2 oe eee hota tou: bad { é OAS i) AR meh A a i { e j y _. . NN GARDEN AND FOREST A JOURNAL OF mermbCULTURE, LANDSCAPE ARTY AND -FORESTRY Conducted by CHARLES S. SARGENT Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College, etc. ILLUSTRATED VOLUME VI. JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1893 New York THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING Co. 1893 Copyright, 1893, by THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING Co. All rights reserved. The asterisk (*) denotes that the sub- ject is illustrated. Abandoned farms and wasted for- Sstsiemtetieisiei=ie\ EIS Gh oqoooespscadeos Gad 152 Ash, rust of the mountain.......... 508 Alsophila atrovirens.....-........- 194 Asia Minor plants..........-.....-. 480 Alstr6meria aurea......... ....... 317 Asimina triloba ........- ..... 260, 378 MZEOAATIEN AS vee welnisisie eielenelaicicle «1 Asparagus, decorative species of.. 79 Altheas in autumn....... decumbenstaemetsee scien --eteie 80 Amaryllis Belladonna... PlUMOSUS Pretec <1 79, 53 cultivationiof... -.....-..2s.-- 177 — TAM Seeeeeraetcielacieisictale 530 garden varieties of ......... 506 retrofractus arboreus........ 537 Amelanchier alnifolia..........- 313, 369 TEMUWUSSIMAUS setafelerele isle |-eiei-)= 80, 537 Canadensis oblongifolia..... 330 = virgatus .........- Bement tics 80 American Big-Game Hunting...... 50g Aspidium marginale............... 207 Ames, Frederick Lothrop, death of. 391 Asplenium angustifolium.......... 403 Ammophila arundinacea........... 15 = Brad levitate stelstatstaletsier 99 Amorpha canescens...... -.++.+-+- 4 Goringianum pictum........ 207 Hr Utl COS alsetejeredel-icloletstelicereleleiete 4 Rutamunaiiageeecteeceidercien Drichomanesmerencrte ve see amellus Bessarabicus... 395, 424 WHEE 950 boc cogagdacerdungmR.ADOROS agwaeH ans) Gococscoseddaude 479 Anamomis dichotoma.... . longifolius, Lady Trevylian.. 407 Andromeda campanulata ...... lee eS Goconoadnossaogacabes 514 JAPORNCE. oo cocseooenbccoKcos S PINGSUS miseries eee 514 speciosa, pulverulenta....... 490 eNOS soscohscceacocaeds 16* Androstephium violaceum......... TO eeASters; perennialameaeereesetelirecte 407 Anemone Cypriana alba..........- 186 Astilbe Chinensis....... soocecnbacd 54 Pennsylvanica.............-. 257 Astragalus mollissimus 16 Anemonella thalictrioides. a= 257, — Monspessulanus 287 Annual Ss Ward yiccewicielsce sissies cece 307 Atkinson, George F., article by.. .. 536 Annual plants, sowing seeds of, Aucuba Japonica Fructu-albo...... 3174 135, 146, 186 Autumn plantin erties seien eee 415 Anthurium Chamberlainii.......... 122 work in the garden..... 367, 457 crystallinum variegatum..... 255 Ayres, H.B., articles by.. 318, 348, 418 Goldringi..................-. 269 Azalea, Anthony Koster............ 205 Hollandaise. 5 eee. s) en iniele oie 269 AONE coccoconeuss mee 254 Anthuriums, seedling and hybrid.. 255 verveeniana..... CaaS . 170 Antirrhinum maurandioides., .283, 514 Azaleas at Knap Hill, hardy........ 262 Apera arundinacea...-......+..... 338 at the Columbian Exposition. 249 Aphananthe aspera,.......... «.-- 324 cultivationvoleactiermecece: + « Apios tUberosa cs. 6. 2s ee ncecaee = sess 272 Azaleo-dendrons ............-...--. 265 Aphis in rose-house, destruction of. 420 Aplectrum hiemale.... . d qoeccoouss Aplopappus rubiginosus.. ate Apple, Colville Blanc .......... -. 389 B exhibits at the Columbia PxpOSitlOn.- oc censeres c= --239, 409 Baccharis halimifolia, the fruits of. 508 PEStieseslueeslelecescsercces. 200 Bacterial diseasesjofiplants ....-. -- 420 Apple-scab, prevention of.........- 58 Baden-Baden, new and rare plants Apple-trees, aphis on roots of...... 270 Buidnoonoet Goscdans coon CoNNObL 267, 446 , flowering..... - 231 Bailey, Prof. L. H.,articlesby. 239, 249, Apple, Yellow May....... -........ 279 259, 269, 279, 289, 299, 309, 319, 320, 338, Apples atthe Columbian Exposition 239 349, 358, 369, 379, 389, 398, 400, 412, 419, cross-fertilization of......... 480 420, 448, 459 harvesting of......--......-. 390 papers by.... 2, 87, TMA AIS AS oan elolsiperarenciotd 320, 380 131, 206 in Kansas... wee 404) -» bamboo; dwanhne of wastes ceca 373 IRGC ENE AGooooe, coboGEe 50 eV! Baimboos; hardy cewnessseem sei ase- 533 Apricots, Russian and other....... 338 Bambusa palmata ................- 338 Aquatic plants at the World’s Fair.. 419 Rapamooskiajatsuictesicisle« s/s o 33 Aquatics in modern gardening....- 107 Banana supe of New York, the... 422 Aquilegia Canadensis............-- 257 Barberries, hardy deciduous....... 13 Gc lecie le wiel ejatais afeloreistetalatatstetota 288 EVErgreen ....-...-.- 196 Transylvanica........ pee ey: the -fruitsioieneceteniis qs lcle aise’ 507 Arabia, flora of southern... Sere xd! Barker, M., articles by.. 68, 93, 115, 125. Ar alta bine NsiSias s = a) 454 Dr. John H. Taylor.......... 489 Shrubs of North-eastern America, Calandrinia umbellata ............. 333 Cassava for bedding... ........... 377 Dr. Julius Callendrear...... - 469 the. Charles S. Newhall.. - 449 Calanthe Sanderiana............... 42 (Cassia Astana ete ele ie tem err 16 —— Eda Prass......-........---. 517 Seedlings, a contribution to. our Weta nb peescosos55005- .+.. 29 Castanopsis chrysophylla.......... 4 —— Edward Molyneux. aooond 475, 504 knowledge of. Sir John Lub- Calceolaria scabioszfolia.......... 395 Casteta Nicholsoni —— Eiderdown.............-.--- Ge isopnacopdaso ae JonuAgsoogaous 117 Caldwell, Dr. G. C., paper by.. 2x Castilleia densa....... Elsie Neville 504 Text: book of Tropical Agricul- Calitornia, a garden in northern . | 258 scorzonereefolia —— Emily Dorner .............-- 517 ture, a. H. A. Alford Nicholls, climbing roses in .... 528 Catalogues, how to use seedsmen’s. 94 Exrmineldaneceee enero 479 M.D:. WALtS.; €tC.--- 25 --s ecm IL7 day at the Columbian Expo- Catalpa bignonioides.............-. 272 ———= Ethel ns eee eee ene ReEee 518 Wild Flowers of America, the. GHMOM 6520 sd oS0bcdCbo000 000000000 in Kansas, the.....-..--..++- 528 Eugene Dailledonze: +=» 479, 489 Prof. George L. Goodale.. 199 farm-house in SPEClOS alee lel tests etelea- iat 272 Florence Percy....... -. 7 Woody Plants of Manhattan in (MOVE oon spaces Goasacane S60 Caterpillars, their destruction by —— G. W. Childs.......... their Winter Condition. Prof. fruits, canned.. Children... seems. Bogsdso0D0 C00 318 Golden Dragon ...........-. A. S. Hitchcock..... pp BbO0I0 056 fruit, ‘supply of, in New York 432 Cattleya Alexandrze ---I0, 42, 484 ——— Golden Wedding... - 478, 479, ee Bomarea frondea.......--.--..----- —— chemical analyses of. 220 INE EDS aoonvobonsonsbonD 900 42 504, 517 PatacocensiSiesce ee eine : notes trom...35, 106, 182, 408, 498 Baroness Schroeder......... 42 Good Gracious...... 478, 479, 489 Bones for drainage........--2-----: 46 railroad-station gardens; 90 900 413 = Batalinivseu st eeeeicmeeenttsier Harry Baisley pasonodcoCs- > - 479 Bordeaux mixture for apple-scab... 58 wild fruits in southern. be Ba) © BleSensisjere-tercteecteteetelelrete slel-l= Hannya May nen ssetiecieet eee for lichens on fruit- Water IMs: s/0\.) ols sieleeeismtersieeess 26 Bowringiana Helen Oy ces. -eeeee Une da basees oon soo otsodacoaoap 289 Callas, yellow.. s 24 Brownil....... Inter-Ocean ........... 5 Boronias, cultivation of......... .-. 156 Callicarpa Americana. 16 Burberryana ING Nossa bees octla 200050 0020 Borrichia frutescens.........-.+-++- 513 a white-fruited........ 400 Galumimatale-ceee eee eee: Joey. Eile -feeet eee eee Boston chrysanthemum show...... “478 Callirrhoé involucrata........... 63, 287 Gaskelliana.........-....0-5. ohn Rumiyankitent lees Hower Showinertilecmecismese ne 149 Gallunatwilgarisi 2.) ae). treet 355 laroldtrr stepemceriicriares 236 Judge Hoitt.. RES as interesting points near.. . 187 Calochortus amoenus........... 54, 258 intermedia : Katherine Leech . . + 479 metropolitan park commis- Bonplandianus.. +. 56, 408 labiatavesene —— l’Enfant des Deux Mondes.. 489 Nin Ab adoecdobe zo oz oso RCeCsOOS IOI flayus . HooaspocsHAonaooce 54 —_ alba Livingston : public garden, the ne ticetireer 488 Kennedyi... LOOSE ONBAGAOS 54 — autumnalis Louis Menand........... Index. V ‘Chrysanthemum Louise D. Blacks 489 Clerodendron trichotomum.... 274, 394 | Cotoneaster microphylla, the fruits Cytisus racemosus.......... 200.020 8 ajor Bonnaffon .. 489 Clethra alnifolia... ........... 356, 447 Oliatonitione seise embereniiastaistals|=.2\<;sy< a Schipkzensis ....... 90 Marie Louise...... 489 DAUDINELVIS yee sl \-1s 0 sean eas "254 vulgaris, ihe fruits of.... SCOPALIUS aelbelsinseisinini sain tele 227 Miss Kate Brown.. 44° CEERI NE sconces darencsocer 254 Country life, effectupon women...., 1 lye Bawls cee e (+= 517 Paha Babcocnereeceaod Hee} eek} seat in California, a...... .. 159 Mrs. Andrew Carnegie.....- 517 LOIS MORE! 5555 Gnaoodcoorace- 447. Cowslip, Virginian................. IMrsu@o ye Saltenss crac. mSOLmeCleyerarOChnaCea wmcccccccticsaccss 88 Crab-apples, the fruits of D , —— Mrs. Charles L. Sharpless. . ea A7Omee Clitoriay Mariana. .2/..- —— W.G. Newett................ 7s Oe erner sep isin ora sins cos evaltialiceres 359 Cycas revolutad:c eis. os +. 526 —— Phalznopsis............. 2298 519 | —— W.N. Rudd................ 489 —— exhibits at. 271, 382 Cyclamenalbum..... ssdeconuees neo. Hiss! — Schreederianum...... 467 _ ——wW. W.Astor....... coopencce Heyl horticulture at ... 341, 399 Grimson) Kingseee se. <.)---~ TSU gt —— 1h SYD lls sescpmvenicisieaimlolsivicwe ie caiice 184 See —— WhiteCap)... 2.6). eeessce. 517 ———— Hyacinthsat.......... 188 Emperor William............ 158 © ——— Wardianum................. 519 me-——_ White Gem... .-....2--.-+0- 537 Japanese horticulture — Giganteum magnificum..... 158 all Daleroemieteteleretete steiseiste 184 sMellow, @tieen..-.-.5-...--+- 440 see eeee ners eeeeesss 369, 380 —— superbum..... + see+-- 158 Dendrobiums, new hy brid case 2 F a naturally grown ........... 453 persimmons at. 399 Moni Bain canteeetetteteat-letrisr=iaier 158 Dendropanax ar boreusiesccuieacetee 203 4 exhibition in Boston ... 478 nursery exhibits in the Persicum...102. 225, 146, 158, 506 Japonicuiieseeeacseeeee eet 233 — in Chicago............ 489 Midway Plaisance ...........-... 389 Roseum superbum. sere-reee 158 Design of the Columbian Exposi- ~ in New York.... ..... 478 ©=£—— Pansies at the ... 84 Rosya Wornaeeetmetetesmect-iei-ter - 158 t10n; these enerale scree eniqstieices 361 eS in Philadelphia ....... 479 pecan nuts at......... 449 Cyclamens at the Columbian Expo- Deutzia gracilis, propagation of... 179 —_—— in Short Hills, N.J.... 469 photograph monopoly GMO Mccandacsaccocsecosndoreacseno bse) arviflora.....ssceeseees 280, 300 a — in England ........... 503 eutetarelete oovoroens éensestsace s6 292, 462 WEIS bBo Ge Sdcctoncos -- 426 De Wolf, John, article by...... nonce. Ae a popularity of the ..........-. 491 plant- effects in the Cyclanthera dissecta.... ..........- 242 Dianthus annulatus......... 3 Ey GINO EP TNON VsHBG! decanecesanae mel) Horticultural Building ........... 349 | Cymbidium grandiflorum... ...112, 123 ALGORUDENS see seneeeie eto Chrysanthemums, American....... 510 plants around lagoons Winnianum...,.......-..- 42 barbatus cee etee: eset 5 Anemone-flowered...... 469, 504 Olen Sdadeoncecansacascnnocsorcunce Woke. (Cyprote Cachet s5e7h mae 486 GallizonuSaecemisateee By GlaASSIMCATLOMOL oy. <1 sie ueee cle 200 — in bloom....... 289 Cyperus pungens.............. 115, 245 Geltordesteeeseaeeee 4 cultivation of... 187, 228, 275, 328, Polyanthus Narcissus Schweitzer tame lteiessle= slate 51 dentosus..... Sate eteeitee weretee f 388 Yt don de oscnsGondnoegenboo soueICo 188 Cypress as a building material..... 130 neglecta........ a, CUISEAS CIOL acicsin1s ce/sleleje ase ae LOD otato exhibit at 409 Cypress-knees, development of.... 460 Sinensis Heddewigii. Seoracs 6) @arly .......0++++++--+++0---- 440 | ———~ ——— Rhododendrons at.... 259 | Cypripediumacaule.......... -..-. 33 subcaulescens .....-..-...-- 287 exhibition .............. 488, 498 § —— Roses at........ vce ==) 209 BiH UHA Noose dcosuceooneooN & superbus...... Begecorss sion 287, grafted on Anthemis frutes- — seed exhibits at.....-. 319 ATIC renee leeeeiieetetseia/tts)-1- LO) IGentra eximea. GEMS sonascaceuna eee eeeee eee SIO ——— stone-fruits at..... Born leh) — Chamberlainianum....... Dichondra repens.. prize-taking varieties in Eng- —- the Wine Building at.. 329 |. ——— Charlesworthii....... on Dichorisandra angustifolia. ‘ leno SSe50K00 oceonern Sbandaes sey vegetables at..... 269, 399 -—— eres Rickman.. .. musaica giganiea.. 2) propagation of .............. 68 Common names of wild plants, the. 448 Didymocarpus lacunosa... Sak eee in vases for conipetion ...... 499 Condalia obovata............ ceosae Bis) Dieffenbachia meleagris........-..- go judging ceeseeeeseeseseeee+- 508 Coniferous forests, American... .. 408 sabilnn sc Socc Oise pbancdem boodnonar s=5a00 90 ate-flowering . - 516 Conifers and Oaks, how to identify Fairieanum > Lawrencia- picturataneecci se ntone= =~ =t=icie go new pink..... -. 469 GDiBMreosacconononcogonuey socsc 397 MigaaccgnoscoNScaSseS cakes e-eeee+ 534 Diervilla Japonica...... ESO Aa new white... ....... sopgenes 460) at Dosoris, Long Island.. 248 Germinyianumaureum.....-. 258 Diervillas.......... ....-...2-es-2es 234 new yellow....... soocenesce u Zt) hardy at Wellesley, Mass.... 229 H. Ballantyne................ 378 » Dimorphanthus Men enunicus sass = 234 specimen plants of.......... 508 Conservatories, bulbous plants for. 296 Ieee cee Sacsans acosendsosds 105 MDiospyros Kaki........-.-..- - 273 - spring cultivation of......... 126 plants for, in summer....... 275 Mees nsoses cones s 115, 506, 519 LLotiGinesaisaeanie 273 varieties for specimen plants. 509 Conservatory, preparatory work in Jobnsonianum ..... ........- 10 Texan. wan. ce <= 0s smn 283 ‘Cibotium Schiedei..............---- 449 NE: cok pad ceSoe LEP OO OOOOrO oe +s* 375 Pawrenclanuiibasnseesele <)-/.5 519 Dipladenia Brearleyana 445 _ Cineraria maritima aurea...... ... 255 Conyolvulus major........++.+.---- 78 Leeanum ampliatum......... 117 eximea........ BARB Ge sass 344 Cinerarias at the Columbian Expo- Cook, Vincent, article by........... 10K Massianum...... sacesocnece 326 Hara Sie ceectictceciiteles cata 344 Sition...........-.....+2+.+++++++ 178 | Cool houses, flowering plants for.. 156 ——— MinoS..........-ssssee..s-0s- Santee InGa | PalusteiSesceseacs celeritete 180 double ...................... 178 | Copper mixtures for apple-scab.. 58 montanum...... ..---+s----- 258 Dsa Kewense 244 Cinnamomum Camphora .......... 292 Coral-berry, the fruits ot......... te » 507 Nicholsonianum....... ...-. 350 =— Veitch tise sceeuerdencaats 296 pedunculatum. ............. 292 Corallorhiza multiflora............. 314 nitidissimum...... .--.-.+-+- 378 tripetaloides 455 ! Beirhotettum Amesianum ........ 89 Corbett, L. C., article by........-. . 528 parviflorum............... 33, 247 Disanthus cercidifolia 214* ornatissimum ....-........-- 484 Coreopsis Drummondii........... 136 UbDESGENS:. cow cmesaes Discaria serratifolia....... ...--..<- 4 grandiflora...............--- 156 othschildianum % IDiSeasennl Decbeciee an secs arecnen 134* MONEE anos dafospce coodnnAd tape Bile Sallierii pictum.. Diseases of grapes ..---. 438 Citrus Aurantium Japonica Corn, cultivation of sweet....... ..- 288 Southgatense superbum.. Gate sel of the vine...........- - 190 fruits at the Columbian Expo- sweet, early varieties of ..... 197 Stonei Carnzertianum... .... 326 and injurious insects, le zis- ROOM cate aieteiicreiciclelels\s) sins =)aie aleieie 300) Gornusalbaecescecscou sus SER sore 253 Tacitaaacsceseieseeebicci.se XOS JationvacainSteaasee.--. sense voarmOx City parks, attacks on.. EONS Canadensis.... cs tonsovillosum.........- ..... 417 Distylium........ <4... +0 sseeeee es 214 Cladrastis flava.........- .268, 378 ionisk is sonsobacooeest yernixium punctatum.. ---- 117. Docis, Miss Mira Lloyd, articles by Clark, Wm. S., article by..... +. 528 — Kousa...........+---55, 253, 260 villosum........- 43 5aah Senena 519 85, 273 i Claytonia megarrhiza. jcoredseease 453 ——macrophylla...........--253, 393 Volonteanum giganteum.... 255 | Dodecatheon medea alba.........-. 229 Clematis, a new yrds noses 380 ————. MAS... eee eee cone ee 180, 238 Win nian eceln eee .c - 114 Dodge, Miss Louise, articles by. 22 COCCiNea. ..--.....-.+--++-0 370 OMIGINAIISY sastateloetcleicsreasiaten ts 253 Cypripediums, cultivation of....... 146 | Doronicum Harpur Crewe......-.. 220 OSI Ac on ocoes P pate enone BY species on the coast dune of new hybrid...............42, 89 plantagineum excelsum..... 156 Davidiana...-........-. 354, 305 ILalhes Wel Ise onon pocngacecocs 15 Cyrtanthus carneus...... Doryanthes Guilfoylei. - ear 333 Drummondii ........... 162, 514 BUCCIGAsece sions sinter feSsinpatataae 253 Galpini....... Douglas, J., paper by 114 HAMM aeeeetstleee-ie as) G70) 8 Cormwall, notes LOM... «oc. +-- a0 444 Huttoni........ Robert, articles by 106, 136, 252, indivisa ..... Re selsteieite Reee OO a GOLneal Gardinalise.. sec. saooace . 108 hybridus 448 paniculata........... sicindoncur Stek/ Correyon, H , articles by. Wem SERRE 496 interMEdIUS. ccs. 6 sacsiec sess 184 T. H., articles by.......--116, 182 SemllsptogoaSsnabeoopaccdsnS 454 Coryanthes macrocorys........++-+ 89 Cyrtomium caryotideum.... .... . 367. Dracaena Godseffiana.......-. ---- 194 : SHAME Sgeoedoadas Dees Suscaom Ey! Cotylopsis pauciflora........... 164, 227 Palcatinic sete. s : Sanderiana. .52, 194, 236, 278, 397 a inti woe Arsebocdoodordescoodc sts Gcamosihy brid. ese --seeee 449, 528 Cyrtopodium Andersoni.. Drainage and irrigation in the gar- 7 Virginiana ...... See a7 Ope CONUS) ouCanuSlanuUS. «celcinin see sieele 90 Cyrtosperma REVOS eat ene. QO EN). ics ccowesie ose cease acca meN ee 516 a Become integrifolia ...............- 452 | Cotoneasteracuminata, the Eruits of, 507.‘ Cytisus nigricans........+.++++e+++ 320 Draining of the Zuy deriZeenecsetrs 350 vi Index, Drought in England..............++ 320 Exhibition, New York Florists’ ue 138 Forest commission, Pennsylvania.. 261 Fungus, a usefnl...-..+.0.-0...+ ++ 510 lessons of the............25-5 428 spring flower.. 209 fires in New Jersey..... ..-. 170 club-root........ +++ osaano: Ase Dunbar, John, article by ........... 169 — Philadelphia carnation..... 107 _— JOSS'DY. ce cle nweeeccere 312 -on the Mountain Ash........ 508 Durian-fruit...< 1% ss-cessdclonsanoe 84 ae chrysanthemum...... 479 the peal A anogry 312, 318 Funkia subcordata.......... veseses 397 Dwarfing plants in Japan ...... .-. 373 —_—_— spring flower......... 137 flora of Japan... 26, 38%, 51%, 64%, Dysodia chrysanthemoides......... 102 spring flower , Rose Hill Nur- 75*, 88, r11*, 121, 142 ae 153", 162%, 193%, BOM CG dentnicisie.s alvercaicels 107 213%, 233%, 253, 273, 292%, 323% 342*, Royal Horticultural Society.. 254 363%, 383%, 403, 442, 473, 493°, 524%, 532 G United States Nurseries, of Virginia ..... nss) ei) (208 ; } : ke Chrysanthemum.......-..-++ee0e 469 lands, care ot the public..... eto Gaillardia grandiflora........-... i 0) United States Nurseries, or- legislation in Pennsylvania.. 271 pulchella.........-... .-283, 513 Echinacea purpurea.......-.+..... 389 TL Ceraeeteeies facies nictetecintateterateteteistetetate 69 planting..................... 238 Galactia heterophylla.............. 393 Economic fungi.............-..189, 510 Experiment Stations, work of, reservations, care of the na- Galanthus Byzantinus.........-.--. 124 Economy in decoration. ..-+++e+- 352* 381, 429, 521 ROWE hoo ponannanornbhodonboO 351, 511 Elwesii robustus........-... 124 EdelweiSS.cc.asenienescsisiesise a 46, 159 work of American..... 462 DME MV ES tattle rtettcleisiele 120 gracilis ..... 0... 2+s.eeeeeee Education for the farm and garden, 57 tree plantation in Illinois . 490 —— lkarie.... Egyptian lotus..... .........2+.ees 198 trees in the southern states, —— Imperati.........-2..-2000ee Ehretia acuminata.......cseesecess 274 FE the distribution of some.......... 372 — SATIN SIG istemeneene ellipticanecisitatemteseiaiel!> 283 Yorestry and lumbering........-... 451 AINUKUONL Sie eretetelsteletateteteteaes Mexicana....... 303 Fairmount Park, trees in........... 378 Association, American, an- ——— ochrospeilus..........-.+-.. Eichornia coerulea... ... + 347 Farlow, Dr. W. G., articles by.. 23, 363 nual meeting of............++ 520, 529 Perryi.. crassipes major 347 Farm house in northern California. 132* Building, Columbian Exposi- == ewe ieties of. Elzeagnus hortensis in Dakota...... 528 Farms abandoned..........----.-++ 201 tion; exbibitSinlsee crc emcies cis 350, 380 Galium aristatum....-- ORC bos “Godnenegaangoosce 293 and forests on the Carolina commission of Pennsylvania. Gallaher, Frank M., article by...... 199 PUN EONS Meleiicletsin alelsiaioistaivlelere 203 Foot-hills . 22. .ccsseteee- sens 441, 518 IIO, 250 Galtonia candicans.......ss+.+-se+ 397 umbellatus..........2 263, 293, 469 Farwell, O. A., article by..........- 149 report of the New Garden, a seventeenth century....-. 49 Elzeocarpus photinifolia............ 11 Fatsia horrida ........++..++-+-2+++ 3 Islayenois win adoscoa ose sucqoaooas 109 art and architecture......... 73 Eleutherococcus 233 Japonica congress, the coming....... 251 - autumn in a West Virginia.. 469 Ellwanger & Barry, article from... 299 papyritera .... 22....--ereee 233 exhibit, Michigan........... 479 botanic, at Edinburgh....... 140 Elm, the American.............-... 407 MemCe simatic sci nisiete 482, 502, 512, 520 TH) IME GHESKE soaccannoooneonene 136 English flower.. 5 the cedar or red.....-....... 524 insects sheltered by......... 24 Forests, American coniferous...... 408 hardy flower. See ax8, Dyes, 2775 ETOYS sa6 csnocusa snags 467 STN AAPM OL cle stateic sice niovelnie mmiataleteiete 99 and farms on the Carolina 357 Elm-tree bark borer............2... 76 Ferneries, hardy....-.-.20.-+ecss-- 206 FOOL DIU Sevemntss seeitcatetsiesiater> 441, 518 in a Mexicanenaemeree ett 283 Elms, an avenue of................ 172* Fernow, Dr. B. E., articles by... 34, 147 and the army, the........ 9 S11 in May, the..-.-..-+..+2s+0s 223 Elwes, H. J., article by....- ....... 408 Ferns, cultivation of climatic influence of .......- 147 in Northern ‘California...... 258 Elymus Canadensis... .....s0.000- 15 MM heoBeBonpese ce cooDoG G00 90 37 COWMMMENOWS etceiettelelelsiatsteleseieleie 252 Japanes eine eeerc rete 9, 380 glaucus...... BOdd> sonnBadosHO 338 suitable for house-culture ... 367 - cutting down signorial ...... 332 at the Columbian Ee MSY PUK atale = ele sietalslcleteietefelntere afarsi« 338 Fertilizer farming:............--++.-- 159 destr uction Gis saondod0a eon 402 POSItION..-. eee. ees Sewn en ene aee 369 Emmenanthe pendulifera.........- 55 Fertilizers for small fruits.......... 236 in Germany .. ssano000nK0 Has Missouri botanic. .....60, 339, 509 Endicott, W. E., articles by.-6, 103, 277, Ficus Guadalajarana.........-..... 304 in the Amador, “second- MLGLES siefeilstaletetsteletetertiets SG 407, 457 288, 306, 357, 415, 487 Jina El Gosens oonscHanhosn Sep} HOM NGoas coon udondnongoedo00G 228 —- from a Northern..... 437 Endive, cultivation of...... Pringlei... 304 of Minnesota, suggestions —— October ina West Virginia.. 453 Ephedra antisiphilitica............ SE SOM ce ele etetaielotelslarateteilel-=eeatele 203 from the White Pine ............. of Mr. E. H. Hart, Federal Epidendrum Godseffianum......--. AZeep i bertidisease eee eee eerie 134* of Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park Point, Florida........-....-----s. 31 Mantinianum............-.-- INTE UNS IDOE Gopoq5cn50ce 3 Soc6 14 northern New York ........--...- spring prepare for the... .68 LAGI CANS a clavarce iotelefelemiiciselerels INPSH WoOwehopbancocrccs qcoa0e oftheysouthiseensteiscisccciene students Ate Wartesteleietetee ete » 47s Watsonianum Fisher & Co., article from nauk fone 6 of the White Mountains. . the flower. Sdbonecccsasos Bis%/ Epimedium alpinum, Flannagan, L. C., article by.. : of Wyoming.. the HOCH estate cteteistel siete ists 287 macranthum.. Flora of California,............-... 390 timber production of our. the spring......... .--.--.s 177 MOM. saceq aoncobaqde 220, of Ceylon, handbook to the.. 370 the national government and the water..........-- 207, 290, 347 Sulphuneumieereesittererer ie of New South Wales......... 370 WAS MANNOMANG so5 acxacoodamco canes II the twall dips etelatetetatetsteters 257, 268 Epiphronites Veitchii........--.... 378 of south Arabia ............ 514 was the desolation of central work in August......-..-+++ 337 Epiphyllum truncatum...........-. 19 of West Virginia ............ 128 Tunis caused by the destruction of 48x Gardeners’ certificates, questions to BranthisiCilicicae sce ace teres 3 of the coast dune of Lake Forget-me-nots, seeds, sowing of... 328 be answered by candidates for... 302 » Eremurus robustus 205 WOKE NEI oo popcos sco0 GO Don asadD0 51 Formal gardening.110, 129, 161, 302, 371 Gardenia florida........--.-..-----. 179 Erianthus Ravenne.. ao Floral sicetch-book, the...... -.-- 500 planting in parks.......... -- 37 Gardening at the Columbian Expo- Erica Caffra ... 3 Florists, convention of the Society Fortuine, Dr. H. A., articleby...... 498 SItlOn | .- <5 sles eee ee ett 302, 459 hyemal s.. godsode RanOosa0 Of AMERICAN «6. = -i6e selene =\)-)= «\=\e/=) 359 ~=«- Foster, Prof. M., article by......... 47 @igvenoods cosoomMnosseanacse¢ 157 miclanthera.ces.dcssclosee ea Flower and Fruit Mission, New Fourcoya gigantea . co-operative............-+ pom Shh (Metralixmencnesiscelec WO de ceddacnenonacencn -++ 232, 450 Roezlii.. 00 founialeenieer LIQ, 129, 161, 302, 371% agams ... buds in winter, forcing eres 8r Four-lined leaf- bug Gardens, flower, for children. ..... 278 Erigeron eteromorphus.. garden in spring, the........ 231 France, training ef fruit-trees in... 389 Italian, notes on.... egeZ Eriostemum buon S008 — WMSondaaonopososodoeoae aig” Dabs Sooapscosnadacdooons ecous 280 sur. rounding the Taj Mahal.. 17 Eritrichium nanum. wane cores —_— the English. poadonaDneCS 65 Fraxinus Americana Texensis..... 524 Gentiana acaulis.........---..--.++> 287 Erodium Manescavi..........+ 0.5.5 gardens for-children ........ mes SxS OR 05525 sdoogcudso00c 467 angustifolia. ...-.+..+.0-.--- 382 Eryngium protzeflorum............ market in New York, the,... 160 longicuspis..........-...--.. 274 Craciataleenn eee etter eer 287 Eryngiums, European...... ooo6 HOMES ongnd.s¢ coanos coosno08 232 Man chiGarermcterteseectiie 274 Geranium Balkanum........-- Erythea ormata.........-... 3606 at the Academy of De- potamophila................ 467 maculatum.......-.-..+- edulisneccmtiterrectecier oodo SIBNg oosssdooaspsnooasocoossg coon 83 raibocarpa.. rose, for perfumes. Erythrochzete palmatifida seeds to be sown in July..... 290 rh neophylla sanguineum .....-..+..+-.-. Erythronium albidum.............. show at Rose Hill Nurseries. 107 French, J. D. W., article by.:...... 95 Gerard, J. N., articles by, 9, 16, 22, 31, 43, grandiflorum................ —- at Short Hills, N.J.... 469 schools of hor Hicéltiee eevee 284 55> 57> 69, 92, 102, II5, 125, 136, 157) 1775 Erythroniums, cultivation of....... 267 — in Boston ........ 149, 478 Freylinia cestroides................ 514 186, 197, 207, ax8, 227, 220, 237, 245, 2475 Eucalyptus slebuluey AoadnocososqCor _ ——-— in New York..... 209, 478 Fringe-tree, white....-.....-.....-. 263 257» 207, 274, 288, 296, 308, 315, 328, 338, Eucharis Amazonica.. ed in Philadelphia... 137, 479 Fritillaria acmopetalis. . poops poodae Bys 347+ 350, 357» 377» 395» 407, 410, 426, 434, CEisGCh OE Iosco sonadaodocades OC , of the ew York - AWARE pogqocio2oncoao6 445, 457, 404, 469, 488, 497, 498, 508, 526, grandiflora....... 500 Florists’ Club.. . coagon Tat bifloral gece mee ntsieisineeiee cee £37 WeK laine consosunndscacnsbasy shows and their uses. 130, 408, 508 latitoliaetee eis setert German wine building at the Colum- Eucryphia Billardieri 6 Flowering plants for cool houses... 156 pallidiflora 2 bian Exposition.............--- = 329 WO OX letetetatolsieielsise lees etele OdonlOtmemetsateesere +... 260 PORK ae Gahooda06 bans Germantown, streets of..... panoseaa Sy: pinnatifolia.............. Flowers, a bunch of meadow...... 352* MAGA sosdo wooo GdadaodbaD the Meehan nurseries and the Eulalia gracillima univitatia....... 338 annuals for cut.......... ... 116 GIS Sheree eet baad trees\/Of yee. lela porn By/a JTC Reoo5 sooeanee oDbodoac 320 autumn blooming of spring, dial ozo tollialereratretetetoteletetetetstetete Gesneras, summer “cultivation of... 275 — variegata..........+-- 338 417, 430 Whhittallliiescveretsleleteralerei-t= Geum trifloruimy. oe cies le salen 257 Ze DNA er tlecielleteebiet 338 INKSconoane qnoSsoocodednoDD oC nos) MADEVIEG)se5 sé cbse90 006 Ghent, duinquenni? ‘exhibition at... 204 Eulophiella Elisabethze..... 89, 204, 294 cut, how to preserye......... 322 hardiness of Ray Ginger-beer plant...---....-...-.-. 50 Eupatorium ageratioides........... 283 ———— Asters: ere ccen Me 160 Frost, effect of in North Carolina... 74 Gin GKO-teSs extol ete elainimtnletslalelaleta slate - 473 Beran yo sodonatodooods. 300 FAV ONC temic erence net 46 ~=Fruit ‘decay Ss, an observation on. 342 Ginseng, cultivation of............. ee COAST pecs ondsos30500055 for cutting in winter......... 506 exports, Californian......... . 138 the American -leneerereii-isl= riparium.......... forcing in winter.... 81, 117, 141 IBIS, GVA SondnasonanHedo 170 +-Girdled pear-tree restored by ae Euphorbia fulgens hardy .... 22, 33, 90, 136, 139, 152, new types Osaoosacsnouss pecs 206 Mogan odapbtauenoIS SopHSHOdoneD8s 93* Ipecacuanhee........0.-.---- 330 150, 170, 177, 186, 192, 197, 200, 207, 200, phosphate for............... 12U Giakoll early flowerney malas als (ols abet 368 jacquinizeflora............ Ch EB 210, 217, 218, 227, 237, 245, 246, 247, 257, thinning of.. 9 900 20 French..... wiexarele + 379 Polen maie SeSdondesocs 8, 3 506 267, 274, 277, 280, 287, 288, 206, 304, 306, trees for road-side planting, handiyseettleeeeets ponoeoesooes 257 splendens.........-.-+.. 32 307, 315, 328, 377, 387, 395, 397, 497 C)[AOMONS WO 005 sson0s sobonbe aca 190 Wy brid o oe teleenialateletetetelese ea HUrOpe, notes ofa ‘summer journey Tha JARVIS noo grgne cooeoeddaKoS 124 French.. -. 389 Gladiolus, Bowiensis..... sesee- 368 paOICO=SaguddenUOaNHOO an 4, 14, 62, 140 of the Riviera. .. . 174 girdled by mice. 93 Papilio Gandavensis. non BEG} ouadee Polvandrayevciesisteiwtes lees 52 preservation of 470 pruning ...... 4 Brenchleyensis.........-. nou Sis) Eurotia Janata...........+-.- b4 b 5 seasonable..... 118, 160, 186, 520 Spedeennbever Obtiooe5 506500 160 ramosus, hybrids of. . 368 Eyal APOMICalecatrisin ste nletelola late crore 88 spring, at Short Hills, N. J... 247. Fruits atColumbian Exposition, 239, 270, oppositiflorus......... see 446 Eityaleteroxpe seine eesisieieeisiieieere 434 the love of Japanese tor par- 309, 358, 398, 399, 409, 419 sulphureus......... Boppao Se Eustoma silenifolium.. + 514 ticularsiecied-ssst nec er tee stent 50 cultivation of, in Texas.. 298 Wi CtORIAI IS) yejarmio\arelois etoile emer Evergreens, transplanting. see+ 400 the names of garden panconen 25 failure of promising varieties Glass, substitutes for. bo Ge) Evodia ruteecarpa........- pom See the use of, in ceremonies..., 282 @esn09 o0c00d bhAdS9 OnUnDoSOGUdGUaGe 2 Gleditsia Japonica. . + 163% Evonymus alatus.. ° 142 — wild............... 257, 268, 3514 in North Dakota, two wild .. 368 Gloxinia crassifolia, summer ‘culti- American and. European. . 45 —— at exhibitions......... 460 late ornamental.............. 507 WEWOINOisadse HesacodonoOSCKoascon Bs Europzeus Hamiltonianus. . 142 —— how to know....-. ... 189 ME Wa tLOPlCalaterstelelelafalereislels/alsiare 160 — SPECLOSAM seis = 6) sinleiatetitee etait 33 JAPO MOCO onceosodéiodnoosoce ——— INUMAG ce tastier 273 IRiSSiamisistelteletetaieratste 374, 409, 490 Gloxinias, cultivation of............ 33 macropterus.. Ja De00R Ob Almenicatenecietlrere 199 small, in Indiana ........... 346 diseases of........... 90) 48) Nipponicus......... 2... the re-appearance of.. 219 stone, at the Columbian Ex- Gnaphalium lavandulaceum.. 243 oxyphyllus. . Flushing, Long Island, trees in..... 382 POMMIMNsccoddscabs, dossogosgdesne 398 Gonzalia glabra............ Basses e303 Exacum macranthum .... : Foliage, color of, in spring......... 209 two unappreciated.......... 336 Goodyera pubescens............ 34, 314 Excoecaria Japonica......-......+.- 3 Forage-plant, a new... ...---. 392, 428 wild in southern California.. 313 Gooseberries, cultivation of, in Exhibition, Boston chrysanthemum, 478 Foreign plants, how they came to Fuchsia procumbens..........-... 179 Indiana‘.).consBCUneduened 371 Jacobinia magmnifica................ 68 for winter keeping.......... 10 Henshaw, Samuel, articles by. 197, 3097, of useful plants, experimental Jack, J. G., articles by......4, 14, 62, 1 34 —— ovafting.........esseee ee eeee 170 407 Wade nn, WtSoqnccocasseeuosdoognod 261 140, 196, 226, 245, 265, 286, 314, 3545 ardiness of....-......-..... 210 Herbaceous plants, hardy..... 377, 391 ~~ Incarvillea Delavayi...............- 267 419, 436, 446, 455, 467, 492, so7. ey in North Carolina, cultivation Heuchera sanguinea.. 156, 287, 316, 395 Index Kewensis ................-.. 306 Japan, forest flora of........ 26, 38%, s1* 2 sOagt oat OO EAD wooBaanocsad 300, 374 Hibiscus Moscheutos of agricultural literature of 64%, 75%, 88, r11*, rar, 142%, 153% 62%. Munson’s seedling.........- 375 Hicoria myristiczeformis... . Maine.... . RbOrS CO 2000 OP OEEOOdO no eV) 193*, 213%, 233%, 253, 273, 292", 293k. Hitstcll Sav Ubillstejetatateheletel=letelctetelaa-l-Ve 96 ee Gatinetiemelerenttistts Indian Currant, the fruits of........ 507 342*, 363%, 383%, 403, 442%, 473, ieee under glass, cultivation of HA omaygy NiUItM © Ota, - alaletateelieterelnielelsiete Indiana, small fruits in............. 346 524*, 532. cia 326, 475 Hieracium Pilosella................ 290 _— Insects, legislation against .......69, 4or dwarfing plants in........... 373 Meera Ose Ly iain cinreicieis cinseisie siaie s eiie'e e/a 427 ighlands of New Jersey .......... 491 Inula grandiflora.........6+..-..-. 404% Mr. Parsons’ pictures of .... 127 HANIA S ilatelaleletel isla a\alel=!slarele'=(a1= 170 Hilgard, Prof. E. W., article by.... 463 Ipomoea fistulosa ............-...-- 514 Japanese Horticulture at the Co- INGKhi@o i eigagsonoeosdeg | Beedoo 338 Hill, B.J., articles by.... 15, 51, 94, 1575 ——— Mexicana... 29 +. 267 lumbian Exposition. ++ee0e0e+369, 380 seed for lawns. -.........- dee 427 178, 188 pandurata. «. 267 nursery practice........... ie bee Grasses ....-....-.-...+.00-2.---e+- 338 | Holmes, Thomas, articles by.. 132, 308 SMM ccc co octnpagsaecouone 514 Oaks cse% ota eae te 385 on the coast dune of Lake Hingham, Massachusetts, history trilobayse sce Rae iccnay kek, yey trees in Rhode Island ....... 468 BUinGHnoaMeteestctasai sce sicwiecseiee OTS OLN pectin conn seoreosnn 400... Lbristalatat stamens... a:ialaeicie 43> 457 Wax-treed, sujeticeace ae ee aes Gray Asa, Letters Of... 0.0... e 539 Hippeastrum procerum.... ....... 326 amoena, hybrids of .........- 18 wineberry ....... Greenhouse, a summer.........---. 176 Hogg, Thomas, death of........... 24 AME ncas cdo oec00hoood Jatropha Berlandieri.... exhibits at the Columbian Ex- Holland, treatment of waste landsin 110 atrofusca 5 Stun Glosaessee seen ea nee nee MAO SMLO Ueto leletela)=inleleiele\=)s\ele«iels\s\elai+/«)= = 448 Hollies, hardy evergreen........... 196 AUC Ae rteiiantetaes wats a0 eEniChO LOSES sme) serene eee eee PETS ceoodpesonuee TI5, 179, 397 Holly, American, transplanting of.. 138 bracteata Johnson, Dr. Laurence, death of.... winter-flowering...... 530 Hollyhocks, double, cultivation of.. 315 Bismarckiana............... 220 Johnson’s Gardeners’ Dictionary... — preparation for winter, WWANELENS CATE: Obici oictereielereretyiotes,¢ 407 Bosniacze........-. - ---. 267 Jones, Beatrix, article by s 337, 307,477. Home-grounds, planting of......... 471 Caroliniana......... «.-. 32, 334% harles L., article by 68 KEPAIIN Of. A eu on eesl-s =~ 375 Honeysuckle, Hall’s Japanese..... 446 (CAICR ENGR oocco4s Boognctanacs | © Prot. L. R., article by ....... 207 RyOuhe reese aaelsici-ieeiete-1- 15000 Honeysuckles, climbing... 314, 507 Cengualttiemtessa-tatesetmmciel 227 Juglans Californicas...--.5-.5.-... 313 Greenhouses, small 92, 526 Martane aelclrdslaeie siete slate cteisl ove 240 Chamizeintsamertie ciclo cere 18, 227 COndifonmismesteee ee eeeeeen 342 Greiner, T., articles by.....288, 447, 516 Hop Hornbeam..................++ 383 Ghistatabemmetett srt 32, 227, 257, 268 IMexicanaly isc soe ete ee 3 Grevillea robusta............ 56, 389, 520 Horsford, F. H., articles by..33, 47, 56 CWE nor occocosebo dese 60 32, 268 LEST a ete aise see eee Grewia parviflora, the fruits of..... 507 82, 197, 267, 296, 367, 437, 518 —. Cypriana.......... .......0 NUPESitis peeee cree eeee Grey, Robert M., articles by 105, 169, | Horticultural Building of the Colum- Douglasiana ............. Sieboldiana .. 258, 269 bian Exposition, plant effects in ensata biglumis ...... ...... Junebernyremesssteenes Griffinia hyacinthina.............-. 296 Eve memmetccatoteiciniciete senteiecrec tials 349* Ambriatamereericie ne elec adwarkrctnssssceeee ea eee Grindelif& inuloides. ......... 36 of the Columbian Ex- MVorentinalpetettetels<)=1* <-1e!=!s junipers, fruiting of Groundsel-tree, the fruits of...... . 508 position, the front esplanade of - —— foetidissima................. Juniperus Chinensis Grub, the white, in lawns........ 357, 369 IN@o oaccabdaccsaciecossacnudaooTe do 379 Germanicamerrnensse css os communis Grubs and seeds in greenhouse soil, Congress at the Columbian — ENS) Soce Sonncoae conferta i@ isl | of CopeeeecsosoeeNeE pbaboccoe 427 FEXPOSition. 2. cco. c eee esesace + 359 ——— Amas...... cgood Seog ac rigida .... Gueyina Ayellana. ... - 534 education in France..... 214, 284 —— macrantha .... . Sabina Guiacum angustifolium....... . 283 exhibit at the Columbian Ex- —- semperflorens ........ —— Virginiana _ Guillot, Jean Baptiste, death of...... 410 DOSMMO ioc opoden9scunas ceooos 271, 382 —— gigantea .................--- _ Gustavia pterocarpa............-... Hallin Philadelphia, destruc- SramMinedpattete cep eisceyae __ Gypsophila cerastioides OYA IH? HVS Sos soond losoodeed soqde 250 Ear twe iter cie)aters/-ielelel=ielertsreis = KEPCUS. <5 < vasa sechpotseuaun 287 Society, general............. 370 hexagona ..........+ k Raddiana..............+. ss. 90 of Wayne, Pa....... - 84 UDESC ccidcooondeconoecouge05 Gypsy moth, destruction of........ 69 Row Allesoscococeces 112, 387 lacustris... Kalanchoe carnea ...............0. 93 Western New York, — Jevigata .......... 2. cee ee Kaitsuxas)|aponicaseeepicne eee nees 75 PEEVE Oho nogasconccuecoeddcas 57, 70° Longin etal avarice stlietislsisi- Katydids, injury to cranberries by. 84 Horticulture and birds.........-... 58 WGorte timrectetiterads iel-leleisiere Kentia) Horsterianaa.ce see eeneeen. “e+ 104 Hi at the Columbian Exposition, 341, usitani Gamelan! = sfelertelest=\e 369, 399 Mad oniiamemeteesasio ccs neers Habenaria carnea............. 394, 485 in Belgium........ boo) eccand 353 MMRAGEINSS ccsdno seocconade MAGA pateteleersls wiele ole alslate aclaiie 34 in France......- eoousscodo005 124 | ——— Missouriensis............... GiIEI ZV conodoadne seu OoesGeE 34 Japanese, at the Columbian Monniermyjserice.)| 2-1 Aat4 73208) ee ————— CULL Nlal.e = cise eieenenoceenen tee — fimbriata.. 34 JDSGeORMNO Mo sooocn0+ sAco -ooNnoodoE 369 morzeoides..........0.6 500007) loneicollisi tase ceeceeeeeeeees IPSVCOUES mewiveicicnic oecivenese ay eee technical instruction in...... 214 neglecta, hybrids of......... 18 mOd estaeaiaeenenieseete eee Heemanthus multiflorus............ 296 | Hoskins, T. H., articles by..30, 374, 526 - INepalensispmece ser cocicerccice 55 Natalensis RAMS WINEUS) vecineieieinie vee alt 296 MHot-bed, care of.........-........-. 180 = ——— LEWNElssusoonopcsoogAe| 55 Nelsoni _ Halesia, a new name for the genus. 433, Hough, Romeyn B., article by...... 93 ochroleuca pauciflora ...... 463, 486, 518 House-plants.. .84, 102, 103, 115, 157, 416 ——Olbiensis ....... . Keeberlinia spinosa 4 (Caeliine snoececeanscosoousud Zev! Houstonia ccerulea.........- ...-.. 257 Oncocyclus Kolreuteniashenceccemacece neeeeeee — —— diptera..........0-....seee es 434 Hovenia dulcis............142, 300, 377 Orchioidespresie cece eck Korameria ramosissima pi Wee AMNeensteele+ senate = eter 70 kuch leberntes;) white cass «<= cla\-c1-=1= 363 OGLeEMmtAalis eemetrisleiee= alleles 267 Krameria secundiflora.... IAB VIMLOL A elcivie) aie ernie \eie'eiaiasic/s 434 Hudsonia tomentosa.............0+ 51 oxysepala .---...-.........2. 238 Kraus, Prof., paper by —— tetraptera .......... 249, 273, 434 Humulus Japonicus variegatus..... 346 Alli aeentefelteisieiiattelsiieitels 050238 Kum uat irl ieee asiscieeeeeciennn 2 ~ the use of the generic name. 433, Hunn, C. E., articles by...167, 187, 197, i 3¢ 403 Ser ; 227, 417 ‘ vy. Mohrodendron ........... 486 Hunnemania fumarizefolia......... 424 —s S) Hallophytes ..........-.........-... 433 Hunnewell, H. H., article by....... 228 L Halsted, Prof. Byron D., articles by 78, honorary degree con- 134, 342, 508 PEGE GNU OMejelalelela!slelelelelslaleia) Be _ Pansies, seeds, sowing of.......... 328 Picrasma ailanthoides.............. 112 second crop of .......... S5GO Lk eam pinnatifida ........-... 384 2 strains of....... .. 208 guassioides.................. 112 Potentilla glabra ............0s0e004 140 Durandii. .............. 372, 524 —— tufted..... - . 315 Pike’s Peak, botanical aspect of.... 452 grandiflora......sssscsse sees 156 ERO LEE UNE Pees OSCR ORCL Oa 203 Papaver alpinum.............-. 156, 287 Pinaropappus roseus. ...........-. 283 tridentataleemectencnete ene 3) Se Sia ie See 3s @laucum).....-6--.2s0-.5- 246, 288 Pineapples, cultivation of .......... 479 Powell, E. P., articles by ee 10, 45, 168, eee ee ape peeicaule.. pocedce 156, 2579 ae 373. ~+FPine, the Table Mountain .......... 204 244, 307 SlAUCA wees ee ee eens ween ee eee 385 OMentalresccicece ese . 288 White, for lumber........... mo6) Pratt; HG. article byser---- += - 28 ARE ECU! cog ge0 220021. 385 BebepAaWetcees).¢cc i= eececesse-- es ee yoo forests of Minnesota.. 348 Preparatory autumn work ...... HMacedonica BEE SIOS IO SII) _ Paphinia grandiflora. goreooooocoKKds 484 in Pennsylvania...... 160 _ Pribyloff Islands, plants on the Muhtee ica Eades: in Central Park............ 241 f plantation of.......... 69 Price, Miss S. F., articles by..... u aeaberse Paraguay, enumeration of plants Pines in October, the............... 443 Pri imroses as house-plants.......... Schochiana. a Baliected by Dr. Thomas Mist ong, 340 late summer in the... ...... 382 teats ban nob aaa anenneeree serrata........+.+ , 0 Parish, S. B., Petree by.. Sacoig Zins) summer in the,.............. 314 Chinese at the Columbian undulata Gambelii...-......- 452 Park, a glor ‘ified. ....+ sie siciee me 205 true, fruiting of............. 492 Mainsastasene Nn oa gy variabilis..... pease es ae 385 Algonquin ‘eoscano afer \WWAN Ws 65 66505 goscooo Hn Primula calycantha. 90 Virginiana, Chelsea Planta- . Central, military par: rades in. 24x Pinetum at Dropmore, England.. 14 capitata.... 305 tion, Beaufort County, S.C....... 2 the GES) OM oAosadoce 331 at West Chester, “Pennsyl- Chinese ck cocks =p Quince, INELOBVG PINS Sscerseanoness 420 Mount Royal, Montreal...... 523 Waa. WKS Seascceacsonoosvecuedesc - Gentteulatay pectretelcieisicls/steiee/ 367, 416, 477 Wine Building, German, at the Co- lumbian Exposition............... 329 Winterberries, the fruits of......... 507 Winter care of hardy plants........ 497 decoration, plants for...... 18, 141 flowering plants........18, 80, 426 —- woody plants..... soee 68 flowers in,.... JANUARY 18, 1893.] generally followed the example of these early travelers and included these plants in the flora of Japan. Indeed, itis only very recently that it has been possible to travel freely in all parts of the empire and to study satisfactorily the char- acter and distribution of its flora. The list of Chinese and Corean trees cultivated in Japan, and usually enumerated in Floras of the empires, includes Magnolia conspicua, M. parvifolia, M. Watsoni, Ster- culia platinifolia, Cedrela Chinensis, Zizyphus vulgaris, Koelreuteria paniculata, Sapindus Mukirosi, Acer trifidum, Rhus vernicifera, Sophora Japonica,* Prunus Mume, Pyrus Sinensis, Crataegus cuneata, Eriobotrya Japonica, Liquid- ambar Formosana (Maximowiczii), Cornus officinalis, Diospyros Kaki, and probably D. Lotus, Chionanthus retusa, Paulownia imperialis, Catalpa Kampferi, Lindera strych- nifolia, Ulmus parvifolia, Thuja orientalis, Ginkgo biloba, Podocarpus Nageia, P. macrophylla and Pinus Koraiensis. If these species, twenty-nine in number, are deducted from Professor Gray’s enumeration, there will remain 139 species in fifty-three genera, ora smaller number of both genera and species than he credited to eastern America. This, however, does not alter the fact that the Japanese region for its area is unsurpassed in the number of trees which inhabit its forests. Indeed, the superiority of the forests of Japan in the num- ber of their species over those of every other temperate region, eastern North America included, in proportion to their area, has certainly never been fully stated as, perhaps, I shall be able to show, having lately returned from a somewhat extended journey through the northern and central islands, undertaken for the purpose of studying Japanese trees, in their relations to those of North America. The case, perhaps, can best be stated by following Professor Gray’s method and making a new census of the inhab- -itants of the Japan-Manchurian forests and of those of eastern America, as these two regions extend through nearly the same degrees of latitude and possess somewhat similar climates, although Japan has the advantage of a more equally distributed rainfall and a more equable cli- mate, and offers a far more broken surface than eastern America, with mountains twice the height of any of the Appalachian peaks. As the true Atlantic forest extends west to the eastern rim of the midcontinental plateau, the American region, for purposes of proper comparison, may be extended to the western limit of the Atlantic tree-growth, although this will add to the American side of the accounta few genera and species of Texas, like Koeberlinia, Ungnardia, Parkin- sonia, Prosopis, Acacia, Chilopsis, and Pithecolobium, which Professor Gray certainly did not include in the enu- meration from which his deductions were made. Thesouth Florida species are again omitted, and, as in Zhe Silva of North America, those plants are considered trees which grow up with a single stem. In eastern North America, that is in the whole region north of Mexico and east of the treeless plateau of the centre of the continent, but exclusive of south Florida, 223 species of trees, divided among 133 genera, are now known. ‘The Japan-Manchurian region includes eastern Manchuria, the Kurile Islands, Saghalin, and the four great Japanese islands, but for our purpose does not include the Loochoo group, which, although it forms a part of the Japanese empire politically, is tropical and subtropical in the character of its vegetation, which, moreover, is still imperfectly understood. In this narrow * Even Rein (Zhe Industries of Fapan), usually a most careful obseryer, states that Sophora Japonica is ‘“‘ scattered through the entire country, especially in the foliaceous forests of the north.” He had evidently confounded Sophora with Maackia, a common and widely spread tree, especially in Yezo. Sophora, which is only seen occasionally in gardens, does not appear to be a particularly popular plant with the Japanese. + A number of shrubs, familiar in western gardens, and usually supposed to be Japanese, from the fact that they were first known in Japan or first sent from that country, are also Chinese or Corean, and in Japan are only found in gardens or in the neighborhood of habitations. Among them are Clematis patens, Magnolia stellata, M. oboyata, Berberis Japonica, Citrus Japonica, Prunus tomentosa, P. Japonica, Spiraea Thunbergii, Rhodotypos kerrioides,Cercis Chinensis or Japonica, _Enkianthus Japonicus, Forsythia suspensa, Olea fragrans, Tecoma grandiflora, Daphne Genkwa, Edgworthia papyriftera, Wikstroemia Japonica. Nandina do- mestica, the most universally cultivated ornamental plant in Japan, is probably not a Japanese plant, although Rein states thatit grows wild in Shikoku. Garden and Forest. 27 eastern border of Asia there are now known 241 arborescent species divided among ninety-nine genera. The extra Japanese portion of the region contributes but little to the enumeration. In Saghalin, Fr. Schmidt * found only three trees which donot inhabit Yezo, andin Manchuria, accord- ing to Maximowiczf and Schmidt,{ there are only eighteen trees which do not also occur in Saghalien or in the north- ern Japanese islands. In the four islands of Yezo, Hondo, Shikoku and Kyushu, therefore, we now find 220 arbor- escent species divided among ninety-nine genera, or only three less than occur in the immense territory which ex- tends from Labrador to the Rio Grande and from theshores of the Atlantic to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Neither Cycas revoluta nor Trachycarpus (Chamzrops) ex- celsa is included in the Japanese list, as the best observers appear to agree in thinking that these two familiar plants are not indigenous to Japan proper. I have omitted, more- over, a few doubtful species from the Japan enumeration, like Fagus Japonica, Maxm., and Abies umbellata, Mayr, of which I could learn nothing in Japan, so that it is more probable that the number of Japanese trees will be increased than that any addition will be made to the silva of eastern America. The proportion of trees to the whole flora of Japan is re- markable, being about 1 to 10.14, the number of indigenous flowering plants and vascicular cryptogams being not very far from 2,500 species. Still more remarkable is the large proportion of woody plants to the whole flora. In Japan proper there are certainly not less than 325 species of shrubs, or 550 woody plants in all, or one woody plant in every 4.55 of the whole flora—a much larger percentage than occurs in any part of North America. The segregation of arborescent species in Japan is, how- ever, the most striking feature in the silva of that country. This is most noticeable in Yezo, where probably more species of trees are growing naturally in a small area than in any other one place outside the tropics. Near Sapparo, the capital of the island, in ascending a hill which rises only 500 feet above the level of the ocean, I noticed the following trees : Magnolia hypoleuca, M. Kobus, Cercidiphyllum Japonicum, Tilia cordata, T. Miqueliana, Phellodendron Amurense, Picrasma ailanthoides, Evonymus Europzus, var. Hamil- tonianus, Acer pictum, A. Japonicum, A. palmatum, Rhus semi-alata, R. tricocarpa, Maackia Amurensis, Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, P. Ssiori, P. aucuparia, Pyrus Toringo, P. alnifolia, Hydrangea paniculata, Aralia spinosa, var. canes- cens, Acanthopanax ricinifolia, A. sciadophylloides, Cornus macrophylla, Syringa Japonica, Fraxinus Mandshurica, F. longicuspis, Clerodendron trichotomum, Ulmus campestris, U. montana, var. laciniata, Morus alba, Juglans Sieboldiana, Betula alba, B. alba, var. Tauschii, B. alba, var. verrucosa, B. Ermanni, B. Maximowicziana, Alnus incana, Carpinus cordata, Ostrya Japonica, Quercus crispula, Q. grosseser- rata, Castanea vulgaris, Populus tremula, Picea Ajanensis, Abies Sachaliensis—forty-six species and varieties. Within five miles of this hill also grow Acer spicatum, var. Kurun- duense, A. Tartaricum, var. Ginnala, Styrax Obassia, Apha- nanthe aspera, Quercus dentata, Q. glandulifera, Alnus Japonica, Salix subfragilis, S. Caprea, S. stipularis, S. acuti- folia, S. viminalis and Populus suaveolans—in all sixty- two species and varieties, or more than a quarter of all the trees of the empire crowded into an area only a few miles square, in the latitude of northern New England in the whole of which north of Cape Cod there are only about the same number of trees, A further examination of the trees of the two countries shows that, although the Japan-Manchurian region pos- sesses more arborescent species than eastern America, the silva of the latter is much richer in genera—132, to ninety- nine in Japan-Manchuria. Forty-four genera have arbor- escent species in the two regions; forty-five genera with Japanese representatives have none in the flora of eastern America, and thirty-seven genera represented in the Ameri- can flora do not appear in that of Japan. A few genera, * Reisen in Anurland. + Prim. Fl. Amur. tL. C, 28 Garden and Forest. five in eastern America and seven in Japan, are repre- sented by trees in one region and by shrubs only in the other. Of endemic arborescent genera the silva of eastern America contains Asimina, Kcoeberlinia, Cliftonia, Ungnar- dia, Robinia, Cladrastis, Pinckneya, Oxydendrum, Halesia, Sassafras, Planera, Hicoria and Taxodium, thirteen, while in Japan there are only six—Euptelia, Cercidiphyllum, Tro- codendron, Platycarya, Cryptomeria and Sciadopitys. Such a comparison between the silvas of eastern America and Japan is interesting as showing the great number of arborescent species inhabiting four small islands. The sig- nificant comparison, however, if it can ever be made, will be between eastern America, as here limited, and all of eastern Asia from the northern limits of tree-growth to the tropics, and from the eastern rim of the Thibetan plateau to the eastern coast of Japan. This would include Corea, practically an unexplored country botanically, especially the northern portions, and all the mountain-ranges of west- ern China, a region, if it is to be judged from the collec- tions made there in recent years, far richer in trees than Japan itself. It is impossible to discuss with precision or with much satisfaction the distribution of ligneous plants of the north temperate zone until more is known of western China and of Corea, where may be sought the home of many. plants now spread through eastern China and Japan, and where alone the enterprising and industrious collector may now hope to be rewarded with new forms of ligneous vegetation. Ge SoS New or Little-known Plants. Salix balsamifera. MONG the shrubby Willows of eastern America there is, perhaps, not one more desirable as a garden-plant than this species, of which a figure from a drawing made by Mr. Faxon in the Arnold Arboretum, is published on page 29 of this issue. Salix balsamifera is a stout much-branched shrub, grow- ing, under favorable conditions, to the height of eight or ten feet, forming clumps of some size, and conspicuous from the lustrous young shoots which on the side exposed to the sun are bright chestnut-brown. The leaves are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, two to four inches in length, acute or acuminate, broadly rounded and usually some- what cordate at the base, slightly glandular-serrate, and long-stalked ; when they appear they are thin, nearly trans- parent, and bright red, but later become thick and rigid, dark green on the upper, and pale and prominently reticulate-veined on the lower surface. The stipules are minute or abortive. The flower-clusters are borne on slen- der leafy stalks. The male flowers are thickly clothed with pale silky hairs, and are conspicuous from the rose-colored scales and from the anthers, which are at first red, but later become bright yellow. The female aments, which are from two to two and a half inches in length, are less silky, and become lax in fruit. Salix balsamifera inhabits open swamps; it is scattered along the northern borders of the United States from Maine to Minnesota, and extends north into British America. The history of this plant, as told by Mr. M.S. Bebb in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (xv., 122), is interest- ing. In the spring of 1879, in looking over the collection of Willows in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, he discovered a few leaves which had been collected in the White Mountains more than half a century before. The label read: “Salix ? Bank of Ammonoosuc, White Hills, N. H., H. Little, August, 1823.” This fragmentary specimen he recognized as Salix balsami- fera, and realized that it was the earliest collection of the species, as the specimens of the English collectors, Drum- mond and Richardson, made in British America, upon which the species was founded, were made later, as were the specimens from which Andersson, the Swedish botanist, described his Salix pyrifolia, which is only another name for Salix balsamifera. [NUMBER 256. Mr. Bebb communicated his discovery to Mr. Pringle, who was at that time particularly interested in the flora of the White Mountains. In company with C. E. Faxon, Pringle scoured the banks of the Ammonoosuc for Little’s Willow, but without success. After having given up the hunt and returned to the Crawford House, they accident- ally stumbled on the missing plant growing on the banks of the Saco River, not five minutes’ walk from the hotel, where for the last fifty years it had remained unnoticed. A fortnight later, Mr. Edwin Faxon ‘‘succeeded in finding another clump of females on the south branch of the Am- monoosuc, about three-quarters of a mile from Mr. Prin- gle’s habitat, and a very fine clump of males on the east branch of the same stream, about four miles further north, very near the railroad to the Fabyan House, at the base of Mount Washington.” In subsequent years Mr. Edwin Faxon detected this plant in a number of localities in the White Mountains, especially in the neighborhood of Franconia, where ‘‘it is common in and around the large swamps.” In 1880, Salix balsamifera was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly established, the two sexes flowering freely every year, and where it is one of the most beautiful and distinct of the shrubby Willows in the collection. (ORS Sy, Foreign Correspondence. London Letter. UrcrocHaRis CLIBRANI AND Biceneric Hysrips.—The pro- duction of a genuine hybrid from two plants recognized as members of distinct genera is an occurrence of some in- terest, both to botanists and cultivators. The last case of this kind is that of Urceocharis Clibrani, the history of which is as follows: In July last, Messrs. Clibran & Son, of Altrincham, Cheshire, exhibited; under the name of Eucharis Clibrani, flowers which they said were from a plant raised by them from Eucharis grandiflora and Urceo- lina aurea. The flowers attracted little notice at the time, but a few weeks later, Dr. Masters published in the Gar- deners’ Chronicle a figure and description of Messrs, Cli- brans’ plant, which he had renamed as above, the generic name being a compound of that of the two parents. A few days ago Messrs. Clibran sent flowers of the plant to Kew for examination, and Mr. Baker is satisfied that it is a hy- brid from the two parents named. ‘The general habit of the plant appears to be like that of the Eucharis, the leaves being as large, the scape stout and eighteen inches long, bearing an umbel of eight flowers. In the flowers, how- ever, we get some evidences of the Urceolina, the lower part of the tube being slender, the upper urceolate or cam- panulate, and the segments recurved at the tip. As a gar- den-plant this hybrid is likely to prove useful, the flowers being pure white, graceful, three inches long and two inches across the mouth. The buds are white, with green tips. The plants appear to bloom freely and frequently, Messrs. Clibran having had them in flower in July, August, and again in December. The question arises, Are we to accept the Urceocharis as a genuine bigeneric hybrid, or to look upon it as conclu- sive evidence that the parents belong to one genus? Dean Herbert held the view that bigeneric hybrids were impos- sible, the occurrence of so-called hybrids being presump- tive evidence that botanists had been mistaken with regard to the genera concerned. The only other recorded case in Amaryllidacee is that of Cyrtanthus hybridus, which was bred in the garden of Sir Trevor Lawrence, from Cyrtanthus sanguineus and Val- lota purpurea. Mr. N. E. Brown, of Kew, who described and named this plant in 1885, and whose knowledge of Cape plants is probably unsurpassed, said of it, “I think this plant can scarcely be claimed as an example of a hybrid between two distinct genera, but rather as proving a view that I have held for some time, namely, that Cyrtan- thus and Vallota are not really distinct genera, but merely ee ee ee ee ee ae ae ee ae JANUARY 18, 1893.] different types of form belonging to the same genus, just as one finds in many other genera, as, for example, in Rho- dodendron, Lilium, Erica, Gentiana, Pelargonium, etc.” Viewing the Urceocharis from this standpoint, we are, I think, forced to the conclusion that Urceolina and Eucharis belong to one and the same genus. The diagnosis of the two as set forth by botanists, including Mr. Baker, shows that there is very little difference between them; far less Garden and Forest. 29 He follows Dr. Masters in designating these hybrids by compounding for them the names of the two parents, such as Phaio-calanthe, Lelio-cattleya, Sophro-cattleya, Zygo- colax, etc. No one acquainted with Lelias and Cattleyas would object to their being united to form one genus, and Sophronitis might, with equal reason, be included with them, these three genera being, confessedly, very closely allied. Calanthe Veitchii was a supposed bigeneric hybrid Fig. 5.—Salix balsamifera.—See page 28. than we find between, say, some of the species of Cyrtan- thus, Narcissus or Hippeastrum. Urceolina itself, as now constituted, is made up of three species, one of which is almost everywhere known as Pentlandia miniata. The “bigeneric” hybrids already recorded are very few, most of them being Orchids. Mr. Rolfe has dealt with the Orchids in a paper which he read before the Linnzan So- ciety in 1887, afterward published in the society’s journal. until Bentham showed that Calanthe vestita and Limatodes rosea, its parents, not only belonged to the same genus, but were closely allied species. Phajus and Calanthe are very near allies, if we compare such species as Phajus ve- ratrifolius with Calanthe masuca, etc., the botanists’ opinion, notwithstanding. Philageria Veitchii, the offspring of Philesia and Lapa- geria, only proves what might easily have been admitted 30 without such proof—namely, that the two plants belong really to one genus. The whole system of classification is admittedly arbi- trary, and the division of plants into genera is necessarily often only a temporary arrangement, to be reconsidered when more is known. In England we keep the genera Aloe, Gasteria and Haworthia distinct, but many Conti- nental botanists unite them under Aloe. We have a plant at Kew, Aloe Lynchii, which is the product of a Gasteria crossed with an Aloe. In England this is a bigeneric hy- brid, elsewhere it is not. As arule, however, the boot is on the other leg, Continental schools being the “ splitters,” English the “lumpers.” I know of seedlings which are the result of crossing Amaryllis Belladonna with Vallota purpurea. Should these prove genuine hybrids, we must, to be consistent, unite the Belladonna Lily with the Vallota, and these again with Cyrtanthus. To those who believe in bigeneric hybrids, this is a “rather large order,” and yet any one who knows the genus Cyrtanthus must agree that it comprises plants that are remarkably like both the Vallota and Amaryllis. It would simplify matters if botanists would look upon the intercrossing of two plants as conclusive proof of their generic relationship. Of course, the converse of the above argument does not hold good—namely, that plants which refuse to intercross are therefore, zpso facto, generically dis- tinct. We have tried again and again to cross certain plants of undoubtedly the same genus, such as Begonia, Crinum, Nymphezea, Rhododendron, etc., but have never succeeded. Failure in such cases is, no doubt, due to some slight difference, constitutional or other, and certainly not to any such structural differences as those upon which all ood genera are based. Soe W. Watson. Cultural Department. Late-keeping Pears. N the matter of keeping, pears have their own ways, not only as to the length of time they may be kept after gather- ing without decay, but also as to the time of gathering them with a view to keeping. I know of no apple that is not better ripened on the tree. With pears the rule is almost, if not quite absolutely, the reverse, although there are a number of sum- mer and fall pears that do not rotat the core before their ma- turity for eating. Persons not informed of the peculiarities of pears in this particularare apt at once to condemn a sort which does not ripen well on the tree, retaining its soundness and flavor. I remember quite well when Clapp’s Favorite was first brought prominently into notice, and a great many trees were sold about Boston at high prices ; also the uproar there was among the purchasers when it was found that the fruit rotted on the trees before becoming eatable. The same thing has happened here in northern Vermont in regard to the ironclad Russian Pear, Bessemianka. Asto the latter, 1 do not know that this trouble can be headed off; but as Clapp’s Favorite, in fine order, has been for quite a number of years abundant in the fruit-stores of Boston and elsewhere, I suppose that most growers have found out how to handle it. There is a standing rule that as soon as a pear will part readily from the tree, when lifted to a right angle with its nat- ural position, or a little farther, it should be gathered; and, if it is not then eatable, it should be ripened in the house. But there are not a few pears which will wither and become use- less, without ripening, if this rule is followed as most would follow it, by putting the fruit ina drawer, basket or box, in a room of varying temperature. The fruit must be kept cool, dark and protected from currents of air, to mature it accept- ably. tierra of this class of pears first—what may be called the autumn pears—because they are the class which usually gives inexperienced growers the most trouble. Yet there are a good number of autumn pears which may be handled much like apples, and these are the common favorites. In going over the whole list of our foreign and native pears, running innum- ber far into the hundreds, there is great difficulty of selection. Marshall P. Wilder, the greatest of our pear experts, is quoted as saying that if he were asked to name all the sorts which he considered of unvarying and unquestionable excellence in all respects, he could notcount more thantwenty. But, ofcourse, Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 256. Mr. Wilder was limited by the conditions of his environment. Twenty may be enough for any single locality, but the list would hardly be identicalin any two localities fifty miles apart. Mr. Downing, in his big book and its supplements, gave us a list of 213 winter pears, including all the varieties marked as November and December varieties, of which there are thirty- eight. From this long list he places in his select list for table, market and cooking, Clairgeau, Diel, Gris d’Hiver Nouveau, Dana’s Hovey, Josephine de Malines, Lawrence, Leon Le Clerc, Lycurgus, McLaughlin, Pound, Prince’s St. Germain, Spanish Bon Cretien, Vicar of Winkfield, Winter Bon Cretien and Winter Nelis. John J. Thomas, in his American Fruit Culturist, speaks of Clairgeau as often very good and rich, but frequently poor. Of Lawrence he says that it ripens easily, and is of uniform excellence, while Lycurgus is rich, a little coarse, but very high-flavored. McLaughlin, he says, is juicy, melting, sweet, rich and perfumed. Of Diel, the flesh is rather coarse, but rich, sugary, buttery and juicy. Gris d’Hiver is buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, sub-acid; Dana’s Hovey is rather small—flesh buttery, melting, and of excellent quality. Josephine de Malines is characterized as sweet, melt- ing, buttery, and of good flayor; Lawrence, an early good bearer, medium size, buttery, with a rich aromatic flavor; Leon le Clerc, rather large, flesh crisp, firm, moderate quality ; Lycurgus, small, russet, rich, very high-flavored ; Pound Pear, very large, a good culinary pear; Prince’s St. Germain, juicy, melting, fine flavor. Spanish Bon Cretien is a large yellow and red cooking pear. The Flemish pear of thesame name is of medium size; also a cooking pear, which stews nicely, and is of good flavor. The Winter Nelis is of medium size, but of very choice quality. It keeps until midwinter, being ingood condition for eating fora month or more. Downing says that it holds the same position among winter pears that the Seckel does among the autumnal varieties. Of course, there is a very wide range of choice among the remainder of this long list of pears maturing through the win- ter. It would be difficult to obtain most of the kinds as trees ready for planting, even from our most extensive nurseries, though the older and larger concerns can supply from their orchards cions of many more sorts than those I have named. Every variety has its favorite locality, where it seems to be at home, and to thrive in the greatest perfection. Even in such places, however, none of them will show its full value, except under the most careful cultivation and training. Pears will not, as a rule, ‘‘rough it” as well as apples. They need a deep, rich, strong soil. Nevertheless, they can be grown .success- fully, at least many varieties can be, on lighter soils, if they are otherwise well cared for. Vast quantities of very fine pears are grown all through eastern Massachusetts. Indeed, they have seemed to thrive there better than in the Connecticut and Hudson valleys. ButI take it that the true reason for this is to be found in the fact that the growers of pears about Boston know that it is useless to trust their Pear-trees to luck, I have been much surprised, for instance, to see many very fine Pears growing in the Merrimack valley about Lowell, and from thence both‘up and down the river, and this in soils where one would think, in the common way of speaking, that White Beans would not grow, though my experience is that no crop requires a better treatment to make it pay than those same White Beans. I make these remarks to encourage those who may hesitate to plant Pears, and particularly the winter Pears, in what may be thought to be unfavorable localities. Planting for market is one thing, planting for home use is quite another. Mr. Wilder lavished very large sums in fitting the soil of his Pear-orchards for the trees. But to keep the ground about three or four, or half a dozen, trees in prime condition is within the means of every householder, since the ordinary wastes of the domestic menage will suffice. It is best, how- ever, to inquire of the older denizens what varieties they have had the best success in growing. ; Newport, Vt. 8 8 T. H. Hoskins. Work of the Season. Oe necessary portion of the work of the season, under glass, is the propagation of stock for outdoor planting, and also for the cut-flower supply of the following winter. Among the plants of the latter class requiring attention now are Car- nations, of which a good supply is indispensable, for these © beautiful flowers are deservedly universal favorites. The propagation of Carnations does not present any particular dif- ficulties, providing a few general points are observed, the chief of which is to have good clean sand, well packed down before the cuttings are inserted therein. The selection of stocky side-shoots for cuttings, and a temperature of about Zz JANUARY 18, 1893.] sixty degrees, with slight bottom-heat, are also points to ob- serve, The cuttings should be made from sturdy shoots, such as those generally found on blooming stems, for they are much superior to bottom shoots, because the latter usually run up toa flower very soon after they are rooted. Carnation-cuttings should never be cut from the parent plant, but always broken, and the cuttings above mentioned seldom need any trimming, even at the bottom, though it is best to trim the leaves somewhat with a sharp knife, for the removal of part of the foliage leaves less strain on the vitality of the cutting, and makes it more convenient for planting. They should then be inserted in the sand at once. The com- mon method for planting small cuttings, by scoring a line in the sand with an old knife, makes a drill deep enough to hold the cuttings securely after they are watered in. Someshading will be needed to protect the cuttings from the full strength of the sunshine, and newspapers laid on laths placed across the bench answer very well for this purpose. If proper attention is given to the necessary supply of moisture the cuttings will be rooted in from two to three weeks. When rooted they should either be potted off into small pots or planted in shal- low boxes. Growers who prefer the latter plan argue that the plants so treated do not get root-bound and stunted, as is _ Sometimes the case with pot-grown stock. On the other hand, it is claimed by some that the plants grown in boxes are likely to suffer from disturbance of their roots at planting-out time. dt will readily be seen that the latter objection will not hold good if the separation becarefully made, and the plants treated in this manner can be conveniently moved from house to frame as soon as they are sufficiently established. This cool treatment of the young stock before planting out induces a sturdy growth. . It is not a safe rule to recommend any varieties of Carna- _ tions as being reliable in all localities, for differences in soil, _doubtless, make some difference in the behavior of certain varieties, and it is, therefore, necessary to find out by actual Garden and Forest. 31 test what sorts are most suitable for a given locality, but the following are all good, and among them some satisfactory ones in each division. Among the many white varieties the following are particularly good: Mrs. Fisher, Hinzie’s White, Lamborn, Silver Spray and Lizzie McGowan. In pink shades, Edna Craig, Daybreak, Grace Wilder and Grace Battles may be considered among the best, the first of the quartet not being as yetin general cultivation, though it shows marked good qualities in the vicinity of Philadelphia. In the extended list of red and crimson shades, Portia, Alegatiere, Lady Emma, Ferdinand Mangold and King of the Crimsons are leading favorites, one the last-named is rather late-flowering, Among the yellow and striped flowers, Buttercup, Golden Gate, Chester Pride, American Flag and Mrs. Carnegie are considered best. A generally satisfactory yellow Carnation would be hailed with much enthusiasm by most growers. This is apparently Fig. 6.—Scene near Battle Pass, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York.—See page 26. the most difficult want to supply among the Carnation experts, and while the two yellows noted above may not prove entirely satisfactory, yet they are probably the best of that color. Holmesburg, Pa. W. H. Taplin. Irises and Their Cultivation.—V. HE Japanese Irises of our gardens are varieties of I. lzvi- gata (I. Kempferi), a species which is native of eastern Siberia and Japan. In the latter country it seems to be one of the most popular of garden-plants, for it is not only in exten- sive cultivation, but itis also one of the flowers very frequently appearing on those flamboyant screens, etc., in which the Japa- nese artisans delight. These Irises seem to have been culti- vated in. gardens here only since the opening of the treaty ports of Japan. Probably the first were introduced by the late Thomas Hogg, about the year 1869, and were grown in James Hogg’s garden, and by Dr. George Thurber, who described them in the American Agriculturist in 1870. It is interesting to know * 32 Garden and Forest. that the varieties then introduced are still all grown at Wool- son's nursery, where they have been the parents of a large number of fine varieties. The Japanese Irises are admirable garden-plants, perfectly hardy, making numerous short creep- ing rhizomes and are readily propagated by these or by seed, which germinates rapidly and produces flowering plants the second year. The leaves are abundant, thin, finely ribbed, sword-shaped, and light green in color. The stems overtop the leaves and bear usually a single cluster of two or three flowers. The standards are very short, the falls wide and usually arranged laterally, flat or slightly waving, and in color white marked with yellow and in all shades of purple, from claret to a light violet. Some of these are self-colored, some have parti-colored markings, and an interesting group has dark reticulations on light grounds. Good forms of the flower spread about six inches, but by cultivation they are often to be had half as large again. There are double forms of this Iris, usually with six falls, and this doubling does not detract from its grace. The peculiar grace of the plants in flower seems to me to be theirspecial charm. Their color-effec is rather sombre, but the flowers seem lightly poised on their tall stems, and the effect is in striking contrast with that of the more formal German Irises, with their tall standards and drooping falls. They also succeed the latter in their flowering season, and with proper selection of varieties one should have quite a month of Japanese Irises. They are cultivated as sub- aquatics to get the best results as to size of flower, but they do well in a moderately moist border, or elevated slightly on the margins of water, where their roots easily find abundant mois- ture. Otherwise, the proper way to cultivate this Iris is in groups of moderate size. In masses, as seen in nursery rows, or in the large collections of which one sees occasional pic- tures, they seem to lose that airy grace which is so character- istic. The American Irises should have a separate chapter, as they are among our handsomest native flowers. Mr. Sereno Wat- son, in GARDEN AND FOREST (vol. i., p. 18), in an interesting note called attention to the fact that ‘‘they have received little attention from horticulturists, and most of them are imperfectly known to professed botanists.” It is difficult to discover what plants are being cultivated in gardens, and there may be com- plete collections of American Irises in cultivation, but a num- ber of them seem difficult to obtain except through collectors, and there are those which appear to be difficult to retain in cul- tivation after they have been collected. Mr.Watson enumerates eighteen species in the article referred to, and there has since been added Iris Caroliniana, discovered by Mr. W. A. Manda near Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1888. It may prove use- ful to repeat this list. The eastern and arctic species are: I. lacustris, I. cristata (I. odorata, Pers.), I. verna, I. tripetala (1. tridentata, Pursh), I. Hookeri and I. setosa (the latter also be- ing found in Siberia), I. prismatica (I. Virginica, Gray, I. graci- lis, Bigelow, I. Boltoniana, R. & S.), I. hexagona, I. cuprea (I. fulva, Ker.), I. versicolor. Iris Missouriensis (I. Tolmieana, Herbert) is the only species of the interior plateau ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra. The species of the far west and Pacific coast are: I. tenax, I. tennis, I. Macrosiphon, I. Douglasiana, I. bracteata, I. Hart- wegi and I. longipetala. Iris lacustris is a very dwarf species, resembling I. cristata, found on the shores of the Great Lakes in moist gravel, and sub- mits readily to cultivation ; color, lilac, with a yellow crest. I. cristata is second to nodwarfIrisinbeauty. Itis perfectly hardy in this latitude. The light lilac flowers, beautifully crested, are freely produced and are fragrant. The thin root-stalks creep at or near the surface in all directions, and when flowering the low foliage is fairly hidden by the abundant flowers. I. verna is another fragrant dwarf with darker flowers and grass-like foliage ; a fine variety for border or rockery. I. tripetala isa distinct and interesting Iris botanically. It proves to be at- tractive in the garden, growing strongly in an ordinary border, with purple flowers. As it is from Florida, I have, as yet, lifted it in winter, and cannot report as to its hardiness. Trans- planted in the border it flowered this year in July. I. pris- matica, the narrow-leaved, and I. versicolor, the broad-leaved, Irises are so abundant in the eastern states as to be familiar to every one, and are both worthy of cultivation in the garden, where they are not at all fastidious, and seem to do equally well in a dry border or as sub-aquatics. Iris Caroliniana is a species near to I. versicolor, but is very distinct horticulturally. It proves to be an attractive Iris with rather pale green (not glaucous) lax leaves, about two feet high. The stems and spathes are dark brown and the flowers are lilac. It is very vigorous and free-flowering. [NUMBER 256. Iris hexagona is the tall crested species of the southern Atlantic coast. I. cuprea has been long in cultivation, and is. one of the most distinct of the family, with its coppery brown flowers, which are expanded laterally, and are quaint and at- tractive. While a native of swamps of the interior, it grows. well with me in the driest border. I. Missouriensis has the distinction of being the only member of the family in the vast territory between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada. It is. rather attractive, with pale purple reticulated falls. Native plants of the California coast are not, as a rule, very satisfactory ones for careless cultivation on this coast, and the: Irises, or, at least, some of them, are, apparently, not excep- tions to this. I tenax, however, lives and flowers freely here with no special care. I. tennis was figured in GARDEN AND FoOR- EST (vol. 1., p. 7) and I. bracteata in vol. i., p. 43, and it will be found that these, with I. Hartwegii, which also has thin, wiry, creeping root-stalks, are rather difficult subjects in the garden here. I. Hartwegii is found in the high ranges of the Sierras. under Pinus ponderosa growing in red volcanic clay. I have found among my friends no one who has succeeded in grow- ing it successfully for more than a year or two at best. There is an experimental clump in one corner of my garden, but itis. not a corner where many hopes are centred. I. Douglasiana is of more robust habit, with flowers white-veined, rosy lilac. A friend has found some natural hybrids of these, apparently from a cross with I. macrosiphon. He describes them as so singularly beautiful that it is to be regretted that they are still in the wilderness. Elizabeth, N. J. F. IN. Gerard. Euphorbias. |p aw of the many Euphorbias grown in our greenhouses are good ornamental plants. At this time the three species. in bloom areE. pulcherrima, also known as Poinsettia pulcher- rima, E. jacquineflora and E. splendens. All these plants have inconspicuous flowers, but they produce very brilliant scarlet bracts, and are showy and ornamental at this season when flowers are scarce. Euphorbia pulcherrima has large terminal scarlet bracts, which make it a striking object. We growa large number of these plants. When they have finished blooming they are put under a bench to rest for two or three months and are kept perfectly dry. About the end of April they are cut back to within two buds of the old wood. They arethen put into a warm house, where they are syringed for afew days to make the buds push. When fairly started, all the old soil is shaken from the roots. and they are repotted in soil such as is used for ordinary stove plants. After repotting they are put backinto the greenhouse for a few days until the weather is sufficiently warm for them to be plunged outside in the garden, when they require a lib- eral supply of water and are greatly benefited by syringing every evening. They are taken back to the greenhouse in September and the pots plunged in old sphagnum moss and kept close and shaded for a few days. I find that by plunging themin moss they keep their leaves better, and ina few weeks the moss is full of their roots. Then I begin to give them weak liquid-manure. Under this treatment the plants produce long stems, with plenty of large healthy leaves and large heads of flowers, some twelve, fifteen and eighteen inches in diameter. E. pulcherrima is easily propagated from cuttings of the young wood in spring orsummer. If plants of various heights are required, cuttings should be putin at different times during the summer and grown along in pots. Euphorbia jacquineflora is not quite so showy as E. pul- cherrima ; when it is well grown it is, however, ahandsome and useful winter-flowering plant. The color of the bracts is bright orange-scarlet, and the flowers and bracts are produced plentifully in long racemes, which make the plant very showy. It is very useful for cutting, and the bracts rémain in perfec- tion for some time after being cut. It is increased by cuttings in spring, and ifthe young plants are potted on and checked once or twice during the summer they make nice stocky plants for winterdecoration. Old plants should be cut back and treated in the same way as E. pulcherrima. When set out in a border with plenty of room and light it makes a fine speci- men plant, producing a large quantity of long racemes of bright bracts. Both of these Euphorbias are natives of Mexico. Another Euphorbia which deserves a place in every collec- tion of plants is E. splendens. ‘This speciesis in bloom more or less during the entire year. Indeed, I do notremember the time when the piant we now have in bloom was without flow- ers. E. splendens has stout succulent stems, which branch freely, and these are thickly set with long, sharp thorns. The leaves are small, bright green and thin in texture. The bracts —— ae PS ee eee ee a So >; ” 4 s 5 JANUARY 18, 1893.] are brightred and wax-like, and are produced on the points of the young growth. Under liberaltreatment an abundance of flowers will be produced. Plants are obtained from cuttings of the young growth, which root with great ease. This Eu- phorbia has been in cultivation since 1826 and was introduced from Bourbon. The other forms df Euphorbia cultivated here are not grown for their flowers or bracts, but rather as botanical curiosities. Some of them have succulent prickly cactus-like stems and are for the most part without leaves. Harvard Botanic Garden, Robert Cameron. Gloxinias. i is not too much to say that no summer-flowering bulbous plant makes such a grand display in the greenhouse as the Gloxinia. Begonias are not at their best during summer in the greenhouse, for very hot days sometimes cause their flowers to drop, and it is not until early fall that they are at their best. They should be treated accordingly, that is, kept back without artificial heat, not started before their own proper time, and kept cool during the summer. Begonias will come in as a good succession to Gloxinias, which are essentially summer- flowering plants and are most difficult to obtain in good con- ' dition later than August. Gloxinias are also admirably adapted for decorative purposes, either as pot-plants or as cut flowers. It is surprising how long the flowers will last when cut, but they cannot be sent any distance, as the least bruise disfigures them. When well grown as pot-plants the rich deep green foliage often completely hides the pots, and the richly colored flowers make a great display. There are two distinct strains of Gloxinias, the thick-leaved, or G. crassifolia, which usually has flowers with solid colors; the strain that produces spotted flowers has thin and compara- tively narrow foliage. These strains are so distinct that the difference is easily recognized in the seed-pans. It might be supposed that the two strains were of different specific origin, but I can find no reference to any other species than G. spe- ciosa as the parent of the present race of Gloxinias, though the first seminal variations that occurred under cultivation were all distributed under Latin descriptive names. These might easily, now fifty years later, be taken for distinct species, which they were not; this emphasizes what has so often been urged in GARDEN AND FOREST, that mere garden forms of cul- tivated plants do not merit Latin names to distinguish them, though the practice too often prevails to our confusion. It should be stated that Gloxinia speciosa had drooping flowers of a purple color, and it is quite a common occurrence for seeds of good strains to revert to this,original type and color, though the pendent flowered section is by no means as orna- mental as are those with erect flowers. Any particular plant of a desired color can be perpetuated as easily by seed as by leaf-cuttings as usually practiced. It is only necessary to fer- tilize the newly opened flower with its own pollen to obtain a quantity of seeds which will come true to the parent, and the foliage will be as characteristic as the flowers. It is now, con- sequently, an easy matter to select desired colors when pur- chasing seeds. The best time to sow Gloxinia seeds is in January, if a mini- mum of sixty degrees can be secured. The seeds, being very small, should be sown on a layer of sand and sprinkled with a fine sprayer, without any covering of earth. The pans should be covered with a piece of glass, leaving a space for air and moisture to escape. It will not often be necessary to water again before the seeds have germinated, which will be in about three weeks. Assoon as the plants are large enough to handle they should be transplanted into other pans or boxes, and, later, pottedin small pots. At this period the young plants grow very rapidly ; seedlings may often be potted to advantage in six-inch pots during the first season and give fine results. Loam and plenty of decayed leaf, with enough sand to make it porous, is the best soil for Gloxinias. The plants may be potted on at any time before the flowers begin to develop; after that time no advantage is gained, but liberal treatment in the way of liquid-manure is beneficial until the flowers are fully open. A good brisk, moist heat is necessary to bring Gloxinias along to the flowering stage, when more air and less moisture will pro- duce better flowers and they willlastlonger. Thetwoimportant points essential to success with these plants are that they should not be exposed to direct sunlight, and, if they are, should never be watered or sprinkled over the foliage. The plants are liable to be attacked by thrips, and these minute insects speedily ruin them for the season. We fumigate reg- ularly for thrips until the flowers open, but no longer. The work of these insects can easily be detected on the flower- Garden and Forest. a3 buds and foliage, and remedial measures must be taken at once. Atter the flowering period is over, the plants must be cared for and the foliage kept green as long as possible by careful watering and shading ; if forced to rest prematurely the bulbs will be inclined to start into fresh growth. In winter we store the bulbs under the benches or in a warm cellar until they start to grow again; the earliest have just been repotted and will be potted on as they Yrequire it; they will begin to flower in May and will continue through the following months. In the hottest weather a heavy shading is necessary, or the flowers will fade in the heat of the day, recovering usually at night. Of the various strains now offered, too much cannot be said for Emperor Frederick ; it is brilliant crimson with a pure white margin, and is a vigorous grower. Defiance has a vivid coloring, but lacks vigor and is very difficult to grow. Cceles- tina isa very large white flower flaked with blue, and is very robust. Of the strain sown as G. alba, every plant came pure white ; it is evidently a selection from the spotted strain. A good white, with foliage like G. crassifolia, would be an acqui- sitionin form, size and substance of flower. Corona is another of the spotted class. The purple and red coloring can always be obtained in plenty from a packet of any strain of seed which, with the erect-flowered G. crassifolia, would form the basis for a collection, which can be increased or diminished at pleasure, for we always find some varieties that are worth perpetuating and some that may easily be spared. South Lancaster, Mass. Je, 0), Orfpet. Hardy Orchids for Outdoor Cultivation. yA OUT forty species of the Orchid family are native to the north-eastern United States. For those who have acquired an interest in these wild plants, all varieties have an attraction, and even the least showy is interesting. For general outdoor cultivation a selection of a dozen species would include those which are easily cultivated and which have the qualities prized in garden-plants. Perhaps half of the remaining kinds could be grown with fairly good results. The Cypripediums (Lady’s-slippers) are the most showy of these native Orchids, the largest and finest of which is C. spec- tabile. It is an easy plant to grow if a little pains is taken in the start. It requires good drainage, partial shade and well- decayed peat about the roots. It never thrives with me when its roots come in contact with sand, gravel orloam. A good mulch of some sort is quite essential. I have seen plants too small for flowering set in heavy clay loam, and brought up to a good flowering size by using fine chip-dirt about their roots. Rich wood-soil or leaf-mold is also good, but I prefer well-de- cayed peat. The two yellow Lady’s-slippers, C. pubescens and C. parvi- florum, are the easiest to manage and the most permanent when established. If the right location is selécted and the soil properly prepared they will continue to thrive from year to year almost indefinitely. I know of a clump that was set in a shady place in a garden at least fifteen years ago. These plants have not received any care for the last ten years; they have flowered every season, and are as strong now as they were twelve years ago. The plants in a small bed of C, parvi- florum, planted nine years ago in a shady position with plenty of peat mixed into the soil, were taken up and sold after a year or two. From fragments of their rhizomes, left in the bed, small plants came up and flowered. These plants have been twice taken out within the last six years, and there are now several flowering plants in the bed. The bed had no care after the first two years. The stemless Lady’s-slipper (C. acaule) does best in a light sandy soil; it also thrives in a mixture of peat or leaf-soil in a shady place. The ground around the plants should be covered with a mulch, not only to keep it light and moist, but to keep heavy rains from spattering the soil over the leaves, and thus injuring them. Pine-needles make the best mulch for this plant. I have found spring to be the best time for transplant- ing. C. acaule bears transplanting well, and will flower the first season. It will not, however, flower readily two years in succession after transplanting. I doubtif this is as permanent a species as some others. Even in its natural home it occa- sionally takes a year for rest, producing only its two radical leaves, or it gradually dwindles to a very small plant, and finally dies. ; The little Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper (C. arietinum) is a more difficult plant to grow than either of the yellow-flowered spe- cies. It needs more shade and a liberal supply of peat. Good drainage and a fine mulch of some sort is also essential, 34 Garden and Forest. Orchis spectabilis, socommon in some of our New England woods, is somewhat difficult to establish, but is well worth extra trouble. Leaf-mold and sand is the best soil for it, and a mulch of old leaves, broken up fine, should be placed over it. It may be transplanted when in full bloom, or if strong plants are set out in autumn they will usually flower the next season. It needs shade, moist, but well-drained, soil, and a light cover- ing in wintering. Of the Rein Orchis (Habenaria), the two purple-fringed species of New England, H. fimbriata, which flowers in June, and H. psycodes, which comes in July and August, are some- what alike in their general appearance. They grow in similar locations and the same treatment will answer for both. They like shade and a dark peaty soil, with plenty of moisture. It is necessary to give them a good mulch as well as a well- prepared soil if they are planted in ordinary garden ground. They grow in wet places, but will not bear any stagnant moisture. The Yellow-fringed Orchis, H. ciliaris, with its orange-yellow flowers, likes a sandy soil best. It also needs plenty of mois- ture. It should be protected from sudden changes by a light mulch. Itis perhaps the best Habenaria we have for cultiva- tion. The white-flowered H. dilatata of our cold northern bogs will thrive in peat or sand. Its pearly white flowers are quite fragrant and beautiful. A cool spot, shade and moisture are necessary for it in cultivation. Adam and Eve, or Putty Root (Aplectrum hiemale), is one of the species of Orchids which sends up its dark green leaf late in autumn. These last until the flowering season of the next year, when they die down. The flowers are not very showy, but the large single green leaf in autumn and early spring is interesting, and it grows easily in ordinary gardens. It is a deceptive plant in cultivation, since its leaf disappears at the time other plants are in full growth, coming up again just before winter. The Rattle-snake Plaintain (Goodyera pubescens) is valued more for its strongly white reticulated leaves than for its short spike of pretty white flowers. The leaves endure through the winter, and in spring are quite conspicuous when the snow first disappears. This species must have perfect drainage and a rich dark soil. Only the strongest-flowering plants should be grown, and with these one or two flowering seasons are pretty sure to fol- low if anything like fairly good treatment is given, and they will repay the trouble and expense ; weak plants may never bloom, and the results at best are not satisfactory. Most of these species may be transplanted either in spring or in autumn with fairly good results, or even at their flowering season. But spring is probably the best season when this is possible, when the plants can be set before they begin to Tow. Charlotte, Vt. FE, H. Hlorsford. The Forest. Hygienic Significance of Forest Air and Forest Soil. Vie has been written and said about the influence of forests upon the health of mankind, and many differ- ences of opinion as well as ignorant conjectures have com- bined te increase the confusion surrounding the subject. In our time, when so much attention is given to physical well- being, it seems the duty of science to make clear a more exact knowledge of the matter based upon accurate observations. Every one agrees that a residence in the country among the mountains, by the sea or near great forests is more conducive to health than a continual breathing of the impure, smoky air of the great cities, impregnated with dust and rich in bacteria. Health resorts have been preferably established in forest regions, and various explanations of the healthfulness of forest life have been given. The protection afforded by the trees against the sun, the high percentage of oxygen and ozone in the forest air due to the assimilation of carbonic acid by the foliage, and, finally, the influence which the trees in the pro- cess of transpiration exert upon the moisture of the atmos- phere and the amount of water remaining upon the ground— all these single or combined conditions have been cited as the effective salubrious principle. Yet the exact scientific basis for all these theoretical explanations has been scanty, and it seems that, according to more careful investigation, some of them will have to be relegated to the realm of pleasing fancy. One of the first to fallis the oxygen theory. Although, no doubt, the respiratory action of all green plants, and forest trees in particular, changes a part of the carbonic acid of the air into oxygen, the carbon being consumed by the trees in making the wood, yet the amount of oxygen exhaled bya forest when assimilating carbonic acid is, according to the calculations of Dr. E, Ebermayer, a most excellent authority, proportionately to the needs of animal respiration, so insignificant as to make the special sanitary significance of small woods or street or park trees in large cities irrelevant from this point of view. The daily consumption of one person in respiration is 475 quarts of oxygen, equivalent to the oxygen exhalation of two square rods of forest area, but when we add the consumption of oxygen in burning fuel every two persons would require one and a quarter acres of forest to supply all the oxygen needed. Take, in addition, the consumption of animals—a herd of forty sheep consumes more oxygen and exhales more carbonic acid than one acre of forest exhales and consumes— and the irrelevancy of this supply of oxygen will be evident. This does not, however, entirely exclude the limited useful- ness of forest growth in that direction. It is a fact that in and near forests greater amounts of ozone are found in general ; but although this “condensed oxygen” has been often claimed as a special health-restorer, its significance as a hygienic factor is still doubtful. : Dr. Puchner, in his very extensive measurements of car- bonic acid contents in the atmosphere under different con- ditions, found great irregularities in time as well as in local” distribution. In a total of 162 cases, the amount of carbonic acid in the forest air exceeded that in the open in 108 cases, only forty-one cases showed less than the open, and in thirteen the proportions were equal. Thissurprisingly greater proportion of carbonic acid in forest air than in the open is easily explained by the decomposition of the forest litter which gives rise to this gas. It also varies according to seasons. In winter-time the difference is inconsiderable, while in summer it becomes proportionately greater. According to Dr. Eber- mayer, the air in the forest soil contains less carbonic acid than that of the field, varying from three to four times less in winter to five to six times less in summer, the reason being that the vegetable matter in fields decomposes much faster than under forest cover. While the chemical purity of forest soil and air, with refer- ence to oxygen and carbonic acid distribution, remains doubt- ful, we nevertheless know that, like sea and mountain air, forest air is freer from injurious gases and dust particles ; furthermore, the shade and the process of assimilation and transpiration have a cooling effect in the day, especially in summer-time, and a warming effect at night in winter, so reducing the extremes of temperature. The forest protec- tion against winds is also undoubtedly of great value for pro- moting health conditions. Finally, the psychic influence is not to be forgotten, and we may consider "Ke sanitary im- portance of the forest from these considerations alone as scientifically established. The main agency of the healthful- ness of forest air is, however, the comparative absence of bacteria, and this is mainly due to the conditions of forest soil. Since cholera, typhus, yellow fever and malaria are soil diseases of miasmatic origin, according to Dr. Pettenkofer, the forest soil becomes important in its relation to this phase of the subject. There are two classes of bacteria. Saprophy- tic bacteria are those which thrive upon decomposing animal or vegetable matter. Pathogenic bacteria, or disease germs, on the contrary, demand for their full cycle of development living organisms, although existing also outside of them. The vegetable matter in the forest soil is deficient in albumi- noids, potash, phosphates and nitrates, and is therefore less nutritive for bacteria than field, garden or city soil. Tempera- ture and moisture conditions in the forest soil are also differ- ent and less favorable to microbe life, which thrives best with certain temperatures and an alternation of dry and wet as is found in unshaded fields. While, therefore, forest soil encourages saprophytic de- velopment, no pathogenic bacteria have as yet been found in it, proving it pure soil hygienically. Since bacteria get into’ the air only when the upper-soil strata dry out and the wind raises the dust with its bacterial germs, it is natural that with less liability to dryness in the upper soil and soil cover and absence of winds, the air in the forest must be freer from such germs. It would probably be entirely free, or nearly so, of pathogenic germs if they were not carried in from the outside. But in this respect, too, a filtering process takes place, at least, whether due to the reduction of velocity of the wind, or to the obstacles to movement in the trunks of trees, either of which would make the germ fall to the ground, and the forest air contains fewer microbes. This has been actually ascertained by two Italians, Serafiniand Avatra, who. [NuMBER 256. a eee ee ee et, Sen =< ig 1 a 4 january 18, 1893.] for forty consecutive days counted the microbic contents of the air in and outside and found from twenty-three to twenty- eight times more bacteria in the air on neighboring fields. Referring to specific diseases in particular, Dr. Pettenkofer argues, from observations in India, the influence of forests on cholera and yellow-fever germs. He and other investigators find that villages surrounded by forests are free from both diseases, and that the withdrawal of troops into wooded dis- tricts stops the spread of the disease. On the other hand it has been observed that with the removal of the forest, cholera appears. Extensive moors seem to offer similar anti- bacterial soil conditions and immunity from these diseases. Says Dr. Ebermayer: ‘‘If it is considered that the comma bacillus which produces cholera makes great demands in its nutrition and belongs to the mostsensitive bacteria, especially sensitive against free acids, being destroyed by the sour stomach juices ; that when dried it dies quickly and is easily destroyed by decay-producing bacteria, prospering best in a temperature of g0 to 100° Fahrenheit, and ceasing to grow when the temperature sinks below 61° Fahrenheit, the pro- tective influence of forests against this epidemic is easily ex- plained.” According to Marchiafara and Celli, malaria is no_ bacterial disease, but is produced by parasitic protozoa, called by these authors ‘‘plasmodia,”’ which are found in the red-blood cor- puscles. Although their exterior existence is unknown, they probably come also from the soil. Warmth and wet soil, periodically dry in the upper strata, are the best conditions for their development. As long as the soil is covered by water, the air being thereby excluded, there is no danger. The danger arises during the change of the water stage, when the soil becomes exposed. Malaria plasmodia do not rise high above the soil, whence the desirability of houses elevated above the danger-line. With water and temper- ature conditions such as exist under forest cover, these plasmodia have less opportunity for development, and the absence of dust-formation and lack of movement of air pre- vents their distribution, while the water conditions in the forest soil are not as liable to the sudden changes necessary for their development. In conclusion it maybe said, in regard to the larger parks in cities, that, besides their most desirable esthetic influence, their value is mainly in the better drainage conditions of the soil which they secure, and besides the coolness and circula- tion of fresh, pure air, which they induce, in their capacity of absorbing decaying animal matter, in the absence of dust and in the reduction of bacterial life. These effects, to be sure, are confined to their own limits and nearest neighbor- hood, but the possibility of breathing purer air, at least occasionally, must be an advantage to those who are forced to spend their lives in the impure conditions of a large city. Washington, D. C. B, Ji Fernow. Correspondence. The Season in Northern California. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—Northern California has had a very open autumn and early winter. The rainfall early in October was sufficient to start the grass. The later storms were short, but with violent winds and great rainfall. During December or January we expect from ten days to three weeks of frosty weather ; near the ocean and around San Francisco Bay the temperature does not fall more than a few degrees below freezing. Geraniums and Fuchsias become perennial, running wild over houses and even in neglected places. In the valleys north of the Bay and the Sacramento valley it is colder during these frosts, the thermometer falling as low as twelve degrees below freezing, although favored spots are almost frostless ; the earliest fruit, vegetables and oranges from California are grown north of San Francisco. The frosty spell this season lasted two weeks, with clear, bright days and the ground in shady places re- mained frozen all day. Probably twenty-four degrees would mark the lowest point reached. In our little town, as elsewhere, the Chrysanthemum is a great favorite, and a church flower-show brought out quite a creditable exhibit. All the plants are grown out-of-doors. We have little advantage over eastern cultivators, for, although we may geta fine bloom without shelter, the light frosts of late October endanger the earlier kinds, while with late varieties we can do nothing out-of-doors. From my collection of more than a hundred varieties I am discarding all late bloomers, and find that I can usually get a fine bloom from early and middle season Chrysanthemums with slight protection, Garden and Forest. 35 From the large number of good Chrysanthemums it is easy to select enough of the earlier sorts for a varied collection. This season I found Lord Alcester, MadameM. Fabri, Mikado, Louis Boehmer and Melanet Robinet among the most satis- factory. I must say, with Mr. J. N. Gerard, that a well-grown plant, with dozens of naturally grown flowers, is a more pleas- ing object than the immense blooms of the artificially trained plants. Here, where we irrigate in summer, the problem is rather to keep plants down than to stimulate growth; a small plant in May, such as dealers send out by fall, will bea tree six or seven feet high, even when repeatedly pinched in; and even May slips, in open ground, will become unmanageably large. Roses blossomed until late thisseason. Early in December, when the frostssetin, many sorts were blooming freely, and on Christmas-day I examined buds of Hermosa and found them uninjured, so that a few warm days will bring them out. There is nothing more satisfactory than Roses. I like to try those new to me, although new Roses will not compare with older ones. An old sort, Delphine Grandit, charmed us this fall. It is always a free bloomer, but it is not fully double in the sum- mer ; late in the fall, however, it gave great ivory-white roses, the best we had. Ofsome 150 sorts which I grow, La France is the best. The most satisfactory kinds during the past sea- son have been La France, Duchesse de Brabant, Bon Silene and Catherine Mermet. There are many others which I esteem highly, but for reliability and real satisfaction at allsea- sons I must commend these four. Among satisfactory and free-blooming climibers are Reine Marie, Henrietta, William Allen Richardson and Gold of Ophir, which is exactly like Richardson, except in color, which is a copper-red. On Thanksgiving-day I noticed Manzanitas in blossom on the mountains, and on Christmas-day they were blooming in town, and the flowers of California Laurel were almost open. The difference in climate in a short distance in California is remarkable. A German of my acquaintance purchased trees of Orange, Lemon, Lime and Loquat three years ago, which he planted a few miles from here on the mountains. They have been unprotected, have never been touched by frost, and Lemons were in blossom in last December. In a similar place I have seen Blackberries in flower, and green and ripe fruit at this season, yet here frost did not go out of shady places fora week. Itis for this reason that native trees or shrubs blossom in some spots on the mountains a month or two earlier. In the fall and spring the frost often draws a sharp line through hill-side vineyards, freezing all below it. A charming object in December is that always beautiful tree, the Madrofia. It is a native here, and throughout the town it has been spared in yards. There are scores of healthy young trees, twenty to twenty-five feet high and erect, with glossy brown bark and large oval evergreen leaves. The berries, which are at first orange, and later turn to crimson, grow in large clusters. This yearI have noticed some seven inches long and three inches through. One tree, about three feet through, forty feet high and spreading finely, was such a mass of crimson berries as almost to hide the leaves. This, with California Holly (Photinia arbutifolia), another fine evergreen with bright red berries, are the Christmas decorations. Mis- tletoe abounds, but is not even noticed. Ukiah, Cal. Carl Purdy. A Case of Inherited Variegation. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—A stock of Cornus Mas, upon which a variegated form was grafted, was allowed tosend upa branch, which eventually equaled in size the variegated portion. During 1890seeds were borne by each part. The seeds were sown, and the following spring the young plants which came from the seed borne by the variegated portion showed the same coloring as the parent form ; the other seedlings were normal. Another noticeable difference between the two lots was that the variegated seed- lings were much weaker from the start, and eventually they all died, although they were grown under the same conditions as the others, and these are still alive. Cornell University. E. G. Lodeman., Notes. The Pennsylvania State Horticultural Society begins its thirty-fourth annual meeting at Harrisburgh to-day, and con- tinues for three days. Special attention will be given to re- .ports on the peach-yellows and plant diseases in general. _Among the fancy fruits for sale now in the market of this city are Gros Colman grapes, imported from England, which 36 sell at $2.00 a pound. Choice selected Albemarle Pippins retail at from fifty cents to $1.00 a dozen, and _find ready sale at $9.00 a barrel. Forty-five students have registered for the short course in agriculture at Cornell University, to which we invited attention some time ago. There are about the same number of stu- dents who are taking the full course in the agricultural depart- ment of the university. An interesting garden arrangement noted during the past summer by a traveler in England was a large rectangular bed, about twenty feet across, which was a solid mass of purple Clematis, presenting from a distance the effect of an immense bed of Violets. The plants had been set at intervals over the whole surface of the bed, and then trained to cover a flat trellis built over the bed at something less than a foot from the level of the soil. Naturally, the trellis was soon covered, and the blossoms as they appeared sought the light, so that_the whole expanse was thickly strewn with them. This bed was in full bloom in late June, and was still in full bloom when revisited early in September. In a recent issue of the San Francisco Wood and Iron, Hum- boldt County, the most western point in the United States, is stated to be the most densely wooded section in California, and to contain, according to the United States official estimates, 468,000 acres of Redwood-timber, 400,000 acres of Pine, Spruce, Fir and Cedar, and 200,000 acres of Madrone, Tan-bark Oak, Live Oak and Laurel. The yield of Redwood-lumber reaches as high as 300,000 feet to the acre, a low average price being $15 a thousand feet. About 5,000 men are employed in the logging woods and the mills of this county. Mendocino County is said to have an area of 700,000 acres of Redwood, yielding from 20,000 to 259,000 feet of lumber to the acre. The total cut of the mills in this county amounted, in 1891, to 99,438,190 feet. When rabbits were first introduced into Australia no one seems to have considered how destructive they would be- come, or that the different governments of the island would be compelled tofurnish hundreds of miles of wire-netting to keep them out of certain districts, besides expending large sums for destroying them. The Victorian government has erected a fence of wire-netting 150 miles long against them, and during the last ten years has expended £177,000 sterling for their extermination. Theextent of the evil may be imag- ined from the fact that 15,000,000 rabbit-skins have been ex- ported from New South Wales in one year. Twenty years ago there was not a rabbit in all New Zealand, and since then more than 106,000,000 rabbit-skins have been exported, while the property destroyed by rabbits is estimated by millions. Two or three weeks ago we quoted from a letter of Mr. C. Wooley Dod, in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, in which it was con- jectured that a vellow-flowered plant in his garden was a hybrid between Chrysanthemum maximum and Anthemis tinc- toria. The seedling came up among plants of C. maximum, and although it had leaves which he called abnormal, Mr. Dod had no doubt that it was from the seed of C. maximum, and since the flower was of a yellow colorhe inferred that it might be the result ofa cross with the Anthemis, which stood near. It is, however, a dangerous thing to guess at the parentage of a plant, and Mr. Dod now writes to the Gardeners’ Chronicle that his bigeneric hybrid has been pronounced Grindelia inu- loides by the scientific committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. Mr. Dod wonders how the plant got there, as there never was a plant of that kind inhis garden, so far as he knows. But, after all, it is a good deal easier for the seed of a Grindelia to find a comfortable germinating place in almost anybody’s garden than it is for the pollen of a plant of one genus to find hospitable and fructifying admission into the ovary of a plant of another genus. Henry Sargent Codman died suddenly, after an operation for appendicitis, on the 13th instant, at Chicago, where he had charge of the landscape department of the Columbian Expo- sition. No manat his age had ever accomplished more in his profession, or gave brighter promise of what could con- fidently be expected from his matured powers. Mr. Codman was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on the Igth of June, 1864. He graduated at the Institute of Tech- nology in 1884, and almost immediately entered the office of Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted. In the summer of 1887 he traveled with his uncle, Professor C. S. Sargent, through Eng- Jand, France, Germany and Italy to study living collections of plants, nurseries, parks and gardens. Soon after, he went to Garden and Forest. (NuMBER 256. Paris and pursued his professional studies for more than a year under the direction of Edouard André, and on his return he was taken into partnership by Mr. Olmsted. Since then he has been intimately associated with Mr. Olmsted in all the important works that have been carried on by that firm, in- cluding the design of the Exposition Grounds in Chicago, in the construction of which he has been practically the execu- tive head from the outset. Mr. Codman was tall, strong, of commanding appearance and apparently of great con- stitutional vigor. He had inherited a profound love of natural beauty, and his taste had been disciplined and refined by close observation and wide reading. He was thoroughly acquainted with the literature of his profession. His library in this de- partment was unequaled in this country, and his index of works on the subject, published in this journal, was the most complete that has yet appeared. He invariably gained the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact professionally, and he was remarkably successful in impress-_ ing his opinions upon them and leading them to see things from his point of view. That he won the affection as well as the respect of his associates was remarkably manifested in his Chicago work, where he came into warm comradeship with almost the entirecorps of artists, and where he helped, no doubt, materially, to bring about that sympathetic co-operation and unity of purpose which has beenso marked among them. This was due partly to the fact that from his position he stood for the one uniting element and represented among the various professions and crafts the general design in its comprehensive- ness and consistency. But his professional position was made effective by his personal qualities and accomplishments—by that broad, liberal and catholic cultivation which brought him into cordial and appreciative relationship with all the artists in all their varied fields. His leadership was, therefore, natural and spontaneous, for, although he was modest almost to diffidence, henevershrankfrom assuming responsibility. He had the moral qualities which mark the master, in addition to the highest intellectual appreciation of the possibilities of his profession, and in view of what he was and of the relations he had estab- lished with so many of the foremost architects of the country, his untimely death must be lamented as a serious loss to rural art in America. Isaac C. Martindale died January 3d at his home in Camden, New Jersey. An active business man all his life, he found time to devote serious attention to the study of botany and to form a large and comprehensive herbarium, particularly rich in North American plants, while for many years he was an active and useful member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science. The American Naturalist of November, 1879, contains his list of plants collected on the excursion of a number of members of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science to the Rocky Mountains in 1878, with critical notes on various species. Ina paper entitled “‘ Notes on the Bartram Oak” (Quercus heterophylla), first read before the West New Jersey Surveyors’ Association, in 1880, and after- ward issued in pamphletform, Mr. Martindale recorded the re- sults of careful observations on this rare and interesting tree, which he believed was entitled to be considered a species and not a mere hybrid which other students of our Oaks had some- times thought it. Here will be found the summary of the rather voluminous literature of Quercus heterophylla, a species which has long had special interest to dendrologists, both on account of its rarity and for the uncertainty of its origin. Zhe Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1880 contain a short paper prepared by Mr. Martindale on ‘‘Sexual Variations in Castanea Americana.” No.2 of the Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club is ‘A List of the Marine Algz hitherto observed on the Coasts of New Jersey andStaten Island,” by Isaac C. Mar- tindale. These are his principal publications, for Martindale was a collector rather than an author and probably never had the time to do more than arrange and keep up his large collec- tions and library. Catalogues Received. W. F. ALLEN, JR., Salisbury, Md. ; Illustrated, Descriptive Cata- logue of Choice Strawberry Plants.—F. BARTELDES & Co., Lawrence, Kan. ; Novelties in Vegetable and Flower Seeds; Seeds of Rocky Mountain Wild Flowers; Grass, Field and Tree Seeds; Nursery Stock.—BOWKER FERTILIZER Co., Boston and New York; Catalogue of Stockbridge Manures and Bowker’s General Fertilizers.—NANz & NEvNER, Louisville, Ky.; Flower Seeds, Ornamental Climbers, New Roses; Shrubs and Trees.—CuaARLES E. PENNOCK, Fort Collins, Colo.; Rocky Mountain Fruits and Shrubs.—O. D. SHIELDs, Colorado Nursery Co., Loveland, Col.; Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Grape Vines and Roses ; Wholesale Price List of Seeds and Plants of Rocky Mountain Evergreens. ae ee ee aa ing it with apparent success. JANUARY 25, 1893.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. OrFicE: Tripune Burtpinc, NEw York. Conducted by . « » « © « « « » » s « Professor C. S. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Ys NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 1893. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ° PAGE EpirortaAL ArticLe :—Agriculture in Public Schools..........--..seeeeeeeeeeeee 37 Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan.—II. (With figure.).. SAA Se Ef) Winter Birds in the Pines.........-0.--e-eseseceeereeeee Mrs. “Mary Treat. 39 New or LitrLE-KNown Piants :—Nympheea gigantea, (With figure.).....,..... 40 Forgicn CorRRESPONDENCE :—The New Plants of meee -er-0.-+W, Watson. 41 CutturAL DepartMENnT :—Irises and their Cultivation.—VI.. -- 9. N. Gerard. 43 Autumn-flowering Lilies.......0csssessecccesses sees senccescnees . Reuthe. 44 Hardy Perennials for Sub- irepical Bile! nen seseace ee Woodward Manning. 45 The Shrubbery in Winter.. sune8 ..£. P. Powell. 45 Tue Forest :—Tree-planting on Mount Hemiltont ooeeqope Guns Palee Shinn. 45 CoRRESPONDENCE :—Favorite powers PeeaT et icreaicieein «:cipisieic sisineinietefeveiare HT, Christ. 46 The Iris Season.. DeocooRacdondeseS . Professor M. Foster. 47 Tigridias .....+ cee ee sees nese e ese e ete c cence recent ececeeceeeee I. H. Hi. 47 NorEs.. oeee see c ences ccaccescecsccsscesccscssscssceses 48 TuuiisTRATIONS nies Binanten, Fig. 7 oace acdagmeponboacone coconordcsaca 4 Lake Yumoto, Japan, with Hemlock oresie MNES Bigooccosonanonocesangss 43 Agriculture in Public Schools. SPECIAL bulletin has lately been issued by the Hon- orable C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture of Ontario, on the “Teaching of Agriculture in the Public Schools.” Itis argued in this paper that instruction in agri- culture should be made obligatory in the common schools because so large a proportion of the people depend upon it; because such a large amount of capital is invested in it, and because of the large share it contributes to trade and commerce. But if it is admitted that such instruction is needed, a more practical question is: How is it possible to teach this art in any way that will be effective? In our common schools, for example, there would seem little place for the introduction of any new branches of study for chil- dren between seven and fifteen years of age. If they are to receive lessons in farming or gardening, it is very plain, in the first place, that some other branches must be neglected or excluded from the curriculum ; and, in the second place, a corps of teachers must be trained to a rather intimate knowledge not only of the practice of the art of cultivating plants, but of the sciences on which this practice rests. We cannot expect graduates of public schools to have any pro- found knowledge of botany, economic entomology, agri- cultural chemistry and the like, but the man who teaches these pupils must have a reasonable familiarity with these and other sciences, or he is not fit to be an instructor. When we consider how much time and labor and or- ganization all this implies, we feel inclined to say that the project is impracticable ; but we are faced by the fact that in France the Government is doing just this thing, and do- We do not refer particularly to the agricultural university in Paris, which is famous all over the world, nor to the national schools of horticulture, agriculture, forestry, veterinary science, dairying and sheep+ raising which have been established in various parts of the Republic. Agriculture has not only been introduced into the superior schools, where there are pupils from thirteen Garden and Forest. 37 to fifteen years of age, but in the elementary schools, where the pupils range from seven to thirteen years old, and even in the infant “schools, attended by children under seven years of age. At first, instruction in agriculture was made optional in the public schools, and between 1850 and 1879 it was dependent upon aid from agricultural societies and private benefactions. In 1879, however, a law was passed which compelled all the one hundred and sixty normal schools of the country to provide within six years agricul- tural instruction for the teachers in training, and requiring, further, that the primary schools should within three years make instruction in agriculture and horticulture com- pulsory. The introduction of agriculture in the schools then began, where it should have done, with the training of the teachers. Many of the schools have small gardens attached as well as agricultural museums, and children under nine years old have lessons in these gardens. From nine to eleven years, together with their reading, object-lessons and ex- cursions, they receive lessons on the principal kinds of fer- tilizers and on the implements of husbandry and agricul- tural work in general. From nine to eleven, in addition to this, they are instructed in seed-sowing and harvesting, in growing the vegetables of the district in which they live, in cultivating and propagating trees, and in caring for domestic animals, etc. In the superior schools the course extends over two years, and it includes a very complete course in agriculture, which is varied to suit the special needs of the locality, and illustrated in school-gardens and experimental fields, and by visits to the farms of the sur- rounding districts. In some of these schools there is a special agricultural section under the charge of an agricul- tural professor. Of course, this work is only in its early stages, but the success achieved is encouraging. At all events, good observers say that the practice of agriculture and horticul- ture in France is admirable, and that this is largely due to the Government colleges and that it is being steadily im- proved by the teachings in the publicschools. Mr. James feels that a similar movement ought to be begun in On- tario, and one of his best reasons is that this primary in- struction will very largely increase the number of those who desire a more thorough course of training in the col- leges. Knowing how our teachers are paid, and remem- bering, too, that teaching has hardly reached the dignity of an established profession in this country, but is usually taken up by young persons for a few years as a tempo- rary occupation until they can find something better to do, the prospect of securing a corps of instructors who are able to teach the arts of cultivation as thoroughly as they should be taught, seems very remote. But, if we can imagine such a thing as teachers adequately equipped for this work in all the common schools of the country, we are convinced that this would be a most valuable part of the education of the rising generation. By this we do not mean that all these students would be competent to conduct a farm or garden in the most successful way, but as a mere mental discipline and as a part of ordi- nary mental furniture such training would have great value. In the first place there is no greater mystery to the ordinary man and woman than the processes of vege- tation which go onall about them. Even intelligent men do not know the names of the trees which they pass every day, much less of the grasses and plants they tread upon. No story is too wonderful for their belief. Reputable news- papers will publish accounts of an extraordinary Elm-tree somewhere which bears acorns, or of a plant which can accurately foretell the weather; and sharpers will go through a village street and sell in almost every house, at $1 each, the seeds of some novel plant which he assures the buyers will bear a flower with all the colors of the rain- bow and with a fragrance which can easily be enjoyed a mile away. All this is simply because men do not observe the ordinary ongoings of life about them, and elementary instruction in these matters to the young will give them 38 : habits of observation and a knowledge of principles which would make life more interesting to any one, even if he never owned a garden or was the proprietor of a rood of land, If a competent and sympathetic teacher should do no more than devote a portion of a day each week to the work of familiarizing children with plant-life and its essen- tial conditions, with the help of living illustrations which could be found by the way-side, or in an experimental garden-bed a rod square on the school-grounds, or even from a dozen window-plants in winter, the young people would find this the most delightful part of their course of study, and they would acquire knowledge and habits of thought that would be invaluable all through their lives. Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan.—ll. RAVELERS in Japan have often insisted on the resemblance between that country and eastern America in the general features of vegetation. But with the exception of Yezo, which is still mostly uninhabited and ina state of nature, and those portions of the other islands which are above 3,000 feet over the level of the ocean, it is difficult to form a sufficiently accurate idea of the general appearance of the original forest-covering of Japan to be able to compare the aspects ofits vegetation with those of any other country, for every foot of the lowlands and the mountain valleys of the three southern islands have been cultivated for centuries. And the foot-hills and low moun- tains which were once clothed with forests, and might be again, are now covered with coarse herbage (principally Eulalia) and are destitute of trees, except such as have sprung up in sheltered ravines and have succeeded in escaping the fires which are set every year to burn off the dry grasses. Remoteness, bad roads, and the impossibility of bringing down their timber into the valleys have saved the mountain forests of Japan, and these may still be seen, especially between 5,000 and 8,000 feet over the level of the sea, in their natural condition. Butthese elevated forests are composed of comparatively few species, and if it were not for the plantations of Conifers, which the Japanese for at least twelve centuries, it is said, have been making to supply their workers in wood with material, and for the trees preserved or planted in the temple grounds in the neighborhood of towns, it would be impossible to ob- tain any idea at all of many of the Japanese trees. But, fortunately, the priests of Buddha have planted and re- planted trees for a thousand years about their temples, which are often surrounded by what now appear to be nat- ural woods, as no tree is ever cut and no attempt is made to clear up the undergrowth. These groves are sometimes of considerable extent and contain noble trees, Japanese and Chinese, which give some idea of what the inhabitants of the forests of Japan were before the land was cleared for agriculture. The floras of Japan and eastern America have, it is true, some curious features in common, and the presence in the two regions of certain types not found elsewhere, show their relationship. But such plants are usually small, and for the most part rare or confined to the high mountains. Diphylleia, Buckleya, Epigezea and Shortia show the common origin of the two floras; but these are rare plants in Japan as they are in America, with the ex- ception of Epigzea, and probably not one traveler in ten thousand has ever seen them, while the chief elements of the forest flora of northern Japan, the only part of the empire where, as has already been said, comparison is possible—those which all travelers notice—do not recall America so much, perhaps, as they do Siberia and Europe. The broad-leaved Black Oaks, which form the most dis- tinct and conspicuous feature in all the forests of eastern America, are entirely absent from Japan, and the decidu- ous-leaved White Oaks, which, in Japan, form a'large part of the forest-growth ofthe north, are ofthe European and not of the American type, with the exception of Quercus den- tata, which has no related species in America, The Chest- Garden and Forest. nut Oaks, which are common and conspicuous, both in the northern and southern parts of eastern America, do not occur in Japan, and the Evergreen Oaks, which abound in the southern part of that empire, where they are more com- mon than any other group of trees, are Asiatic and not American in their relationships. Many of our most familiar American trees are absent from the forests of Japan. The Tulip-tree, the Pawpaw or Asimina, the Ptelea or Hop-tree, the Loblolly Bay or Gordonia, the Cyrilla and the Cliftonia, the Plum-trees, which abound here in many forms, the Texas Buckeye (Ungnadia), the Mesquit, the Locusts, the Cladrastis or Virgilia, the Kentucky Coffee-tree or Gymnocladus, the Liquidam- bar, the Tupelos, the Sourwood or Oxydendron, the Osage Orange, the Kalmia, the Sassafras, the Persea or Red Bay, the Planera or Water Elm, the Plane Tree, the Black Walnut, the Hickories and the deciduous Cypress— all common and conspicuous in our forests—are not found in Japan. Crataegus, with a dozen species, is one of the features of the forest flora of eastern America, while in Japan the genus is represented by asingle species, confined to the northern part of the empire, and nowhere very com- mon. The Japanese Maples, with the exception of Acer pictum, which is not unlike our Sugar Maple, have no close resemblance or relationship with the American species ; the Beech and the Chestnut are European, and not Ameri- can; the Birches, with one exception, are of the Old World type, as are the Lindens, Ashes, Willows, the Celtis, the Alders, Poplars and Larches.* On the other hand, the Japanese miss in our forests Euptelia, Cercidophyllum and Trochodendron, all of the Magnolia family, Idesia, the arborescent Ternstroemiaceze (Ternstroemia, Cleyera, Eurya and Camellia), Phelloden- dron and Hovenia, Euscaphis, Mackia and Albizzya, Disty- lium, Acanthopanax, Syringa, many arborescent Laurinicz (Cinnamomum, Machilus, Actinodaphne, Litsea), which, next to the Evergreen Oaks, are the most salient features of the forest flora of southern Japan. He will miss, too, the beautiful arborescent Linderas which abound in Japan, while in America the genus is only represented by two un- important shrubs, the arborescent Euphorbiacee, like Buxus, Daphniphyllum, Aleurites, Mallotus, Excoecaria, Zelkova, Aphananthe, Broussonetia and Debregeasia, or find anything to remind him of Pterocarya and Platycarya, of Cryptomeria, Cephalotaxus and Sciadopitys. The forests of the two regions possess in common Mag- nolia and A’sculus, which are more abundant in species and individuals in America than in Japan. ‘The Rhuses, or Sumachs, are very similar in the two regions, and so are the Witch-hazel and the arborescent Aralia. Cornus macro- phylla of Japan is only an enlarged Cornus alternifolia of eastern America, and the so-called Flowering Dogwoods of the two countries are very much alike. The Japanese Walnut is very like the American Butternut, while, rather curiously, the Japanese Thuya and the two Chamecy- paris, the Piceas and Abies, resemble species of Pacific North America, a region whose flora has little affinity with that of eastern Asia. ‘Torreya is common to the two regions ; in America it is one of the most local of all our trees, while in Japan it is abundant in the moun- tainous regions of the central and southern parts of the empire. Apart from the characters which distinguish related genera and speciés of Japanese trees from their American congeners there are many aspects of vegetation which make the two countries unlike. The number of broad- leaved evergreen trees is much greater in southern Japan than it is in the southern United States, there being fifty species of these trees in the former, and only twenty in eastern America (exclusive always of southern Florida), and the general aspect of the groves and woods at the sea- level, even in the latitude of Tokyo, is of broad-leaved * Of the arborescent genera of Japan thirty are represented in Europe, and all, with the exception of Buxus, are also found in eastern America. [NUMBER 257. JANUARY 25, 1893. ] evergreens. The number of evergreen shrubs in propor- tion to the entire flora is much greater in Japan, too, than it is in America, and plants of this character grow much further north in the former than in the latter country. The small number of species of Pinus in Japan, and their scarcity at the north, is in striking contrast to the number and distribution of this genus in eastern America, where there are thirteen species, to only five in Japan (including one shrub). In Japan the Hemlock forms continuous and almost unbroken forests of great extent on the mountain- slopes, which are over 5,000 feet above the sea, while in eastern America this tree is rarely found exceptscattered in small groves or as single individuals through the deciduous- leaved forests. On the other hand, Picea and Abies, which in America form immense forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, wherever I have seen them in Japan, grow singly, or, in the case of Abies, in small groves on the lower border of the Hemlock-forests or mingled with de- ciduous-leaved trees. Picea Ajanensis is said, however, to form extensive forests in some parts of western Yezo, and Professor Miyabe informs me that in the extreme northern part of that island there are fine continuous forests of Abies Sachalinense. In northern Japan and on the high moun- tains of the central islands Birches are more abundant than they are in our northern forests ; and the river-banks at the north, like those of northern Europe and Siberia, are lined with arborescent Willows and Alders, which are rare in eastern America, where these two genera are usually rep- resented by shrubs. The illustration on page 43 gives some idea of the general appearance of the great coniferous forests which cover the highlands of central Japan. In the foreground, Lake Yumoto, famous for its thermal springs, nestles 5,000 feet above the sea among the Nikko Mountains. The forests which rise from the shores of the lake are princi- pally comprised of Hemlock (Tsuga divisifolia), among which are Birch (Betula Ermanni), Abies and Picea, Ptero- carya, Cercidiphyllum and the Mountain Ash. In the dense shade by the shores of the lake grow dwarf forms of the Indian Azalea, Elliottia paniculata, our Canadian Bunch Berry (Cornus Canadensis), great masses of Rhododendron Metternichii, which in these forests replaces Rhododendron Catawbiense of the Appalachian Mountains, the dwarf Ilex rugosa, Clethra, here at the upper limits of its distribution, Panax horrida, and the dwarf Blueberries which inhabit mountain slopes in all northern countries, as well as the ubiquitous Bamboos. The undergrowth which covers the ground beneath the forests in the two regions is so unlike that it must at once attract the attention of the most careless observer. In America this is composed of a great number of shrubs, chiefly of various species of Vaccinium and Gaylusachia, of Epigeea, wild Roses, Kalmias, dwarf Pyrus and Lico- podiums; in Japan the forest-floor is covered, even high on the mountains, and in the extreme north, with a con- tinuous, almost impenetrable, mass of dwarf Bamboos of several species, which make traveling in the woods, except over long-beaten paths and up the beds of streams, practically impossible. These Bamboos, which vary in height from three to six feet in different parts of the country, make the forest-floor monotonous. and uninteresting, and prevent the growth of nearly all other under-shrubs, except the most vigorous species. Shrubs, therefore, are mostly driven to the borders or roads and other open places, or to the banks of streams and lakes, where they can obtain sufficient light to enable themselves to rise above the Bamboos ; and, it is the abundance of the Bamboo, no doubt, which has developed the climbing habit of many Japanese plants, which are obliged to ascend the trees in search of sun and light, for the Japanese forest is filled with climbing shrubs, which flourish with tropical luxuriance. The wild Grape grows in the damp forests of Yezo with a vigor and to a size which the American species do not attain, even in the semi-tropical climate of the southern Garden and Forest. 39 Mississippi valley. Actinidia arguta climbs into the tops of the tallest trees, and nothing is so un-American or so attracts the attention of the American traveler in Japan as the trunks of trees clothed to the height of sixty or eighty feet with splendid masses of the climbing Hydrangeas (H. petiolaris and Schizophragma), or with the lustrous evergreen foliage of the climbing Evonymus. Wistariais represented, it is true, in eastern America, but here it is nowhere very common or one of the chief features of vegetation as it is in Japan ; and the Ivy, a southern plant only in Japan, and not very common, helps to remind the traveler that he is in the Old and not in the New World. GS. Ss Winter Birds in the Pines. E see many more birds in winter when it is very cold, and the ground is covered with snow, than we do in mild weather, for the snow forces them from the fields and vine- yards, and from the covert of wild tangled undergrowth in the low Pines to our homes for food. I have observed some thirty species that visit our grounds during winter, and many others stay about the streams and along the coast. The birds which accept our hospitality, and become more or less domesticated in winter, are the song-sparrow, the white-throated sparrow, the slate-colored sparrow, the English sparrow, the black-capped chickadee and the blue jay. The occasional visitors which mingle with our regular pensioners at the door are the fox sparrow, the tree sparrow, the gold- finch, the purple finch, the field sparrow and the meadow lark. Others which I see about the place that do not mingle with the feeding birds about the house are pine linnets, cardinal birds, vesper birds, bluebirds, quails, golden-winged woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers, brown creepers, winter wrens, Carolina wrens, cedar birds, crows, two or three species of hawk, screech owls and robins. Some observers report that they have seen the catbird in winter, but I have never been favored with a sight of him after November. We can form some estimate of the importance of these birds to farmers and gardeners when we realize the amount of food a comparatively small flock will consume at our doors in in- clement weather. They will accept almost any food when the ground is covered with snow, but they prefer millet-seed and coarse-ground corn and oats. The flock which I feed con- sumes daily a quart or more of this grain, besides much from the table. Very rarely does an English sparrow mingle with these birds. I have at last, by patient perseverance, banished these pests from my premises, and in the most humane man- ner possible. I have simply not allowed them to breed on the place. A few years ago they were here in great numbers, driving bluebirds and wrens and martins from their boxes. At last I had boxes made on purpose for the plagues with a hinged cover, and allowed each occupant to lay the requisite number of eggs, usually six, and commence to incubate, when I would destroy the eggs without disturbing the nest. At first the little simpletons, after making a great ado, would in a few days thereafter again lay eggs in the same boxes. Sometimes over thirty eggs were laid in one box. But even the English sparrow finally learns prudence. Each year they appeared in diminished numbers, and last season only one pair attempted to preempt a box, and they left after the first setting of eggs was destroyed, and the bluebirds and wrens had peace. They also tried building in the Cedars, and these nests were promptly removed. Most of the birds that we see in winter are permanent resi- dents ; a few, however, come from the north, and remain until spring. Among these is the white-throated sparrow, our most handsome species. His throat is pure white, and white streaks are on the head, bordered on either side with dark reddish brown, with a bright yellow spot near the eye, and the backand wings are streaked with bright bay. Heremains with us until he is in full song, and then departs in May to his northern home. The fox sparrow is another handsome winter resident, something larger than the white-throat and more shy. His color is reddish, or bright rufous, on the back, and underparts lighter, streaked and spotted with brown. He makes a great commotion scratching among the dry leaves under Lilacs and other shrubs. He does not scratch like a chicken, but strikes with both feet at the same time, and then looks for what seeds or hibernating insects he may have unearthed. The tree sparrow is a beautiful aristocratic dweller among the winter birds, who retires to the mountains in summer, as his scientific name, Spizella monticola, indicates. The slate-colored sparrow (Junco hiemalis), or snow-bird, as AO it is usually called, is our most abundant species. He seems to be everywhere and a general favorite. He is lively and spirited, often making his larger comrades—white-throats and song-sparrows—stand aside while he takes his meals. He commences to sing in March, and before he leaves in April his music is heard on every side. The purple finch remains with us until late in May, some- times until early June. Heis the dandy among winter birds ; his full dress is a dark, rich crimson, while his mate is attired in simple drab. He is one of our best early songsters; his notes are loud and rolling. He never leaves us until he has helped to thin out the superabundant fruit-blossoms, especially of the Cherry and Apple. The pine linnet is anirregular visitor, but there is scarcely a winter that I do not see a flock now and then on the Pine-trees picking the seeds from the cones and uttering little plaintive notes, something like those of the gold- finch. As they scatter the winged seeds some of the party are sure to show their dexterity by catching them before they reach the ground. Many of our permanent residents are also charming song- sters, like the song-sparrow and the little field-sparrow—the smallest of all our species, more diminutive than the little chip- ping sparrow which goes south for the winter. And the ves- per bird—what music is sweeter than his twilight song? And where can we find a more exquisite creature than the little goldfinch, which puts on his greenish drab or olive suit for winter and comes out in early spring in brilliant black and yellow? And nowin full gala dress, before the company dis- band to attend to its domestic duties, he gives us his fascinat- ing song. Atsuch times these birds often congregate on an old Pine near the house, where their bright color is set off to the best advantage. Here they preen and prim, and sing in- cessantly, until one makes a move to adjourn, when all with one accord, in graceful, undulating flight, still singing as they fly, pass out of sight. The merry little black-capped chickadee is always with us, but in winter we notice him more, when he is willing to be very friendly and to accept our hospitality ; while he can easily manage for himself without any of our aid, still he is not averse to taking bits of meat which are fastened to the twigs of trees or pinned to the window casement, where his diminutive lordship watches us closely while hedaintily takes his meal. He is often in company with the small brown creeper and a small black-and-white woodpecker, when together they search over the fruit-trees for hibernating insects and for the eggs of in- sects. Beneath the loose bark of Apple-trees they find the larve of many fat codling moths, which-have spun themselves silken cradles in which to repose during winter, and if left to themselves they become chrysalids in the spring, and in early summer come forth as moths to work destruction to our ap- ples. Inthe spring, when I look over my trees, I find but few of the larvee or chrysalids. I have marked trees in the fall, when the larvee were hibernating abundantly, and when spring came nearly every one had been destroyed. Many times I have seen the chickadee clinging to a twig of an Apple- tree, going all around it, head downward, picking at something which he evidently relished. On examination I find he was feeding on the eggs of the tent-caterpillar. These eggs, two or three hundred in number, are inacompact cluster, glued firmly around the twig, but the chickadee can loosen and eat them. When we consider how many large birds remain with us in winter which are dependent in a great measure upon insects for their living, we may partly realize the immense number destroyed. In winter insects are in a condition most relished by birds, as now they are mostly in the egg, larva or chrysalis stage. Packard enumerates over a hundred different insects that feed upon Pine-trees alone, and a large number of these are found in the trees of New Jersey. The old Pine-trees near the house give me something of an idea of the ferreting work of these birds. Among the largest of these workers is the golden-winged woodpecker, which is about a foot in length, and very handsome heis with his rich golden wings and his fine head, a light fawn-color on the top and a brilliant red behind. On his breast is a broad crescent of black anda stripe of black on each side of the throat, and his rump is pure white. This is his general appearance as he flits around us, but in hand we find each feather has distinct and beautiful markings. He is somewhatshy, owing to the persistent persecution of sportsmen, still he soon learns whom to trust, and makes his nest in our orchards, often within a few yards of the door. The blue jay is another elegant bird, a little smaller than the golden-wing. He is the gypsy among birds, camping with us in great numbers one winter, and the next somewhere else. He is soamusing and his talents so varied that he needs a whole chapter to do him justice. Crows are everywhere, and I am Garden and Forest. ‘check will cause it to become again dormant. results tanks with available heat are desirable. [NUMBER 257. convinced that they find the larvee of the rosebug. When the ground is not frozen they are often digging for something in the vineyards, but they are so shy that [ cannot get near enough with a glass to determine exactly what they unearth. The downy woodpecker is one of our smallest species, but he is nimble and strong, He is black and white, and the males have a bright crimson spot on the back of the head. He is abundant in winter, tapping the Pines and Oaks and fruit-trees around the house; no place escapes him where he thinks may lurk a hidden insect. The active little winter wren and the larger Carolina wren are both busy peering into crevices and beneath piles of old lumber and wood and around the base of trees, looking everywhere for hidden chrysalids and larve. Bluebirds and robins stay in the dense Cedar-swamps during severe cold, but are with us in mild weather. The silent beautiful cedar birds visit us in flocks, soon stripping a Cedar- tree of its berries, and then away as noiselessly as they came. Vineland, N. J. ; Mary Treat. Since the above was written, the bluebirds and robins, as if to disapprove my statement that they remained in the Cedar- Swamps during the coidest weather, have come around the house in considerable numbers. Perhaps it is because they find it so much colder in the Cedars than they have done in former winters. The robins feed on the Cedar-berries, and the bluebirds are eating the fruit of the Japan Honeysuckle which climbs about the piazza. Very handsome both of them - look against the sun, for their color is now at its best, and much more brilliant than it is in summer. New or Little-known Plants. Nymphza gigantea. HIS Water-lily is a native of tropical Australia, and is a plant of great beauty both in flower and leaf. The leaves on well-developed plants are large, peltate, dentate and light green above. On the under side they are strongly ribbed and of a vinous-purple color. The flowers, as shown in the illustration on page 41, from a photograph of a well-grown specimen, are large and well formed. The picture, however, fails to show the color and satiny texture of the petals, which, it will be noticed, are more blunt than those of N. stellata, of which the variety Zanzibarensis is the most familiar in gardens. The petals are white at the base, shading to a pure light blue at the ends. A large cluster of deep yellow stamens is in beautiful contrast. Altogether, in distinctness, purity of color and texture of petals, this may be considered the handsomest of the blue Nympheeas ; it is, besides, one of the most per- sistent in flower, and is seldom without blooms while in active growth. Like other tropical.Water-lilies, it is grown successfully here in a number of gardens, but, though introduced many years ago, is comparatively rare, as not every one suc- ceeds in its management. The main secret of success seems to be in keeping it moving, from the time it first breaks from the tubers. In a young state the slightest After it is well started and growing strongly, it may be transferred to quarters outside, where, once in flower, a succession can be depended on for the entire season. A sandy, rich loam seems to be its requirements as to soil. Like all tropical Nymphzas, this requires a fairly high temperature, and while our summers are usually warm enough to grow them successfully in the open, it is agreed that for the best This species should not be confused with a white variety introduced lately as Nymphea odorata, var. gigantea. For the excellent photograph from which our illustration was made, we are indebted to W. W. Lee, Esq., Northamp- ton, Massachusetts. The photograph of Mr. Lee’s water- garden, a tank some forty-two feet in diameter, which accompanied this shows a wonderful collection of varieties, with Victoria regia in prominence, apparently growing in the great vigor required to produce the specimens as illus- trated. The illustration has been reduced about one-third from the original photograph, in which the flower of natural size appeared rather more than ten inches in diameter.’ JANUARY 25, 1893.] Garden and Forest AI Fig. 7.—Nymphza gigantea, reduced one-third.—See page 40. Foreign Correspondence. The New Plants of 1892.—I. HE new plants of last year, although more numerous than usual, do not include many of extraordinary merit ; indeed, the number of really first-rate garden-plants among them is exceptionally few. I propose to deal now only with the plants for which English horticulture is responsi- ble, deferring the introductions of foreign establishments for a subsequent letter. Orcuips.—The new introductions among Orchids are fewer than usual, and the really good acquisitions fewer 42 Garden and Forest. still. Collectors have not been very fortunate in their dis- coveries, for I cannot name more than one of a first-rate character, Cypripedium Chamberlainianum. This plant has not yet revealed anything like the magnificence which the vendors, Messrs. F. Sander & Co., say it assumes in a wild state. It may, however, be expected to improve con- siderably under cultivation, and we may yet see the tall many-flowered scapes which characterize this species as seen by the collector in New Guinea. C. Exul is distinct enough, but wanting in attractions. The new Cattleyas of last year have not yet fulfilled ex- pectations. C. Alexandre (Linden), instead of being “one of the most beautiful of all Cattleyas,” has proved so far one of the poorest, the several plants which have flowered quite justifying this view. It is hoped that these are ex- ceptionally bad varieties. C. Victoria Regina is ‘‘ mixed.” Messrs. F. Sander & Co. exhibited a plant of it in flower early in the year, which was not wanting in beauty, but, so far as I can ascertain, no one has yet had one that deserves to rank with first-rate Cattleyas. C. Schilleriana, var. Lowii, is very distinct in color, having lavender segments and a blue and white labellum, but it looks worse than the type in constitution, and the type is bad enough. C. Batalini is another of the same category, being like C. Schilleriana, with rose-purple flowers. C. Oweniana (Sander & Co.), C. Statteriana and C. aurea, var. Statteriana (T. Statter), are forms of C. labiata, var. Dowiana, of which there are now a considerable number. As was to be expected, some good varieties have turned up among the thousands of plants re- cently imported of C. labiata (Warocqueana), and some of these have received names, such as C. labiata, var. San- derz, C. labiata, var. alba, etc. Disa Cooperi and D. in- carnata are very pretty in flower, but they belong to the wrong section of the genus to be of much value in English gardens. Bulbophyllum comosum (Kew), from Burma, is a pretty little species with the habit of a Pleione, and erect spikes bearing curved racemes of hairy white flowers, which develop in January and are sweet-scented. B.O’Brienianum (J.O’Brien) is another pretty little species from the Hima- layas likely to interest those who love the smaller Orchids. Calanthe Sanderiana (F. Sander & Co.) is a likely plant for the greenhouse, as it has the habit and sturdiness of C. Natalensis, but is larger in flower and deeper in color. Natal. Epidendrum Godseffianum and E. Watsonianum (F. Sander & Co) are evidently very robust-growing spe- cies with large-branched scapes of yellow and purplish flowers two inches across, but they are not likely to grow so well with us as they do in the Brazilian forests. The white-flowered Masdevallia Harryana, var. Gravesize, ob- tained by Mr. Sander from Mr. H. Graves, of New Jersey, is the best new Masdevallia of the year. There are three promising new Odontoglossums—namely, O. platycheilum, a new species, now in the possession of R. J. Measures, Esq., with creamy white Miltonia-like flowers, the large labellum colored soft pink, with spots of purple; O. Oweni- anum (F. Sander & Co.), a large-flowered new species from Colombia, with brown-spotted sepals and petals and a pure white labellum, and O. Wendlandianum (F. Sander-& Co.), a new species, similar to O. blandum, the flowers white, with chestnut spots, the labellum spotted with purple. There are improved or distinct varieties of O. crispum and O. Pescatorei this year as before. The allied genus, Onci- dium, also yields a trio of promising additions, all of F. Sander & Co.’s introducing : O. Rolfeanum, from Colombia, is a brown-and-yellow-flowered species of the Microchila section ; O. Saint Legerianum, from south Brazil, isan ally of O. bifolium, with long scapes of bright yellow flowers remarkable for the size of the crest and its bright purple color, and O. Gravesianum, also of Brazilian origin, is one of the crispum or preetextum fraternity. Phajus Sanderianus (F. Sander & Co.) I should call a form of P. Wallichii, which Sir Joseph Hooker, in Zhe Flora of British India, makes to include P. bicolorand P. grandifo- lius. Stanhopea Lowii (H. Low & Co.) isa large-flowered species, not unlike S. ebarnea, I am told, but with purplish [NUMBER 257. markings on the labellum. Sobralia Lucasiana (C. J. Lucas, Esq.), S. Breyeriana (Seeger & Tropp) and S. Lowii (H. Low & Co.) are all untried plants of apparently close affinity to S.macrantha. Spathoglottis Viellardii, var. rubree (Sir T. Lawrence), is a dark-colored, large-flowered variety of avery goodstove Orchid. Vanda teres, var. alba (Lord Roths- child), is, as its name indicates, a white-flowered variety of considerable beauty—so far the best ofthe new introductions. Turning now to the hybrids of garden origin, we find an enormous number, certainly running into nearly a hun- dred. I must, in fairness, own to a prejudice against hy- brids which have nothing to recommend them beyond their mongrel character. A good hybrid is a plant to be proud of, and there are some, a few, good ones among last year’s productions. ‘The best is, I think, Cymbidium Winnianum, raised by C. Winn, Esq., from C. giganteum and C. ebur- neum, exhibited a few weeks ago by Sander & Co., bearing six spikes of large beautiful flowers, creamy white, with blotches of red-brown on the labellum. Cattleya leuco- glossa (C. fausta x C. Loddigesii), C. Philo (C. iricolor x C. Mossiz), and C, Minacia (C. Loddigesii and C. labiata) are the best of the hybrid Cattleyas flowered this year by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. The St. Albans nurserymen have also produced two good hybrids in C. Burberryana (C. imbri- cata x C. superba) and C. Amesiz (parentage not given). A hybrid named C. Baroness Schroeder (C. labiata, var. x C. Jongheana), raised in the garden of Baron Schroeder, is also deserving of special mention. There are over forty new hybrid Cypripediums among the certificated plants of last year. The principal raisers of these were Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, F. Sander & Co., and Messrs. Pitcher & Manda. There are among them some curious combinations, such as C. Brysa (C. Sedeni x C. Boisserianum), C. Chrysocomes (C. caudatum x C. con- chiferum), C. Cowleyanum (C. Curtisii x C. niveum), C. Evenor (C. Argus x C. bellatulum), C. Juno (C. Callosum x C. Fairreanum), C. Lawrebellum (C. Lawrencianum x C. bellatulum), C. Telemachus (C. niveum x C. Lawrenci- anum) and C. Vipani (C. niveum x C.levigatum). I am informed that, strange and incomprehensible though it may appear to outsiders, these hybrid Cypripediums are much sought after by certain amateurs, and often realize very high prices. With a genus like this it would be worth while to self-fertilize the flowers and try what effect selec- tion and cultivation would have on the size and colors of the flowers of the later generations. Dendrobiums have yielded D. dulce (D. Linawianum x D. aureum), D. Wardiano-japonicum, D. striatum (D. ja- ponicum x D. Dalhousianum), D. enosmum leucopterum (D. nobile x D. endocharis), D. Adrasta (D. Pierardii x D. superbum) and D. Euryclea (D. lituifloruam x D. Ward- ianum). These are all Veitchian productions. Messrs. F. Sander & Co. have also been successful, having flowered during the year D. Rolfeee (D. primulimum x _ D. nobile), and Sir Trevor Lawrence has bred D. burfordiense from D. Linawianum and D. aureum; Messrs. Veitch also made this same cross, calling their plant D. dulce. Lelio-Cattleya Marriottiana (L. flava x C. Skinneri), L. C. Phoebe (L. cinnabarina x C. Mossize), L. C. Aurora (L. Dayana x C. Loddigesii) and L. Latona (L. cinnabarina x L. purpurata) are other hybrids of promise, for most of which we are indebted to Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. Phaleenopsis Amphitrite (P. Stuartiana x P. Sanderiana), raised by F. Sander & Co., is a handsome hybrid of sturdy constitution, and the same may be said of the Veitchian hybrid, P. Artemis (P. amabilis x P. rosea). The produc- tion of further crosses between Cattleya and Sophronitis by Messrs. Veitch is only what we might have expected to follow on their splendid success in producing Sophrocat- tleya Batemanni. I have said elsewhere that the fact of these plants intercrossing is a conclusive proof of their near relationship. Still the boldness of the attempt deserves all praise, more particularly as it has given us already sev- eral beautiful hybrids. Sophrocattleya Veitchii (Sophro- nitis grandiflora x Leelio-Cattleya elegans) and S. Calypso = : | ; 7 4 ; JANUARY 25, 1893.] (Sophronitis x C. Loddigesii) are two beautiful hybrids. Breeders might do worse than make this same cross for the sake ofthe plants it yields, as we shall have to waita long while before Messrs. Veitch will have a stock of Sophro- cattleyas to dispose of at, say, a guinea apiece. Zygopetalum leucochilum (Z. Burkei x Z. Mackayi), a sturdy plant, remarkable for its large white labellum, is another Veitchian production of some merit. This list will be continued next week. London. W. Watson. Cultural Department. Irises and their Cultivation.—VI. I RIS PSEUDACORUS and I. foetidissima, the British Gladwin, are Flags, appreciated in wild gardens. The yellow flowers of the former are not very pure in color, but in suitable damp - Aid, sh eS hy a he WY) mi ay ana Das ges Aint PheHih y , : MH Hh ) {] (li | ] in yi! iii Ik [ My tl Hi AW lh a > == sS= == Me Vip }} 7 : hy) Garden and Forest. 43 Iris Siberica and its varieties have long been favorite garden- plants, growing with extreme vigor in an ordinary garden-bor- der, not too dry, which place they prefer toa wet one. The type has purple flowers, veined white, very freely produced, and the foliage is narrow, rigid and abundant, about two feet long. Variety flexulosus has white flowers with crisped petals. Variety haeematophylla has purple flowers, and the young leaves are tinged with red. This is a synonym of variety Orientalis, but the plant grown here with the latter name is a variety hav- ing very dark purple, almost blue, flowers, and leaves of the normal type. Iris Orientalis (Species) is that known in gardens as I. ochro- leuca, or I. gigantea. It is a remarkably tall-growing and beau- tiful-flowered kind with stout rhizomes. The flowers are white, flushed with yellow on the falls.. This is one of the best of the tall kinds. Others of this class worthy of cultivation are I, monnieri and I. aurea, both with yellow flowers of pure color and seemingly not particular as to location. This trio of tall- Fig. 8.—Lake ‘Yumoto, Japan, with Hemlock Forests.—-See page 38. places the plants are effective. The flowers of the latter va- riety are dull, but are succeeded by well-filled pods which show rows of red seed as they burst, when they are striking objects. The milk-white Iris of Florence (I. Florentina), besides being a plant of remarkable beauty, has the distinction of being the only member of the large family which has any important commercial value. The dried and cleaned rhizomes of this Iris are an important article of commerce under the name of Orris-root. Inthe form of powder it is used as a dentifrice and for sachets. Oils are both expressed and distilled from the roots, which, with alcoholic tinctures of the same, are largely used in the manufacture of perfumery and soaps. Its special value being to simulate or strengthen the more expen- Sive perfume of violets, the essence of violets without some admixture of orris or cassie (Acacia Farnesiana) isa rather rare article.. This Iris prefers moist spots. growing kinds have rather long narrow falls and inconspicuous standards, and hence have a grace of their own quite distinct from that of the Japanese kinds. The two latter kinds have not proved very free of flower in my borders. There are a number of other rhizomatous kinds in the same borders which are possibly as effective, but they have not spoken to me as yet, or I have failed to catch their special characteristics. The flowers of the Iris do not quite round the entire year, but there are several winter Flags which will prove interesting at that sea- son. I. fimbriata (I. Chinensis or I. Japonica) is the well-known evergreen-leaved greenhouse-plant with lilac flowers, crimped on the edges of the falls, and borne in racemes on gracefulstems. This thrives well in ordinary greenhouse temperature potted in a small amount of sandy loam, with abundant drainage. The flowers are fugitive, however. I. alata (I. scorpioides) is an Algerian bulbous species, also much grown in green- 44 Garden and Forest. houses, and of this there are several varieties, white and lilacs. Except that it requires a rest from July to October, its culture offers no difficulties. The most interesting winter Iris seems to me to be I. stylosa, which, though Algerian by birth, is apparently hardy here. This by precedence is I. unguicularis, which name, as Professor Forster has remarked, has the advantage of containing five more letters, and being more difficult to pronounce. It is, however, a plant which is more satisfactory under protec- tion, though only requiring a moderate temperature to bring it into flower in December or January. It is necessary to have it well established in pots for such treatment, and it will re- quire attention and some stimulants in the early year to keep it moving. Thereare several varieties of this. Var.Speciosa, now in flower with me, is rather light purple, with white and yellow markings on the falls, and the standards, which are erect, are suffused with a coppery bronze on the inner base. Since the appearance of this series of notes I have had sev- eral communications, seeking, with perhaps unconscious sar- casm, cultural directions for the Iris, and perhaps a few more notes in that direction may be useful, though, unless otherwise noted, the plants before mentioned demand the simplest possi- ble treatment. Many, or most, of the rhizomatous kinds are evergreen, where the leaves are not killed by frost, and may be moved at any time, but, preferably, it should be done after flowering and before the ground commences to cool off in the fall. They can be secured at any time in the spring or fall from the dealers, and if care is used in setting out, few of them will give further trouble until they have exhausted the soil, which they do somewhat rapidly. Those with thick rhizomes are apt to be bruised in transportation, which will cause them to rot, and they should be carefully watched, and the decaying part cut out as soon as it appears, after which they should be planted in sand till they recover. These, like other plants, are better planted, as some one has said, with aspade. In other words, in a good, broadly, loosely worked space such as a spade would open. Spread out the roots well and work loose earth among them, with the thick rhizomes just at the surface. Those with short underground rhizomes should be planted so that the buds are near the surface. As these often make a matted mass of fine roots, difficult to spread and separate in the earth, it is well to cut up such masses to single eyes, and plant with a space between. Such masses of roots can other- wise often be successfully treated by washing out and throwing sand between while wet. This will help to keep them separate and enable one to plant satisfactorily. In the outdoor garden, where one is entirely at the mercy of the elements, careful planting is usually of more importance than after-cultivation, for after planting, nature and the plants have it mostly out be- tween them. However, we all like to think that we are mas- ters even in the garden, and a judicious use of water and manure, as observation seems to indicate, will help the Iris, as well as other plants, and a loose state of the soil will tend to increase them rapidly. Elizabeth, N. J. Eee, JF. N. Gerard. Autumn-flowering Lilies.—I. Sees speaking, the sub-genus Archelirion consists of three separate groups, Lilium tigrinum, L. auratum and L. speciosum, each differing considerably, either in the shape of bulb or flower, far more than in the case of other sections. All the Archelirion Lilies, as far as they are known to us, are natives of Asia, principally of Japan and China, where they are collected by the natives for food, but for some years large quantities have been cultivated and exported, mainly to Europe and America. LILIUM TIGRINUM GROUP.—L. tigrinum has a stem from three to five feet in height, greenish purple or dark brown in color, and pubescent; the leaves deep green, scattered, and the lower ones enlarging more to the apex. It is one of the few bulbous species bearing bulbils in the axils of the leaves, which adhere at first firmly to the stem, but as they grow larger assume a more separate existence, until, on maturity, they drop to the ground in the autumn and soon produce little rootlets and leaves. There are only two other truly bulbiferous species of Lilies besides this, namely, L. bulbi- ferum and L. sulphureum (L. ochroleucum). L. tigrinum flowers from the end of July right through August and up to the middle of September. The variety, Splendens, differs from the type in the much broader, deep green and shiny leaves, a dark brown ebony-like stem, and much larger and brighter-colored flowers. It is of vigorous growth and later in bloom. This I consider is the best of the Tiger Lilies. L. tigrinum Fortunei differs principally from L. tigrinum by the lighter-colored flowers, less recurved segments, larger and [NUMBER 257. lighter spots, narrow leaves and downy stem. It blooms a week or two later than the type, and a few days before Splen- dens. On account of its tall, vigorous growth, in the first, and sometimes also in the second, year after importation (for the stem grows from six to eight feet high, and produces a great number of flowers), it is erroneously called Giganteum, but when grown for a few years it loses this character, and becomes. simply Fortune's Lily. I have found imported Tiger Lily bulbs. always of this variety, but never of the form Splendens, or the - type. The form Fortunei is to all appearance the most com- mon, and has undoubtedly a wide distribution. A friend sent me a few bulbs of it from a then unexplored part of Burma, which he bought from Chinese merchants, who sold them for food ; and he, having only a slight knowledge of Lilies, sent them to me as a new kind. L. tigrinum erectum is a very rare an« distinct form, but, as far as I know, not now in cultivation. The flowers are erect, but the plant is of rather weak consti- tution. The double-flowered variety is like Fortunei, except in the perfect double flowers of camellia shape—a most handsome and vigorous-growing form, and a native of China and Japan. It flowers the last of all, lasting from September to October. Tiger Lilies are easily propagated by the bulbils ; in fact, under favorable conditions, they sometimes become a perfect weed. L.jucundum is an almost real Tiger Lily, with the exception of not being bulbiferous. The bulbs differ but little from those of L. tigrinum, only being more com- pressed. The stem is from four feet to five feet high, covered with white down, and the leaves scattered, linear and twisted. The color of the flowers is bright red, dotted brown. Among these are one or two very distinctforms. L.Leichtlini, with yellow flowers, spotted with brown, might rightly be put here, having the whole character of L. jucundum, but at the same time it might be classed with the Martagon Lilies. LILIUM AURATUM GROUP.—Lilium auratum has a stem from two to six feet high, deep green, smooth tinted purple, rather slender, leaves scattered, short-stalked, lanceolate-acuminate, deep green, shiny and smooth; the lower ones are shorter and much narrower than the upper ones; the perianth is from four to eight inches long, segments fulcrate, one to two inches. broad in the middle, white streaked with yellow and dotted with purple. It is strongly scented—a most variable Lily, with many distinct and beautiful varieties, and a native of Japan; flowering from July till October. The most distinct forms are: Wittei, having a small, light-colored bulb, very slender stem, growing from two to three feet high, and small, milky-white flowers, streaked yellow, but without spots. Rubro-pictum has narrow, long leaves, and a smooth, lurid, purple-tinted stem, flowers of medium size, very numerous, white, tinted outside with greenish purple, and streaked faintly with red, also enriched with large, crimson dots. A late- flowering and very pleasing form. Rubro-vittatum has a slender stem, about three feet high, green, tinted with purple, the leaves lanceolate, dark green, tinted purple and very smooth; the flowers are large, white, streaked deep crimson. This I consider to be the most beautiful, not alone of this group, but of all the Lilies. As far as constitution is concerned, it is far more satisfactory than the common L. auratum. Platy- phyllum has a light or deep green Stem, tinted with purple, the leaves broad and lanceolate, the flowers large, much ex- panded, white, the exterior tinted purple, the interior often tinted and streaked with sulphur, and dotted with maroon—a vigorous- growing and beautiful form. The stem is very stout, and often attains a height of from six to eight feet, especially the second year after importation. The first year it is much dwarfer. It is the most vigorous variety of this group, anda native of Japan, flowering in August and September. Virgi- nale differs but little from Platyphyllum as far as the general habit and shape of the bulb are concerned; the principal dif- ference lies in the large, white flower, which is not spotted as the preceding, but has a pale yellow band running through the middle of each of the inner segments. It is a very rare form. The variety Wittei,a much more plentiful variety, is usually sold for Virginale. others, but they are not quite so distinct. Any one buying a number of imported bulbs of L. auratum will find an almost endless variety among them. Some are of dwarf growth, and have narrow, long leaves, the plants usually early-flowering, with flowers almost as good as those of Platyphyllum. In Rubro-pictum they are more or less spotted, and tinted pur- ple or crimson. Others, again, have a tall, slender stem often fasciated, while some have curly leaves and small flowers, which are produced late. These last two forms are of weak constitution and are short-lived. The dwarfer, long or broad- leaved forms are the most amenable to culture, while the tall, late-flowering, curly-leaved varieties are the most difficult to Besides these varieties there are 7 . ; ( JANUARY 25, 1893.] from a moderate distance is best. keep after the first year. In fact, we have yet to learn how to cultivate L.auratum successfully. What becomes of the many thousands of imported bulbs every year? In some localities from sixty to seventy per cent. of imported bulbs will live and grow for a number of years, while in other localities they sel- dom survive beyond the second year, evidently neither soil nor climate being suitable. The kind of soil, though not the same, but approaching that of its native habitat, would be neither too heavy nore too light or dry, and then this bulb likes plenty of moisture, though not stagnant moisture, and shelter irom wind or sun. I remember a bed in a Continental garden containing bulbs of the first importation that ever reached Europe. The soil was sandy, containing much humus deposited by a river, and though not actually damp it could not be called dry. This bed was not disturbed for more than eight years, except that now and then a bulb was lifted. Unfortunately, the severe winter of 1890 annihilated this bed completely, as it was left uncovered, although sheltered by conifers against the north and east.—G. Reuthe, in Garden- ers’ Magazine. Hardy Perennials for Sub-tropical Effect. (a is a matter of surprise to me that so little attempt is gen- erally made to produce sub-tropical effects with hardy plants, for variety of material is not wanting. Situations where such effects can be used to advantage are in every large estate and public park, while in private places of small extent a spot for the purpose can often be found. One cannot reasonably expect the highly colored and richly varied foliage, often of gigantic size, which can be attained with purely tropical foliage and which requires the peculiar soils and conditions of a warm climate; and yeta showy effect, quite distinct from that usually produced with hardy material, can often be had by an appropriate grouping of certain hardy species which show marked difference from the prevailing characteristics of the vegetation of a temperate climate. In places of large extent and to produce broad effects, the list of suitable hardy plants is by no means limited; the large broad-foliaged and tall-growing sorts can be used in quantity, while medium-sized sorts can often be well grouped with them. Bocconias, Aralias, Arundo donax and varieties, Poly- gonums, Inulas, Helianthuses, Silphiums, Rheums, Acan- thuses, Heracleums, Centaureas, Eryngiums and other coarse- growing sorts that can have room to develop, can be made most effective. Groupings of this sort are possibly best made where there are heavy backgrounds of trees, especially when placed in the deep bays and recesses that are so commonly found in places where large ornamental plantings have ma- tured. The plants named are, from the nature of their growth, gross feeders, and, to give the best effect, must each year re- ceive good cultural treatment, and they should be setso that they will not suffer from the shade of the trees. These coarser- growing sorts should be mainly used apart from less vigorous varieties, which might otherwise be crowded and overrun. Where it is desirable to extend the varieties, Bambusa Metake, Echinops in variety, Eulalias, Gyneriums, Erianthus ravennee and Verbascums can be used as plants of medium size to extend the variety of color and form of foliage and give contrast in habit. Among the plants named are several which can be used as single lawn specimens, such as the Eulalias, Acanthuses, Rheums, Erianthus and Gyneriums, and here the cultural skill of the gardener will be well repaid. Wherever dwarfer kinds than those mentioned are desirable, selections can be made from the Tritonias, Megaseas, Artemesias, Di- centras, Epimediums, Funkias, Hemerocallis, Yuccas, and the like, and where Ferns are suitable, the Osmundas, Struthi- opteris, Woodwardias and Dicksonias make a good list to choose from. The effect of large groups is enhanced by a foreground of lawn, and, except where the smaller sorts are used, the view I find that too much va- riety is likely to be attempted ; this mars the general effect by lessening the individual attractions of each. Where there is water for aquatics, the deeper portion can be occupied with the Nymphzas and Nelumbiums, the shallows with Pontederias, Sagittarias, Calla palustris, Nuphars, Typhas, and the banks with Scirpus, Juncus, Acorus, Eulalias, Carex, Equisetums, Eryngium aquaticum, Bamboos, Elymus glaucus and Japanese Iris. Here also can be used to advantage the Gunnera, Saxafraga cordata, Funkias, Hemerocallis and Ophio- _ pogon in their various forms, taking care, of course, to pre- vent the submergence of these plants at any time. These notes are but hints as to the use of plants to produce sub-tropical effects ; the study is capable of great elaboration Garden and Forest. 45 in grouping for effect or in selecting single specimens for the lawn. There is a great variety of color among the sorts noted ; the bright glossy greens of the Acanthuses, Megaseas and Morinas; the light greens of the Hemerocallis, Rheums, Polygonums and Centaureas ; the glaucous hues of the Bocco- nias, Elymus glaucus and Yuccas, and the bright silver and golden variegated foliaged forms of Eulalias, Arundos and Sweet Flag. Of course, the flowers in their season are items of importance, though the general acceptance of the term sub- tropical relates more especially to effects of foliage. Reading, Mass. F. Woodward Manning. The Shrubbery in Winter. One value of shrubbery to relieve the monotony of the win- ter landscape deserves more consideration than planters have usually given. Heretofore the evergreens have been the main reliance for winter effect; but we have three or four shrubs, which, if used judiciously, will produce a marked in- fluence in relieving the chilly and dead-white effect of mid- winter. For early winter nothing compares with our Ameri_ can Evonymus. The European variety is very pretty, with, yellowish red berries ; but our native sort is a brilliant scarlet The whole bush, after the leaves fall, isa flame of fireand would appropriately be named by the people the Burning Bush. The European Evonymius may be grown even thirty feet high, as a small compact tree ; but I have not found it as hardy as the native, which rarely rises more than ten feet, and is prettiest when grown as a bush. For bordering a group of evergreens the nurserymen offer dwarf varieties. The Barberry, forsome reason, is neglected as a lawn shrub. I rarely find it, even in somewhat extensive grounds, if we except the inferior purple-leaved sort. By all odds the most useful Barberry is the European Berberis vulgaris. This has become quite at home in our country and can be found all along the Atlantic states in pasture lands. Among the best five shrubs for general planting, I should certainly name this one. The Evonymus is spoiled by severe freezing, but the fruit of the Barberry endures until spring. These two shrubs for upland planting, and the red-barked Cornus for lower grounds, create a rich diversion of color that we should not lose. The Dogwood can easily be grown in large masses of twenty or thirty feet diameter. The fruitis whiteand appears in the summer; but the bark is exceedingly rich from the time leaves fall until they put out again in spring. Clinton, N. Y. EP, Powell. The Forest. Tree-planting on Mount Hamilton. [22 University of California has a tract of 2,600 acres of wild land upon Mount Hamniilton, including the site of Lick Observatory. I went there last December to study the place with a view to some tree-planting. My visit proved extremely interesting and suggested further possibilities in the direction of a forestry station, that could not but prove of value to the entire Pacific slope. Previous attempts to plant trees, atan elevation of more than 4,000 feet, on the crest of Mount Hamilton, have been some- what disastrous. In 1889 about fifty trees were sent from the University gardens to the mountain, and again, in 1890, but too late in the season, a large number of trees were planted, few of which remain. Cork-bark E!ms and California Soft Maples are the most promising deciduous trees. Sequoia gigantea, Li- bocedrus decurrens, Thuya gigantea, Austrian Pine and a few other conifers, such as the Monterey Cypress and the Monterey Pine, have done fairly well. The most promising tree of all is the Sequoia. The Redwoods died; they are entirely unsuited to the locality. The total coniferous tree-planting of 1890 con- sisted of three hundred and sixty trees of six species, all but one natives of the Pacific coast. About fifty fairly healthy trees, and perhaps as many more that may live, now remain from the plantings of both 1889 and 1890. In every case it was necessary to blast outa hole in the rock and fill it with earth hauled from the gulches. The winds are very strong on the summit and the summers are dry and hot. The water-supply is sufficient to give trees a start, but of course they must be species that are well adapted to extremes of heat and cold, moisture and drought, for irrigation can only be upon a small scale and for a short time. The nature of the horticultural problems offered by the more rocky and arid portions of the mountains can be understood better from the following notes taken from the publications of 46 the Lick Observatory: Since 1880 the least annual rainfall has been about thirteen inches; the greatest has been more than fifty-eight inches (from July, 1883, to June, 1884, inclusive). The mountain generally receives thirty-three inches or up- ward. There is evidently rain enough fora great variety of plant-life. The ‘dry months” are said to be May, June, July, August and September, but in 1883 more than seven inches fell in May, in 1889 more than three inches, and during eleven years only one May was entirely rainless. The lowest temper- ature during eleven years’ observation was eleven; fourteen and sixteen occur nearly every year. Snow falls on the peak, but soon melts, and some years thereis no snow at all. The heads of the ravines, and small plateaus nearest the peaks, fortunately offer much easier problems to the planter. There is more soil there, the force of the winds is somewhat broken, and the rays of the summer sun are less perpendicu- lar to the plane of the slope. There are large Oaks, in fact, quite a forest of them, and one hill-side has been plowed and cultivated. One plateau of five acres would make an excellent Apple orchard ; another, higher up, is suited to a collection of mountain species of conifers. Thesurface should be broken, and the grass and weeds kept down by cultivation, as, other- wise, small trees would lack moisture. Several small planta- tions could be established within easy walking distance of the Observatory, and will give better results than the efforts to grow trees upon the rock platforms of the mountain. The need of shade andshelter around the buildings upon the peak is most pressing, and the effort to establish a few more trees of the hardiest species there must not be neglected. Hitherto all the planting attempted has been at, ornear, the top of the mountain. Thereal possibilities of the large, and, for many uses, very valuable tract of wild land owned by the University, have been neglected. The tract consists of 2,600 acres, cover- ing a range of 1,500 feet in altitude, from about 2,700 feet above the sea to the crest of Mount Hamilton, 4,200 feet high. By a comparatively slight additional expenditure the reservation could be increased to 3,000 or 3,500 acres, and this would greatly add to its future value as an experiment station for hardier fruits and forest-trees. In parts of Italy the Olive thrives at an elevation of 3,200 feet, and in Algeria at 4,800 feet, while bearing orchards are not uncommon at 3,000 feet above the sea. The Olive requires thorough cultivation, but needs no irrigation in the Mount Hamilton district, where the rainfall is sufficient. It endures summer heat of from 100 to 120 de- grees, but, as before stated, the winter temperature must not be less than fourteen degrees., From both the botanical and the horticultural standpoint, this tract of land on Mount Hamilton is one of the most inter- esting areas to be found in the entire Coast-range. It ought to be utilized, and portions of it should in time yield a very con- siderable income—probably enough to pay the expénses of planting the other parts. There are many warm “flats” containing rich soil and flow- ing springs; here orchards of Olives and the deciduous fruits will thrive. Peaches, Apricots and Prunes are growing well in similar localities. About 3,200 feet would probably mark the natural limits of such orchards, but the hardier Apples and Pears could be planted higher up on the mountain. If five or six hundred acres prove well adapted to these cultures, it would be all one could expect. Possibly, in the course of time, Olives could be established over a large area of the rocky slopes. For pure forestry treatment, after the best European methods, with modifications to adapt them to California conditions, there are a thousand or more acres that can be covered eventually with as fine a coniferous forest as that which clothes the base of Shasta. Ultimately, with sufficient funds to carry on the work properly, every part of the tract, except a few precipices too steep for trees to obtain a foothold, can be covered with vegetation. This, the Director assures me, would not injure the astronomical value of the Lick Observatory, but would undoubtedly steady the atmosphere and improve the general conditions. The creation of profitable orchards upon the suitable por- tions of the 2,600 acres belonging to the Mount Hamilton reservation, and of equally valuable forests of Sugar Pine, Yellow Pine and Sequoias, will undoubtedly be the task of a lifetime, and it will be hard to find men who combine the requisite knowledge and energy forits accomplishment. But I know of no better place for a forestry station of the first rank to deal directly with the practical problem which the state and national government are just beginning to recognize—the utilization of our rough lands, the reforesting of denuded mountains. 2 Berkeley, Cal. Charles Howard Shinn. Garden and Forest. (NuMBER 257. Correspondence. Favorite Flowers. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST : Sir,—I wish to say a few words, not about the popular flowers with which people are often strangely enamored until a more recent novelty causes them to be torgotten ; such flowers are double Dahlias, Fuchsias, Cacti, and, at the present moment, the Chrysanthemum. I would speak of the flowers popular among village folk, among the primitive dwellers on the mountains and in valleys far remote from the stir of city life. With us, in Switzerland, le Rosace des Alpes (Rhododendron ferrugineum and R. hirsutum) has been in favor for a long period. This is, without doubt, our national flower. It orna- ments our coins, and is largely used in decorations. But on inquiry as to whether this popularity is of old standing, I find, on the contrary, itis of comparatively recent date. Among our shepherds the old name of Rose des Alpes is simply “le buisson des poules,” the wild bird’s thicket, because its densely clad branches afford excellent cover to the Alpine grouse, the heath-cock, etc. So prosaic a name fails to show that the common people of old held it in the slightest favor from an esthetic point of view. One of the earliest praises of the Rhododendron is found in the immortal poetry of Albert Haller, Les Alpes (1729), where he writes, ‘Smaragd und Rosen-gltihn auch auf zertretner Heide,” taking care to say in a note that he refers to Ledum foliis glabris flore tubu- loso and to Ledum foliis ovatis flore tubuloso, which in ante- Linnzean nomenclature designate our varieties of Rhododen- dron. The first author who makes mention of the poetic name, ‘‘ Alpenrose,” is the celebrated Clusius, in his charm- ing work, so beautifully illustrated, Ze History of some Rare Species in Hungary and Austria, printed by Plantin at Antwerp in 1583. The Edelweiss, the Leontopodium, so much the rage at present, coveted by every traveler who makes his tour of Switzerland, so sought after, that year by year a dozen rash climbers lose their lives by falling from steep slopes where they hope to find it. This plant, whose flowers are insignifi- cant, and whose sole attraction lies in a rosette of fluffy bracts surrounding a short corymb of dark flower-heads, enjoys a wholly artificial popularity in Switzerland. Previous to the publication of the novel Ade/weiss, by the German: author, Berthold Auerbach, it was little known in our country. From a remote period its popular names among the peasantry were either Rthrkraut (specific against dyspepsia), or Katzenpfoet- chen (Cat’s-paw). Thus we see that, before the advent of ex- aggerated worship of this little composite, the common people held it in no esthetic esteem, but only recognized a useful medicine in the nature of Camomile, or found in the flower the likeness of a cat’s-paw. Clusius, in the work already cited, gives an excellent figure of this plant and says that, according to Josias Simler, it is called Wullblume, that is, woody flower; but he makes no, mention either of its popularity or of its hav- ing been put to any use by the people. It was only about 1850 that a change in public opinion arose in Switzerland, and the name Edelweiss, made up of the adjectives nobleand white, had doubtless its origin in the eastern Alps, in Bavaria andthe Tyrol, where, it appears, the young men in the villages have long had the custom of offering bouquets of this flower to their fiancées. The popularity of the Edelweiss has since, without exaggeration, become a public calamity, for every summer sees numerous deaths caused by this ill-omened plant. There are always rash young men, who, for the pur- pose of gathering a flower on which they setsuch undeserved value, venture on steep and very slippery slopes, the favorite habitat of the Leontopodium, to fall into the depths belowand find a horrible death. What has contributed, unfortunately, to the renown of this plant and to the seeker’s enthusiasm, is the fatal. idea in some cantonal governments, under pretense of protecting the plant, of forbidding its collection with its roots. It would have been infinitely better to have eradicated it en- tirely from localities frequented by travelers, and so have removed temptation, for the plant is much overrated. In the first place, itis by no means rare. Every Swiss botanist knows of regions where the Edelweiss abounds, covering accessible and safe slopes, and furnishing its flowers in unlimited quan- tity. The neighborhood of Zermatt and the Tessnio are such localities. In addition, the Edelweiss, not being an endemic plant, or one confined to Switzerland and the Alpine chains, ~ cannot be called a characteristic product of our mountains. On the contrary, it is one of the plants of the Siberian steppes, where it is widespread, and only finds its last station in the European mountains, where it occurs in the Pyrenees, as well JANUARY 25, 1893.] as in the Apennines, and the Alps properly so called. More- over, its artistic value is at least doubtful. It does not possess a graceful, perfumed, delicate-colored corolla, but has the sole merit of resemblance to an irregular star cut out of a bit of flannel. In reality, the imitation Edelweiss, fashioned from white flannel, is perfect and could not be improved upon. Therefore, why should people kill themselves for a plant neither rare nor essentially Alpine, and which any skillful dressmaker can so faultlessly imitate ? It is high time to aban- don this craze. It should also be remembered that the Edel- weiss is very easily cultivated, thatitis raised easily from seed, and that the flowers are as fine, or nearly as fine, as those gathered on Alpine heights. Any one can grow, in a small pot, the quantity of Edelweiss sufficient for his needs. If inquiry is made of our shepherds what, other than forage plants, are their favorites, the following is learned, but not without difficulty, for they do not talk freely with strangers. The plant held in the highest esteem, nay, even venerated, is certainly 1’Allium Victorialis, L., by no means common in Switzerland. Its root, covered with fibrous transverse-veined envelopes, is reputed a sovereign charm against every species of witchcraft, and there are few chalets under whose thresholds fine roots are not hidden, or in whose interiors, by dint of searching, small bundles of the same are not found concealed. The names of this plant are characteristic and of very great antiquity ; « Allermannsharnish,” that is, the armor of Aller- mann, who was probably some German god ; and “ Netinkern- ler,” that is, root with nine coverings, because of the en- velopes already mentioned. ¢ Another plant which every mountaineer gathers and places in his hat, but which is carefully put in a box at home asa sov- ereign remedy, is Artemisia mutellina, Vill., a charming spe- cies, several inches high, covered with shiny and silvery down and bearing little yellow flower-heads. This rather rare plant, found only on slopes much exposed to the sun, at an elevation of 7,000 feet and higher, has a very powerful perfume and an exceedingly bitter taste. Taken as tea it is an excellent sudo- rific, and generally affords great relief in colds and neuralgia. A friend, one of the foremost Swiss geologists, follows this peasant custom, and always keeps on hand a supply of this plant to serve in case of need. I have seen a tourist, nearly exhausted by the great hardships of an excursion on the Treft- joch, in Valais, quite restored in a single night bya strong dose of “Genipe” tea, which I was able to furnish his guide from the collections I had made that day. Another much-sought-for flower, and that solely for its beauty, is the ‘‘ Speick,” so called by the Tyrolese. Universally known and admired, it is in reality the national flower of the Tyrol, givingtheirname to many localities, for example, ‘‘Speick- leiten,” hill-side of the Speick; ‘‘Speickecken,” point of the Speick, etc. In reality no plant merits its popularity more than this, the Primula glutinosa, for it is the most beautiful and odoriferous of its kind. It is not widely diffused, but in its habitat is found in little close-growing clusters covered with blooms, and the entire plant is enveloped with a glutinous’ matter so delicious in perfume that one never tires of it. This perfume, a mixture of balsam and vanilla, is agreeable beyond words. Its flowers, in close little heads, are dark violet, verg- ing toward indigo, rich and beautifulin form. A bouquet of “Speick” is the most glorious thing all Alpine nature can show, and the embodiment of truly original beauty. When presented by a Tyrolean to his lady-love it isa genuine declara- tion of love, admiration and endless homage. This Primula, not found in Switzerland except in the mountains of the lower Engadine, becomes more common in the eastern Tyrol, and extends into the Austrian ranges and those about Salzburg. I have found it on Italian soil also in the Passo di Gavia, leading from the Val Canonica to Santa Caterina, in the Bernese Alps. It was found growing beside the Ranunculus glacialis with very large snow-white corollas, the rosy flowers of the Primula cenensis, the Androsace glacialis, Wopp., and the intense blue of the Gentians. It was a vision of beauty. I have brought it home to my garden, butI fear so delicate and exquisite a plant will not succeed under conditions so different trorn those to which it has adapted itself. ; LT, Christ. Bale, Switzerland. The Iris Season. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST : Sir,—I observe in GARDEN AND ForREST of November 3oth of last year, that one correspondent thinks that the Iris season may last from May to August, while you yourself ex- tend it to the period from February to August. I cannot resist the temptation to say that, with the help of a cold frame and Garden and Forest. 47 a cool greenhouse, I manage so that I am never, I ‘think, a whole fortnight during the year without an Iris bloom to look upon. Iris Monnieri, a very handsome yellow Iris of the spuria group, is somewhat later than I. Kempferi, and very soon after its last bloom has gone, I have, during early September or later, afair succession of blooms from I. ensata, var. biglumis. This latter is a second blooming, but with me is better and fuller than the first blooming. I can always depend on this plant blooming twice. When it has passed away I have to depend on second blooms of certain dwarf Irises, namely, a variety of I. Cengialti, and certain hybrids from it, somedwarf Irises of the biflora group, some hybrids of I. virescens, ete. These all bloom fitfully, and as the damp, late autumn comes on, the blooms are poor; but still they are there. And I often get late second, or even third, blooms from the little North American I. lacustris. Before these have wholly failed, I. Vartani (belonging to the reticulata group) and I. alata make their appearance in a cold frame; very soon afterward I. un- guicularis (stylosa) comes out ina cool greenhouse, say, in De- cember, and then lam quite safe, for I. unguicularis goes on blooming for many weeks. I. Palestina flowers at Christmas in the greenhouse, and with the help of a few pots of I. histrio, and others of the reticulata group, I am secure until the various forms of I. reticulata and I. Rosenbachiana flower inthe open ground, to be followed by other bulbous Irises until the first I. pumila expands. I may add that the hybridization of Irises is not wholly unbroken ground. I have some thirty hybrids of my own raising which have flowered, and ofsome of which I am rather proud; and there are very many more “on the Ww Shelford, Cambridgeshire, England. M. Foster. [The note to which our correspondent refers was from the owner of an estate whom we knew to be especially in- terested in hardy plants, and our comments were only intended to note the flowering of Irises in the open with- out protection. We know of gardens here where Irises may be found in flower under protection from early No- vember till flowers appear in the open ground in the early year. It will scarcely be denied, we think, that Irises are very scarce flowers from August to November, but we are obliged to Professor Foster for calling attention to the fact that from his well-known rich collection of plants it is pos- sible to secure flowers even at that dry season. Further notes from him as to varieties likely to flower then will be helpful to our readers. We say likely to flower, for it ap- pears from the list given that most of the blooms of that season are secondary and fitful. The horticultural world will welcome any hybrid Iris bearing Professor Foster's endorsement, and we trust others may follow the good ex- ample and add to the riches of our gardens.—Ep. | Tigridias. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—Mr. W. Watson, in reviewing Mr. Baker's book on Irideze in Number 250 of GARDEN AND FOREST, says: ‘“‘ There does not appear to be any good reason for keeping up Tigridia Pringlei as a species distinct from T. pavonia.” I infer, there- fore, that Mr. Baker has placed it under T. pavonia. The late Sereno Watson named this species from bulbs collected by Mr. Pringle, and flowered at Cambridge, affording him the best material. In his description of it when figured in GARDEN AND FOREST, October Io, 1888, he speaks of it as closely related to T. pavonia, but he mentions certain specific differences which led him to callit a distinct species. After growing T. Pringlei several seasons with T. pavonia, it is hard to believe them the same. T, Pringlei seeds very freely in this climate ; almost every flower produces a full capsule, while T. pavonia produces none. T. pavonia increases fast by division, while the opposite is the result with T. Pringlei; indeed, it does not seem to divide at all. I never knew a flower of T. Pringlei to open the second time, but I have seen those of T. pavonia open, close toward night, and open again the second day. But these characteristics may have no bearing as to its being a dis- tinct species. In the same paragraph of this review Mr. Watson says, “ Tigridia Dugesii and T. buccifera are likely garden-plants from the description of them.” Are we, then, to infer that T. buccifera, Watson, is also not a true species? I believe that Mr. Watson decided that T. Dugesii was not a Tigridia, but be- longed to the genus Nemastylis. 48 The question suggested to a vendor of these plants, who would like to keep as near the correct nomenclature as possi- ble, is, whose authority is best? If Mr. Sereno Watson was wrong, then how many other species are we growing under > wrong ? ns FHA [Tigridia Pringlei, T. buccifera and T. Dugesii are de- scribed as distinct species in Baker’s Handbook of Iridee. In a note to T. Dugesii, Mr. Baker says, “It was after- ward, I think wrongly, removed by Dr. Watson to Nema- stylis. "—Ep. | Notes. “You must nurse your own flowers,” wrote Robert Southey, “if you would have them flourish, unless you happen to have a gardener who is as fond of them as yourself.” The New York Lumber Trade Fournal, in the receipt of lumber for 1892, in the metropolitan district, includes among the foreign woods imported, rattan, $546,485; mahogany, $962,241, and cork, $1,166,393. Choice cut flowers of the American Beauty Roseare selling at $2 a piece in this city; and among fruits, Naval Oranges bring $1 to $1.25 a dozen, and Grape Fruits $1.50 a dozen. Cups of New Jersey hot-house Strawberries, containing fifteen berries, sell for $3. A recent article in the American Agriculturist describes San Maguil ranch, in Ventura County, California, as the largest tract in the world devoted to the cultivation of Lima Beans, there being 1,350 acres. The shipments in 1891 amounted to 1,005 tons, and twenty-five tons were retained for seed. In regard to the relative rank of the architect and the land- scape-gardener, the poet Cowley, in the seventeenth century, said in his treatise, ‘‘Of Agriculture,” ‘‘ The three first men in the world were a Gardiner, a Ploughman, and a Grazier ; and if any man object that the second of these was a mur- therer, I desire that he would consider that, as soon as he was so, he quitted our profession and turned builder.” The agricultural experiment station at Yuma, Arizona, has been testing during the year the varieties of early fruits and vegetables which can be cultivated to the best advantage in that torrid climate. It is thought by the people of that region that Arizona and some of the favored parts of southern California will ultimately furnish eastern cities with the supply of winter vegetables which now largely come from Bermuda and the southern Atlantic states. The first number of Zhe Orchid Review, published this month, contains illustrations of the hybrids Cypripedium Niobe and C. Edwardii, together with the first of a series of historical articles on Orchid hybridization, descriptions of new and notable Orchids, and alist of recently published Orchid portraits. This new English periodical, devoted exclusively to Orchidology in allits departments, is established with special reference to the interests of amateur cultivators, and is in- tended to be a monthly repertorium of information and a record for future reference. The two-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of sexuality in plants is noted in the Popular Science Monthly tor February, Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, professor at Tubingen, having pub- lished his report on this subject in the Ephemerides of the Leopoldine Academy, December 28, 1691, and in his memoir, De Sexu plantarum Epistola. His statement made but little impression, and, in 1793, the schoolmaster, Christian Conrad Sprengel. of Spandau, published a book in which were de- scribed the functions of the organs of flowers, and of the col- ored petals. This valuable work remained unknown until 1862. when Charles Darwin found it and made it public. It is usually thought that no one in Europe cared for any but formal gardens until the eighteenth century, and that Mil- ton’s imaginative picture of what we should now call a land- scape-garden, as the home of our first parents, showed a taste distinctly in advance of that of his time. Yet itseems as though certain individuals who were born before Milton must have loved the idea of ‘‘naturalness” in a garden, even if they did not express it as completely as the artists of the eighteenth century. In the Zlements of Architecture, for instance, which was written by Sir Henry Wotton, who died in 1639, nearly forty years before Milton, we may read, “ First, I must note a certain contrareity between building and gardening; for as Fabricks should be regular, so Gardens should be irregular, or at least cast into a very wild Regularity.” Garden and Forest. [NuMBER 2 57. The recent sale to a building company of a tract of land, in- cluding about 3,000 feet of water-front, between Asbury Park and Elberon, on the New Jersey shore, has called attention to the fact that this property was granted by the Crown of Great Britain to the great-great-grandfather of the person who owned it until the transfer in question was made. It was specially conveyed toa colonist named Drummond at the time when a general grant was made by the Crown to Sir George Carteret and John, Lord Berkley, of the district called ‘‘ Nova Czsarea, or New Jersey”; and, with the exception of two farms, in- cluded in the recent purchase, has always remained in the pos- session of the Drummond family. The old Drummond home- stead, bearing on its chimney the date 1755, and scarred with bullet-marks, which testify to the skirmish which preceded the battle of Monmouth, is to be preserved, and likewise a modest hotel, long locally noted under the name of Hathaway's. The present name of the shore, Deal Beach, will be retained, and it is to be hoped that, although a range of villas will be planted along the bluff, a part at least of the picturesque back country, with its little lakes and streams and passages of dense wood- land, may not be needed for building purposes. Describing, in her Recollections of a Happy Life, the striking plants which grow in wild profusion in South Africa, Miss North says that near the head of Van Staaden’s Gorge, which is reached from the town of Cadles, she saw acres of Protea- bushes of different sorts, and huge Everlasting-plants standing a yard or two above the ground, with white velvety leaves around a thick stem surmounted by a cauliflower head of white petals and yellow stamens. These looked like tomb-stones at a distance. Near this in a marshy hollow was Sparaxis pen- dula. Its almost invisible stalks stood four or five feet high, waving in the wind, and were weighed down bystrings of pink bells with yellow calyx and buds; they followed the winding marsh, and looked like a pink snake in the distance. Masses of Agapanthusin bloom made another beautiful picture, and so do the groups of Oldenburgia, a striking shrub which grows only on these. hills, and on the very tops of them. Its stalks and young leaves are of the purest white velvet, the older leaves lined with the same, but the upper sides resemble the leaves of the great Magnolia. The flowers are like Artichoke- flowers, purple, with white calyx, stalks and buds, growing in a noble bunch. The whole bush is under six feet high. In Antheologia, or The Speech of Flowers, a book written by old Thomas Fuller, described by him as “partly Morall, partly Misticall,” and which was published during the height of the Tulip-mania in the seventeenth century, the Rose males an elaborate oration in praise of her own charms, and then remarks: ‘More would I say in mine own cause but that happily I may be taxed of pride, and selfe-flattery, who speak much in mine own behalf, and therefore I leave the rest to the judgment of such as hear me, and pass from this discourse to my just complaint.” And then she explains, “There is lately a Flower (shal I call itso? in courtesie I will tearme it so, though it deserve not the appellation), a Toolip, which hath engrafted the love and affections of most people unto it; and what is this Toolip? a well complexion’d stink, an ill favour wrapt up in pleasant colours; as for the use thereof in Physick, no Physitian hath honoured it vet with the mention, nor with a Greek, or Latin name, so inconsiderable hath it hitherto been accompted ; and yet this is that which filleth all Gardens, hundred of pounds being given for the root thereof, whilst I, the Rose, am neglected and contemned, and conceived beneath the honour of noble hands, and fit only to grow in the gardens of Yeomen. I trust the remainder to your apprehensions, to make out that which grief for such un- deserved injuries will not suffer me to expresse.” Catalogues Received. W. ATLEE Burree & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; Illustrated Catalogue of Flower Seeds and Seeds of Novelties in Vegetables ; also, ‘‘ All About Sweet Peas.”—Henry E. Burr, Montrose Nurseries, Orange, N. J.; Rare Evergreen and Hardy Shrubs, Fruit and Ornamental Trees.— JACQUES COLLETTE, Ronchaine, Huy, Belgium; Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seeds.—W. PiERcy, 89 Beadnell Road, Forest Hill, London, S. E.; Descriptive List of Early and Semi-early and Late-flowering Chrysanthemums.—T. H. SPAULDING, Orange, N. J.; Choice Chrys- anthemum Seed, Plants of Selected Native and Imported Chrysanthe- mums, Seeds and Bulbs of Tuberous Begonias, Cannas.—KINTON STEVENS, Santa Barbara, Cal.; Tropical and Semi-tropical Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Plants.—J. C. VAUGHAN, New York and Chicago; Trade List of Seasonable Bulbs and Flower Seeds.— VILMo- RIN-ANDRIEUX & Co., 4 Quai de la Mégisserie, Paris ; Seeds of Novel- ties in Vegetables and Flowers.—M. WINDMILLER & Son, Mankato, Minn.; Tree Roses and Tuberous Begonias. FEBRUARY f, 1893.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. OrrFicE: TRIBUNE BurLpInc, NEw York. Conducted by . =... « « . Professor C. S. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N.- Ye NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 1893. TABLE OF CONTENTS. EpitorraL ArticLes :—A Seventeenth Century (Gardencesuisinc cSdoemeseeetodee 49 The Love of the Japanese for Particular Flowers...........++esese000 50 The Ginger-beer Plant.......-......----.+--: Professor H. Marshall Ward. 50 The Coast Dune Flora of Lake Michigan.—Il................-+ BE. Ff. Hill. 5 Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan. —iil. (With figure.)...........-C SS. 51 ForeEIGN CoRRESPONDENCE :—The New Plants of 1892.—II.....-..... W. Watson. 52 CutturaL Department :—Irises and ihe peutaton: —VIil.. 78 NV. Gerard. 55 Autumn-flowering Lilies.—II.. oca5 on .G. Reuthe. 55 SOmePAimeMeal BUDS) ac mivscsisicielasiswicle «| vaee ce seus ee lie, lek Jah NAS Greyillea robusta.. George C. Butz. 56 “(with ae se sposnsocude S. CorRESPONDENCE :—A ate Plant abel NV. Gerard. 57 The Old Hedge-rows on Long Island.............-..----- Will. W. Tracy. 57 MEETINGS oF SocreTizs:—The Western New York Horticultural Society.—I.: 57 Address of the President.........scesesscecesseeeeeee William C. Barry. 57 Prevention of Apple-scab.......2-.eeeeee eee scenes Professor S. A. Beach. 58 Bird Notes for Horticulturists................-....--- Walter B. Barrows. 58 NEES tote eteietalalelsialeiels aici eiateia sicl=/e/nls(siaials/einieiatelals(aisle|«ic\e’s[e|s/s(njsie, 010, a(cin/=\s\vin\olela)=(vieielsie(nsi nels 59 ItiustTRaTions :—Cercidiphyllum Japonicum, in the Forests of Yezo, Fig. 9..... 53 An English Plant Label, Fig. 10......0. sees esses er eeee cee ee sence tentsacees 57 A Seventeenth Century Garden. ARLY in the seventeenth century, and not long after Ieyasu by the selection of Yedo for the Shoguns’ capital made it the mostimportant city in Japan, the Prince Mitsukuni laid out within the borders of the city a garden in which to find, after a life of labor, a peaceful old age. This garden, which has been maintained in an excellent state of preservation, is one of the most interesting sights of Tokyo; and, in view of its age and the purity of its style, is certainly one of the most remarkable and instructive pieces of landscape-gardening in existence. Korakuen, as it is called, forms a part of the grounds connected with the Koishikawa Arsenal, and English-speaking travelers in Japan know it as the Arsenal Garden. In conception and design this garden is Chinese, for the Japanese, with their other arts, brought many centuries ago the art of landscape-gardening from.China where what we call the natural style was conceived and brought to a high state of perfection long before it was thought of in Europe. In Japan several examples of good Chinese gardening art exist, all dating from the early years of the seventeenth century, notably the Garden of the Golden Pavilion con- nected with the Rokunji Monastery at Kyoto and that of Ginkakuji in the suburbs of that city, although none of them compare in simplicity of design and preservation with the Arsenal Garden at Tokyo, in which, probably, the gardening art of China can now be studied better than in China itself, where many of its best examples have been destroyed during the last fifty years or have been allowed to fall into ruin. The Arsenal Garden occupies, perhaps, twenty acres of ground, although it is so skillfully planted that its area may not be ten acres or it may be fifty; of the shape of the piece of ground it covers the visitor can form no idea what- ever, In reality it is a parallelogram, rather longer than broad. ‘The garden is entered through a small and rather shabby outer garden of the prevailing Japanese fashion, Garden and Forest. 49 with the pond of dirty water surrounded with its irregular semi-rustic stone coping and filled with plethoric part- colored gold-fish, with the Box and Holly plants cut into fantastic shapes, the masses of closely clipped Azaleas and Enkianthus, the piles of moss-covered rocks as full of associations to the Japanese mind as they are meaningless to ours, with the artificially moulded surface of the ground, the contorted Pine-tree, the unhappy-looking Apricots, and the leafless Cherry-trees. This dreariness and unnatural monotony serve, however, to intensify the pleasure which the visitor feels as soon as he passes the simple gateway in the high masonry wall which surrounds the inner enclosure ; then he finds himself in a broad walk paved in the middle for a width of five or six feet, with flat, irregu- larly shaped stones raised a few inches above the surface, the whole being constructed in imitation of that portion of the Tokaido, the great sea-coast highway of Japan, which crosses the pass in the Hakone Mountains. ‘This path winds gracefully through a grove of Live Oaks, Camphor-trees, Camellias and Hollies, and in the hottest day of summer affords a retreat as cool as a grotto. On either side the ground rises and falls in natural un- dulations and is covered under the trees with a thick carpet of evergreen plants, Aucubas, Aralias, and many Ferns ; ascending and descending as it-crosses the undula- tions of the surface it reaches the shores of a lake ata point where the broadest and most perfect view of the garden is obtained. Here the lake, made in imitation of a famous sheet of water in China which occupies perhaps half the area of the garden, can be seen in all the simplicity of its design surrounded by what appear to be high hills clothed to their summit with an unbroken mass of ever- green foliage through which here and there the tall spire of a great Fir-tree stands out boldly against the sky. The walk now leaves the border of the lake, and, cross- ing a smalllawn, passes by a tea-house, and, plunging into the woods, rises and falls sometimes steeply, at others gradually, as it leads the visitor around the borders of the garden; now it comes to a point from which a vista has been cut through the trees for a view across the lake; now it passes a miniature reproduction of the temple of Kiyomizu at Kyoto, and then by a shrine which commemorates the glory of two Chinese brothers famous because they preferred death to disloyalty ; then across an arching stone bridge to an octagonal shrine, so formed in allusion to the eight diagrams of the Chinese system of divination; and then over a rushing torrent which falls with a high cataract into the lake, and by other lawns finally reaches the point where the shore of the lake was first approached. The wonders of this walk are its mystery and quiet, for while it is perhaps not more than half a mile long, it appears, so varied is it in inter- est, to extend for miles, and, in the midst of a great city, it seems to climb the hills and to cross the ravines and streams of a primeval forest. The Arsenal Garden occupies what was once probably a perfectly level piece of ground. The soil, taken from the site of the lake, was heaped up around the borders to protect them and to diversify the surface, and then the water which fills the lake was introduced at the highest point of the artificial hills and allowed to fall naturally in a series of cascades; the natural grouping of a few varieties of harmonious trees did the rest, the whole producing a result so quiet and perfect that a visitor standing on the shore of the lake might well imagine himself a thousand miles from any human habi- tation. The little tea-house where guests are refreshed, the shrines and temples, the bridges and the other struc- tures which make the walk through the garden interest- ing, are all hidden and do not intrude upon the harmony of the scene. ‘And hidden, too, are the special collections of plants which add to the attractions of the garden with- out disfiguring it as a work of art. At one point the principal walk passes through a little grove of Apricot- trees dear to the hearts of all Japanese, for the flowers 50 Garden and Forest. which cover the naked branches in February tell them of the coming of spring; in another part of the garden there is a collection of Cherry-trees which produce their pink and white flowers after those of the Apricots have fallen ; atone point where the trees recede from the shores of the lake, leaving a grass-covered recess, are a number of Wistaria-vines trained over low frames in the Japanese fashion ; andinthe middle of another little lawn is an Iris- garden, with irregularly shaped sunken beds separated, like those of a Rice-field, by narrow walks. Each of these special features makes the garden interesting at a particu- lar time of the year, while they are so carefully placed that they do not interfere with the artistic feeling which controls it and has made it what it is; and it is this group- ing of inharmonious units, buildings, and collections of plants in such a way that they do not intrude themselves in the landscape, which is the chief merit of this garden and which makes it so worthy of study. The mere lover of plants, as well as the student of the art of gardening, will find much to interest him in Mitsu- kuniss creation, for in this garden he will find some of the finest trees that can be seen in Japan, and among them several which are probably as old as the garden itself ; and it is interesting to note that, although as a general rule the Japanese cultivate Chinese rather than Japanese plants in their gardens, here the plantations are composed almost entirely of Japanese trees; and that none of the clipped, dwarfed and distorted plants, which are always a feature in the gardens of the Japanese school, appear here. On the hills above the lake are splendid specimens of the Cam- phor-tree, and of the two familiar Live Oaks of central ‘Japan (Quercus cuspidata and Quercus glauca) ; nowhere can be seen nobler plants of the two broad-leaved Hollies of Japan, Ilex latifolia and Ilex integra; the common ‘Japanese Maple, growing here to its largest size, dips its delicate branchlets into the waters of the placid lake, while above it the Momi (Abies firma), the handsomest of all the Japanese Firs, sends up its straight, massive stems to the height of at least a hundred and fifty feet. Here are thickets of the great arborescent Bamboos, which are still largely planted in all the temperate parts of the empire ; and in this garden is to be seen what experts declare is the finest plant of the so-called square-stemmed Bamboo known. The garden is admirably kept, indeed, so well kept, that the keeping seems to be the work of nature, and the inter- ference of man’s hand is barely noticeable, except, perhaps, in the too formal trimming of the margin of the lake at those points where the trees do not grow close down to the water. But, except for this single fault, it is not easy to see how this garden, created before Le Notre was born, ‘and when the art of landscape-gardening was unknown in Europe, could be improved, or how a more natural, restful or delightful spot for all seasons of the year could be made in the midst of a great city. In the arrangement in this garden of special collections of plants selected for the purpose of producing a display of flowers at different seasons of the year, and so placed that the general landscape-effect of the whole is not interfered with, there is perhaps an idea which can be adopted ad- vantageously in other parts of the world. It is the expres- sion of the love of the Japanese for particular flowers and of the popularity of the flower-festivals held in spring, when the Apricot-trees and the Cherry-trees bloom ; in summer, when the Wistaria, the Irises and the Morning-glories are in flower, and in the autumn, at the season of the Chrysan- themum and when the leaves of the Maple-trees assume their brilliant coloring. Every public garden in Japan con- tains collections of these plants, at least of the Apricots, the Cherries and the Maples, and they are visited by the great- est number of people when these plants are in flower. Their flowering is the excuse for parties of pleasure, and the intelligence of millions of people has in this way been [NuMBER 258, quickened by their interest in the unfolding of the petals of Cherry-trees or Wistarias. It is certainly possible to arrange in the parks of any great city special collections of hardy flowering plants in sufficient. numbers to make their flowering an object of enough public interest to draw into the parks at these par- ticular times many people who, without some special object, would never go into them at all. As our cities grow large and absorb the surrounding country, many of their in- habitants must pass their lives in ignorance of some of the most beautiful things in nature, without beholding, for ex- ample, the glory of an Apple-tree in flower. In some cor- ner of any one of our large parks, or, better, in different parks in a series or system, a number of permanent outdoor flower- shows might be arranged which would add immensely to their value as places of resort, and would havea powerful in- fluence in directing and educating the publictaste. There are many trees, for example, with showy and beautiful flowers, which only display their greatest beauty when massed to- gether in considerable numbers, and if the people of our cities had the opportunity to see such collections they would very soon make holidays for the purpose, and flower-festivals before many years would become as much a part of the life of our cities as they have become in Japan. The Ginger-beer Plant. A VERY thorough and interesting study of what is called in England, and in some parts of this country, the Ginger-beer plant, has recently been published by Professor H. Marshall Ward, whose investigations have been prosecuted forseveral years. The plant is usually found in small lumpy masses, which look like sago or tapioca, and vary in size from as small as a pin-head to as large as aplum. It is these lumps which have been used from an unknown date for producing the fermentation in the making of ginger-beer, but the exact nature of the lumps and the way in which they produce the fermentation was unknown, although it had been supposed that they resembled the Kephir-grains, which have been studied by several botanists. Professor Ward finds that the masses of the Ginger-beer plant are composed of a mixture of several forms of yeast plants and bacteria, not to mention other fungi which we may call molds. It was his object to discover exactly which of the forms were the active agents in producing the fermentation, and which were unessential, or more properly accidental, con- stituents of the masses. With this object he isolated the different forms by means of cultures, and, after obtaining pure cultures of the different forms, studied their chemical and physiological action individually, and afterward in combina- tion with one another. The subject is a difficult one, and Pro- fessor Ward was forced to contrive a number of rather com- plicated systems of apparatus in his very careful investigation, of which we can only state briefly the result. The three principal yeast fungi found in the masses were Mycoderma cerevisiz, a common form found especially on the surface of stale beer, Cryptococcus glutinis, a pink form, and a new species to which he gave the name of Saccharomy- ces pyriformis. Of these three forms, the two first named were proved not to be essential to the fermentation. _S. pyri- formis, however, must be regarded as the really active yeast of the Ginger-beer plant. It resembles in its ordinary condi- tion the Saccharomyces ellipsoideus of some wine fermenta- tions, but is distinguished by the following characters: It isa bottom yeast which ferments cane sugar; it produces spores in from two to four days at 25 degrees C., and in beer-wort forms at length a film over the surface composed of pear- shaped cells from which the species derives its name. A number of forms of bacteria were found in the masses mixed with the yeasts, among them the Bacterium aceti of acetic acid fermentation, but the onlyspecially active bacterium was a new species named Bacterium vermiforme from the gelatinous, worm-like coils which it forms under favorable conditions. The habits and action of this bacterium are very complicated. It is sometimes in the condition of free fila- ments, or short rods and motile, and sometimes the filaments are fixed in gelatinous sheaths. After a long series of experi- ments it was found that the sheath form was only found when the bacterium was growing in media, in which there was no oxygen, and that when it was removed to cultures in which oxygen was present, the filaments escaped from the sheaths 7 “s te + ‘ oj fi ee Pt eee ees, ee ad a _ white sand or the reflection from the water. - a ‘ | FEBRUARY I, 1893.] and remained free as long as the supply of oxygen was kept agen the most interesting part of Professor Ward’s investi- gation is the account of his attempt to reconstruct the Ginger- beer plant after having separated the constituent yeasts and bacteria by means of pure cultures. He combined the differ- ent forms one with another, and found that in order to recon- struct the Ginger-beer plant it was only necessary to combine Saccharomyces pyriformis and Bacterium vermi- forme, the other forms having no special significance in this case. When growing in a saccharine fluid the Saccharomyces was proved, either by its direct chemical action on the fluid itself or by excreting some substance dur- ing its growth, to render the fluid especially well-fitted for the growth of the bacterium initssheath form. The better one grew the better the other grew, and Professor Ward considers thisaclearcaseofsymbiosis. Where the ginger-beer plantfirst came from is unknown, but by placing lumps of unsterilized sugar and pieces of unsterilized ginger in water, Professor Ward was able to producea Ginger-beer plant like that in com- mon use. But the studies in this direction are to be carried out more fully hereafter, and it is not yet certain whether the Ginger-beer plant in the experiment last mentioned came from the sugar or the ginger. The Coast Dune Flora of Lake Michigan.—II. eyes evidences of the mingling of species on the coast dune are the appearance there of trees of different habits, presenting novel and, at times, delightful conformations of form and color. Within a small area I have seen the Black Oak—the mostcommion Oak of the sand region—and the Bur Oak, the Black Willow (Salix nigra) and the Cottonwood. Some of the trees supported a heavy growth of Frost Grapes, which had climbed up their trunks and were bending down their limbs. The ground at the root of the trees was covered with dense undergrowth of Willows, Osiers and Hazel-bushes. Celastrus scandens is another vine which twines among the branches of the trees. The Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron) is a common occupant of the ground; it is always the low, trailing form, sending up branches a foot or two high, not un- attractive in foliage and pale fruit. Other trees often seen on the shore are the Red Cedar, the Jack Pine and the White Pine. One of the first trees to gain a foothold is the Cotton- wood, seedlings of which are seen springing up in the damp sand as low down on the beach as the waves permit, to be washed out or buried, perhaps, by some heavy storm. Onthe coastdune, which it may fringe for several miles in succes- sion, this tree takes a low, spreading, and often, somewhat -bushy form, sometimes about as broad as it is high, the limbs so low that the pendent racemes of fruit trace furrows in the sand as they are moved to and fro by the wind. Rosa blandais the most common Rose by the lake-shore. R. Engelmanni and R. humilis also occur. A form with very prickly stems, blossoming throughout the summer, and re- sembling R. Arkansana, if not identical with it, is frequent. Hudsonia tomentosa is another little shrub, with prostrate stems and numerous branches, very pretty when covered with hoary leaves and a profusion of yellow flowers. The play of sunlight on the masses of foliage formed by the various bushes, with their differing shades of green, is very beautiful. There is a charming variety of color, subdued and restful to the eye, which is dazzled by the glitter from the The groups also have a wavy outline, due to the little mounds of sand heaped about them alongthe common dune, One or two kinds may occupy the top of a hillock and others clothe its sides or skirt its base, the colors blending or contrasting. There are other herbaceous plants besides those already mentioned, which give variety to the coast dune and. the bor- dering beach. The most common Golden-rod is Solidago humilis and its variety Gilmani. They bear rather large heads of flowers. S.nemoralis is frequent, and S. speciosa and its variety angustata are sometimes seen, making handsome reaches of showy flowers. Asters are not so common as Soli- dagosin thecoast sands, but Aster multiflorus, A. ptarmicoides, A. sagittifolius and A. azureus are often found, the last two in more sheltered situations among or near the shrubbery. Cnicus Pitcheri is a Thistle almost confined to the shore. It is a low-branching plant, conspicuous by its hoary stem and leaves, usually standing apart from other plants in the bare sand. Zygadenus elegans, a liliaceous plant, may be found growing in company with this Thistle farther down the lake. It is a singular companionship for a plant one may findina Cedar-swamp or by the mossy brook-side amid the stones. Garden and Forest. 51 Anemone multifida is found in similar situations, and Campa- nula rotundifolia, var. arctica, is more widely spread. This is usually a taller plant than the type, and has narrower leaves and larger flowers. The Bug-seed (Corispermum hyssopifo- lium) and the Winged Pigweed (Cycloloma platyphyllum) are also met with, the latter an introduction from the west. Both have spreading bushy tops when not growing too thickly, branching close to the ground like the Tumble-weed. More humble plants are Euphorbia polygonifolia, which spreads flat on the ground, and Cakile Americana, the American Sea- rocket, a fleshy plant, with small, but numerous, pink or pur- ple flowers. Both these annuals grow in the damper sands, and are strictly plants of the beach, the Cakile establishing it- self nearer the water than any other. A Wild Bean (Strophostyles angulosa) is frequent near the shore. Itis variable in habit, being sometimes nearly erect and from six to twelveinches high, or witha procumbentstem that may be six or eight feet long. It often climbs over bushes and bunches of grass, if near at hand. The stems and terete pods, and sometimes the whole plant, are tinged with purple. The Beach Pea (Lathyrus maritimus) grows along the base of the coast dune, and forms patches of considerable extent. The stems are from one to two feet long. The leaflets are large, and the handsome racemose flowers are purple, changing to blue with age. Itis one of the most attractive plants of the lake-shore. It iseasily propagated, the perennial root being tenacious of life, and spreads readily along the railway em- bankments which approach the shore. Petalostemon violaceus is another showy plant of the same family which comes down to the beach, making a large bunch of stems which rise from a strong, deeply growing root. Among the Sedges the most characteristic Cyperus is C. Schweinitzii. It hasa stiffand wiry culm, one to two anda half feet high. Cyperus filiculmis is a prettier and more ornamen- tal plant, with a shorter and more slender culm, terminated by adense, roundish head, or by several on spreading rays of unequal length. Of Carex the more usual kinds aresuch dry- ground species as C. cephalophora, C. Muehlenbergii and C. Pennsylvanica, the latter near the base of trees. Equisetum hyemale, the Scouring Rush, is seen in the lower and damper parts of the dune, with coarse stems sometimes three or more feet high. The plants mentioned have all been seen along the beach or on the first ridge of sand which borders it, and form the mass of the coast flora. Otherless noticeable ones might be added, with estrays coming in occasionally, especially upon the more sheltered slope facing away from the lake. Of these the handsome Hypericum Kalmianum, Potentilla fruticosa, P. anserina, and farther north P. tridentata and Rosa Sayi are most worthy of notice. The plants named are oftenest seen, and seem best fitted to endure the rough treatment to which they are exposed from the fierce winds of the lake. They vary a good deal in the effectiveness with which they bind the loose sands, but the humblest shares in the work by offering points of resistance. The roots usually run deep and are consider- ably branched, some of the most abundant grasses and shrubs dividing extensively and forming a network of roots and fibres in the loose soil. : I SELL Englewood, Chicago, IIl, Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan.—III. HE general character of the composition of the Japa- nese forests having been briefly traced in the first chapters of these notes, I shall now say something of the most important Japanese trees; and as their botanical characters are already pretty well understood and their economic properties are only of secondary interest to the general reader, these remarks will relate principally to their quality from a horticultural point of view. A comparison with allied eastern American species will perhaps be use- ful ; it will, at any rate, show that, while Japan is extremely rich in the number of its tree species, the claim that has been made, that the forests of eastern America contain the noblest deciduous trees of all temperate regions, can, so far as Japan is concerned, be substantiated, for, with few ex- ceptions, the deciduous trees of eastern America surpass their Asiatic congeners in size and beauty. To begin with the Magnoliacee. In the number of genera of the Magnolia family Japan is not surpassed by any other botanical region, eight of the twelve genera be- ing represented in the empire, while in the United States there are only four. In Japan arborescent Magnoliacez 52 reach the most northern limit reached in any country by these plants, and one of the most interesting features of the Japanese flora is the presence in Yezo of three large trees in two genera of this tropical and semi-tropical family as far north, at least, as forty-four degrees, while the repre- sentative of a third genus, Schizandra, is found still further north on the Manchurian mainland. In eastern America two species of Magnolia reach nearly as high latitudes as this genus does in Japan, but in the United States Magnoliais really southern, and has only succeeded in maintaining a pre- carious foothold at the north, while in Yezo it is a most important element and a conspicuous feature of the forest- vegetation. Of the eight genera of Magnoliacee repre- sented in Japan, all but two, Schizandra and Kadsura, which are woody climbers, are trees, while in America Magnolia and Liriodendron are the only arborescent genera in the family. Of the Japanese trees of the family, Euptelaea polyandra is the least desirable as an ornamental plant, and will probably never be very much cultivated except as a bo- tanical curiosity. It is a small tree twenty to thirty feet in height, with a slender straight trunk covered with smooth pale bark, stout, rigid, chestnut-brown branchlets marked with white spots, and wide-spreading branches, which form an open, rather unsightly, head. The leaves are am- ple and bright green; they are thin, prominently veined, sometimes five or six inches long and broad, nearly circu- lar in outline, deeply and very irregularly cut on the mar- gins, with a long, broad, apical point, and are borne on long slender petioles. In November they turn a dull yel- low-brown color before falling. The minute flowers ap- pear in early spring before the leaves, and are produced in three or four-flowered clusters from buds formed early in the previous autumn. They have neither sepals nor petals, and consist of a number of slender stamens surrounding the free, clustered carpels. The fruit, which ripens in No- vember, is not more showy than the flowers; it is a small, stalked samara half an inch long and furnished with an oblique marginal membranaceous wing. The handsomest thing about this tree is the winter-bud, which is obtuse, half an inch long, and covered with imbricated scales, which are bright chestnut-brown and as lustrous as if they had been covered with a coat of varnish. Euptelia poly- andra is found in the mountainous forests of central Japan usually on the banks, or in the neighborhood, of streams between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above the sea-level, but it does not appear to be anywhere very common. It is the type of a small genus represented in the flora of Bombay by a second species.* Cercidiphyllum Japonicum, the second of the Japanese trees of the Magnolia family, is the representative of a monotypic endemic genus. It is the most interesting, as it is the largest deciduous tree of the empire, and, more than any Other of its inhabitants, gives their peculiar appear- ance and character to the forests of Yezo. Of the botanical characters and relationship of this tree we shall have some- thing to say in a later issue, in connection with a figure of the male and female flowers, for Cercidiphyllum is dice- cious and produces its minute apetalous precocious stam- inate and pistillate flowers on different individuals. In Yezo, Cercidiphyllum inhabits the slopes of low hills and selects a moist situation and rich deep soil, from which the denseness of the forest and the impenetrable growth of dwarf Bamboo, which covers the forest-floor, effectually check evaporation. In such situations it attains its greatest size, often rising to the height of a hundred feet, and devel- oping a cluster of stems eight or ten feet through. Some- times Cercidiphyllum forms a single trunk three or four feet in diameter and free of branches for fifty feet above the ground; but more commonly it sends up a number of stems, which are united together for several feet into a stout trunk and then gradually diverge. The trunk ofa typical Cercidiphyllum of this form appears in the illustration on * By a slip Euptelia was included in the list of the endemic arborescent genera of Japan, printed in the first issue of these notes. Garden and Forest. [NuMBER 258. page 53, of this issue. It is the reproduction of a photo- graph made last summer on the hill near Sapporo alluded to in the first number of these notes, and represents a large, but by no means an exceptionally large, trunk, which, at three feet above the ground, girted twenty-one feet six inches. The trunk of Cercidiphyllum is covered with thick pale bark, deeply furrowed and broken into narrow ridges. Similar bark covers the principal branches ; these are very stout and issue from the stem nearly at right angles; gradually drooping, the slender reddish branchlets in which they end are often decidedly pendulous. The upper branches and branchlets are erect, the whole skeleton of the tree showing even in summer through the sparse, small, nearly circular leaves which are placed remotely on the branches ; in the autumn they turn clear bright yellow. In port and in the general appearance of its foliage, Cer- cidiphyllum, as it appears in the forests of Yezo, might, at first sight, bemistaken fora venerable Ginkgo-tree, which, in old age, has the same habit, with pendulous branches below and erect branches above; but the trunk and its cover- ing are very different in the two trees. Cercidiphyllum is distributed from central Yezo south- ward nearly through the entire length of the Japanese islands. At the north it grows at the sea-level and is very common, but on the main island it is confined to high elevations and is rather rare. Except in Yezo, it sel- dom grows more than twenty or thirty feet high, and I never saw it, except in that island, below 5,000 feet ele- vation, where, as at Yumoto, in the Nikko Mountains, it is scattered through the lower borders of the Hemlock- forest. Cercidiphyllum is a valuable timber-tree, producing soft straight-grained light yellow wood, which resembles the wood of Liriodendron, although rather lighter and softer and probably inferior in quality. It is very straight-grained and easily worked, and in Yezo is a favorite material for the interior finish of cheap houses and for cases, packing- boxes, etc. From its great trunks the Ainos hollowed their canoes, and it is from this wood that they make the mortars found in every Aino house and used in pounding grain. Seeds of Cercidiphyllum were sent to the Arnold Arbo- retum from Sapporo fifteen years ago, and there are now plants in the neighborhood of Boston nearly twenty feet high raised from these seeds. In New England Cercidi- phyllum is very hardy and grows rapidly ; in its young state it is nearly as fastigiate in habit as a Lombardy Pop- lar, the trunk being covered from the ground with slender upright branches which shade it from the sun, which seems injurious to this tree, at least while young. As an orna- mental plant, Cercidiphyllum is only valuable for its pecu- liar Cercis-like leaves, which, when they unfold in early spring, are bright red, and for its peculiar habit, as the flowers and fruit are neither conspicuous nor beautiful. C. ASS Foreign. Correspondence. The New Plants of 1892.—II. StovE Prants.—There were no very remarkable plants among the new introductions from the tropics last year. Aglaonema costatum (Veitch) is a dwarf ornamental-leaved plant, green, spotted and veined with white, the leaves ovate, about five inches long; native of Perak. Alocasia Rex and A. nobilis (Sander & Co.) are promising additions to the many kinds of Alocasia in cultivation. Begonia de- cora (Veitch) is a prettily variegated little plant which is certain to become a favorite with those who are interested in the ornamental-leaved Begonias. Draczena Sanderiana (Sander & Co.) is an elegant plant in the way of D. reflexa, with the leaves prettily lined with white on a green ground. Maranta Sanderiana and M. Mooreana (Sander & Co.) are distinct-looking additions to Calatheas, of which we Garden and Forest. FEBRUARY I, 1893.] *1$ oded avag—"ozaX Jo s}jso10q oy} ur ‘umoruodef umnyAydrpyor9g9—'6 “Sry : oY Ns ae de iy already possess dozens of named sorts, some of which do not materially differ from each other except in name. Nympheza Laydekeri rosea has won golden opinions from those who have seen the few plants which we owe to American nurserymen. N. gracilis, although introduced for N. Mexicana, is worth a place in the aquarium, as it grows freely and produces numerous pure white, elegant, medium-sized flowers during the summer. Monodora grandiflora is not new, but it flowered for the first time in cultivation last year at Kew. It is a small tree with stout branches and oblong glaucous-green leaves, which are reddish when young. The flowers are produced singly from the axils of the leaves on their drooping pe- duncles, and they are formed of three long lanceolate seg- ments four inches long, colored exactly like the labellum of Oncidium Papilio. Nidularium striatum (W. Bull) and N. Makoyanum (San- der & Co.) are pretty foliage-plants, particularly the former, which has strap-shaped, recurved, bright green leaves, con- spicuously striped with creamy white. Oreopanax Sanderianum (Sander & Co.) is a new species similar to Fatsia papyrifera, with tough, leathery, yellowish green, lobed leaves ; it is a native of Guatemala. The best (indeed, I believe, the only) new Palm is Ptycho- raphis Augusta (Kew), which grows freely in a warm house, and is as elegant as Cocos Weddelliana. Pandanus Baptistii (Veitch) and P. Dyerianus (Sander) are identical with P. inermis variegatus, introduced this year to Kew from Australia. P. Pacificus (Veitch) is a dis- tinct-looking plant with broad, graceful, shining green leaves, the margins clothed with fine teeth, and the apex narrowed abruptly to a long tail-like point. It is said to be a native of the South Sea Islands. Podocarpus pectinatus (Kew and Sander & Co.) is an elegant Yew-like plant from New Caledonia, remarkable for the coating of white waxy “bloom” on the leaves, which have in consequence a silvery appearance. The plant grows freely and is easily multiplied by means of cuttings. Synandrospadix vermitoxicus (Kew) is a tuberous-rooted Aroid from Tucuman, with large annual heart-shaped green leaves, and a scape a foot high bearing an open ovate spathe six inches long by four inches wide, colored gray- green outside, tawny-red inside. Thunbergia grandiflora alba differs from the type, which when well treated is one of the most ornamental ofstove climbers, in having pure white instead of blue flowers. Urceocharis Clibrani is one of the most interesting plants of the year. It is to be distributed by Messrs. Clibran & Son, of Altrincham, in Cheshire, in June next. As I have recently described this plant in Gar- DEN AND Forest, I need only say here that it is a hybrid between Eucharis grandiflora (mother) and Urceolina pen- dula, and that it has all the vigor and much of the charm of the former, with flowers intermediate between the two parents. Tillandsia Massangeana, var. superba (Veitch), is a near ally of T. zebrina. It has broad recurved leaves colored apple-green, with transverse bands of deep choco- late. T. Mcensii (Veitch) is somewhat similar to the last, but the leaves are veined and mottled with bright green on a yellowish green ground. ‘Tradescantia decora (W. Bull) is an ornamental foliage-plant, with elongate lanceolate leaves colored olive-green, with a broad median line of silvery gray. Several other new kinds of Tradescantia will be mentioned under the list of plants introduced by foreign horticulturists. Utricularia Humboldtii and U. longifolia are probably ' the largest-flowered and most beautiful species known. They were discovered by Schomburgk on the Roraima in. British Guiana and described by him in his charming Reminiscences. They were introduced into cultivation several years ago, but not flowered before last year. U. Humboldtii has broad reniform leaves, four inches wide and a foot high when well grown. The flowers, which are larger than those of U. montana and colored pale lavender, are borne on graceful scapes. U. longifolia has strap- y, Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 258. shaped leaves a foot long and short erect scapes of mauve flowers. These plants grow well in a warm, moist house, but they do not flower freely. Hippeastrums, Streptocarpi, Begonias and Cliveas have been improved by breeders interested in these genera. A hybrid between Streptocarpus Galpini and a variety of S. Rexii, raised and flowered at Kew, promises to be a first-rate plant. GREENHOUSE Prants.—Several new additions of more than ordinary promise are to be noted here. Taking the selection in alphabetical order, we have first the noble Agave Fran- zosini (Kew), which is of the size and stature of A. Amer- icana, but the leaves are silvery. Thereis a description of it in the Kew Bulletin, 1892, p. 3, by Mr. Baker, taken from a specimen flowered in Mr. Hanbury’s garden at La Mor- tola, Mentone. Aloe aurantiaca is anotherof Mr. Hanbury’s treasures. It is intermediate between A. ciliaris and A. arborescens, a very free grower, forming a huge mass which in spring and summer is covered with crowded racemes of Kniphofia-like red and yellow flowers. Cyrtan- thus Galpini (Kew) is likely to rival Vallota purpurea in the size and color of its flowers. Richardia Pentlandii, which is the best of the yellow-flowered ‘‘Callas,” I have noted several times recently. It is certain to become as great a favorite as the common Arum Lily. Several other so-called yellow-flowered kinds have been advertised, but they have not yet been proved. Rhododendron racemo- sum (Veitch and Kew) is a charming little species, dwarf as the Cowberry (Vaccinium Vitis-ideea), very free-flower- ing, and pretty in the form and color of its flowers. Itmay prove hardy in the warmer parts of England. Senecio Galpini (Kew), from the Transvaal, is a Kleinia, with glau- cous leaves on branched stems, less than a foot in height, bearing erect terminal heads of bright orange flowers. Tacsonia Smythiana is a supposed hybrid, but, as I have recently stated, it is remarkably like T. mollissima. Tricho- desma physaloides (O’Brien) is an interesting and orna- mental Boragewort from South Africa, with a fleshy root- stock, annual stems, glaucous green leaves, and large pure white bell-shaped flowers in erect branched racemes. Un- fortunately it has proved hitherto bad to establish. Verno- nia podocoma (Kew) is a tree-like composite from south Africa, with large leathery foliage and a huge terminal panicle of rosy purple flowers. Yucca Hanburyi is a new species described by Mr. Baker from a plant at La Mortola. It has the habit and appearance of Y. angustifolia, the leaves being linear, green, rigid, witha yellow-brown edge and curling filaments ; raceme simple, one and a half feet long, bearing white campanulate flowers two inches long. Frrns.—There are no new species of Ferns to record for last year. These plants do not now receive much attention | from horticulturists. Hardy kinds, and particularly the rarer varieties of British Ferns, are increasing in popularity, and in consequence of high cultivation they are most pro- lific in the production of what are called sports, a number of which have received certificates this year. Among the exotics we have the variegated variety of Adiantum macro- phyllum, which obtained a certificate this year. Pteris tremula variegata is a pleasing variation of one of the most useful of Ferns, and P. Regina and P. cristata are sports from the ornate P. Victoria-regina, introduced by Mr. Bull several years ago. Woodwardia radicans, var. pendula, is not un- worthy of a place among basket Ferns for the conservatory. Harpy Prants.—There are a few promising new herba- ceous plants and two or three trees and shrubs, but the list is, on the whole, meagre. Allium Kansuense (Kew) isa pretty species allied to A. coeruleum, but dwarfer and with larger heads of nodding deep blue flowers. It has been introduced from China through St. Petersburg, and was one of the prettiest of the rockery plants in flower at Kew last uly. d Aauleca Transylvanica (Kew) has large purplish blue flowers on branching stems two feet high. Astilbe Chi- nensis (Kew) resembles Hoteia (Astilbe) Japonica, but the flower-heads are looser and the flowers rose-colored. Calo- FEBRUARY I, 1893.] _chortus amcenus, C. flavus and ©. Kennedyi are three pretty additions to this genus, the last-named being excep- tionally brilliant in color, that is, brightscarlet, with black- _ purple basal spots. Chionodoxa Luciliz, var. Alleni, is a _ beautiful large-flowered variety, and Chrysanthemum ro- _tundifolium (Kew) is a Transylvanian species, two feet _ high, with numerous white flowers an inch across. One of the very brightest-colored of the pinks is Dianthus callizo- nus (Kew). It is only six inches high, blooms in July, is tufted, with glaucous foliage, and flowers two inches wide _ of the brightest rose-purple, zoned with a darker shade. It _ also is Transylvanian. Emmenanthe penduliflora (Veitch _ & Sons) is a Californian annual, a foot high, which in July _ is covered with nodding, bell-shaped, creamy yellow flow- _ ers. Iris parabid is a hybrid between I. Iberica and I. para- _ doxa, raised by Professor M. Foster, and I. Nepalensis, var. _ Letha (Foster), is a pretty plant with fragrant flowers. _ There are three new additions to Kniphofia in K. modesta _ (Kew), an elegant plant with grassy leaves and spikes of white flowers two feet high; K. Nelsoni, a new species _ with brilliant scarlet flowers on scapes two feet high, and _ K. pauciflora (Kew), also grassy-leaved, and remarkable for its loose racemes of pale yellow flowers. Nemesia stru- _ mosa (Sutton & Sons) is a bright-colored Cape annual of ex- _traordinary attractiveness. I have lately described this in _ GARDEN AND Forest. Ranunculus Carpathicus, from Hun- _ gary, is a showy perennial a foot high, with palmate leaves _and golden yellow flowers two inches in diameter. Tchi- -hatchewia isatidea is a badly named beautiful-flowered perennial Crucifer, and bears its racemes of bright rosy pink fragrant flowers in May. It was introduced by Max Leichtlin from Armenia. Thalictrum rhyncocarpum (Kew), from the Transvaal, is an elegant plant, three feet high, _ with Maidenhair-like foliage. - Buddleia Colvillei is a beautiful Himalayan shrub which has been brought into prominent notice by Mr. Gumbleton, _in whose garden at Cork it flowered profusely last year. It _ has loose racemes of large rose-colored bell-shaped flowers. It is scarcely likely to be hardy except in favored parts of England. Cornus Kousa, Amygdalus Davidiana, var. alba, and the white variety of Wistaria Sinensis, received certifi- cates last year, but they are not really new additions, _ although as yet little known. The varieties of Camellia _Sasanqua, shown in December by Messrs. Veitch & Son, _ and said to be quite hardy, are of sufficient interest to be included here. There is apparently a good opportunity _ for a nurseryman who would interest himself in the intro- _ duction of new trees and shrubs for the outdoor garden. London. W. Watson. Cultural Department. Irises and Their Cultivation.—VII. ° a the change of fashions and tastes in matters horticultural, plants which have continued to interest successive genera- ions of gardeners, at least as long as the garden has had a terature to make records, are few in number. One of the plants to continue in favor is the Mourning Iris, I. Susiana, which seems to-day as interesting to the owners of the best gardens as when it was first introduced from its eastern home. ‘The interestin I. Susiana has also been increased rather than lessened by the discovery and introduction within recent years of other species of the same group, the Oncocyclus, and an allied one, the Regelia, among which may be found the most beautiful, if not curious, flowers in the large family. Some cultivators, with favored conditions of soil and climate, seem _to have little difficulty in flowering I. Susiana and I. Iberica, the other best-known member of the group, but these fortunate gardeners are few. Probably a number of the rhizomes sold _by the plantsmen each year flower the succeeding spring, but only to disappear or dwindle in the following season. Un- der the glass of a cold frame or cool house the plants are not ‘Specially difficult ones to grow, but they are perfectly hardy, and the open border seems the place for them. A well-grown _and well-flowered group of these plants in the borders in early May would be as interesting and enjoyable as it would be rare, and, perhaps, unique, for they are plants which require a distinct resting season and careful treatment, and are Garden and Forest. 55 among those which test the ability of the most skillful culti- vators. For their culture one cannot do better than follow the direc- tions of the master-gardener, Max Leichtlin, who probably first reduced their flowering to some certainty. These directions should have double weight, in the words of Professor Foster : “‘T place them in the sunniest, driest spot I have, in sandy or rather gritty, but fairly rich, soil, planting them, if possible, in the beginning of August, putting them in dry, and never letting the watering-pot touch them, At the end ot May or beginning of June I putalight over them, but not round them, letting the air have free access beneath the glass to the plants, but shut- ting off all the rain. I keep the light on until the end of July or beginning of August, varying the exact time according to the state of the weather and the forwardness of the plants. Then the lights come off, and the plants are left exposed to wind, rain, frost and snow until the following summer, though, perhaps, during a wet November I ward off the excess of rain for afew weeks. IfI leave the plants exposed to the freaks of an English summer they linger on flowerless for a while, and after a time they are no more.” These are simple directions, and should probably produce satisfactory results in this coun- try, but I have found that a good covering of hard leaves is desirable, for our winters are very capricious, and the great changes of temperature, especially ina warm corner, injure the foliage so much that they fail to recover. If March especially could be dropped from the calendar we could grow a number of hardy things more successfully. However, I do not claim much progress with my collection of these Irises, and only desire to indicate the lines on which success may be expected, and call attention to the wealth of material ready for those who havea fancy for rare, curious and beautiful flowers to be had at a considerable expenditure of care and patience. Baker enumerates twelve species of Oncocyclus Irises, and it seems desirable to note them as I. Susiana, I. Gatesii, I. Bis- marckiana, I. Heylandiana, I. Lortetii, I. Sari (and var. lurida), I, Haynei (‘perhaps not distinct from I. Sari”), I. lupina, I. Helene, I. Iberica (var. Perryana, var. ochracea, var. Bellii and var. Van Houttei, thelast ahybrid), I. acutiloba, I. paradoxa (and var. violacea). To these may be added I. Mariz, sent out by Herr Leichtlin this season. I. Nazarena seems to be a synonym of I. Bismarckiana. There are others—I. atropur- purea, Baker, and var. Odysseus—bought as Oncocyclus Irises, but they are yet unflowered by me, and of their places I am not sure. When the Russians advanced into Turkestan one of the minor results was the discovery of a new section of Irises, General Kor- olkowi, the wargovernor of the district, having in 1872 sent home from eastern Bokhara, among other valuable plants, rhizomes of the Iris now known by his name. This is a species distinct from, but nearly allied to, the sub-genus Oncocyclus, and was determined by Professor Foster, and made a sub-genus as Re- gelia. After this followed a few other species and varieties of thesameclass. Thesearel. Leichtlini and var. Vaga, I. Suwarowi and var. lineata, I. Korolkowi and vars. violacea, concolor, venosa, venosa pulcherrima, Leichtliniana and I. Barnume. These require the same culture as the plants of the previous section. Many, if not most, of these plants are obtainable from dealers. None of them are without great beauty. Asia is the home of all these Irises, missionaries and Russian generals seeming to be the usual collectors. Some one was quoted in GARDEN AND FOREST a few weeks since as objecting to a Mus- covite name of an Iris. After the magazine horrors of many months, it is to me distinctly pleasing to see the Russian names on my labels, and to feel that, perhaps, the Mus- covite is, after all, not without his finer traits when even their hard fighters seem to find time for the beauties of nature. Elizabeth, N. J. F. N. Gerard. Autumn-flowering Lilies.—IT. LILIUM PARKMANNI is a hybrid produced by crossing L. au- ratum with a dark flowered form of L. speciosum. Itapproaches closely the form Rubro-vittatum, the latter being actually the better of the two. L. Krameri, if not quite like L.“auratum, is very closely allied to it, requiring the same treatment. The stem is very slender, smooth, tinted purple, while the leaves are lanceolate, smooth, dark green, often tinted purple, the flowers large, broadly funnel-shaped, pinkish purple, or deli- cate pink, sometimes almost white. They are strongly scented. The cultivator will find the same difficulty with it as with L. auratum. As L. Krameri blooms early, seeds will ripen in this country, and although I have not succeeded in crossing it with L. speciosum, it readily crosses with L. auratum, showing by this an affinity to the latter species. A 56 few years ago a stem was shown in London with several very large flowers of a pale rose color, the whole appearance of the plant resembling L, auratum as much as L. Krameri, but the bulb resembled that of the former more closely. Unfortunately the two plants have suffered so much that they have not flow- ered for the last two years. LILIUM SPECIOSUM GROUP.—Lilium speciosum is of the utmost value wherever cut flowers are required, as it is equally well adapted for pot-culture or the open border, and as long as thesoil is neither too dry nor too damp there are few places where the bulbs will not grow. If wanted for early flowering, bulbs should be potted in October, without injuring the roots much, and then plunged ina cool frame during the winter. Early in the spring, when well-rooted, they might be moved at first to a cool house and later on to a temperate house and forced into flower. Those for the open border can either be planted during the autumn or winter, and as late as March ifthe bulbs are not shrivelled up and the roots have been kept grow- ing. The best material to preserve them in is cocoanut-fibre. L.~ speciosum (or L. lancifolium as it is often incorrectly called) is usually dividedinto sections. Those with green stems are put under var, Album, and those with a purplish tinted stem under var. Rubrum. Itis, however, difficult to draw a line, especially as many of them are crosses between the two and belong as much to one as to the other. L.speciosum roseum has a stem from two to three feet in height, the flowers of a delicate rose-spotted crimson. Of these we have several very beautiful forms, the principal being the following: Album Kreetzeri, which has white flowers, the segments being marked with green mid-ribs. Album verum, which is synonymous with Album novum, and Album vestale, which flowers a week or two earlier than Krztzeri and has broader leaves, larger and broader segments, with less green. Album punc- tatum has the same bulb and leaves as the last, the flowers being white, dotted delicate rose and tinted pale rose. Rubrum has reddish-tinted flowers, the stem green tinted with purple, leaves dark green, often purplish tinted. The outside seg- ments of the flower are more or less shaded with rose or red. The intensity of the coloring depends much upon the strength of the plant and upon the weather, a sunless autumn meaning paler-colored flowers. I have often seen flowers of the com- mon Rubrum sent from the south having a deeper color even than the variety Melpomene purpureum, or even Cruentum. Roseum, properly speaking, is only a poor Rubrum with paler-colored flowers. A form sold under the name of Roseum verum, though having greenish purplestem, has pale rose flowers with white edged segments, dotted purple, the pedicels being much branched and twisted. Purpureum has a slender stem from three feet to five feet high, the flowers large, rose-tinted, and dotted with intense purplish crimson, the segments irregular, recurved. Melpomene has a large, but less pointed, bulb than Purpureum, the flowers large, rose in the centre, tinted and dotted with deep crimson, the exterior purple. Cruentum differs by having a straight stout stem, short lanceolate leaves, and deep-colored flowers, the outside being rich crimson-purple. Multiflorum, or Schrymackersi, is almost like Rubrum, but flowers a week earlier. The bulb is in proportion smaller but well shaped. L. speciosum and its numerous forms flower from the be- ginning of August till the middle of October, the first in bloom being Album verum and Multiflorum, the last Purpu- reum and its allied forms Melpomene and Cruentum. Besides forcing them earlier into bloom, there is also a way of retard- ing them, which is done by keeping bulbs out of the ground till March in a dry, cool and airy place, laid in cocoanut-fibre. They are protected from rain and sun, and must, of course, not be allowed to shrivel. Imported bulbs flower also much later the first year. L. Henryi properly belongs to this group, the whole charac- ter of the plant being like that of L. speciosum, except that the flowers are apricot-colored or orange-yellow. It is a most -beautiful, but at present very rare, Lily. It flowers in Septem- ber, and is a native of China.—G. Reuthe, in Gardeners’ Maga- Zine. Some American Bulbs. a bulbous flowering plants of Mexico, as a rule, do much better in our northern climate than those of California and Oregon. The collected bulbs, after a year’s growth in good rich soil, double, and often treble, in size, producing larger and more abundant flowers. Our soil seems to suit them exactly, as also our climate, so far as summer is concerned, but our severe winters would, no doubt, be too much for them unless they were entirely protected from frost. When well- Garden and Forest. (NUMBER: 258. ripened off and properly dried their bulbs winter well indoors, most of them nicely in any dry cellar, and the Tigridias ina dry warm place. The number of Calochortuses in Mexico is small, as com- pared with those of California, but they are attractive, and do finely. Not only do the bulbs become larger when grown here, but they seed freely, and some of them multiply fast by the lit- tle bulblets borne in the axils of their leaves, as with Lilium tigrinum, only in much greater profusion. The best Calo- chortus I have seen from Mexico, and, as well, the best from any locality, is C.Bonplandianus. The large, dark purple, bell- shaped flowers are borne in greater profusion, | believe, than those of any other species. C. flavus, which is another name for Cyclobethra flava, is also a fine species, and so is C. Ma- drensis. These Mexican bulbs all do best planted in spring, and seeds- men who handle these and the California bulbs, I believe, place all the Mexican bulbs in their spring catalogues, and all those from California and Oregon in their autumn lists. Milla biflora, which was not common ten years ago, has won its way into almost every catalogue of flowering bulbs in the country. It is easily grown in any ordinary garden soil and, unlike most bulbs, does not have to be replaced every year. The Tigridias too, with half a chance, are sure to give satisfaction. Bessera elegans has never matured here, not so much because of our short season as that it is so late in starting. It may be planted very early and not come up perhaps until July. Thereis then not sufficient time before frost for it to mature. When the bulbs do not mature it is difficult to keep them over. This is the only species of Mexican bulbs that has not done well here. Nemastylis brunnea, though it does not multiply, grows much larger flowers and bulbs than the collected ones. The Coope- ryas also thrive in our northern soil and the Zephyranthes all produce much larger bulbs. The bulbs of Cooperias and those of the variousspecies of Zephyranthes, if well dried, keep perfectly well in any ordinary cellar. The various species and varieties of Calochortus from Cali- fornia and Oregon have never done as well with me as those from Mexico. When wintered ina cool cellar, if above the freezing point, they begin to growin February. By the time the weather is sufficiently warm to plant them out they have become so weakened by this growth that they do not amount to much. The only way is to plant them in autumn and pro- tect them, when good bulbs will flower the first season at least. They do not, however, increase in size like the Mexican bulbs, but, on the contrary, they decrease. C. longibarbatus has done the best with me of any from the Pacific coast and C. Benthami next best. I am not satisfied that they cannot be successfully grown here. The trouble is that they are so early. If they were in frames covered with glass I believe they would do much better. The Brodizas do better. They not only seem to hold their own so far as size of bulb is concerned, but they multiply by offsets and flower quite freely. A clay loam seems to suit them. Brodiza grandiflora, B. ixioides and B. stellaris are among the best. B. coccinea is very attractive, but it is notso thrifty here as some of the others. ‘ The Erythroniums do nicely here. They should be planted out by the last of August, that they may become well-rooted before winter. E. grandiflorum has several varieties, all very firm. One of the best of these is the one from Oregon, some- times called E. giganteum. It has large nodding creamy white flowers. E. Hendersoni isa very handsome species from Oregon, but not so robust as some of the others. The Frittillarias are pretty and easily managed in the same beds with Brodizas and Erythroniums. F. recurve, with ‘its orange-red lily-like flowers, is the best. The little F. pudica, producing its little yellow flowers so early, is also valuable. The California Lilies are among the best of the genus, Lil- ium Washingtonianum is a little difficult to manage. It needs time to become established and. to have protection in winter. L. Parryi, withits canary-yellow flowers, is quite easily managed. Any of these Lilies, planted in well-drained soil, four or five inches deep, mulched with two or three inches of peat, will thrive. Perhaps L. pardalinum is the hardiest of the California species, but if L. parvum or L. rubescens are planted in sandy loam, they will thrive. L. Columbianum isa fine plant, with its spotted recurving petals ; it has done better with me in clay loam than in sand. L. Humboldtii needs two years to establish itselt before it does its best. Charlotte, Vt. Ie Iah Jel, Grevillea robusta—This has proved to be a very satisfactory plant for the conservatory. I puta strong specimen in the ground of a house having no centre bench, where it rooted FEBRUARY I, 1893.] freely and grew to the glass fifteen feet above, bearing a magnifi- cent crop of its fern-lilke foliage and it has gained much admi- ration. The leaves have a much longer life than would be supposed from the appearance of the plant. There are now on the tree, in good color and health, leaves that were de- veloped over eighteen months ago. This, of course, is ona thrifty plant. Having seen the tree in flower in California I have been endeavoring to secure some of the beautiful racemes of orange-colored blossoms upon this plant. Some of its side branches have been girdled and others bowed in with the hope f developing flowering wood. “* cite Gollece, Pa, a George C. Butz. Correspondence. A New Plant Label. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST : _ Sir,—Garden-labels are always necessary in a collection of plants, but they are always a care, and usually a disfigurement, especially when the plants to be identified are small and numerous. No one label is adapted to all the requirements of a garden, and there is seldom a design which proves as satisfactory in service as it appears when first devised. Every gardener has memories of labels which have been heralded as perfect, but which have proved delusive. The Ens usual experience is a return to a 4 painted wooden label of suitable / size, generally too conspicuous, but if of the right kind of wood, proving fairly durable and legible for a sea- son or two. It is a great tax on one’s time and patience, however, to keep a quantity of the best wooden labelsin good order. There has always been desired a large permanent label, not conspicuous, but carrying a legible name in characters which can be removed or altered when necessary, and so substantial as not to be broken by a blow, and able to keep its place firmly during frosts and thaws. This ‘want seems fairly met by the label illustrated on this page, samples of which have been sent me by Mr. John Wood, of Kirkstall, England, the well-known hardy plantsman, who is the patentee. The label is ‘stamped from pure zinc, a metal which proves practically indestruc- tible in the weather. The oval head, one and a quarter by three “inches, has a rim on the reverse, making a stiff firm plate; on this the plant name is written with suitable ink, or if painted, a soft pencil mark will be fairly perma- nent. This plate slopes back so as to make an angle of about sixty degrees with the upright shank. This shank, which is eight inches long, is braced and stiffened by being bent through its length, as shown in the figure, so as to form Fig. 10.—An English Plant Label. two sides of a triangular prism; it is practically rigid, and yet sharp and thin enough to enter the ground easily. Being stamped out of a single piece of metal, there is nothing about it to get out of repair. Owing to the slope of the plate it is easy to read the legend without stooping to its level. The writing can be erased readily with sand-paper. This label seems to possess, in short, the qualities of permanence, simplicity, indestructibility and legibility. Owing to the present high duty on zinc, these labels are fairly expensive, costing over $5.00 per gross ; considering, however, that they are indestructible, this cannot be consid- _ ered prohibitory where the best is desired. Tlizabeth, N. J. : F. IN. Gerard. The Old Hedge-rows on Long Island. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—If£ one whose acquaintance with the country had been formed in the western or central states, or even in western ‘New York, were to drive through that portion of Long Island Garden and Forest. ay | which lies east of Riverhead, he would see much that was new, strange and interesting. First, there are the old farm- houses, roomy, comfortable-looking buildings, covered with shingles both on roof and sides, and very different in expres- sion from the smart modern houses on the newer farms. Many of these buildings are very old; at least, for America, One at Southold, which was built in 1647, was torn down last fall, and we can scarcely go a mile without seeing some that were built 100 to 150 years ago. Around the old house are clumps of Lilac and other shrubs which are so old as to seem quite distinct from the more common younger forms, while the great barns and wide yards have an expression of open- handed hospitality which is delightful to see. Formerly the dividing lines between farms were marked by hedge-rows of a peculiar and distinct character, and they are worthy of par- ticular attention now, as they are rapidly being rooted out, and a few years hence hardly one of them will be left. These hedges are formed by lopping down Oak or other trees and forming with their stumps, trunks and a few rails a sort of a fence at first. Sprouts from the lopped trees are then allowed to grow up, and, with briers and vines, form a thicket or hedge often a rod through. After afew years the sprouts are again lopped downand trimmed, and this process is repeated until the original stumps come to be five or six feet in diameter in the line of the row, although not more than one or two feet in the other direction, and exhibit most picturesque forms, the result of their mutilation and of natural grafting. However unprofit- able and shiftless these old hedge-rows may be from an economic point of view, they are often exceedingly beautiful not only of themselves, but in their effect upon the landscape, and a study of them can scarcely fail to furnish the landscape- gardener most valuable hints in arrangement and combi- nation. } Detroit, Mich. Will. W. Tracy. Meetings of Societies. The Western New York Horticultural Society.—I. HE thirty-eighth annual meeting of the Western New York Horticultural Society was held at Rochester last week, and the proceedings were interesting, as usual, and conducted with that peculiar dash and promptness which characterizes this body. ‘The address of the President, Mr. William C. Barry, who was re-elected for the following year, was very comprehensive and covered an unusual range of topics, including the experience of the year with insecti- cides and fungicides, the discussion of methods of mar- keting fruits and the systematic distribution of them so as to secure remunerative prices, the prospects of securing a market abroad, good roads, the proper use of farm-lands, and many other subjects. In speaking of the necessity of education for the farm and garden, Mr. Barry said: At no period in the history of this country has it been so apparent, even to the indifferent and careless observer, that the cultivator of the soil must possess more than ordinary in- telligence in order to succeed. Competition is so keen on every side that every acre of land must be productive. Even in this particularly favored state, famous the world over for remarkable climate and fertile soil, there are now thou- sands of acres of waste land which should be reclaimed and cultivated, hundreds of farms impoverished and unproductive which should be made to yield good crops, innumerable or- chards which are too old and going to decay which should be uprooted and replaced with young, thrifty, fruitful trees. I am aware that the members of this progressive organization are not to be counted among those whose surroundings are of the nature referred to, but it is our duty as intelligent cultivators not only to do well ourselves, but to encourage others to do likewise. The influence of educated labor is one of the re- quirements of the times, and the agricultural school is one of the most efficient agencies for developing the resources of the state. The advancement of agriculture means the advancement of civilization. The farmerand fruit-grower of to-day need far more information than they did in the past. Labor-saving im- plements are now so nunmierous that the old-time drudgery of farm-work is no longer experienced, and some time is afforded for reading, study and improvement. I, therefore, ask the members of this association who have sons intending to take up agriculture or horticulture as a life-work, to permit them to take advantage of the opportunities afforded at the colleges of agriculture, and thus become intelligent cultivators of the soil, and scientific and skillful farmers and fruit-growers. Not 58 Garden and Forest. only will they as individuals reap incalculable benefit from such a course, but the people of the state as well. Experiments must be carried on by some one; individuals certainly can- not bear the expense; hence, if the state or national govern- ment is unwilling to appropriate the necessary funds, the work of scientific investigation cannot be thoroughly done. The work carried on at these stations is such that it is well- nigh impossible to obtain immediate results. Much time is required to make accurate and reliable investigations and ex- periments, and as all of the stations are comparatively young, it is not fair to demand too much of them at present. Ten years hence, when the stationsare well under way, their im por- tance will be universally recognized, and then there will be no difficulty in obtaining appropriations ample for their work. Icall upon you, members of this society, to exert all the influ- ence you possess to secure for this state institution the funds it needs. PREVENTION OF APPLE-SCAB. Professor S. A. Beach, of the Geneva Experiment Station, after naming some twenty preparations which had been tested as preventives of Apple-scab, continued in part as follows: Of the many fungicides thus far tested for Apple-scab, the copper mixtures have undoubtedly given the best results, but some of them are liable to injure the foliage. The ammoni- acal solution of copper sulphate has proved decidedly bene- ficial in several experiments. It does not injure the foliage, and it also has the advantage of being readily prepared and easily applied, but when mixed with Paris green or London purple it is liable to injure the foliage seriously. Therefore, if this solution is used, it is necessary to make separate appli- cations of Paris green or London purple for the codling- moth. The strong Bordeaux mixture (six pounds copper sulphate, four pounds lime and twenty-two gallons water) is more expen- ive than the ammonfacal solution of copper carbonate, and it is not so readily prepared or so easily applied as that solution. But dilute Bordeaux mixtures, which contain from two to four pounds of copper sulphate for twenty-two gallons of water, have given practically as good results as other fungicides and are more easily applied than the strong mixture. They are also less expensive than the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate. All Bordeaux mixtures have these advantages, namely, that they compare favorably with any other fungicide so far as efficiency is concerned, that they do not injure the foliage, and that Paris green or London purple in the propor- tion commonly used for the codling-moth may be mixed with them without any fear of injurious results. Where orchards are badly infested with the codling-moth, it is best to apply Paris green or London purple immediately after the petals fall, and follow with two more treatments at intervals of about ten days. Since the Paris green may be mixed with the Bor- deaux mixtures, it is readily seen that such a combination will save the labor of three applications as compared with the am- moniacal solution of copper carbonate, with which the appli- cation of Paris green must be made separately. A few weeks agoa circular letter was mailed to each experi- ment station in those sections of the United States where ap- ples are grown extensively, requesting the station horticultur- ist to state what remedies had been used for Apple-scab dur- ing the present season, and with whatsuccess. The verdict of the replies was almost unanimousfor Bordeaux mixture for Apple- scab, and usually a dilute formula was particularly specified. Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate and modified eau celeste also received favorable mention in two or three in- stances. After describing the simplest way of preparing the mixture and the best method of applying it, Professor Beach said: The true improved Vermorel nozzle is considered best for applying the Bordeaux mixture, better than the modifications of it which are sometimes offered. It forms a perfect spray, is easily cleaned when it becomes clogged, and uses the fungi- cide in a very economical manner. The cost of spraying for both Apple-scab and the codling- moth for the entire season willvary from fifteen to twenty-five cents a tree, according to the skill of the operator, the kind of tools used, the kind of fungicide selected, the cost of materials and the number of applications. At the Geneva Experiment Station, even under the unfavorable conditions of the past season, three treatments of five Fall Pippin trees with the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate and two treatments with Paris green apparently reduced the scab on the foliage thirteen per cent.; on the fruit, four and seven-tenths per cent., and the worminess of the fruit, twenty and eight- tenths per cent., as compared with six untreated trees of the same variety, making a total increase of twenty-five and five- [NuMBER 258, tenths per cent. in the first-class fruit, seemingly due to spraying. Much more favorable results were secured from -the same treatment on Roxbury Russets and Golden Russets, but it not best to exaggerate the benefit of this particular treatment by selecting exceptionally good results for the pur- pose of illustration. There can be little doubt that better re- sults could have been secured by varying the time and increasing the number of the treatments in the manner hereafter recommended. Even this low per cent. of gain in first-class fruit will more than pay for the expense of treat- ment. ° In the light of our present knowledge of the nature of the Apple-scab fungus, and guided by personal experiments and those of other investigators, the following line of treatment is suggested : After the buds open and before the first leaves are half- grown, make the first application, using either the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate or dilute Bordeaux mixture. Mr. D. G. Fairchild found, last spring, that the Pear-scab in- fection begins before the blossoms open, and the writer found that the same thing is also true with Apple-scab. The foliage and the calyx and pedicels of the unopened flower-buds be- come thus early infected with the scab fungus. Spraying at this time is therefore considered very important. Thesecond application, using the same fungicide as before, should be made after an interval of ten days, and shortly before the flowers begin to open. The third application should be made immediately after the blossoms fall, using also at this time Paris green or London purple for codling-moth. Many pre- fer to use the dilute Bordeaux mixture at this time, because Paris green can be added to it without fear of injurious re- sults, whereas if the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate be used the Paris green must be used by itself. A fourth ap- plication should be made after an interval of from ten days to two weeks, using the same material as before, including the Paris green. After another interval of from ten days to two weeks make a fifth application, using the same material as before, includ- ing the Paris green. If it is desired to make further treat- ments after this time the Paris green may be omitted. BIRD NOTES FOR HORTICULTURISTS. This was the subject of a most interesting paper by Walter B. Barrows, Assistant Ornithologist of the United States De- partment of Agriculture. The greater part of it is here repro- duced : The interrelation of birds and horticulture is a many-sided problem, one requiring for its complete solutiona larger array of facts than has been made yet, and a more careful study of these facts than most people imagine to be necessary. No well- informed person can doubt that, as a whole, birds are benefi- cial to the agriculturist, yet many a farmer and fruit-grower has a strong feeling that he bears more than his share of the damage inflicted by birds, and receives less than the average of benefit. It is useless to deny that fruit-growers suffer a direct loss each year. It is equally useless, in the present state of our knowledge, to attempt to demonstrate that the particular birds which cause this loss make any satisfactory return. In some cases a considerable offset to the harm could be shown, but the exact amount of the credit could not be determined, and in many cases it would be difficult to show any compensation to the loser. Asa rule, the larger the area of any one cultivator, and the greater the variety of the crops grown, the smaller will be the relative loss and the larger the direct compensation for the harm done. An example may make this point clearer, Suppose a man to cultivate 100 acres, giving a fair proportion to vegetables, small fruits, orchards and vineyards, with shade- trees and shrubberies, and a little lawn or pasture. Ignoring the English sparrow, almost the only loss occasioned by birds will be in the damage to cherries, strawberries, raspberries and grapes, and this will be caused mainly, or entirely, by four or five species of birds, probably the robin, cat-bird, cedar-bird or cherry-bird, red-headed woodpecker and Baltimore oriole. Purple finches (red linnets) may cause annoyance by nipping the flower-buds of choice Cherries and Pears early in the spring, orioles and grosbeaks may destroy some Peas, and the goldfinch or yellow-bird may eat and scatter the seed of Let- tuce, Turnip and Cabbage ; but these are minor and irregular thefts, and ordinarily not worthy of notice. Except in the case of grapes the harm will he done mainly during June and July, and nearly all the marauders will be local, that is, birds with nests in the immediate vicinity, and — will obtain all the food for themselves and their young from the same farm, Cedar-birds are great rovers and very possibly may -— FEBRUARY 1, 1893.] come from a distance for their fruit, but even in that case they are sure to eat something else belonging on the farm. Now, >: no one of the species mentioned, even when adult, feeds ex- clusively on fruit, and the young get far less fruit than the old birds. Onan average, at least two-fifths of the food of old and young consists of insects, even during June and July, and many of these are decidedly harmful insects, so that certainly some _ good is done by their destruction, and whatever the amount i may be, it should go to the credit of the birds as helping to balance the account for fruit stolen from the same premises. So long, therefore, as the amount of harm done is not very great, and the amount of good is uncertain, a truck farmer or market gardener might reasonably be asked to tolerate the birds. On sucha farm as has been instanced, they may be looked upon as a class of laborers working for their board and probably earning“it, although, unfortunately, they insist on selecting their own food, which is seldom done in an econom- ical manner, and often in a way very annoying to their em- ployer. If, on the other hand, we consider the effect of fruit-eat- ing birds ona farm of similar size given entirely to small fruits, including grapes, the conditions are somewhat different. The losses are fully as great, and the compensation less. True, the farm itself will offer few suitable locations for nests, and its more central portions will suffer less from the inroads of birds from neighboring groves and orchards; but for this very reason its edges will sustain more injury, and the return made in the destruction of injurious insects will be made almost en- tirely to the owner of the nesting-grounds instead of to the fruit-grower. The marauders may do some good, incidentally, to the owner of the fruit, but the bulk falls to his neighbors who have less fruit and a greater variety of other crops, and it does not seem just that he should support these birds—so far, at least, as half their food goes—and get practically no good in return. On the other hand, it may be fairly asked, whether he has the right to kill them, even in defence of his own crops, thus depriving his neighbors of the good they have been re- ceiving. : y Such preliminary studies of the food of our native birds as have been made thus far show it to be highly improbable that any species ought to be exterminated altogether. It is abso- lutely certain that our native birds, taken as a whole, do more good than harm, and in the present state of our knowledge it would be unwise to recommend the wholesale destruction of any. It does not follow, however, that the good done to any one farmer or fruit-grower will equal or exceed the harm done him}, though this is probable in most cases where the acreage is large and a fair variety of crops is grown. It should be noted that, in the supposed cases cited above, no mention was made of the other common birds of farm and garden which do not eat fruit or grain to any appreciable extent. Among these might be mentioned the warblers, chickadees, wrens, song and chipping sparrows, swallows, cuckoos, flycatchers, smaller woodpeckers and others, most of which are distinctly beneficial whenever and wherever found. It also should be borne in mind that the species mentioned as most addicted to fruit-stealing are injurious only during three, or at most four, months of the year, although all are present and perhaps actively beneficial during at least one or two months, and some, as the robin and cedar-bird, during the larger part of the year. It is very clear, nevertheless, that fruit-growers are likely to suffer more in proportion than other farmers from the attacks of the birds, and it is but fair to consider the possible means which can be taken to prevent, or at least to lessen, this loss as much as possible. Shall we shoot the birds ? In my belief this should be one of the last resorts. From what has been said already, it is clear that most birds are too valuable to be killed; but, aside from this, their shooting would be both expensive and unlawful. The imported nui- sance, the English sparrow, ought to be killed whenever it is possible, but this can be done most effectively by other means than shooting, particularly by poison in cold weather, and the _ destruction of nest and eggs in the summer. light collecting guns might be used on English sparrows un- Air-rifles and der some circumstances, but even if the ammunition costs _ nothing the time required makes the process expensive. As to other fruit-eaters, three classes of treatment may be considered. : 1. The fruit may be protected by nets or similar devices, _ which mechanically keep the birds from the fruit. This _ method is expensive, but sure. : 2. The birds may be frightened away by the use of such devices as are commonly called scarecrows, or by _ the presence of boys, cats, or other animals, Scarecrows are Garden and Forest. 59 inexpensive—but commonly also ineffectual. Ona large scale the employment of men or boys becomes expensive, unless they are actual pickers—and often the most critical time is when the fruit is beginning to ripen, and not ready to be picked. ; 3. Perhaps a counter-attraction may be given the birds—a fruit which would attract and satisfy them, though worthless or nearly so to the fruit-grower. Methods coming under the first head are too expensive, generally, to be applied to any considerable area, the cost of the nets being the most important item. Itis probable, how- ever, that a net with a very large mesh—large enough to let a robin through easily—would be just as effectual as one with a close mesh. Remembering the fact that crows are kept away from corn-fields with more or less success by one or more white strings stretched across and around the field, it seems probable that if one set of these strings were put closer to- gether, and another series stretched at right angles, the practi- cal effect of a net would be gained, although the mesh might be very large; the larger size which would answer being de- termined by experiment. By using a cheap white twine, and stretching it between temporary stakes set about the edges of the field, no doubt, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries could be protected almost completely, and at a cost which would be very moderate compared with the use of actual nets. Whether the same method could be applied advantageously to Cherry-trees would depend somewhat upon their size and location, but in any case the meshes would need to be smaller and the labor and expense of putting up poles for a frame- work and stretching the twine would increase the cost mate- rially. Under the head of scarecrows it may be well to consider the actual enemies of wild birds as well as effigies of them, which commonly do duty in berry patches and orchards. It is not probable that the common cat can be utilized to any ex- tent as a scarecrow, but it has been demonstrated beyond question that a living hawk, confined only by a thong about the foot and placed conspicuously, will prevent absolutely the approach of birds over aconsiderable territory. Even a stuffed hawk is perfectly effective for a day or two, and by shifting it from one position to another, or by having several individuals of different sizes and kinds, the protection of a large area can be assured. This method also is somewhat expensive, but the hawks need not be of the largest size nor mounted in the highest style of the art, although good work will deceive the birds longer than poor work. If the mounted specimens are well cared for they should last several seasons. The possibility of providing a special supply of fruit for birds, and thereby preventing their depredations on the more valuable kinds, has been recommended many times by horti- culturists as well as by ornithologists. The great trouble is to find a fruit which is early enough to protect early cherries and strawberries, and attractive enough at all times to compete in the birds’ favor with fruits more valuable to the grower. The typical fruit of this kind should also bea profuse bearer, should remain a long time in season, and be hardy enough to thrive anywhere without much care. It is needless to say that, as yet, such a fruit has not appeared, and, perhaps, is not likely to be found, but fruits fulfilling part of these requisites are avail- able, and by combining several of these and using a little fore- sight in planting, much good can be accomplished. Probably some form of the Juneberry would serve to divert many birds from early fruits, and possibly some species of Mulberry would keep up the attraction fora week or two longer. The Wild Cherry planted freely along road-sides and between fields would save many thefts of grapes from neighboring vineyards, and the Elder and Viburnum would be useful, as well as or- namental, if included more generally in hedges and shrub- beries. Notes. It is said that a pure white Delphinium has been produced by Messrs. Kelway & Son, of Langport Nurseries, Somerset. The amount of cider made in France during 1892 was the largest since the year 1885, reaching a total of 340,679,835 gallons. We are advised that the seed firms of Messrs. C. H. Thomp- son & Co., Parker & Wood and Joseph Breck & Sons, of Boston, have been united under the name of Joseph Breck & Sons. Under the name of Pyrus angustifolia flore-pleno there is figured, in a recent issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle, the double-flowered American Crab, which appeared a few years 60 ago in a nursery in the western states, and which is really a form of P. coronaria, the northern Crab, P. angusti- folia being confined to the southern states. This double- flowered Apple-tree is one of the best among the recent introductions of hardy plants, and it should be more often seen than it is in our gardens. A Spanish authority on Roses, Dr. Mariano Vergara, has recently published at Madrid a small book, Aibliograjfia de Ja Rosa. Among the contents is a list of books dealing with this plant, of periodicals, existent and deceased, which have been devoted to it, of the catalogues published by Rose- growers in various countries, and of the Rose-growers’ asso- ciations and societies in all parts of the world. The practical utility of the little volume is further increased by the fact that only alternate pages are printed, the others being left in blank for manuscript notes. A late dispatch to the New York 7ribune states that one rancher in San Diego County has sown this year 160 acres to mustard on dry mesa land, and though the season has been so dry as to kill barley, the mustard has grown luxuriantly. It yielded a ton of seed to the acre, worth $200 a ton. In the same county the agent of an English syndicate is inspecting sites for the establishment of a beet-sugar colony. The plan is to buy 100,000 acres, divide the tract into twenty-acre colony homes, and settle upon it small English farmers, who will grow sugar-beets to supply the company’s factory and re- finery. A correspondent of the Country Gentleman writes that in Lancashire acres of glass are devoted, and devoted successfully, to the growth of Cucumbers, Tomatoes and some other paying things, which return well for artificial heat and for protection from frost. Thus far the experiment has done admirably, the prices obtained being far in excess of what is commanded by their more sunnily situated competitors. Of course, the fact of being within cartable distance of the Warwickshire coal- fields is a great factor in economizing expense, while prox- imity to markets that seem never to be surcharged also helps wonderfully. A recent issue of the London Garden refers to the small- leaved Mock Orange, Philadelphus microphyllus, as a very valuable shrub, especially when in flower, as its flower-laden branches bend over to touch the turf. It is also deliciously fragrant. He adds: “Being an introduction from Mexico, itis not hardy in the more northern districts of England.” This plant has proved hardy as far north as New England, where it makes an admirable little shrub for the rock-garden. It is a native of the mountains of southern Colorado and New Mexico, whence it was introduced into cultivation several years ago by the Arnold Arboretum. A floor space, 42x27 feet, has been reserved in the centre of the Forestry Building of the Columbian Exposition, for the American Museum of Natural History of this city, which will exhibit a duplicate set from the Jesup Collection of North American Woods. More than 400 species will be represented in the collection by half-sections of trunks 14 inches long, which will be arranged on shelves in two cabinets. Each specimen will be accompanied by a label 12x6 inches. One- half of the label will consist of a map of North America, colored in green, to indicate the distribution of the species, the other half containing a brief description of the tree and its uses. These labels are now being prepared at the Arnold Ar- boretum by an officer of the Museum. ‘In the Fruit report of the South Haven Sub-station of the Michigan State Agricultural College, Mr. T. T. Lyon names the following varieties of grapes for a family vineyard in that region which will give in succession fruit of high quality. The varieties are given in the order of their ripening: Early Victor, Winchell, Worden, Lady, Delaware, Diamond, Brighton, Ulster and Jefferson. For a family garden list of red and yellow Raspberries, Hansell, Cuthbert, Golden Queen and Herstine, if protected in winter, are named; while of Black Caps, Palmer, Hilborn and Earhart for an autumn crop, with Shaffer and Muskingum for canning. Fora family plantation of Strawberries, Alpha, Beder Wood, Cumberland, Parker Earle and Gandy are named. An instructive bulletin has just been issued by the Ontario Agricultural College, on ‘‘ Weeds and the Modes of Destroying Them.” It sets out by enumerating the various agencies by which weeds are distributed, and then lays down certain general principles to be observed in destroying them. These latter include a study of their habits, with the different methods Garden and Forest. [NuMBER 258, to be used for annuals, biennials and perennials; certain di- ‘rections in reference to the rotation of crops, hindering weeds from ripening seed, and the necessity of care in purchasing seeds for the farm and garden. Then follow specific directions for the destruction of the most troublesome weeds, like Canada Thistle, Couch Grass, Burdock, Wild Mustard, etc. The little book contains good illustrations of various noxious growths, and altogether it is worth careful reading, not only by the farmers of Ontario, but by people interested in agriculture and horticulture on this side of the boundary. The growing interest in trees in this country is shown by the number of publications relating to them which have recently appeared. The last to reach us is entitled 7ze Woody Plants of Manhattan in their Winter Condition, a pamphlet of twenty pages, in which Professor A. S. Hitchcock has arranged the woody plants of central Kansas according to the appearance of their branchlets in winter and the character of their winter buds. His first division includes such plants as show more than one leaf-scar at each node, with subdivisions in which genera with pubescent and glabrous buds are grouped. In his second division (B) are placed those genera which have one leaf-scar at each node, with two subdivisions, in which are placed plants armed with prickles or thorns and those which are unarmed. A quotation from the description of the White Maple (Acer saccharinum) will serve to show the scope and value of this interesting paper. It reads: “A large tree with reddish or yellowish brown glabrous twigs, V-shaped, opposite leaf-scars not quite meeting, but joined by a line and three- bundle scars. Terminal buds with two or three pairs, the ap- pressed lateral with one or two pairs of smooth ovate-obtuse scales. Common along the Blue and the Kansas River be- low the mouth of the Blue.” The list includes sixty-three native plants and four which, common in cultivation, have es- caped from gardens. We are indebted to Professor Trelease for advance-sheets of the fourth annualreport of the directors of the Missouri Botanic Garden. From them it appears that the income of this mag- nificently endowed establishment amounted last year to $08,- 830.97, and that the expenditures were $72,936.40, of which nearly $17,000 were paid for labor in the garden, while only about $500 were spent on the herbarium and $1,600 upon the library. In the herbarium there are now 203,000 specimens, including the 98,000 specimens from the George Engelman Herbarium, the nucleus of the collection. The library con- tains in round numbers 5,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets, the whole being appraised at $21,150.00. Visitors to the garden are increasing, 16,000 having entered its gates on the open Sunday in June. The number of species of plants in the gar- den has been greatly enlarged during the year by contributions of seeds and living plants from other botanical establishments, — and more than 3,000 packages of seeds were distributed in re- turn. Professor Trelease reports that Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant has presented to the garden his entire botanical library, par- ticularly rich in pre-Linnzean works, which the donor has been collecting for many years. The course of study for garden pupils, one of the most valuable features in this establishment, has been shortened from six to four years, it having been found, after the practical working of the system during the last three years, that the course could be thus modified with- out omitting any of the manual labor or any of the studies originally determined on. Of the seventy-two weekly exercises, each for three months, which the garden pupils receive, twenty are given to the garden proper, including fruit-culture, nine to surveying, drainage and landscape-gardening, six to book-keeping, seven to economic entomology, five to forestry, and twenty-five to botany inits direct application to gardening. Catalogues Received. BRACKENRIDGE & Co., Rosebank Nurseries, Govanstown, Md. 5; Wholesale and Retail Catalogue of Orchids.—ALFRED BRIDGEMAN, 37 East Nineteenth Street, New York, N. Y.; Standard Vegetable, Grass and Flower Seeds.—WILLIAM BULL, 536 King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S. W.; Novelties and Specialties in Flower and Vegetable Seeds.—JoHNn Burton, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.; American Belle Rose.—lowA SEED Co., Des Moines, lowa; Fruit and Vegeta- ble Novelties, Vegetable Plants and Roots, Flower Seeds, Roses.— D. LANDRETH & Sons, 21 and 23 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.; Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seeds.—WILLIAM G. McTEAR, Prince- ton, N. J.; Descriptive List of Chrysanthemums.—PRICE & REED, Albany, N. Y.; Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seeds.—Isaac F. TIL- LINGHAST, La Plume, Lackawanna Co., Pa.; Flower and Vegetable Seeds.—J. H. Tryon, Willoughby, Ohio ; Price List of Grape Vines.— Vick & HILL, Rochester, N. Y.; Flower Seeds and Plants and Small Fruits. : Fesruary 8, 1893.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. OrrFice: TRIBUNE BuILpING, New York. Conducted by». » » e © « « Professor C. S. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICH AT NEW YORK, N. Yeo NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 1893. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Epiror1AL ArrtIcLEs :—Boston’s Proposed Metropolitan Park System............ 6x he Value of the White Mountain Forests and the Dangers which omanigm TWO wsec6 eo. sao dencase sSoapeccdsgsuadccuCoeddd a6 scoooc 62 Notes of a Summer Journey in Europe.—XXIII........-......f G. Yack. 62 Some Texas Plants in a Texas Garden....... ot en ee eesccenee F. Reverchon. 63 Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan.—IV. (With figure.)...........C SS. 64 ForEIGN CoRRESPONDENCE :—London Letter........-2+.+0e-+eeceeeee W. Watson. 65 Cutturat DEPARTMENT :—Black Hamburg Grapes in the Open Air, Charles L. Fones. 68 Seasonable NoteS....-+1.0. seeeessesteceeeseseecesceeesees W. H . Taplin. 68 Notes from the Haryard Botanic Garden. ........ sssss-sseseee M. Barker. 68 CorrESPONDENCE :—Orchids at Short Hills, New Jersey..........-.....-.% WV. G. 69 White Pine in Massachusetts..........- < tee ccc enee ce cecces David Pingree. 69 : Legislation against Insects ....-+.--.+sseeeseee essence Walter C. Wright. 69 MEeEtinGs oF Societies:—Ihe Western New York Horticultural Society.—II.: 70 Shade-trees in City Streets .........seeee eevee ce veeee- William McMillan. 70 Fertilizing Orchards.........- . Professor I. H. Roberts. 71 EyPETAGS, o oP OOeCeD CODDOBOQUO O0CN00 00d) COAGDU BODOG BECO DOLCORDADSDOUCaS ua aE 71 TRENT) cle gielelnip iw iv'e’s pieiald siaivlcleiwle:¢isviw njeipiarsisia codcode 92 TriustrAtions :—Magnolia Kobus, Fig. 12.2.2 -+0+0+ secs eeeeee cesses eceneceeeecs 66 ; Magnolia salicifolia, Fig. 12...-ssesscesseeseeeceseeeeeeeseseceeereceseaes 67 Boston’s Proposed Metropolitan Park System. UR readers will remember that last summer we called attention to the appointment of a Metropolitan Park Commission by the Governor of Massachusetts to inquire into the needs of the towns and cities in the vicinity of Boston in the way of open spaces. This commission has just submitted a report, which, with the accompanying papers, forms a volume of exceptional value and attrac- tiveness, with its numerous maps and plans, and its hand- some illustrations depicting various features of the charm- ing natural scenery of the Boston basin, together with a few graphic examples of things as they should not be, and some corresponding examples of things at home and abroad to show what they should be. The commissioners have followed the lines which, on thé occasion of their appointment, we indicated should be followed, and which, indeed, in an intelligent consideration of the question, they could hardly help following. The report of the commissioners themselves is a_ brief elucida- tion of the legislation they recommend. For full details of the results of their investigations and the studies based thereupon, they refer to the elaborate reports of the secre- tary and the landscape-architect of the commission, Mr. Sylvester Baxter and Mr. Charles Eliot, respectively. Every one who has had occasion to consider the ques- tions involved in a proper administration of the affairs that mutually concern a great city and its surrounding communities, must be impressed with the need of an effective form of political organization to deal with these matters. The commissioners are thus very naturally im- pressed with the necessity of some definite plan of metro- politan organization. One of the most important ‘features of a common metropolitan interest is that of parks and other open spaces, the utility of which cannot be determined upon arbitrary political boundary lines. Boston, for instance, has been enabled to create a magnificent park-system within its own limits, but the needs of the remaining por- Garden and Forest. 61 tions of the metropolitan community have, with a few ex- ceptions of very recent date, been almost entirely neglected. To remedy this difficulty the commissioners recommend the establishment of a ‘‘metropolitan parks district,” com- prising twelve cities and twenty-four towns, containing to-day about 900,000 inhabitants. The proposed legisla- tion provides for the appointment by the Governor of a per- manent Metropolitan Parks Commission, the members to serve without pay, and appointed respectively for terms of one, two, three, four and five years, annually thereafter, one member to be appointed each year for a term of five years. To enable the acquiring of the various sites that might be agreed upon the state is to advance its credit to the amount of one million dollars, to be paid by the accumulation of a sinking fund, the charges for which, together with those for interest, are to be met through apportionment, by sepa- rate commissioners appointed for the purpose at intervals of five years, among the various cities and towns, accord- ing to the degree of their benefit. Boston’s proportion for the first five years is fixed at fifty per cent. As the present commissioners have simply advisory functions, they wisely leave this matter of the selection of sites to the permanent commission, and content themselves merely with two defi- nite recommendations: the reservation of the Middlesex Fells and of the Blue Hills, both of these cases appearing to them urgent. For the guidance of the permanent com- mission in its work they feel it sufficient to refer to the studies of the landscape-architect and the secretary. In the proposed act ample power is given to act in harmony with local park commissions, water boards, etc., and to make arrangements for the common administration of lands held by various public authorities. In addition to the commissioners’ bill the secretary recommends, as the result of his studies, three other measures. One of these is an addition to the General Park Act of the commonwealth, in substance the same as the Boulevard Act of Illinois, enabling park boards to take and improve, by consent of local authorities and of the owners of a majority of their frontage, streets or parts of streets lead- ing to parks. The second is a General Playground Act, which in substance meets a general want by enabling cities and towns to exceed their debt limits in procuring lands for playground purposes. The third is to encourage the building of tenement dwellings about enclosed play- ground and ‘garden spaces by practically exempting such spaces from taxation through leasing them at a nominal rental to the local authorities for a term of years. Subject for comment in many numbers of GARDEN AND Forest might be found in the various aspects of the problem considered in the reports of Messrs. Eliot and Baxter. Mr. Eliot treats the subject from the standpoint of a profes- sional adviser as delightfully as he does instructively. How thoroughly he is grounded in his art is shown in this concise paper, which impresses one with the feeling that he might have devoted a volume to the subject without exhausting either it or the reader's interest. In a summary of the physical and historical geography of the district he tells the story of the rock founda- tion, the glacial rubbish, the fresh waters and the sea, and how these have given it the strikingly attractive shape it presented until its human occupancy marred much of nature’s handwork, while it has respected and added to the charm of other portions that point the way how to deal with the whole. He then studies the way in which this peculiar geography of the metropolitan district ought to govern the selection of the sites of recreation-grounds and open spaces for public use, lying as it does, even at this late day, between two wildernesses, ‘‘on the one hand the untamed heights of the rock-hills, on the other the un- tamable sea.” And he says: “Thus has nature placed and preserved, at the very gates of Boston, riches of scenery such as Chicago or Denver or many another American city would give millions to create, if it were possible.” In accordance with the governing considerations laid down in this study, Mr. Eliot reviews the opportunities 62 Garden and Forest. that still present themselves for creating new open spaces among the rock-hills along the ponds and streams, and by the bay and the sea. By logical, natural steps he leads the way from the hills down the river-valleys to the sea, and along and near the courses thus traced he finds sites ready at hand, and demanding for their utilization little more than a restoration to their original conditions—some- thing not of extreme difficulty in the accomplishment. The courses of the three rivers, the Mystic, the Charles and the Neponset, present the pleasantest ways to the sea from the interior. This would, therefore, give three valley park— ways with adjacent recreation-grounds as opportunity might offer. These would lead to the bay down from the rock-hill regions, where we would have the Lynn Woods, already established, on the north; then the Middlesex Fells reservation of 2,500 to 3,000 acres, also on the north ; Prospect Hill, in Waltham, already provided for by local action in that city; the Muddy Pond Woods in Hyde Park, and the West Roxbury district of Boston on the south, corresponding to the Middlesex Fells in relative position, and then the noble range of the Blue Hills in the same direction, also corresponding to the Lynn Woods. Then with the northerly sea-shore reserved from Winthrop Great Head and along Revere Beach to Lynn, and perhaps Nantasket to the southward of the bay, together with two or three islands in the bay, the future of Boston would be well provided for, so far as open spaces are concerned. Mr. Baxter’s report deals largely with the problem from the point of view of political and social economy. ‘The careful investigation of the territory made by the com- mission leads him to consider the need of an ample pro- vision for open spaces, and the difficulties at present in the way of obtaining them. The logical method of solving the problem is pointed out, and the special advantages that will follow the adoption of this plan are discussed. He carefully examines the separate features under con- sideration, and, in treating of the Charles River, special stress is laid upon the necessity of securing public owner- ship of the banks, as well as control of the stream, in order to deal with the serious menace of malaria now threatened in that neighborhood. The questions of special pleasure- ways, or roads for light traffic, and of local pleasure- grounds, playgrounds and breathing-spaces, are separately dealt with. It is along the lines indicated in these studies that a permanent commission would naturally work. While two years ago it would have seemed almost chimerical to expect favorable action upon such a far-seeing, enlightened and truly conservative proposition, public sentiment has now been so well developed by the educative forces at work, that it would really be surprising if the commission’s recommendations were notagreed to. And, if the outcome proves what it should be, Boston will be fortunate in the most comprehensive dealing with the park problem that any great city has yet been favored with. The work of this metropolitan Board must be of great value to every important American city ; it points out the way to deal with a great question in a broad and comprehensive man- ner; and it should be studied by every one interested in the growth and prosperity of urban populations. In the current number of Zhe Atlantic Monthly Mr. Julius H. Ward discusses, in a clear and forcible manner, the value of the White Mountain forests and the dangers which threaten them, and shows conclusively the disastrous re- sults which will follow the destruction of these natural pro- tectors of the water-supply of northern New England. Unlike most writers on the forestry question in the United States, Mr. Ward has a scheme to propose, which, if it can be carried out, will go far to prevent the denudation of northern New Hampshire. The great difficulty which reformers in the care and man- agement of forest-property in the eastern states have to encounter is found inthe fact thatit is exclusively in the [NUMBER 250. hands of individuals, and that the state cannot interfere with it without infringing on private rights. The forests which cover the White Mountains, protecting the streams which rise among them, and making them attractive places for summer visitors, belong to individuals and lumber-corpo- rations, who have bought them for the purpose of convert- ing them as quickly and advantageously as_ possible into money without reference to the future results of their operations. In doing this they are exerting an undeniable right, and any attempt to prevent a man from cutting down his own trees would, at this time, be considered an unwar- rantable piece of tyranny to be resisted to the utmost. But, as Mr. Ward points out, if only trees of a size which would represent the average development of the species at its most valuable commercial period were cut, the forest, instead of being destroyed, would be improved and perpet- uated ; and he would purchase, by the state, through a forest commission, from owners of woodland in certain designated regions, the agreement that they would not cut trees below a certain size. ‘The state, by such an arrange- ment, would acquire no title to the land and would have no control over the forest beyond seeing that the contract was fairly performed by the owners, who would have the right to cut and dispose of all mature timber which it might pro- duce. In this way the forest in such parts of the state, as required, for various reasons, a forest-covering could be per- manently preserved. Forest-land would produce a regular and permanent crop, and those advantages which the peo- ple of New Hampshire derive from their forests would be saved to them. The compensation to land-owners might take in part the form of a remittance of taxes, to be refunded to the dif- ferent towns from the state treasury. Of the money ben- efit which the people of New Hampshire derive from their forests there can be no question; they preserve their streams and bring millions of dollars into the state every year, spent by travelers who come into it to enjoy the beauty of the White Mountains ; and they are capable, if properly managed, of producing a large and constant sup- ply of lumber. Itis proper, then, that the cost of purchas- ing theirimmunity from destruction be borne by the en- tire population of the state, and for doing this economic- ally and quickly no better plan than that proposed by Mr. Ward has been suggested. Notes of a Summer Journey in Europe.—X XIII. (2 was a great pleasure to me to visit the far-famed Knap Hill Nurseries and inspect their contents under the guidance of Mr. Anthony Waterer, the proprietor and veteran Rhododendron grower. The visitor in London desiring to see this establishment will find it an easy journey of about forty minutes by the South Western Railway from the Waterloo Station to Woking in Surrey. At the Woking Station, car- riages may be taken to the nurseries, but if the traveler is a good walker he will enjoy the tramp through a quiet, peaceful country, and delight to linger by the roadsides, where many pretty wild plants abound, especially two or three species of Heaths. As one approaches the well-known nurseries, the native vegetation, the situation and the deep dark rich soil sug- gest a location unsurpassed for the successful cultivation of Rhododendrons. These plants are the great specialty here, al- though all other kinds of really hardy trees and shrubs and some of the best herbaceous plants are also raised in quantity and with care. There is no claim made that this place con- tains an arboretum or collection for public display, but fine specimens of many species of plants are frequently seen. One of the finest of uncommon trees is a splendid example of a Weeping Beech, whose branches spread over ninety feet. Our Magnolia glauca is here with a trunk a foot in diameter, and a nice specimen of the rather uncommon Kcelreuteria paniculata has a stem twenty inches through, is over thirty feet high, and has something of the general aspect of a Wal- nut-tree. Curiously enough, Magnolia macrophylla is here considered almost as tender as our great evergreen species of the south. It is a pleasure and delight to the true horticulturist to see the healthy, honest way in which all the plants are grown in this nursery of over two hundred acres. No shiftlessness is —_—— UO Ue ee =e FEBRUARY 8, 1893.] allowed, and everything inferior or lacking in hardiness is dis- carded to make room for something better. It is exceedingly gratifying to find a persistent effort made to get as many plants as possible on their own roots instead of resorting to grafting or budding. Our Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) is raised from seed and is not grafted; only richly glaucous seedlings are selected, the others being thrown away. It is well known that this species is very variable and sometimes comes out a dull green instead of the highly prized ‘blue” color of the foliage. Tsuga Pattoniana and the so-called T. Hookeriana, which are maintained to be distinct by some growers, are here both raised from the same lot of seed. Golden Yews are raised from seed, having been found to vary more in their peculiar varietal characteristics and to do better and prove hardier than when grown from cuttings. There are also variegated-leaved forms of our Ash-leaved Maple or Box- Elder raised on their own roots by layering whenever possible, though some budding has to be done to keep up with the de- mand. An attempt is made to grow all the choicer variations and hybrids of Lilacs on their own roots. Thus, all the suckers or new shoots which may come up from the ground will be of the kind originally purchased, a fact which amateur gardeners will appreciate if they have had any experience with hastily grafted stuff which is too often liable to be poor, and eventually to have the place of the scion usurped by strong growths of common Lilac or of Privet, the stocks com- monly used in hasty propagation. For the same reasons some of the peculiar forms of ourcommon Locust (Robinia Pseuda- cacia), such as Bessoniana, are grown on their own roots from cuttings. Such plants should only be planted, in this country at least, where the original stem is too likely to be destroyed by borers. A deep red flowered sport of the dwarf Spireea Bumalda is considered quite an acquisition, and it may be found in bloom from early July until the end of the season. A fine lot of the comparatively new Hypericum Moserianum was at this time, the last week of September, flowering freely and mak- ing a pretty show. This is scarcely hardy enough to with- stand the severity of our northern winters, but south of New England it ought to thrive and be a great acquisition. It orig- inated in France, and is said to be a hybrid between the hand- some dwarf H. calycinum and H. patulum, both of which will live in New England, but it lacks the hardiness of such native American species as H. aureum and H. Kalmianum. The flowers of H. Moserianum are about two inches across; the petals are broad and rounded, and of a rich chrome- yellow color, with the usual large tuft of yellow stamens red- tipped. ae while some of these shrubs may be seen in other nurseries, I know of no place where the thoroughly hardy strains of Azaleas and Rhododendrons are so faithfully and so thoroughly grown and propagated as here. Everything tender, everything lacking in foliage, or with imperfect bloom, is set aside to make room for only the very best. Mr. Waterer has for many years given much attention to hybrid- izing and crossing between these plants, with the result that he has originated a great many of the finest forms in modern collections. Many of these hybrids and crosses have proved thoroughly hardy when introduced into our American gardens as far north as any of our native species of Rhodo- dendron can be found growing naturally. This should be expected, because Mr. Waterer depends mainly on R. Cataw- biense in deriving new forms, while R. maximum is also very much used, both plants probably the hardiest of any species of their class in existence, which can be generally and profitably cultivated. Of R. Catawbiense I noted a very large plant, which is said to be between 75 and too years old, and which has played an important part in a very large propor- tion of the hybridizations. The deciduous Rhododendrons or Azaleas also receive due attention, and apparently those heretofore most used in obtaining the hardiest forms have been such species as our own R. calendulaceum and the Asiatic R. Sinense. Some- thing has been done with R. occidentale and others, and in such skillful hands as Mr. Waterer’s we may expect to see some interesting hybrids, from the peculiar, hardy and as yet little-known R. Vaseyi. I was told that this last species has so far not proved altogether satisfactory at Knap Hill, the very early blossoms being nipped by frost. Immense quantities of both Rhododendrons and Azaleas are grown on their own roots, and grafting is avoided as much as possible. The nursery is so oldand Rhododendron culture has so long been a special feature of it, that the proprietor is enabled to raise fine stocky plants on roots of their ownin a way that cannot be afforded by many competitors. For in- Garden and Forest. 63 stance, great full-grown plants, perhaps six or eight feet high, of some desirable kinds are sacrificed, and almost entirely buried in the rich peaty loam, so that only the tips of all the branches are seen above ground. By this system of layering, two years must pass before the plants are disturbed, and by this time each tip is a fine vigorous bush, ready to be transplanted anywhere, and bearing blossom-buds. Where it is necessary, in order to increase stock, to resort to grafting, the stock and scion are joined at a point well below the ground, so that eventually the scion may put forth roots of its own. Grafted plants answer best for pot-plants for forcing. There is a considerable demand for standard Rhododen- dron plants, that is, grown into tree form with a long clean stem. Such specimens are procured by grafting high on stems of some tall-growing kind ; the variety here found best suited for this purpose is Album elegans, which isof very fast upright growth. Rhododendrons in plants ofall sizesare to be had here, and every year in June the firm has splendid exhibi- tions in some of the public parks and gardens of London. Many of our American private gardens which are famous for their Rhododendrons are largely under obligations to this es- tablishment for many of their best and hardiest plants. A visit to Knap Hill at any season cannot fail to be of inter- est to all cultivators and admirers of healthy vigorous plants ; but any one so fortunate as to land here in early summer, in the best of the Rhododendron season, will be rewarded by a display of color to be seen in few gardens in any country. Arnold Arboretum. Fe G. Fack, Some Texas Plants in a Texas Garden. Vise DRUMMONDII is known in Texas as Wild Fuchsia. Itis a perennial, with a long tap-root and nu- merous sub-erect stems two feet high, and branching freely, each ultimate division terminating in a bell-shaped flower, with the stamens extending, Fuchsia-like, beyond the corolla, which is bright scarlet, and makes an agreeable contrast with the deep green of the leaves. The flower is succeeded by a red berry of mawkish taste, relished by children in the south- western part of the state, where this plant grows wild. In cul- tivation it is a free bloomer, the flowers appearing in great numbers from May until the first killing frost. It grows readily from seed, and generally flowers the first year. Nyctaginia capitata is another fine plant of the dry region of the south-west. It is a perennial, with fleshy roots and nu- merous decumbent stems; the flowers are dazzling red and produced in dense long-stalked heads from the axils of the leaves; they are trumpet-shaped, and the stamens, being much longer than the corolla, add considerably to their beauty and singular appearance. The leaves are cordate, and the whole plant is of a grayish color and covered with small hairs. Nyctaginia flowers all summer, and the only objectionable thing we find about it is that the flowers are too sweet- scented. It may be propagated by root divisions and by seeds. Mentzelia ornata isa very remarkable and beautiful bien- nial, or, rarely perennial, plant. Its long deep root permits it to withstand severe drought; the main stem is stout and straight, with many branches, which usually form a perfect pyramid some three feet high, covered all summer with im- mense flowers which resemble those of the Night-blooming Cereus ; they are white, with a wealth of beautiful yellow sta- mens, and appear only during the night or on dark days, the corollas opening during two successive nights. I havecounted as many as fifty fowers open at one time onasingle specimen. When the plant is in full bloom it is a charming object, and the sweet fragrance of its beautiful flowers adds toits merit. Some- times, however, it 1s less attractive, for in very dry and hot sea- sons the leaves are apt to shrivel up, when the whole plant presents a dead appearance during the day, although at night the bright and beautiful flowers appear in spite of any drought. It can only be propagated by seed, and flowers only the second year, which it rarely survives. The only spot where I have ever found M. ornata growing wild in Texas was on Fish Creek, in Dallas County, and there were only a dozen plants. There are several other species of the genus growing in this state, most of them with yellow flowers. M. nuda, which grows in the upper Brazos country, produces white flowers, although they are not so large as those of M. ornata. Callirrhoé involucrata is a good garden-plant; it is very common in rich sandy soil, and is a perennial with a root which looks like a diminutive turnip ; it produces several de- cumbent stems and large, solitary, red-purple flowers on long stems from the axils of every leaf. Between April and Octo- ber this plant is rarely without a flower. Scutellaria brevifolia is a native of Dallas County ; itis aneat 64 Garden and Forest. compact plant of rigid appearance, from six inches to a foot high. It produces large dark purple flowers in terminal spikes, and remains in flower during a large part of the summer. It is a perennial, and grows naturally in nearly pure limestone, and will therefore be a good rock-garden plant. Marshallia coespitosa, like the last, grows on limestone-rock, and may also be found valuable in the rock-garden. It has been useful with me for edgings. It is a little Composite with a simple stem terminating in a solitary large white head, looking very much like a Scabiosa ; it is a perennial with small spathulate, reticulate leaves. M. ccespitosa blooms only in the spring, and can be increased by root division and by seeds. Pentstemon Cobeza is a well-known species with large mag- nificent flowers, shading very nearly from pure white or violet to red-purple, with darker markings. This plant appears to offer an opportunity for producing a new strain of garden- plants by intercrossing the different varieties or by hybridizing it with other species, several of which grow in Texas. P. Cobeea is quite abundant on upland prairies, and never fails, when it is in flower, to attract the attention of the most indifferent peo- ple. It blooms during the spring, and occasionally also in summer. Dalea frutescens is a small shrub; the upper part of the stems, which are covered with elegant foliage, divides into numerous branchlets, which are literally covered with loose heads of pretty, bright violet-colored, pea-shaped flowers. The great merit of this fine plant is that it blooms late in the au- tumn. It grows naturally on rocky limestone prairies, but is not very common in this part of the state. Yucca rupicola is a stately species with glaucous rigid leaves without threads on the margins. The flower-stem is branched, five to seven feet high, and sometimes bears as many as seventy pure white flowers, which appear in May and June. In several respects this species is superior as a garden- plant to Y. filamentosa. It grows wild on rocky limestone bluffs in western Texas. Dallas, Tex. F. Reverchon. Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan.—IV. F the true Magnolias three species grow naturally in Japan ; two of these belong to the section of the genus which produces its flowers before the leaves appear and which has no representative in the flora of America ; the third, Magnolia hypoleuca, bears some resemblance to our Magnolia tripetala. This tree is seen at its best in the damp rich forests which cover the low rolling hills of Yezo, where it sometimes rises to the height of a hundred feet and forms trunks two feet in diameter; on the other Japanese islands it is confined to the mountain forests, and apparently does not descend below 2,000 feet above the sea; and it is only in Yezo and on the high mountains in the extreme northern part of the main island that I have seen it of large size. In central Japan it rarely appears more than twenty or thirty feet high, although this can perhaps be accounted for by the fact that all trees in the accessible parts of the Japanese forests are cut as soon as they are large enough to be used for timber. Magnolia hypoleuca must in any case be considered a northern species, requiring a cold winter climate for its best de- velopment, and it probably does not thrive in regions where the ground is not covered with snow during several months of every year. Magnolia hypoleuca is one of the largest and most beautiful of the deciduous-leaved Magnolias ; in the early autumn when the cones of fruit, which exceed those of any of our species in size and are sometimes eight inches long, and are brilliant scarlet in color, stand out on the branches, it is the most striking feature of the forests of Hokkaido, which in variety and interest are not surpassed by those of any other part of the world. Like Magnolia tripetala, it is a tree of open habit, with long spreading irregularly contorted branches covered, as well as the trunk, with pale smooth bark. The leaves, however, are not as much crowded together at the ends of the flowering branches as they are in the American species, and are placed rather remotely on the branchlets ; they are twelve or fourteen inches long and seven or eight inches broad, and on young vigorous trees are sometimes twice this size. On the upper surface they are light bright green [NUMBER 259. and pale steel blue, or sometimes almost silvery on the lower, so that when raised by the wind they give the tree a light and cheerful appearance. A flowering branch of this species, obtained from a tree in Central Park, New York, was figured in the first volume of this journal (Fig. 49), in which the flowers are-described as six or seven inches across when expanded, with creamy white petals and brilliant scarlet filaments ; they appearin May and June, after the leaves are nearly full grown, and are very fragrant. Magnolia hypoleuca is still rare in gardens, although it was sent by Mr. Thomas Hogg to the United States as early as 1865, and has been propagated in the Parsons’ Nursery at Flushing. For many years it has flowered in the neighborhood of New York, and more recently in Mr. Hunnewell’s garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts, and it is probable that it will thrive in any part of the northern United States, although, like other Hokkaido trees, it may suffer from summer and autumn droughts, which are un- known in Japan, where the rainfall during August and September is regular and abundant. As an ornamental tree Magnolia hypoleuca is superior to Magnolia tripetala in the fragrance of its flowers and in the coloring of its leaves; it is less desirable than Magnolia macrophylla, which surpasses its Japanese relative in form and in the size and beauty of its flowers and leaves, which are the largest produced on any plant of the Magnolia family, and larger than those of any other North American tree. As a timber-tree Magnolia hypoleuca is valuable. The wood, like that of all the Magnolias, is straight-grained, soft, light-colored, and easily seasoned and worked. It is esteemed and much used in Japan for all sorts of objects which are covered with lacquer, especially sword-sheaths, which are usually made from it; in Hokkaido it is also used in the interior finish of houses and for boxes and cabinets, although harder woods are generally preferred for such purposes. In the forests of Hokkaido a second species, Magnolia Kobus,* occurs. A figure, the first which has been made of this species except by Japanese artists, appears on page 66 of this issue ; it is from a drawing of a specimen for which I am indebted to Professor Miyabe, of the Agricultural College at Sapparo. : Magnolia Kobus sometimes grows in the neighborhood of Sapparo to the height of seventy or eighty feet, and de- velops a tall straight trunk nearly two feet in diameter, covered with rather dark, slightly furrowed bark. The branches are short and slender, and form a narrow pyra- midal head, which only becomes round-topped when the tree has attained its full size. The branchlets are more slender than those of most species of Magnolia, and are covered with dark reddish brown bark. ‘The flowers ap- pear near Sapparo in the middle of May, before the leaves, from acute buds an inch long, half an inch broad, and pro- tected by long thickly matted pale hairs. They are from four to five inches across when fully expanded, with small acute caducous sepals and narrow, obovate, thin, creamy white petals ; the stamens, with short broad filaments, are much shorter than the narrow acute cone of pistils. The leaves are obovate, gradually narrowed below, and abruptly contracted at the apex into short broad points; they are pubescent on the lower surface at first, especially on the stout midribs and primary veins, but at maturity are glabrous, or nearly so, and are bluish green, and rather lighter-colored on the lower than on the upper surface ; they are six or seven inches long, three or four inches broad, rather conspicuously reticulate-veined, and are borne on stout petioles half an inch to an inch and a half in length. The fruit is slender, four or five inches long, and is often contorted or curved from the abortion of some of the seeds ; it is dark brown, the carpels conspicuously marked with pale dots. * Magnolia Kobus, DeCandolle, Sys¢. i., 456. Miquel, Prol. Hl. Fap., 146. Maxi- mowicz, Mél. Biol., viii., 507. Franchet & Sayatier, Hxuyz. Pl. Fap., i., 16. a Magnolia tomentosa, Thunberg, 7rans. Lin. Soc., ii., 336, in part. Magnolia glauca, var. a, Thunberg, 72. Fap., 236. Kobus, Kcempfer, Zeon. Select., t. 42. ee hes tind Me, ine FEBRUARY 8, 1893.] Magnolia Kobus is exceedingly common in the forests which clothe the hills in the neighborhood of Sapparo, where it grows to a larger size than in any part of Japan which I visited; near the shores of Volcano Bay it occurs in low swampy ground and in the neighborhood of streams, in situations very similar to those selected by Magnolia glauca in the United States. On the main island Magnolia Kobus is much less common than it is in Hokkaido, and I only met with it occasionally in the Hakone and Nikko Mountains at considerable elevations above the sea. This handsome tree was introduced into the United States by Mr. Thomas Hogg, and was distributed from the Par- sons’ Nurseries as Magnolia Thurberi under the belief that it was an undescribed species. In cultivation it does not flower freely in the young state, although a tree in Mr. L.C. Moon’s garden in Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, has produced flowers for the last two or three years. In the Arnold Arboretum, where it was raised from seed sent from Sapparo fifteen years ago, it has as yet shown no sign of flowering, although it is the hardiest, most vigorous and most rapid-growing Magnolia in the collection. Ispentthe 2d and 3d of Octoberin company with Mr. James Herbert Veitch and Mr. Tokubuchi, an accomplished Japa- nese botanist, on Mount Hakkoda, an extinct volcano 6,000 feet high, which rises south-east and a few miles distant from Aomori, the most northern city of the main island of Japan. Botanically this was one of the most in- teresting excursions I made in Japan, and we were able to gather the seeds of a number of plants that we did not meet with elsewhere. On this mountain, in the very spot, per- haps, where Maries discovered this fine tree, we found Abies Mariesii covered with its large purple cones ; and on the upper slopessaw the dwarf Pinus pumila, forming almost impenetrable thickets five or six feet high and many acres in area, and numerous alpine shrubs like Andromeda nana, Gaultheria pyroloides, Epigzea Asiatica, Phyllodoce taxifolia and Geum dryadoides. On this mountain, too, we established the most northern recorded station in Asia of the Hemlock (Tsuga diversifolia) ; and near the base Ilex cre- nata, Ilex Sugeroki, a handsome evergreen species with bright red fruit, the dwarf Ilex integra, var. leucoclada, and Daphniphyllum humile were very common; and here we were fortunate in finding good fruit and ripe seeds of Mag- nolia salicifolia, of which a figure from a drawing made by Mr. Faxon is published on page 67 of this issue. On Mount Hakkoda Magnolia salicifolia is a common plant between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above the sea-level. As it appears here it is a slender tree fifteen or twenty feet high, with stems three or four inches thick and covered with pale smooth bark, and sometimes solitary, or more commonly in clusters of three or four, The branch- lets are slender, light green at first, like those of Magnolia glauca, later growing darker, and in their third year dark reddish brown. The leaves are ovate, acute, gradually nar- rowed, or rarely rounded at the base, contracted into long slender points and sometimes slightly falcate at the apex ; they are thin, light green on the upper andsilvery white on the lower surface, quite glabrous at maturity, five or six inches long, an inch and a half to two inches broad, and are borne on slender petioles half an inch in length. When bruised they are more fragrant than those of any species of Magnolia Iam acquainted with, exhaling a delicious odor of anise-seed. The winter flower-bud is two-thirds of an inch long, rather obtuse, and protected by a thick coat of yellow-white hairs. The flowers of this tree are not known to botanists, but from the size and character of the winter- bud they are probably of good size and produced in early spring before the appearance of the leaves. The fruit is slender, flesh-color, an inch and a half to two inches long and half an inch broad. Magnolia salicifolia* grows on Mount Hakkoda in low * Magnolia salicifolia, Maximowicz, AZél. Byol., viii., 509. Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Fap., i., 16. Buergeria (?) salicifolia, Siebold & Zuccarini, 77. Yu). Ham. Nat., i., 187. Miquel, Prol. Fl. Fap., 144. Garden and Forest. 65 wet situations, generally near streams, and is evidently a moisture-loving plant. Later I found a single small plant of this species near the town of Fukishima, on the hills which rise above the valley of the Kisogawa, not far from the base of Mount Ontake, in central Japan. Magnolia salicifolia is new to cultivation, and we were fortunate in obtaining a good supply of seeds, by means of which, it is to be hoped, this interesting tree will soon appear in gardens. : Foreign Correspondence. London Letter. NEW edition, the third, of Mr. William Robinson’s book, entitled Zhe English Flower-garden, has just appeared. ‘The first edition of this work was published in 1883 ; a second appeared in 1889, when I briefly pointed out its character and merits in GARDEN AnD Forest in 1889 (vol. 1, p. 243), but this last edition contains so much that is fresh, and the book generally is so greatly improved, that American horticulturists may like to hear of it again. Mr. Robinson is an eminent authority on English gar- den-making ; indeed, he may be called the champion of that school of landscape-gardeners known as the purely natural or anti-formal school. He knows what he wants in the garden, and in his writings he fights lustily for it. ‘‘We shall never settle the most trifling question by the stu- pid saying that it is ‘a matter of taste.’ If the reader will come with methrough these early chapters I may convince him that flower-gardening is ‘a matter of reason.’ I do not want him to think as I do without considering the mat- ter for himself. The laws of all true art can only be based on the eternal laws of nature.” By the term, flower-gar- den, Mr. Robinson really means every department of open- air gardening, save that of fruit and vegetable culture, and his book contains descriptions and pictures of almost every kind of ornamental plant or tree which he thinks deserving of a place in an English garden. It also contains chapters on garden-design, including a vigorous protest against for- mality and bedding, which, he says, the artist hates and cannot help hating. “This dislike is only natural and right, since from most flower-gardens the possibility of any beau- tiful result is shut out. Why is the cottage-garden often a picture, and the gentleman’s garden near wholly shut out of the realm of art—a thing which an artist can- not long look at? It is the absence of pretentious ‘plan’ in the cottage-garden which lets the flowers tell their own tale; the simple walks going where they are wanted; flowers not set in patterns ; the walls and porch alive with flowers. Can the gentleman’s garden, too, be a picture? Certainly ; and the greater the breadth and means the bet- ter the picture should be. But never, if our formal ‘deco- rative’ style of design is kept to. Reform must come by letting Nature take her just place in the garden.” There is reason enough in this, but 1 am afraid many people who love gardening and have some pretensions to taste, too, would be unhappy in the kind of garden that Mr. Robinson would insist on. A garden should bea re- flection of its owner’s character and feeling, just as his house is. Some men are satisfied to pay a decorator or an artist to arrange their places after the most approved styles. But the man lives his own life, sets his own house in order to his own peculiar liking, and, if he has a garden, he will do that also. There is likely to be as much affectation in a good deal of what is called the “natural” style of gar- dening as in the “artificial” or formal. Mr. Robinson would “Whistlerise” garden-making. I do not wish todo more than simply to defend those who believe in making their gardens to please themselves. Even Mr. Robinson can tolerate the formal garden when it is old. The first two hundred pages of the book are devoted to a consideration of Design, the Wild Garden, Borders, Beds and Groups, Special Culture, Alpine and Rock Gardens, Trees and Shrubs, Aquatic and Bog Plants, Beauty of Form, 66 Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 259. Climbers, Autumn Flowers, Roseries, etc. ‘These chapters which is a most delightful feature in a garden when prop- are all most instructive reading, delightful, too, for the au- erly done, is described by him as * the placing of perfectly thor clearly shows a genuine feeling for the plants he hardy exotic plants in places where they will take care of Fig. 11.—Magnolia Kobus.—See page 64. writes about, and lays down the law of the English garden themselves. It has nothing to do with the ‘Wilderness, as it should be, in a most fascinating and convincing way. though it may be carried out in connection with that. It The Wild Garden, which we owe to Mr. Robinson, and does not necessarily mean the picturesque garden, for a ¢: EBRUARY 8, 1893. ] garden may be picturesque, and yet in every part the re- sult of ceaseless care. What it does mean is best ex- plained by the Winter Aconite, flowering under a grove of naked trees in February; by the Snowflake grow- ‘ing abundantly in meadows, by the Thames sides ; and by the Apennine Anemone Staining an English wood ‘blue. Multiply these instances a thousand-fold, add “many different types of plants, and hardy climbers from countries as cold as our own, or colder, and one may y i Fig. 12.—Magnolia salicifolia.—See page 64. get a just idea of the Wild Garden. Some have thought of as a garden allowed to run wild, or with annuals sown promiscuously, whereas it does not meddle with the gar- ‘den proper at all, except in attempting the adornment of bare shrubbery borders in the London parks and else- where—waste spaces, not gardens.” This chapter con- tains all the directions that any onerequires for the making of such a garden, and some of the illustrations of “ wild- ardening” are delightful pictures. The greater portion of the book, some five hundred and fifty pages, is devoted to Garden and Forest. 67 descriptions and pictures of and cultural directions for all that is of known value for outdoor gardening. The pic- tures are themselves full of beauty and interest. Mr. Rob- inson in all his publications has shown exceptional taste and care in the selection and execution of the illustrations. The Lnglish Flower-garden contains hundreds of them. The book is not limited to hardy plants, many tropical things being included, but they are such as are used for outdoor effect in summer. Thus Cycas, Musa, Ficus, Brexia, Dasylirion, Agave, etc, are among the plants recommended. There is no gardening book known to me which is so filled with sound knowledge about plants, such pleasant reading, and so delightful to look through as this on the English flower-garden; and seeing that the author has made this department of horticulture his special study for at least thirty years, and is, moreover, proprietor and editor of several papers devoted to horticulture, the excellence of his book is scarcely to be wondered at. London. W. Watson. Ov CO Cultural Department. Black Hamburg Grapes in the Open Air. “HE suggestion of Colonel Pearson (vol. v., p. 618), that the European Vine might be successfully grown in our Atlan- tic states 1f protected from mildew and phylloxera, prompts me to give my experience in growing these Grapes without pro- tection, although this experience is limited, covering only the year 1892. I have for several years grown the Black Hamburg and the White Muscat of Alexandria in a small lean-to cold- house with good success, and with little care. My vines are now eighteen years old and quite large. A year ago part of the sash became badly broken, leaving the growing vine fully exposed to the weather; in this condition I sprayed them with Bordeaux mixture throughout the summer and succeeded in retaining the foliage and perfecting the fruit, as well as that on the vines under the glass. Last spring I took the entire structure away and trained the vines on a wire trellisabout four feet high and sprayed them frequently with the Bordeaux mixture, keeping. them well pinched back through the season, and the foliage remained good till killed by frost. The fruit was as good as that grown under glass—possibly a little later. My opinion is that this Grape can be grown successfully in this latitude in the open air with the above treatment, and pos- sibly a slight protection over the roots in the shape of a good mulch of coarse manure through the winter. I think the vines are hardy enough to stand our ordinary winter weather, and if the mildew is kept away from the leaves so that they will be able to perform their proper functions throughout the season, I don’t see why wecan’t succeed. Still, much more time must be given to testing this, and experience from various sections must be collected before we can speak with any positiveness on this matter. Newark, N. J. Charles L. Fones. Seasonable Notes. \Vill SESS in the indoor garden at this season is varied and interesting, and comprises, besides careful attention to routine operations, such as heating, watering and ventilating, preparation for next summer’s outdoor display, the plans for which should now be laid. In many amateur gardens the available space forsuch preparation is decidedly limited; but, however small the conservatory, a certain portion should be set aside for a propagating frame. Something of this charac- ter is almost indispensable where a variety of plants are grown. A frame some four or five feet long, placed on the side bench at the warmest endof the house, willafford proper accommodation for many cuttings and seeds of tender plants, and also provide the conditions for interesting experiments. For many stove-plants, and especially some species consid- ered difficult to root, there is no better medium in which to plant the cuttings than cocoa fibre. This material retains moisture for a considerable period without becoming soured, and at the same time is sufficiently porous to allow the bot- tom-heat to penetrate it readily. Cocoa fibre can be purchased by the barrel in most seed-stores, and may be either used in bulk toform a cutting bed, orinstore pots. Itis alsoan excellent material in which to plunge the pots or pans used for propa- gating purposes. Cuttings of Ficus, Crotons, Aralias and many other plants will root readily in it, providing some bot- tom-heat is given, and a smaller percentage of cuttings will fail than when they are planted in sand or soil. ; This is a suitable time to put in Croton cuttings to furnish young stock for this year’s outdoor bedding. To grow Crotons rapidly, a high temperature and moist atmosphere are required, seventy to seventy-five degrees at night being none too much, though after such treatment it is necessary to harden off these plants gradually before planting them out in June. The Acalyphas are included among select bedding plants, and, though nearly as tender as a Coleus, are much more effective. A. musaica and A. marginata are the most satisfactory sorts for the purpose, and cuttings put in at this time will soon be- come large enough to supply a second crop. The stock of Cannas may be considerably increased by start- ing the roots in pots and afterward dividing them. In this way a much greater display is possible than when the dry roots are planted out in the garden. Canna-seeds should also be sown quite early to secure strong plants. And as the seedlings vary greatly, their development will interest the grower, though it must be admitted that really improved varieties are few, a Madame Crozy or Alphonse Bouvier only appearing at inter- vals. Ina batch of 150 seedlings raised by me only two were found worthy of a second year’s trial, though all the seeds were Garden and Forces [NUMBER 259. gathered from good varieties, many of which had been fer- tilized with a view to their improvement. It is not too early to begin the propagation of Chrysanthe- mums, and when the young: plants are sufficiently established they may be placed in cold trames until needed. Old plants of Bouvardias from which the crop of bloom has been exhausted should not be thrown away, but stored under the stages until warm weather, when they should be planted outdoors for summer flowering. The result will be a surprise to those who have not tried this plan, there being a wealth of bloom all sum- mer. The planting out of Bouvardias in a permanent bed in the conservatory would give much satisfaction providing they do not become infested with mealy-bug, to which they .are somewhat subject. , Holmesburg, Pa. W. HY, Taplin. Notes from the Harvard Botanic Garden. IMPATIENS HAWKERI.—For pleasing brilliance of color there is no flower, in my opinion, to match that of this soft-wooded plant, and it blooms so freely and is so easily managed as to be indispensable in a greenhouse of the smallest pretensions. I. Hawkeri is yet much of a novelty in this country, and there are only a few places in which it is cultivated to any extent. This, however, is due to its comparatively recent introduction. It was brought to England from the South Sea Islands by Lieutenant Hawker, in 1886, and was subsequently distributed among amateurs and commercial growers by Mr. William Bull, of the King’s Road Nurseries, London. ~ It was warmly welcomed by European horticulturists, and is still highly valued beyond the water. The few who have seen it here are also well pleased with it, and there is every reason to believe that it will have a long run of popularity. It is a much- branched plant, abundantly supplied with ovate, acuminate, serrate leaves, which are opposite, or arranged in whorls of three, and dark green, while the stems, branches and petioles are of adull red color. The flowers proceed, singly, from the axils of the leaves, borne on long, slender pedicels. They are quite flat when fully developed, nearly round in outline, and about three inches in diameter. Larger flowers are by no means rare, but the size here given is a fair average for well- grown plants. The color, deep carmine, has a lustre that baffles all description, and there is a hazy bluish tinge around the white eye which gives a soft relief to the more dazzling shade. The plant thrives best in an intermediate tempera- ture, with shade in summer. Plants raised in early spring bloom incessantly through the summer and early autumn months, and they should be propagated later in the season to secure a supply of flowers in winter and spring. I. Hawkeri is easily increased by means of seeds and cuttings, but the plants obtained from seeds are the most shapely and flo- riferous. JACOBINIA MAGNIFICA.—This is excellent among our winter- flowering greenhouse things, and a plant of some rarity in gardens. It is a native of Rio Janeiro, and was introduced in 1827. treatment, and the leaves are lanceolate, bright green in color, and from six to nine inches in length. The two-lipped flowers are of a showy reddish purple color, and.are borne in dense clusters as long as the leaves, and from four to six inches in diameter at the extremity of the branches. They are produced very freely during the winter months, rendering the plant con- spicuously useful at a time of great floral scarcity; but, as is the case with all members of the Acanthus family, to which J. magnifica belongs, the flowers are of no account for cutting, as they fall to pieces soon after being removed from the plant. This is, perhaps, the reason that J. magnifica is so seldom cul- tivated. For greenhouse decoration this plant will be found eminently serviceable, and it is easily cultivated. It is best to commence each year with young plants, discarding the old ones when they cease flowering. Old plants are very often un- satisfactory, and it is unwise to take risks where space and time are limited. Cuttings taken early in spring root quickly in sandy soil with the aid of a little bottom-heat. The plants may then be placed in small pots, using any ordinary potting- soil, and grown in a warm greenhouse until the latter part of May, when, if the weather is then sufficiently mild, they should be turned out and planted about two feet apart in the open garden. Here, with a plentiful supply of water, they will make good growth before the latter part of August, when they should be taken up and potted in a light soil—three parts of the first to one each of the latter. They should be kept in a shady place and freely watered until they recover from the effects of the change; they may then be given full ex- posure until late in September, or such time as the external The plant is of dwarf and shrubby habit under proper _ Se gt Nn ee ee aT _ Fesrvary 8, 1893.] _ temperature descends to a dangerous degree, when removal _ toa sunny greenhouse will be in order. In due time the flowers will appear, provided the temperature is not allowed to fall be- low forty-five degrees, Fahrenheit. This plant is also known under the generic names Cyrtanthera and Justicia ; Jacobinia, _ however, is now considered the proper one. Cambridge, Mass. M. Barker. Correspondence. Orchids at Short Hills, New Jersey. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—Another Orchid season is at its height, and the annual winter show was again held at the United States Nurseries last week. It is well known that each succeeding Orchid exhibition at Short Hills has been a distinct improvement on preceding ones, but in no one year do Messrs. Pitcher & Manda seem to have made a greater progress than in the year ending with the present show. This was noticed, not alone in the larger num- ber of plants and flowers and the increased number of species and varieties, but in the ability to show important plants gathered by the collectors of the establishment and flowering for the first time, and not less important, in an increasing number of seedling hybrids, some of rare beauty. Of course, it is from the gatherings of special collectors and the constant hybridization and raising of seedlings that such an establish- ment maintains a frontrank in the trade in these highly esteemed plants. Last week, the flowering plants were massed in the main Orchid houses on the hill-top, and so many were the flowers in the range that the houses were fairly aglow with color in all directions. Even the familiar Cypripedium house, with its celebrated collection, had an air of refined gayety from its very wealth of glistening, delicately marked flowers. This collection, which is one of the most complete in existence, seems to be continually growing, and, perhaps, has never been seen in better condition. Mr. Manda exhibited several new hybrids for the first time, last week, which certainly vied in beauty with any of the established favorites. This does not seem to be the place to describe new Cypripediums, but to convey some idea of the extent of the collection it may be said that there were 219 species and varieties in flower during the week, probably the largest number which ever bloomed at one time in any single establishment. No doubt Messrs. Pitcher & Manda would be glad to furnish a complete list of the names of this remarkable group upon application for it. The number of striking and distinct forms of the use- ful Cypripedium insigne was an interesting feature of the exhibit, though in all directions were to be seen rare and unique flowers of all sections. The next house was a great contrast, with a large collection of Cattleya Perci- valiana of the last year’s collection, now first in flower. There were numerous forms or colorings of these; rare _ whites and purples, from palest flush to the deep coloring of the type. Probably all visitors stopped instinctively at the entrance to the next house, for in this was displayed the gen- eral collection of species in most bewildering profusion. The eye was held at once by a plant of regal beauty, a white Cat- tleya Trianz, with flowers of the finest form and largest size and ot perfect purity of color. One could well believe that this was a specimen of the utmost rarity. This was one of a group consisting also of Lycaste Skinneri alba, Lelia anceps alba, white Cattleya Percivaliana and Saccolabium giganteum album, the last said by Mr. Manda to be unique. Beyond this remarkable collection of very valuable white Orchids were to _ be seen flowers in confusing variety—Dendrobiums, Lycastes, Angrzcums, Calanthes, Epidendrums, Odontoglossums, Van- das, etc., in many varieties. Cattleya Trianz, of which a large importation was housed near at hand, seemed but a dull flower after so much bright color. One noticed as something unusual that no attempt had been made to enhance the effect of the Orchids by the foil of foliage-plants, an experiment which was decidedly successful, foreign foliage being seldom entirely satisfactory with any flower. Some dark corners were lightened up by masses of flowers such as Primula obconica, _ Lily-of-the-valley, white Azaleas and Genistas, but otherwise _ florists’ flowers were not to be seen. However much hurried, one cannot leave this nursery withoutalook at the Palm-house and the lateral small houses filled with a wealth of foliage- plants in endless variety. The house of Adiantum Farleyense is especially pleasant to see. The small forest of Tree Ferns, with specimen Palms and plants, are soon to go to Chicago, where the firm will make one of the principal exhibits in Hor- ticultural Hall. I came across a house filled with specimen Garden and Forest. 69 plants in immense pans, being prepared for the journey, and I was forcibly struck by the fact that even the great floor-space of Horticultural Hall would scarcely allow the arrangement for best effect of the stock contained in the tropical houses here. The enlightened self-interest which induces Messrs. Pitcher & Manda to exhibit lowers and plants on every available occa- sion is to be much commended ; it must result in great benefit to the general cause of horticulture, an interest which lags probably as much from ignorance of what to grow as to the indifference of the average citizen. Every floral show en- lightens this ignorance, and to some extent arouses the indif- ferent. Those very practical persons who consider horticulture a failure without the production of edible crops must be inter- ested in a novelty of the nursery in the way of a Potato with variegated foliage and tubers of excellent quality. As seen under glass, the plants were strong growers, and the leaves finely mottled with white in the way of the variegated Box EI- der. This seems to open up a new field, and one can imagine our practical friends growing their patches of variegated Pota- toes, bordered, perhaps, by masses of ornamental Beets, and pointing with pride to the happy combination of the useful with the ornamental. Elizabeth, N. J. FrowNe (Ge White Pine in Massachusetts. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—The following account of a plantation of White Pines in Topsfield, Massachusetts, may be interesting to the readers of GARDEN AND FOREST, The land on which it was made was a pasture containing about twelve and one-fourthacres. The soil was a very poor sandy loam, a small swamp-hole being covered with bushes and Water Grass. The dry ground has been planted with Pines, a single furrow being plowed for each row of trees. The trees were quite small when transplanted from the bor- ders of a wood lot in Boxford, where the seed had sown itself. The first trees were planted in the spring of 1885, eight to ten feet apart, in furrows ten feet apart; this first planting only occupied a small part of the lot. The planting was continued during the two or three succeeding years, until the space was all occupied. A comparatively small number of the trees died, and these have been replaced by others. There are now 5,300 trees firmly rooted. The only drawback to the plantation has been the loss of the terminal shoot on many trees, Owing to the attacks of a borer. The dead leaders were carefully cut off and the trees soon formed new ones. I found that Pines set out as early as the ground can be worked in the spring grow the best, as they have the advan- tage of the spring rains, which are important where the soil is porous and dries up quickly. I have taken much pleasure in watching the growth of these Pines and can recommend tree- planting as a useful recreation. Salem, Mass. David Pin LITE. Legislation against Insects. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—I was much interested in your articles of September 28th and December 31st, about ‘Co-operation against Insect Invasion.” But, living in a district where the gypsy moths were few, and having suffered not a little from what I consid- ered the over-zealous action of our Gypsy Moth Commission, I cannot agree that more law, authorizing unlimited trespass, is the most satisfactory co-operation for us to invoke. We may, in dread ofapprehended danger, rob ourselves of liberty and privacy. The conclusion which I have reached is, that, taking your assertion as true that the injury to ‘‘ our fruit and farm crops” from the ravages of insects may safely be reck- oned as amounting on an average to ‘‘a tax often per cent.,” trained entomologists should be stimulated to prove their ability, if employed by the farmers, to reduce this average with a profit to themselves and their employers. In short, the pro- fession of practical and scientific insect exterminators should be developed and encouraged. Against many sorts of insect invaders, the farmers have neither the education nor means and implements to cope. For instance, to gather effectively from tall trees gypsy moth and other eggs similarly deposited, demands costly ladders and special tackle for which an indi- vidual farmer would have no use on ninety-nine days in one hundred, or one yearina dozen. I would gladly spend a rea- sonable sum yearly on trained help in reducing insect ravages on my own grounds, when I can only imagine that the visits of officials, with no regard to my private plans and purposes, 70 Garden and Forest. would simply be an exasperating annoyance. Of course, pub- lic grounds and really neglected or abandoned private grounds are the proper care of the public officials. What private land- owners need is instruction and help, and if the call is as great as you say, why may not the professional entomologists ar- range to take their pay in produce (a share of the enlarged crop) where they cannot get cash? Cash is usually a scarce article with the farmers, but few would hesitate to agree to give a liberal share of any increase of crop they could be as- sured of. ; Medford, Mass. Walter C. Wright. Meetings of Societies. The Western New York Horticultural Society.—II. HE report of this meeting, which was begun last week, is continued below. Mr. William McMillan, Superintendent of Parks in Buffalo, in his usual vigorous manner, read a paper entitled SHADE-TREES IN CITY STREETS. Shade-trees along the borders of the streets were at one time a distinguishing feature of American cities, and this city of Rochester is a good exemplar of the practice to-day. Per- haps no city in the country has had equal advantages in soil, subsoil, natural drainage, tree-supply, good example and public spirit. If in summer we take a bird’s-eye view of the town from the outlook pavilion in Highland Park, the houses seem to be nearly all hidden by the trees. The section where trees have given way to business is probably smaller than in any other city of its size. In nearly all our cities street-trees are set out and cared for solely by the owner or the occupiers of the abutting property. Each man plants or not according to his own taste or interest in the matter. This involves much diversity and incongruity in the selection of species, in age and size, in the distance from the curb-line and from each other. Uniformity in these respects can‘only be obtained for any given stretch of street where the work is done by municipal authority. This method has been eminently successful in the leading cities of Europe, and in Washington, where nearly every street that has been opened and graded has been systematically planted under the central authority of a special commission. Few persons realize the constant liability to damage and destruction to which young trees are exposed. Some idea of it may be gained by inspecting the trees on any given street and noting how few show no signs of stunted growth, scarred trunk, mutilated top, or blemish of some kind. The most common damage is the gnawing of the bark by horses, or of the branches, if within reach, but up to a certain age mis- chievous boys are far more destructive. If the sapling gets safely out of its swaddling-clothes it is next attacked at the roots by trenches for sewers, gaS-pipes, water-pipes and elec- tric cables, or by changes of lines or grades in laying curb- stones, or flagging. In later years the largest limbs will be mutilated by telegraph line-men and their wires. Again, under ordinary conditions the trees suffer constantly from lack of moisture, because the pavement or the beaten ground sheds most of the rainfall; from lack of food, because the roots cannot penetrate the hardened subsoil ; from poison by gas, because the small service pipes soon become rusted through ; and from want of air, because the soot and dust of the city stops up the pores of the leaves. The unhealthy con- dition resulting from these and other causesinvites grubs and borers, slugs and caterpillars, scale, spider and fungal blight, all in great profusion. In the streets these insect pests are safe from their natural enemies, the birds, and from the poi- sonous spray of the gardener’s syringe. The trees most commonly used are probably the best under average conditions. ‘‘ Nothing succeeds like success,” and the points contributing most to this success are ease of prop- agation, cheapness of nursery culture, quickness of early growth, endurance under careless transplanting, average good looks and absence of bad habits, the ability to pick up a living on a scanty diet, and patience under abuse of every sort. After explaining the merits and defects of the various Elms, Maples, Lindens, Ashes, Beeches and several other trees, Mr. McMillan continued: Oaks require early transplanting and extra care fora long time. But, in any city, where they can be securely protected until of good size, they endure the ordinary street conditions as well as Elms and Maples. Once well established, a Black, Red or Scarlet Oak will grow as fast as the average of otherstreettrees. The habit is always good; pruning or thinning of the branches is rarely necessary, and the glossy foliage is a special attraction all through the season. But for foliage-effect the finest trees are the Tulip and the Plane. Fine examples of each are occasionally seen in our streets, but general experience seems to condemn them. The soft roots of the Tulip-tree make it impatient of careless transplanting, unless very young, and protection from severe frosts is necessary in clay soils until the roots get below the frost line. But once well-established in any favorable soil and subsoil, it becomes a noble street tree, well worth any extra care bestowed onit. The Plane-tree is as easily transplanted as any Maple, and, if in good soil, its growth for many years is as rapid as that of the Poplar or Willow. But mature trees are so subject to serious fungus-blight that a healthy, clean- branched tree is rarely seen. In spite of these defects, both Tulip and Plane trees deserve persistent trial and experiment. Fifty years ago, during the Silkworm craze, the Chinese Ailanthus was extensively planted in the eastern cities. Its rank growth, sub-tropical aspect, exemption from insects, and its fresh foliage in spite of prolonged heat or drought, made it very popular. Then came a reaction, so strong that the tree is now virtually tabooed, all apparently because the flowers have an unpleasant odor. But no tree has withstood so persistently the onslaught of all the destructive influences of a crowded street. Where the subsoil is porous its roots penetrate to an extraordinary depth, and thus find food enough under the closest pavements, and moisture enough during the longest droughts. There isa place for the Ailanthus in every large city, and that, if you give it no other, is the place where no other tree will thrive. Americans despise ‘“‘ the day of small things.” This national foible is always prominent in the selection of trees for street planting. The general practice is to procure the largest trees that can be obtained and conveniently handled. If nurserymen cannot or will not furnish them of suitable size, they are procured from the neighboring woods if possible. It issurprising and mortifying to every experienced grower of trees, to see each spring the numerous wagon-loads which countrymen bring in from swamps and thickets, and expose for sale in our streets day after day with little or no protection from sunand wind. They are usually much larger than the most overgrown nursery stock, and the younger saplings twice or thrice the height becoming to their age, but they are bought in preference to the nurserymen’s ‘small fry.” The only roots are a few stout prongs, and they are set out in the smallest holes that will admit them, with the tree tops left unpruned or entirely chopped off. They remain standing like bean-poles for one or more years. Then they are pulled out and other bean-poles stuck in their places. Itis said ‘‘experi- ence teaches fools,” but on this subject they need many years of schooling, else the class always under instruction would not be so large. Trees grown in nurseries have needful qualities of root, stem and branch, entirely lacking in the spindling sapling that has struggled for life and light in a shady thicket. But, of course, after being planted, the smaller the tree the greater the risk of serious damage by accidents that would be trifling to one of twice or thrice thesize. This argument is the clincher in all discussions on this point. For this reason Elms, Maples, Horse-chestnuts, Poplars and Lindens are com- monly preferred, as they can be successfully transplanted of a much larger size than Tulip-trees, Oaks or any of the nut-bear- ing trees. Yet the rule holds good, even in street planting, that whatever kinds of trees may be selected, the youngest that can be protected with a reasonable chance of safety ought to be preferred. A common error is planting toonear the curb-line and too close together in the row. Any young tree within four feet of the curb is ten times more likely to be gnawed by horses than one twice as far back. The roots also should be con- sidered and given a fair chance to spread on all sides. Ample distance apart contributes not only to the health and sym- metry of the tree, but also allows a pleasant play of sunshine and breeze to the people on the street. Close planting may look best for a few years, but the spread of the trees at maturity should always be provided for. The future cutting out of each alternate tree is a pleasing illusion, but in reality a sad delusion, because it is so rarely done, and never done soon enough. Some protective guard against ill-bred horses, worse-bred boys, careless workmen on the street or adjacent lots, and the daily run of miscellaneous accidents, is necessary for years. Nothing yet invented is conveniently applicable to small trees or always effective. A temporary railing on the curb line, though unsightly, is more useful than a casing for each tree. When the trunk becomes thick enough, a strip of fine galva- nized wire netting wrapped loosely around it as far up asa horse can reach is cheap, serviceable, neat, unobtrusive, and [NUMBER 2509. F ; 3 3 3 FEBRUARY 8, 1893.] can readily be adjusted to the growth of the tree from year to year. The damage done to street trees by horses and by care- less usage of workmen about them is incalculable. Prose- cution is useless, because an adequate penalty that would deter others is never imposed. The gist of the whole matter may be summed up in theform of sententious advice. Select the kinds of trees that expe- ‘rience commends to you as most likely to satisfy your own taste. Select young trees only, of thrifty habit and good form. Furnish good soil in ample quantity at whatever cost or trouble. Handle and transplant with proper care and _ skill. Mulch and water effectively until the trees be fully established. Guard from damage by any device that will serve your pur- pose. Fight to the death every pest and plague as soon as it appears. Give constant watchfulness to the trees’ welfare while you live, and, in making your will, impose the same duty upon the successors to your trust when you die. “ Eternal vigilance is the price” of every street tree. FERTILIZING ORCHARDS, The paper of Professor Roberts of Cornell University, on this subject, was mainly as follows: When our arable land was cleared of its forests a large amount of soluble plant-food was in the soil, the product of the ages of growth and decay. Even the subsoil, to a consider- able depth, was filled with roots which disappeared very slowly and formed natural drainage tubes, which not only relieved the land of much of its surplus water, but also allowed the air to penetrate into the earth and hasten chemical action so that plant-food which was partially inert became available. In those early days the lands situated in a climate adapted to fruits were extremely productive. The orchards were usually separated by considerable areas of timber; importa- tion of fruit-trees had not yet begun, and many of the enemies of the orchard were in those early days entirely unknown. All this has changed. The forests have been swept away, the natural drainage of the land has been destroyed, and, in most cases, nothing has been substituted forit. The best of the plant-food has been removed from the soil, and more than this, in developing new and better varieties of fruit we have succeeded too often in producing a tree of less sturdy consti- tution. In orcharding, then, we are met with the following conditions: land, water-logged; available plant-food, scarce ; insect enemies, multiplied ; fungus growth, abundant; sweep- ing winds and changeable weather ; trees, delicate in char- acter. In many orchards the cheapest way to overcome some of these difficulties and secure available plant-food would be by the intelligent use of drain-tile. There is an abundance of food yet in the soil. A poor clay soil in Tompkins County was analyzed and found to contain in the first nine inches 3,094 pounds of phosphoric acid, 3,410 pounds of potash and 1,876 pounds of nitrogen. Such a soil certainly cannot be said to be deficient in plant-food. What might be said of it is, that quality of plant-food which is demanded for the highest char- acter of plants is deficient. There would be no difficulty in raising a very large crop of Mulleins or Field Pines on such land, therefore it cannot be said to be exhausted. Twenty years in hay—one ton per acre, ten in wheat—twenty bushels per acre, ten in corn—forty bushels per acre, and ten in oats and barley—forty bushels per acre, with straw and stalks, would carry in this fifty years’ rotation, from each acre of land, plant-food valued commercially at 404 dollars per acre. Hav- ing removed all this vast amount and returned only a quarter or, at most, a half of it to the land, it is no wonder that our orchards do not produce abundantly when set upon this par- tially depleted soil. In our numerous experiments with the cultivation of soil, we naturally are attracted to the one that has given marked results by culture alone. Then, by improved implements and superior skill, we may get the plant-food needed cheaper than by any other method. Again, lands may be so poor and light that comparatively little plant-food can be obtained even by the most skillful cul- tivation. In these cases some positive addition of plant-food should be made to the soil. To secure this supply farm ma- nures stand in the front, because they can be had at little or no cost. The feeding of animals on the farm, under good man- agement, results in profit, without taking into consideration the value of the manure produced by them. But farm ma- nures are not well balanced—that is, they are too high in nitro- gen for the mineral matter they contain, and so should always be used in small quantities, and, if possible, should be well rotted before they are used. Nitrogen can be secured in other ways than by purchase. The sowing of Clover or of Vetches, Garden and Forest. 72 or of other leguminous plants, will furnish not only all the ni- trogen the orchard should have, but it will also bring up much mineral matter from the soil which otherwise would not have been used, and this mineral matter, when given up tothe plant, will form soluble food of which the fruit-tree can avail itself. Again, the fertility of the orchard is often less important im- mediately than the amount of water which is present. The trees should be set at wide intervals, and the land should be kept moist on the surface by cultivation. Frequent midsum- mer tillage forms a mulch and conserves moisture. The orchard should be kept shaded by plants in the after part of the season, and these plants should be of such acharacter that they will not die until after the dry fall has past. It is of prime importance that water be present in the soil in order that the plant-food may be taken up by the trees. Many an orchard has sufficiently available plant-food, but lacks in water at that critical period when the trees are making fruit. If there is no water present some forms of fertilizers, such as nitrogen, are positively detrimental if they are present in abundance. To sum up, the factors of success are: (1) The removal of water where it is too abundant; (2) The conservation of water where it is deficient ; (3) The use of the refuse of the farm and nitrogenous plants; (4) The use of potash and phosphoric acid in forms that are readily available; (5) Surface culture where it is applicable to the conditions present; (6) Reducing the number of trees per acre; (7) Withholding tillage and nitro- gen, and increasing the mineral matter until that point is reached where the tenderest trees develop hard wood, firm bark and mature fruit-buds; (8) Encouraging the cultivation of forest-trees and wind-breaks, so that the winds may, in a measure, be prevented from sucking up the moisture of the land ; (9) Mulching the earth when the orchard is open land, and keeping a covering of porous earth at the surface through the first half of the season ; (10) Fitting the land and fertilizing it in the best manner possible before the orchards are set. BREVITIES. I am positive that some of our older fruits that have been neglected will become popular again. There are several ex- cellent varieties of Pears which have been tested and proved valuable, and which have passed out of use because they are not handsome, although the quality is better than many of those now grown. There is an increasing demand for quality rather than for appearance.—W. C. Barry. By extra feeding and careful spraying with copper com- pounds, I have grown, in succession, three heavy crops of Spitzenburg apples on trees which had previously failed almost entirely.— Geo. T. Powell. In order to have good, hard wood, healthy leaves and well- developed buds, we must rely upon potash and phosphoric acid.—S. D. Willard. There is a tendency to grow small fruits too thickly. Rasp- berries, Blackberries, Currants, etc., should be grown in hills in check rows. Even Strawberries are not at their best in matted rows. Plants resist drought better when not too thick. — ¥. H. Hale. The city market will never be overstocked with the best quality-of fruit. There is always a sale in Hartford, Connecti- cut, for the Black Defiance Strawberry on account of its high quality. Itis not a productive plant, but it never sells at less than twenty-five cents a quart. Chemical fertilizers give me firmer, higher-colored and better-flavored fruit— F. A. Have. The Victoria Currant will remain on the bushes until other varieties are out of the market, and for that reason it is fre- quently very profitable and sells for as much as the finer varieties do early in the season.— F. H. Hale. Soil has much to do with success with Currants. On loose, loamy land they do not yield a profitable crop oftener than once in five years. On heavy upland they are very profitable. — Walter Tabor. Of Japanese Plums, Botan, Abundance, Satsuma and Bur- bank are the most satisfactory. The quality is not equal to that of the European varieties, but they are attractive in ap- pearance and keep well, which gives them the advantage over ordinary varieties, and they ripen up well even if they are picked a little green. I consider this the most important type of fruit that has been introduced within the last twenty-five years.—L. 1, Bailey. The worst orchard diseases in western New York in 1892, named in the order of their destructiveness, were apple- scab, plum-fruit rot, pear-scab, quince-fruit spot. Some correspondents estimate that from fifty-five to seventy-five per cent. of the mature fruit in Apple-orchards were af- fected by scab so much as to effect its market value, and the loss of a considerable amount of fruit which failed to reach 72 Garden and Forest. maturity was due indirectly to its attacks. Among the pears affected severely were Bartlett, Seckel, Flemish Beauty, White Doyenne, while Angouleme and Anjou were less se- verely attacked. In some instances the entire crop of Seckel pears was lost. The fruitrot of Cherry, Plum and Peach, which is caused by the same fungus, was specially destructive to plums and sometimes destroyed half the crop. Lombard, Gueii, Bavay’s Green Gage and Yellow Egg were mentioned specially as being badly attacked.—Report of Committee on Botany and Fruit Diseases. Notes. Probably house-plants are more frequently injured by too much than by too little water, but now that the days are getting longer, it is advisable to push them into growth, and, therefore, the supply of water should be increased with the supply of light. Mr. Ryokichi Yatabe, of Tokio, has recently issued the third part of Volume I. of his Zconographia klore Faponice. The text, in Japanese and English, is illustrated by full-page engrav- ings, and plants, indigenous to Japan, belonging to seventeen orders, are described. A recent issue of the Moniteur Viticole brings us the statistics of last year’s vintage throughout France. Fifty thousand more acres were under vineyard cultivation than in 1891, but the estimated yield was less than in that year, although superior to the yields of 1889 and 1890. Inthe seventy-six departments where wine is made, the total product of 1892 is said to have been about 654,348,015 gallons, as against 679,115,000 in 1891 and 616,660,000 in 1890. The vintage of 1892 is said to have been remarkably good in quality, alike in the Burgundy dis- tricts, in the Marne districts, where most of the champagne is made, and in the Pyrenean regions. Monsieur Naudin sends us fresh seeds of Phoenix Sene- galensis which, he writes, fruited last season for the first time in Provence, the flowers having been fertilized through the agency of insects with pollen from the allied Phoenix Canarien- sis. The fruit of Phoenix Senegalensis is a small black date with soft sweet flesh and a flavor similar to that of the dates of commerce, the fruit of Phoenix dactylifera. The flesh, however, is so thin and the nut so large, that the fruit is scarcely edible, although cultivation, or perhaps hybridization, with Phoenix dactylifera will possibly, as our learned corre- spondent suggests, improve it. The experimentis certainly worth making. From the annual report of Her Highness the Maharana of Oodeypore, as quoted in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, it appears that native ladies are very fond of decking their hair with the gorgeous scarlet flowers of Butea frondosa. When this plant is in flower all the jungles look like a blaze of fire. In some jungles, too, there are Bauhinias of sorts which come in flower at the same time as the Butea. The lilac flowers of the Bauhinias and the scarlet flowers of the Buteas are very beautiful. Lantana alba and Poinciana pulcherrima growing side by side on the hill, together with Gloriosa superba, make the natural blending of color in this wild country truly grand. The dripping ghauts are filled with’ such Ferns as Adiantum Capillus-veneris, A. caudatum, Actiniopteris radiata, a hand- some little silvery Fern, Cheilanthes farinosa and Pteris longi- folia, growing almost side by side. Of the Geneva Grape, sent out six years ago by Messrs. R. G. Chase & Co., Mr. Carman writes that it is one of the few varie- ties containing the blood of Vitis vinifera which thrive on his grounds. The striking characteristic of the berries is their translucency. So nearly transparent are they, that the seeds of those grown in paper bags can be distinctly seen. The skin has little bloom and is of firm texture, although thin; the berry is large, often obovate, with few seeds, usually two, and these separate easily from the flesh, which has an agreeable, sprightly flavor. It ripens early and seems to resist mildew. Mr. Josiah Hoopes is quoted as saying that it perfected last year a larger crop than any other variety on his grounds. Its origina- tor claims that the Geneva is the result of a cross upon a wild Labrusca vine fertilized with Muscat of Alexandria, the progeny being again crossed with Iona. The berry is a clear amber color. We have received the first issue of Zhe Western Garden, a handsomely printed quarto of sixteen pages, published in South Denver, Colorado—a monthly journal edited for and adapted to the peculiar needs of horticulture in the dry [NUMBER 592. climate of the west. On the title-page is a half-tone print from a photograph of the Rocky Mountain Columbine, the state flower of Colorado, and apparently Aquilegia ccerulea, al- though the editor tells us that it is ‘‘a different variety from any Columbine grown in the east, the size of the blossom be- ing much larger, and the plant of much thriftier and much hardier growth.” Two capital illustrations, representing Chrysanthemum niveum and Mrs. E. T. Adams, beautify the pages of this first issue of our new contemporary, which has a useful field to itself, and the best opportunity to make known the horticultural value of many Rocky Mountain plants still unfamiliar in gardens, especially the numerous alpine species which form the most interesting feature of the Colorado flora. According to the annual crop report of the Statistician of the Department of Agriculture, the Dakotas now produce more wheat than was grown in the United States fifty years ago. The exports of last year were greater than the aggregate prod- uct twenty-five years ago. The yield per acre of old lands is increasing, and that of new lands decreasing, and new wheat lands are annually brought into cultivation. Granitic New England, in the few fields cultivated, obtains more per acre than the richest soils of the west. The yield declines fastest in the newest and richest soils, not because of soil exhaustion, but because of its fatness in stimulating the growth of weeds. The census of 1880 made an average yield of wheat of 13 bushels ; that of 1890, when the season was far less favorable and prospects apparently much worse, gives a yield of about 14 bushels per acre. With good cultivation and fertilization it should be increased to twenty bushels. Individual farms in Maine report between thirty and forty bushels per acre ; some in New York report thirty-two or more ; and many in IJlinois and North Dakota return between twenty and thirty bushels per acre. The rate of yield could readily be increased one-half; but it will not be till the virgin soils are scratched over after the prevailing practice, misnamed cultivation. The present breadth of wheat, under wise and skillful cultivation, would suffice for double our present population. One who cares for choice fruits and vegetables may at this season gratify his taste in New York by purchasing straw- berries at three dollars a dozen, and peaches and apricots from — the hot-houses at proportionate prices. He can buy the finest Indian River or Halifax county oranges, cut on the branch with a few leaves, at three dollars a dozen, while Black Ham- burg grapes can be had for two dollars anda quarter a pound. Neighboring growers can furnish good mushrooms for a dollar a pound, Florida sends string beans; rather stale arti- chokes come from Algiers at forty cents each, and Germany sends Brussels Sprouts of good quality. It appears, how- ever, from a recent article in the New York 77zdune that in Paris, at the same Season, similar luxuries will make as heavy a demand uponhis purse. By paying from eight to ten dollars a peck, a Parisian can have fresh green peas brought from Algiers. Artichokes from the same region are four or five dollars a dozen. A large basket of string beans costs twelve dollars, and a bunch of asparagus five. A basket containing six dozen black truffles from Perigord commands twenty dollars, while the same number of white truffles from Milan brings the same price. Fashionable flowers and fruits are quite as costly. The pink Lilac, now in such high favor, costs three dollars a spray, and dark damask Roses—‘ Roses de velours’—sold at the New Year for five dollars each. Large strawberries are a dollar and a half a dozen; a small basket of grapes from Fontainebleau costs five dollars ; red or white cur- rants are three dollars a pound; hot-house peaches three dol- lars apiece, while for hot-house pine-apples the happy buyer can pay from eight to ten dollars each. Catalogues Received. R. Douctas & Sons, Waukegan Nurseries, Waukegan, Ill. ; Whole-. sale Catalogue of Haray, Ornamental Evergreens, Shade and Orna-_ mental Trees, Evergreen, Forest and Ornamental Tree Seedlings, Tree Seeds.—ELLWANGER & BARRY, Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.; Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Roses, etc., New Supplementary Catalogue of Rare and Choice Trees, Shrubs and Roses.—WM. BAYLOR | HARTLAND, 24 Patrick Street, Cork, Ireland ; Flower and Vegetable Seeds.—JOHNSON & STOKES, 217-219 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Novelties and Specialties in Vegetables, Choice Flower and Vegetable Seeds.—P. C. Lewis, Catskill, N. Y.; Combination Force Pump, Powell’s Fertilizers.—J. T. Lovett & Co., Little Silver, N. J.; Fruit Novelties and Wholesale Price List of Small Fruits, Fruit Trees, Orna- mental Trees and Shrubs.—W. W. Rawson & Co., 34 South Market Street, Boston, Mass. ; Vegetable and Flower Seeds.—JAmMEs VicK’s Sons, Rochester, N. Y.; Vick’s Floral Guide.—Woop BRoTHERs, Fishkill, N. Y.; Trade List of Plants and Rooted Cuttings. : ale ae 2 a Se See et ee ee eT eee Oe FEBRUARY I5, 1893.| GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. Orricz: TripsuNE Buitpinc, New York. Conducted by . ». » « © «© » « « « » « Professor C. S. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y- NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1893. TABLE OF CONTENTS.. PAGE Epitoriat Articies :—Garden-art and Architecture......... 0 .s2.eecees ceeeeeee 73 Restoring the Primeval Names of Lakes and Peaks............--.-.+- 74 A Cold Winter in North Carolina.................. Professor W. F. Massey. 74 Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan.—V. (With figure.)............ GaSaS2 75 EnToMoLoGiIcaL :—A Destructive Elm-tree Bark-borer......... Dr. $. A. Lintner. 76 ForEIGN CoRRESPONDENCE :—London Letter..........-....2.-ssee00- W.-Watson. 76 CutturaL DepartMeEnT :—Fatal Club-root of Turnips. (With figure.) Professor Byron D. Halsted. 78 Wattersliltes trom Seeds arte csrclein\salsioiolsiainielsinlclsesiaie cic cecielsoe ole Wm. Tricker. 79 Decorative Species of AsparaguS......0+...0eeescecscecces W. H.Taplin. 79 Winter-flowering Plants...........-22+-+eeeeereeeeeeeeeee Robert Cameron. 80 UE tyes ttm GOO Tale ete leelaletelote eatelelnieteieielelaieieislaisiel=/=