ry (> 2A v.44 Oot GARDEN AND: FOREST A JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE, LANDSCAPE ART AND FORESTRY Conducted by CHARLES S. SARGENT Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College, ete. ILLUSTRATED VOLUME IV. JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1891 wil aA ic ee eso eg ‘ Vs EP 96 193] Rpt! Na A FOmay wustl> New York hee THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. 1891 aor A W rights INDEX TO VOLUME IV. The asterisk (*) denotes that the sub- Andromeda speciosa...........537, 580 Arum sanctum........ seccecssceee» 141 Begonia Sunderbuchii.............. 428 ject is illustrated. Aindromedachmctetmectereeatictc(iicle Asarum arifolium ................. 8x1 ——— Sutherlandii.............-... 608 Androsace sarmentosa.. Virginicum...... 005000 ee OL Triomphe de Lemoine feiuictoste 213 Abelia rupestris ...........-.....-. 504 Aneimias, Mexican..... 20 Asclepias purpurescens . 309 velutina ...........+. 428 Abies bracteata...........- eperetelaieste = 614 Anemone acutiloba ............ ... 8 Asimina triloba........ 5 oe. 448 Vernon . concolor..............28, 190, 287 lan Gare et ena ea ciccrus ’ Asmus Ernest, article by. posodo00R9 405 Winter Gem WNGNSacon de scoop occmec ogo 178 ILA ssocnoocosanacenss Asparagus plumosus 90390 90000600 Qi BESOMIAST ewlelelalelae)-in/=)nlele asiocarpa......-....28, 382%, 562 COLON Aa ieis ranine cites ciate points of merit in a PMADELOUS sec cle (eielsie/= ite siete) 235) 249 magnifica .......... ogaocon00 178 CyMTCINCE soca o6o0sd coacdodc Walls o00 16 S000 0 co0p 000008600 Bellis perennis...............+ 584 nobilis ...... 382 epaticaricaricissschnee sce Aspen, the......... Bennett, Dr. Henry, death of....... 408 religiosa .... - 136 ———Japonica.. Be atmetens Asperula hexaphylla.. Benthamia Japonica .......... . 287 subalpina ..........- ++ 589 Japonica elegans. weeese sees 527 Aspidium filix-mas..............0.4+ Bermuda Cedar, the....... - 289* umbellata ........... 143 ALETMOLO SAME Eielcetisiaic cisleiseieiala 199 Aspidiums in North Carolina....... 86 MATECLEMS oeielels nieie stealer neieeicteravele 254 Webbiana hosooqodonel Ey” Robinsoniana ...........+0+s 368 Mexican............-.--. 448, 449 un) Mayr ees sees 2 songs Be PANE RICE ieee lean aisinreie nate oead! ais} BHM ES AS so56 Socadoonedonbosa BMG) Aspleniums, Mexican......... 449, 483 (Oho, tev 4as4nqccssoocneaoe 451 WWeacia) GECULTENS s... 6 6s cesieceecs oe 156 wood, the.... .... 4 SRG) AREF AO MW So 5006 scone ponenOOG SS 144 Palmetto, he 0 302* Farnesiana........... -..281, 309 Anemonella thalictroides . . 199 macrophyllus ++. 88% Potatoes . sees SIL pubescens. ......... 33, 156, 419 Angreecum eburneum ............. 46 —— Shortii....... 78 472" Bessera elegans .. sad eboouboauaas0ne 124* Acalthée caudata........... Bestel si 496* frACKANS docicels selseue - . -103, 113 Tartaricus........ s0o05000000 196* Bessey, Prot. Chas. E. , ar icle by .. 466 Acanthads, some useful............ 56 POW RPE RT Ese Sree elton 46 Asters in October.........-..... B225 526) Betulailemtam celeste les oieln sleleieleisiele 456 Acanthophcenix crinita...... Be eates 68 sesquipedale . oposaan ces 8a ANON G550.6 060000 CUOsEOCOOOCO 414 nteapere sitace cteicisieie «isi zicteieintetaye 531 Acer barbatum...............-. .. 148* Anguloa Ruckeri .......... Reena OE grown by children.... 455 MBER 6 9955095555905605 eleterstere 531 randidentatum............. 147 Annuals, garden. elereksenteiae Sara 212, 356 Astrantia minor ........0....+2+.2- 520 Papy NHECEA Socococcadedonneas 447 seudoplatanus .. Beeleiel SOE Anthericum Liliago.......... odobed 531 Astrocaryum Mexicanum.......... 68 Beverly CramOns, Massachusetts... 55° GACChANINUM! sic cavis. 134*, 148 Anthracnose, an orchid ..........- 309 Atkins, F., article by.............. 117 IBinchethies bla ehseeiteelereietete sic eteteisictel= 460 Mmautyetterle sccace cslveess-s 156 Anthurium Scherzerianum......-.. 270 Atkinson, Edward, mete by .. 513 the Canoe ........ aouass 462, 531 Viloxemi........ adnoyo0ao 365 Anthyllis vulneraria..............+5 531 Aubr: ietias Bocetereieraeeieiseteleieleistaicietsrcts 202 (WN@ GMAW? Gooncdegonsssoounes 531 Achillea nana..... Eee eicdactelavetsisvaiels Sees Androsace sarmentoSa...+...ceeree a BVA Australia, useful plants of ......... 468 ELT PLY elantetstaretetstcterateteleisieteroelate 531 serrata plena........-.-eee 332 Aphelandra Blanchetiana . pEgoY! Australian GhineS) soa coacanpanoseneo 118 (ie “QNIONY caapusopeosenocon » 531 Aciphylla squarrosa . BO, sie Apios tuberosa.......... 5 Ben Avena diattla'seclsicavicine «- 605 Birds in Indiana.. Aconitum Napellus ............++.- 53) Aplectrumyhiemale tercccrce- sce 32 Ayres, H. B., articles by . -238, 530 Blackberries.......... FNCOENECLOP ees sie cacices <> 504, 563, 610 Aponogeton distachyon............ 381 Azalea, a har ‘dy Ia ligyti cag gogondope 369 Blackberry crop, the......... . 404 Acrostichum araneosum .........-. 449 Appalachian Club, herbarium ex- ANI COM Darlereteieteleisietelevsis oh ctelalercle 342 Blechnum occi entale sacadedaneoos - 483 = spathulatum...... Ie ens felaiavs 449 ibitionmbiy-wlemeet emacs ccs 610 Indicas Damiorsers|-\-cvceeree 342 Bocconia cordata.. 6 . 525 Ada Lehmanni..... Reyer ratetct te evsie(sta 388 Apple, failure of the Baldwin....... 384 —— ——— The Mikado.......... 342 Bog, Bristol Pond, plants of... aGopean 2a Adiantums, Mexican.........-- 448, 449 origin of the Baldwin........ 408 mollis, Mecene Bolle, Dr. C., articles by.. 154, 177 321 Adirondack mountains, forests on sun-scald of.....,.....- seeeee 276 Norma.... Bomareas ......... 618 the northern slope of the......... 26 Apple-tree, a WEODINE «. snogsgens - 334 Azaleas for forcing ... Books about nature ‘published | in MESELVAtlONeeeeiiecsci= = sis cv eee 4 — See England, 120 ligiobieiiny SASS 55052 5 Se aeeeeogoo AMET Catamieimisteletelsieieleicielslsioraieisie sisters OO) Adirondacks, railroads in the.... . 265 Apple-trees, protecting, from insects 264 AzolanGarolinivanascielettellsic\s\e/-/cielctsie Bordeaux mixture .............0.-- 60 Aeranthus brachycentron.......... 365 ApplessabOutese-iscce- ice eee 546, 600 for Potato disease. 534, 581 Aerides Lawrenciz........-...+..- 401 choosing varieties of ........ 149 ON grapeS......-+ var. Amesiana.. ..... 616 for home use, varieties of ... 272 B Boronia heterophylla..... Savageanum......... «+ 203 ood) dessentinese ewe eeeoee 537 : ¥ megastigma ........ £schynanthus..... -. 2360 rardy Seedlius pobaasenaeecee 103 Baccharis halmifolia........... 468, 580 —_ Boston public garden, the splendidus ..........--..---- 80 inlixSoreesees eeeceee seek s72) so Bacteria and green EEN BCO0DO 59 spring flower show........-- 167 /@sculus Californica .............. 518% in NIGines ea poscocantessasany Bacterial disease of Celery......... 584 Botanic garden, notes from the Har- Sabra ete see cwicaieie SLT, in Minnesota............0.0¢ 299 Bailey, Prof. L. H., article by..... 58 vard..... 80, 90, 141, 319, 333, 368, 608 OGEMGE i coodsonkoosoEne 275) 517 in the North-west... 4 298 Balsam, the........ Jone ae ece et cece ce 589 Botanical discoveries in China and Pawyitoliamerretatelafelelelsteicia= s1« sate 518 = GWE, Dinsos scccase ating Bamboo, seeding of the............ 386 eastern Burma, recent..74, 88, 98, 123, PAM: Gopcosncndenosuggod Bir, uly) scarcity of Enelish ..... . 30 Bamboos, hardiness of yepatere . 260 135, 219, 267 Agaricus melleus ............0.e05 492 uncommon yarieties.......... 611 Bambusa arundinacea...........-. 386 garden at St. Louis.. 225, 284, 310 Agave Americana........... see 540, WaSconsini eee jaseese eee 468 Tyna iloylPs 555550060 s05b0OO000000 300 —— scholarshipsin. 564, Agaves for bedding................ 261 Aquatic plants Ot Reh eshte ee 431, 476 Banyan tree at Calcutta........-... 612 601 Agricultural Experiment Stations .. 335 Aquatics i in the flower gar Gente 78 Baptisias Binieiatetelstelatercteiatatetsisiels}eiaiar sees 417 Botany at Barnard College 5 Ee heae 494 Agriculture, report of the Secretary Aquilegia chrysantha alba......... 344 Bar bacenias cnbneccovccsgoabucooose | 9h) the evolutiomofece esos eccuee 456 Oe ee eric leicigis a dsievcls ove «. 220, 542 = GOShUleadl sauces aeeee ae 298, 300 +Barberries in autumn............-. 580 the study of................. 551 Ajuga Genevensis .. Aeon, GEL MAbellataer nr ese amas 237 Barker, Michael, articles by.. 16, 20, 45, _ Bo-tree of Gaaton the sacred....... 420 Akebia lobata............ cosepono0s 137 SHiarebinereaien ne secu ee 69 56, 80, 90, 115, 141, 200, 225, 319, 333, Botrychium Virginianum.......... 483 cuinatarreer entree: Arabiskalpinaleeseee eco eee ee 190 357, 308, 381, 389, 392, 417, 50%, 512, 525, Bougainvilleaglabra............... 92 the fruit of........ variegata.... ....e.es 202 537» 548, 590, 608, ero Brachystelma edulis . ...........-- 98 Alaska, forests of ..........- i Arachnanthe Clarkei............... 474 Barnstable, Massachusetts......... ININGETHS) Sasce BoosogeeuecscocD 36 Alders in the Yosemite............ 422* Aralia quinquefolia................ 360 Barron, William, death of.. 5 eee Brandis, Sir Dietri ish article by.. . 381 Aletris aurea...... - 251 Sleboldiisqusecise seine ceeeceine 608 Basket plants oc anadas ad acusoanE =. 344 Brassia verrucosa . a farinosa... 7 25% Awraucanialexcelsa ssc. cccscseccsce 24 Basswood in Mississippi Valley.... 53x Brassica nigra............... Aleurites cordata ........0.20.eee08 47 Arbor-day in Massachusetts....... ro2 Bauhinia Galpini.................-- 305 Rapalencces Hees Aleuritopteris Schaffneri ........... 520 Arboretum, field meetings in the Ar- Baxter, Sylvester, article by........ 362 Brewster, Massachusetts........... 623 Allamanda Williamsii ............. 376 MOG!) .-84 roan odanoos AV UIIS Fat 204 Beans, cultivation Of .....0:s0eeee++ Britton, Prot. N. L., ar ols Ls? Go000 202 Alleghany Mountain Bark, an ap- near Biltmore, North Caro- ILM PG beacoosooddconspAaseCe Brodiceas .......... BARS So cbaaacaorte 214 eal for.. Reicha siessice ere E20 jinakeeseeee Hele OX3, NOLS, Snap .. eb eee ee eees IBLOMMUSHINOllISmacerreeieeelocerlecieniens 604 Allen, C. L., fan ticle by « § SRS Oo 46 notes ‘from le iAvnold: -296, 306, Bee-keeping i in | Florida. Bronx Park, a miewy in Bere ees 314* Almonds i in ’ Califor nia, seedling... 495* 317, 330 342, 354, 378 Beet-sugar.........++..- G00050 Brooklyn Society for Parks and PANS MATING. « \010.0/0 2 vi is:e a a\ciens ets 268* Arbor-vitae, American ............. 304 IONS) Coon doonce Saab oodcoonobodoaeas Player rounds peepee eter ee eenene SUAISI GL Graves ns gin e/Sit cm eisiara’syeielejce ane 53m the western.....109*, 153, Begonia Baumanni............ Brown, W. F., article By poeta sane cle Alpinia galanga ..... Siisieierc sew feels 95 166, 242 Bertha McGregor .........-. 428 Brownea, a hybrid.. 126 Alps, the French ................ -.. 585 Arbutus Arizonica ...........0..+- 317* Boliviensis. Rees sciesieie 606 Bruchus, varieties of. 280* Alsophilas Sad 0 oes OO ORNSS syartetcoets 128 trailing eee cece 81, 189, 532 CYPTEA 2... cewccnccceecscrece Brunella Webbiana... abccabae ues! Alstré6meria aurantica...... FeGe One 368 Architect and client................ 433 Davist cee «si IBRUNS VIE IASheeen)= ees miieiciercieieieleie ticle 104 pelegrina ..... Prine sciime ee 285 Architectural fitness . ............. 385 discolor....... .. Buckeyes, the American.......... 517* Alyssum spinosum ....,.... ...... 144 Architecture and landscape arbeoe. 37 —— Dregii............ Buckhout, Prof. W. A., articles by.. 69, JNTEWENTINS) Boon oo onsoc asdennBenNoe 316 Arctostaphylos Manzanita ........ 565* Eyansiana ......-..-..+.++-+ 106, 447 Amaryllis, cultivation of........249, 444 Wvatursileeceen tence econsOs geranioides Budd, Prot. J. L., article by. ...... 83 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. ob. Ardisia paniculata ........... -.... 239 glaucophylla ............-.-+ 344 Budding and er afting trees ........ 298 longifolia ............ aooon SIX) Pickeringia ...... ..... seces 239 Incarnata .........-+sesseeee Buddleia officinalis . dooeceadaco BuIG) Amorphophallus campanulatus.. 90, 258 Arethusa bulbosa...... teeeeercen ce 291 Louis Closson Bulbophyllum Comosum ......+s+- 98 Abia o esos ode sasisiescicis 04) Aristolochia gigas ................. 546 ——— martiana gracilis............ 608 denticulatum...._..... ..... 484 Ampelopsis quinquefolia .......... 69 Goldicanaumee ne oeecnecenie 258 metallica var! yeaa seen eseeee 428 Un flertcnm seeteraleeeieteeeeianiniete 162 Amsonia Tabernzemontana ........ 284 grandiflora .....,...401, 425, 546 —-— octopetala................... 608 nigripetalum.. z 484 Amygdalus Andersonii ............ 255 SID coos buabdoounoonocsseoo 448 —— Pearcei.............06 seen 606 Bulbs, Cape.............. 270 Anchusa Capensis........ ........ 2 Arnebia macr othyrsa.............. 57 Scharffiana ...0......0.06 69, 428 for winter -flowering.. SoRdAonD. ee MitaliGalirac.accise ceiteis « cseiclaiet ove 21 Arpophyllum giganteum........... 201 semperflorens... 66 237 arc yam cv-rercrele tolstsice stores shete 487 Andrews, Miss E. F., article by .... 333 Artemisia PontiGal..ss-cee sess ec 207 — atropurpurea......... 428 ities hardy..... 2475) 463, 488 Andromeda Mariana as) see eitiis ieee Arum Palzestinum ..... Evevetoniaest I4I, 174 Souvenir de F. Gaulin....... 428 spring-Aowering .. - 403 iv Index. Burma, recent botanical discoveries Cattleya Vedasti:.....0:.....-0 .... 244 Chrysanthemum, Mrs. G.C.Schwabe 57° Cornus candidissima ......... ..... 319 in China and eastern.. 74, 88, 98, 123, Wallxeriana.. aaoncdeas 548 Mrs. Governor Fifer. ....... 564 cincinataereeer ere go0900 ay, 378 135) 219, 267 oS Warocqueana . Beets Fi 16, 65, 544 Mrs. Jerome Jones ........ e= 550 florida.. Bedeooseooe «eer ae) IBUttCeNmiite tine eecieicteteleteratsfalaisialeateeisievere 472 var. amethystina...... 138 Mrs. R. King.............- +» 570 WEI Soapnondodddaososcbccosn 22 Catileyas, an insect pest of.......... 99 Mrs. Robert Craig .......... 551 Nuttallii.. Caucasian Bucs nba tris) a ride ——— Olga 2.0... eee es eee ene - 504 sericea. er Cc WWE WScogyedoodaboose cocky, 7736) Roselyn... ees... Boece uA Bae stolonifera ... .... Cauliflower ........ dacoonoe 284, 383, 486 Ruth Cleveland . - 539 Corydalis nobilis ..... a0, daodoncd, Cabbage; cultivation of ........ 84, 486 Ceanothusheess. se... enc- cress ee 214 — W.A. Manda..........:....- 564 Cotinus nomenclature..........e.0. 552 points of merit Rte ELH RABE 284 EDGSU OTS ernicfec)eeeieierstelstels 240 Walter Hunnewell........... 550 Cotoneaster vulgaris. Soudan oo Sys (CAG asco nonpdoncoscoonaeas .o0a0 143, 270 Cones of Lebanon, a NEVO S555 00008 420 Chrysanthemums, anemone........ 570 Cottonwood, the....... Reo K 182, 531 in landscape-gardening..... - 592 the Bermuda Do caaso Aste a vase of........ seseeeeecees 38% Cotyledons for bedding... 261 night- -blooming . AGHBOan «. 465 the Red..... fefeters 5 7304» 532 best varieties of. So uGpe Country gentleman, the decline “of Caladiums anoSoDoboo 414 in England oe. 417 —— blight of...... «.. 500 THE). 5iinic: 0 wlvinseleve arota rae ete een eee 217 Calandrinia Breweri......... .....- 491 HINER WINItE 'o (co oie cietstejeinieciewvee 304 CFOSSING ....-.+.2+-++eeeeee- 52 Crab-applesin Minnesota. . sravaveyetere 299 Menziesii......... Reet nieiciess 317 Celastrus scandens ................ 159 cultivation of.72, 126, 129, 141, 140, Cranberries in Wisconsin.......... umbellata ...........----+--+. 174 Celery, points of meritin........... 284 227, 501 Cranberry bogs of E Cape roe the. s4ok Calanthe, a hybrid ..... doo cobon00 16* bacterial disease of.......... 584 GRIN ao00 0000000000 austere «-» 476 scald, the. Badouscododascrs Eyermanii Saerevereieeets oie ae iale 16 NANTES MEN teal siaiciere s oeicioretence ores nN Lal SAg5o GoOKnGODNA-o000 10) Cranesbills......... oes SEEOO, a50n400 nd000000000000 16 Celmisia evils : in Boston.. seceeeesereees 550 Crateegus coccinea ...... Calanthes........ ooa008 douboondad 90, 609 Celtis occidentalis..............05++ 531 in England... paudosnoGs Hl, FO tomentosa ...... (CAIEMINGEIS Basodooonaacanc Cemetery, a Califor nig. sg 206 in New Work..../c0-- eee 539 ##Crinumangustum..... Calceolarias, shrubb 5 of Montevideo............-.- 216 in Philadelphia Asiaticum........ Caldwell, Prof. G. C.; article IDyvo nso 59 of the Musée des Monuments in Short Hills bracteatumbpeneeencnenenn ‘ Calendula suffruticosa........+..+++ EIGAMGOISMetarelatsieiewe lsteleiaeteieiectiniets 63* in the south of Europe..... -. iganteum..... Pag awooosodAO6 California Almond, a seedling 0 Centaurea Cyana nana compacta WE » aoigoadaosogDbOOA . —_ Hildebrandt. Scerletatetaletetaie terete arborescent Yuceas of. . Vict seeee ia} sfale(op-fetetateteyete teceee 356 notes on. 5 longifolium . Buckeye, the .......... MIGIRENA MY oq550000500e000000 122 sports of . Moorel teen eee eee eens a 427 COMO Booosoucsess IRGE TL Calls ninislelelassievaietsisiete iets 300 Bios s Pedienee seed- Powelli . Bo flower and seed growing i in. » 599 SUAVEOIENS) s...2 aisle eeieiclenninsle 212 ling... sesee secececccece wee 547 Crocus nudiflorus,,.....cscecssenee ay fruit-culture, profits of.. - 371 Central Park, drives in............. 25 —— winter. care of. Crocuses, autumn-blooming........ fruit interests of............. 94 early spring in........ 218 Chrysopsis villosa.. Cressey and hybridizing for fruit. . a native shrubs of ......... 243, 253 SLAtMESMinmeiarcemicicertels 542 CVS GIES Dodoosbannoaocebooncuas 225 of plants of the Squash-fam- notes from southern ......... a5r Centranthusmuben sscceene-idseenet 464 Cicuta maculata, poisonous proper- BY giicic: .«.- oes aera cinema eye eee 95 —— Oranges and Lemonsin..... 394. Centunyl plants... 5+. Kode0D005000 540 MES Oo seo.G00s0d0d Soaoodaqanod 4506 443 Crotalaria perpusilla ,. sisin\elais(esis\eiains) 109 IPAS Disnoosasoos onoadadon0e 178 Cephalotus follicularis............. 321 Cineraria cruenta............ nodaos 258 Cryptomeria Japonica...........-+. 614 plants for California gar- Cerastium arvense..........+.- Son0 B® Neamiental ye ia sis isrctateeinncrereroniene 66, 258 Cucumber, reticulated or sponge- ORS R ice mlneieeiatciciste nieisie Daleles aici 266 FOMLEMLOSUIN: «eee yeieanederiere l= 284 C@inerariaS esc sese) sees LOT za qe nao bearing... .. s«.c 477+. 525» 549, 500, 584, 596, 608. Hamamelis Japonica.....-.-+--+++ 256* Virginica ......eseseeeeeeee es 256 Zuccariniana. seals 101 the Japanese.......-.-- do cz" Hammond, EF. W., articles by....--14, 35 Hanneton, how to destroy laryze of.. 443 Hanson, N.E., article by.....-- Aooo 9/3} Hardy plants .....---+-+++ dnodaoods 57» 114, 128, 15%, 173, 179) 224» 297» 298, 332» 344, 352, 392, 501, 536. in Switzerland....... - 613 Harris, Dr. R. P., paper by. ++. 198 Harrison, C. S., article by..-.+-..-- 287 Harrison, J. B., articles by..----502, 526, 549, 560, 622 Harshberger, J. W., article by...... 129 Harvard Botanic Garden, notes from 80, ; 90, 141, 319, 333, 368, 608 Hastings, Russell, Gen., articles by. 451, SIL Hatfield, T. D., articles by...8, 128, 129, 4175 453» 470s 502, Sr2, 524, 572 eae I Haussmann, Baron, death of.......+ 2 Havard, Dr. V., article by...----+-- 111 Hazel, the Witch.........+s++seeeeee 256 Hedychium coronarium....-..-++-+ 583 Gardnerianum ........+--+-. 583 Heliamphora nutans.....-.<.++2e++ Helianthus diyaricatus grandiplenus ..... mollis ..-.-.+.-++ multiflorus ....-.---+225. e+ orgyalis... .-- Socrasea$ onoc0 L158} Heliopsis laevis... -++..----++++++- 207 - scabra....-+. Meataiaetsistehaiaierers 356 Hellebores, the..--.+++++esseeeeeee 619 Helonias bullata........-.-+++-: 225, 351 Hemionitis elegans.......-.-.++-+-- 484* palmata ....-.-sseeeee essere 484 Hemizonias in California. +. 459 Hemlock, the......-.-++sseeeeeeeers 532 Hemlocks in winter...-..--+-+++++: 601* Hemp, Sisal....-----++++:- 384, 420, 492 Hemsley, W. Botting, articles by... 73, 88, 98, 123, 135, 219, 267 Hepaticas, American....--.-++++++-+ 199 Herbaceous plants, new hardy..... 57 Herbarium Pest, a new...-.--++--+++ 543* Heérincq, F., death of... 348 Heritiera macrophylla...... - 462 Hermannia cristata .....- .+.--+e++ 245 Hervey, E. Williams, articles by... 568, 578, 59% Heuchera pubescems.....----+-++-+ 44 sanguinea...216, 300, 319, 332, 344 Hibiscus lasiocarpuS.....+.+++++++-410% VENUSLUS...2 ese eee cece eeeees 36 Hickory, the Pignut the Shell Bark Hicoria porcina.....++++---+++ tomentosa Hilgard, Prof. E. W., articles by... 316, 328, 375, 424) 458, 604 Hill, E. G., articles by...-.-.----- 31, 400 Hill, E. J., articles by.....-- 159, 195, 208, 232, 278, 304, O10 Hippeastrum aulicum....-...---- 48, 618 Hippeastrums...+seseecereee sere es 198 Hollyhock diseases ..-.-++--++++--- 477 Hollyhocks....-+-seseesesseere rs 51, 3609 Home-grounds, winter beauty in... 411 Index. Homeria collina....ssssessseeeeeee: 176 Honeysuckles, bush, the...... sooso. Hoy Hopplant-louse.....-- dusoooadancn Bha Hordeum murinum........----+-+- 604 Horse-chestnut, the....-.-+-+.-+++ . 275 Horsford, F. H., articles by. ..32, 81, 86, I5I, 199, 201, 225, 260, 284, 289, 309; 356, 416, 440. Horticultural education..........+++ 534 propress Bowie ia ldlejerclelentarerele are 299 ociety, exhibition of the Elizabeth ........- weno 455 exhibitions of the Mas- sachusetts.......167, 312, 359, 43%» 55° of the Pennsyl- VANIA. coc ce cecw eee cece ce nces 2 I43y 55% meeting of the Iowa State erick os cinwcclerieteepreie cine of the western New York .........0e+eeeeeeeees 58, 70 Horticulture at the World’s Colum- bian Exposition .....-..++++ ecoan ZUKa in America, the future of .-.. 418 in Minnesota ....--.,++-2-+++ 299 in North America........ «++ 503 the possibilities of economic. 445 Hoskins, T. H., articles by....----5, 78) 103, 149, 210, 247, 271, 345, 379» 389, 427. 439, 475» SIX, 546, 558, 593- House plantings, two studies for....184* Houstonia purpurea........+.++++-- 284 How we renewed an old place. .146, 160, 170, 194, 219, 231, 243, 207, 279, 291» 303, 315, 3271 338, 303, 387+ 399» 4225 459 47° Hunn, C. E., articles by..... 345, 308, 534 Hutchins, Rev. W. T., articles by....427, 440 Hybridization of plants, the.....---. 466 Hybridizing, crossing and, for fruit, 82 Hydrangea blight.......-.--+-+++++: 177 hortensis........ soonnd “2 paniculata grandiflora .....7, 188 radiata .......-.. oogscad cooon fd) the hardy, as a decorative plant........-. ses eec sees . 7 the oak-leaved....... 3 ... 600 Hymenocallis oyata....--..+--+++++ 333 SPeciOSA ...-+.e- eee eee ee vee 335 Hypelate trifoliata .......+++.-+-++- 100 Hypericum Buckleyi..... ..---++++ 581* Moserianum ...-.....-+-+425, 438 ALUM seis a/c -/elsleieieielelelsisisieeys 1 555 Hyphantria cunea...... I Ichthyomethia Piscipula....-..-.. Ilex Cassine......-.-+ elefetayaleisisteletelviie 600 glabra........+ poodgonaengece leevigata ae opaca ....-.+ 3 Paraguariensis.. 600 verticellata ........- += 159 Impatiens ecalcarata.......-----.- 0 GE fasciculata.......-.e.eee----- 98 fulva mirabilis ........-.-- pococand SetaGea.... cscs -ccecncr secs 98 Indigofera Gerardiana, var. alba... 342 Insect enemies of the Pitch Pine... 62 Insecticides for greenhouse plants. 452 the abuse of........---..+2++ 247 Insectivorous plants........---2e.+- 510 Insects, a winter campaignagainst. 42 and insect remedies......... 184 destruction by..-..+.+-+.++-+ 600 Inula crassifolia... ...+++eesseeeees 98 TACEMOSA....2. 22 eens eeeese es 240 Ipomcea Horsfallize....-...---.-++++ 58 Jalapa.....ceeeseeeeeeeeeeses 58 TIANA. wes weer eens eee eeseesnne 98 pandurata......-.--..-.--164, 189 Popahensis....-.-...++-+++-+ 98 Texana ....--..00 Hoos obeosn 575 Iris Bakeriana ..........++-: 45, 105, 170 Caucasica......see.eeesesee 213 = Danfordize.........22+++- ror, 216 Gatesii .......-..200 340, 392, 404 —— Ibirica ....-...-.2eeeee eee eee 392 juncea .. pag mys) a YOTLET Us oicie «lel wins w-= 404 —_ Monnieri........ -..-+ oxo0a00 273 allida Dalmatica..........-- 273 EVSICA. see eens Hoscncpopoad 176 pumila alba........6.e+-s+2-+ 249 reticulata .... .....--.-+105, 501 —— and its allies........+. 438 —— MAjOF...22- eee eee ee 176 Robinsoniana. .197, 342, 352", 45% —— Susiana....248, 273, 340, 357, 392, Irises, Spanish ....--...-- sascagoodo Irrigation, early, in Arizona......- 576 Tsosoma orchidearum......+++-++-- g9* Itea Virgimica......6.++ssee esses 580 Ivy in the Parc Monceau ......---+ 159* in an old French garden..... 242 J Jack, J. G., articles by...4, 18, 31, 44, 66, 87, 99, E11, 184, 186, 258, 280, 207, 496, 567, 580,. 590, 603, 614, 616. jaa PATI UM eben anionic enssier 553 8x asminum fruticans......- gagascac CUE mete 263 ambac ...-.-0+-- . 80 Jatropha pandureefolia......... . 80 Juglans cinerea ...... Soponeda soacs9 472 nigra ......... eeeee e472, 5QL Vilmoriniana 51* Juniperus Bermudiana.........---- 289* COMMUNIS ....-.eceeeeeeeee=s 304 NANA... ...0eeeeeeeee Sanco BSE —— Virginiana .. ......+++++-304, 532 se eee K Kalmia glauca ....se+sseeeeeeseeee- IQ latifolialccs oc. ecc.eis cece aleSOs X88 Keffer, Prof. Chas. A., articles by, 165, 177, 298 Kentias, the.....-.s00s--. ee 38 Kentucky Coffee-trees.... boo Gere Kessler, G. E., article by..... nonson O83 Keteleeria Fortunei.........-++-+ . 614 Kew and its work........-++.+---- - 302 Kleinia repens........- L Lachenalia tricolor.....2.-+++++++++ 20 Nelsoni.....-...- 20 Lachenalias, the.......+esessseereee Lady’s-slipper, Ram’s-head......-. 564 Laelia ancepS..-..-+.-++esseeee-s +. 105 Sanderiana........---+ 177 var. holochila.....172*, 244 var. Thomsoniana...., 40 Arnoldiana........... elegans Broomeana. ae Statteriana...........- 296 —— grandis, var. tenebrosa...... 497 —— preestans alba .........---.. 65 purpurata, var. Nolisi....... 48 superbiens.....---eeeseeeeee 116 Lzelio-Cattleya Arnoldiana........- 340 yess pases necs08 = +430, 544 Lakes and ponds, ornamentation of. 118 La Mance, Mrs. LoraS&., article by 358 Lamborn, Dr. Robert H.., article by 586 Lamium amplexicaule.........- «+ 8x Landscape gardening...40, 184, 346, 422 for home grounds .... 145 Lapagerias ..... ssceee cere ecenes gael Tach, the European.....-..--. wees 538 Larix Kurilensis..... Eye) ayatetatetetetsleterels 143 —— ERA“ Eohoopoondadscdoegons 304 Latania Borbonica.. 408 Lathyrus splendens .... . a0. SiS tuberosus .........- noosono BRE Laurus Camphora..........+-- +--+ 324 Leaves, Autumn...... saace decay spots upon ......... ao on shrubs, late persisting ... 580 on trees, late persisting ....- 567 the colors Of.....c+.+-.-+++++ 591 Leeds, B. P., article by .. Legislation against insects.. +» 456 for securing parks ......+.-- 444 forestry........--+- 49, 61, 181, 589 Leichtlin, Max, articles by...57, 118, 438 paper by...----.+-+--+ 173 Lemons and oranges in California, 394 Le Moyne, F. J., article by ...---- 10 Lenoir’s Elysée ....--2+.2++-seeen ee 63* Lepachys columnaris.....-----++++ 416 innata........- 356 Lespedeza Prainil.........++++++++- 88 TWettucene sn icuidcnsieleeriess 4209513339 309 Leuczena pulverulenta.......------ 324 LeucoiumS........++eececee ee eeee ee 200 LeucothGe Catesboei..........--+-- 86 TACEMOSA.. eee eceeeeece sees 580 L’Horticulture Internationale, Brus- Licuala grandis... ... ».-.-- Ligustrum Amurense....-....--+- - Thota...-..sececceccencccsens lucidum........0-0.0e+seeee ee Ligusticum Sinense Lilies, hardy............. Keno sog00 530 in England ......--+e+s--eees 498 Japanese.....-....ee scenes 54° varieties of gea0¢ 6 Lilium, a hybrid..... . 342 —— auratuM .. os eneeeeees 536 Bakerianum......---. so00056 99 Bolanderi....... paectetiectsers - 66 bulbiferum....... sss... «» 520 — candidum......-.+.++++++300, 537 chloraster ........ Columbianum........ aaqo0ne excelsum.... Grayi.....-..--- Hansoni....-...e-e-eeeeees Harrisii.. . .....138, 156, 500, 537 Henryi......0--<.% 66, 304, 427, 588 longiflorum.........+ 438, 500, 537 —_ Takesima.....-.--++++ 427 TOW il eeee «leielniecie)slelsnel>)='isiateinis 352 Martagon........---- 520, 531, 530 Nepalense; eeeesoerss —— Parkmanni. sacono ed ——— superbum .......eeeesenes ++ 425 Szoyitsianum..... Pnoracboon BO Lilium tenuifolium...........0.++-» 536 Wallichianum superbum, 129, 353, 438 Lima Beans. ........+--seeee+e+22++ 600 Limnanthemum Indicum.......-.-- 537 Linaria alpina......-.+..+.-» arecclseiaeete 53 Linden, the great Wurtemberg..396, 598 Lindera sericea........eseeeeseeee: 382 Lynn, Massachusetts, public forest +290, 560 -++196, 447, 448 eccceceses LIZ - =+448, 519 we epecce ec ncce cane Liparis monacha....... Llavia cordifolia......... Locust, the Black...... the Honey. 9 Bpbsoya. Set Lonicera bella ......-. se-s--ss 4... 367 Chinensis Halli..... gooas By) EME aManecononascocnssccOF w= 253 —— fragrantissima ...........--. 580 ESS wildebraudiaaa sae Japonica,........-.seee+ «see 580 Morrowi .....--- HaadonscoadG 2% Ruprechtiana........ 367 Standishii.......seeeeceee eves 580 $ M4 noo ee LO) Lovett, J. T., article by.........-.-. 467 Lowrie, J., article by.......- eee . 386 Luffas, the..........-.-- Weise 198, 204 Lumber in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota......++---++s+00+2 299 Lupinus formosus........++-.+.--++ 375 Lycium Chinense ..........-.+--+ 100% Lygodium Mexicanum........ 519 Lynn, North Carolina, plants of...- Lyon, Wm. S., article by......-++-- 599 Lyonothamnus aoplenolie: Lysimachia Nummularia........--. 93 Lythrum Salicaria.... .......- MM Macrodactylus subspinosus.. Madia sativa.....-..--- Abeactbatade Madrofia in winter, the........----- 35 Magnolia acuminata...........-+-+ 603 Poetic ale: ce cieslamanvaleeeist=ieteeta mnie Fraseri.......----- conoood ans 228 glauca ....sseee cee e cece eee 567 Kobus...-. Aponasocunons By = macrophylla . Jonas 514 stellata........- Sonaae Tse Watsoni.......-+.es-ees Gacce He Malva parviflora... ... Gasodas Meet 328 Manda, W. A., article by.......-.-- 418 Mann, Charles L., articles by...310, 503 Manning, J. Woodward, article by.. 619 Manure, loss of fertilizing matter in. 371 Manuring, bacteria and green..... 59 Manzanita, the.......-.+-+. Baoocodas 565* Maple, the Ash-leaved.. the Broad-leaved.....-.... +. 227 the Red.........-.- beoenoosod 472 the Silver.......+--++-s000+ 87, 133* —— the Soff... . - eke sierel=\-1s/aiaici 210/+1«/« « ceeieierenerieieetelale Vi Jek (Cs ee) RSSGE Nim UE CARI ONS tatcistslalelsteletefelelerelatalcls|e ie ss-\o\-/s/e/s)c(aic cle,” slelnjemeemiteteisiersisteleiaisias/cic 23 INCOME Stet ete poked ete stole ols fofainlinteY-(=\n)l=i=].s(elnlet afels{ciniwlle!s|cie\e\s/a/e\e)aiele =/sjo.n: «/elainielsiaiayeistetersieteiereleleleisiale la 24 TenusMRAGIONS|:—Av bly brid Calanthe; Hic. 3.2.20 cleaseccercsnemeecleneceiccciec vce 17 Bartelicm ew benuy, maturalisize,sHlG.4's jess: ccs cease ee bnieeece enn The National Forest-question. Nee perusal of the last annual report of the Secretary of the Interior must make it apparent even to persons little familiar with the forest-conditions which prevail in the western half of this continent that the nation’s great forest-inheritance is in serious danger, and that the re- sources now at the command of the department are entirely inadequate to protect it. How inadequate these are and how great has become the lawlessness engendered by the way offenses against forest-property have always been condoned in this country, appear in the fact reported by the Secretary that the Canadians have actually invaded the territory of the United States at the point where the Rainy River forms the northern boundary of Minnesota for the purpose of cutting and carrying away timber growing on our public domain. Roads have been built into the forest here and a fleet of steamboats equipped to tow the plun- dered logs to Canadian mills. This is not a more striking instance of the inability of the Government to cope with the dangers which menace our national forests than a dozen others which might be mentioned. Indeed, during the last twenty years the forests of the public domain have been systematically robbed in Minnesota, in Colorado, in California, in New Mexico, and in every state and territory where profit was to be made by manufacturing stolen lum- ber. This illicit industry has developed populous towns ; it has floated ships and equipped mills; and it has ruined and demoralized entire communities who have learned to forget in the looseness of the American principle of forest- management that there was as great a moral offense in stealing a tree from the public domain as in stealing a neighbor's horse. The Government, and not the people, are to blame for the present attitude of the country toward the nation’s forests; and the whole theory under which the western lands have been managed is wrong and demoral- izing. It may have been perhaps good policy once to give farming-land to settlers at nominal prices, although now that the best land is taken up, the time for doing this has certainly passed ; and it is clearly good business for the Garden and Forest. 13 Government to sell its lands for what they are actually worth in the market. The conveyance of agricultural land to the settler has always been guarded by law, or, at least, by a semblance of law, and although the system is open to many serious objections, it has had at least the advantage of filling up rapidly large territories. But in the case of the forest other problems have to be met. It was long the principle to allow settlers to cut without restriction such timber as they needed for domestic and agricultural purposes from rough, stony land unfit for farming. Mining companies were allowed to cut all the timber and fuel they needed from the public forests, and railroads were given the same privi- lege. When men are allowed to go out and cut the timber they need upon land which does not belong to them, they will not be particularly careful how much is cut or how the work is done, and the limit set by personal needs will not always be regarded. Lawlessness and utter disregard of forest-property must be the inevitable result of such a system. The authority given to settlers to supply them- selves with timber in this way was taken away some years ago; but now the Commissioner of the General Land Office recommends the enactment of a law repealing statutes for- bidding the entry of rugged, stony or other timber-lands unfit for cultivation except under the mining or town-site laws, and allowing settlers to use the timber on such lands which they may actually need to develop the country. The enactment of sucha law as the Commissioner recom- mends seems to us dangerous and a menace to the best interests of the country. The forests in all the western country, with the exception of those which clothe the shores of PugetSound, may be divided into two classes ; those of the high mountain ranges composed of large and often valuable trees, and those on the rugged and stony land of the lower mountain-slopes and foot-hills. It is from these last, if we understand the purpose of the Com- missioner, that the people living in the valleys are to be allowed to cut without control or supervision what timber they require to carry on their farming operations. All these foot-hill forests are stunted and unproductive in com- parison with the forests which grow high above them on the mountains ; the trees are small and stand at consider- able distances apart, and the wood they yield is brittle, crooked and full of knots. To a person accustomed to the forests of Maine or Michigan or Oregon these foot-hill for- ests must appear worthless and their destruction a matter of no importance. Actually, however, they are as valuable as the forests of any other part of the country. It is their proximity to arable land which makes them valuable, not the character of the timber they can supply. They con- tain the most available, practically the only, fuel-supply and fencing material for many valleys. When they are destroyed the cost of living on the farms in their neighbor- hood will be immensely increased, and in some valleys agriculture will not be possible without these forests to draw upon. ‘They are unproductive because the climate in which they grow is not suitable to develop a heavy forest ; and if they are cut down or burned they will re- produce themselves very slowly, or not at all. They require, therefore, more careful management than forests growing under more favorable conditions, and unless they are cut systematically, and guarded in every possible way, they will soon disappear not to spring up again. It is proper that farmers in western valleys should get the advantage which comes from living in the neighbor- hood of a forest, but they should be compelled to purchase the fee of the forest-land from the Government if they are bound to destroy the forests, or the Government should itself hold such forest-property for the benefit of the whole community, and so manage it that the whole community will get the greatest possible returns from it. This is what Government forest-management means—the care of the forest for the good of all. The American system, which allows settlers or corpora- tions to go into the forests and help themselves and then 14 burn up what is left, saves a great deal of trouble ; and the settlers and the corporations like it and are prepared to fight for its continuation. It is, however, an expensive method in the long run, and it can have but one ending— the injury and finally the agricultural ruin of the region where it is practiced. It appears that 310 cases of trespass on the public forests, involving a loss to the Government of more than three millions of dollars, were reported during the year, although only about a hundred thousand dollars were collected by the Government for losses sustained by the illegal cutting of timber. There are, however, still unsettled claims of this sort for nearly fifteen millions of dollars, from which, prob- ably, a small percentage will in time be collected. But trespasses of this sort do comparatively small damage to the national forest. Their greatest enemies are fire and pasturage. As compared with the damage inflicted by these, the cutting down of a few thousand acres of timber more or less amounts to little. The pasturage of sheep on the Calfornia Sierras has already inflicted untold injury to the finest coniferous forests in the world ; and fires in the western forests seem to be increasing rather than diminish- ing every year. They are most frequent and most severe in the dry interior region of the continent, where forests are scanty from climatic causes, and where once destroyed they reappear slowly, or not atall. Itis evident that any effort to preserve the forests from illegal pasturage will be resisted in the most violent manner by the people of Cali- fornia, and that the spread of forest-fires can only be checked by determined effort of the Government. Appar- ently it can be accomplished only by the free use of the army asa forest-police, as we have already insisted. The attention devoted to the forest-question by the Com- missioner of the General Land Office and by the Secretary of the Interior in their last annual report shows that the public begins at least to realize the importance of doing something to protect the national forests. This is in itself hopeful ; recommendations are not actions, however, and the outlook in Congress for immediate action in the direc- tion of a national forest-system is not encouraging. The Pines at Christmas-time. gRwe days before Christmas, while walking among the Pines in search of decorative evergreens, I found several Golden-rods in bloom. They were growing where a new road had been cut through a swamp. The road was narrow, and the thick growth of underbrush and trees on either side some- what sheltered and protected them. It was the fine thick- leaved species Solidago sempervirens. The road had been made during the summer and autumn, consequently the plants had been cut back or trampled down, and as soon as left to themselves they began to throw up flower stemis, and although the mercury had gone as low as twenty above zero, yet here they stood, defying the cold, in different stages of growth. Some just starting to send up flower-stalks, others fully developed and not looking much the worse for the freezing. The foliage was specially fine. Among other Christmas treasures we gathered Holly, Mistletoe, Laurel, and the rich purple, fragrant leaves of the Wax Myrtle, and the large, thick, shining leaves of Magnolia, which have a spicy odor in winter more marked than in summer. And we added the Inkberry as well as the bright scarlet berries of the Black Alder or Winterberry, and long trailing sprays of Smilax covered with clusters of purplish fruit. Small branches of Cedar full of dull bluish berry-like little cones were gathered, and with them boughs of Pine, with its delicious invigorating fragrance. There is nothing more handsome for winter decoration than small branches of Pine, its matted bunches of leaves interspersed with the young cones. Although we had almost a carriage-load of evergreen treasures, we were still loath to leave the woods on this delight- ful sunny day with the thermometer at fifty in the shade, and we began to study Pine-trees, of which we have three species— - the Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida), the Jersey or Scrub Pine (P. Vir- gintana), and the Yellow Pine (P. mitis). The Pitch Pine is the prevailing species in the neighborhood of Vineland. This species, Professor Sargent tells us in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Forest-trees of North America,” ‘is found from Mount Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 151. Desert, Maine, and northern Vermont, to the upper district of Georgia, not extending west of the Alleghany Mountain region,” and adds thatit grows from forty to eighty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes thirty inches in diameter, and thatit grows in the driest and most barren sandy soil as well as in deep swamps. No other Pine looks as well as this in our gardens among our Cedars and Sassafras, Sweet-Gums and Tupelos. When healthy it grows rapidly, and the younger trees are clothed from base to summit with heavy foliage, and the older ones are rugged and picturesque. But from all appearances, in our region at least, they will soon all be killed by insect enemies. No other Pine, as tar as I can learn, is beset with so many foes as this. It is a pitiable sight to see large tracts of young trees standing with brown foliage, killed outright by various insects. The only way that I have saved the young trees in my garden has been by the most persevering vigilance. One of the most destructive things I have found was the larve of a small Tortrix-moth (fe- tinia frustrana), which mines into the terminal buds and young shoots. On some of the trees, when I first found the creatures, there was scarcely a terminal shoot that did not hold from one to five of these destructive larve. They are completely hidden while at work, and soon destroy the twigs by eating all except a thin shell which is so brittle that it will crumble to pieces when handled. My trees were badly crippled by their work, but by the third summer after finding them, I so diminished their numbers that the trees are again growing and looking well. There is no way of killing these larve after they have become estab- lished in the twigs except by hand picking. But I have found that the moth will not deposit her eggs on the twigs after they are well dusted with Pyrethrum powder. I use a small bellows while the twigs are damp with dew, and apply the powder after each rain. Another destructive creature is the larva of the White Pine Saw-fly (Lophyrus abboti), whicheatsthefoliage. These larve live in colonies and soon strip a twig entirely of its leaves, and move on to the next, destroying every leaf as they go. But I can manage these creatures much more easily than the Tortrix- larve. I slip a pan beneath the twig and soon jar them all into it. I have no idea how many broods there are in a sea- son, as I find them all summer long. And even as late as the middle of November I was surprised to find a colony feeding on one of my Pines, after they must have been frozen and ought to have been dead ! Although this creature is called the White Pine Saw-fly, it likes our Pitch Pine very much better. I have small White Pines growing in the vicinity of the Pitch Pines, but as yet the former have never been disturbed by the Saw-fly larvae, nor by the Tortrix-moth.* ; But these two insects are not the ones that have killed our Pines in the wood. This has been done by the larve of beetles, an account of which I must leave for another article. Vineland, N. J. Mary Treat. Winter Flowers in Oregon. ox Christmas-day I counted some half dozen plants, mostly common weeds, blooming here in one of my neighbor’s gardens. They were mostly plants which had not perished in the annual drying up of such things here in the latter part of the summer, which is our dry season. Their lives had been pre- served because they chanced to grow in an irrigated and culti- vated enclosure. They were: The May-weed (Azthemis Cotula), the Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris), the Heron’s-bill Geranium (Erodium cicutarium), the Mouse-ear Chick-weed (Cerastium viscosum), a Lupine (LZ. micrantha, var. bicolor), the black Mustard (Brassica nigra), the common Knot-grass (Polygonum aviculare) and Boisduvalia densiflora. The last is without any common name here so far asI know. It is a near relative of the Godetias, Clarkias, etc. The small flowers are borne in a long, close, densely-leaved spike or in short lateral spikelets, and they are rose-colored or purplish. It is found only in moist ground. A smaller species, B. Torreyt, which blooms in the summer at the same time with this, I find om dry ground only. The pretty little white and bluish purple flowers of the Lupine mentioned are out in the spring before those of any other Lu- pine here, and may be seen long after other larger and later- blooming plants of this genus have dried up and died. The Heron’s-bill Geranium is the common forage plant, the “Filaree’”’ of California and Oregon. The Shepherd’s Purse, * Figures of both these insects may be found in Bulletin No. 7 of the ‘‘United States Entomological Commission” under the title of ‘‘Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees,” by A. S. Packard, Jr., M.D. JANUARY 14, 18o1.] the Chick-weed and the Knot-grass are the well known plants growing nearly everywhere in cultivated grounds. But the first and only true wild flower of the season that I have seen as yet was a blossom of our little wild Strawberry plant, which I found early in December (I have found a num- ber of them since). This plant, being a perennial, never wholly dies, and here it always renews its growth at the be- inning of the rainy season. Indeed, I have known the ripe Pit to be gathered in November from plants growing wild in the pastures. Ifthe winter be a mild one it will flower spar- ingly all the winter season ; but it does not usually come into active blooming until about the middle of March, and April is its most floriferous season. But by that time many other species of plants, some of which are not as yet out of the ground, will have strewn the ground—literally covered it in many places—for a month or more with the prettiest wild flowers. If the weather continues mild, in January we shall have the little Buttercup (Ranunculus occidentalis, var.?) which is so abundant here in the spring. It loves the upland or moder- ately dry ground, and in March and April large tracts of such land will be yellow for a time with its bright flowers. lts blooming period will culminate about the middle of April, or perhaps a little earlier; but it will continue to bloom more or Jess until nearly midsummer. The pretty little Dentaria tenella will also make its welcome appearance in January. By February it will have become abundant. Crocidium multicaule, a very interesting little piant, because of its blooming so abundantly and so early in the season, will also be sure to be found. It has a little yellow blossom at the top of the slender stem, which usually is only three to four or five inches high. These little plants are gregarious, if sucha term may be applied to plants, and are nearly always found occupying little patches of ground by themselves, which they render yellow when in flower. The plant belongs to the Composite family; and so the little blossom is com- posed of several very small individual flowers collected into a capitulum or head, the whole surrounded by an involucre of scales, which to persons not botanists gives it the appearance of a single flower. These Crocidiums always occupy warm, dry, sunny places. In moist places, those who are looking closely for wild flowers will at this time be pretty sure to find our dainty Nemo- phila (VW. arvifiora?) in bloom. This little plant is also very frequently found in the timber where the ground is moist and shady, for, as its name implies, it loves the woods. In or near. the timber, where the ground is moist and shaded throughout the year, may nearly always be found Synzthyris rotundifolia, whose cordate, crenately margined leaves are an interesting feature of these woods the year round. Its flowers are a light violet color, in clusters near the ground. In all mild winters S. rotundifolia blooms abundantly in Janu- ary and February; I have even found it in flower before this time of year. It continues to bloom, of course, until late in the summer. Peucedanum utriculatum, a small umbilliferous plant with yellow flowers, is also among our earliest plants to bloom. These humble plants spring up soon after the rains begin ; and they have been growing now for some weeks. A Luzula, or Wood-rush, will probably complete the list of herbaceous plants found in bloom here during the winter months. _Among the trees, the Alder (Alnus rhombzfolia) will be in bloom early in February, or in January if the winter be mild. The Hazels will follow closely after and then the Man- zanitas and some of the early Willows. Nuttallia and the Snowberry will by this time be leafing out ; and in early March the Dodecatheons, the Erythroniums and other large and handsome flowers will open in abundance, and our true sea- son of flowers will begin. Wimer, Ore. 8 E. W. Hammond. Flowers and the Perfume Industry. M THOMAS GRIMM describes in the Pett Fournal the * method by which, in the districts of Cannes and Grasse, enormous quantities of perfumes are annually made from the flowers grown in those neighborhoods. He estimates that something like 62,000 acres are given up to the growth of flow- ers between the right bank of the Var and the chain of the Estérel. At one of the largest perfume factories of Grasse, M. Grimm found that the three principal operations in the mak- ing of perfumes were the preservation of the odor of the flowers by distillation, by enfleurage and by exhaustion. The last named process, which is applied chiefly to Roses, is per- haps the most important. It consists of submitting the petals Garden and Forest. 15 of the flowers to the action of heat in broad deep pans heated by steam and filled with a mixture of lard and beef-fat. When the Rose has yielded up the whole of its essence, the contents of the vessel are placed in horse-hair sieves, and the so-called pomade which runs out under pressure is again placed in the receptacle with fresh Rose-petals. This operation is three or four times repeated, in order that the fat may be thor- oughly saturated with perfume. The product is not sold in this condition as perfume, since it is far too strong smelling. It is treated as a kind of ‘“‘stock,” from which most of the per- fume is afterward extracted by means of alcohol, and the residuum is used as a basis for pomade or toilet soaps, accord- ing to the degree of aroma that may remain. The distillation of flowers is still conducted by aid of the time-honored machine called the ‘‘Florentine Receptacle.” This apparatus collects not only the water distilled from the flowers, double, triple or quadruple, according to the number of distillations, but also the essential oil, which is the very quintessence of the perfume. Ten thousand pounds of fresh Rose-leaves will provide only one pound of this essence; but only half that quantity of Orange-flower leaves is required to make a pound of essence. There are some flowers which will not yield up their essence to what is called the hot method of manipulation. Among them are the Violet, Mignonette, Jessamine and Heliotrope, and these have to be treated by a very delicate process; the petals are brought into contact with wool saturated with Olive oil, and then the perfumed oil is very carefully expressed. Nearly every operation connected with the making of perfumes requires to be performed very rapidly, since the value of the product depends in great meas- ure upon the perfect freshness of the materials. The flowers are picked by women shortly before dawn, are immediately cleansed, and piled up in great heaps in the workrooms, which themselves need to be very carefully chosen, since they must be spacious, well aired and shielded from direct sunlight. That which M. Grimm visited satisfied these conditions ad- mirably, being the crypt of an ancient Capuchin monastery. Such is the rapidity with which the work has to be done, that if all the flowers used in the making of perfumes came to perfection at the same time it would be impossible to ac- complish it. Happily, that is not the case. The season begins with the Violets, on January 15th, and they are gathered until April 15th. In the Commune of Grasse alone from 290,000 to 300,000 pounds of Violets are manipulated during these two months. {The Jonquils flower in February and March, and furnish 30,000 pounds to the perfume factories of Grasse. The crops of Orange-flowers and Roses are the most important of all; this harvest begins on April 20th and ends on May 3ist. The neighborhood of Grasse produces annually 3,800,000 pounds of Orange-flowers and 2,000,000 pounds of roses. Mignonette, which is gathered from May 15th to the end of June, yields a crop of 50,000 pounds. The Jasmine, which yields 300,000 pounds, and the Tuberose, which gives 150,000 pounds, are gathered from July 20th to October toth. Then comes the Cassia, with its concentrated, penetrating and almost violent perfume, which begins to flower in October and finishes at the moment when the Roses begin. No mention has been made of Lavender and Rosemary, because, although they are cultivated to perhapsa greater extent than any other flowers, they are chiefly treated throughout the south of France by nomadic distilleries which move about from canton to canton. Notes on North American Trees.—X XII. 42. Reynosia latfoha, Griseb. This small Florida tree has been referred (Gray, Bot Gazette, iv., 208) to the Rhamnus levigatus, Vahl (“Symb.,” iii., 41), the Ceanothus levigatus, DC. (‘‘ Prodr.,” ii., 30), and if the correctness of this reference could be satisfactorily established the proper name of the plant would be Reynosza levigata. The iden- tity of these two plants, although possible, is certainly doubtful. Vahl’s description is short and unsatisfactory. The leaves of Rhamnidium are usually opposite, while those of his plant are described as alternate without any reference to their being emarginate at the apex, a pretty constant character in nearly all the species of Rhamnidium. Professor Trelease, who has examined Vahl’s herbarium at Copenhagen (Proc. S¢. Louis Acad., v., 364), was unable to find the type of Rhamnus levigatus ; so that as long as this uncertainty remains it will be safe to retain Grise- bach’s name as he wrote it. 16 Reynosia is referred by Baillon (‘‘ Hist. Pl.,” vi., 82) to Condalia. It differs, however, from the plants of that genus in the thinner and much less prominent disk of the flower, in the thinner wall of the stone of the fruit, and in its longer radicle and ruminate albumen; and in habit and in its unarmed branches. Baron Eggers, in his characters of the genus Reynosia (‘‘ Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kiobenh.,” 1877, 3), describes the flower with five (0?) cucullate, unguiculate petals inserted on the mar- gin of the disk between the lobes of the calyx. Ihave been able to examine the flowers of &. /aifolha only ; these show no trace of petals, nor do we find the margins of the coty- ledons recurved and subcontorted as described by Eggers. The stigma is as often three as two-lobed. 43. Condaha ferrea, Griseb. This common West Indian and Florida tree has already been referred to no less than six distinct genera, in none of which it seems properly to belong. The last reference, that of Grisebach, to Condalia, made probably because, like Condalia, it has no petals, cer- tainly cannot be sustained. The completely two-celled ovary, exalbuminous seed filled with the thick and fleshy cotyledons, remove it from that genus, which it does not resemble in its unarmed branches, and large opposite, per- sistent leaves. The distribution of this plant is quite dif- ferent, too, from that of Condalia, which is not represented in the West India flora. The structure of the seed is that of Zizyphus, which is sometimes destitute of petals, but the pinnate venation of the leaves and the unarmed branches make it undesirable to unite it with that genus. Nothing remains, then, but to consider our plant the type of a new genus, or to refer it to the Brazilian genus Rhamni- dium, enlarged by the addition of a section with apetalous flowers to receive it. This, on the whole, seems to be the best disposition to make of our plant, Reisseck’s genus (Martius, #7. Braz., xi., 194) having been already extended by Grisebach (Ca/. P/. Cub., 32) to include a group of West Indian shrubs very similar to our plant in habit and inflor- escence and in the structure of the fruit, although, unlike it, provided with petals. The leaves of all the West Indian species are coriaceous and persistent without the prominent veins which characterize the Brazilian species, while the leaves of these last are apparently deciduous, at least in the case of two of the species. The walls of the stone of our plant are thick and crustaceous, but not more so than in one or two of the West Indian species now referred to this genus; and the branchlets are thickly beset with lenticels, a character common to all the species of the genus. The oldest name of our plant is that of Vahl (Sym0., iii. 41, t. 58), who published an excellent figure of it ; so that, if it is referred to Rhamnidium, it becomes Rhamnidium Serreum. Rhamnidium was placed by Bentham & Hooker in the “ Genera Plantarum ” in the tribe Rhamne, in which the fruit is described as dry or drupaceous, with three (rarely two to four) indehiscent or two-valved cocciorstones. The fruit of Rhamnidium is, however, a true drupe, witha single one to two-celled stone, and seems rather to belong with the Zizyphe and to follow naturally after Condalia. C. S. Sargent. New or Little Known Plants. A Hybrid Calanthe. es the report of the Boston Chrysanthemum Show, on page 566 of the issue of GARDEN AND ForEST for November 1gth, 1890, appears a reference to a new seedling Calanthe. The specimen in question was exhibited by Mr. Richard Gard- ner, gardener to Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, of Newport, Rhode Island, and it was awarded the silver medal of the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society. The seedling, as stated in the report, is the result of fertilizing C. vestita rubro-oculata with the pollen of C. Veztchiz. It was raised in the garden of Mr. Pierre Lorillard, at Jobstown, New Jersey, by Mr. Gardner in 1882. The pseudo-bulbs, in the development of which it is extremely prolific, are larger than in either parent, very broad Garden and Forest. [Numpir 151. at the base, tapering gradually to a small apex, and have never shown the jointed formation characteristic of C. Vettchii. The plant differs from C. Turnert, a species from java to which it has been compared in this latter particular, and is superior to it in other respects. With the exception of being a trifle wider, the leaves bear a strong resemblance to those of the male parent. The racemes areshorter thaninC. Veitchiz, not so erect, and yet with a less conspicuous arch than the inflorescence of the seed parent, and they are produced more freely than in either parent. The larger flowers, with a more even spread to the parts, are arranged as compactly as those of C. Vettchit, the color being of a purer white than in C. vestita rubro-ocu- lata, with a larger, though less dense, blotch of a reddish tint at the base of the lip. The illustration on page 17 is repro- duced from a photograph of the raceme of the plant exhibited in Boston. : Some time ago a representative of the Messrs. Sander & Co. purchased a portion of the stock of this Calanthe, and sent a plant of it to Dr. Reichenbach with the suggestion that it be named atter Mr. Eyerman, of Easton, Pennsylvania, well known as a collector of choice Orchids; but Dr. Reichenbach died before he had published any description or name of the plant, which is now locked up in his herbarium. Specimens have been sold at auction, however, under the provisional name of C. Lyermanitz. Mr. Gardner has another promising hybrid Calanthe which is also the result of crossing C. Vettchit and C. vestita luteo- oculata, but in this instance the latter is the male parent. Here the flowers resemble those of the pollen parent in color, but the white is the purest I have yet seen in a Calanthe, and the yellow of the eye is beautifully delicate. In all other respects this plant resembles C. Veztchi. Buta correct estimate of its good qualities can hardly be given yet, for, although raised at the same time and place as the other hybrid, the plant, having passed through many vicissitudes, is still small. There is in existence another hybrid Calanthe, C. Sedeni, which claims the same parents as the so-called C. Eyermanit. It was raised by Mr. Seden at the well known London estab- lishment of Messrs. James Veitch & Sons. In color the flow- ers resemble those of C. Vedtchiz, and they show an apprecia- ble improvement in size. I am not aware, however, which is the pollen parent in this case, but, in view of Mr. Gardner’s experiences, it is probable that C. Veztchii was the seed-bearer. Perhaps the experts of the Veitchian establishment can throw some light on the matter. Cambridge, Mass. M. B. Foreign Correspondence. London Letter. CATTLEYA WAROCQUEANA.—I have received the following note from M. Lucien Linden, Director of ZL’ Horticulture Inter- nationale, Brussels: “7 read in the GARDEN AND FOREST for November 26th a note by you on Cattleya Warocgueana in which that new introduction is referred to C. Gaskelliana. I have too often had occasion to recognize the fairness and courtesy of your criticism in that journal to think of complaining of your judg- ment with respect to this Cattleya, but I would like to call your attention to the fact that some of the best judges have recog- nized in C. Warocgueana the C. labiata autumnalis, a view confirmed by the time of its flowering and the form of its flowers; also that the numerous varieties of C. Warocqueana that have flowered with us, of which some have been exhib- ited in London, are much superior to the best forms of C. Gas- kelliana. 1 can also assure you that C. Warocguweana comes from a locality very far removed from the habitat of C. Gas- kelliana.” I have not seen among the plants of C. Warocqueana ex- hibited by M. Linden at the meetings of the Royal Horticul- tural Society any that could be considered identical with the autumn flowerlug C. /abtata, now called C. labiata vera. The opinion that such might be the case was discussed by the Orchid connoisseurs at the meetings of the Royal Horticul- tural Society, but obtained no support. By the side of M. Linden’s C. Warocqgueana were exhibited plants of C. Gaskell- Zana (which, of course, is also a variety of C. /abzata), and the opinion of those qualified to speak on this subject was as I expressed it in the note in GARDEN AND FOREST to which M. Linden refers—namely, that whilst there was no clear line of separation between C. Warocgueana and C. Gaskelliana, the plants of the former shown by M. Linden were better forms than any yet seen of C. Gaskelliana as introduced seven years ago. As already stated by me, some of M. Linden’s flowers JANUARY 14, 1891.] were not unlike those of C. sfeciosissima, now called C. Ludde- manniana, which blooms in October. Certainly I have seen in C. Warocgueana forms of most exquisite beauty, quite as striking and attractive as any of that section of the Labiate group to which it belongs. The geographical point referred to in M. Linden’s note cannot be taken for much alone, as the distribution of C. Loddigesiz, of C. Dowiana, with its sub- variety aurea, andof C. superba, indicates. Slight variations are certain to occur in differentlocalities. It is only in the case of Orchids that these slight differences are seized upon as good specific characters. A HYBRID STANHOPEA.—The first hybrid in this genus has been raised in Germany by a Mr. Weber, who crossed S. ocu- lata with S. tigrina, the result being a hybrid intermediate between the two parents and inferior to S. tigrina. The Stan- hopeas are all interesting and good garden plants, but they do not find much favor in England. This may be partly owing to the fugacious character of the flowers, although they last quite as long as the flowers of many popular Orchids. Garden and Forest. 17 by all except those who consider grossness of quality in a flower the acme of perfection. What is perfection ina flower ? To some, florists it is rank heresy to speak disparagingly of double flowers or big flowers or over-formal flowers. The bigger or more double a flower, the better it must be. The late Mr. Hibberd used to say, ‘‘Let this class go their own way; they have their own ideas of perfection, and in their efforts they do an enormous amount of good work which is easily separated from the bad.” Even double and huge-flowered Begonias have a special interest as showing the wonderful power to vary inherent in all plants, which requires cer- tain simple conditions to bring it out. Mammoth turnips and cabbages are only a few examples of what cultural skill will achieve when its aim is to produce size. It is only when size is repulsive that objection is strong. With regard to double flowers I am of the opinion that except in a few cases they are less attractive than their single-flowered progenitors. The Carnation, the Chrysanthemum, the Gardenia, the Al- mond, and, of course, the Rose, are the exceptions. Pig. 3.—A Hybrid Calanuthe.—See page 16. Such species as S. “igrina, S. insignis, S. platyceras, S. grandi- Jiora, S. Devoniana and S. Bucephalus are worth a place in every good collection. They are very easy to cultivate, they bloom annually, their flowers are large, fragrant and richly colored, whilst structurally they are more remarkable than most Orchids. A picture of Mr. Weber’s hybrid is given in the December number of Garzenflora. CYMBIDIUM TRACEYANUM.—This plant was sold by auction last week, and realized seventy-five guineas. It was bought by Mr. Sanders, of St. Albans, who sent a flower to Kew for determination. Mr. Rolfe considers it is only a variety of C. Flookerianum, the C. grandifiorum of Wallich. The only dif- ference between the type and this high-priced plant is one of size, the flowers of the latter being nearly an inch wider than those of the former, which are five inches in diameter. Here is an instance where size makes a difference of seventy guineas in value. FLORISTS’ FLOWERS.—The editorial remarks in GARDEN AND FOREST (iii., 569) with reference to the ‘‘improvements” made by florists in the size and form of flowers are endorsed here QUERCUS TINCTORIA.—Mr. Anthony Waterer has forwarded some leaf-branches of his ‘‘ Knap Hill” variety of what he calls Scarlet Oak. He also states that ‘‘the leaves are still hanging thick upon the trees.” As this was written on Decem- ber 17th, after a fortnight’s severe frost and fog, it is clear that Mr. Waterer’s Oak is an unusual one. Q. dinmctoria as repre- sented at Kew has been leafless for some time. Of course there is a great difference between these Oaks as grown on the poor gravelly soil at Kew and in the famous Knap Hill Nursery, where the soil is exceptionally deep and rich and the situation sheltered. At the same time it is risky to attempt to name an Oak of this character from leaves alone. The rich chocolate crimson of the leaves of Mr. Waterer’s Oak, together with their persistency in frosty weather, give itan exceptional value, in England at any rate. After comparing the leaves with specimens with the help of Mr. Nicholson I am driven to own that the Knap Hill Scarlet Oak may be Q. ¢incforia or Q. coc- cinea or a hybrid, or something else. [The Knap Hill Scarlet Oak is Quercus coccinea.—ED. | London. W. Watson. 18 Garden and Forest. Cultural Department. Notes on Some Hardy Wild Roses.—HlI. Rosa blanda is a very hardy Wild Rose, belonging to the Cinnamon Rose group, which is found more or less com- monly throughout the north-eastern part of North America. The type is a dwarf plant, rarely growing more than three feet in height, and probably hardly averaging over two feet, and it is particularly distinguished by having its stems wholly un- armed or bearing very few prickles. The leaflets are usually large, and the flowers, which appear a week or ten days later than those of Rosa acicularis, are also above the average in size, fragrant and of a bright rosy color, and often borne singly. The large, roundish, dark-red colored fruit, with per- sistent sepals, is often brightly conspicuous as it hangs just above the snow along road-sides in its native habitat, notably in the valley of the St. Lawrence River. In its natural haunts it seems to prefer rich rocky soils. Little seems to have been done to improve this plant from the gardener’s point of view, but on account of its large blossoms and unarmed habit it may be made a parent of some useful hybrids. As this species extends westward it seems to become more variable, several varietal and specific names . having been given, which are considered as simply forms or varieties of Rosa blanda by other authors. Some of these plants are characterized by having more numerous flowers, in corymbose clusters, and by their prickly stems. Rosa Nutkana, a native of the Rocky Mountain region and the Pacific slope from northern Utah to Alaska, appears in cul- tivation at the Arboretum as an exceedingly strong, stout- stemmed species, growing from six to eight feet in height. The stems bear a few strong recurved spines, which are often very broad at the base, so that they are almost triangular in shape. On many plants there are few or no prickles, and the flowering branchlets are perfectly smooth. The first lowers appear at about the same time as those of the last species. They are usually solitary, and average about two inches or more in diameter, and are of a delicate pale, pinkish red color. The erect habit of this species, its thick, clean stems, which attain a height of three or four feet without branching, and its comparative freedom from spines, may inake it a desirable plant to form tree-like or standard bushes upon which to bud or gratt other garden varieties, as is often practiced upon the Dog Rose in Europe. fosa Nutkana does not spread from suckers, and it is perfectly hardy in this latitude. What has been classed as Rosa pisocarpa, a species from Cali- fornia and the Pacific coast region, appears very variable in habit under cultivation. Sometimes the plants are moderately tall and bushy, while others have stems as high as those of 2. Nutkana, but not so coarse and stout. The spines are more abundant, though very much smaller, and prickles are numer- ous. The flowers are not so large, and are usually of a much deeper color than those of &. Vutkana, and the fruit is small and globose. There is some confusion as to the limitations of R. pisocarpa, as well as of anumber of other western species of Rose which are too little known by botanists and in cultiva- tion to give any idea of their value. Rosa gymnocarpa, whose habitat is also the western side of the continent, is a slender, sometimes long stemmed, species, which, although it lives through our winters, does not yet ap- pear to be sufficiently vigorous and enduring to be very satis- factory here. The flowers are rather small, of the usual pale rose color, though forms with white flowers are found. It seems to be more closely allied to the Asiatic A. Beggeriana than to any other species in cultivation. Rosa rugosa also belongs to the Cinnamon group of Roses, with one or more species of which it appears in gardens to have exchanged pollen, which has produced forms intermedi- ate between the two parents. Some of these have been sold as Rosa rugosa, a fact which is to be regretted, because these plants are generally much inferior and less beautiful in foliage and flower than the typical species. &. rugosa and its white variety easily rank among the most beautiful of the very hardy Roses in cultivation; and, either for its thick glossy foliage, or on account of its flowers, which, under good culti- vation, expand four or even five inches across, or for the sake of its large rich red fruit of late summer and autunnn, it is a desideratum for any garden. It is one of the hardiest species, and will stand twenty-five degrees or more below zero without any apparentinjury. It may be called a perpetual blooming Rose, for although it has only one regular period of profuse flowering, it continues to bear blossoms as treely as a Hybrid Perpetual until checked by frosts. This species is now being [Vou. IV., No. 151. used in hybridizing with others in the hope of obtaining even better Roses than any we now have. So far, the double flowered forms have, as a rule, proved less interesting than the single blossomed type. There is much variation in the depth of color of the flowers of different plants, those having the deepest purplish red blassoms being the best. The white form is very desirable. The prickly charac- ter of the whole plant is objectionable, but itis exceeded by the dense and formidable covering of prickles which protect the stems of &. Kamtschatica, a species closely resembling 2. rugosa and possibly only a variety of it. It has been stated by some writers that the thick, rugged, dark green foliage of Rosa rugosa was not liable to attack by the usual Rose-injuring insects. This is not the case, how- ever, for the Rose-slug (Selandria rose), the Leg-Hopper (Lyphlocyba rose) and other insects sometimes attack it quite freely, but the thicl, leathery character of the foliage serves to make equally serious invasions less noticeable than in other thinner leaved species. The flower-buds of this, and some other wild Roses in the Arboretum, are often destroyed by a well known and widely distributed red-colored snout-beetle (Rhynchites bicolor), which eats holes into the buds, and whose larvee live within and destroy the fruit. “i Arnold Arboretum. Fy Gaur Winter Pears for Market. Tes Anjou pear I regard as the queen of winter pears for the table. It possesses all the virtues of a perfect pear, being rich, vinous and melting, with keeping qualities not ex- celled by any pear of its season. It is large, of pleasing shape, fragrant, and when fully ripe of a warm straw color. Coming into market when all fall pears are gone, it may be kept from November until March. As a market fruit it is always inready demand wherever known, and brings the highest price, $5 to $6 per bushel for fine selected fruit. The tree is hardy, vigor- ous, not subject to blight, does not overbear, and hence re- quires little thinning, while few inferior fruits are seen on the imee: Anjou does well as a standard or a dwarf. It should be planted in well-prepared, rich, dry ground and kept under the best cultivation, enriching it every year alternately witha mod- erate dressing of well decomposed stable manure and hard- wood ashes. A thin sprinkling of salt during winter is also beneficial. Pruning is very important to keep up the vigor and health of dwarf trees and also to prevent overbearing. Dwarf trees that have been maintained under proper culti- vation, and have been properly pruned, may be seen pro- ducing excellent crops of fine fruit after a half century of existence. Most of the dwarf Pear-orchards throughout west- ern New York are neglected in most, if not in all the above requirements, and therefore their lease of life is short and un- satisfactory. The Winter Nelis is one of the finest winter pears, and a great favorite in eastern markets. The fruit is of medium size, melt- ing, and possesses a rich aromatic flavor. Fora dessert pear in respect to size, color and quality it has no superior among winter varieties. Its season is from December to March. Winter Nelis should be grown on Pear stock, or double-worked on dwarf stock, White Doyenne being the best tree for double working. A slender grower, in order to obtain bearing trees within a few years, it should be top-grafted on good-sized, vig- orous trees. It often overbears, and requires thinning, other- wise the fruits prove inferior in size and quality. Indeed, too much stress cannot be laid upon the necessity of thinning, not only with pears, but with all other kinds of fruit. By all who have tasted the Josephine de Malines when well grown and ripened this will be pronounced one of the very best late-winter pears. The fruit is medium to large, the pink or salmon-stained white flesh, melting and of a delicious rose aroma. This succeeds either as a standard ordwarf. Its sea- son is from January to April. Owing to its moderate, irregular. growth, itis little propagated in nurseries, and on this account is not much disseminated. Lawrence, largely grown in some sections of our state, is held in high esteem by those who prefer sweet pears. The fruit is medium to large, melting and of pleasant flavor. Its season is from December to January. The tree is a moderate grower and very productive. i Clairgeau is the largest and most attractive early winter ‘pear in cultivation, and always commands the highest price. The fruit is very large, pyriform, yellow and red, with its red cheek usually very highly colored, nearly melting, and keeps till January, the tree being a good grower and an abundant bearer. This is a very valuable market pear. JANUARY 14, I89I.] I have thus briefly referred to the best winter market pears that have come under my observation. Others might be added, but none, all requisites considered, equal to those specified. This is applied to winter market pears solely. The pear for market and the pear for the amateur are two different matters. And yet, while the list might be increased in the latter case, where quality is the main consideration, it would be, nevertheless, difficult to name any finer winter pears for the table than Clairgeau, Anjou, Winter Nelis and Jose- phine.— George Ellwanger in Popular Gardening. Bartell’s Dewberry. (ONS of the most encouraging phases of pomology in this country at the present time is the progress we are making in improving our native fruits. Within the past half century many valuable varieties of the native Grape have been de- Garden and Forest. ue Ploughman in 1882. This was before the introduction of any named variety so farasI know. Within the past few years the Lucretia and Bartell’s Dewberries have been rather extensively advertised in nurserymen’s catalogues. But not all of the testimony from those who have tried them has been favorable, though occasional reports have been very flattering. My experience with the Dewberry at Geneva, New York, was quite unsatisfactory. The variety tested was called Mam- moth, and it proved a decided failure. But in the summer of 1889 I saw a small plantation of Bartell’s variety on the grounds of Mr. H. C. Adams, of Madison, Wisconsin, that at once established my faith in the possibilities of this fruit. I was informed that the most productive season had passed at the time of my visit, and that the berries which I saw were infe- rior in size to those gathered a few days earlier. But at this time the vines were fairly well loaded with fruit of larger size and more attractive appearance than the finest blackberries, and, to my taste, altogether superior in quality. There is a Fig. 4.—Bartell’s Dewberry, natural size. veloped, and as the result our markets are now abundantly sup- plied with this delicious fruit. The tender foreign Raspberry has been supplanted by hardy native varieties, and the same may be said of the Gooseberry. In the north-western states improved varieties of the native Plum are gradually coming to the front and give promise that plums of good quality may soon be grown in our coldest states. The Crandall Currant seems to be a step forward in the development of a new species that may yet prove valuable, and the dwart Juneberry and Buffalo-berry are beginning to receive attention. The garden Blackberry, now a valuable market fruit, appears to have been entirely developed in this country, and of more recent introduction to culture is the Dewberry, which, if we may judge from its best showings, gives promise of develop- ing into one of our most delicious and productive small fruits. It is only within a few years that the cultivation of the Dew- berry seems to have been attempted. The earliest mention I have seen of any attempt of this kind wasin the Massachusetts juicy, melting quality in the dewberry that is scarcely equaled by any other fruit of my acquaintance. The fact that the Dewberry is prostrate in its habit of growth is a decided objection toit in climates where winter protection is unnecessary. But in regions of severe winters the ease with which the plants may becovered is a partialrecompensefor this fault. It is said that a plantation once started is eradicated from the soil with considerable difficulty, which, if true, is an additional objection to the plant in cultivation. I consider Bartell’s Dewberry worthy of trial by all who are interested in testing new fruits. Mr. Adams, who is an exten- sive grower of Blackberries, has found this variety more profitable as a market fruit than any Blackberries he has grown. The accompanying illustration is made from a specimen taken after the height of the fruiting season had passed. It would not have been difficult to have found larger fruits and much larger clusters at an earlier date. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Le S Gof. 20 Notes from Wellesley. Reinwardtia trigynia and R&. tetragynia are old-tashioned winter-flowering greenhouse plants now blooming here which deserve more general cultivation. They belong to the Flax family, and are nearly related to the typical genus Linum, to which they have sometimes been referred. Their habit is semi- shrubby, flower clear yellow; and although the petals are fugacious the flowers are produced in such abundance as to remain showy for five to six weeks during December and January. Old plants may be divided yearly, but cuttings taken from non-flowering shoots make neater plants. Streptosolon Famesonti, the handsome greenhouse ever- green, is the only species of the genus, and was sent out as Browallia Famesoniz many years ago. It is still a compara- tively uncommon plant. I have grown it for two years, and had almost come to the conclusion that it had little to recom- mend it, until recently I saw two fine trained standards in a neighboring greenhouse. I had grown mine planted out, and so treated they made coarse, rambling plants which never flowered well; but treated as standards, continuously in pots, the growths are shorter, they can be better ripened, and the beauty of the plant is increased by their taking a grace- ful, weeping habit. The flowers are orange yellow, borne in elegant panicles at the ends of the branches, and they last for along time. Propagation is by cuttings in early spring; they root easily. This plant requires a good rich loam and abun- dance of water during the growing and blooming season. Daphne Indica is not so trequently met with as it should be. It is almost indispensable in any conservatory for the odor ofits flowers. Although having handsome bright green foliage it is an ungainly plant no matter how it is grown, but wherever the flowers are, in view or out of sight, their presence will be felt. Itis propagated by cuttings or grafting. Cuttings of halfripened growths taken off with a heel and inserted in sand without bottom heat are pretty sure to root, although they may take two months to do it. Clematis indivisa is a rare and pretty white flowering green- house climber from New Zealand. Mr. Harris has trained it to the roof of the Odontoglossum-house, in company with - Lapagerias, which position seems to suit it exactly. Though not so handsome as many of the summer-blooming species of the northern hemisphere, it is yet a very interesting plant. Lachenalias are not now required to fill the position they once did. They are remnants of the time when it was cus- tomary in all large places to have a house for South African plants alone, from whence they come. They are still grown because of a dislike to discard anything really good. The genus is here represented by two of the best, Z. ¢vicolor, and its variety, Ve/sonz, the latter raised by the late Mr. Nelson, of Alborough, England, an amateur who made a specialty of these charming bulbous plants. In appearance they some- what resemble a Squill, with mottled leaves and pendant waxy bells of yellow, red and green in mixture. It will not do to force them; their growth is slow, beginning about Septem- ber, the blooming season in a cool greenhouse being Feb- ruary. In England, Mr. Ingram, of Belvior Castle, uses the common ZL. ¢ricolor for bedding purposes, keeping the plants over winter in a cool frame, where their blooming season is retarded until March and April. They increase freely by bulblets produced naturally, and blooming the second year. Wellesley, Mass. lal, G- Work of the Season. 4p great variety of work now pressing in the many depart- ments of the garden makes this one of the most interesting periods of the year to the in-door cultivator. Among the ten- der-foliaged plants, such as Marantas, Dieffenbachias, Aloca- sias, Begonias, and others of like character, the increasing power of the sun will be felt, and light shading will be found necessary, though this should be applied with judgment, as over-shading is fully as injurious to most plants as is the other extreme. The use of one of the many different shading ma- terials, such as muslin, burlap or other cloth, or that formed of light wooden strips linked together so that it can be rolled up in cloudy weather, is undoubtedly the best system of shad- ing, but as such appliances add considerably to the running expenses of a place, they are frequently supplanted by cheaper devices, and among these naphtha and white lead, mixed to about the consistency of milk, and applied either with a brush or syringe, is one of the most serviceable. Even whitewash will give good results, except for the fact that it removes the paint from the wood-work wherever it is applied. In the Palm-houses little or no shading is required so early in the Garden and Forest. condition. [Vor. IV., No. 351. season, except forsome of the soft-leaved species, such as Calamus, Verschafteltia, and most of the Geonomas. It one could only secure perfect glass for glazing the houses there would be less need for early shading, but one imperfect square of glass may ruin several fine plants in. a few hours, and it is therefore best to be on the safe side. And speaking of glass brings to mind the fact that some of the large Rose- growers are now using second quality of French glass in preference to first quality American glass, on the ground that there are fewer imperfections in the French glass and conse- quently less injury is done to the foliage beneath it, while the cost of the two qualities quoted is about the same. Where the early forcing of flowering plants is practiced this. operation will now be under full headway, and it will be neces- sary to give proper attention to every detail. With Lily-of-the- Valley one of the necessary conditions for successful early forcing is to allow the pips to freeze thoroughly before they are brought into heat. This fact is so well recognized by large commercial growers that they secure this condition by means of cold storage houses; this arrangement, though costly, ren- dering them independent of the weather. For Tulips, Narcissus, Hyacinths and other Dutch bulbs the freezing process is not essential, and as these may be brought into flower with moderate heat they are naturally among the most popular and satisfactory plants with amateur cultivators. A succession of Lilium Harristti and L. longifiorum should be arranged, as the former may be had in flower by Thanks- giving-day, and by successive lots a supply may be kept up until spring. JZ. dongiflorum will not force as early as LZ. Har- visit, but from the latter part of February or beginning of March and onward this exquisite Lily may be enjoyed in all its pure-tinted loveliness. Other easily forced spring flowers are the Indian Aza- leas, among which the old Fielder’s White and also Alba are of the easiest to manage, though Deutsche Perle and Flag of Truce may also be brought in early, and are far supe- rior in flower to the first named. Among the host of colored Azaleas, Madame Vander Cruyssen is by far the best for early work, while Charmer, a large-flowered, dark pink variety, is also good, but is not quite as shapely a grower as Madame Vander Cruyssen. : Some Genistas will also be brought in from the cold-house from time to time in order to continue a supply of their graceful racemes of bright yellow, and it is well to remember also that the present is a good time to put in cuttings of these useful plants, in order to secure strong, stocky young plants for next winter. Rose-cuttings, and also those of Carnations, Bou- vardias and similar stock for next season, should now be pro- vided, while the time for sowing seeds of a multitude of plants for summer bedding is at hand. The usual complaint at this time is lack of space for some of these very necessary operations, but it should be borne in mind that drawn up seedlings seldom make satisfactory plants, and it is therefore wisest to limit the varieties in accordance with the space at command. If Ferns are grown this is also a good season in which to sow spores, from the fact that the growing season for most of the exotic species is now about to begin, and in fact in many cases has already begun, and seedlings started now usually make more progress than when sown later. Holmesburg, Pa . W. 7. Taplin. Orchid Notes. Celogyne cristata.—This is an old favorite with Orchid-grow- ers, and it makes a host of new friends for itself every year. It is very beautiful at this season, the graceful racemes of pure white flowers, with conspicuous marking of yellow in the lip, being produced in great profusion from the base of the most recent pseudo-bulbs. Where there are a number of plants a succession of bloom may be maintained from the middle of December to the latter end of February by confining to a lower temperature those whose flowering itis desirable to retard. They may be returned to thenormal conditions as occasion demands. The plant loses somewhat in some hands by being too severely dried off after the growing season. During the blooming period it is far from uncommon to see the flowers associated with pseudo-bulbs much shrunk and withered, and leaves of unhealthy hue. It is true that a smaller quantity of water is demanded when the growth has been perfected, but the supply should not be withheld so far as to cause this There is nothing to be gained by this rigorous. treatment. The flowers appear just as treelyin the company of plump pseudo-bulbs and rich green leaves, and, as a matter of course, the plants are then much more pleasing to the eye. January 14, 1891.] Maxillaria picta.—Some other species of the genus Maxil- laria are better known than this one, and their superiority entitles them to much more general: attention than they receive. Itisa plant very easily managed. It is a native of Brazil and was introduced to Europe in 1832. The ovate pseudo-bulbs are slightly compressed, furrowed and clad with. ragged brownish sheaths. They support two or three sharply pointed ligulate leaves, from twelve to fifteen inches in length, leathery, and dark green. The scapes emerge from the base of the pseudo-bulbs formed during the previous spring and summer. each bears a single flower about two inches in diameter. The petals are smaller than the sepals ; and both petals and sepals are incurved and have their margins turned slightly backward. The interior surface is dark orange with irregular brownish blotches, and the exterior creamy white, becoming greenish at the base, with numerous spots and patches of reddish pur- ple. The sepals are further marked on the outside with a line of the latter color which traverses one-third of their length from the base. The lipis broader than the sepals and abcut half their length, creamy white, marked on the upper surface with reddish purple spots and with lines, which are most numerous toward the margins. The column is reddish purple and very conspicuous. The flowers are produced with great freedom during November and December, and they are powerfully fra- grant. Itis the odor, rather than the color, size or form of the flowers, which renders them attractive and pleasing. The plant thrives best in pots or pans, with ample drainage mate- rial, rough peat fibre and growing sphagnum. Abundance of water is required during the growing season, but afterward the supply may be slightly diminished with advantage. A con- stant intermediate temperature gives very satisfactory results. Saccolabium gigantewm.—Among the numerous Orchids now in bloom it would be difficult to find one more stately or one in which the colors of the flowers are more exquisitely blended. It is a plant of erect habit, the stem being well fur- nished with bold strap-shaped leaves about twelve inches in length, unequally notched at the apex, and of dark green color, with parallel lines conspicuously paler. The pendulous axil- lary inflorescence is about as long as the leaves, and it takes the form of a cylindrical raceme four inches through at the widest part, tapering slightly toward the tip. The Howers are sweetly fragrant, each an inch across, and densely packed on five-sixths of the peduncle’s entire length. The sepals are elliptical, white, with pale purple spots, and the petals elliptic- lanceolate and like the sepals in color. The lip is dilated and trilobed at the apex, the lobes turned upward, bright purple, with lines of a darker tint on the upper surface and lilac tipped with purple beneath. The column is greenish white, marked with purple at the base andinfront. This species succeeds best in pots, as do most of the large-growing Saccolabiums, with crocks and rough pieces of charcoal and sphagnum on the surface for the roots. The plant delights in a hot, moist atmosphere and frequent applications of water during the growing season. To promote abundant flowering it is neces- sary, however, that the roots and air be maintained in a some- what drier state, and that the temperature be slightly reduced in winter. But even then sufficient water should be given to prevent the smallest degree of shriveling. Free exposure to light, but strict shading from brilliant sunshine, even at the dullest period of the year, are essential for securing luxuriant foliage. Cambridge, Mass. M. Barker. Anchusa Italica——The Italian Alkanet, as it is called, is a member of the Borage family, and is also known as Anchusa azurea and A. paniculata, both of which names are descrip- tively correct, as the flowers are borne on tall panicled stems and are of a bright shade of blue. If we except the Larkspurs there are few hardy plants that possess this peculiar shade of blue; and, as the plant under consideration flowers in early summer and lasts long in perfection, its value is considerable, as it is quite hardy and also a true perennial. The Anchusas are among the easiest of perennials to raise from seeds, for these germinate as readily as those of most annuals, and as seeds are freely produced it is obviously the best means of propagation. There are several other Anchusas, but our own experience is limited to theaboveand to A. Capensis. This last species is said to be a tender biennial ; but we have found it perfectly hardy in that the abundant seeds, produced rapidly, germinate around the parent plant, survive the winter and flow- er the following season in profusion for three months. The flowers, however, are small in comparison with those of A. Italica. tis a well known fact that bees are partial to many Boraginaceous plants, and to the genus Anchusa in particular. Garden and Forest. They are from six to nine inches in length, and’ 21 A. Capensis is eminently suitable for sowing in places where it can be left alone to take care of itself, as in a wild garden. The Alkanet of commerce, a deep red dye, is the product of A. tinctoria, a dwarf species of spreading habit. South Lancaster, Mass. IB, O);, Orpet. The Forest. Forest-policy Abroad.—II. \\/ TH respect to the second class of forest-property, that be- longing to towns, villages and other public bodies, it isagain impossible to speak for the whole of Germany, except upon the broadest lines. The state everywhere exercises oversight and a degree of control over the management of these forests, but the sphere of its action varies within very wide limits. Even within the individual states it does not remain the same. Thus far, however, the action of the Government is alike, not only throughout Prussia, but in all parts of Germany. It prevents absolutely the treatment of any forest of this class under im- provident or wasteful methods; nor does it allow any measure to be carried into effect which may deprive posterity of the en- joyment which it has a right to expect. How far the details vary may be gathered from the fact that while in the Prussian provinces of Rheinland and Westphalia the village commu- nities manage their own forests, subject only to a tolerably close oversight on the part of the controlling staff, in the former Duchy of Nassau, now Prussian territory, their share in the management does not extend beyond the right to sell the timber cut under the direction of the Government Ober- forster, the right and obligation to pay for all the planting and other improvements which may be deemed necessary, and the rather hollow privilege of expressing their opinion. But how- ever galling so extensive an interference with the rights of property may appear, it is none the less unquestionably true that in France, as well as in Germany, the state management of communal forests lies at the root of the prosperity of a very large proportion of the peasant population, and the evils which have attended its withdrawal in individual cases are notorious. While, on the one hand, villages whose taxes are wholly paid by their forests are by no means rare, on the other, the sale of communal forest-property in certain parts of Germany in 1848 has been followed with deplorable regularity by the impover- ishment of the villages which were unwise enough to allow it. The relations of the state to the third class of forests, those belonging to private proprietors, are of a much less intimate nature. The basis of the relations is, however, the same. To quote again from Donner, ‘The duty of the state to sustain and further the well being of its citizens, regarded as an im- perishable whole, implies for the Government the right and the duty to subject the management of all forests to its inspec- tion and control.” But this intervention is to be carried only “so far as may be necessary to obviate the dangers which an unrestrained utilization of the forest by its owners threatens to incite, and the rights of property are to be respected to the utmost consistently with such a result.” Prussia, of all the German countries, has respected these rights most highly, and the Government exerts practically no restraining influence except where the evident results’ of deforestation would be seriously dangerous. Here it may and does guard most jeal- ously the woodlands which have been called in general ‘‘pro- tection forests,” of whose many-sided influence so much has of late been said and written in America. The state leaves open a way of escape for the private pro- prietor who finds himself unwilling to suffer such restriction of his rights for the public good, and shows itself willing to buy up areas, not only of Protection Forest, but also of less vitally important woodlands. On the other hand, it is ready, with a broadness of view which the zeal of forest-authorities sometimes unfortunately excludes, to give up to private ownership lands which, by reason of their soil and situation, will contribute better to the commonwealth under cultivation than as forest. In this way the forests, whose preservation is most important, are gradually passing into the hands of the state; yet the total area of its woodlands is increasing but slowly. The policy of state aid in the afforestation of waste lands, important through their situation on high ground er other- wise, is fully recognized, but the absence of considerable mountain chains has given to this branch of government influence very much less prominence than in the Alps of Aus- tria, Switzerland and France, where its advantages appear on a larger and more striking scale. In closing this brief sketch of forest-policy in Prussia it may be proper to refer briefly to the erroneous ideas of German 22 forest-inanagement which have crept into our literature. They have done so, I believe, partly through a desire of the advo- cates of forestry to prove too much, and they injure the cause for which we are working, because they tend to make forest- management ridiculous in the eyes of our citizens. The idea has arisen that German methods are exaggeratedly artificial and complicated, and the inference has not unnaturally been made that forestry in itself is a thing for older and more densely populated countries, and that forest-management is inapplicable and incapable of adaptation to the conditions under which we live. ment of German forests is distinguished above all things by an elastic adaptability to varying circumstances which is totally at variance with the iron formality which a superficial obser- vation may believe it sees. It is equally true that its methods could not be transported unchanged into our forests without entailing discouragement and failure, just as our methods of lumbering would be disastrous over there; but the principles which underlie not only German, butall rational forest-manage- ment, are true all the world over. It was in accordance with them that the forests of British India were taken in hand and are now being successfully managed, but the methods into which the same principles have developed are as widely dis- similar as the countries in which they are being applied. So, forest-management in America must be worked outalong lines which the conditions of our hfe will prescribe. It can never be a technical imitation of that of any other country, and a knowledge of forestry abroad will be useful and necessary rather as matter for comparison than as a guide to be blindly obeyed. Under these conditions I do not believe that forest- management in the United States will present even serious technical difficulties. It only asks the opportunity to prove itself sound and practical. Switzerland is a country where the development rather than the actual condition of forest-policy may best claim our atten- tion. The history of forestry in the Swiss republic is of pecu- liar interest to the people of the United States, because in its beginnings may be traced many of the chracteristics of the situation here and now, and because the Swiss, like the Americans, were contronted by the problem of a concrete forest-policy extending over the various states of a common union. The problem has been brilliantly solved, and not the least important result of its solution is the fact that the people of Switzerland have recognized the vast significance and im- portance of the forests in so mountainous a country, and a full and hearty appreciation and support of the forest-policy of the Confederation is found in every nookand corner of the land. The history of the forest-movement in Switzerland has not yet been fully written. I may be allowed to quote from an unpublished sketch of it by Professor Landolt, who, more than any other man, has contributed to make that history of which he writes. As the example set by a republic to a republic, as the brilliant result of the work of a few devoted men, crowned by a public opinion which they created, and rewarded by the great and lasting blessing which they have brought to their country, our country can find no worthier model, no nobler source of encouragement and inspiration. «Soon after the middle of the last century,” begins Professor Landolt, ‘‘ certain intelligent, public-spirited men of Zurich and the canton of Bern (which then included Waadt and a great part of Aargan) turned their attention to the situation of agri- culture and forestry in Aargan. Their object was to gain a knowledge of the conditions involved, and their surroundings, and to remove the most pressing’ evils. “In the years between 1780 and 1790, the cantons, following the lead of Bern, succeeded in appointing forest-officers, whose first task was to become conversant with the actual manage- ment of the state and large communal forests, and to make suggestions for their future treatment. Partly at this time, partly earlier, a large proportion of the state forests and a few communal forests were surveyed, and a few of them were marked off into compartments on the ground, a measure of vital importance to conservative management. «The appointment of state forest-officers is to be regarded as the beginning of regular forest-management. Great num- bers of forest-regulations bearing on the most various sub- jects, tree-planting among others, had been promulgated in former centuries. They had been often renewed, but without forest-officers they could not be enforced. “ Until about 1830 forestry in the less mountainous parts of Switzerland developed slowly, but still in a satisfactory man- ner. The mountain forests, however, with few exceptions, were in complete disorder. But the following years brought new life not only into politics, but also into national econo- mies, and the status of the forest, which last was materially Garden and Forest. It is true, on the contrary, that the treat-~ [NuMBER 15 1. improved by the floods which spread in 1834 over the greater part of the Alps. The damage which they caused was so se- vere that the philanthropic and scientific societies set them- selves the task of searching out the cause of inundations, which became more frequent as time went on. They con- cluded that it was to be found largely in the improvident de- struction of the mountain forests. To the fear of a wood famine, which had hitherto been the chief incentive to the advancement of forestry, there was now added another, which, if not wholly new, still had been formerly little insisted on. It. was the influence of forests on rainfall and the phenomena of nature in general. The societies did not fail to direct attention to this question, and with excellent result. The less moun- tainous cantons, with imperfect legislation, made new laws, or amended and completed the old ones, looked after the ap- pointment of foresters, and took the organization of the felling, planting and care of their timber seriously in hand. But the chief gain lay in the fact that the mountain cantons applied themselves to the work.” Taken as a whole, forestry has made satisfactory progress as regards legislation, the improvement of forest-management and the increased number of forest-officers, since about 1840. In 1865 the Swiss Forest-school was established (as a fifth department of the Polytechnicum at Zurich), and ‘“‘ provision was thus made,” says Professor Landolt, ‘‘for a forest-staff of our own, educated with special reference to our own conditions.” The Swiss Forestry Association was founded in 1843. Through frequent agitation, and by setting forth what action was necessary, it has rendered great services to the cause of forest-protection. It has moved successfully, among other things, for the foundation of a forest-school, the examination of the higher mountain forests, the passage of a new forest- law and the correction of the torrents. In 1854 Professor Landolt called the attention of the As- sociation to the investigation of the mountain forests. In1858 the Federal Assembly appointed a commission of three men with authority to study and report upon the Swiss Alps and the Jura in regard to geology, forestry and police regulations bearing on water supply. From the appearance of the final report of this Commission in 1861 the improvement of Swiss forestry has been kept steadily before the Confederation. In 1875 a federal forest-inspector was appointed, and a year later the first Swiss forest-law was passed. This law does not ex- tend to the whole of Switzerland, but only to the Alps and the steeper foot-hills. More recently attempts have been made by the Cantonal Government and the Forestry Association to extend its influence to the Jura or to the whole of Switzerland, but the need of such action is not yet clearly apparent. The passage of the federal forest-law was followed almost everywhere immediately by the appointment of trained forest- officers, and all the cantons whose forest-legislation was defec- tive amended or completed it. ‘Our forest-laws,” Professor Landolt goes on, “are intended to work more through instruction, good example and encour- agement than by severe regulations. This method is some- what slower than one which should involve more drastic uneasiness, but the results achieved are the more useful and lasting. Our laws require the same treatment for the forests of the state, the communes and other public bodies.” The oversight of private forests is less strict. Their owners may not reduce the area of their woodlands without the con- sent of the Cantonal Government; they must plant up the land cut over which is without natural growth, and they are bound to take proper care of the growing stock, but they are not held to a conservative management. In ‘“‘ protection forests,” on the other hand, the timber that may be cut by private owners is marked out by Government officers, so that reckless lum- bering may be prevented. The regulations which look to the formation of new protection forests must also be conformed to by private proprietors, or they must allow themselves to be expropriated. In these matters the Confederation and the can- tons work in unison. The consent of the Federal Assembly is necessary to the clearing of private land in protection forests. ' It hardly needs to be added that the present condition of forestry in Switzerland is admirable. Systematic forest-man- agement has probably been known there as long as anywhere in Europe, and nowhere can finer individual examples be found. I have seen nothing, even in Germany, which seemed to me so workmanlike as the management of the Sihlwald, a forest belonging to the city of Zurich ; and Iam the bolder in my opinion because the Sihlwald (GARDEN AND FOREST, iii., pp. 374, 386, 397) has been called the most instructive forest of Eu- rope by, perhaps, the most experienced forester of the present day. New York. Gifford Pinchot, Sn ct nl a ns a pens ee JANUARY 14, 1891.] Correspondence. Tuberous Begonias. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir.—Not every one who is familiar with the species and has watched the marvelous development of the hybrid Begonias will agree with all the views expressed in a recent article, en- titled ‘‘Form in Flowers,” in GARDEN AND FOREST. ‘‘Spoiling the flowers is a familiar cry to the reader of horticultural literature, and we have had the same warning and very much the same arguments over all florists’ flowers which those who are deploring the fate of the Begonias are now advancing. “Nature gives us the Ramanas and the Cherokee Rose, the florist produces Paul Neyron.” So runs the complaint, and it seems a severe arraignment till the florist finds time to remark that besides Paul Neyron, his art has also produced La France, The Bride, Catherine Mermet and others which seem to have been overlooked in the course of the argument. While there are certain ill defined canons of taste recognized among people of intelligence, yet practically we all decline to believe that anything which gives us pleasure has no beauty. I have no desire to enter into an unprofitable discussion on the beauty of form or the lack of it in the new Begonias, but simply wish to call attention to the conception of ‘ Nature’s Begonia,” on which the argument is based. The type as Nature designed it, we are told, is a low dwarf plant with weak peduncles and small, drooping flowers of somewhat irregular outline. But taking the entire family of tuberous Begonias, of which there are about a score of species in cultivation, the combination specified is on the whole a rather rare one. The rule, if there is one, among the very diverse habits of these plants, is that the dwarf ones have stiff flower-stalks and the tall kinds weak ones, while there seem to be at least as many flowers of regular as of irregular shape. But most of our hybrids have been made from #. Soliviensis, B. Pearcei, B. Veitchi, B. Davisiz, and in a smaller degree from BZ. rosefiora and B. Clarkiit. B&. Boliviensis, a tall plant, is responsible for the weak peduncles appearing so frequently in the hybrid Be- gonias, especially in the double varieties, the first of which were derived from that species. From a cultivator’s point of view a flower on a low plant which has a peduncle so weak as to allow it to lie on the ground like a boy’s sucker is not very desirable, and after supplying one’s wants for hanging baskets, etc., such varieties are usually discarded by careful growers. There does not seem to be any inherent objection to trying to secure seedlings of the Davisii type with dwarf habit and fine flowers on stout, erect stems. We could hardly have too great an abundance of such pure colors, and if the flowers are sometimes rather large, this fault would regulateitself, for under ordinary, treatment they are generally but little larger than those of some of the types. Nodoubt manyinferiorforms have been sent out, for every plant produces a salable tuber, and the margin of the florist is so small that he cannot be expected to throw away a plant so readily marketable. But after all, instead of assailing the hybridizer for lack of taste, why not encourage him in the production of what.is new? Suppose some of the seedlings are not beautiful according to some ultra-Japanese standard, many of them will be sufficiently wayward and whimsical to suit the hyperesthetical, and many more will delight those whose tastes are less highly educated, who can endure a regular flower and even admire a double Camiellia. Now is a good time to get some seed of one of these naughty hybridizers, for if sown at once they will commence to come into bloom in early June. The culture from seed is of the simplest. Use light soil, sow thinly on the surface and cover pan with glass. They will germinate in a fortnight, and -even in the seed-leaf stage will stand considerable neglect. They should be dibbled out when small and kept growing at not too high a temperature. One can scarcely have too great a stock of these plants either for the garden or greenhouse. Flatbush, L. I. Quis. [If our correspondent will take the trouble to read again the article on which he comments, he will find not a word in disparagement of hybridizing. What the article main- tained was: That increased size alone is not necessarily improvement; that a certain irregularity of outline which is pleasing in small flowers may be disagreeable when exaggerated in larger ones ; that stiff perpendicular stems with a flower at the top, face upward, is no improvement on the graceful drooping habit of most Begonias, and that in many plants (not all) the single natural flowers are Garden and Forest. 23 more beautiful than those which have been doubled by the gardener’s art. ‘‘Quis” admits that ‘‘many inferior forms have been sent out,’ and we agree with him that the grower can hardly be expected to throw away marketable tubers. And yet it is well to insist now and then that flowers are not always beautiful merely because they are new or big or perfectly double.—Ep. ] The Owl and the Sparrow. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir.—Your pleasant correspondent, Charles Naudin, has some interesting notes on the Siryx passerina, a bird of whose existence I may as well confess my ignorance. The sugges- tion of any process which promises to aid in the extirpation of that admitted pest, the English sparrow, is alluring, but in avoiding Charybdis we often fall upon Scylla, and it occurs to me that our pigmy friend, who is, to quote Mr. Naudin’s de- scription, ‘(a ferocious and well-armed bird,” who ‘not only exterminates the sparrows’ nests, but drives them away en- tirely by its presence alone from any locality,” is a party to be respected certainly, but distrusted as to his ability or willing- ness to draw the line at English sparrows. I think your cor- respondent, who praises him possibly not too highly, would hardly care to ‘‘seal to such a bond” as would guarantee his discriminative powers in this respect. Like the writer, there are doubtless a few of your readers whose suburban expe- rience, having a retrospect of something over half a century, includes, among other pleasant memories, recollections of countless mornings in years long past, which in one respect at least answered to Milton’s beautiful description as ‘Sweet, with charm of earliest birds.” That these are now mainly matters of reminiscence is largely due to the thoughtless and unfortunate introduction of the English sparrow. The dimin- ished ranks of the native inhabitants of our orchards and hedge-rows are ill-conditioned to face a new marauder of the type Mr. Naudin describes, and it would seem to be the part of prudence to keep the Atlantic between us and the fierce little Chevéche until we are better informed as to his prefer- ences and limitations. While we admire his valor, we may fairly question his discretion, and before making further reck- less ventures we ought to be well assured, as between the English sparrow and the Chevéche, that this is not a case where ‘‘bad begins and worse remains behind.” West Roxbury, Mass. W. AZ. C. [We have received letters containing the same warning from several correspondents, and should be glad to hear from others who have some knowledge of the habits of the Pigmy Owl.—Ep. } Recent Publications. Outings at Odd Times. By Charles C. Abbott. D. Appleton & Co. Dr. Abbott has found another felicitous title for this latest addition to his series of out-of-door books. He saunters through upland and meadow, along woodside and brookside, to discover in every well-tramped highway and byway a fresh- ness that never fails in the familiar forms of lowly life. The oftener he strolls among the familiar scenes where he has so often invited his readers to accompany him, the more thickly throng the surprises among the shrubs and weeds, the reptiles and insects, the birds and ‘‘ small deer,” for one who has eyes to detect them. And what Dr. Abbott sees he can weave into a narrative so entertaining that reading it is the next best thing to actually watching and witnessing in detail the modest events in the history which Nature keeps making day by day all the yearlong. The book isso much in the vein of its predecessors that what has been so often said of their scope and quality will answer as a Characterization of this one, and yet it differs somewhat in its flavor from the rest, and particularly from the earlier volumes of the series. It is less distinctly descriptive of our humble relatives and their ways and not so photographic in its delineation of what isseen. It is more contemplative. It treats the reader to musings on the more general laws of Nature. It is more subjective, too, and depicts the mood of the observer as often as the object mirrored in his mind. If, therefore, the reader finds fewer facts recorded he may detect more poetry ; and since the book is not advertised as having merely or mainly a scientific value, he will not complain, and he may find the change not disagreeable. New York : 24 Notes. Small trees of Araucaria excelsa are largely used now in table decorations for large dinner parties. Foreign journals state that the whole stock of a new Rose, Mamam Cochet, which last autumn was introduced by Charles Verdier, has been sold by him to an American, whose name is given as Mr. Ernest Asmus. At Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, free tuition in road-building is now offered to one student from each county of the state. The instruction will be given by professors in the Engineering Department of the College. A Stevia possessing an agreeable aromatic odor has been introduced to European horticulturists by Herr Dammann. It is a perennial, which grows only to a height of fifteen inches, is a strong bloomer, and is said to be more beautiful than any in common cultivation. The annual report of Dr. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, has been published, and as usual it is an import- ant contribution to economic entomology. The illustrations are excellent, the index is complete, and the elaborate bibli- ography adds greatly to its value. At the meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society a new Grape, raised by Mr. T. V. Munson, and said to be a cross be- tween Lindley and Delaware, was pronounced very promising. The Colerain, a pure native seedling of the Concord type, and Nectar, a seedling, raised by the late Mr. Corywood, were also commended. Professor Lazenby bagged some sweet cherries last year just after the fruit had set, and kept them covered until they were ready to pick. The fruit developed in this way was larger and heavier than that which remained uncovered, the skin was more tender, the general appearance particularly fresh, and the color notably brighter. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club says that at a re- cent meeting of the club Miss Stabler ‘reported a peculiar growth of aérial roots in Swamp Maple as noticed by her at Great Neck, Long Island. The trees in several instances were decayed ten or fifteen feet above the ground, and roots one and a half inches in diameter had been sent out from above through this decayed growth to the ground, fifteen feet below.” Monsieur André, already distinguished by his explorations of the South American flora, made last year at the time of his visit to Montevideo an extended botanical excursion into northern Uruguay to the borders of Brazil, where virgin for- ests of the greatest interest were traversed, and where many trees were found of first-rate ornamental value for the future plantations of the parks and public gardens to be laid out in Montevideo under his direction. Among these there are many, he writes us, capable of embellishing the gardens of southern Europe. The results of these explorations are soon to be given to the public. Professor George Lawson, of Halifax, in a private letter calls attention to the interesting fact that Rhododendron Catawbiense is likely to become naturalized in Nova Scotia. ‘It is nearly twenty years ago,” he writes, ‘since [imported afew hundred Rhododendrons from Edinburgh. Many died; but all of the Catawbiense blood survived and have grown enormously. They seed very freely, and spontaneous seedlings are now seen peering out of mossy banks at long distances from my grounds. Quercus sessifiora is also spontaneous here with the Rhododendron from acorns of trees planted about the beginning of the century.” A “Hay Palace,” recently built at Momence, Illinois, is de- scribed as being 206 feet in length and 166 feet wide in the centre. ‘The main hall is 103 feet in diameter, flanked on the four sides with wings. A circular gallery eighteen feet wide sweeps entirely around the main hall. The walls are built of baled hay, with just enough baled straw to make a pleasing contrast in shading and color. The primary object of the exhibition is to make a display of the varied products of eastern Illinois and western Indiana, which will include pro- ducts of the farms, factories, forests, mines, quarries, and of the arts, domestic skill, and the accomplishments of the people of the district in music, oratory and manual training. A spe- cial feature is the display of the latest tools in haying ma- chinery, and implements for ditching, laying and making tile, and road machinery.” Garden and Forest. [NUMBER I51. A correspondent of the American Architect and Building News says: “Baton Rouge received its name from an enor- mous Cypress-tree which stood upon its site early in the eighteenth century, and out of which a certain carpenter once offered to build two boats of sixteen and fourteen tons respectively. The Cypress of Louisiana has bark of a reddish hue, grows to a great height, and is bare of branches excepting at the top. Naturally this particular Cypress was recognized among the pioneers and settlers as a landmark, and ‘one of the first travelers who arrived at this locality,’ says Le Page du Pratz, an old chronicler, ‘exclaimed that this tree would make a fine stick’ (a walling-stick for the Titans, presumably), ‘hence the name of Baton Rouge (Red Stick), given to this place.’” The reference in this account is, of course, to the Bald Cypress (Zaxodium distichum). A writer in the Mlustrirte Gartenzeitung, of Vienna, while disputing the excessive claims recently made for certain so- called ‘‘weather plants,” points out the fact that a modest degree of power in forecasting atmospheric changes is pos- sessed by a multitude of common plants. Among these he cites Gallium vernum, whose pleasant fair-weather odor be- comes strong and pungent at the approach of rain; Carina vulgaris, whose leaves close before rain; Calendula pluvialis, which predicts rain when its flowers remain closed after seven in the morning; Oxalis acetosella, which closes its leaves at the approach of rain or cold; Lapsana communis, which keeps its flowers open in the evening if it is to rain the following day, but closes them if fair weather is coming ; Draba verna, which droops its leaves toward the ground be- fore rain; and AJdsine media, which predicts a clear day if its flowers open about nine o’clock, and a second one to follow if they remain open as late as four in the afternoon. In his ‘“‘Three Years in Western China” Mr. Alexander Hosie says: ‘‘ Between Ch’ung-k’ing and Ch’i-chiang Hsien, the first city of any importance on the southern road to Kuei- chow, there are a number of factories for the manufacture of the ordinary coarse Chinese paper. . . . There is an entire ab- sence of machinery for washing and shredding rags; there are no troughs of pulp, chemicals for bleaching, resin for watering, wire moulds for receiving and drums for firming the paper as it comes from the pulp-troughs. Bamboo-stems and paddy straw are steeped with lime in deep concrete pits in the open air and allowed to soak for months. When nothing but the fibre remains, it is taken out and rolled with a heavy stone roller in a stone well until all the lime has been removed. A small quantity of the fibre is placed in a stone trough full of water and the whole stirred up. A close Bamboo mould is then passed through the mixed fibre and water, and the film which adheres to it emerges as a sheet of paper, which is stuck up to dry on the walls of a room kept at a high tempera- ture. The sheets are afterward collected and made up into bundles for market.” Mr. T. S. Brandegee distinguishes, in the November issue of Zoe, a new Poplar of Lower California under the name of Populus Monticola. It inhabits the high mountains of the Cape region in the extreme southern part of the peninsula, growing along streams and following down the cafions toward the warm lowlands. Young trees havea smooth, light colored bark similar to that of the Aspen, but it becomes very rough on old specimens. At elevations of five thousand feet it is rarely more than twenty feet high, but at lower altitudes it becomes a large tree nearly a hundred feet high, and is a favorite support for the wild Grape-vine. The wood is de- scribed as light red in color, and is said to be used in making furniture. Thenew growthis densely tomentose. Theleavesare round-ovate, with ashort point, variably sinuate-crenate or den- tate, silky-pubescent upon both sides, especially upon the veins, with terete, white-tomentose petioles ; the stipules are linear and the bud-scales white-silky ; the capsules are ovate, densely white-silky tomentose, two to three-valved ; styles usually two, united at the base, each with two narrow divisions. The disk is small and nearly flat ; scales minutely sinuate-dentate, nearly glabrous. ‘This tree is known by the name of ‘guerigo’ to the inhabitants, who distinguish it from the common one of the fields and gardens called by them ‘alamo.’ The leaves and flowers appear in February, and in October all have fallen, a season of growth usual in Alta California, but very different from the ordinary habit of the plants of the Cape region of Baja California, where most of the vegetation comes forward with the summer and fall rains at the time when the cotton- woods are losing their leaves and appear to be preparing for a winter, which, however, never comes.” JANUARY 21, 1891.] Gy CEN AND BOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. Orricz : TRIBUNE BuILpInc, New York. Conducted by Professor C. S. SARGENT ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1801. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Epiroria ArricLes :—The Proposed Widening of the Drives in Central Park.— Semi-centennial of the Gardeners’ Chronicle.—V Boy eelD: Forests of the Adirondack Mountains.. odoonwoas 25 Methods of Quickening the Germination of Seeds............ % B. Weber. 26 The Grant Monument for Riverside Park. (With figures.) Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer. 27 Piant Nores :—Some Recent Portraits.. 20 sacocosecn AS New or Littte Known Prants: canned num ci ‘(with ee ieteietel Ga S293 20) Wier OnclaiGlsse5ce bodecooopssoenne 99 DoOBEaUaOBOOn oOo a0eHogSS R. A. Rolfe. 29 FoREIGN CORRESPONDENCE :—London Letter.........- ss seeeeeeecee W. Watson. 29 CutturaL Department :—Notes on Some Hardy Wild Roses.—Ill.... % G. Fack. 31 IR@SS IN@LGSo cco coucoodeeansddaonHOObeoAeBbenoo Uc oubodageccsou™ £. G. Hill. 31 The Cultivation of Native Orchids.. ORAS Flom bine ite oonodeL BoDdanee despa neon nots 16 Horsford. 32 W. E. Endzcott. 32 Cypripedium Fairieanum................. John Weathers. 33 The Mignonette Disease............-. seeees Professor Byron D, Halsted. 33 Acacia “pubescens Be eee eer fete ePatetel aie iei cies nicl ein’ inneteinietememenettercden ftaloeted cL ie GSS CHEMANS jOAONCWENE ooo Gooosadececsonopapngunondcancocceosen E. O. Orpet. 34 Tue Forest :—Forest-policy Abroad.—II1........... seeee-+--s Gifford Pinchot. 34. * CORRESPONDENCE :—The Owl and the Sparrow.......1-++.++++ C. Hart Merriam. 35 Mhe Madrofia in Winter..... 0.0.00... eee ccm niner c= EL. W. Hammond. 35 PERIODIC ATMS RERIATUR Wate eiatele|slalelale\cinislal=] pininlojaln «\s\-n\«/elelefitalchelelstalitelsio\~]=ta\=\-\elo ie isis\-in/<)= 35 INIGINES nono can ndeo da dcon anode bonc0s 5 OdddoD ABOODUDOnOUECIO CoSb 160 bono o0dK0s deDoonad 36 IxtustTRATIons :—Ground Plan of the Proposed Grant Monument, Riverside IDIMW@, PIR, Bono cacoadossgocooonanneno pono lao os obeceondesnesdoEosGsOD 27 View of the Grant Monument from the North, IDE Oscosoawoace 6 sog00GRD0 28 View of the Grant Monument from the River, Fig. 7....-.-.....--+++++++ 28 \ lorem, MA@MIS, IDUS Bho ono gosusenogec adodson cos0 5) soovaKodGoGsDNboUDED 30 The Proposed Widening of the Drives in Central Park. N his recent message Mayor Grant, of this city, declares that the question of widening and improving the drives in Central Parkis one which demands immediate attention. There is nothing novel in this suggestion. The necessity of widening and straightening and leveling the roads of the park has often been urged by persons who assume that these roads were made primarily for pleasure-driving. But it should never be forgotten that the only excuse for the existence of such a park in such a Situation is to furnish an opportunity for rural and sylvan recreation to an urban population. The scenery is the park. The drives were constructed to enable those who visit the park in carriages to enjoy the scenery just as the paths are laid to make these refreshing prospects available to those who come on foot. As has been often stated, the waiks and drives are not essentially the park any more than knives and forks or glass and china are the essentials of a dinner. They are simply the means of making the park accessible and available. There have always been persons who have insisted on the necessity of a Rotten Row, a place of gallant and festal promenade, just as others have felt the necessity of a speed- road for those whose delight is in fast trotters. No doubt both of these objects are desirable in themselves considered, and so are many others that could be named, but that is no reason for confiscating the park, or for condemning a portion of it to any such purpose. Ifit had been originally intended to provide a place where the wealth and fashion of the city could meet for social greeting and the display of equipage, no man in his senses would have chosen as the field for such assemblage theserugged ledges, which have since been transformed into rolling meadows and grassy dales. Some level, open space would have been selected for such a promenade ; and now that the city has borrowed and spent $10,000,000 for the avowed purpose of creating the scenery of the park, it would be a breach of trust, as Garden and Forest. 25 well as a wild extravagance, to sequester a portion of the park and devote it to alien use. These millions have been spent to develop the park in accordance with one motive that is, in its construction and maintenance the original design of furnishing pastoral and reposeful prospects has been adhered to. Any attempt now to adapt the park to another and quite a different motive, to transform it into a display ground for stately processions, or a place for pleasure driving, would not only destroy the original inten- tion, but signally fail to fulfill the new purpose. The result would be a spiritless compromise between two, or rather several, designs ; for the men who drive fast horses and those devoted to athletic sports, not to speak of the botanists and zoologists who want gardens and the militia who desire more parade grounds, and the rest, will all insist with equal justice that their claims should be recognized. It will be urged, as it always has been, that the roads can be widened without affecting the value of the land- scape ; but a little study of the ground will show that any expansion of the wheelways, besides increasing the already large ratio of gravel to grass, would not only displace and separate essential elements of the landscape, but would destroy many of the finest trees and most effective of the rugged and rocky passages in the park. The planting was, of course, adapted to roads of the present width, these roads were adjusted to the contours of the ground, and the modeling and planting of the road-sides are an integral part of the design. The widening would not only mean the destruction of slopes and banks and ledges that have been beautitied with the growth of thirty years, which could not be replaced in a shorter time, but the sweeping away of trees, groups of shrubs and vine-covered rocks would open the views in front which are now masked by projecting ledges and masses of foliage, and thus destroy that charm of surprise which a winding course now ensures. Not to speak, therefore, of the immense expense of widening the roads, an expense which would include almost a complete reconstruction of the drainage system of the park, any considerable addition to the graveled roads or curtailment of the verdurous elements on either side of them would mean the destruction of the scenery which gives the park its value. The wheelways are now ample to fulfill the purpose for which they were designed, and no park drives could be more free from obstruction. The transverse, sunken and hidden roads by which traffic can be carried on across the park, besides the numerous bridges and arch- ways which have been so planned that it is possible for persons on foot to reach any portion of the park without crossing a carriage track, are devices which have demon- strated the foresight of the designers and more than doubled the efficiency of the wheelways. And finally, if they could be widened with no injury to the essential value of the park, this would do nothing to relieve congestion of the drives at certain points and at certain periods. As a mat- ter of fact, whenever a roadway is widened to make room for crowding carriages this will only mean, at the point se- lected by fashion for a festal promenade, another file of car- riages, and the throng will be more dense and impenetra- ble than ever. This is not a probable theory merely; it has proved true in actual practice. ‘The promenade ground of fashion has been shifted more than once in both London and Paris within the memory of men still living, and when a wider space was made for the increasing number of vehicles the exclusives deserted it for a narrower road. The truth of the whole matter is, that the park roads are of a width which is ample for the purpose they are meant to serve. They cannot be enlarged without serious deface- ment of the beauty of the park and the practical destruc- tion of elements which constitute its unique charm and value. Evenif the area of gravel should be extended at so great a cost, it would do nothing to relieve any tem- porary crowding of vehicles at special points which is complained of. When the throng is greatest on the East 26 Drive even now the equally attractive West Drive is com- paratively vacant, and if after years of labor the capacity of the East Drive were doubled it would probably be de- serted for Riverside or some other carriage road. The system of drives and bridle paths which are in process of construction, and are to connect Central Park with Morn- ingside and Riverside, and which can be completed in two years, ought to offer accommodation for all who ride or drive for pleasure until the extensive park areas further north are made ready for the growing city. In this great system of roads there can be found better opportunities for those who drive for the sake of driving, or for the display of horses and horsemanship, or of dress and equipage, than can be afforded in the narrow limits of Central Park, which, it should be remembered, will soon be a down-town park. Those who visit this park on foot will multiply much more rapidly than the visitors in carriages, and if it is to serve - its highest purpose for the refreshment of this thronging population, its character asa rural retreat must be preserved. Tue first issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle for the year is a jubilee number devoted largely to a commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of that journal’s first appearance. Founded by Dr. Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton, its policy has always been directed by men of accurate knowledge and scientific temper. Its trusted correspondents have been among the foremost of skilled cultivators and recognized authorities in the sciences related to horticulture. During its life of half a century its influence has tended to elevate and dig- nify the art of horticulture, not only in England, but throughout the world, and it was never more worthy to command respect than under its present management. Our venerable cotemporary is to be congratulated on the pos- session of so honorable a history, while its future is bright with the promise of ever increasing usefulness. A CORRESPONDENT of the WVorthwestern Lumberman, in a recent issue of that journal, describes, with the aid of an illustration made from a beautiful photograph, a small tract of virgin forest on the northern slope of the Adirondack moun- tains. This picture gives some idea of what these forests were before their ruin had been largely effected by irre- sponsible management. The tract in question consists of 1,748 acres of land, and is situated in the town of Duane, on the banks of Deer River. It is supposed to contain not less than 10,000,000 feet of pine, and the trees, as they appear in the illustration, stand close together, with tall, straight, beautiful shafts. The Pines are mixed with Spruce and hard-wood-trees, and le in clusters on the ridges. ‘The trees are sound, running as high as forty or fifty inches on the stump. From the northern slope of the -Adiron- dacks it is safe to say, this writer remarks, that two-thirds of the original Pine has been cut away, although in the central portion of the wilderness large tracts are yet un- touched. In the south-west corner of the wilderness are dense forests of Spruce with some Pines. scattered through them. These forests, however, are now being invaded by operators on a large scale, and their ruin is only a ques- tion of time. The most extensive lumbering now being done in the northern Adirondack region is on the San Regis River, spruce and pine being cut indiscriminately. Log- ging railroads, as they are understood in the west, are not, however, in use, the rivers being generally depended on to float the logs to the mills. Methods of Quickening the Germination of Seeds. T is almost always desirable to hasten the germination of seeds, not only that plants may be obtained more quickly, but also that their long exposure to the enemies which exist in the soiland destroy them, or many of them, if seeds are allowed to remain in the ground too long before germinating, may be avoided. Asa general rule, the fresher seeds are, the quicker they germinate, and, with the exception of the cases here enumerated, it is desirable to sow, as far as possible, the last seeds to ripen on any given plant. The exceptions are: Garden and Forest. into hot water. [NUMBER 152. First. Where double fowers are desired, as in the case of Zinnias, China Asters, etc. Second. Where plants are likely to be ruined by an excess of growth at the expense of heading, such as in the case of Let- tuce, Cabbage, etc. Third. Where plants are liable to produce leaves at the ex- pense of flowers and fruits, as in the case of Tomatoes, Cucum- bers, Melons, ete. Other things being equal, seeds preserved in their natural envelopes up to the time of planting germinate much better and more quickly than those which have been washed and preserved without covering, even if kept in paper or cloth bags in a dry, equable temperature. With few exceptions, all seeds with fleshy coats should be preserved in their natural covering as long as possible. When their natural covering is removed, if the planting-time has not come, it is always safe to place the seeds between layers of fine sand containing at least ten per cent, of humidity, and so preserve them from direct contact with the atmosphere. Seeds of the Grapevine washed and dried at the time the fruit ripened, and then placed in bags and sown the following spring, germinated only in the proportion of eight to ten to the hundred the first year, while others did not germinate until the second or third year. The plants produced by these had the seed-leaves nearly always blotched with white. A part of the same seed preserved in their pulp to the end of December, and then placed in sand until the sowing-time, germinated much more quickly and in the proportion of seventy-five to eighty in a hundred. The same precaution is necessary in the case of various large oily seeds, such as the seeds of Oaks, the Tea-plant, the Camellia, Laurels, Chestnuts, Beeches, etc., which lose in a large part their power of germination if preserved during the winter in bags, and require to be sown as soon as ripe, or, at least, to be preserved in sand, and so prepared for germination when the time for sowing arrives. ‘This is the best method, too, in the case of seeds with bony, hard covering, which germinate slowly, such as the seeds of the Olive, and of most of the Rose family, nut-bearing plants, ete. There are also a number of vegetable seeds which take a long time to germinate, such as those of the Parsnip, Carrot, Sugar Beet, Parsley and Tarragon; these are improved by being placed in layers of sand before planting, although their germination can be hastened by more active treatment. Many systems are in use for this purpose ~ among gardeners. Sometimes good results are obtained by mixing seeds of this character with fine soil, and then, after placing them in a pot or sack, plunging them for some time Others soak such seeds for a longer or shorter time, varying from six to forty-eight hours, in tepid water, to which is added a little salt or chlorine. Some gardeners soak Carrot and Beet seeds in liquid manure for two or three days before sowing them. All such methods are generally good if they are carefully used. I have read of certain Indian fakirs being able to cause seed to germinate in a few minutes with a little powder, which they sell afterward to an astonished public without disclosing their secret. They are probably very skillful prestidigitateurs, and their process consists in changing the seed rapidly. I do not recommend the method of hastening germination - which consists in plunging seeds into water strongly impreg- nated with potassium or caustic soda. The strength of these salts is so great that if a Coffee-seed is dropped into a solution made with them, germination takes place at the end of a few hours; but seeds so treated, instead of continuing to grow, perish when they are transferred to the soil. : It is said that electricity stimulates germination. Experi- ments which I have made in this direction have only given moderate results, although I recognize certain results which make me suppose that with proper appliances electricity would be a powerful and efficacious means of making old seeds or seeds with hard and bony coatings germinate quickly. I have secured the germination of seeds in half the ordinary time by plunging them during a period varying from six to thirty-six hours, according to the hardness of their coats, in water to which was added one-tenth of its volume of the liquid ammoniac of commerce. Any process which facilitates the transformation of the starchy parts of the seed into glucose and renders it assimila- ble by the embryo, favors its development and hastens germi- nation. Air, humidity and heat being the indispensable agents for this, it only remains to select the substances best suited to aid these agents in their work. That which appears to me the best is ammoniac. In practical application it is best applied in the form of fresh horse-manure or horse-manure refreshed with horse-urine, which should be used either mixed with other substances or alone, and which for this purpose should be JANUARY 21, I8o91.] placed in a bed ina warm greenhouse. I have caused in this way the germination of Pear and Grape-seeds, nuts, Plum- stones, Almonds, the seeds of the Coffee-tree, of Palms, Sugar Beets, Peanuts, Fraxinella and other seeds of slow germina- tion in half the time needed to secure the germination of the same seeds sown in the ordinary condition. In the case of Beets, Beans, Lupins, and other plants of the Pulse family, the use of heated soil produces the most deplorable results on account of the rapid development of the cotyledons, which re- sults in the breaking and destruction of many embryos when the seeds are treated in this way. For all such seeds it is recommended to immerse them for six or eight hours in slightly-heated water, which softens the coating of the seed and facilitates the exit of the germ. There are certainly many additions to make to the examples I have cited, my object being simply to indicate methods of making experiments through which, perhaps, results may be reached which will be of use to future generations of garden- ers.— 7. B. Weber in the Revue Horticole. Garden and Forest. 27 —Mr. Duncan has been much more successful than with the exterior. The latter is not altogether pleasing in outline, and its various parts seem to lack harmonious proportion and unity, while the interior is harmonious, appropriate and im- posing. But when he actually undertakes his task, Mr. Dun- can will have time to study his exterior in a way that was impossible before the competition, and the result will no doubt be more Satisfactory. Meanwhile, the chief interest for the readers of GARDEN AND FOREST® will be with the scheme in its entirety rather than with the design of the monument asa work of architecture narrowly so-called. The site where it will stand is one of the most commanding which could be found near any city in the world, and this is to say, of course, that especial care ought to be given to its environment and approaches. To place a building, however fine in itself, on this elevated bank, in the centre ofa noble driveway and close above a mighty river, and not to give architectural accent to these surroundings, would be to throw away an unrivaled opportunity. Even were the place 4 ij DEON Fig. 5.—Ground Plan of the Proposed Grant Monument, Riverside Drive. The Grant Monument for Riverside Park. “se competitive designs for ihe monument to contain General Grant’s tomb which were exhibited a few months ago have lately been shown again with the annual exhibition of the Architectural League in this city. It has recently been decreed by Congress that the hero’s remains shall not be transported to Washington, so it is probable that, if sufficient money is subscribed, the memorial will be erected on Riverside Drive by Mr. John H. Duncan, whose design was selected, last autumn, from among those just referred to. Some of the archi- tect’s drawings (of course, on a greatly reduced scale) will be found on this and the following page. These drawings also in- cluded a large plan, a section and an elevation of the monu- ment proper; but from the three offered a general idea with regard to the effect of the monument can begathered. Todo justice to the design the interior of the building should be shown, for here—in an arrangement which recalls, but by no means imitates, the tomb of Napoleon in the Invalides at Paris still a bare hill-side to which no artist had given his attention, and the future estate of which was still in doubt, the architect ought to consider its possibilities in his design, and, in con- junction with a landscape-gardener, ought to prescribe some extensive scheme of treatment. But anartist has already here been at work, and has laid out the noblest driveway in the world, and to ignore these preparatory labors would be doubly unintelligent. Yet, so far as could be seen from their designs, no adequate thought was given to the surroundings of the monument by any of Mr. Duncan’s competitors. Of course, all of them had borne in mind the elevated character of the site, the free approaches to it, and the fact that it will be well seen from a great distance to those who shall come by land or water. But none of them seems to have felt the necessity for uniting the building to its environment in an integral way, or the desire to improve so rare an opportunity for extended and varied architectural effort. Mr. Duncan, however, has done this; and despite the superiority of his monument (in its interior at least) to that of any of his rivals, 28 it is not improbable that his sketches for its surroundings largely influenced the committee in their choice. It will be seen that he has not placed the tomb quite parallel with the river-bank, but somewhat diagonally, in order to make it face the line of the Eighth Avenue Boulevard. The way in which this driveway forks, so as to afford a direct approach to the tomb and an encircling road as well, seems very intelligent, and the great flights of steps, crowned by an equestrian statue, would rise with excellent effect from the terrace. Access to the outer terrace is afforded to persons on foot by the short lateral flights of steps, while carriages would turn in front of the tomb or drive aroundit. But the most ingenious and in- teresting part of the scheme is that which shows the way in which access from the ».< upper level to the river is supplied, meet- ing the practical end of allowing visitors to ‘approach directly from the landing-stage at the river’s edge, and the artistic end of bringing the river itself into the scheme and doing the best that could be done to conceal the intrusiveness of the railway. It has been objected, that the great stair- way will have a ladder-like effect and ought to be very much wider. Possibly it might, to good advantage, be somewhat wider; yet, on the whole, the objection hardly seems well taken, and is apparently inspired by the inability of umaccus- tomed eyes to read an architectural elevation rightly. The lat- eral view certainly does not suggest a ladder-like effect, nor is it probable that a full view of the actual structure would do so, whatever the drawing might suggest to untrained eyes. Of course the effect is bridge-like, but the structure will be a bridge and ought to look like one. The various terraces and flights of steps and the triumphal arch which stands midway up can hardly be judged in reproductions so small as those given here. Buta general idea of the scheme is all that it is proposed to give, especially asit is probable that only its general idea is as yet fixed in the architect’s own mind. It may be ex- plained, however, that the retaining wall will be masked at its base by plantations of trees; that the spaces on either side of the tracks will be laid outina harmonizing way, and that broad zigzag driveways, which are not suggested in these hasty sketches, will ascend from the river level to the high ground on either side of the stair, supporting it to the eye and greatly increasing its dignity and the coherence of the whole design. Of course much more money will be needed for a compre- hensive design of this sort than for an isolated monument. But Americans are slow in giving money only when not con- vinced that they will receive its value in return, and whatever the sum they may here spend, they will get its value only if the surroundings of the monument are well considered. Mr. Duncan’s design for the tomb itself shows how a portion of it may, with good effect, be built in the beginning to contain the sarcophagus, while the remainder is left for future execution. But the ultimate success of the enterprise is more important than the immediate enshrinement of the sarcophagus; and, therefore, it would seem the better plan to spend the first in- stallment of money upon the approaches, retaining walls and terraces. Build these,and before long the tomb will surely be Fig. 6.—View of the Grant Monument from the North. built. But build the tomb first, and who knows how long we may have to wait for the approaches, since the public so faintly appreciates the necessity for placing a building well even when it takes real interest in the building itself? Unless this building is fittingly placed, it will discredit us as a people incapable of valuing a magnificent opportunity; and to be fit- ” Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 152. tingly placed means that it must be united with somesuch wide © architectural and landscape-gardening scheme as Mr. Duncan's drawings suggest. It is fortunate that an architect has been selected who has shown himself capable of realizing the true nature of the problem. M. G. Van Rensselaer. New York. Fig. 7.—View of the Grant Monument from the River. Plant Notes. Some Recent Portraits. EN the issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle published on the 27th of December there is a figure of the cones of the Colo- rado Silver Fir, Abies concolor, produced on a tree growing in the Knaphill Nursery, Woking, and possibly the first which the Colorado tree has produced in cultivation. Cones de- scribed as brown and as purple, both produced at Knaphill, presumedly from different trees, are represented, the tree bearing the last being mentioned as variety vzolacea. The color of the cones, however, is hardly a sufficient fixed char- acter upon which to establish even a variety. In the forests of Colorado green cones and purple cones are produced on trees standing side by side, and undistinguishable except in this one particular. It isnot at allan unusual thing to find among conifers individuals of the same species producing cones of different colors. This occurs in the case of the Mountain Hemlock, 7suga Pattoniana, whose cones are sometimes dark purple and sometimes green; and also in the case of Adies lasiocarpa (the A. subalpina of American botanists), which, on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, in Washington Territory, produces green and dark purple cones. It is not known even in the case of these species if the same tree pro- duces permanently the same colored cones or whether they are not in some years green and in others purple. The English custom of considering the White Silver Fir of the California Sierras, which we in this country call Adzes concolor, distinct from the Fir of Colorado, is hardly tenable from a botanical point of view, desirable as it may be in garden nomenclature, and it is certainly not supported by the botanists who have had the opportunity to observe this tree growing from one end to the other of the immense territory it inhabits. In this connection may be mentioned the exceedingly curious and interesting Silver Fir discovered on the San Fran- cisco Mountain, in Arizona, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, already noticed in these columns. The leaves might well be taken for those of A. /asiocarpa, although much longer than those which this tree produces in Colorado and New Mexico. The bark, however, is very distinct from that of any of our Ameri- can Abies, and is composed of a thick, corky, compressible layer of small compact cells, the surface of the bark being nearly pure white. This struc- ture of the bark is so unlike that of our other Abies that it would seem to indicate a dis- tinct species, although this can- not be determined until the cones are seen. There is a charming portrait of the Copper Austrian Briar Rose in Zhe Garden, of London, of December 27th, 1890. The Copper Briar is one of those old-fashioned flowers which graced and enlivened our grandmothers’ gardens, but which in these days is very rarely seen, in this country at least. It is a native of southern Europe, and was cultivated three cen- turies ago in England. Mr. George Paul, the well known JANUARY 21, 1891.] English Rose-grower, contributes to 7ze Garden the following note with regard to this plant, which we should be glad to see more generally cultivated here: “Jt is best grown as a dwarf, though I have standards in my garden which flower freely, but the slender leafage and short time of flowering hardly render them nice-looking objects for the rest of the year. As dwarf bushes they succeed admira- bly, growing in any good light soil, either on their own roots or worked on Briar or Manetti stocks ; indeed, I think the stock gives an additional root power, and so leads to stronger and more vigorously pushed-up shoots, the flowers being pro- duced along the full length of the last year’s suckers orshoots. Good suckers are very valuable, and give the finest blooms. The small wood should, on pruning in March, be cut closely into the two-year-old wood, the strong wood be left long, and these shoots be bent over in the shape of a bow, or they may be pegged down parallel with the ground their full length. “So far this Rose has not given, to my knowledge, any hybrid progeny. It has been tried at Lyons, and Lacharme had it freely planted on the wall upon which he seeded his Roses, no doubt with the hope of the pollen effecting natural hybridization, but no seedling of his which I haveseen showed any signs of hybridization. In its native home I believe it seeds freely. “Asarock plant it is effective, and should have a sunny southern exposure to ripen the wood. Incommon with other Roses, the riper the wood the better it fiowers. In saying that no hybrids had been produced, I do not forget Harrisoni and Persian Yellow, which are probably double forms of this variety, Persian Yellow being probably an introduction as a double form from eastern gardens, as 2. su/phurea also was.” New or Little Known Plants. Viburnum molle. HIS handsome plant is closely related to the common _ and familiar blue-fruited Viburnum or Arrowwood of the northern states (Viburnum dentalum). Itisa tall shrub, with stout stems growing sometimes fifteen or eighteen feet high, and slender branchlets, beset when they first appear, like the petioles and flower-cymes, with stellate pubescence. ‘The leaves, which are borne on rather slen- der petioles, are broadly oval or ovate, conspicuously crenulate-dentate, and softly pubescent, especially on the lower surface. They are often four or five inches long by nearly as much broad. The flowers differ from those of V. dentfatum in their more prominent calyx-teeth, while the blue fruit is larger than that of that species, more pointed by the persistent style and rather more oily. V. molle* grows on some of the islands of Massachu- setts (Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard and Naushon) and extends southward to Florida and Texas. It has been cultivated for a number of years in the Arnold Arboretum,t where it is perfectly hardy, and where, like many of the North American Viburnums, it is a valuable and exceed- ingly ornamental plant, well worth a place in any collec- tion of hardy shrubs. CRS :7S). New Orchids. CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE, var. MACFARLANEI, Kolfe, is a beauti- ful yellow variety, much like the variety Sazdere in color, but quite different in shape. The dorsal sepal is much narrower and with a smaller white area, the petals narrower, but the bract much longer. The plant is in the collection of R. H. Measures, Esq., of Streatham.— Gardeners’ Chronicle, Decem- ber 6th, p. 655. CATTLEYA REX, O’Brien, is described as a beautiful Cattleya, somewhat resembling C. Dowiana, var. /mschootiana, in the shape and color of the flowers, but with long, thin pseudo- bulbs, and the leaf about a foot long. It was introduced by Messrs. Linden, L’Horticulture Internationale, Bruxelles. I have not seen it.— Gardeners’ Chronicle, December 13th, p. 684. * Viburnum molle, Michaux, “FI. Bor. Am.,” i., 180.—Gray, ‘Syn. Fl. N. Am.,” i., rr.—Watson & Coulter, ‘‘Gray’s Man. N. States,” ed. 6, 218. V. scabrellum, Chapman, ‘FI. S. States,” 172. + There seems to be considerable confusion with regard to the correct deter: mination of 7 molle in collections. It has been received at the Arboretum from the Parsons Nursery at Flushing as V. /evigatum, and also as V. Nefalense ; and the V. pubescens of the Kew Arboretum (No. 1104) is not Pursh’s plant of that name, but V. mwolle. Garden and Forest. a1) CYPRIPEDIUM X ANTIGONE, Rolfe, isa most elegant hybrid, raised by Mr. Seden in the establishment of Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, from C. Lawvrenceanum, fertilized with the pollen of C. zivewm. It is much like the former in habit, but the flowers are white, variously nerved and veined with light purple, thus more nearly resembling the pollen parent, though tolerably intermediate in shape. The leaves are very -handsonjely variegated. It received a first-class cer- tificate from the Royal Horticultural Society on November 11th last.— Gardeners’ Chronicle, December 2oth, p. 716; also November 15th, p. 570, and November 22d, p. 602. CYPRIPEDIUM X DORIS, Rolfe, isa pretty hybrid raised in the collection of N. C. Cookson, Esq., of Wylam-on-Tyne, from C. venustum tertilized with the pollen of C. Stoned. It has re- tained largely the characters of the mother plant, the influence of C. Sfonez being unusually small. A second plant, however, is said to show more of the Stonei character. It received an award of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society on No- vember 11th last.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, December 2oth, p. 716; also November 15th, p. 570, and November 22d, p. 602. Kew. R.A. Rolfe. Foreign Correspondence. London Letter. FERTILIZERS FOR ORCHIDS.—The interesting experiments made by Mr. Moore on his Orchids at Glasnevin were referred to atew weeks ago. I refer to them again for the purpose of showing how similar results to those obtained by Mr. Moore have been arrived at by a grower in the south of England, Mr. Spencer, gardener at Goodrich Court, in Rosshire, who writes: “1 gave all our Cypripediums, except C. mzveum and its allies, a dressing in June of Jensen’s fish guano, which they took to amazingly. They havealso received several doses of manure water from the stable tank, and they show their appreciation of it by the darker color of the foliage and robustness of health generally. Asan example, I may mention C. Spicerianum, ot which a plant purchased six years ago, when it was in a small sixty pot, is now in a twelve-inch pot and recently carried seventeen flower-scapes, bearing a total of thirty-two blooms, thirteen of the scapes carrying each a pair of flowers, one three flowers, and three one flower each. I think this is a proof of the good that results from feeding well these plants when growing. I also use manure for Ce@logyne cris- tata with good effect. Although I have not ventured yet to directly apply manure to Lelias, Cattleyas and similar Orchids, I see no reason why it should not prove more or less bene- ficial for them and for all Orchids if applied with discretion. Meanwhile, I take care to keep the atmosphere of the houses impregnated with ammonia by means of frequent dampings down with stable drainings. This must make a difference to all the plants with roots exposed to the air, such as Vandas, Oncidiums, etc. We shall in time, perhaps, get to grow many Orchids as fat as we now grow Cockscombs and Hyacinths.” CHRYSANTHEMUM MrRsS. BEAL is the best by far of all the white late-flowering varieties, at any rate it is superior to any other at Kew. It makes a nice shapely plant, the flowers are large, particularly elegant in arrangement of florets, and of the purest snow white, without even asuspicion of green in them. If I wanted a large quantity of a particularly pleasing white flower for Christmas decorations I should grow a good many plants of this Chrysanthemum. Mrs. ALPHEUS HARDY is proving something of a failure here as a decorative plant; the flowers are rarely even respect- able in form, often they fail to open regularly, and when open they are curious merely. All this, too, notwith- standing the most careful treatment, such as, if given to any other variety, would never fail to produce first-rate plants. The Official Catalogue of the National Chrysanthemum Society (centenary edition) has lately been issued. It contains acaretul, interesting paper on the history of the Chrysanthemum by Mr. Harman Payne; a bibliographical list; select descriptive lists of the best exhibition kinds in each of the ten sections into which Chrysanthemums are now divided ; a general alphabeti- cal list with synonymy, and a list of new unvouched varieties. The raiser’s name and year of distribution are given with each of the recognized kinds. Altogether the book contains much useful information, and will interest both growers and ad- mirers of the Chrysanthemum. Its price is one shilling, and it is sold by E. W. Allen, 4 Ave Maria Lane, London. STATICES are among the most useful of winter-flowering plants; they grow and flower freely, they are fog-proof, and the dull winter weather does not appreciably affect them. Then 30 their blooms remain fresh so long that some people even grumble at them on that account. Now, when all the usual winter flowers are either destroyed or damaged by bad weather, the Statices are conspicuous for the bright blue, purple and white of their flowers. I fancy these plants have gone out of fashion; at any rate, one sees and hears little About them; and yet they are first-class greenhouse plants, which with a lit- tle management may be had in bloom not only in December, but almost the whole year through. THE WEATHER.—The effect of the dark, foggy, cold weather of the last three weeks has caused the destruction of many herbaceous in-door plants, of almost all flowers, and much Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 152. work by gas-light all the day through. It appears as though gardening in winter will soon be practically impossible in the vicinity of London. APPLES.—The scarcity of English apples this Christmas has enabled dealers in American apples to ‘“‘make hay.” Thou- sands of barrels of American kinds found ready and remu- nerative sale in London last week; for instance, Newtown Pippins sold readily at forty-two shillings a barrel, while the poorest samples fetched twenty-four shillings a barrel whole- sale. ONIONS.—The finest samples of English onions that I have seen were exhibited lately ata meeting of the Royal Horticul- Fig. 8.—Viburnum molle.—See page 29. harm to even sturdy-leaved, hard-wooded plants. I have never seen anything so disheartening as the winter-flowering Begonias, Acanthads, Bouvardias, Salvias, Poinsettias, Rein- wardtias, Camellias and Azaleas are in London gardens now. Some of these plants have lost every leaf, and the flowers have withered before opening; others are blotched and disfigured as though they had been frozen. Orchid-flowers have faded almost as soon as they opened, while some have dropped when the buds were quite small. At Kew we have suffered very much, but in the nurseries at Chelsea and other places nearer the city the damage is even greater than here. Plants which have hitherto resisted the poison of the fogs have been terribly damaged by the continued absence of anything ap- proaching sunlight. Day after day we have been compelled to tural Society by Mr. Deverill, of Banbury, in Oxfordshire, the raiser of some first-rate sorts. ‘‘ Deverill’s Pedigree Onions,” as he calls them, are remarkable for their size, firmness and flavor. Bulbs weighing two pounds each are easily grown from Deverill’s seeds on good rich loam. One variety, called « Ailsa Craig,” is the largest, heaviest and handsomest onion ever raised in England. The flesh is white, very mild in flavor ; the bulb comes quickly to maturity, is a good keeper and weighs from two to three pounds. Mr. Deverill exhibited a bushel or so of this variety, and the bulbs, of a pale straw color, looked like large turnips. The cultural directions for ob- taining these fine results are given by Mr. Deverill as follows: «The soil is a heavy blackish loam, resting on red clay, and it receives a tremendous dressing of stable manure in the January 21, 1801. ] month of October, and, if the weather is dry, a good coat of salt; the ground is then trenched two feet deep and left until the spring, when a top dressing of soot is applied. In March or April the ground is raked and made ready to receive the Onions, the seed of which wassown the last week in February, in boxes, then hardened off, and planted the first week in May, in drilis eighteen inches apart, seven inches being allowed from plant to plant. There are two rows of Onions, then a path two feet wide and two rows of Onions again, andsoon. The beds are top dressed with well spent manure, and several doses of soot are sown broadcast during the season; the beds being well watered in dry weather, thoroughly soaked between the rows, the two-foot path between each two drills being very convenient for the purpose. “This method of cultivation produced the finest bed of Onions ever grown in the United Kingdom. Hundreds of bulbs could be picked weighing from a pound to a pound and a-half each, and scores from two pounds to two and a half pounds. A dozen bulbs scaled twenty-eightand a half pounds, and six bulbs fifteen and three-fourths pounds.” London. W. Watson. Cultural Department. Notes on Some Hardy Wild Roses.—IlII. a pretty little Burnet or Scotch Rose, the type of which is known to botanists as Rosa spinosissima (or R. pim- pinellifolia), has been so long and so much cultivated that innumerable torms and variations of it are now grown. It appears to hybridize naturally and easily with a number of species of Roses belonging to other groups, so that many of the forms classed under &. sfinosissima in catalogues are in reality mixtures with other species. The erect, though dwarf, and much branched habit of the plant; the very numerous prickles of unequal length with which its branches are armed, and the generally small leaflets, serve as a rule to distinguish these Roses from any others in cultivation. As it grows wild in its native habitats in Europe and Asia, the Bur- net Rose seldom exceeds a foot or a foot and a half in height, and its rather small flowers are borne singly, and are either white or pink in color. In cultivation the plants attain a height of from two to three feet. While many double flowered forms have been developed, those with single blossoms, of varying sizes and shades of color, are none the less beautiful. One of the prettiest of these in the Arboretum has flowers of a very delicate pinkish white color, which expand from two to two and a half inches across. The flowers of these Roses appear early in the season, and they continue to bloom for two or three weeks, and are followed in August and September by large, solitary, almost globular, and very firm hips, con- spicuous by their purplish black, or sometimes deep red, color, which also extends down the somewhat thick and fleshy fruit-stalks. As the foliage of this species is good and persists late, it is often useful for massing in clumps in shrubberies. Any peculiar form of this Rose must necessarily be propa- gated by cuttings or layers or other modes of division ; seeds cannot be depended on to come true to the character desired. Although the single-flowered Yellow Eglantine Rose (Rosa Zutea) has been in cultivation tor centuries, it still appears to be * one of the rarest of wild Roses in northern American gardens. This may be partly accounted for by the fact that it does not seem sufficiently hardy and enduring under ordinary circum- stances to make it popular. Nevertheless it will do well in sheltered situations, and its large single yellow flowers are quite as interesting and beautiful as those of any double yellow Rose we ordinarily meet with. Besides the deep color of this Rose there are the variations, which are of a deep coppery, lurid red or scarlet hue on the upper side of the petals and yellowish beneath, giving to them an unusual or unique place in the genus. Although the flowers are less enduring than those of the double Yellow Harrison, or the handsome, but troublesome and generally unsatisfactory, Persian Yellow, they are quite as attractive as either of these double Roses when growing side by side with them in the garden, and are well worth a little space in any collection. While the little Scotch Roseis generally noted forits more or less rounded or compact habit under cultivation, the Yellow Eglantine is disposed to become straggling, and requires to be carefully trained, and judiciously, but not too severely, pruned. Plenty of warmth and sunlight and moisture are essentials to its successful culti- vation. As there is little likelihood of confusing the foliage and flowers of this with other species, it may sometimes be budded or grafted to advantage upon other kinds suitabie as stocks, Garden and Forest. 31 The Sweet Briar Rose (Rosa rubiginosa), or Eglantine, as it is also sometimes called, is one of the few examples where a single or primitive Rose has taken and held a place in gar- dens, although its popularity has, no doubt, been partly owing to the peculiar sweet-scented and agreeable fragrance given off by the foliage when rubbed or bruised. This odor originates in the rusty-colored glands which cover the leaves and buds and which suggested the name of the Rusty-leaved Rose for this plant. It is one of those species in which long cultivation and selection have produced many modifications and well estab- lished variations. Around it may be grouped a number of others generally described as distinct, but which are hardly separable as species from the horticulturist’s point of view. Some of them are deficient in the true Sweet Briar fragrance, and relationship to the Dog Rose (&. canina) and other spe- cies may sometimes be indicated. &. micrantha hardly dit- fers trom the Sweet Briar except in the size of its flowers and fruit; and others closely allied go under such names as R. eraveolens, kt. Belgradensis, R. Caballicensts and R. agres- zis. The flowers of some of these are white, others are rose colored; and they are generally, although not always, followed by an abundance of bright red fruit, which remains conspicu- ous throughout most of the winter. &. rudbiginosa, var. echt- nocarpa, as it grows in the Arboretum is a very robust plant with flowers of a bright rose color, which expand over two and a half inches across, and some of whose stamens become transformed into petals, showing the tendency toward the double forms which have already been evolved from this spe- cies. TheSweet Briar has escaped from gardens and become naturalized in many of the older settled localities in America, from Nova Scotia and the St. Lawrence Valley to the southern states. Gardeners have occasionally found it of value as a stock upon which to bud some kinds of our garden Roses. The Sweet Briar appears to be, more than any otherspecies, subject to large mossy-looking deformations or excrescences on its stems and branches. These are caused by a gall-making insect (Rhodttes rose), of which a considerable number, occu- pying separate cells, are to be found in each mossy cluster. They naturally interfere somewhat with the free growth of the plant, and where they occurin such abundance as to be annoy- ing the galls may be cut from the bushes in winter and burned, for the insects do not leave them until the following spring or early summer. The Dog Rose (2. cantina) has also become spontaneous in some parts of this country. There are a large number of plants, mostly found in Europe, to which varietal or specific names have been given, but which bear more or less affinity to the typical Dog Rose. The principal use which has been found for this Rose is as a stock upon which to bud or graft many of our finest garden kinds, as thus treated they give bet- ter satisfaction than when grown on their own roots or upon other stocks. The Red-leaved Rose (2. rubrifolia, a name which Professor Crépin now replaces by the older ”. ferruginea), a native of some parts of Europe, is perhaps more curious and odd than really beautiful, the dark pinkish or purplish red leaves con- trastine strongly with the foliage of other species. The plant grows five or six feet in height, and produces numerous rather small flowers, which are hardly distinguishable from the leaves in color. When not too freely used this Kose may be so planted among other green-foliaged plants in shrubberies that it will give a pleasing effect and variety. It is still uncommon in this country ; but it will be found perfectly hardy in exposed situations, even where the temperature falls to twenty or thirty degrees below zero. 5 Arnold Arboretum. Fe G. Fack. Rose Notes. AUTUMN BLOOMING VARIETIES.—No variety surpasses the old Souvenir de Malmaison as an autumn bloomer. In many of the northern states, where our winters are a constant suc- cession of hard freezing and complete thawing, this and many other out-door Roses are so crippled by the sudden changes as to have little chance to show us their best points. They may often be seen in really fine form in localities of extreme cold, but this is where they are not subject to these trying thaws; in both situations, however, a judicious winter pro- tection, which allows a good circulation of air about the plant, will usually be found of great benefit, In the milder climate of England and in the more favored areas of our owncountry, especially in the Ohio Valley and south- ward, the Malmaison, with Sombreul for a lovely companion, are beautiful beyond description. Cave Hill Cemetery, at Louisville, is a garden of Roses, and it is seldom seen to greater 32 advantage than when these two fine varieties, with Hermosa for a modest third, are in the full fush of theirautumn bloom. Not a stray Rose here and there, but Roses in the greatest pro- fusion and on every side. Of the hybrid Teas, La France is often noticeably beautiful in the autumn; but this entire section of the Rose family, not- withstanding that it contains someof ourmost delightful varie- ties, is rendered almost unfit for out-door planting in the north, owing to its susceptibility to the ravages of that dreaded dis- ease, Black Spot. I cannot refrain from calling attention toa near and lovely relation of La France, the Viscountess Folke- stone. One of the late Mr. Bennett's pedigree seedlings, it is not surpassed in beauty by any Rose extant. There are many locations through our middle states where it winters finely, and seems a Rose absolutely without fault. The flower is of grand size and the most finished form; the texture is like satin ; the color is white, shading to a soft flesh tint at the base - of the petals, giving it a bright illumined appearance. MADAME WILLERMOZ (TEA).—This beautiful Rose was in- troduced by Lacharme in 1845, but has become badly con- fused in our country with Madame Denis, which it much resembles. Wherever the Tea Rose flourishes Madame Willermoz is seen in perfection, a beautiful flesh-white flower of rounded, symmetrical form, set in large leathery foliage of great beauty. Lettie Coles, an exquisite sport from Madame Willermoz, is very popular in our country, as it deserves to be; it is identical with the latter save in color, which is soft China pink of varying shades. Dr. GRILL (TEA).—This is a comparatively new Rose (1888, I believe), and must be classed among tender Teas until a more complete trial out-of-doors shall entitle it to a better position. For the conservatory it isa most beautiful variety, the color being coppery yellow, with rosy reverse shadings. The outer petals are large and shell-shaped, and enclose a full double centre of short petals of very brilliant color. It is a strong, free grower. M inc odaaae 12, (GC LEM. The Cultivation of Native Orchids. ge hardy native Orchids, as a class, are not aseasily grown as most other wild flowers. Almost all of them grow in situations and conditions quite unlike those offered by an ordinary garden. Many of them, in fact the majority, are bog- plants, and when transplanted into an unmodified garden soil, even though they may flower for one season, do not acquire strength for a second year and soon die. Those which do not grow on bogs often grow where the conditions are similar to those of a bog, and some of these will flourish in soil which, though not wet, never becomes perfectly dry. The Cypripediums, or Lady Slippers, are perhaps the most desirable of the family, and, except C. acau/e, are the easiest to manage. If not planted on a bog they need a specially pre- pared soil, and to give them this, good drainage, shade and plenty of peat or leaf-mould are necessary. Let it be well and deeply mixed into the soil. For C. spectabile, which is the queen of Lady Slippers, and also for the little Ram’s Head Lady Slipper (C. arietinum), it is quite important that the roots do not come in contact with a gravelly or sandy soil, as this seems not to agree with them. Therefore, when planting in such soils, in addition to the peat already mixed in, enough of the pure peat should be used to surround the roots. The two yel- low Cypripediums—C. pubescens and C. parviflorum—are the least particular about their location ; but even they delight in the leaf-mould, and will do enough better to pay for applying it. There seems to be considerable difficulty in establishing C. acaule in cultivation, though the soil selected for it may be almost exactly like that in which it is found growing wild. One reason for this may be that the foliage is sensitive to gravel or sand, and, when planted without a mulch, the heavy rains spatter the soil over its leaves, which seems to poison them. No doubt this is one reason why a good many other plants do not prosper in cultivation which might do so if this were pre- vented. Itis well known to farmers and gardeners that this is very injurious to the leaves of Beans, and for this reason they never hoe them when their foliage is wet. In very light sandy soils heavy rains alone so injure the foliage of some varieties of bush Beans that they cannot be successfully grown, and in such soils pole or running varieties are often preferred, because their foliage is held up above the reach of the soil even in the hardest showers. Naturally most plants have sufficient mulch around them to prevent this. The buds and ground about them covered with leaves, grass or moss prevent the soil from getting onto the foliage. C. acaule often grows on bogs, yet is more frequently found on Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 152. higher ground, especially in Pine-woods. Mr. Edward Gillett has had the best success in growing it when mulched with Pine-needles. This would seem to be a natural covering, and if planted in the fall and the buds covered by an inch or more of this mulch, they would readily penetrate it in spring, and when unfolding after, no particles of the soil underneath could reach the leaves. There are other Orchids, seldom seen except in bogs, which may be treated like the Cypripediums on upland soils and made to prosper. Such Habenarias as 1. tridentata, H. hyperborea, H. dilatata, H. blephariglottis, H. lacera, H. psycodes and H. fimbriata have flourished on higher ground -than their natural habitat in soils which were prepared for them. Artificial bogs seem the most natural place for them in cultivation, but it is not necessary to discard them entirely if no bog is to be had. Calopogon pulchellus, a natural bog plant, usually growing with Pogonia ophtoglossoides, is frequently found on upland in wet or moist sand, and may be grown in garden soil, treated like the Habenarias, but Pogonia ophioglossoides and Arethusa do not flourish except in bogs. They may be grown in pots, but require the same conditions as on a bog. The delicate and charming little Calypso, planted in moist, dark soil in autumn, and protected during winter with a few leaves, will come out thrifty in the spring and bear perfect flowers. After the flowering season is past, however, during its dormant season, which is from early June until the middle of October, comes the most critical time for this plant. The cool and dark Cedar-swamps, where it is found in New Eng- land, afford during the hot summer months just such sur- roundings as the bulbs need, surroundings not easily copied in a garden. But I believe if the right mulch is applied, one which will protect it from the heat and keep it always moist, and then removed at the time the fall growth begins, even this may be grown and flowered more than one season in a cool nook of the garden. Afplectrum hiemale (Putty-root) is one of the easiest Orchids to transplant. Though by no means common, it can be relied on to live if fairly treated. A fine chip dirt, used as a heavy mulch over the bulbs, in moist, well-drained soil, is at once the best food and the surest protection for this plant. The Habenarias, such as AH. bracteata, H. Hookeri and ff, orbiculata, which grow on drier soil in rich woods, require less care in their treatment. They seem to take readily to cultivation if well developed roots are used in setting. These species when taken up in flower do not ma- ture their buds in a new place so well as the Cypripediums. One of the hardest Orchids to establish in cultivation is the common Orchis spectabilis. It must havea moist, shady place, with perfect drainage. Leaf mould and sand is the best mix- ture forit. Only the strongest roots should be used in setting, and a mulch of something like fine leaves over the roots will be useful in protecting them from the severe cold and to keep the soil from the leaves in spring. Southwick, Mass. IESE. FHlorsford. Oxalis floribunda. Ye genus Oxalis has almost disappeared from the cata- logues. Why this should be so is hard to say, for many of the species are highly ornamental, of neat, compact growth and easy culture. O. floribunda is one of the group having thick, fibrous roots and a stout fleshy body which begins as a round tuber and grows upward into a short succulent trunk, generally with a - few tuberous, almost globular, branches at the top when the plant gets old. I consider this species a very desirable one for either winter or summer flowering, and of the innumerable seedlings which spring up around the old plants have made a selection of several very distinct and pretty varieties. The typical form is red of a shade inclining to rose ; and this was the first which I obtained many years ago. My original plant had blossoms with narrow petals, overlapping hardly any, if at all. Ninety-nine per cent. of accidental seedlings will have that undesirable form which I have heard called ‘mill- wheely,” but I found one about five years ago whose petals overlapped almost to the very circumference, making a beauti- ful round blossom about the size of a silver dime. I have, of course, kept this variety, and have sown its seed whenever I could get it, which is a matter of chance, for the seed-vessel of Oxalis opens with a snap when ripe, scattering the seedfarandnear. Ihavethusobtained a beautiful white Hower as round and perfect as the parent. When the sun shines this kindis as brightand pretty as can be imagined. Another seedling is bright lilac; a very distinct kind, not so perfect in shape as the JANUARY 21, 1891.] others, but somewhat larger and well worth growing. Still another is a bright pink, with wavy edges; I consider this one the best of all. I have not yet succeeded in getting a very good two-colored sort, though I have a variety whose flowers are white with a pink tip to each petal, and another with rose-centered white blos- soms. These are both too narrow in petal to be perfectly satis- factory. A pink one, whose color is altogether different from the pink one mentioned above, is also not quite to my liking; still I keep them, hoping to get, some time, good shape in con- nection with these colors. I am best pleased, however, with a hybrid raised from 0. floribunda type fertilized by O. articulata, a species of similar style of growth which flowers in August, bearing perfectly circular blossoms ofa light mauve color. This hybrid, which is, as far as I know, the only one in existence, has the ever- blooming habit of the pistillate parent and its comparatively small flowers. These are of a deep shade of red, with a dis- tinct bluish tinge. Theshape is equal to that of the staminate parent, whose influence is also apparent in the foliage. If the varieties of O. foribunda are grown continually in a pot they will blossom twelve months in the year, but ina few years the roots will be so crowded that the flowers will fall off in size, and the plant will probably become infested with red spider. I prefer, therefore, to plant them out in the garden in May, where they will be objects of beauty on every sunny day, growing finer and finer as the. season progresses, getting too large before winter to be covered by a half-bushel measure. At the end of October they should be dug up, the foliage and flowers sheared off close to the stump. As many of the lump- ish branches as are wanted for winter blooming should be broken off and potted singly in five-inch pots. They willstrike root and develop leaves and flowers in a very short time, and, either on brackets or hanging baskets, will give their owner great pleasure until the following May, when they should be planted out. Ifit is desired to keep any of the plants dormant through the winter they may be carried through successfully by packing them in damp moss or earth. ‘ Canton, Mass. P W. E. Endicott. Cypripedium Fairieanum. Cypripedium Fairieanum may be reckoned among the dwarf-growing kinds, its bright green, oblong-acute leaves not being more than three to five inches long, and about an inch broad in the widest portion, while the pale green, slender -hairy scapes seldom exceed four to six inches in height and -bear a single flower. The latter measures about three inches from the tip of the upper sepal to the point of the slipper, so that it cannot be considered a large flower. But what it lacks in size is made up for in beauty, and this fact is universally acknowledged. The upper sepal is almost oval in outline, with a slightly ciliate wavy margin, the upper portion of which is turned in to the front on each side. The ground color is creamy white, tinged with pale yellowish green at the base, and longitudinally traversed by rich purple stripes, which form a beautiful net-work on each side, giving the plant one of its most charming features. The lower sepal is much smaller, pale green and veined with dark purple. Perhaps one of the best descriptions on record of the petals is that they resemble the horns of a buffalo, being first bent down and then curved upward. They are oblong-acute, and have the wavy margins densely fringed with blackish shining hairs. The surface is pale yellowish white, striped lengthwise with thin purplish lines, which, however, form bands, owing to contiguity, near the margins on the apical portion. The small, neat-looking pouch is pale green washed with brown, and has a few conspicuous dark purple veins, which give off smaller ones on each side, while the creamy white, inflexed basal lobes form a strong relief to the several purple spots with which they are decorated. Like C. superbiens, the subject of this note is remarkable inasmuch as its native country is unknown, and Is merely con- jectural, notwithstanding that it is stated in the Flore des Serres for 1857 that C. Fairieanum was received from Bhotan. But it has never been found in that region, and all the plants in cultivation have been propagated from the first few plants which reached Europe. This event occurred in 1857, or perhaps earlier, but the first notice of C. Fairieanum was by Sir W. J. Hooker, who received flowers from Mr. Reid, of Burnham, Somerset, and Mr. Parker, of Holloway, and had a figure prepared for the Botanical Magazine (¢. 5024). Thespecific name commemorates Mr. Fairie, of Liverpool, who exhibited the plant at a meeting of Garden and Forest. 38 the Royal Horticultural Society in 1857, when Dr. Lindley nanied it after him. It has beenstated also that C. Fairieanum was supposed to have been sold at the London auction rooms with a miscellaneous collection of Orchids imported from Assam, and it was in this way introduced to cultivation. It is naturally very scarce, and will no doubt require many years oF caretul propagation to render it in any way a common plant. It will be found best to grow this species in a house not too warm nor too cold—in fact, what is technically termed “ inter- mediate.’’ The temperature in winter may vary from fifty-five to sixty degrees Fahr., and about ten degrees more in the summer months, gradually raising by a degree or two until the warmest period is reached, and again gradually decreasing as the cold winter months approach. Small, well drained pans which can be suspended near the glass appear to be the most fitting receptacles in which to grow C. /airzeanum, and the conmipost may consist of rich, rough peat and fresh sphagnum. As to watering and ventilation, the gardener must, of course, exercise his own judgment in these matters, giving greater or less supplies of water according as the plant shows an inclina- tion to grow vigorously or to rest, and air to strengthen the growths when there is no danger of creating any great or sudden fallin the temperature by cold and piercing draughts. Fohn Weathers. Isleworth, London. The Mignonette Disease. N a large house devoted almost entirely to the growth of Mignonette I lately observed thousands of plants strug- eling to come into bloom, but lamentably failing because of a fungous parasite which was preying upon them. The whole expanse of Mignonette had a sickly appearance, for the lower leaves were either entirely dead or badly spotted. The Fungus sends its fine threads through the substance of the stem and leaf and shortly they come to the surface in certain places, the green of the normal leaf disappears and soon upon the white spots dark specks are produced. These are due to the forma- tion of multitudes of spores, and as they are carried away by the wind when dry, or by the water when wet, the disease is spread from plant to plant. Last year the section of Vegetable Pathology of the Depart- ment ot Agriculture at Washington had this disease under in- vestigation, and the results have recently been published in its annual report with a colored page plate. Therefore, for the Mignonette-growers now suffering from this trouble, some of the facts of that investigation, together with the remedies that proved effective, are here givenin brief. The Fungus doing the mischief has been known for twenty years or more, and was named Cercospora resed@ in 1870. The Cercosporas are, many of them, serious enemies to growing crops, but, as a rule, are within the reach of remedies when taken in season. The Fungus itself is entirely microscopic, and only becomes noticeable when it has killed a portion of the tissue it is feed- ing upon. It, therefore, is not reasonable to hope that any substance can be applied that will restore the lifeless spots of a leaf to health. The chief point is to check the further spread of the disease and permit the dead portions to be superseded by new healthy ones. The spores, for example, are all borne upon short stalks that project from the surface of the diseased parts, and are therefore within easy reach of a fungicide. In like manner these spores must fall and germinate upon the surface of the plant; therefore, the coating over of the surface of diseased and healthy plants at the same time kills the spores before they have become desseminated and destroys others that may have reached the healthy plants and are possibly be- ginning to germinate and penetrate the substance. It was found that while the ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper checked the spread of the disease, the Bordeaux mixture was the most successful. This made in the ordinary way and sprayed upon the bed liberally about once per week saved the plants when they were not so far gone as to appear worthless at the outset. Any Mignonette-grower whose plants are suffering from the disease can test the efficacy of the Bordeaux mixture by omitting to spray certain portions of his beds, and in that way be an experimenter for himself. Rutgers College. Byron LD. Halsted. Acacia pubescens.—This is one of the best of a large genus, and should be grown wherever space can be afforded. It is now in flower at Wellesley College, and in the gardens of Mr. H. H. Hunnewell there are two very large specimens, measuring nearly, if not quite, ten feet in diameter, which will make a magnificent display in about a month, with their long, 34 drooping, panicled branchlets covered with small, globular, sul- pbhur colored flowers, filling the air with a delicious fragrance. Some Acaciasare difficult to propagate by cuttings, andI believe this is one of them. They are, however, easily raised from seed, and seedlings invariably make the best plants. Acacias make roots rapidly, and quickly fill whatever space is allotted to them. When they are finally placed in tubs as large as can be conveniently handled, frequent top-dressings of rich soil will keep them in good condition for many years. They may be kept in symmetrical form by a little yearly pruning after the flowering season, which is the time for cutting out crowd- ing branches. Wellesley, Mass. Ef, Gs Clematis paniculata.—In urging the advantage of grafting as a means of propagating this plant it ought to be said that the stock used is merely a vehicle to carry the scion during the infancy of the plant. When grafted plants are set outcare should always be taken to place the point of union beneath the soil, and an examination at the end of the first season’s growth will soon show that Clematis paniculata has thrown out a quantity of its thick, thong-like roots, and that the foreign root is already superseded and speedily becomes of little or no use to the plant. Mr. Hatfield says truly that C. paniculata varies considerably when raised from seed, and I have seen seedling forms with a distinct variegation or venation of the foliage, the centre of the leaves being distinctly marked with blotches ofa lighter green. And yet it is difficult to imagine anything more beautiful than the typical plant as a perfectly hardy climber. E. O. Or pet. South Lancaster, Mass. dhemionese Forest-policy Abroad.—III. N France, which stands with Germany at the head of the nations as regards thoroughness of forest-policy, the large extent of Government and other public forests is in excellent condition. The training of French foresters, and, to some extent, the treatment of French forests, differ widely from those which distinguish Prussia, as indeed the genius of the people would naturally lead us to expect. That this training extends over two years instead of the six to eight spent by the Prussian candidates, cannot but make the task of national for- est-administration seem lighter, especially in view of the ad- mirable, and very often the wonderful, results which the French forest-officers have achieved. Perhaps their most brilliant work has been accomplished in the correction of the torrents in the Alps, Pyrenees and Cevennes, in the course of which over 350,000 acres have been rewooded under difficul- ties which seem almost insurmountable. Of the total cost to the French Government, some 50,000,000 of francs, about one- half was consumed in engineering works whose direct object was to make the replanting of the drainage areas of torrents possible. ‘The forest thus restored to its natural place is alone able,” says an eminent French authority, ‘‘to maintain the good, but precarious, results of the works of correction in the waterways themselves.” Thedisappearance of this forest, in the first place, may be traced, in most cases, directly to mountain pasturage, and the whole story of reboisement in France is full of the deepest interest in comparison with the past history and probable future of our mountain forests. Perhaps the closest analogy to our own conditions in the magnitude of the area to be treated, the difficulties presented by the character of the country and the prevalence of fire, and the nature of the opposition which it encountered, is to be found in the forest-administration of India, and that in spite of the tropical climate with which it has to deal. The history of the movement is comparatively fresh, and the fact that many problems remain as yet unsolved will scarcely detract from the interest and sympathy with which we may be led to re- gard it. . ; Systematic forest-management was begun in India about thirty-five years ago, under difficulties not unlike those which confront us now. An insufficient or a wrong conception of the interests involved, the personal bias of lumbermen, the alternating support and opposition of the men in power, were the chief obstacles with which it had to contend ; and against them were pitted the splendid perseverance and magnificent administrative powers of one man. The victory was brilliant, conclusive and lasting, and India has to thank Sir Dietrich Brandis for benefits whose value will go on increasing from age to age. “History has proved,” says Dr. Schlich, ‘that the preserva- tion of an appropriate percentage of the area as forests can- Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 152, not be left to private enterprise in India, so that forest-con- servancy in that country has for some time past been regarded as a duty of the state. Of the total area of Government forests, which may perhaps amount to some 70,000,000 of acres, 55,- 000,000 have been brought under the control of the Forest- Department. Of this area 33,000,000 are so-called reserved state forests—that is to say, areas which, under the existing forest-law, have been set aside as permanent forest-estates— while the remaining 22,000,000 are either protected or so- called unclassed state forests. These areas together comprise about eleven per cent. of the total area of the provinces in which they are situated. Rather more than half the area, or about six per cent., are strictly preserved and systematically managed forests.” The formation of these reserved state forests was the first step in systematic forestmanagement, and it was carried out along lines which are typical. The forest-areas were first selected, following standards which cannot be enumerated here, then surveyed and demarcated on the ground, and finally established as reserved state forests by an act which provided, first, for the presentation, within a certain time, of all claims against the state forests as demarcated; secondly, for their hearing and definite settlement; thirdly, that no pre- scriptive rights could accrue in reserved state forests after their declaration as such under the act; and, fourthly, for the special treatment of forest-offenses. These forests have been gradually brought under simple, but systematic, methods of management, which aim at effec- tive protection, an efficient system of regeneration and cheap transportation, the whole under well considered and method- ical working plans. The forest-staff charged with carrying these plans into effect draws its controlling officers from Eng- land, but the executive and protective work is done by natives, since they alone are equal to the physical labor in so warm a climate. The results of this enlightened policy are conspicu- ous, not only in the great fact that the forests yield, and will permanently yield, the supply of timber and forest-produce which the population requires, but also in the beginning which has been made toward regulating the water-supply in the mountains, and in the increasing capital value and annual net revenue of the state forests. This last has reached the verge of half a million sterling, and it is believed by the men best fitted to judge, that the forest-revenue will increase at least four times during the next quarter of a century. There are two other facts resulting from the forest-policy of India which are of special significance to us as citizens of a country where any interference by the Government with pri- vate rights would be so vigorously resented, and where private enterprise must consequently play so conspicuous a part: First,-a body of efficient and experienced officers of all grades has gradually been formed in the state forests whose services are available for the management of private forests, and of communal forests when the time shall come to form them ; secondly, the example set by the well-managed state forests and the steadily increasing revenue which they yield have induced native and other forest-proprietors to imitate the state. The trained foresters, without whom so laudable a purpose must fail, are at hand, and the whole situation argues most favorably for the future prosperity of the country. It has been impossible to do more than glance at the chief points of forest-policy in a few of the many lands which teem with interest in this respect. I would gladly have called atten- tion to Austria, where an excellent forest-service upholds the general principles which we have seen exemplified elsewhere, and to Italy, where the sale of government forests, forced on the state by the pressure of financial necessity, is beginning to bear evil fruit. A circle of lands around the Mediterranean might have been cited to instance the calamitous results of deforestation, and from some of them still further proof might have been adduced to show at what a cost such errors must be repaired. But the countries which have distanced us on the road toward a rational forest-policy might better have claimed our attention. Without confining ourselves to Europe, where we might have stopped to glance at Sweden, whose Government has recognized its obligations as a forest-proprietor, and where even Russia could have shown us the beginnings of conserva- tive forestry, we might have found in Japan an organized forest-administration, with a forest-school at Tokio. Cape Colony has an efficient forest-staff, thanks to which the Govern- ment is in receipt of a net revenue from the management of its forests, and Natal has recently engaged a German forest- officer to take charge of its interests in that line. Victoria has a reserved state forest, and New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania have followed her lead in the appointment of JANUARY 21, I1891.] forest-officers. New Zealand has taken the examples of the colonies of eastern Australia, and Ceylon, Java, the Fiji Islands and others have made steps in the right direction. Dr. Schlich’s statement of the destructive tendencies of private forest-ownership in India might with equal truth have been made as a general proposition. It is the salient fact which the history of the forests of the earth seems to teach ; but nowhere have the proofs of its truth taken such gigantic proportions as in the United States to-day. Evenin Germany, where the state has done its utmost to surround them with every possible safeguard, the wood-lands of private proprietors are steadily decreasing both in area and in quality. A second great fact, which is of equal and immediate significance to us in America, is that the countries which have been successful in forest-preservation have been so along the lines of forest- management. The first and most evident function of the for- est is to produce wood, and no scheme which leaves out of account the imperative and legitimate demand for forest-pro- duce is likely to meet with the support of a people as practical as ourown. The forests which are most profitably used are the forests which are best preserved. These truths have never had the currency with us which their importance has deserved, and as a result we have been hastening along a road whose end is painfully apparent. We are surrounded by the calamitous results of the course that we are now pursuing. In fact, ifseems as though there were almost no civilized or semi-civilized country in either hemisphere which cannot Stand to us as an example ora warning. To this great truth they bear witness with united voice: The care of the forests is the duty of the nation. New York. Gifford Pinchot. Correspondence. The Owl and the Sparrow. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir.—GARDEN AND FOREST for December 24th, 1890, contains a letter from Charles Naudin, in which he recommends the introduction into the United States of the European Pigmy Owl, or Chevéche, the scientific name of which he gives as “Stryx passerina, Linneus.” Strix passerina of Linnzeus (1758) is the Glaucidium passerinum of modern authors, while Strix passerina of Gmelin (1776) is at present known as Carine noctua. It is not quite clear which species is really meant, but this matters little so far as the proposed scheme of introduction is concerned, both species inhabiting France, and both feeding largely on small birds, particularly such species as make their nests in holes or cavities. It is not likely that the introduction of either of these small owls into the United States would go far toward reducing the numbers of English sparrows; while, on the other hand, the experiment might be fraught with most unfortunate results. Our little wrens, bluebirds, titmice, and other species which nest in crevices, holes and artificial houses erected for their use in the vicinity of dwellings, would be destroyed as well as the sparrows. 3 One of our native owls—namely, the little Screech Owl (Megascops asto)—has taken up its residence in many cities and large towns infested with sparrows, and has learned to feed upon these pests in great numbers. Its presence may be en- couraged without incurring the risks attendant upon the intro- duction of exotic species. The importation of exotic birds, with a view of setting them at liberty in our own land, should always be regarded with suspicion, as likely to be followed by disastrous results. Department of Agriculture, C. Hart Merriam. Washington, D. C. we The Madrofia in Winter. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir.—Among the broad-leaved evergreen trees of the Pacific coast none are handsomer perhaps than the Madrofia (see illustration in GARDEN AND FOREST, iii. 515), and it is peculiarly bright and beautiful here during the winter months. Unlike the Ash, the Alder and the Maple, the Ma- drofia is found in the driest and sunniest localities upon the hill-sides as well as in the denser forests along the foot-hill streams. Even on these drier ridges, where the forestis more open, the Madrofia is quite abundant, and always forms a charming feature of the landscape. Especially is this the case in the winter, when the bright green of its leaves are in pleas- ant contrast with the sombre hues of the huge conifers of this region, or with its leafless neighbors among the deciduous Garden and Forest. 35 trees. But in the denser forests of mingled evergreen and de- ciduous trees along the foot-hill streams the Madrofia is most abundant, and here in the dim light, where the rich and varied foliage of evergreen shrubbery hangs above a living carpet of moss and trailing plants, its presence wonderfully increases the charm of it all. Its large, handsome leaves are of the glossiest green. Its great, almost naked, branches are clad in the dain- tiest and closest fitting bark, soft, velvety, smooth and con- spicuously clean, a garment scarcely thicker than writing paper, and ranging through a variety of colors, from almost pure white through the most beautiful and delicateshades and tints which I can only describe as drab to pea-green, yellow- green and buff to cinnamon and red. Here the Madrofia, the type of all that is loveliest in sylvan life, is so abundant, that with its leafy wealth on every hand, we are made to believe, even in the winter months, that by some magic we have been transported to some semi-tropical land. Serberis Aguifolium, the handsome Holly-leaved Mahonia, with us called Oregon Grape; B. nervosa, the low Oregon Grape, the prettiest little plant, perhaps, of its genus; Micromeria Douglassii, the sweet-scented yerba buena; Linnea borealis, the pretty little Twin-flower, known and loved the world around ; Whipplea modesta; Synthyris; Gaultheria Shaltlon, the Salal; Chimapila umbellata, the Prince’s Pine, and a host of other evergreen, shrubby and trailing plants, lend the charm of their bright foliage to this deception. Wimer, Ore. E. W. Hammond. Periodical Literature. In the Popular Science Monthly for January we find a biographical sketch of Dr. Elisha Mitchell, who deserves to be more widely known to American lovers of nature than we believe to be the case. Dr. Mitchell was born in Connecticut in the year 1793, was graduated from Yale College in 1813, and, after being licensed to preach by the Theological Seminary at Andover, accepted, in 1818, the post of Professor of Mathe- matics in the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, in that state. Here he remained until the end of his life, a period of thirty-nine years, being transferred, however, in 1825 to the chair of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology. These facts imply great breadth of learning, which indeed he possessed ; but natural science was his favorite study, and, though not a titular professor of botany, he was an enthusiastic and accom- plished botanist. One of his biographers has said that ‘‘ when he died he was known in almost every part of North Carolina, and he left no one behind him better acquainted with its mountains, valleys and plains ; its birds, beasts, bugs, fishes and shells; its trees, flowers, vines and mosses; its rocks, stones, sands, clays and marls. Although in Sz/iiman’s Four- mal, and in other periodicals less prominent, but circulating more widely nearer home, he published many of his discov- eries concerning North Carolina, yet it is to be regretted that he did not print more and in a more permanent form. It would doubtless have thus appeared that he knew, and per- haps justly estimated the worth of, many facts which much later investigators have proclaimed as their own remarkable discoveries. But the information that he gathered was for his own enjoyment and for the instruction of his pupils. On these he lavished, to their utmost capacity for reception, the knowl- edge that he had gathered by his widely extended observations, and had stored up mainly in the recesses of his own singularly retentive memory.” In the extracts from his note-books and the comments of his friends, which are given in the article from which we quote, it is interesting—in these days of per- haps excessive specialization—to read how all the natural sciences went hand in hand in his mind and his daily labors. In one memorandum book he wrote, when preparing for a journey: ‘Objects of attention—geology, botany, height of the mountains, positions by trigonometry; woods, as the Fir, Spruce, Magnolia, Birch ; fish, especially trout; springs; biog- raphy,’ andso on. And among his baggage he notes ‘‘two barometers, a quadrant, a vasculum for plants and a hammer for rocks.” Of course a man whose energies, no matter how great they may be, are thus widely spread, can rarely reach the highest eminence in any one branch; but in a little known and interesting region, where scholars and explorers were few, such a many-sided absorber as Dr. Mitchell was especially able to do good service to science, and his own pleasure must have been infinitely greater than that of the most devoted specialist. His most noteworthy claim toremembrance was his service in ascertaining the exact altitude of the highest peak in the Appalachian range, that peak of the Black Mountain in Yancey County, North Carolina, which is loftier even than Mount Washington. It was at first generally known in the 36 neighborhood as Mount Mitchell or Mitchell’s High Peak, although after his explorations in 1844 this name was attached to another, which is rightly ‘Party Knob.” Prompted by con- troversies with regard to the justness of his calculations and the exact peak whence they had been made, Dr. Mitchell made a fifth ascent of the mountain in 1857, and then lost his life, probably falling in a storm into the pool where, some time afterward, his body was found, at the foot of the falls now called by hisname. A year later his remains were removed from the graveyard at Asheville and buried beneath the Balsam Fir whence his famous observations had been taken on the very top of the highest peak of the mountain. His name was definitely given to this peak by the United States Geological Survey of 1881-1882, and there his monument, a simple shaft twelve feet in height, will long stand on the most elevated spot in eastern North America. We may add that Dr. Elisha Mitchell, or Professor Mitchell, as he is more often called, should not be confounded with Dr. John Mitchell, a Virginian botanist of earlier date, for whom his correspondent, Linnzus, named our pretty Partridge-berry. Notes. It is stated that Mr. Ruskin maintains a Cherry-orchard solely for the benefit of the birds on his estate. In a late bulletin issued by the New Jersey Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Professor Halsted describes nine distinct kinds of Fungus which attack the Sweet Potato and cause it to rot. An olive-oil factory is soon to be built in Sonoma County, California, by a company which now has sixty acres of six-year- old Olive-trees and is planting 700 acres more. The plant will cost $250,000. The leaves of Daboisia Hopwoodi, an Australian shrub, are chewed by the natives in the same way that the leaves of Tobacco are chewed, and bid fair, it is said, to become a rival to Tobacco. They contain an alkaloid, piturine, which is identical or closely related to nicotine, the action of the two being in every respect identical. The newest Oxalis, which was introduced to the trade in Europe by Herr Dammann, is O. sensttiva, and, says a foreign periodical, ‘“‘is even more beautiful and interesting, as regards its foliage, than AZimosa pudica. The finely cut leaves are in almost constant motion, and fall together at the slightest touch. They form charming frills around the clusters of yel- low flowers.” Like the common Oxalis, this is a wood-plant, which can easily be cultivated even in shady localities. The Revue des Sciences Naturelles Appliquées says that among the food-producing plants valued in Abyssinia, but elsewhere unknown or little prized, are: Coleus tuberosus, A. Rich., which has fleshy tubers resembling the potato in taste, although not in shape, and is grown at an elevation of from 6,000 to 7,000 feet above the sea; Brachystelma lineare, A. Rich., which grows in moist shady situations in the valleys and furnishes large fleshy tubers; Campanula esculenta, A. Rich., the roots of which are eaten, and Cyanotis Abyssinica, A. Rich. (Commelina hirsuta, Hochst.), which is also a tuber-bearing plant. Some of the lessons drawn by the American Agriculturist from the immense crops of Potatoes grownin competition for the prizes offered by that paper are: That cutting the seed- potatoes into sets with two eyes each gives mostgeneral satisfac- tion; that large or medium sized potatoes are best for planting ; that the sets should be slightly sprouted before being planted, although they should be cut before the sprouts have started ; that planting should be delayed until settled weather; that placing the sets directly upon stable manure is bad practice, and that concentrated commercial fertilizers are better as a rule than stable manure. The December issue of Hooker’s Jcones Plantarum is devoted to figures and descriptions of Indian Orchids of the genera Dendrobium and Bulbophyllum, the descriptions being supplied by Sir Joseph Hooker, who is now engaged in study- ing these plants for the Floraof India. Of the species included in this part only Dendrobium Moulmeinense is of garden inter- est, all the others being supplied with small and inconspicu- ous flowers. D. Moulmeinense belongs to the same group as D. dixanthum and is a native of the same country, differing, however, from that species in its more slender stems, pendu- lous habit and deeper fimbriation of the lip. The Directors of the Madison Square Garden Company announce a grand competitive Chrysanthemum show, to be Garden and Forest. [NuMBER 152.. held on November st, 1891. The company offers $1,500 to: be given in prizes, anda large number of ladies well known in society are aiding the project by their influence, as well as. by liberal contributions to the prize fund. country are Chrysanthemums grown in greater perfection than in the neighborhood of this city, and it is to be hoped that. next autumn a display will be made which will at least equal in merit the shows in Philadelphia and Boston, not to speak of a dozen less important places. The managers of this enterprise are to be commended for this seasonable announcement of their plans. The Northern California Citrus Fair is now in progress at Marysville, and here there are to be seen displays of oranges, lemons and other semi-tropical fruit, grown in places which have the same latitude as St. Louis or Kansas City. No pro- tection of hedges has been given to Orange-groves, and grow- ers declare that their losses from frost have been no heavier than they have been in Los Angeles or San Bernardino. One of the singular features of the fairis the presence of beautiful oranges trom the foot-hills of Placer County, once the fore- most mining county of the state. Old mining ditches and flumes have been repaired and are now used to irrigate orchards. If the original gold-hunters could return they would be amazed to find their old prospecting grounds trans- formed into groves of tropical fruit. The London Zélegraph said not long ago: ‘ An individual living in the Department of Aveyron, France, struck by the high price at which mushrooms were being sold in his district, conceived the idea of fabricating the delicacy out of turnips. He cut the turnips into rounds, dried them, and, after giving them a dab of the paint-brush, disposed of them to unsus- pecting customers as the genuine article. For some time he drove a thriving trade, but, unluckily for him, he one day sold a batch to a gourmet who was not so easily to be talken in. Indignant at the trick played on him, the gourmet brought an action which has just resulted in the condemnation of the mushroom-manufacturer to two months’ imprisonment. It was in vain that he pleaded that he had enabled his fellow citizens to regale themselves on a vegetable which they regarded as a good specimen of the mushroom at a cost far below that commanded by the real article. Vain, too, were his efforts to demonstrate that his mushrooms could be con- sumed without entailing disastrous consequences on lovers of the delicacy. The court turned a deaf ear to his specious arguments, and has allowed him two months’ leisure to medi- tate on the error of substituting dried turnips for honest mushrooms.” In an interesting article on Anemones, published in the December number of the (//ustrirte Gartenzeitung of Vienna, Dr. Carl Mueller says of Anemone coronaria that it grows in western and southern France, in Italy, Dalmatia, Turkey, Greece and the Levantine countries, as well as in Algiers, but then explains that one. thinks of it especially as the character- istic flower of Palestine. Here, he says, ‘‘it as commonly grows wild as about Smyrna and in Asia Minor, spreading far and wide as the most beautiful of spring blossoms, growing on chalk soil along the edges of shrubbery. We cannot won- der that it was already in ancient times a favorite of the inhab- itants and excited in poetic minds sensations such as can only be excited by surprising beauty. ‘lam the Rose of Sharon and the Lily of the valleys, sings the first verse of the second chapter of Solomon’s Song, and there can be no doubt to-day what is here meant by the Rose of Sharon. It was an Ameri- can, Fiske P. Brewer, who decided this question, Warcissus Tazetta, which likewise grows in Palestine, having previously been considered the Biblical flower. This gentleman, accord- ing to the Edinburgh Review of 1886, while traveling in the year 1859 from Jaffa to Ranleh, came upona place where a considerable expanse of ground was half covered with brilliant red flowers. At the sight of them some of his native com panions immediately exclaimed ‘ Roses of Sharon’; and, when he inquired about the name, he was told that the Anemone was there universally so called. In truth it would not be easy otherwise to speak of a Rose in Palestine, for native Roses do not exist there—at least not where they would justify the asso- ciation of the Plain of Sharon with their name. Wild Roses are found in Palestine only on Lebanon, or where, here and there, 2. centifolia is cultivated for the production of attar, as in the Wadi-el-Werd (Rose-valley) near Hebron. According to Ebers and Guthe, in their ‘ Palestine,’ the translations of the Bible often use the word Rose where there is no warrant for understanding by ita true Rose. The Roses of Persia and Media were not introduced into Palestine before the Grecian period.” Nowhere in the - JANUARY 28, 1891.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. Orricze: TrInuNE Buitpinc, NEw York. (Comalnezeel joie GG 6 6 ae o Jo aut Professor C. S. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y- NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 28, 1801. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE EDIroRIAT. ARTICLES :—Dhe ““Sauce” of Architecture.... sc. sccm eerene cceen es 37 A Vase of Chrysanthemums. (With figure.)..... 20-0. .esee ee eeee ee eer ees 38 Muskau—A German Country Park. ee plan.).... ......Charles Eliot. 38 PLanr Nores :—Lyonothamnus asplenifolius.................++-- 39 New ox Litre Known Prants :—New Grae: Bis els Se eNe a oo eeenete tetera UR. i “Rolfe. 40 ForeIGN CorrESPONDENCE :—London Letter. -W. Watson. 40 Cuirurac Department :—A Winter Gaenren Ieetinel ince Professor Folin B, Surith. 42 The Cracking of Fruits and Vegetables.............. ULES E. S. Goff. 42 MGA AS CLIAS leieteleisisintnleleieieieielel=<<1\ s\nis.siss-ie W. Ff. Taplin. 44 Notes on Some Hardy Wild Roses.—IV....-........+.005..-5-- F. G. Fack. 44 Protecting Evergreen Plants ....... -.... w+ eee. Joseph Meehan. 45 MEREME URC RICANS Ree ek cs5 oe 5h) icis a we sata o's cad