 649.

Sap-vessels, ascending, of the vine, 132.

Saul, M., a mode of packing fruit trees for ex-

. portation, 311; gooseberry shows of 1829, 337 ;
list of American fruit trees, 613.

Saunders, Mr. B., on the culture of pear trees,
53; his list of pears, remark respecting, by
R. Errington, 615; a few observations made
on visiting several public and private gardens
in England and Scotland, during the summer
of 1830, 653.

Schools in Auvergne, 211; Lancasterian, of
Horsefield and Woking, 381 ; of industry, and
for infants, notice of a, 487.

Scott, Mr., his garden at Hobart Town, 597.

Sea-kale, introduction of, in Ireland, 26.

Secretaries of horticultural societies, hint re-

- specting the names of, 222; addresses of, 382.
514, 624,

Seedlings, advantage of raising, 231.

go

Strawberries, prolific or conical

rica, 333; from Carthagena, by Mr..W. Ha-
milton, 493.

Seimel, M. Jacob, on growing pine-apples in
moss, 705.

Sexes, the, in animals and vegetables, 401.

Seymour, Mr. William, on planting and protect-
ing bulbs, 49; on the treatment of the peach
and nectarine during the summer season, 434 ;
of Weddington, on a method of training the
peach and nectarine on low walls, 436; plan
and description of the kitchen-garden at

, Carlton Hall, the seat of Miles Stapylton, Esq.,

© 669.

Shallots, 210.

Shrubs, American, at Foxcote, on the treat-
ment of, by Mr. W. B. Rose, 425.

Slitter, the, tigured and described, 469.

Slugs, on destroying, by Mr. Archibald Gorrie,
C.M.H.S., 69; to destroy, by W. B. Rose, 210,;
on plants, method of destroying, 403.

Smith, Mr. J., query respecting caterpillars on
the Constantinople nut, 224.

Smith, John, notice respecting, 651.

Smith, Mr., varieties of British plants cultivated
and sold by Mr. James Smith and Son, at
Monkwood Grove, near Ayr, 713 to 718.

Smithfield, a disgrace to London, 514.

Society of Florists of Heworth, May 5., 521;
May 26., 522.

Soil for the different forest trees, 459.

Soude, the, as invented by a Wrexham me-
chanic, 216.

Soul, the, 398.

Sowing the seeds of trees, 458,

Spectator newspaper, recommended, 107.

Spence, W., F.L.S., on planting trees and shrubs
in masses of one species, 408.

Spirit from the berries of the mountain ash, 352.

Spirits, for the cottager, 151.

Sport, the, of plants, query on, 501.

Steam acting on a mass of loose stones, on
forcing by means of, by John Hay, Esq., 50.
Steam engines, locomotive, 477. -

Steam plough, invention of, encouraged, 106.

Steers and Wilkinson’s pruning shears, &c., 313.

Strelitzia reginze, answer to query respecting,
by Mr. W. Boyce, and G. Fulton, 229.

Steuart’s Planter’s Guide, remarks on, by Mr.
Gorrie, C.M.H.S., 43; by Quercus, 46; re-
marks on, 413.

Striking slips of carnations, &c., neat method
of, 348.

St. James’s Park, hint respecting, 337.

Stove, smoke-consuming, 479.

Stowe, Mr. W., lime-water, 499. 4

Hautbois, 210 ;
to produce late, 316; the Elton Seedling, 574;
large, 604; on a method of forcing, 6925 on
the culture of, on a light sandy soil, by Mr.
Thomas Fleetwood, 710; the fautbois, on
the management of, 711.

Structure of animals and vegetables, 399.

Stuart, John, query respecting the Affane
Cherry, 615. j

Sty for cottages, 172.

Succession of woods, 470. :

Sugar, for the cottager, 149; making from man-
gold wurzel, 149.

Sugar from the beet-root, a manufactory of, 596.

Sundays, working on, 359.

Swan River, 597.

Sweet, Mr., lessons on botany by, 487; critique
respecting Verbéna chamedrifolia, 613.

Peed Florist’s Guide, observation respecting,
722.

Sydney, letter from, 328.

Sylvester’s mode of heating air, improvement
in, by Messrs. White and Veitch, 108.

Syringes, garden, improvements in, by Mr. D.
M‘Dougal, 109.

ale ee green-house sashes, query respecting,

Tallard, Marshal, answer

to query respecting
his garden, 224. ak aries iste

GENERAL INDEX.

Tallies, new, for naming plants, figured and de-
scribed, 306; of the Chiswick garden, 507.

‘Taste, honesty in, 587.

Tate’s nursery, April 25th, 377. i
Taylor, S., description of a rattery invented by
the late Mr. Robert Paul, 583. ;

Tea, remarks on the drinking of, 170.

Teeth, artificial, of M. Fonzi, 480.

Terminalia Catdppa, 560.

Thom, Mr. John, query on an insect infesting
the plum and cherry, 224.

Thompson, Mr., remarks on his experiments ia
vegetable physiology, by Mr. J. Main, 214.

Thouin, the late Professor Andrew, 387.

Tilia atrea, 317.

Tillandséa stricta, 561.

Timber trees, on pruning, and other points in
the management of, 681.

Tithes, 592.

Tivoli, the public gardens of, in Paris, 648.

Tobacco, for the cottager, 153; introduction of,
to Europe, .270; culture of, in Ireland, 271;
suggestions on the culture of, 272; produce of,
in America, 273; value of, as an agricultural
crop, 273 ;yprocess of manufacturing for smok-
ing, snuff, &c., 274; books to be consulted
respecting tobacco, 274.

Tobacco plants, the, of Colombia, 327.

Tollgate-houses, &c., near London, 349.

Toll-house at Edgeware, figured and described,
350. :

Tour through France and Germany, continued,
1. 385, 529. 641.

Toward, Mr. Andrew, critique respecting the
house at Bagshot Park, 219.

Training plants, 401.

Travellers, generally confined in their obsery-
ations, 538.

Trees, forest, on the planting and pruning of,
by Mr. John Howden, 416; suitable for a
certain situation, query respecting, 615 ; must

‘be known before they can be introduced, 719.

Trelowarren, botanic flower garden at, account
of, by Mr. W. Duncan, 420.

Tridsteum perfoliatum, 282.

Tuilleries, gardens of the, 530,

Tulip bed, description of Mr. Groom’s, 683 ;

j fame and strike for a, figured and described,
684.

Tulip Show of Maften, May 3., 522.

Tyso, Rev. Joseph, on the culture of seedling
ranunculuses, 548; remedy for blight, 587.

Tyssen, Mr. Samuel, query on sayings as to bees,
223,

Underwood, plants proper for, 470.

Vallance, Edmund, queries respecting a collec-
tion of gooseberries, 727.

Vallet Aine, M., a new hybrid Cytisus, 335; Sy-
ringa vulgaris var. Charles X., 335; two new
roses, 335; green-flowered rose, 335.

Varden, Mr. Richard, four designs for labourers’
cottages, 660.

Vascular texture of the vine, 134.

Vaughan, W. P., query respecting insects on
young peas, 615; critical remark respecting
Bishop’s dwarf and early frame peas, 723;
query on the proper size for an ice-house, 726.

Vegetable market of Edinburgh, June Ist, 494;
Aug. 7th, 601.

Vegetable pathology, 395.

Vegetables, for the cottage garden, 186 to 188,

759

Verbtna chamedrif dlia, critique respecting, by
R. Sweet, 613.

Verbéna Melindres, critical remarks on, by Mr.
George Harrison, 222.

Verénica agréstis, query respecting, by John
Morgan, 615. :

Vienna, note from, 212,

Vine, on the anatomy of, by W. W. Capper,
Esq., 12. 129. 257; bark of the, changes which
take place at the beginning of August, 263;
large, at Sellwood Park, some account of, by
Mr. H. Cumming, 439; on the management
of, in the pinery, by Mr. Geo. Fulton, 707.

Vines for a geranium house, answer to query
respecting, by Mr, Robert Errington, 231; for
a green-house, answer to query respecting,
232; by Mr. G. Fulton, 232; the best soil for,
708

708.

Wall for transmitting heat, 310.

Wall, north of Kensington Gardens, should be
pulled down, 490.

Walls, wired, remark on, by Mr. James Hous-
man, 614.

Walmesley, Mr. W. G., query respecting heat-
ing by hot water, 223,

Wasing Hall, remarks on, 655,

Wasps, a simple and effectual mode of killing,

Waste land, directions for ascertaining the
quality of, 461.

Water melons from Russia, 339.

Watering oranges and camellias, 359,

Watts, R. query on the canker in peach trees,
617.

Wattsia, 337.

Weather at Munich, 317; at Florence, 320.

Weavers of Prestwich and Bury, intelligence of,
393,

Weeping Ash, the large one of Wilson’s nur-
sery removed, 334.

Weevil, destructive of fruit trees, query re-
specting, by Mr, J. Dykes, 500; answer to,
501.

Wheat, a new variety of, from China, by Mr. J.
Faldermann, 339; culture of, in the neigh-
bourhood of Ardress, in Ireland, by G. Ensor,
Esq., 691.

Wheat-fly in Perthshire, notice of, by the Rev.
T. Bell, 495.

Wheels of carts and waggons, improvement in,
by Samuel Morton, 304.

White Knights, remarks on, 654."

Wilkie’s wheel plough, remarks on, by Mr. S,
Morton, 209.

Williamson, E, A., notice of the botanic garden
at Caraccas, 484.

Willow, weeping, query respecting, 368.

Wilson, W., remarks respecting horticultural
societies, 354.

Wines, for the cottager, 151.

Wire-worm, figured and described, 500.

Wired walls for fruit trees, 229.

Wistaréa Consequana, 599.

Wood, Mr. T., apples and pears for a small
orchard, 230, 231. :

Wood-lice, query on destroying, 223.

Works, public, in France, cause of their tardy
execution, 539. ‘

Wright, D., setting the Tokay grape, 602. _

Young, W., plants lately arrived from Teneriffe,
330.

60

~CALENDARIAL INDEX

OF

THE MORE REMARKABLE OPERATIONS.

January.— Put a pot of Rdsa odorata in the
hot-house, to produce young shoots for cuttings,
428.

February. — Prepare, by ringing, plants of
Pzbdnia Moutan for propagation, in Maund’s
manner, 102; put potatoes in a warm room to
sprout for seed, 178; put plants of Rosa odo-
rata, or other China roses, in the hot-house, in
order to produce young shoots for cuttings, 428 ;
sow potato seeds for the purpose of obtaining
new kinds, 440,

March. — Sow tobacco seeds on a hotbed, for
transplantation in May, 271.

April. — Steep branches of lime trees in water,
preparatory to procuring bass for matting from
them, 656.

May. — Warden tobacco plants raised in a
hotbed, by exposing them to the air, 273.

June. — Pinch off the points of shoots of tim-
ber trees, in Mr. Billington’s manner, 38.

July. — Repeat Mr. Capper’s experiments
on the anatomy of the vine, 137; prove Mr.
Capper’s experiments in the last week of the
month, 264; take up Ranunculus roots, accord-
ing to Mr, Tyso’s mode of culture, 549.

August. — Pinch off the terminal shoots of
trees in Mr. Billington’s manner, second time
for the season, 38; prove Mr. Capper’s experi-
ments in the first week of the month, 264; ga-
ther tobacco leaves, 271; sow Ranunculus seed
according to Mr. Tyso’s mode of culture, 549.

September. — Pinch off the terminal shoots of
trees in Mr. Billington’s manner, second time
for the season, if not done in August, 38; plant
Chenopddium Bonus Henricus as a spinach
plant, 188; sow lettuce on a spent melon bed for
forcing during winter, in the Dutch manner, as
practised by M. Lindegaard, 690.

October. — Plant potatoes for an early crop,
59, and 178, :

November. — Cover American plants in ex-
posed situations with common laurel boughs,
425; prick out seedling auriculas, sown in the
preceding August, 426; sow peas in pots about
the 10th, for an early crop, 555.

December. — Prick out seedling auriculas
sown in the preceding August, according to the
method practised with so much success by Mr.
P. Cornfield, Commercial Florist, of North.
ampton, if not done in November, 426,

*,* For a complete Cottager’s Gardener’s Calendar, for one year, see p. 190, ; and
for a Cottager’s Husbandry Calendar, for one year, see p. 193.

END OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.

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