steer tee atectin ten hehe Ortete teh tted tats tetete tek ne ho tetn eee ee a sirtin tna teen tnti etal SvOinlt OA rtrnteivtnb=6-8-1<0= 0-97 beadiebeaheal ee ? cockney Or be Bnet Cr ey ee Sirgen ne a ey A A yt : Ce Te et OO TOOT AS aN I Oe TT TE Re ee eam aie ti tied et ttt Met inn pled in ne ihre a nner Se Se te ina oot PAE AYO NOI So SO Sa nF et OM TOAD 8 Ee He a. abe ie, Malate: Mee elat nest OO utente! Faerie ro Aree ohn ttn tasty, 3-60 treat ee SN etme ent ot - = eon certo igre ater ta ely’ Qo etary se So le Po OP a gl a BM te tah whe AC etn eoecerer seen aoe Sy Rak meter eet te ert Otto aha thetin tn et Andie Toye oe Dee tangerine On nee ste iy Ch GARDEN AND FOREST A JOURNAL OF ment ICULTURE, BEANDSCAPE ART AND PORESTRY Gencueted by GHARLES Ss. SARGENT Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor of ‘Arboriculture in Harvard College, ete. ILLUSTRATED VOLUME III. JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1890 New York THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. 1890 PUBLISHIN hts reserved. — All rig =I ee ey (a) Zi < 6 72) 2 a foo} oO Sy ayy S ON co _ ww 10 H © INDEX, TO" VOLUME: IIT. \ | The asterisk (*) denotes that the sub- ®sculus Payia..... spangsesnedonane 295 Annuals, grafting of...... [OOO “EEC 24 Asplenium Trichomanes........... 471 ject is illustrated. Aganisia ccerulea.. IRENC Ki co GeouacaceuSOCrOUdod oT eo actete ae tnicloiotsistele sisieieieie aie a 471 Agave decree setetele pstovsassecose Anoiganthus brevifolius...........- Aster acuminatus,..............2.++ 456 Abies balsamea . aqoceocnbacaoucien! rigida.. Anomatheca grandiflora COGYMDOSUS|- lenis oleae 466 —— brac hyphylla .. tees 255 var, Sisaliana.....-.-- 495 AnonaCherimolya.......... ericoides ... = 595 —— bracteata....-- Ba nieteraeteae a 332 sobria.. ao gooaca hele) muricata.. nee A ays linarifolius 595 —— Cilicica .-.--.-- skactord .+.-. 11 Agricultural Congress ‘at Vienna.... 628 Anthericum Liliastrum......-. MUI ONUS su ecin/oej~ elsleleinlenislata'e) 505) ——_— Fichleri......-- sees eeeecnes » 434 Agrilus ruficollis,................++ 463 Anthracnose on the Maple..... aries Novee Anglize «. we mecisteieealeraiale 481 ndis.---+.++-- scapcemnibods Zee Ajuga alpina.......- podeocsbuanenae 337 ANI NOVO Es oocooceeOconace oocobeo 45 ptarmicoides........... 152,* 595 INSIQNIS.. «+++ -- +++ eer eeeeee 308 Alabama in spring.........-.-. 140, 212 Aphis Persicze nee AS Sy aiginte ere leisy aie! jSUITKCCIFE) 5 cae Sanaoc Sondoooede 406 —— Nordmanniana . . Alden) Blachiememtismiretelpielelslli-i)elaf-1 102 the spotted Willow-twig..... GOMES cacoson conepodocoHnde 595 Sune caseogecds Aletris farinosa .. ...372 Apocynum cannabinum........ Sort, occ Apigbscanbosoduccne 552 Tsuga...- Alisma Plantago .. : -.-..-. 480 Aponogeton distachyon.. 3 FUATIATICUS scmielele |< eemiee seca eis S52 Abrus precatorius.. Beiasteleistastejsist «iri ++» 42 Allamanda Schottii.......-.-..-..-- 469 Apple crop, cause of failure of PUAN NTS arerete lo ain) tolelalslolelelal« 552 Abutilons, bud varieties in....-....- 300 Violacedlss.s--+---- 0+ eeene 29, 332 Glaccooncoal padsadod! cidoeaad TMDL ALS ys v:- al) sw elciaciselcletale 505 Acacia Arabica..-.- -+-++++++5+ + 124 Alleghanies of Virginia in June, (CEs) Sadcsee oacequaecise sapeIoos Asters, late-flowering .............. 552 dealbata.......-2-seeeees 123, 151 The 2.25, «scare eels syateres/e aie 367, 391 the Borsdorfer .............-+ 5 Astilbe Ap ONICALeaciiee seis eiste eee 492 decurrens ....-.-++eees eee 123 Allen, C. L., article BY: an z ae, Apples, quality of..... 487, 542, 564, 574 Astragalus Purshii................. 451 —— Farnesiana..... «--- I51, 344, 302 Allium acuminatum. - +» 310 twenty best varieties......... 612 Atkins, F., articles by........... 20, 397 flexicaulis......» -- ceceee 344, 302 (Cyanetrnmecentsacre reise seer) 183 Bapilepie Fils erandiflora.......2. 289 Atriplex nummularium......------. 124 —— melanoxylon......-.----+++:> 123 fal catummeepaetet tele electsl-releia . 298 alifornica alba.......-...--- 523 WESIGATIUIM alts distelaleteraciceteisee re 124 Acalypha marginata...-+++++++-++-+ 68 ——— fimbriatim.---.----+--++--- 438 Canadensis»... -.-.+--s------ 228, ~Aubrietiaigeichtlinige csc. cee)-bele - 170 Wilkesiana.........----s--2-+ 68 — hcematochiton.............. - 324 — VAT Hat VitlObGals cls - = suse @ Arabis | alpina....... + Ayres, H. B., article by............ 452 , saccharinum ..... steede —— rugosa on a Arable lands, settlement jot Azalea Indica alba........+-.+.s..: 589 Achillea argentea .....-..+--- tinctoria...........- . Aralia hispida.........-....+- ade Azalea sateetertstetctete ct-leteter-inyele cries 308, 430 Milletolium.......--.++++-++ viridis Sieboldii variegata peapmceosad hardiness of Indian......... 339 —— ptarmica.....+...+-2+ s+ es Wlocasias’. Jcc/mermeteouine tte cardeisiamtarers spinosa adap cancecconTocsonad RIMMEL Givaicteletaltelels aerctatelc tele cl 380 TS eLUAtAawnie cles eee Aloe! Bainesii @ieeauesae ie sccee Araucaria Bidwillii.......... yest III _———- serrata plena... Alpine border, an. an5 cone HEA ANA aye IDEN ig obdonboodes sober o danas . 185 tomentosa....-..-- used Tl garden of Monsieur Boissier.. 460 Arboretum in Germany, an Ameri- B illeas, propagatin SHINN OTE) cos acagnccaoorSedcanod 218 Bio onooadarseonrceo nc bcornsoe 181, 414 Retiets deca. io nA ie Sneed Sheoedod Alsophila australis sutece pode aee 90, 175 INT DOLANU Coke elele eis eee rere cab aoe 536 Babiana disticha............+....+. 215 Aconitum autumnale.......-++-+--- 288 Canensignemerer a secectcirls go EMCI Coda Hy concn aanon BELe ObtUSIEOliay sas cumecssmienece- + 215 Acropera | Loddigesil.......-.-+--++: 175 OXCE Sas wrealesacleleieisies siete go Arbutus Andrachne NCAR en sc erie oaonoeciccunne 215 Acteea spicata...-.--+++.-++-+ 603 horrida spe ttan co ee ete e ten eeeeee 175 WIGTAGE Hedot lace HORA nDOE PUR PULeA cee atelel laches .-. 215 Actinella acaulis.... heey ass Alstromeria aurantiaca......-....-. 228 PLEA Ial tn oe cere ea slaciehueiaace « rubrocyanea .......... Sou eh f ‘Adamia versicolor... Chilensis Pee ate luis) dnvaseninl Salatetele 228 Unedo sambucina... ode Bais j Adiantum alatum... sco aD OUCInS poceae gilloel cosaedosdes doe 300 Xalapensis 3 - spathacea .. bed vias AneitensSe .... 2. +e eee scene eee 397 LUV a aeeeesseleteleisl eitelolel lolol 228 Archontophcenix Cunninghamiana. 94 SMIpPNIKeaye. delice cle -ieleloeee e+ 215 —— Belargerii.....e+e+ essere eres 586 Alstroemerias............... 218, 228, 467. Arctostaphylos Manzanita.....0.... 279 HUSaNarescaogneacd GoHEAeCeaD + 215 bi Gartioehlcenditereescicee den sos. Althzea rosea. sempacisa sca -cce «1 siecle 454 pungens........-.........-.. 338 Hail y0 8) roe Do ceaeoedoneuoe 215 CicutariuM .....s-eee seer eee 586 Alypia octomaculata....... dcqweden 471 Arenaria Groenlandica ........-..+. 382 WL OSalnstemtalele mnie stetclelelaiatsielelsiata= 215 cuneatum....-..-- . 286 Amaryllis Belladonna............... 530 #Argania Sideroxylon............... 123 Backhouse, James, death of........ 472 curvatum......- seo +++ 397 —blanda ...........530, 586 Argemone grandiflora.............. 409 Backhouse Nurseries.......... Beate 8 403 —— digitatum ....--...++-+++++++ 390 IRIE BS condoecroosmaaccsmane 530 Arisaema Dracontium.......... 204, 577 Back-yard effect, a charming ..... + 582 Babianum ..... 2c csc eee cee-s 586 Amelanchier oligocarpa............ 244 \NAreOipl Un tocieb bacodaonacs 28, 183 Bailey, Professor L. H., articles by.. I Farleyense ..-.-+++-+++++++-+ 384 Amberstia nobilis.........,........ 226 Arisema fimbriatum................ 633 57» 100, 183, 195, 259, 291, 440, 512 foeniculaceum..... nocaonoyee 586 Amomum magnificum............ 8,29 Aristida tuberculosa................ 619 Bamboos on the avicre Sanooonandos 118 formosumM.....1-..+--+++ 383, 586 Amorphophallus Kichleri 28 Aristolochia Goldieana.... 226, 280,604 Bambusa aurea. 119 } — gracilimum......+.-.-+++ Sbita Uae ertleteleteteletsa als r(sbbi (oe: Goes baRon moc 567, 596* gigantea...... 119 ! —— hispidulum.... Bey Ampelopsis, insect enemies OFnip teen ‘\ ongicaudata ....-. ...s+e.... 584 EACIIS sj lniele 119 intermedium Bpeeieeakeisiare ae Pubescenereeemjscsenie-sccsiaie6 SHENG oogbeocsdsodouonec 310, 368 ZENE ei vcicive wieieiceiteisien wets 5 de) | longissimum........--- oe Quingquefolidimesiicis css sin 362 ROMEMLOS a ateere marateheetcietstelciere 2 310 Mite feacemimerdiorstsieciavestelclatsicie fies 11g | ——— _ pedatum...-..-+seeecerseens Amphicerus bicaudatus....... edodo Ye: Aristotelia Macqui............. 131, 464 IMTS ante (a) hates eicielale Qeis oie tins 6 119 eruvianum .....-- asccedoces 383. Amygdalus Sibirica................ 225 Armeria Laucheana.,.............. 337 MISE oka MosBoHseOOUEONe eeee IIQ Sanctee CO anita SONOS aOA 384 Amyris Madrensis........ .... sedod eee Art of gardening, references to eeanilenis ——— serra.. eee tie yasteerrinir 5 OO) Anamia Phyllitidis................. 124 books relating to...2, 3, 74, 110, rrr, duilloi Rai alcieiclons fenerum.: Pesos atarsiwier ain a ointe| ela 384 Andromeda floribunda .... 102, 180, 249 223, a scriptoria .. - tetraph Tpasibkrean gracile Braeians chetere 396 Artemisia Canadensis. ............. ——— me UTMO MT ah atel ely cic aleieleitieiaielsieicictele. ba ce) —— trapeziforme......-- pecesuno. 396 Arthur, Professor J. C., article by.. ae sulphurea......... Reicielelelctsieie r19 villosuM ....-.-esee00+5 esse 384. Artificial garden effect, be cost none 494 Verticillata.......0ceceocesres 119 viviparum aipaiatetel etal erated! minfaision te 586 speciosa...... auctdordcon 296, 578 Artocar pus ITECLS ctetereiaate vals cirisinieletaein ete 04 violescens 58 de) — Wiegandii. GCOL CO .-- 286 Andro ogon furcatus . oie vivielastcley OXO) Arundinaria macrosperma......... 619 viridi- peleucescens 119 Wilesianum ..... son Stele) IN GUNG SMe btajete (cies eleieeloiele 619 Simoni, yar. variegata........ 572 vulgaris. Soe Sooo’ 119 Williamsii... sonoocoesoe Bae) Meeoeice: AGUTNO Dalam lene lale ones 216 Asarum Virginicum................ 216 Baobab, the........ deckice uondoddoue 342 Adiantums, a few strong- growing.. 383, SAME MOSametslaeineeta clerics) ale 241 Asclepias incarnata,.........,..... 448 Baptisia aaetealie cadoRicndG Waisee sie 204) 396 ##Anemone Ane bosae ssdoneusede 468 VELtCIl] Ata s\clciciesalelversalelvisrcierels 304 L6uGantha: 36). 2c descr ce ees e+ 323 Adirondack forests, destruction of.. 507 blanda....... 24) 80, 141, 146, 468 Asparagus, gathering.............. 241 eupeE ees - oa Milam sec ees 288 League Club ........ ++ 520 fulgens...........-....-- 260, 468 in France, the culbwation of.. 557 tinctoria.. Saac dddrocd 394 Adirondacks, legislation for the. 49, 121, Hepatica «00.1.2... eseeeeeees 216 Officinalisipnriesaccseeeceene Barbermesvsneia sac slviewceusie 486, 564 209, 282 Japonica..... . 181, 225,504 Aspidium acrostichoides.. Barker, M., articles by.. 56, 68, 104, rr4, the, thirty-six years ago..... 618 ALEMS ls afnle)mfelacin's cicle\s\eisieieielsele|s 216 aculeatum Braunii 1275 128, 146, 202, 217,252, 277, 505, 552, Adlumia Amurensis .......+.+.+.+. 499 ennsylvanica............:... 38s APEC COdemecrone oF bon ae 562, 5 ivan szkocoosuecsaco 3I0, 410, 542 TLVULANISeeemekip ciceasideceeicn 264 TRACEAD Spies rielsisisieienincis Barry, Patrick, death of........ 316, 328 Adonis vernalis .....-+.+s+s-++000+ - 467 trifolia Noveboracense.........-..... 6 Barton, B. W., article DYysdeaeeeceees 458 fEcidium Sambuci . Beseesieiscie te 4 Onn a AME ITLONES . «i. fotetelanetaniactebsic Rlele a10 a swiats spinulosum Basket-work of the Novth American fEérides Angustianum.. Aart borcne eyes apanese Thelypteris .. Tria Aga sk ces cccees -- 619, 63: *AnSONi.....--..+-++-+-- 380, 428 Angreecum citratum Asplenium angustifolium .. Se Bauhinia lunarioides............... 363 AWLENCIES «oc eee ee cee esos eee 550 citratum giganteum.....-.... 188 BOOP teeracmnveriate acta steninctere cle Wan Sten. aw alulviviefprele stejeicrnie'e 342 Roebelenii.........-.+..+0056 Henriquesianum,,.........-. 621 SEMEN be rips epcerice te Baxter, Sylvester, articles by .. 504, 607 Sanderianum Ichneumoneum...........++. Bib MCE! oo See shad So euas Beal, Professor W. J., articles by 174, 559 Savageanum... pallidum..................... 78 MALIN easte rela es ee ceiaste stele 3 Bean, the Mohawk.......... mieisteteet 270 #ésculus flava .. sesquipedale ..............+. 188 montanumi............... Beans, Lima, in California .....---- 292 PALTyi.... ce seee es seee sees oe 350¥ Annuals.......... Seeelcsis podichtceo as 433 thelypteroides Agee Beaumontia grandiflora,.........-- 126 1V Beaumontia Jerdoniana.........++-- Bedding, preparation for. summer, in parks........++++ Beech, a large purple, pene OOS IOCO a weeping purple.........-- Beets in En rete ce Reiiainie nie sinie'y.® Begonia Adonis.........eeesseee ees 210 Baumanni..........-...-:.-+5 528 ~eranioides ..........2000e 6, 528 Haageana....... Sane Ci Hofgartner Pettera.. 196 manicata ......e.eeees » IO4 ER EEVIELS 3 SaqqqnccodaoooudeD 528 INatalensis. ocejcsccsscwsccees 528 Socotra eisai s eeyaeieleiais!=1= 56 BegoniaS...2 ee eeee eee eect e see ceeees 622 tuberous..... 34, 496, 528, 569, 634 Belgium, American conifers in....- 404 American Oaks in.......--- 129 Bellis perennis...... siete 268 Benincasa cerifera........... .-. 126 Benjamin, S. G. W., article by....-. 270 Bennett, Henry, death of........-++ 436 Benthamia fragifera,.........--. ++ 584 Japonica .......... 05s. eeee 585 Benton, Myron B., article by...----- 170 Berberis Amurensis......-- 225, 486, 564 Aquifolium..........-.+ 76, 225 Fremontii -.oooataoed 603 gracilis... 362 heteropoda..........--.+++--: 123 Sieboldites- cc)... 0... s>s 248,* 564 Sinensis.... 0.0.5. 20seeseee ee 564 stenophylla.............-.+-+ 296 Thunbergii ...... 12, 102, 225, 564 trifoliata.... 6 virescens Berchemia racemosa......-.-+-+++++ 454 volubilis...... ... Berendtia spinulosa ...... Berlin Letter............ Bermuda Grass........+..----- Bernardia myriczefolia Bertolonia guttata..............-.+. Marchandii........... ooase ga 215 Margaritacea......-..+..++> 215 —— marmorata...... ..+--.-+-+-- 215 — Mirandeei superbissima...... Van Houtteana.. 215 VAT CALA steielateteslaleleielalsie/=(clels\e[=)=!si~ » 205, Betula alba verrucosa............--- 475 ATA sagagqdoscaK0G9a0000 225 (Gm binA 5056 saossa000 26900000 225 NCA ne oS Séoosb00d 900500000050 144 papyrifera..........--...-..- 144 populifolia............ 144, 631 Bibliography of landscape-garden- ULL CoN (atols late mtiniateratelefelotalslaisieleieta\el=(~ 122, 131 Big trees, preservation of., 365, 377, 400 Bilbergia Perringiana............... 183 Binney, C. C., articles by......-. 46, 116 Birch, cut-leaved ..............0000 475 Birmingham, botanical gardens at.. 356 Blackberries) ivecimeielielajisct?-lalc-ieeis)ete 312 cane-rust of.... 447 268 - 194 255 65 I23 Bolle, Dr. C., articles by..159, 414, 434, 536 BoMmbacescemete tet attire Eyes Borassus Atthiopicus..............- 42 3 Boston Chrysanthemum show ...... 566 conyention of American flor- TSS Ab eictiersierretsteieeteeileretemstareteteieyereisiate 420 horticultural show at..... wees 423 Botanic garden, Harvard... 68, 202, 562 Botanical gardens at Birmingham .. 356 knowledge of Cherokee In- GRE o690 so opbe OsuDSo DenDOGKeOO D5 556 EMNES) Sonascdgosaoo0d50 206, 461 study, methods of. ......... 174 work at the experiment sta- WOIAE) soogssengpasoscgnsoces50o00bnn 463 Botany at the University of Montpel- WEP seas anuocsed beestcoAnoos oncud 378 ; elementary, for young peo- Cnocsosacesonsace the study of......... 159, 218, 325 Botis nelumbialis ................. 838* Botrychium Virginicum............ Brachistus Pringlii................. Brahea dulcis................... Balihe tate sseie tetas Brainea insignis... Brandis, Sir Dietic g articles «2-220, 241, 2 Bridge, an old New ingen a0 a ae MMVialeSprreerioiericter 270,* 474* Brodizea grandiflora...,....... EVeEnGersoniveriop(eleletssleiel- elle ne 12 Brooklyn, small parks in........... ie Tree Planting and Fountain SHOE OF cans accoposdasnccoonease 401 Brooks, Henry, article by......... 536 Bruntelsias, varieties of... ........ 552 IBEightHhkes serer re err eere ries 37, 209 Brussels sprouts ..........ss-+-00 92 Buchnera Americana........-....- + 618 , Index. Buckhout, Professor W. A., articles DY sec eeeneeseeeeeeeeerees 93, 235) 410 Buckleya distichophylla.......... 236* Budd, Professor J. L., articles by... 73, 130, 168, 225, 475, 486 Buddleia Humboldtiana............ 363 JAPONICA. cee welnee cies eieinie nape Ae Bulbspordenmtne samcrictericticerraicetetate 24 Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides...... 381 Bulbs for the greenhouse.......... 478 for winter forcing... from the Pacific coast.......«. WIS SORTS Aga saaoasnarooonHon Bull, W. H., articles by.. 19, 67, 92, 145, 169, 205, 253 Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rigida.... 362 Bupleurum spinosum........ paccas 247 Burbidge, F. W., articles by .117, 158, 264, 398 Burford Lodge, gardens altreriereters poo! 5G Bursera gummifera...... . 260 Buttonwood, a rare........essereee 69 Cc Cabbage, Henderson’s Succession.. 276 Cactus, the, in garden art.......... 427 Caladium esculentum......... 360 Calandrinia oppositifolia........... 30 Calanthe Mylesii................... 406 GUD CNL ere nerciatslaleirieieteie oi reisteiote 380 WATE WI cog Sodpoo Fo5d6us0 20, 345 WES Eobon6ad00 GaboaoanoN Oo 21 Calendar, a Japanese floral......... 499 California, Australian trees in...... 94 CaNOM Mia cyeiaiieleiisteciate 211 daffodils in............-...-0. 46 anes to Orange groves in. . 307 English Walnuts in INSHAS {HN 4000 ondae00n0a090000 forest-arson in...........-.-- 390 forest-planting in,........... 316 forests and irrigation........ 426 OREN OBococonanoass concede 0 BB WAND) cooocaq5 90005000000 472 fruits and how to grow them. 94 horticultural notes from —— Lilies..............2.00. —— Lima Beans in............... Mulberriesiiniss.j-0)-\0-- ei: native shrubs of......... 198, 378 Oliveswin waster n900 823} — Pzeonies, the...........20ee0e 356 Palms....... Rage oe Aeaa aden 5r SUS) Ofemeredenetelsemntcem eer 198 southern, water supply of.108, 271 University gardens .......... 122 —— wild flowers, color notes on. 438, oO Calla Elliottiana.................-.5 2 Callicarpa purpurea.......... +» 358 Calliopsis tinctoria..... Gobs058 409 Callirrhoé involucrata......... 50 Callitris quadrivalvis............... Calluna vulgaris............ Calochortus Benthami. : coeruleus ......... cultivation of.... ....... Towelliiveccisrecriseeiseeiiesetere Kennel yanenieteieteeisteielstieesies longibarbatus........... KUMI odd 0go00002000000 MacrocarpuSs................ pulchellusieees series splendens........... varieties of.... Caltha leptosephala................ 250 Calycanthus leevigatus.............. 564 Camassia augusta..............0.-- 466 usickii....... ado dodaonenn 36 466 esculenta.... 212, 264, 343, 466 —— Fraseri..............-0..00-5 274 Camellia reticulata................ 152 Campanula Carpatica.............. 336 persicifolia......... 250 rotundifolia. 300 = 336 WAGE MMe scone poohoe daosade 418 Campbell, George W., articles by.. 290, Camphora officinalis ............... Camptosorus rhizophyllus Canada, exotic shrubs in........... Fern flora of.......-. ..... Gannalindicarace cca Cannas asannuals......... Cannes, Strawberries in..... z Canteloupe, cultivation of .......... Cantua dependens................. Capelessamines. ernest sees Caper....... elaiateleatstalnrofatalslerateateteleetefore 123 Capparis altagana SONNE gabon couopagsons actos 123 Caragana arborescens..,... 75, 168, 286 EN NEVES oe oabGs5550c 500006 286 frutescens. 75, 286 jubata.... «++ 286 SONNE asios 05 009cengedoa006 286 Caraganas.............. pend aosaauS 487 Caraguata angustifolia............. 260 Cardamine rhomboidea ..,,....-... 240 Carex striata....... som cadsoadeueca 5IL CanicalatOyvirens) msc cl-\\¢ scree wie 59 Cundinamarcensis Papay. BY oncscgousaanon Sanat A Caput Medusze —— humilis................ Carludovica palmata ........+- 342, 576 almifolia ......-..+- OnAcoood Vets lumieri ... 576 purpurata.. ++» 576 rotundifolia.......... eee 28, 576 Carnation, Marguerite ....... sells oe) 220 Paul Engelheart.........++.. 299 the American Flag .......... 496 Winter Cheer......+...-.-+-- 6 Carnations...... 0.02. eseeeeesecees perpetual...........--... Carob-tree, the..... Carya myristiczeformis oliveeformis........-.-++ Caryota furfuracea.........-.- +--+ Rumphiana........+.+s+sseee Sobolifera.....<.00+c.sescsnee UIA snangaagsdounboGoODoSneso Cassandra calyculata. Cassia Marilandica.......-...+ passe yey Castania pumila ...........--- Castilleia coccinea.... SPECIOSA... ....-- eee eee aco0o Beg} Catasetum atratum......-...-+..+05 361 Bungerothii........-.- 18, 274, 404 —— var. Randii............ 584 Darwinianum .. popasoson). Me galeratum... pileatum.........-..++ «+ 274 Catoblastus proemorsus.........-.. 28 Cattleya aurea........... poooc5 404, 544 Imschoftiana....,..... 584 _— Wind entice -elesereeeiets 584 —— varieties of........... 549 blue-flowered......---.------ 237 Bowringiana... z =. 549 chrysotoxa.. Seg apocesoe 448 Dowiana........-.-- 46, 404, 544 du Buyssoniana......... 549, 584 Gaskelliana........ - 146, 301, 574 ———— PIPAS. ee eee eee eee 46, 301, 404, 452 ereeaea ponadbadanosNloS cmee 40 UMS Asoog se saoodsoo ss oos07 406 labiata.............. 114, 376, 406 IbmeeleM Socqooneagonoon 9500: 621 massaiana. 46, 452 maxima .... . 600 Mendelii............- 0 301 Mossiz..... podanrobosscansas 301 —— O’Brieniana . 5, 622, 634 Pallas...... Sodaaonenovedso5 ba @ Percivaliana alba............ 613 Skimmers calsictielerereete saann Asie Trianze Schroederi alba...... 188 Witteistls aconsaddodaees9 237 Warneri..... nao Stey/ Warocqueana .......-..- 274, 574 amethystina........... 584 Mannmeass)-.)-t-eeeieeer 584 Ceanothus azureus.........-....0.6 362 (CraeARhlagoy ososegoados0 70% App Be velutinus, var. arboreus...... 32 Cedar, the Deodar...............-++ 205 of Mount Atlas, the.......... 246 the Red.......... 583, 590 Move GremMesea oonbeadpodos0sn0 631 Cedars in Europe, the.............- 331 Cedronella cordata.........-...+.-- 182 Celastrus articulata...............- 551* SCANGENS eisielielteteloteetaer riers 535 (CAISHAG. osboanubboaoon0onndos6ds 19, 253 lobelins no ndoloamagrousssouce 481 Celery, cultivation of...............- 373 Celtis, disease of. 138 occidentalis . 39* OplsnelliSonon cosssgocop congo 342 Cemetery Superintendents, Ameri- can Association Of..........-...6 424 Pére Lachaise...... doodauods 74* Centaurea Americana........-.+++- 562 nigra variegata.........+.-. 326 Central Park, New York...232, 303, 338, i 339 flowers in...........-. 250 formal flower-beds in. 316 shrubs in flower in.... 280 speed-road through... 246 the menageriein...... 198 Cephalotaxus Griffithil............. 566 Ceratochloa unuloides........ ...-. 124 Ceratonia siliqua......... ......+-- 123 Ceratostigma plumbaginoides... .. 568 Cercidiphyllum Japonicum...... 75, 180 Cercidium floridum........ vous 32 Cercis Canadensis ...............- 285 Ghinensish-\\erenie-i-i- leet 285 ME NoydrVO4o5500 5600 bogoaO7S 362 Cercocarpus parvifolius........ 338, 632 Cercospora Apii................--. 481 Cereus gUMOSUS ............eeee eee apoleonis..............--.- Schottii......... speciosissimus. 20 Chameedoreas..........-20-ees cere Chameelirium luteum... Chameerops excelsa....... 50 humilis |yererene ler oes asa —— dwarf, Chestnut, improvement of the....... 532 the American............... 353" the Paragon...... wSES! Chilopsis saligna....-..... elelele 3OZ! Chimaphylla maculata ChinavAstenencmiccrecteerceinls (Cometyeret-letaseleaist Chinodoxa Cretensis gigantea ............ ee 192 Luciliz..... Delelelelelelaie LOZ ZOO maiz) Sardensis Sanb cciwas bac Reet Tmolusi po a oy White encsssceeenrn cece memere 195 Chinquapin, theme. uas Somociooic Sse Sais Chiococea pheenostemon 6 Chironia palustris............... peduncularis......... (OWES adasododcocsouangonocs Cheenactis artemiszefolia.... pon Cpe Chokebery, thes neces sese Goa » SY Chorizemass. as. scic)ecciekie sees Christ, H., articles by...10, 181, 246, 331 Christmas Rose, the............ 46, 232 Chrysanthemum Ada Spaulding... 582* Arthur Wood stamens enema 585 Caninatuim pence poddo ao 436 Crimson and Gold........... — E. Molyneux............ 574, 585 ———— ly ithe ane teeeeeee beonoon Bae —— G. Wormig. sere ce 502 Indicum... «+ 595 Jacustrecns.... A eee ee 250 Madame C. Desgranges.... 562 maximum........... 193, 250, 385 Mrs.1h) Wa Clankeeeeeneaeee 6 Mrs\Haw kitisp seen eeeee nice 562 muliicaulese-eeetee ree nee 433 nematodes inthe ............ 499 ————— Mv CONS pees tees + 409/ Queen of England... o~ 585° : sport, an interesting........ + 220° the, in Japan ? Wlizinosimen esse eter eer eee Chrysanthemums......... . alvaselof -Gheaseecie eee at Bostonijes eee eeaeeenene 566 ——— at Orange, New Jersey ...... 555 at Philadelphia’ siesssee seen 567 at Short Hills, New Jersey... 555 diseases of, caused by insects 439 early...... BhpowaTe aA 562, 580, 6or CNEMIES) Ole. acetals sa —— grafting... 00... tteeseccene + 616 in England,....... patice 574, 585 In POts. 2... en. . esees ++ 168, 238 introdichonG ts eeeeeraeeeete 580 Japanese meester — mid-winter.. list of new.. propagating........ seedling {herent eeeeeren. 5 Singles anee cere Ee aeeee s-.- 340 Spontingioreeeee set ease eee 626 synonyms among............ 160 the cultivation of ............ Ir — the Japanese.......... 24 variation in color of ...._.... 577 Chrysobothris femorata............ 463 Chrysopogon nutans....... Ssondocts 619 Chusan Fan-Palm.......... Saddcedta Ho Chysisa@urealn- oe) secre eee 175) Chelsoniitteseeeec etree I57 Cibotium glaucum................. 175 Teale: steer eee 175 Cicadula quadrilineata............. 439 Cimicifuga racemosa.,............. 382 Cinchona-trees........ 12, 123 Cinerariagt circ cape ence neat 372 Cinnamomum glaucum............. 123 Cirrhopetalum Mastersianum...... 625 Cities; gardening inks.) seems seine 626 Citriobatus multiflorus....,......., IIT Citrus aponicas eens tenes 219 tritoliatamseee ene eer eee 519 City gardening.......... sencoen 594, 607 house gardening............ 582 improvement societies « 402 Parks Association of Phila- delphia....... Besdoncescsds5a 268, 401 Cladrastis lutea........ 75, 168, 176, 208 Claytonia parviflora................ 288 Clematis disease...........-....... 50 Dotipla sient eere eee ae 204 PiremOnthinecseeretaet 264 paniculata. 482, 492, 564,* 620,* 638 ALES raj oinlcletaletelereratste ete lceteretenete I4t fanleyiilerels eee ee eee 334, 512% SEINE) posuere ocesisscgdcs. a4 624 tubulosa. Viorna..... aolnetalel ater pecs OAH 391 Virginiana Clermontiepieals sree nasser paniculatum trichotomum Clianthus Dampieri............ 277, 429 Climbers, greenhouse.......... bobo Skis Clinkaberry, Henry, articles by, 361, 384 Clintonia Andrewsiana.......--+-» borealis ........... 307 TmMbellatajee.vcecsceaseoenece 367 Clivia cyrtanthiflora 128, 188 MeO Sis asteiatslainiae sie widiede clersta nicl 188, 220 BN GUSIIMUTCUS, cece clecjeciescincrersice 619 Coboea scandens.........+.-.s0+0+: 568 Cocculus diversifolius.............. 362 Cocoanut-butter..........- Sgecoore 579 ‘€oco-de-Mer,.......- eee 5X4 Cocos capitata...... 5 ets HSRNOSA ye oe ceiens = venni= adeo he) MTL OS Alsi c's vis aeintectelei= steie\sieiciei= ie eddeliana wi... .cc-.-0--~-e 479 Codman, Henry patent article by. 131 Coelia bella.......... Midakisias Nate I Ccelogyne eEpecta. 20 arbata..... cristata......... Cummingsii pandurata........... Colchicum autumnale SELVAL TR RRC Ep DOOCROME MSO COCG oe speciosum Collards......... ae 76 Collins, Dorcas E., “articles by.. 207, 578 S.H.. , article [hyceacdaenen ac evo notes on California wild flow- Beieietetaltel a) oinfais was: ol(sicfeln'n 607 tripteris........ 288, 607 Corn-husks for paper...... ........ 136 Gornish eandens, 1.2.22... lence ees 36 MONS ll DAlsea teem «las of-jsiehicicsie sme 144 Alternitolial.- ~).cjc's << -0es'ee 425 Baileyi........ SE 464% 518 circinata.. + 425 florida..... 176, 362, 425," 464, 534 WDASClaleicleipielsie ices esidelsicieeii) 130 Nuttallii........ conuecopenecad 6s SEULE CAN «eeaceieie Ady 295 534, 620 === Site eee Spathii. . stolonifera Correa cardinalis,.. é Coryanthes Bungerothii. ctbocancneo cya Gorydalisqurearee sc.) ec. csecenes as 227 Corylopsis pauciflora.............. 248 SPlEd tae daira s wale sce cieeee Corylus Ayellana.... ole rostrata, yar. Californica.... 620 Moryphalelatasmrstediessmciciasce) sscis 532 Cosson, Ernest, death of............ 72 Cotoneaster denticulata.......-..... 363 SPOTS codpeespoapabodeenoe 102 Gotton-=seed Oil... ees e ccs een 388 Cottonia macrostachya............. 147 Coulter, Professor J. M., article by. 464 Country roads............. 389, 458, 408 seats, American. . .122, 139,* 222,* : 316 MerG@ovent Garden... .......06 cscceees 212 Rovers, Same. +. . 0... .0e--sne eee 35 Cowania plicata...........,....268 338 Cranbe Sa -j cosewuntioeds + 102 culture in New Jersey.... ... 5 scald, the*........ ean ae Cranberries, Cape Cod............. 511 Cratzegus coccinea............. 268, 367 Rand atdtectetan ts civicisisie acc ciee siete Crus-galli, var. berberifolia. aaa Oxyacanthais\.6.c.ccs cere ces ertiieson Hookerianum Crinum pechynena hdoo 64 Venus..... 380 Wardianum... .. pooc de 2k XANCHOCEMMmIIMs eh eiiietes es el 345 Dentaniaklacimratadsseen cece cieee 250 Desmodium penduliflorum......... 47° Dessert, Auguste, article by........ 435 Deutzialcrenatayesmes see cos esse 76 76, 499 De Wolf, es ALHCIE) DY jaetecieieloe sci 243 Dewberry, these Lena tooogeecouns 373 Diabrotica vittata................-. go* Dianthus latifolius ............. 128, 218 PMT MEINE SA5c sedee. condascue 300 semperflorens .... 562, bas semperiorens Marguerite... 397 Dicentra chrysantha eximia..... ogGcCc formosa.... Dicksonia antarctica.. BaTrometzeceiitscideeesiacsie ata anitetsracie eielsietetetsttale ctsieie« pilosiuscula ae WCW ode oodaseds sooduo Schiedei... squarrosa. Youngiz.. 6 Dictamnus Fraxinella. Digitalis ambigua................-- DUGPULCabactetecteletelelefelarelatelclel=\= Dimmeck, A., articles by.. 34, 118, 146, 200, 252, 267, 301, 324, 613 16 Drongeduleecesmescacedcseciceecnie Dioncoea muscipula...............-. 382 Dioscorea villosa..............se00. 31 Diospyros Sinensis............---++ 57 UGE Soéucne eoogooduGusUG 362 Dipladenia atropurpurea........... 469 WAOLAGEA Agastdiaelt meferecteisicivelsle’aie Dirca occidentalis.................. palustris............ Disa grandiflora................ aC eMOSasteeidswacersineiets tripetaloides Distichlis maritima Dodecatheons........- Dodonea viscosa. odode Dogwood, the Flowering... batodevkde 425* Doronicum Caucasicum....... 128, 216 GlUS UI aeneitente sieenecters 128, 216 Harper Créwe-.-.c...se =. 92, 116 plantagineum excelsum. 128, 216, INOTOMICUIMNS erctetelateieleielcieials etsieleietrele'= Doryopteris nobilis............-.-- palmata........see05 eeeeeeee Double cropping...........-...5+-- Douglas, R., article apy 3 Draba bruniifolia.. cuspidata...... Draczena Lindenii................-. 33 Marmorata. 2.2.0.0. scenceceees 29 Miss Siadennmg:. Slolalsievefuiesisis 429 terminalis.. ondweosiee 22%) Dracontium Carderi. Saree KOS Drosera cistiflora. . 29, 147 GUFOTMIS cece e caccciccicces sis 371 intermedia, var. Americana. 371 longifolia............ Resse g7< TOtUMeH Ol vececeisiotacicaeweace 371 Drought-enduring trees............ Drymonia Turialyze : Drynaria muszefolia os Du Breuil, Alphonse, déath of...... Duranta Baumgartii yariegata Durioibethinus 2.25.0 ce cess eee: Dufyson plants --csfeee essen sre neice <> E Baste lauterelaiscleleleaesicielsiaaciciele sins 168 INCE erated sleiniiasfe\cldeisid'e » » 54 SUlGatale eats eiictsite etcetera Suey. Hiexpchoe DOKCANIS retaietetsleleetaleererer 619 Hill, E clelavlelsieiaieleisetstelsl in GOAppA OO ESSO E, J., articles by. 370, 553; 594, 606 Rey. W. E., articles by.. 182, 204, 205, 255, 494, 577 Hippeastrum aulicum............. 64 Johnsoni apoeacopths ase) Hippeastrums cultivation of. -.... - 504 hybrid... Index. Vii Hippophaé rhamnoides............ 549 Iris Barnume.............- ocuobbeoc. Se: Ladies’ Tresses....... Seococ Seodods 463 AU ELANIIGIs «<1 cclos ced sieck aes + 430 ppop! 3 3 7 43 Hirzea lilacina...............se000 0 Boissieri...............-.+--. 72 Lelia anceps...... 1 esr 428, 484, 525 —Macroptera......-...++ Bornmulleri. 64, 142 albida EM DOH ie ena asomenebas 348 Hitchings, E. H., article by cristata..... 264 AMADIUISi 2 cee eels sce 18 —— hybrid, Francis Fell........., 80 a ri 3 Hobblebush, the........... A Danfordiz . « 525 ——- Stallammatn ccccreteaee 34 enpherrénses 55. soo. ees 30 Hoge, Thomas, article by.........- Plorentindkerwtetases sess ccece 252 —- VATICHES secs ceceecee 65 MeEDaleneetcedscstaeacds cone () 88: f J 3 Be eboom homestead, the Gatesii...... 30, 253, 285, 394, 523 TM OLA tiaienes tela siclsiclers ele/cis/or 550 ardalinum......... 348, 374, 48x Olly, American......sccecceenvcees Ubexicaiemcsetsslacaietleine 285 BIR Ade ooodaoopdoBanedoT 18 Zia SBecauae Cocco dooEbe 24, 481 eyeteh lofabaielale ereiai siecle s, olalle-sie'aisie 9 leevigata...........- 252, 313, 326 autumnalis.........-..++. 18, 175 ALVUM. 2.220. eeeereeeene 208, 481 oa aaa poteeete lone a35c0000 deueaBaKdd 298 ee Benepe ces Mant Ae 18 = —— eee S Smnoncpag ace 382 sdpsoccon 505 eti...... noo EYE ya Canhamice - — GH c5e cnoaedaseden 30 Homalomena Wallisii lupina....... 2.285 9 ——— exinidse sees : rubescens.... Honeysuckle, bush....... macrosiphon .........-...... 63x —- POSEN PINE st -telersiestel are SPIEL DIUerecleiinc= secenaeee 255 climbing.......-.-+++-+..++++ 486 OLGHIOIGES He eietael<\>ie)-ia\cls/as = 220 Crawshayana..............-- 8 Wallichianum............ 30, a8 Honeysuckles, two American..... 187* ATAGAOKA..2. 6 s0000..-- 285, 523 — Digbyana......... ......00+- 18 _Washingtonianum.......... 481 Hoodia Bainii........-...-.......-. 180 AVONIA «00.2. ee eesenceree-- 128 — Eyermaniana................ 530 TeilygdiSeaseercs cess sgans cokes 364 aa Ba oa Pe oe 180 Peace Goud pees dcx odsddsadoccoda08u 188 powers Asttoodeaece setae ee cas 610 orsfor . H., articles by... .145, 155 reticulata...... da on askelliana picta. . — Himalayan................... 6x 192, 216, 227, 240, 250, 264, 274, 286, 298, Rosenbachiana 2 Gouldiana..... of the Desert, the Day....... 728 310, 323, 334, 348, 3723 382, 4203 444, 456, _— ee heematophylla...... 252 PUENTE ob boocsooooHodoedoaNn =r aie Epona paghdcdouunoade 586 » 480, 516, 540, 5) indjarensis.........-. ....-- 570 ——- WO Bncoocd sooDorK0o70e ily-of-the-Valley..................-. 468 peesrcultural education ........ 259, 317 Swen rioond0 00 GOCE OOUONOORD 624 Haspopbyila Sede doaroo Linen Indicum.......... ah eleGOlE ¢coscoodgccuuuetMbeuon 42 WEEN N« © cosconounde 157, 394, 492 —— Hippolyta............... AGUNOSUMN s cieicinaae = senicae sien show at Boston ........--..-- VEINA. 2. eee eceeceere sc ecee es 274 Juvenilis.... 1.0... .5.-...-. Limnocharis Humboldtii Society, meeting of the West- VEFSICOlOMsetaleloeielea selec oe =\0)- 376 — chromatella.....-. 364, 480 Mexicana.......... “4BS, 460, 480 OGOnata wer aeiccreicisielelet= leis 20, 480 — HORER sae qeaocGIscso0l6 56 —— pygmeea alba........... 374, 480 reniformis ............ 05000 I WOSB(ASE a og56 soscab000000 374, 480 SNEWS) 5955 sg 9n500 as Do0bno005 30) sulfurea..... jdacnadad darotads 480 EUDEROSa ee seleelels-iytsie-l=is 372, 376 — HaveSCeUSiancicl-smimieeels 308 Zanzibarensis.... 20, 56, 308, 380 azurea.-.. « slelaieisieebiatele E50, LOSCAlsielejelet-tsieiotleiniele Tels 56 Nympheeas.............+.. 360, 372, 480 Nyssa aquatica ........-...... 485,* 524 OQ;REANS soncactigesatyacse7a30 486 sylvatica, var. aquatica...... 2 EPO) 55S nonSascaee noon Ir 486 oO Oak, a fine Bur... 402* Abraham’s.. a 9 blight of the..... pia slelelsl 205, California White..... ..... 606* the Cork........ 123, 246; * 604, 616 the Major ..............-... 263* Oaks, American, i in ia Sicteaiotes 129 - PAMAUS celteteiaelatisteip lal statetey= 159 the Wayerly..... western eee Malele s/s\eiajele) (OOK Oat crop, nematodes and the....... 319 Odontoglossum Bleui splendens.... 313 Odontoglossum cirrhosum......... jor CLISPUM 5.522 nega nine sielsin pels 574 —_—_ virginale........e.e0-. 274 Duvivierianum.......... 585, 622 elegans........seceeeeeeeeeee 92 Galeottianum.........s.++-5+ 333 Hunnewellianum,........... 18 Leeanum,.........0--ssnenn 188 Leroyanum.. 406, 313 maculatum..~.....0.cssceess 300 Noezlianum......-..--sses.s. 622 Pescatorei..... Boon nea, 196 ramosissimum aise LZ HROSSlstoretelelaieis sicieysiejeisinintatste sss OZ Schliperianum .............- 301 triumphans ..........+...-+- 180 Wattianum Odontoglossums.......... Génothera biennis. . Fraseri eon00 Ohio, forestry in northern.......... 205 Olearia Gunniana........0se0ceeeee 296 ELAS Tl eteiete uinysielcjnies\ercarsieetaitere 430 HOMES Geopnsgnassosades 50 30 Stelltllatawevsteleretaletaje)-tiel=liaieeteiey= Olive tree of Blidah.... Olives in California Olmsted, F. L., article by.. «=. 259 Oncidium ampliatum agagbobo nas -=- 146 CUI salon alee «1 e/eleinlnolstatel=ts 80 fimbriatum..........-. 18 Leopoldianum ....... SANCOGESewelslelalel=leleiriscets pacude fskes Viet Omidieeieislessisleisierersieleeeiets 301 Wiaidloremiey erent 18 Onionsrelitaliamneeettessi ice ese transplanting SOSeIDODSRBnD00G0 Onosma albo-roseum .....- 5 Onychium Japonicum Opuntia Ficus-Indica........ prolifera —— tessellata ANGINA Sr5.sc sabedgo0nO0B057905 ROAM S Cece leisieeeiaeteler ets 3 Orange blossoms for perfume.. 36 groves in California, danger Mock, the.... trees in Paris Orchard and garden, insects inju- TIOUSHLOsneeyeisrsicielle cen cieiae eet eee 7° experiences..18, 116, 154, 228, 262 (sz bborboves (6h0) Bisaooos0bbo0s0e35 418 Orchards, effect of forest misman- agement on.........- - +4062, 487 on the | prairies. 615 the endurance of...........- 358 Orchid, what is an................. 278 Orchids....92, 127, 157, 180, 187, 216, 252 at Burford Lodge...... nooo 00 52 at Easton (Mr. Eyerman’s).34, 159 —— at Eden Musee.............. 107 Elie INOS) M5569 b0ncRo5 000" 86 146 ARS MORE Sieieyeieteteteteteteisieters 83 at Wellesley, Mass.. decrease in price of......... 76 ISCAS ELOL sem Melfeliviciceieeeee 140 TneBrOokdynieracse cesses . 118 in New Brunswick, N.J..... 267 MEINERS 110) Soagaancopee cos .oo6 526 Or. chis, the Ragged Fringed........ 382 Orcutt, C. R., articles by...128, 238, 319, 385, 438, 450, 558 626 Oregon, autumn colorsin.......... O’Reilly, John Boyle, tomb of...... 580 Originators of new plants, protec- tion forthe: .-...c-.-- 6 peoosco AB Ornamental fruits in the Pines 534 trees and shrubs...........-. 553 trees, the axe in its relation rondo oodgobancouadsosboodEoOsoODN 545 Ornithogalum Arabicum.. = +6288, 478 nutans. nono Bek Orpet, E. O., articles by. ai AG, 56, 79, 80, 93, 157, 170, IQ1, 204, 215, 228, 240, 250, 264, 288, 299, 337, 348, 373, 397, 408, 420, 442, 466, 478, 481, 504, 514, 530, 540, 565 Orthrosanthus multiflorus.......... 408 Ostrowskya magnifica..... pocauseyy fis Oxalis/Bowieama’ -)\-iisis/-\91+1eeieieentes 479 VELSICOLOR belt reeieleiel Eee 5 WLOlaGE Alsat icislelsinjerel sieieieeieneiete 310 Pr Pachystigma Canbyi....,........+. myrsinites........,. Paconialalbiflora’. sects -1 oni eee IBGOWMT ss cleteloieis|s\-iiiei see eee Californical isc... ssc pneeeee 356 Moutan. 225, 274, 320, 435, 499 549 ATAGC OKA’. sox ais co's oer -» 264 inensiS.......... = 435 tenuifolia...-.-..- + 299 Wittmanniana.......... 1420, 484 IP2SOMTES i eietelereiinicictelelelslelels)ors rene eee 320 henbaceouswas. -«-++ Sbt erec Senco 206 IPT. scene sececesreciceerers 123 Rhododendrons at Wellesley, Mass. 198, Penns SOMALIA nica cicicisvsicoisisiseeeniaes 230 and insects............- -. 178 oblongifolia..........ss00+++. 362 202 subulata...........-.230, 250, 298, Poppies, Shirley............-.. - 482 IALUS til Srseintelelaielasieie ctr scistsy 130 Hak Wemciitatarant ute ats ah atetoce's 201 Phoenix CanariensisS.........-ss0200+ Populus Certimensis.....-....+0+++-- 130 polymorpha... RIN GUOvAg tN Ciermcisierdnie daisies cm anne 275 Reebelinii Fremontii............ MOO ACE 620 pungens Rhodostachys Andina.............. 633 Phormium tenax f heterophylla...,............. 628 MEMCU lat awacias sialelisiasi'> amiaclstele 338 Rhone, down the........ aoe Photinia villosa...........+++- «2+ 530 25 laSLOGan pale emetilselelaeraaetale 566 Mol seccauocopasos 54, 123, 130 Rhieraromatlcads. «ctclsactvsie clo ercieiiens Phylloxera, the.... - ‘e MONOlLELAeltaletel aici sie «lo eielale'ais 620 var. trilobata Physianthus albens............. --- ui NIQTA ... sess eee cesses eee eee 436 copallina.......... Physocarpus opulifolius.........--- ‘ tremuloides................-- 603 Cotinus .... .. Physostegia Virginiana.....-...--.- trichocarpa ...-.- +--++.-.-. 620 SADA eae iscieeiron sealer eer Phytolacca dioica....... Garonne oad Porlieria hygrometrica..... peeeees 42 mitepTifOlia).... css scsscacvcae Phytophthora infestans......., 448, 55x | Porter, Prof. Thomas C., article by.. 428 laurina........ Picea Breweriana...........-. --63,* 356 Poscharsky, Gotthelf Wilhelm, Mexicana....... Engelmanni... ‘ ardeath! of eeereeetcterdarsisisic slelcc/a sich 628 microphylla excelsa mutabilis.... ik Potato, the. 22. ences seco eee ee eee eee 166 semialata.... MEHR Velceiielel asistencia seeeee 179, 226 Stapelias voc... 2.3... eee Boorse 179 Staphylea eee ea Broobongsoanc anol ete) be sicata.: poo GnosH00 BOA Statice rosea.. Statices. 00... ere reese Steironema ciliatum Stellaria'pubera .....-+..++-+eeeee- 274 Stephanandra flexuosa........- 464, 503 Sterculia platanifolia.......-...-... 212 St. Germain, parterres in the park Olijsdob dh pupoespdsaodeosHON 969090 294% Stigmaphyllon ciliatum............. 336 Stillingia sanguinolenta............. 363 Stocks, Ten Weelis..........--.+.+. 289 Strawberries......-+++ 346, 347, 412, 510 an artificial flavor of......... 519 in Canada ........... Strawberry blight.. GUINMERS Se oog GpdoonooSocooREd improving the ........--.+ pon aa plants in autumn, sere + 542 some adaptations i in the...... 189 SIMCOE TLE CS ete slelelcjeis ols lele lst tetetet ees in Paris —— planting rights of owners to.... 340 Strelitzia Regine.......---++--+5e0- 69 Sera OuOezvy TS cononodnodos osvcccoss 190 ID Wise: ook oboKBRD OK 30, 261, 608* IKOWRMNS Hiaspaogvensesosccoc6 609 lutea. . Rexii Saundersii Watsoni Strong, W. C., articles by........ 10, 382 Stryx SUDO eee 2 ee 626 PASSEGIN AL « --0)- + weielolelvieleleiniel= + 625 Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M.D., articles lDifoonsngocodenn sognscdscaneneo 355, 434 Styloplortn: diphyllum.. wens 240 Styrax grandiflora......... spagoe Ae\s JEVOMICAg Goo sobgnc08end6 465, 553 Obassiayaeeetictie reer “agow ee) Sueeda diffusa 32 Sugar Beet in the United States, the Gultivabliomlot thes cress loletepeetetettert 460 Cane, seeds of...... Hnoosdaos 124 production of, in the world .. 131 Sweet Alyssum, Little Gem......... 433 Sweet Gum, the cork wings on...... 105 Sycamore, the blight of the......... 325 Symphoricarpos occidentalis... 296* YraCeMOSUS ... ........-.060 145 vulgaris............ ele tei LOZ S20) Symplocos crateegoides............ 520 paniculatus..........-....00. 529 TACOINOIING. coogcancbooccrcn0s 529 Syntharys reniformis,.............. 227 Syringa Amurensis...............- 322 Chinensis.. duantad.noodos 322 vulgaris 322 Hore yplenonrseryerenet 322 Tr Tacca artocarpifolia Tacsonia Buchanani Exoniensis .. 3 Wan Volxemitt.: seen = 335 Talinum teretifolium............... 304 Matmarachithe sn. ass «<2 coemeaee oe ARamiarnin Ge thei. slecacn 6 Jackson Dawson, W. F. Massey. 11 IPERIODICAU IME RATURE sce le siclcelcisejncle a\s\e\0ivle vis\s\oe velo s ainisiwieiviniviejsinlsi== =\=1r ine» « 01 Ir SESReres Nota EME YON GACT ON Sie eetetetetaletete isin elatsfolels/=1clolelnieleln)=/alctelele/e/elnia)ai=\= sion eiateystaielelolelaicislal= II IMOMNEE occas GassbboqSdteoo 6 coc ceed AObNCsBBSnnBS Ud pSaonC Sedo00 40: 450505 5mEObeS 12 ILLustRATIONS :—Viburnum pauciflorum, Fig. 1........-2- esses eee ee ee cee eee es cs A Cypress Swamp in Indiana, Fig. 2.........-.2+..+++---- - DOGO SERRBDE DOH 7 Organized Protection for Parks. HE proposal to seize a portion of Central Park as a site for some of the exhibition buildings of the World’s Fair has been discussed in these columns more than once, but we refer to it again, because it is a mat- ter of much more than local interest. As an admira- ble example of pastoral scenery in the heart of a great city, and as the first work with such a motive ever designed for such a situation, Central Park is in a sense a national possession and is regarded with pride by the entire country. At all events, the proposed invasion is a representative case, and as such should command the attention of all those who have an intelligent appreciation of the value of public parks in cities and who wish to protect them from encroachment and spoliation. The pressure of the expanding city is felt on every foot of the boundary of every open space in New York, and the most powerful interests are constantly pushing to gain a foot- hold for some special purpose on the land devoted to pub- lic use. This situation is repeated in each of our rapidly growing cities, and unless the resistance to these constant assaults is unremitting and determined, we may expect to see many other urban parks share the fate of our own City _ Hall Park, and gradually disappear, or else become per- verted to purposes foreign to their design and destructive of their highest usefulness. It is not our purpose to repeat the reasons for preserving park areas, and especially for protecting those whose beauty and value will continue to increase for generations to come. But taking it for granted that a park is worth preserving, it should be remembered that it is only safe when public sentiment is intelligently and actively interested in its behalf. And since the attacking forces may be swift and _ strong, public opinion needs to be organized for expression and always ready in an emergency. It is known to every one who is familiar with the history of Central Park that the newspapers of the city have saved it from ruin more than once, when even its legally constituted custodians were eager to surrender it; and when the question of ap- propriating a portion of the park for the World’s Fair was under discussion, the unanimity of the press, outside of the daily papers, was surprising. Journals in the special fields Garden and Forest. I of architecture, art and engineering, and the leading lit- erary, pictorial and religious weeklies, with scarcely an exception, took a firm stand against the invasion. It may be that this aid can always be counted on; but the real danger comes when the sober sense of the community is prostrated before a sudden gust of enthusiasm for some dazzling enterprise, whose right to occupy and possess the park is insisted upon as superior to that of the people or of their descendants. It is plainly the part of wisdom to make preparation for such emergencies, and one assurance of safety against these sudden assaults might be found ina permanent asso- ciation organized for the special purpose of protecting the parks from injury. True, there is a Board of Commis- sioners whose official duty it is to care for them, But this Board may need the positive supportof public opinion, just as the Park Department in this city requires support to-day; and the time may come when the authorized guardians of the parks are their most dangerous enemies. In either case a voluntary association of public-spirited citizens, whose names would command respect and who would look at every question affecting the parks from the . people’s side, and not from the point of view selected by some special interest, could not fail to exert a wholesome influence. Such an organization, with a permanent Secre- tary, and, when needed, a paid staff, would be prepared not only to give timely warning of coming danger, but to give opportunity for public opinion to find effective expression. An association in New York, for instance, charged with the duty, could have at Albany when the legislative session begins, protests against any change in the law forbidding exhibitions in Central Park, from the associated architects of the city, from the artists, the physicians, the clergymen, and from citizens of every calling. The sum of the matter is that all parks in our cities are exposed to attacks, which are the more dangerous because many of them come from combinations of worthy people, organized for worthy purposes. The ultimate safety of these pleasure- grounds can be assured only by an enlightened and alert public sentiment; whether some systematic plan for help- ing the public will to find expression is not needed now to meet well organized attacks against them is a question worth considering by the friends of public parks in all our cities. The volume of the final reports of the tenth census, for which the largest demand has been made at the Depart- ment of the Interior, is the ninth, which is devoted to the forests and forest-resources of the United States, and the edition is now nearly exhausted. This fact seems to indi- cate thatthe American forests, which ten years ago created no real interest except among persons engaged actively in destroying them, have now become a matter of general concern with thoughtful persons in all classes of society. Ten years ago little was known, actually, of the extent or composition of our forests. The conditions essential to the distribution and development of our most valuable trees, and the character even of the material produced by many of them, had not been determined; and the produc- tive capacity of the forests of the country, if any one thought about it at all, was considered inexhaustible. Now it is known where our forests are, at least, and how they are composed, what they produce and how long they may be expected to remain productive ; and there is hardly a newspaper in the United States which does not contain, from time to time, valuable information about forests and forestry. Commissions have been appointed in a dozen states to collect and disseminate knowledge about forests, and the interest in the subject is increasing on all sides. This result has been brought about by the hard and untiring work of a few conscientious investigators. Their work has not been thrown away if it has prepared the way by this general dissemination of knowledge for the gradual introduction into the United States of systems of forest-management which, when they are adopted, will 2 Garden and Forest. relieve us from the stigma of standing alone among civil- ized nations in disregarding the value of the forest as the foundation of all permanent national prosperity. If the forests of this country should perish, agriculture and the arts would perish with them. Material develop- ment would be arrested and poverty would replace pros- perity from one end of the land to the other. The Deciduous Cypress. ase view of a Cypress-swamp in southern Indiana, which appears upon page 7 of this issue, will serve to give an idea of the appearance of the Deciduous Cypress as it is found growing toward the northern limits of its distribution, where it does not attain to the vast size which characterizes this tree further south, and especially in Mexico. But in Indiana, even the Cypress, if not as large as it is often seen south of the Ohio River, is still a tree of respectable size ; and Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has sent us the photograph from which our illustration has been made, has measured trees in the swamps near the mouth of White River nearly 150 feet high, and trunks eight feet through above their swollen and buttressed bases. Trunks twelve or fourteen feet through have been seen in the southern States; and a few years ago it was not difficult to find them ten feet in diameter in the great swamps bordering the lower Mississippi and some of the other rivers of the Gulf States. The Deciduous Cypress first appears in the Atlantic States in the lower portion of Delaware; thence it extends, generally near the coast, to southern Florida and through the Gulf States and the Valley of the Mississippi to the banks of the lower Ohio. This species, or a related one hardly to be dis- tinguished from it, reaches far south into Mexico, where it at- tains enormous size and an individual existence lasting through centuries. The Cypress in the United States grows always in water or on low, Hat land adjacent to rivers or great shallow lakes, often covered with water during weeks or months ata time. That part of the trunk which is covered with water, or which is lia- ble to be, is greatly enlarged and strengthened by huge, often hollow, buttresses, which project out in all directions. Each of these buttresses terminates in a large branching root, which extends out to a great distance, sending down stout anchor- roots deep into the ground, and with many lateral roots, from which spring the ‘‘knees” peculiar to this tree. The trunk, covered with furrowed, dark red bark, shoots up perfectly straight from its enlarged base, forming a tapering column eighty or ninety feet high, when it divides into a number of long, stout, horizontal branches, which form the wide, flat top, which is hung generally with the long stems of the Southern Moss (Zillandsta usneoides). Naturalists have puzzled over the Cypress knees and the purpose of this development, almost ever since the tree was discovered; and they have formed the subject of many essays. The knees first appear, often close together, as small tubercles on the upper side of the roots. They grow rapidly until they attain a height of from two to ten feet, or have pushed well above the water- level, when they cease growing upward, and increase in diameter. The upward growth is very rapid, and the bark covering the growing top is soft and spongy. There are various facts which seem to indicate that the service which these peculiar growths perform for the tree is to bring air to the roots, otherwise cut off by the water which covers them during a considerable portion of the year, from all connection with the atmosphere. This is the view of Professor N. S. Shaler, who has made a careful study of this tree, and who finds ‘that it is not unreasonable to conjecture that this func- tion of the knees is in some wayconnected with the eration of the sap.”* His facts are ‘the failure of the knees to develop when the trees have grown on high ground; the development of the knees above the permanent water-level, and to a height varying with that level; and finally, the destruction of the trees whenever the level of permanent water rises above the top of the knees.” These views are confirmed by a more recent paper,} published by Mr. W. P. Wilson, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, in which it is shown that other plants besides the Cypress, which grow habitually with roots covered with water—the Water Gum (WWyssa silvatica, var. aquatica), Avicennia nitida and Pinus serotina—develop similar root-processes ; and what is still more suggestive, Mr. *Notes on Taxodium distichum in Men. Mus. Comparative Zodlogy, xvi., Nos. 1 and 2. + The Production of Aérating pEaaue on the Roots of Swamp and other Plants, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil., April 2d, 1889. [JANUARY 1, 1890. Wilson has induced plants of Indian Corn to send roots above the surface of the soil by keeping it continually saturated with water. There is another point, and an important one, in the life his- tory of our Cypress, which has never been satisfactorily explained. The great masses of this tree and the largest indi- viduals are found in swamps or in shallow ponds, which are never dry except during periods of exceptional drought, and where the water is several feet deep at the time the seed would germinate. How did these great trees begin their existence, which may have extended through centuries, and how did the seed from which they spring find an inch of dry ground to attach itself to? The evidence points to a larger quantity of water in all our rivers and swamps five hundred or a thousand years ago than at present, and it is certainly improbable that the great swamps of the southern states could have been dry at any time during the period that the Cypress has occupied its present territory. Seedlings do not now appear among the old trees growing in the wet swamps and ponds, and they are only found on the margins of swamps in comparatively dry ground. Professor Shaler’s hypothesis that the great trees in deep water have grown from branches blown down from neighboring trees, and rooted inthe mud, is hardly consistent with the manner of growth of coniferous trees, and some other solution of this phenomenon must be sought for. The vast size and beauty of this tree, the great age to which it attains, the peculiarities of its growth, the value of the material which it supplies to man, and its commercial importance, are not more interesting than its history. Like its near relatives, the California Sequoias, Taxodium, represented now only by our southern tree of comparatively restricted range, and by a very similar species in China (Glypiostrobus or Zaxodium Sinense), once played a much more important part in covering the surface of the northern hemisphere than it does in these days. For in latest tertiary times just preced- ing the glaciation of the northern hemisphere, our Taxodium, with Sequoias and various Ginkgos, grew in Greenland and in Spitzenburg, and then was widely spread through North America and Europe, where grew, too,aGlyptostrobus almost identical with the existing Chinese tree. The coming of the ice drove all these trees out of Europe entirely, and forced Taxodium into what is now our southern states, and on to the highlands of Mexico, where the survivors of this once mighty race, barely altered by their new environments, now find their only abiding place. The Art of Gardening—An Historical Sketch. XVI.—Medizval Europe. \\yiy ees barbarian hordes from beyond the Rhine began to spread over the lands where Rome had ruled, first the isolated country-seat and then the suburban villa was aban- doned, all classes seeking refuge within the walls of towns. Once deprived of constant skillful attention, the gardens of the Romans gradually decayed. ‘‘ The walks were overgrown first with grass, then with bushes and then with forest trees, and on the former beds and playgrounds the shepherd pas- tured his flocks.””* Yet we must not think of the ruin as immediate or complete. Even a Goth or a Vandal could ap- preciate the charms of an Italian country home, if he lacked the power to preserve them in perfection. We read of Theo- doric restoring and improving the imperial gardens at Ravenna, and of Totila (Strange conjunction!) inhabiting Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli ; and a story is told of some Christian- ized Goth who diversified his clipped Box-trees by causing some of them to be cut into the shape of the cross. When, in the sixth century, the troops of Belisarius entered Grasse, about fifty miles from Carthage, they found a palace of the Vandal kings and countless villas, surrounded by gardens “which might deserve the Persian name of Paradise,” and which Procopius declared were finer than any he had seen in the East or the West. Of course they were an inheritance from the Roman colonists whom the Vandals had dispossessed three centuries before. Even at the dawn of the Renaissance there were traces of ancient gardens still to be found in vari- ous parts of Italy and southern France which, together with the descriptions that Pliny and others had bequeathed, greatly influenced the re-birth of the art of ornamental gardening. In the north, however, Roman relics perished more quickly and there was small effort made to replace them. Almostthe only gardeners of the early medizeval world were the monks, who, within the walls of their great establishments, cultivated * Jaeger: “ Gartenkunst und Gaerten.” + Gibbon; “ Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;”’ chap, xli, JANUARY 1, 1890.) fruit-trees and trellised vines on an extensive scale, had flower gardens with intersecting walks and rectangular beds, and brought the water they needed in canals of masonry or wood.* Sometimes a special part of the monastic garden was set apart for medicinal herbs, and here we see the germ of the scientific botanical collections of later days. The Benedictines were particularly devoted to all works of cultivation, and even into England, where the heathen Angles and Saxons had ob- ' literated even the memory of the horticulturist from imperial Rome, these new emissaries of the now papal city soon brought again a knowledge of useful plants and flowers. The medieval burgher had at first but little chance to de- velop a love for gardens, yet as soon as he attained to any degree of comfort—in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries— his house usually had a small garden in the rear. The noble, during the more unsettled centuries when he was forced to be constantly on the watch for enemies, perched on a hill- /top or sequestered in an inaccessible glen, had no garden except his court-yard, where, in Germany at least, a great Oak or Linden usually rose among the little flower-beds. The crusades introduced him to some acquaintance with exotic plants, and then Oleanders, Pomegranates and other ornamental shrubs in pots often stood beside his door. In France the late-medizval chateau always had a garden witha turfed lawn, vine-clad arbors, parterres chiefly filled with Roses, an orchard, a vineyard and a fountain if possible.t In England, a writer of the twelfth century, Alexander Neckham, describing a baronial garden, corroborates the belief that ‘at the outset it corresponded to our kitchen-garden,” yet sug- gests ‘‘a certain share of taste in arranging the herbs, plants and fruit-trees.”{ When Fitzstephen’s “‘ Chronicle” says of London, at the same period: ‘Adjoining to the buildings of that city all round lie the gardens of the citizens who dwell in the suburbs, which are well furnished with trees, are spacious and beautiful,” we can understand nothing more than kitchen- ardens ; and even these must have been devoted chiefly to ruits, tubers and herbs, for scarcely any green vegetables were consumed in England before the time of Henry VIII. Even kings and princes long lived between walls, and prided themselves upon gardens which to-day would seem ludi- crously small and poor. They make a great feature in the writings of the time, but seldom were more than walled en- closures, with clipped trees forming arbors and connecting covered walks, a fountain or canal, formal flower-beds, and stiff little shrubberies. Childebert, in the sixth century, laid out a Rose-garden for his wife in Paris, probably near the present Hotel de Cluny, where the ruins of Roman baths still remain,? built terraces and grafted his fruit-trees with his own hand. Charlemagne is considered the first real patron of hor- ticulture, and full lists are still extant of the plants with which he adorned his palace-gardens at Ingelheim and Aix-la- Chapelle. But it is impossible to gain an idea of his work con- sidered from the point of view of art, nor can we discover just what was the aspect of the place in the great Dominican con- vent at Cologne, where, centuries later (in the month of January, 1247), Albertus Magnus entertained the King of Hol- land ‘‘in pleasant warmth amid fruit-trees and blossoming plants.” Some sort of forcing-house is, of course, implied, and therefore the great schoolman is often cited as the re- storer of the long-forgotten art of cultivation under glass, Indeed, his skill in this direction is said to have been one of the reasons why he was accused of witchcraft. In this same thirteenth century St. Louis laid out the end of an island in the Seine at Paris as a garden; and Frederick II. of Germany, wishing to reproduce the delights of his Sicilian home, constructed a garden at Nuremberg which was com- pared to the hanging-gardens of Babylon because it had ter- races supported by arches. Another Parisian garden, large for the time, lay between the Louvre and the church of St. Germain des Prés.|| But more remarkable was the garden of the Hotel St. Paul, which covered twenty arpents of ground, and which Charles V. filled with all manner of living curiosi- ties, especially prizing his cages of parrots. A labyrinth of clipped trees was its chief feature, but when Paris fell into the * Viollet-le-Duc. t Viollet-le-Duc. + W. C. Hazlitt: ‘‘ Gleanings in Old Garden Literature.” § André ; ‘‘ L’art des Jardins.” es euer Demin in‘ Studien ueber die bildende Kuenste und Kunsthandwerke,” says that the banqueting-hall was encircled by fruit-trees, that the tables were decorated with Roses, and Almond and Vine-branches, and that a Vine-arbor spread above the seat of the King. ‘Dictionnaire de l’architecture.—Jardins.” | In Alphand’s “L’art des Jardins” there is a picture taken from a fourteenth- century tapestry, which represents the regular rows of trees with which this gar- den was planted, and a parterre in which intricate patterns were constructed with low clipped Box-hed ges. Garden and Forest. 3 hands of the English this was removed by the Duke of Bed- ford, and the spot planted with Elms. In all descriptions of similar spots we read of cages for animals, aviaries, fish-ponds and arbors, which by their names recall the features of a Roman villa-garden, but were very different in size and artistic value. How small and simple were the finest of the early northern pleasure-grounds may be read in the enthusiasm of the Crusaders over every garden which they saw in Asia, or even in the south of Europe. Nor did later centuries improve upon them much until the Italian Renaissance spread its influence over the whole of Europe. Even in the fifteenth century, a garden which Philip the Good, of Burgundy, laid out at Hesdin, in Flanders, gained its fame from the puerile surprises and mechanical toys with which it delighted the fan- tastic taste of the time. Of course, however, shade-trees as well as the features already mentioned were always prized, and an old historian mentions the pleasure he felt at seeing 5,913 Elms brought with their roots by water to Paris.* The early kings of France had country-houses in the vicinity of their capital, but sought them for the pleasures of the chase, not of the garden. The true successors of the Roman artists during the me- dizeval period were first, the builders of the new Rome which rose beside the Bosphorus, and then the Moslem conquerors who, between the seventh and the fourteenth centuries, spread themselves over so vast a portion of the Mediterranean lands. Constantine and his immediate successors imitated in their capital not only the buildings but the pleasure-grounds which they had left beside the Tiber, and Justinian, in the sixth cen- tury, greatly improved upon their work. Many of the twenty- five churches which he built in the city and its suburbs were placed amid beautiful groves, and on the Asiatic shore, near Chalcedon, he laid out splendid gardens around the summer residence of Theodora, which were praised by the poets of the age for ‘their rare alliance of nature and art.’’+ ‘By the ninth century generations of luxurious emperors had given the great palace at Constantinople a size, a splendor and a variety which the occidental imagination can hardly realize. Constantine Porphyrogenitus himself wrote a description of it. We cannot restore its arrangement from his words, but we learn that it was a vast aggregate of buildings and gardens with colonnades, avenues, fountains, basins and parterres ; that one garden, laid out in terraces, overlooked a great race- course; and that another, the central feature of which was the famous banqueting-hall called the ‘‘Chrysotriclinium,” con- tained seven peristyles and eight court-yards planted with Plane-trees. M. G. Van Rensselaer. New York. Holiday Notes in Southern France and Northern Italy.—1X. T is a difficult task to write an account of such a garden as that of Mr. Hanbury. I find a pocketbook half full of notes taken there, and I have been making selec- tions from these and again going through these selections a second or third time in order to keep my account within reasonable bounds. Readers may form some idea of the extent of the collections at La Mortola when it is stated that the ‘‘ Alphabetical Catalogue of Plants growing in the open air in the garden of Thomas Hanbury, F.L.S.,” occupies sixty quarto pages; at the end of this catalogue the plants are arranged geographically—that is to say, alphabetically under each country. A mere glance through this portion shows at once how much each part of the world contributes to the gardens of the Palazzo Orengo. A Systematic Catalogue— published like the last‘in 1889—has the plants arranged in families, and so without trouble the relative importance—in numbers—of the various natural orders can be readily ascer- ‘tained. Both lists give, after name of plant, references to either descriptions or figure, the time of flowering at La Mor- tola and the native country of the species. Winter or early spring is the best time to see this garden; then, I have no doubt, the words of Mr. Hanbury’s gardeners, Signori Villa and Verri—both men who not only know plants, but love them—would be doubly true. Whilst wandering from one surprise to another my companion and myself fre- quently expressed our astonishment and admiration, until at last our courteous conductors remarked, ‘‘ At this season the place is not such great things, but come in winter or spring and you would at once call it an earthly paradise.” In its issue of February 2oth, 1886, the Gardeners’ Chronicle contains a list of plants in flower on February 2d at La Mortola; the list contained the names of upward of five hundred species. — * Sauval, quoted by André: “ L’art des Jardins.” t Gibbon. 4 Garden and Forest. A few data summarized from the catalogues mentioned will give some’ idea of the extent and interest of Mr. Han- bury’s collections. There are fifty-one Agaves, sixty-nine Opuntias, thirty-nine Cereus, as many Mamillarias, forty Aloes, twenty-seven Stapelias and nearly a hundred Mesem- bryanthemums. To go on counting would be a somewhat tedious task for the writer, and the results of his efforts, if published to any extent, would probably prove as tedious to the readers of GARDEN AND FOREST; I therefore drop statis- tics with the remark that Acacia occupies a page and a half and Solanum nearly a page of the catalogue. . Of course all the Palms mentioned in previous series of notes, and many others besides, are to be seen at La Mortola, but the general collections of plants are too vast to allow space for large masses of each species. The most attractive member of the genus Phcenix—I am speaking of those culti- vated in the open ground along the Riviera—is P. Canariensis ; it is a quick grower, and is now grown in enormous num- bers. Instead of having somewhat scattered glaucous pinne and rather stiff habit like the common Date Palm, it has more numerous glossy bright green pinne and a graceful habit. There seems to have been some doubt always as to the origin of this species until Dr. Christ, of Basle, who studied some year or two ago the flora of the Canary Islands on the spot, found localities in which truly wild colonies of the Phoenix were growing ; other evidence of an historical nature collected by Dr. Christ, and his companion, Dr. Bolle, furnishes additional proof that this handsome Palm is really a native of the Canary Islands. Altogether forty-four Palm-names figure in Mr. Hanbury’s catalogue—some of these, however, will have to be reduced when the plants flower and fruit. I select a small proportion of the plants in flower at the time of our visit: Zecoma stans and T. capensis, the former with yellow, the latter with scarlet flowers—both splendid bushes. Carica Cundinamarcensis was both in flower and fruit. Statice rosea, a south African plant with charming, rose colored blossoms, was represented by a big, dense bush clothed with flowers ; under cultivation in England it is rarely satisfactory. Russellia juncea and Plumbago Capensis gave an abundance of blossom, and in one or two spots the splendid blue trumpets of Jpomea Learii formed quite a dazzling sheet of color; never under glass in England had my com- panion or myself seen this climber to such advantage. Correa cardinalis, the most beautiful member of this Australian genus, was noted as especially attractive; not far from it another Australian plant, Pimelea decussata, was also in flower. Jochroma Tonellianum, with purple blossoms; J. coccineum, with scarlet ones, and the Humming-bird’s Trum- pet, Zauschneria Californica, made an attractive trio. The huge, white flowers of Cereus MNapoleonis were especially striking, and on a ‘“‘pergola,” or wallc with a sort of flat, trel- lised roof clothed with a bewildering array of climbers Passz- Jlora Decaisneana, with its large, handsome flowers—in form and color not unlike those of P. alata and P. guadrangularis --was very conspicuous. On the low stone wall on one side of this walk numerous species of Begonia, Aschynan- thus, many Bromelias—some of these in flower—Cyfripe- dium insigne, etc., flourished in the shade. Mr. Hanbury has paid special attention to economic, par- ticularly medicinal, plants. As most of these, however, are not of value from an ornamental standpoint, I pass them over. A large collection of Orange-trees, etc., gathered together from all parts of the world where Oranges are cultivated, affords means for studying and comparing the various forms of this puzzling family which donot occurin everycountry. A large bush or smal! tree of the curious Chilian Qudllaja Safpo- narta was laden with its woody carpels, which, at first sight, by no means recall the order Rosacez, to which the plant belongs. The thick bark is rich in saponin, which can be pro- cured from it purer and more plentifully than from any other source; up to the present the principal use has been in wash- ing and cleansing fine stuffs and tissues; but recently, how- ever, the discovery of the action of saponin or a decoction or infusion of Quillaja bark on hydrocarbon oils, has opened out great possibilities for its use. Such extremely inflanymable oils as benzoline—the dangerous character of which rendered the utmost care necessary in packing, carrying, etc.—can now be solidified and shipped with little danger or trouble—the liquid condition being readily restored on arrival by the addition of a small quantity of citric acid. A covered way clothed with Ephedra altissima, a member of the order Guetacee, a family nearly allied to the conifers, was gay with the numberless coral-red fruits which weighed down the green, leafless, twiggy branches. Probably the Kaffir Plum or Kei Apple, of south Africa, fruited for the first time [JANUARY I, I89g0. in Europe in Mr. Hanbury’s garden some years ago. At the time of our visit the tree was laden with its yellow plum-like fruits, somewhat acid in taste and astringent in character. One of the most beautiful of all the fruiting herbaceous plants was a Solanum received from Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co., under the name of S. ciliatum macrocarpum. It had a spiny stem and leaves, and spreading branches borne down by the weight of the large, bright vermilion-red fruits ; on compar- ing with herbarium specimens it appears to be identical with the Brazilian S. aculeatissimum. A south African plant, a composite from the Karroo region, though not in flower at the time of our visit, is interesting on account of its having, more than any other at La Mortola, won the admiration of Queen Victoria when she visited Mr. Hanbury’s garden in March, 1882. The plant in question, Pteronta incana, forms a dense, twiggy shrub, and has small, ashy gray leaves. The pretty yellow flower-heads so charmed the Queen that she took away with her a quantity of the flower-laden branches. Since then the species has been called in the neighborhood, ‘‘La pianta della reina”—the _ Queen's plant. At Mentone, which is so near La Mortola that the climate of the two places must be almost alike, the mean temperature of November is fifty-four degrees Fahr., December forty de- grees, February forty-nine degrees, and March fifty-three degrees. Nearly the whole of the annual rainfall takes place during the winter and spring months ; during summer only an occasional thunder-storm comes to moisten the thirsty ground. The storing of water, therefore, for use during the hot, dry summer months is an absolute necessity, and entails much labor and expense. George Nicholson. Kew. New or Little Known Plants. Viburnum pauciflorum. HIS pretty species, which attains a height of three or four feet only, might be described as a dwarf V. Opulus, with small cymes, terminating short, two-leaved, lateral branches, and without the showy neutral ray flow- ers of that species. It is a widely distributed northern plant, inhabiting cold, moist woods from Labrador to Alaska, extending south to the high mountains of northern New England, the Saskatchewan country, Washington, and to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Viburnum pauciflorum has recently been introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, where it has not, however, flowered. The small figure of a flowering branch from Alaska is Regel and Herder’s “Plante Raddiane” (iii. 4 1, p. 3), is the only one pub- lished previously to our illustration upon page 5, drawn by Mr. Faxon from specimens gathered among the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Cisse Foreign Correspondence. London Letter. “fabs year 1889 is practically over, so far as public horticul- ture is concerned. Exhibitions are at an end, the final periodical meeting has been held, and the only remaining attraction is a public dinner or so, at which hand-shaking and general back-patting will be in order. English horticulturists appear to be cultivating a love for public dinners in connec- tion with their clubs, societies and shows; at any rate, they are much more frequent in recent years than they were formerly. Next week I hope to be able to notice the principal addi- tions that have been made this year to the list of good garden plants in England. Speaking from memory,I do not think there is anything remarkable to record in the way of new in- troductions. On the other hand, some very fine hybrids, crosses and varieties of garden origin have been added. Col- lectors confine their work chiefly to Orchids, so that compara- tively little is to be expected from them. Hybridization is the great attraction of the time, and almost every man who has a garden tries his hand at crossing one plant with another, in the hope of getting something startling. The last of this year’s bi-monthly meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society was held on Tuesday, December toth. Circumstances are totally against anything approaching a suc- cessful exhibition, or even a good muster of fellows in the middle of December. Despite this there were several exhibits JANUARY I, 15890. } of more than’ average interest, and others which were worth _ going tosee. Orchids were represented, first, by a basket of _ choice plants from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., amongst which were Odontoglossum Wattianum, the new species noted in my last letter: Itis not bright in color, nor uncommon in form, and may be called a mixture of O. luteofpurpureum and O. Sanderianum. Another plant shown as new, and named _ Cattleya O Brieniana, is a variety of C. Loddigesii with the petals slightly broader and less curved. Dendrobium Slatter- zanum is a good yariety of D. bigibbum, very dark in color, he Ae ee ee { a oa . 7. aA Garden and Forest. 5, spikes with 346 expanded flowers upon them. It would be difficult to surpass this Masdevallia as a free flowering, easily grown plant, but the specimen shown was a surprise even to those who know the good qualities of the species. Mr. Hodgson had grown this specimen from a tiny plant with two leaves, which he purchased for a guinea fifteen years ago. Celia bella is a Mexican Orchid which is not common in cultivation, but a plant of it shown by Mr. Malcolm Cook was ornamental enough to attract attention. of flowers, each spike with from It bore ejght spikes four to six expanded : Fig. r—Viburnum pauciflorum.—See page 4. _ the lower part of the lip being’ of a deep maroon ; the middle lobe of this organ is also longer than in D. dzgiébum. Some _ persons who saw it were inclined to call it a variety of D. ; Phalenopsis, and thought it might be a connecting link be- _ tween that species and D. digibbum. Whatever its affinity, _ D2. Slatterianum is a pretty addition to the Australian Den- drobiums. sieve oie! sielnivelsintalulalet=lel=\e/aielaiele svi /s[aierl= 495 Meetincs oF Societies :—Horticulture in New Jersey... wieinie -F. 495 INCOMES aelcisls scion aivlele\eie/vieie'se cdackds (ooséSequcagnagpoDsc: eo contacugusr. Jeep ecannee 495 ILLusTRATIONS :—The White Pine Louse: Oviparous Female, Fig. 60. Winged Male, Fig. 61. a, Eggs on Leaf; 4, Egg, Magnified, Fig. 62.......-.. 488 Heucophyllum) Dexanum, Pig, 63......... 2... cmeidevenbiacsdes ces cis escass 489 The Tupelo Tree (Nyssa aquatica) in Eastern Massachusetts............. 49 ihe Tupelo Tree 4 ‘HE forests of eastern America contain few trees more interesting to the botanist or of greater ornamental value than the Tupelo, Pepperidge, Sour Gum or Water Gum, as one of the American representatives of the small genus Nyssa is popularly called in different parts of the country. This genus was so named by Linnaeus for a water nymph, because the species known to him, inhab- itants of our far southern states, grow usually in shallow ponds or deep swamps overflowed for a considerable part of each year. Its nearest American relatives are the Cor- nels, from which Nyssa differs principally in its five instead of four-parted flowers, which are rarely perfect, but pro- duce their male and female organs separately, while the flowers of the Cornels are perfect, and, in its alternate leaves, the leaves of our Cornels being opposite except in the case of a single species. The distribution of the genus is exceptional and inter- esting. Three species, or four, according to the opinion of some excellent observers, inhabit different parts of eastern North America from Maine to Texas. One species, a tree of some size, occurs at considerable elevations on the Sik- kim Himalaya, and one or two little known species are found on the mountains of Java. The genus has no repre- sentative, strange to say, in the flora of China or Japan, where so many of the types of eastern America occur ; and paleontologists have not yet brought to light any indication that the ancestors of existing species inhabited a larger part of the earth’s surface than these species do at present. This is not the place, and it is not our intention, to dis- cuss at this time the limits of the different American spe- cies, which have puzzled botanists ever since they have known them, the confusion beginning with Linneeus him- self, who included two very distinct species under his original description. It is our purpose merely to call atten- tion to one of the species still little known or appreciated by planters as an ornamental tree. This is the Nyssa, which is generally distributed through all the eastern por- tions of the United States south of the southern part of the state of Maine and central Michigan. Nyssa aquatica appears to be the correct botanical name for this tree, Garden and Forest. 485 although it is only in the extreme south that it grows in water. Near the coast of the northern states it always grows by the borders of swamps in low, moist ground ; and in the interior, especially on the lower slopes of the high Alleghany Mountains, where it attains its greatest size, it is found at considerable distances from the water-courses associated with the Oaks, Magnolias, Hemlocks, Hickories and Ashes which form the principal part of the forest- growth. Here the Tupelo grows sometimes to a height of considerably more than a hundred feet, with a tall, stout trunk three or four feet in diameter, and short slender branches, contracted in their development by its neighbors in the forest. Near the coast it is always a much smaller tree, especially in the southern states, and it is rare to find it more than fifty feet high except in the mountain forests or in those of the lower Ohio valley—a region of excep- tional and extraordinary tree-growth. The habit of this tree as we see it near the coast is very different from that which it assumes when growing in the dense forest, for, as it grows near the coast in low, wet land, which produces generally few trees, the individuals have sufficient room for the development of their branches, which are long and nearly horizontal, producing a flat, often umbrella-shaped, top. This is the familiar form in which the Tupelo is seen in the neighborhood of this city, either along the shores of Long Island Sound, where it abounds, or the New Jersey coast. The leaves vary much in size and somewhat in outline on trees in different parts of the country, the largest. and broadest being produced on the Alleghany Mountains, and the smallest in the Florida Pine-barrens. The flowers in the different forms vary, however, very little. The stami- nate flowers are produced in dense clusters, while the female flowers are borne two to fourteen together at the summit of an elongated peduncle. The blue-black fruit, of which rarely more than two are developed from a clus- ter of flowers, varies somewhat in shape, and very con- siderably in size, in different parts of the country, as do the seeds, which have been depended on to divide the species. But the botanist, with a large series of specimens gathered from trees growing under the various climatic conditions to which this species is subjected, finds it a difficult task to distinguish characters which can be depended on to estab- lish varieties even which do not pass imperceptibly one into another. The Tupelo was introduced into England in 1808 by John Lyon, an English plant-collector who traveled widely in North America early in the century. It was doubtless sent earlier to France, as it is hardly possible that Michaux could have failed to introduce such a distinct and beautiful tree into the plantations of his native land. Whether this is true or not it is certain that no American tree is now more rarely seen in Europe, and a really fine specimen outside of America is not. easily recalled. This is due, perhaps, to the difficulty which is always experienced in transplanting this tree after it has been allowed to remain undisturbed for any length of time or after it has attained to any considerable size. The roots are remarkably stout and long, with few rootlets, so that the trees are never easy to move unless they have been grown in the nursery and specially pre- pared for transplanting. It is easily raised from seed, however, the seedlings are easily transplanted, and if they are set while still young where the trees are to grow per- manently, no difficulty will be experienced with them. Even large plants dug up in the swamps can be successfully moved if extraordinary care is taken in the operation, but for the ordinary cultivator it is best to depend on small, nursery-grown plants when they can be obtained. The Tupelo should be more often seen in ornamental plantations than it is at present. The habit of this tree when allowed sufficient room in which to grow is striking and interesting and quite unlike that assumed by any other of our hardy trees. The foliage isabundant and lustrous, and in the autumn it assumes a brilliancy and splendor of coloring 486 unrivaled by that of our other trees. It is one of those trees which always attract attention—in the winter by its peculiar habit, in summer by the beauty of its foliage and in autumn by its coloring. The wood of this tree is nearly white and very light, but with such an intricately contorted grain that it can be split only with the greatest difficulty. It is valuable, therefore, and now considerably used for the hubs of light wheels and for rollers in glass factories, for ox-yokes and similar purposes. The value of the Tupelo as an ornamental tree is shown in our illustration on page 491 representing a group of these trees growing naturally near a small pond in the town of West Medford, Massachusetts, and made from one of the excellent tree portraits for which we are indebted to Mr. Henry Brooks. Nyssa aquatica is a small-fruited species, the stone marked by broad, rounded ridges; the fruit of the two other Ameri- can species is very much larger, the stones being marked with prominent acute or winged margins. The first of these two species is the WVyssa uniflora of botanists, so called be- cause the fertile flowers are solitary. This is a large tree, usually known as the Cotton Gum or Big Tupelo, a hundred feet or more high, and an inhabitant of deep river-swamps, where it grows in immense quantities, generally with the Sweet Gum, from southern Virginia and southern Illinois and Indiana to Florida and Texas. It has ample, usually angular-dentate leaves and peduncled fruit half an inch long, known in the country where it grows as wild olives. It is one of the largest, handsomest and most abundant of the river-swamp trees of the southern states. According to Aiton, it was introduced into England as early as 1735 by the indefatigable Peter Collinson, who no doubt received it from his constant correspondent, John Bartram; it was probably soon lost from gardens, and it is extremely doubtful if it is now anywhere known in a living state out- side its native swamps. The other American species of the genus is a smaller tree than either of the others and much more restricted in its range. It is the so-called Ogeeche Lime, the Nyssa Ogeche of botanists, of the coast region of South Carolina and Georgia, and of a few isolated stations of northern and western Florida. It is a shrubby tree, with staminate flowers in large clusters, the fertile solitary and usually perfect. These are followed by olive-shaped scarlet fruit nearly an inch long, and very acid even when fully ripe. It is collected in considerable quantities, being much esteemed when preserved with sugar for its sub-acid flavor. It is known as wild limes or Ogeeche limes. It is doubtful if this tree, although known to Bartram, Marshall, Walter and the early American botanists, has ever been cultivated, although it might well be grown for its fruit in regions where the Orange flourishes. Durine the discussion on landscape-gardening at the Boston Convention of Florists Mr. C. B. Whitnall, of Mil- waukee, in the course of a well constructed argument to justify the use of a natural combination of simple elements in park planting as against the more highly- ornate style, which also had advocates, quoted the following sentence from Mr. McMillan’s now famous essay: ‘‘ The lights and shadows of a painting are carefully studied, and whatever is appreciated in the copy is surely of greater value in the original.” Mr. Whitnall went on to inquire if any one ever heard of a noted artist who spent time in copying ribbon lines or carpet patterns or any other of the formal garden designs which may be classified under the gen- eral head of decorative planting. Of course, every one must admit that the genuine artist would prefer some nook in the wild-wood or some other piece of unadorned nature as a subject ; but, after all, this hardly proves that so-called decorative gardening is altogether to be rejected. It only demonstrates in another way the truth of what we have before stated, and what is no doubt the belief of Mr. Whit- Garden and Forest. [OCTOBER 8, 1890. nall himself, that there are two distinct kinds of gardening. It does not follow that a piece of embroidery is not beauti- ful and useful in its proper function because an artist does not choose to put it on canvas, nor does it follow that a formal arrangement of plants may not have a legitimate use in certain places because it is not a fit subject for the brush. A true artist must express some sentiment. It is the inner meaning of his subject which he aims to interpret; but an arrangement of plants and flowers which is meant ’ to be strictly ornamental addresses itself to the esthetic faculty alone, and although it may give great delight on account of its perfect form and brilliant color its beauty is evanescent and superficial. Decorative planting of this sort is essentially transient. The arrangement of the beds may be altered a dozen times during the year, and they are sure to be changed with each season. It can have none of the associations which cluster around a work which has a permanent and continuous life beneath an ever-changing outward form. On the other hand, a natural landscape may have the beauty which an artist always wishes to reproduce, but it may have in addition a profounder meaning which excites the imagination and moves the feelings. All this means that landscape-gardening which deals with the permanent features of scenery, with the sky line and the distance and the shadowy mystery of wood borders, will always furnish subjects for the brush of the artist, while merely decorative gardening, which is concerned with the temporary adorn- ment of smaller spaces, furnishes no such subject. In other words, it offers additional evidence that there aretwo kinds of garden art essentially distinct in purpose and in effect. There is no necessary conflict between the two styles of planting, but itis plain that each should be re- stricted to its legitimate field. Any attempt to combine the two by unskilled hands is likely to produce an incon- gruity in which the best effect of each will be more than neutralized by the other. Shrubs which Endure Drought. BARBERRIES.—Some of the Asiatic Barberries have stood the heat and drought in a surprising way. Of these B. Amurensis stands well at the head for rapidity of growth, health of foliage and for the very heavy crop of handsome fruit. Several other species are also clean and healthy and loaded with varied and handsome fruit, under conditions which have favored the Cluster Cup Fungus and stunted growth on the common species from west Europe. Among the perfect ones I might name B&B. esculenta, B. macrocaultea, B. carriacea, B. Fishert, B. macrophylla, B. crategina. Our observations favor the belief that in our climate a number of so-called species are free from the Cluster Cup Fungus. RUSSIAN PRIVET.— While classed as varieties of Ligustrum vul- gare, the Privets from central Russia are quite unlilke the com- monforms from west Europe, which are tender here. The leaves are broader, darker green, and in all respects more attractive ; the plants are absolutely hardy, the flower-racemes are larger, pure white and fragrant, and the bunches of berriesare larger, as are the individual berries. When in blossom the flowers were much worn by the ladies on the college grounds and prized for use as cut flowers in vases. TAMARIX AMURENSIS.—Here the common Tamarix is frozen down during our mildest winter, while that from the Amur is perfectly hardy. It is a dry climate plant, and will grow on the driest embankment in perfect health where nearly all other shrubs would perish. It is now (September 18th) in flower for the third time this season. CLIMBING HONEYSUCKLE.—What we have from Russia as Lonicera Germanica and L. media are models of health and vigor, with a grand show of brilliant scarlet berries in clus- ters at the points of growth. JZ. confusa, as we have it from north-east Germany, appears to be identical with ZL. Halleana from China, but it is a hardier plant and a more profuse bloomer. BUSH HONEYSUCKLES.—Lonicera splendens, from seeds sent us by Professor Sargent, endures drought better, has better foliage and habit, and has a far more abundant crop of hand- some fruit than the common JZ. TZartarica, L. Zylosteum, L. Ruprectiana, L, Alberti,and a half dozen named varieties from ee a eee ee lida OcToBER 8, 1890. ] France and Germany of the Splendens type are superior in every respect to the old varieties, and are now loaded with handsome fruit, shown amid clean, handsome foliage. SALIX ROSMARINIFOLIA.—As an object lesson the attention of the junior class in horticulture was to-day directed to the plants of Salix rosmarinifolia from Ellwanger & Barry, and to the variety of the species from Voronesh, in central Russia. Since July there has not been a leaf on the west European va- riety, while at this late date the Russian form is clothed with perfect dark green, Fern-like foliage, andis anobject of beauty. At any season and in any part of the country the Rosemary- leaved Willow from the East will be prized as a lawn shrub. ROSES.—The varieties of Rosa rugosa from China, central Asia and Russia have not flagged a leaf or made less apparent growth than usual during the dry period. SpirR#As.—Of the hardy varieties and species the most per- fect and vigorous have been 5S. “iloba, S. Van Houttett, S. cal- losa alba and S. rubra from Russia, S. hypericifolia and S, Nobleana. CARAGANAS.—The most northern species, such as C. ardor- escens, have not endured the heat and drought without partial or complete loss of foliage. But some of the shrub varieties from the eastern steppes have stood remarkably well and flowered profusely. Of these C. fruticosa, C. fruticosa varie- gata, C. macrophylla, C. mollis glabra and C. Redowsky stand well at the head. This list only includes a few trees and shrubs studied as object lessons by the junior class yesterday and to-day. F.L. Budd. Towa Agricultural College. Judging the Quality of Apples. |e Maine Farmer reports Pomologist Van Deman, of the United States Department of Agriculture, as saying in his address to the fruit-growers at the state fair in Lewiston: “I hear that you have taken to testing the Russian apples, which are very poor in quality”; and I wish to entera protest against the hasty and inconsiderate way in which whole classes of fruit are condemned together. It cannot be justly said of the apples of any country that they are ‘‘ very poor.” English apples are looked upon by Americans as inferior to their own varieties ; and it is even claimed that the best Eng- lish apples—the Ribston and Blenheim Pippins—are better grown on this side of the Atlantic. But the English, while ad- mitting the brighter color of our apples, deny that the quality is better than in those produced by their own skillful fruit- growers. When we speak of the quality of apples, the uses to which they are put must be considered. Downing says of the Tal- man Sweet: ‘In quality this fruit is scarcely second-rate, but it is a very popular and profitable sort.” All over the country Ben Davis meets with criticism as to its quality, yet it is un- doubtedly the leading commercial apple of the United States, and Downing classes it as ‘“‘ good to very good.” Among Rus- sian apples, Alexander, Red Astrachan and Oldenburgh are rated high upon the American Pomological Society’s select list of 369 varieties. This high rating is not accorded to any of these five sorts for dessert quality; yet their value as commer- cial apples is indisputable, and they are as extensively planted (in some sections, at least) as any varieties on the list. This shows that high dessert quality is not and ought not to be the . only standard by which apples are rated ‘‘good” or ‘‘ poor.” Surely itis no more right to condemn the Russian apples as being ‘‘very poor’ because some of the largest and best known among them belong to the class of culinary apples, than it would be to call all American varieties ‘‘very poor” because some of the leading and best known sorts, such as those named above, or others that might be added, are not dessert fruit. Much the larger part of the apples grown in this and other countries is devoted to culinary use. This seems to be forgotten by a large number of writers on fruit, but surely it ought not to be. In regard to more recently introduced Russian apples it must be said, and borne in mind, that very few of them have had that wide and general testing, without which all pro- nounced opinion in regard to quality must be looked upon as a “snap judgment.” 2 fie oD (a\ wes ut is ey Sa pea ee Saag wae Ff lh if } i ab MNO ht N (ih ae at \ Nok oe ne wa} BAe dy Pah Rh & H ‘ iy t ar edd, f d " Ly gt Fa ‘c ; LLC Sieh TN es — fini 3 9088 014