CARDEN AND PORES! A JOURNAL OF FORTICULTURE, LANDSCAPE ART AND FORESTRY Conducted by CHARLES S. SARGENT Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College, etc. ILLUSTRATED VoLume VIII. JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1895 ee ee a hOQMtAl [Sree = aN Vai DONS New York THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING Co. 1895 Copyright, 1895, by THE GARDEN AND Forest PuBLISHING Co. All rights reserved. INDEX: TO VOLUME-VIE. r The asterisk (*) denotes thatthe sub- — Apricots in western New York..... 6 Begonia Evansiana ........-...--++ 435 Florida Sketch Book, the. Brad- ject is illustrated. Russian SASS ease. a a) die) slarey on Hea stil... «<- +. 134 ford. Torney ssscsecece sicndtecs oe 119 Abelia floribunda . 273 Aquatics, wintering. . Froebelii......... - 504 Flowering Plants and Ferns of Abies Cilicica.... 296 Aquilegia Canadensis. Gloire de Sceaux... #933 New South Wales, with special Abutilon, Souvenir 387 7 ceerulea... Mrs. I. Heal...... ++ 483 reference to their economic Acacia pubescens.....-. 25 Aquilegias, hybr Pan Bruantecne. 269 Acidanthera bicol 220 Aristolochias. ... + 418 winter-flowering. . 67 How to Know the Wild Flowers. — Aconites ........- 366 Arnebia cornuta....... peters 305 Benson, John, article by. +. 458 Mrs. William Starr Dana....... 219 Aconitum Fisherii..... 406 Arnold Arboretum, additions to. 202 Berberis heteropoda.. - 454* In a2 Gloucestershire Garden. ~ Acorns, germination of. 105 -23 Bessey, Prof. Charles Les Orchidées Exotiques et leur Adulteration of canned vegetables Asarum maximum... ++ 133 Betula, hybrid....... Culture. en Europe. Lucien anq@’ fruits... 2... Shes se sceeraies 6g Asclepias obtusifoli + 203 lenta, oil of.... Linden, A. Coaniaux and G, Eschynanthus Hildebrand tuberosa..... 290 pumila lenta - 243* Groans wacaisssascinaciaste ses 01190 Agave Huachucensis .... Ash, Green, in the west.. 32, 173 papyrifera... we 222 Lindenia. Lucien Linden....... 49 Utahensis........ —— the Sweet Mountain,......... 163 Betulas, American... 355% List of the Pteridophyta and Agaves in Southern Californ Asimina triloba..............++ 75, 494* — Bevier, Louis, article by. -» 508 _ Spermatophyta growing with- Aglaonema commutatum.... 3 Asparagus retrotractus arboreus... 114 Bignonia yenusta....... we Bd out cultivation in north-eastern Dictumpeeceuseeeeceeace Sprenglei..........s0. 378 Billbergia Liboniana. oa 384 North America. Prepared by Agricultural experiment stations... gox Asperula orientalis. ++ 256 rhodo-cyanea.... +» 376 the Committee of the American Agriculture, codperative............ 4sx Aster Tartaricus.... - 256 —Bioletti, F. T., article by ++ 499 Association for the Advance- elements of........... dasa 500 undulatus... -++ 450 Birch, oil of.......... + 303 ment of Science, from the the year-book of the depart- Asters ....... fb nimeiasaveueie fare » 399 Birches, hybrid. 243% Memoirs of the Torrey Botani- WGN Ol sand sac aaneancetensa scenes 421 _ Astilbe Japonica compacta se E57. - the American white... “355 cal Club, Voli; Vicwsitesconsiedee 179 Agropyrum repens. see pLO3 - floribunda. . + 157 Birds against injurious insects..... 350 Maladies des Plantes Agricoles, = Vvuleare.:...- 103 Lemoinei.. onaan)e she 410 of the Arnold Arboretum. Vol. I. Ed. Prillieux..:25.463.. 509 Ailanthus......... + 503 Astragalus crassicarpus.. 223 destruction of fruit by... : Manual of Forestry, a. iS in the west . ... 122 Atkinson, C. L., death of. 480 Scarcity, ofs.cc.sccle die .. 189 Soitlichtstiveteterste setnaarsinis werets ole Air drainage.. 306, 378 Atriplex hastata........ 213) Blackberries, cultivation of 310, 439 Medical Plants of Akebia quinata. 2. 205 semibaccatum . 20 hardyse cise a5) 180) A. Gattinger.. Alberta magna...... 113 Aucuba Japonica... 359 profits from........- 7-59 Our Edible Toad Albizzia occidentalis 479 Auriculas in England.. + 204 winter protection of.. a0. 420 rooms and How to Distinguish ‘Aletris farinosa..... -. 283 Autumn garden flowers +1307 > Bloodsrooty si. 2. 23 tomes ids .24* Them, W. Hamilton Gibson... 488 Allamanda Hendersonii........--.. 327 in the garden...... + 391 Blueberries ++ 193 Popular Treatise on the Physiol- Allen, C. L., articles by. 438, 458 Ayres, H. B., article by - 128 — Bollea Schroederiana. 353 ogy of Plants, a. Dr. Paul Alnus rugosa... + 493 Azalea amcena......... ++ 204 Boltonia latisquama.. 396 Sorauer. Translated by F, E. Alocasia Johnston - 420 Indica ......... + 146 Bomarea Carderi.......... ... ++ 96 Weiss $027 49) Alstrémeria aurantiaca - 288 Ledifolia + 264 Practical Flora for Schools and Alstrémerias .........- 317 Azaleas at Brookline... 237 Colleges, a. Oliver R. Willis... 69 Althzea ficifolia. meena 403 flowering, for Easter. +++ 136 Books Reviewed : Silva of North America, the. Alyord, William, article by eenege Indian .........++++ sete 177» 457 Agricultural Calendar for 1896. Charles Sprague Sargent...... 119 Alyssum saxatile......... SeOTy. NW Will nsansteecak Larmateltbe': 479 Soil, the: Its Nature, Relations ——— sweet... . a setr00 American Chrysanthemum Man- and Fundamental Principles of Amaryllis, cultiva 56, 86 B ual, the. Michael Barker...... 399 Management. F. H. King...... 509 Ammophila arun wenqie American Woods. Romeyn B. | Story of the Plants, the. Grant Anzctochilus Sanderianus + 454 Bactrisimajor:s-t3285 asssce eevee 466 HOUp eee oe saa stetsie ac inion a iettee 499 CAS rignppreree Don rgacr hh ont er 359 Ananassa sativa variegata......-.- 355 | Baden-Baden, notes from...... 188, 477 Among the Northern Hills. Wil- Sweet-scented Flowers and Fra- André, Edouard F., sketch o -. 310 ~~ Bailey, Prof. L. H., articles by..34, 215, Ham) C Prime ssn aaissln states antea'tis 1230 grant Leayes. Donald McDonald 129 Androgynous flower-clusters. +. 229% 236, 248, 318, 418, 457, 487 Annual Report of the Director of Synoptical Flora of North Amer- Andromeda Mariana. veqng4: Baillon, Henri, death of .. + 340 the Experimental Farms of Can- ica. Asa Gray and Sereno Wat- speciosa.... Be ti Raines, Thomas, death of + 124 adasforr8o4 teens. dejo ctehlomchts 519 son; continued and edited by Anemone blanda.... .-. 164 | Bamboos, cultivation of... 4, 357 Blackberries. Bulletin 99 of Cor- Benjamin Lincoln Robinson.... 429 Scythinica............ 188 | Banana, Ram Kela....... elas nell Experiment Station........ 439 Ten New England Blossoms, and Japonica....136, 170, 229, 288, 487 Barker, M., articles by... 36, 64, 266 Book of the Rose, the. A. Foster- their Insect Visitors. Clarence —— Lady Ardilaun.............. 85 Barron, A. F., sketch of .......- 455 Moores Weed.... 289 Through Glade and Mead. Joseph JaelsSOns asiniers miss fis psiarajetaiclc esas Timber-trees, Native and For- «216 Barron, Leonard, article by. - 216 Basswood for western planting . nemorosa Robinsonia sylvestris... + £09 122 Angreecum sesquipedale........... 86 Bauhinia Galpini...,..........-. +444 Annuals for the garden.....97. 106, 117, Bause, C. F., deathof.... + 450 219 Thomas Laslett...3..... 19 255, 256 Baxter, Sylvester, article by Retr} Chrysanthemums and their Cul- yside and Woodland Blossoms. Antirrhinum majus, a variety. of... 120 Beach-grass planting..../. ....... 412 ture. Edwin Molyneux........ 399 Edward Step... +sseereeeseeeee 349 Aphelandra orientalis punctata.... 514 Beach, Prof. B A,, articles by ..128, 428 Contributions of the United States Wild Garden, the. W. Robinson, 109 Apple crop, western +». 478 Beal, Prof. W.J., articles by.148, 303, 322 National Herbarium. J. N. Woman’s Book, the..+.+s.++++++++ : orchards of western New Beans, cultivation of . = 336 ROSE Lice e.clomtaneiate viccte Zateloie santa 189 Wonderful Wapentake, the. WGIS oa Ce douDeMppabeAdennsE aeons dwarf Lima.. + 210 Country Month by Month, the. Pletcher nec. eeceris ils -—— unproductive. LOTGING Wesel e cine siesuebereme es Od Spring. J. A. Owen and C. S. Bordeaux mixture, age of : = Red Beitigheimer........ 390, 428 Bebb, Prof. M. S., articles by ..363, 372, Boul wera c welts tere s ciclo sata sists) and color tests.... - Canada or Old None- 423, 473, 482 Dictionary of Orchid Hybrids. —— the preparation ot EUG) actaodod cahose spdodescanorsed 10 death of......... 510 Bohn holresemicnswiesias ssa aid 209 Borers in Hickory-trees.......++ scab in Nebraska. iets) Beckwith, Prof, M. H., article by... 57 English Flower Garden, the. W. Poronia heterophy ‘ = Scott’s Winter . 200 Bedding plants....... . s Robinson} iewe2 os see megastigma. . .. the Hibernal.. = 340 plants: foris.< iets: I 3 Familiar Flowers in eld and Boston, Chry santhemums in.. - the Senator... Apiseedsy Beech-tree in South Hingham, Mas- Garden. F. Schuyler Mathews. 249 rose and strawberry sho Apples, best English =. 414 Sachusettsas is soe Ue er nee r21* Fleurs de Pleine Terre, les. Vil- spring flower show color bands on. -. 439 Beetles, black blister. . 508 morin-Andrieux & Co....-. -.. 189 Botanic garden at Agricultural Col- frost injuries to - 417. Begonia acuminata..... + 505 Flora of the Assyrian Monuments lege, Michigan..... .....-+++ 303, 322 good varieties - 428 B. Francois Gauli 96 and its Outcomes, the. E. Bo- —_— notes from the Har- marketing..... Sey carminata tise. 2345 304 NAVIA. ce. se eeciinl eleceencecsciecs 338 VAC cece sceccicc tees cei eeceleeee ee 516 RN Botanical Garden, Missouri, notes From thes. vejc.ss100 sseuccesesene sions 497 the New York fa: Bougainvillea glabra splendens.. ° Boursault, Jean Francois. 3 Bouvardias for garden planting. « 116 B owling Green, ‘the proposed statue AN sss cigcsstessasecees cvsaceosiees’ 251 Box Elder trees in the wes + 173» 502 Brachycome iberidifolia.. geet aid Brandegee, T. S., article by. , 134 Brandis, Sir Dietrich, article by.... 499 3ravoa geminiflora Soctapeseay sunee 306 Bridge, an old, in Wrentham, Massa- Chupeltssncssecsccenssstneawaees 42* Britton, Prof. W. E. aruclee bis 443) 407 Brodizea UnihOTraeccssene= 44 Bromus secalinus..... 103 Brookline, Massachusett 5 notes fVOM cess waalesc escd-sis viw'eessaiwicis’s 498 Broom-handles, consumption of WOOOMORs -tcieuseser shes dieeleasecers 170 Browallia speciosa major. 358 Brown, Robert, death of.. 500 tion Bulbocodium yernum....-. 158 Bulbophyllum grandiflorum. ++ 153 Bulbous plants...........-++ somseo Bulbs for spring planting ...--..-- 106 greenhouse, for early epilng flowering ....-+seseeeeeeee + . 167 spring-flowering.. v176, 497 Bull, Dr. Ephraim W., death of. nase 400 Burbank, Luther, article by.. +» 349 Burrill, Prof. T. J., article BS; +e 308 Bush, B. F., meets yeas bs 379, 463 Butternuts, the cultivation of.. = 20 Butz, Prof. George C., article by.... 448 c Cabbage maggot, the remedy for... 520 Cabbages, disease of 284 Cabomba aquatica. . 334 Cacti, repotting.......-+.. 80 Cactus society, a national, i in n Eng- Tani es ad-s bapewuise rece yah hale 623 . 284 versus Mamillaria Ag 113 Caladium argyrites. 368 Caladiums, fancy .. 297 for outdoor use .. 150 Calanthe, Baron Schroeder 04 Calceolaria Burbidgei..... s EE.k Calendula fluyialis...... 106 California brook-side,a .. 142 experiment stations 62 forests, observations i 402 ATIUTS seers aasvneecwere Teves 512 Japanese vegetation in 302 Orange Qroves ssccceresensis 78 southern, garden notes from. 428 SPFinNg in. .cecccecsencrcecses 108 Calla, Snowflake. 50 Callas «..... abnormal growth o Callicarpa purpurea...... Callirrhoé involucrata. Callistemon speciosa . Calochorti in gardens. Calochortus Benthami Calopogon pulchellus . Camellia theifera, cultivation of.... 24 Cameron, Robert, articles by ...77, 86, 117, 197, 216, 228, 255, 267, 277, 287, 307, 310, 365, 464, 508, 516 Camoénsia maxima...... Campanula Carpathica . latifolia’ <2... macrantha. persicifolia .. alba grandiflor a Portenschlagiana .. pumila Maresii... Widaliicicssasecs: 323 Campanulas, some garden..,308, 313, 316, 0! Candytufts, hardy ....s.sccesssseee Te6 Canna, Columbia.. re John White.....ccscecevesens 505 Cannas. ..307, 348, 367, 398, 400, 407, 417 for Hasters.cseescncesesssces 136 in England.. 374 the best new..... . 116, 520 Cantaloup, the winter... 457 What is'asseds ess 183 Caragana arborescens .. 214 Card, Fred W., articles by.s.<7, one 223, 242 348, 388, 468 Caricas in California. . Carnation, Ada Byron.. Alaskaic: . 57» 67 Pennsylvania, new hall TOOTH Src eeuce tn desu evsinnceiatescies 340 annual report of the Rovalvevsmescssis «, 203 + 359 + 518 seeeee were 93 Horticulture, experiments in. go principles of eee SII schools of see e247 Ts 508 Hoskins, M.D., T. H., articles by.. 23. 96, 226, 236, 246, 266, 288, 306, 448 House-plants, flowering, for early WANTED Sis caisioncieaies weeccext sees ees 98 Houstonia ccerulea.... Howardia Caraccasana. 24 Hoya Carn0sas sccisiecces = 216 Humulus Japonicus........ 117 Hunnemannia fumariztolia. 407 Hunnewell, H. H., article by. 209 Hutchins, W. T., article by......... 188 Hyacinthsand Grape Hyacinths... 169 Hyacinthus amethystinus.......... 169 CUIATIS sare sie eee 4465 454 463, 494 Pentachzta aurea......... - 256 Poplars for western planting 122 poisoning..172, 203, 239, 249, 268, Sassafras Sassafras... . 423 Pentstemon campanulatus etek (21) North geroline sisctemiie = 514 299, 359» 300, 368, 388, 398, 429, 478 Sauromatum ¢ euttatum- 508 Pentstemons.....+-+.++++ + 287 Poppies. . Salen 6 e Ribes aureum .... 2... - eee ee eeenee 1g0 Saxifraga cordifolia 197 Pepper-tree, the. + 502 oriental. Richardia A&thiopica . 136 crassifolia . ++ 198 Peppermint, oil of....- -- 430 Poppy, the Opium Elliottiana..... 34 peltata....... + 216 Perennials, early flowering. 148, 197. +Porcher, Francis Peyre, feet of... 490 Rehmanni.. a we. 7O pyramidalis. 264 hardy neeBoed 216, 267, 277» 297, 310 Portulacca, cultivation of. = r00 Riley, Charles V., death of.. - 380 Scabiosa Caucasica . 407 late sees Befeisinetsielstale 396, 406 = Potato scab, cause of..... +. 400 Roads and roadsides, country. 271 - alba.. 467 some Showy....--+++eeeee00+ 287 remedy for. ++ 410 plan for improving, in New Scale insects.. , 109 Persimmon, the..... BOZ* IMP OLAtOES csiccicsaicsesceeciecsessy ++ 474 Hampshire:.. 0. ices ciesessosers'es 430 Scenery, the d 8r : cultivating the..... 75 a test for the quality of....... 155 in Rhode Island 430 | Schinus Molle 502* Pest of fruit-trees, a new. 270 second crop of, inthe south.. 280 Robinia Pseudacacia..........-- 6: School-grounds -++49, 491 Petrzea volubilis 179 BGrG Baaniapacccnpesuccavons> 250 Robbins, Mrs. J. H., article by Schombur: gkia rhinodora Kimball- Retunias)..2. 225... 106 sweet, cultivation of -57, 210 Robinson, William, article by.. daUa ee eege ou aiegea ses Perk onan en 3 Phacelia campanularia. 314 Potentilla Anserina...... 5 Se 12r3) Rock garden, the. 205, 249, Schools of horticulture 471 Phajus amabili +144 = tridentata... - 213 Romneya Coulteri Scilla. bifolia.. 164 Bernaysi Sb eo} Potting soil, sale of. 470) Rosa Carolina.. lingulata. 440 Cooksoniz . - 274 Powell, Edwin C., article by. <0 300 rubiginosa - multiflora... ee 370 grandifolius....... +s 117 Powell, E. P., articles by...107, 288, 377, rugosa .... Scillas in the garden..... 157 Bhaisesaaia, F. L., Ames. 54 387, 408 setigera aeteie Ha Scott, J. L., article by..... 477 intermedia Port tei.. 94 Powell, G. Harold, articles by. .368, 378, - spinosissima.. a Scott, William, articles by..7, 2 36, 67, Ludde-violacea.. ++ 354 407) ep 439, 448, 498 Wichuraiana.. 875.97» 2275 138, 157, 188, 198, 208, 216, Youngianum ....--.+-+-22+++ 94 Primroses, double Englis -. 167 Rose, Belle Siebrecht. 297, 318, 348, 407, 456, 496 Philadelphia, chrysanthemums in.. 458 Primula cortusoides Sieboldi 225 Captain Haywar Bees cints: “S27. Sculpture in garden art III Philadelphus Falconeri.......-.+- “404 Genticulataesatcseastere BentO7, Clinger see at ieminsie . 148, 517 society, national exhibition Zeyheri. : -—— imperialis. Clothilde Soupert........--- 200 OL THE? cesisis ciersecs eciotias stpa aha amine 199 Phlox, Carolina. rosea x Crimson Rambler...... 117, 166, Seacoast planting... 412 divaricata.. Sinensis 6 233) 250 ~— Sears, F. C., article by pisune sO cegee 519 on the prairies. Primulas....... Dawson, seedlings of the... 118 Seashore places, small, the treat- —— Drummondii....-... Chinese.... Double de Coubert. ++ 263 MEN Of sce a ssedeeuseoaneso% ceases 341 maculata.... in England Gustave Piganeau.. 516 Seavey, Fanny Copley, articles by. 328, paniculata. three ‘good er eennouae 133 Helen Keller....... «1370 418 — subulata.. . Pringle, C. G., article by.. e272 ——-J. Sharman Crawford . 370 Seeds, germination of.............+ 380 Phoenix Roebeler aeieetdlemis sts Protea cynaroides aialtia.o gle alstetetereratelorsse! 34* SAVE TANGEt. aesiseta dis ccistsi'elee 410 vitality of..... . 120 Phosphoric acid appropriated by Prunus Besseyii for western planting 123 Madame Georges Bruant.... 400 | Sedum spectabile.. ++ 366 plants Davidianasnsea-sies'c» 93 Ss Veitchii. BAAS 343 Chihuahuana.. . 22% Emoryi - maa} Soil, exhaustion of, by ‘trees 142 heterophylla Cubensis. ++ 222 Gambelii - 22 Sabbatia, the..... --s-ssessessssees 80 Solanum betaceum..:...... 30 Koraiensis......+++ + 306 —— grisea... - 92 Saccolabium Mooreanum 53 capsicastrum 517 latifolia ..... eesscceces 22% ———— mbricaria ..... Saffrons, the meadow..........++ « 430 Jamesii..-... 322 palustris, the hardiness of.. 217 Marilandica X velutina . Saguenay region, the ...... 183, 193, 213 tuberosum . 322 parviflora . Pere csteite venice ie + 306 Muhlenbergii ........- mete Saintpauliaionantha. . .406, A 487, 483 Wendlandi 87, 407 ponderosa ....-..++++ 163, 392* Phellos < rubra Salix alba & lucida . : . 423* Solidago Canadens 458, 499 Egeste in the west a+ 142 reticulata ......- Pameachiana . oes 42 Drummondii......2... secces 440 Pittosporum Tobira... eer3 50 Suber ... balsamifera ....... cen, 20 DUOrare sais bees 61s siete fae 2 Piqueria trinervia... + 516 Toumeyi-. Bebbiana ... 463 poisonous effect on horses... 477 undulatum,..,.. iz undulata.... Bonplandian: eae 304 SEMPETVIFENS ....-+- ee eee ++ 213 Plank, E.N., articles by 72, 193 —— Virginiana .....-.+seeseee ee Candida #,.23... Gere species of.. 213 Plantago maritima..... ae 203 cordata .. se+ 493 Solidagos for border’ pian 406 Plant-breeding..............318, 348, 390 — uted 5 chclnses ee 473 Sonchus arvensis ........-+ 2I4 at the experiment sta- —— Mackenziana . mee 473: Sophora Japonica . 349 ERE} sadadnonoaoudRSuap acme Rosado 292 Re flaveSCens .......sese Beer ye Souari nuts ...c..0. 000 + 509 pests, legislation against.... 41 fluviatalis ... 463 South Dakota, flora of . 493 variation ° 442 Raspberries, for evaporating and lasiandra . 2 372 trees of ..... 500 Plants, common, fon ornament + 299 Crying .....ceee cesses ee eeeee sistas ae5 10 —— alee ii 463 Orange nurseries. .... 228 ‘for shady places.. 47 winter protection of. ++ 420 longifolia .. 13 Southwick, Dr. E. B., article . 308 shy wood.....-...- - 209 Raspberry, the oman pian: 107 lUteavece cre sis - 473 Sparaxis, outdoor cultivation of.... 177 Platycodons, cultivation of. . 316 Raupenheim........--+--- - 470 —— Missouriensis 1373) Sparrow, the European, in America 112 Pleroma macranthum... « 327 Raymondya Pyrenaica wee 256 Migtatencteatectee a ete! Spathiphyllum commutatum. semidecandrum - 406 Red Bud, the .... ....+-+-- + 184 _— alba 423* Spherogyne speciosa Pleurothallis scapha....-.--. - 54 Redfield, John H., death of. . 110 ——— < amygdaloides. . 3603 Spigelia specioga’...... Plumb, Prof. C. S., article by. . 162 Reidia glaucescens Meanie wee 488 INirttal litem sctelcine ve'sinicte - 463 Spiraea, Anthony eit: 3% 386, 467 Plumbago Capensis BBodoodp + 190 Reinwardtias, the........ ua els) occidentalis 2 363 palmata . 286 Plums, Japan, in Geers! --- 389 RenantheraImschootiana.........- 274 —— Piperi...... « 482 Thunbergi 83%, 435 122, 260, 378 Reservations, public, in New York. 151 taxifolia 372 Van Houttei..... eeeeeeaet ase 7, Restio subverticillata ...........--- 385 Wardi ..... pee 303 Spirzeas, the herbaceou 136 Pogonia ophioglossoides. -+. 422 Rhamnus hybrida.. - 490 ~=Salyia Horminum. . 314 Spiranthes cernua ..... - 423 pendula........--- - 422 RU exXIAS we cectecicicaesice:™ . 362 patens\s.2.-.\. 348 gracilis .. « 42 Poinsettias, cultivation of........ vt 417 Rhinanthus Crista-galli...........- 213 Sambucus Canadensis.... . + 270 Sprague, Isaac, ideathi of. + 130 Poison Ivy........172, 203, 239, 249, 208, | Rhododendron, Anthony Koster... 234 origin of the name 1368 © Spray calendar, a......2..sse0eee es 100 299, 359, 360, 368, 388, 398, 429, 478 Keiskei ....- ccocseces cence 23 Sand Myrtle, the......... 493 pumps, kerosene attachment Polemonium reptans. : - 228 maximum.. 284 Sanguinaria Canadensis . 254% for knapsack......++.+e00-+ 143% 186* Polygalas in the Pines. . 363 Vaseyi - - 214 San-Jos€'scale:.......02006 60 Spraying by steam power........-. 497 ee Seay 403 viscosum. ; ae. 492 Santa Barbara, notes from 388 experiments in...... + 190 —lanigerum.. . 403. Rhododendrons ina hard winter.. 190, Sapindus utilis........... + 479 fruit-trees, effect of 69 ‘ orientale. . « 403 209, 319 Saponaria ocymoides. 199, 208 in orchards 215 = Sachalinense sonuboonaacodhes 67 na natural wood .......... 252% Officinalis 16... sscce eens cesses 406 law in Michig< 350 Vu Spraying with Bordeaux mixture... 79 Spring in California...... eeweee sion 108 Spruce, black, a monstrous form of HG aso gnesae a TeetesiUh ose d PE eeaA ae Squash, the Faxon - Squashes, winter . Stapelia gigantea. Staphylea Colchica « Statice Gmelenii ... latifolia .. Tartarica. . 4 Steganoptycha pinicolana, ravages + 454, 514* hiaieste’ 157 - 406 on Larix Europea. ...-+.eeeeseee 238 Stellaria Holostea.. 225 Stenandrium Lindenii... 305 Stenomesson incarnatum . 253 eT A Fischeriana .. 144 Stewart, F. C.,-article-by ..........+ 269 au maphyllum ciliatum......6, 217, 305 ouis, Chrysanthemums in...... 478 Stoboes purpurea .. 406 Stocks, ‘en Weeks Stones as a source of fer Strawberries, cultivation of . 318 good varieties of... 288 —- in Wisconsin....... 298 winter protection of 200 Strawberry culture... 257 leat curl stan. 148 Parker Barlensssaess'es ste sss 10 a packing, for shipment 80 tevens’ Wonder .........-. 134 Triomphe de Gand . 140 Street-trees ...cecscesees 221 pruning 4. Streptocarpus Dyeri . 5* Streptocarpus, new hybri ++ 499 ie deat ie Jamesonii...... 8, 309 Strobilanthes anisophyllus Hee Wyerlanusssss.cnsss 134, 348 isophyllus.......... . Sturtevant, E. D., article by. Styrax Americana ....... Subirrigation in greenhouses . Sudworth, George B., article by. Summer-flow ering plants Sweet Cassava. ...ssess00 Ped, Cupid .ssccssese eu Peas, deterioration of .. 380 —- double ..... Siete: 379 fall planting of... 188 potatoes, cultivation of ... 210 Sycamore for western planting . Symplocos crateegoides..........++ Oyringas; Totes ONvsssmpsteeweemee in the Arnold Arboretum.230, 238 i Talauma, species Of.....+sseeseeees 33 Tanning properties ef three } North American trees...... Tamarix, the ‘Amour.. Taplin, W. H,, articles by.....-. - 116, 157, 348, 417, 476 Taxus Cuspidata.....sscecesereeees 20 Tea, cultivation of, ‘in Bea a + 98 - of, in Russia. . = 25, ‘Tecoma Capensis Pamisitesaleee eae acts 490 A Agave Huachucensis on the Hua- chuea Toot-hillssccesaecsess bcctien’s 185 Utahensis in the Canon of the Colorado... Androgynous Flower-cluster: Asimina triloba, fruit of Beech-tree in South Lac gmine Mas- sachusetts ......+...00- . esice 125 with Sn fy and flowers 433 Bridge in Wrentham, Massa- chusetts, an old........ a aie 43 Cc Carnation plant, with aérial roots... 158 Carpinus cordata...............0 0s 295 Cedar, a red, in Eastern Pennsyl- WANIAY ofepis te Se Wisiun's aie e ciscsikia; sib hice 65 Cedars in Africa,...... 24835 Chameedorea glaucifolia. . 507 Chico Creek, Butte County, Cali- fornia, VIEW ON yessjecee sais ciaisteis 145 Chrysanthemum, William Simpson 465 Goryliis rostrata esis cer sess cissvtiaiees R45 Cosmos sulphureus..... essdien sia OS! dD Diospyros Virginiana near Auburn, Alabama ssi sscesdececscseceseuss 265 Index. Tecophilzea cyanocrocus.. Ten Bosch, I., article by.. Texas, botanical notes from Thalia dealbata.........++ Thermopsis Caroliniana.. Thomas, John J., death of.. Thompson, William, death of Thunbergia erecta...........+ Tigridia Dugesii. . A avonia and varieties. ‘AM. FLOUtELL ss .aiea0 Tigridias, cultivation o Tilia Americana........ . Tillage, the evolution of. the science of.. Timber-culture in Kansas.........-- 5 Timber, young and old, strength of 467 Timothy, experiments with........ 370 Tisdale, > witkam F., articles by..78, 168, Tomatoes on potato stocks.. the Ignotum...... Tomatoes, Cultivation of. ripening green. yellow- fruited . Torenia Fournierii.. 76, 348 Toumey, Prof. J. W., * articles by 23; 22, 154) 324 Toxicophlcea spectabilis. . . 487 ‘Trachelospermum jasminoide - 238 Tradescantia Reginz....... 33 Transplanting trees Treat, Mrs. Mary, articles by.. 3, 103, 203, 262, 362, 452, 492 Tree-culture in Holland, an experi- ment in flora of the Chiricahua Moun- HAW Seawan ged es Goer daesasd one TE’ I2, 22 leaves, charts .of.c <6 s~%s<0 0% 72 Trees and shrubs at Madison, WISCONBIT cecavrewes (sees neces 7230 hardy, at Kew 4, Da- kota, list of native... Sibewease 200 instruction about 169 effect of bad seasons on the RTOWINIOLS : csine cuiely ciciee'sGig'vs ores 89 exhaustion of soil by. - 142 four native, in the north-west 173 of minor importance for west- ern planting. .........eseesereeeee 122 Pruning street.c.ccsssss seasonable work smo the winter aspect ot.. transplanting.... Tricker, Wm., articles 442 9 in South PEPICYTHS! Hirta tosis saws Sashes euteiches 417 Trimble, Prof. Henry, articles by.. 293, 393 Triteleia uniflora Tritomas, cultivation of 397 Troop, J., article by 75 Trollius, a hybrid. 230 Europeus auatienan 406 Tropzolum speciosum.. 364 Tulbaghia violacea.... . 508 Tulipa Kaufmanniana.. 176 sylvestris........ 196 Tulips, early, for forcing.. Species Of; 0.2... . Dussock moth; thes cnsies sascae 308, 314* Urceolina pendula........ Utility and landscape. Utricularias, notes on wv Vaccinium corymbosum.. am ASA Pennsylyanicum........ + 193 vacillans, white fruited. 503 Vitis Tdasa'i cine. caceis 193 Vacciniums in The Pines... 492 Vail, Anna Murray, articles by. 282, 312, 378 Vance, L. J., articles by....248, 278, 299, 337, 408, 438 Vanda:cceruleas.ss4cistes.d024 80354, 498 Kimballiana. . “54s 488 Vanilla, monogra h of .. planifolia, the fruit of-. Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler, articles by. ..ic.esees 87 199, 308 Vaux, Calvert, death Me seiea eh cO Vegetable fibres.. Ay sees 150 garden notes... UY 558, 257, 330, aie 377, 416 trenching. In-xte. voce ae 448 Vegetables, adulteration of canned, 68 ILLUSTRATIONS. Ee Echinocactus Wislizeni, var., in Ari- ZONA wivaictelsesue nea hue ; TS Ephestia interpunctella.. + 324 gr Forest of the Mount Atlas Cedar in AI Reriatsesese (usual can keaeee ah E as 335 on the bottom-lands of White RAVET; Indianame state os senescent 105 Forests on the Thompson River, British Columbia........... Heres 285 Fothergilla Gardeni.......... Fraxinus velutina in Arizona....... G Gladiolus tristis concolor........... Gunnera manicata in Cornwall, Mn gland sicstseneversscsessecetses 59 psig Hickory bark, showing galleries made by borersiniecers mean 353 , Kx Kalmia.cuneata iiseecassic, 0 cee stile sare 435 latifolia myrtifolia........... 317 i Mm Magnolia macrophylla at Volea esr assachusetts ....--...+.006 165 —— for private gardens. 126 it WoW Sst apaiste's 223 - under glass.. < 64 Ventilation of glass houses 20 Ventura, gardens i 1D Sempacss +» 399 Veronica Buxbaum 198 longifolia. . « 406 subsess 37» 350 Wétch; Species Ofsseiicieacsacese ais 214 Viburnum cassinoides. + 244 dentatum...... aie ees Lantana... 484, 518 lantanoides. 0+ 109 —— Opulus 385 rugosum... 193 Viburnums, notes or “245, 246, 404 Victoria regia.. + 333 Villa Lante, the. iaeturaeyayalatersia| ens fqete eae Village improvement by women... rer, 450 Vinca rosea. ns 407 Vincetoxicum acum atum. 236 Vineyards, Lake Keuka.. 408 Viola odorata Lees Victoria 84 Schénbrunn.. 83 Violet; \Gzarseccce cups ee 107 Farquhar.....<..++- + 107 Lady Hume Campbell 107 Marie Louise ..... + 107 Princess Beatrice 134 Wellsiana 107 Violets: osc ss% bea 66, 87, 106, 506 native..... 217 Vitis coignetize 509 labrusca.. 299 Miltonia vexillaria, “‘ Fairy Queen,” in Langwater Gardens, North Easton, Massachusetts.........05 195 Mimulus Clevelandi.......... Petes ass oO Oak, the Live, at Drayton Hall, South Carolina....0.sccesecessess 235 —— the Spanish oe TO4 Oaks in Sherwood Forest. 365 Opuntia fulgida in Arizona. 325 Orgyia leucostigma........+++.++++ 315 _ Palm Cafion in San Jacinto Moun- tains .........0000-% 475 Pelargonium, Amey st pe 227 Papaw, theese snes eae seeee 405 Pepper-tree, branch ofiathachantess 505 Persimmon-tree near Auburn, Alabama.......seeeeeeee oe 265 Philadelphus Falconer 497 Pine, Yellow, in Nebraska, diagram of distribution Of....-...-+e+es e+ 103 Pinus Chihuahuana. 24 latifolia vceceecs cucemici ewer se 25 ponderosa in the Yosemite Valley .....cceeeeeeceeeeceeeeeecs 395 Protea cynaroides 35 Q Quercus digitata....... Beat Toumeyi.. 505, Virginiana at Drayton Ha 1, South Carolina.... ...sssseeeeee 235 Ww Wabash Valley, forests of the.. Walnut, the Black, in the west.. Walnuts, black, germination of. . Water-garden, a winter.. lilies, Mexican..... lily, a blue Mexican Watson, B. M., articles by..... Watson, W., articles by.....3, 5, 13, 23» 28, 33, 34, 53, 54s 73» 93, 113, 123, 133, 144, 153s 204, 224, 233, 253, 203, 273, 284, 294, 304, 313, 322, 333» 343» 354, 403, 413, 433) 444, 454) 473» 483, 503, 514 Waugh, Prof. I. A., articles by.... 138, 152, 183, 186, 230, 253, 4 478, Soe Weed, Prof. Howard E., pee by. Weed-seeds, distribution of . a Weeds, and how to kill them.. 240 destruction of, by electricity. 310 extermination along roads... 350 Weigelia, Eva Rathke............. 467 Wellesley, Massachusetts, notes frOMisvediieeseys 98, 217, 358, 417, 487 Western New York Horticultural Society, meeting of..... 48, 58, 68, 79 West, future of the arid............ 260 Virginia, notes from.. 168, 18g, 198 Weyman, R. A., article by......... 8 Wight, Lathrop, article by.... Wilcox, Timothy E., article by. ary Williams, Thomas A., article by. - 493 Willow, ‘the Diamond, in South Dakota - A eee Willows for Western planting. aie names of some North Ameri- CAN tLE€.... seen eeceescceaseseees 463 of North America, some arborescent....363, 373, 423%, 473, 482 Winds. hot, of the prairies......... 331 Winter protection occ cee aceeces 5 Witches’ brooms on Cherry-trees... 269 Women in village improvement.... r2r Wood in the Comstock mines, con- sumption of.. ceteeeees 38 Woodlands in western New York... 342, 382 Woodpeckers and injurious insects 34y Wright, Walter C., article by... ..... 108 x Xanthoceros sorbifolia........-199, 497 WY Yosemite valleys mismanagement OF 1s ree uessecne es Sisscaems0e Vucea elata.....-- 5 macrocarpa . Whipplei......... Zz Zanthoriza apiifolia. Zygadenus elegans. R Rhododendrons at Westbrook, Long Island ... + 255 Rhus Michauxii 405 Rose, the Cherokee, a flowering branch | of cece swas decteeesen saan 1I5 Belle Siebrecht. ebivicienieinistole’s e375 Ss E Salix alba X lucida........ winerayetels + 424 nigra X alba... eel AZ) Sanguinaria Canadensis........... 215 Schinus Molle, branch i berries sceectesiee 2+ 505 Spireea Thunbergii . : 85 Bis hate knapsack, improved at- tachment for using kerosene with 187 Spray-pump, improved air-cham- entOnv sess. BREpernSsoEbinigdcs 143 with reservoirs for water and kerosene Spruce, Black, a monstrous form of 43 Stapelia gigantea .......esese eee 515 Streptocarpus Dyeri...........-.0-. 5 i be Tussock moth, the white-marked... 315 Ww Water-lily, a Blue Mexican......... 206 WY Yucca macrocarpa......s.ss2e: 305 Whipplei in southern Cali- fornia: J: oes eeaesecne seaealsiets 405 JANUARY 2, 1895.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. OrricE: TriBuNE Buitpinc, New York. Conducted by « . ..% » » s « « « Professor C. S. Sarcenr. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST-OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Ye NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 2, 1894. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. EpirorraL ARTICLE :—The Forests of the National Domain..............+....24 Utility and Landscape ......sseeeeeee sense cess ee eeee eens Sylvester Baxter. Christmas in the Pines.. ‘ -Mrs. Mary Treat. ForEIGN CORRESPONDENCE :—London Letter-..... V. Watson. New or LittLe-Known Piants :—Streptocarpus Dyeri. (With ‘figure.).. WoW, IRIPANGRN OES foe apale(stelerels wictslslaiawwisieseielsis\s , Notes. Branches of Tangerine oranges, each bearing a dozen fruits in a setting of dark glossy foliage, now make one of the most attractive features in the fruit-stores. The best of them come from glass houses in southern New Jersey, and sell at the rate of twenty-five cents for each orange. 10) At the annual meeting of the Ohio Horticultural Society it was said that the commercial cultivation of the Gladiolus was carried on very extensively at Cuyahoga Falls, two growers there having produced more than a million bulbs. One man was reported as selling 300,coo bulbs in a single order for enough money to pay for a small farm. A California paper announces that a sawmill in Fresno County has prepared a car-load of redwood blocks for ship- ment to Germany, where they are to be used in making lead- pencils. This is an interesting item, although the accompany- ing announcement that California redwood will soon entirely displace Florida cedar in this industry is perhaps premature. The Farmers’ Advocate states that persons who have failed to succeed with the Parker Earle Strawberry may have planted it in soil that is too dry. All Strawberries do best in mod- erately moist ground, and it may be added that weeds do the best there also; but the Parker Earle, in-particular, never seems to be at its best until its roots strike permanent mois- ture. In the report of the Executive Committee of the American Forestry Association, at its meeting in Washington last week, it was proposed to introduce into Congress bills to provide for obligatory courses of instruction in forestry at the agricultural colleges, as well as a course of lectures at West Point, a post- graduate course at the Department of Agriculture, and scholar- ships for students in forestry to be sent abroad. Besides its great parks, London now has 198 open spaces of less than ten acres in extent, with an aggregate area of three hundred and fifty-four anda half acres. Most of these grounds have been secured for public use in comparatively recent time, and the Gardeners’ Chronicle well says that any one who would have ventured to prophesy fifty years ago that there would have been now nearly two hundred such places for recreation and resort in the great city, would have been laughed at as a dreamer. Dr. Hoskins says that the Old Nonesuch Apple, which is generally supposed to be of Massachusetts origin, is probably from Canada, as is indicated by its synonym Red Canada, and also by the fact that many old orchards of this variety now exist in Canada. When well-grown upon good ground the Red Canada, like the Fameuse, is a first-class commercial fruit, and it has been shipped this winter to London from Mont- real in cases with paste-board divisions which make a cell for each apple, just as egg-boxes do for every egg. Shipped in this way these apples brought from $5.00 to $7.00 a bushel as an ornamental table fruit. Their medium and uniform size and color give them great value for this purpose. No doubt, there are other apples besides the Red Canada and the New- town Pippin which might be shipped in this way at a profit, and our own large cities would take choice fruit so marketed ata good figure. Such apples should be uniform in appear- ance, size and quality, and some of the earlier varieties like Early Joe might be shipped and sold in this way, but they would need much more intelligent handling than ordinary market apples receive. Christmas gifts supplied by florists this year consisted almost entirely of boxes of cut flowers, violets and roses being the favorites. Large, deep-colored Marie Louise violets, their long stems allowing of loose, graceful arrangement, sold for as much as five dollars a hundred. Roses cost from three dol- lars to eighteen dollars a dozen, an extra quality of American Beauty commanding the outside price of three dollars each. Lilacs at twenty-five cents to fifty cents a spray, tulips at one dollar a dozen, large showy heads of Poinsettia at twenty-five cents each, and stevia at fifty cents for a small bunch, were specialties of the holiday season. Carnations were plentiful and cheap; some well-cultivated specimens of William Scott, measuring two and a half inches across, brought the extreme price of two dollars a dozen. The Orchid season is now fairly begun, and cut blooms of Cattleya at nine dollarsa dozen, and Cypripedium insigne at four dollars a dozen, were in good sup- ply. Fruited plants of Ardisia crenulata and the Otaheite orange were in some demand, and specimen plants of Cycla- mens and of Chinese Primroses in ornamental baskets found considerable favor. But the most beautiful and the most costly were luxuriantly flowered plants of Heath, their foliage almost hidden under the myriad of tiny bells, and a few extra early pink and white Azaleas. The vegetable supply in New York at this season is remarka- bly varied, comprising the ordinary fall root-crops of our northern fields, and of Canada and Europe, the more perish- Garden and Forest. [NuMBER 358. able green crops held over in cold storage, new vegetables from the Gulf states and from the Pacific coast, and choice hot-house products from adjoining states. The principal sup- plies of potatoes in our markets now come from Long Island and interior sections of New York state, and from New Jersey, Maine and Michigan. Cargoes have recently arrived from Scotland, England, Germany and Belgium, and new potatoes from Bermuda are already here. The best sweet-potatoes come from Vineland, and West India yams, weighing from five to eight pounds apiece, are occasionally seen. These are cut in quantity to suit the purchaser and sell for fifteen centsa pound. Winter turnips, from New Jersey and from Canada, are abundant and cheap, while small and tender hot-house turnips cost five cents each. Carrots grown under glass may be had for twenty cents a dozen. Florida cucumbers, small and of irregular form, sell at the rate of four for twenty-five cents, the smooth and shapely hot-house product bringing twenty cents each. These have more than their appearance to account for the difference in price, since their crispness and delicate flavor is most marked. Tomatoes from the southern states and from California cost twenty-five to thirty cents a pound, the firm flesh and rich color of hot-house tomatoes makingsales for them at fifty to sixty cents apound. Small bunches of asparagus, from St. Louis, are offered at thirty-five cents each, and slender stalks of the same vegetable, from New Jersey greenhouses, are luxuries which cost as much as $1.25 for two dozen tips. New okra, from Havana, costs ten cents a dozen, arti- chokes, from Louisiana, twenty-five cents each, and Florida squashes tencents. Other vegetables from Florida are egg- plants, Brussels sprouts, leeks, peas, string beans and lettuce. Chicory and escarole come from New Orleans, and radishes, spinach and kale from Norfolk. Dandelion grown in cold frames on Long Island finds ready buyers at twenty cents a quart, and the best mushrooms cost $1.25 a pound. The so-called Vanilla Bean is not a bean at all, as is well known, but the fruit of a climbing Orchid, Vanilla planifolia, the capsule or pod of which is about three-eighths of an inch in diameter and from six to ten inches long, and has a certain resemblance to the so-called Catalpa Bean. The plant in its native home, in Mexico and tropical America, climbs over trees and shrubs by means of slender rootlets sent out from the joints of the stem. It is not a true epiphyte, however, but always maintains its connection with the soil. In its wild state it climbs to a height of twenty feet, but in cultivation it is kept within bounds, so that the unripe pods are not injured when the others are gathered. A late number of Popular Science News contains an interesting account of the method of growing the Vanilla, in which it is stated that in Mexico the plant is propagated by cuttings and then trained over some rough-barked trellis-work in partial shade. When the plants were first introduced into the West and East Indies they grew vigorously and produced an abundance of flowers, but no pods. It was discovered that the particular moth which fer- tilized the flowers in Mexico was absent from its new home, and artificial pollination was resorted to, after which the plants produced abundantly. With a long splint of bamboo the lip of the flower is lifted away and the pollen is transferred from the pockets and applied to the stigma. The work is so easily done that one person can fertilize a thousand flowers in a morning. The pods require a month to reach full size and six months more to ripen. The process of curing is long and compli- cated, and the aroma of vanilla is said to be produced only by fermentation. In the island of Réunion, in the Indian Ocean, where the plant is grown extensively, the pods are placed ina basket and plunged for half a minute in hot water, then placed on a mat to drain and exposed between woolen blankets to the sun for six or eight days, and kept in closed boxes during the night to promote a slight fermentation. When the pods are perfectly cured they are a dark chocolate color, pliable and free from moisture. When finally prepared, the pods are tied up in bundles, packed in air-tight boxes, and when in prime condition they are covered with a frosting of needle-like crys- tals of vanillic acid, which, when pressed between the fingers, gives off the characteristic odor. The supply sent to New York is produced in Mexico, and is regarded as of the highest quality. The amount imported amounts to something like 150,000 pounds a year, while on our Pacific coast a portion of the supply is derived from the island of Tahiti, although the quality of this is much inferior. The supply of London comes largely from Mauritius and Seychelles, and the greater part of the vanilla imported into France comes from Réunion. Three years ago more than 500,000 pounds were imported into France from this island, which was twice the amount produced in all the rest of the world. JANUARY 9g, 1895.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. OrricE: TripuNnz Burtpinc, New York. Conducted by . Professor C. S. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST-OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Yo NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 9, 1805. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE EDITORIAL ARTICLES :—Parks and Park-planting.....00.scccceseaseecescscececn IT Seed Distribution by the Agricultural Department ................... 12 BlackiwWalnutin th eswWiestts. seigwccee.centeiates ces Professor Charles A. Keffer. 12 Notes on the Tree Flora of the Chiricahua Mountains.—I. (With figure.) J. W. Toumey. 12 -W. Watson. 13 ForREIGN CORRESPONDENCE :—London Letter........-...- FESPA MIN SEES Ware ermtetede niet aie le alelceia Sia teusle ein STetmcisieislsielaiasisindieise: esave-n.ne neve Sale aebecias 14 CuLTuRAL Dk&PARTMENT :—Epigzea repens.. wee ZG. Jack. 15 PATCH rrte De St Ui aerate falerece ate etcteyctalsvayatarstotetetaisisia\sietaiatusd < 3 uae 5.016% W, FE. Endicott. 16 INOteS OM TIES: cee scleccicssisiesies sieiseie siesta cic vee oi om .-/. H. Horsford. 17 ILzeibe) SIM H ENS roorsagepreceen dos 6 1554 eee ee E. O. Orpet. 17 Luculia gratissima, Euphorbia Jacquinizeflora, Bougainvillea glabra, Plantsman. 17 Ghrysanthemums, Oldtand Newisrecu, waceintin e's cess sievece ae FN. Gerard. 18 CorRESPONDENCE :—A Winter Water-garden sheteawilt Dine RECENT PUBLICATIONS ..0.s-esccecccesecece cesses ec cescesccnscensesseneenceees 19 ING@RNES cdess56 cau agnoodcOgonr cSenSon4 Shes SR on Sheen Oe emcee are arenas 20 Itiusrration :—Fraxinus velutina on the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona, TOD aera eacssisizenisiensinaitisns a9 ceciesaceseieisases setcesasnsacsetesccens 15 Parks and Park-planting. F the word “ park” in popular usage ever suggested a group of well-defined ideas, it has in these later days _lost its distinctiveness, so that to one man it may mean a country fair-ground, and to another a forest, a game preserve, a field for athletic sports, a race-track, an arboretum or a military parade-ground; in fact, it is applied in a confused way to any space that is not roofed over. This is a misfortune, for, when we are discussing questions of park design or park maintenance, or inquir- ing what are the true functions of a park, or what should be excluded from it as destructive of its value, we must have a clear idea of what it is and what it is for. We have always used the word to indicate primarily a place where the mind and body are refreshed by rural scenery. Of course, a park will also furnish fresh air and sunshine, opportunities for bodily exercise and rest, but beyond these, and more important than these, is the refreshment of mind which comes from the influence of beautiful natural scenery. The paths and roads are not, therefore, merely places to walk in or drive over ; their fundamental use is to make the scenery of the park available to persons on foot or in carriages or on horseback, so that they may find that relief and repose which natural beauty alone can bring to city-wearied senses. The value of a city park, therefore, for a city population is greater or less according as the poetic charm of its scenery is preserved and devel- oped. It seems to bean admitted fact also that quiet, pas- toral prospects have the greatest intrinsic value in enabling us to resist the wearing influence of city life and recover wasted mental energy, and it, therefore, follows that the best work is not one in which the architectural features predominate, or in which the planting aims to be highly ornamental or decorative. In a paper published during the past year at Vienna, called Der Park, by Franz Graf, there is an instructive discussion on the quality of landscape beauty required for a park, part of which will be found in a condensed form in the paragraphs which follow. A park is more than mere woodland and field, but, on the other hand, it is not a garden in the narrow Garden and Forest. II sense of the word. The designers of parks invariably fall into errors of disposition and treatment when they forget this distinction. A park is not a garden, al- though its mere extent is not the distinctive mark of the difference between the two. There are large gardens and there are small parks, and the purpose of both is toawaken pleasurable sensations. In achieving this end, however, a garden is treated like a miniature painting. Flowers and other materials which are in themselves minutely beautiful receive loving attention in every detail. Such a garden delights us with its color, enlivens us with its perfume, cools us with its shade, but here itsservice ends. A park picture is drawn with a bolder hand, so that delicate work on de- tails is dissipated and wasted. It must have something more than sensuous beauty—broader and grander features which make appeal through the imagination to the nobler faculties. Yearsagoourancestors caught theright idea when, tired of the endless avenues and clipped trees of Lendtre, they began in an imitative way to make copies of nature in their English gardens by mingling grottoes and artificial tuins and brightly colored dairy buildings with their scenery. They aimed to simulate pastoral scenery, but they overshot the mark, forgetting that a park is not a mere imitation of woodland and field any more than it is a series of formal flower-beds. Of course, a park must be beautiful, for if it does not speak to the eye like a picture it will not appeal to the heart like a song; and if it shows no refinement of taste it falls far below the rank of what a forest, or meadow, or a vineyard may happen to be. It is a happy accident when a forest, which is treated in strict accordance with the foresters craft, chances also to be striking from a pictorial point of view, or when a meadow or vineyard, by reason of the fortunate dispositions of its hills and valleys, its foliage and its water, is beautiful as well as useful. But the first purpose of a park is to secure these results which in the woods and the meadow are happy accidents. Not only is beauty essential to a park; its whole value lies in beauty. But it must be that serene and enduring beauty which is embodied in its essential and permanent features, and not merely the transient and superficial beauty of floral embroidery. It must have dignity of expression, and not mere prettiness. Again, although a park must be beautiful, it may be bad art to crowd it full of plants and’structures simply because they are beautiful. We too often see a huddle of expensive rarities which struggle with each other to reach the light, and yet leave no reposeful spot for the eye to restupon. This is why stretches of turf and simple wood borders are more refreshing as a spectacle to the weary than any collection of oddities which excite the eye, rather than rest it, by their glowing colors and conspicuous forms. This does not mean that a park should have no beauty of detail, but in the hand of an artist who wishes to produce an effect upon the imagination, a few beautiful things, harmoniously adjusted, mean more beauty for the whole than beautiful objects in such profusion that they cannot be grouped into any quiet and consistent picture. And since we aim at permanent beauty rather than any transient impression, this consideration alone explains why tender exotics, which seem to shudder in a cold climate, and imported novelties, which drag out a homesick life in exile, are not to be com- pared with native Oaks and Pines, which rejoice in the vigor of health, and grow more beautiful through years, and even through centuries. This longevity of the noblest trees and their continued growth in dignity and beauty suggest the thought that one who creates a great park must plant for posterity. What is called planting for immediate effect is usually a make- shift, and, like other makeshifts, an expensive blunder. Light is the life of plants, and as the whole plant is con- demned to death if it gets no light, any part of it which the sunbeams no longer reach is doomed. The advice to set the sapling where it will have enough light when it be- comes a tree is simple, but it is constantly disregarded. 12 Garden and Forest. Even if we are planting to exclude some disagreeable ob- ject from sight it is better to set the trees so that they can have abundant room for their roots and light for their tops, even though during a few years we must wait patiently for the wall of foliage which is to do duty as ascreen. If we plant this screen thickly the offensive object will be quickly hidden, but it will be only a short time before the lower branches give up their struggle for life, and there will remain a roof of foliage with bare trunks which hardly obstructs the view. A much more serious matter it is to destroy a good tree thatis in the way. It requires firmness of purpose to destroy an object which is beautiful in itself, but it is much better to suffer a pang for such a loss than to have the life-long vexation of knowing that a tree, though noble in itself, is out of harmony and proportion with its surroundings, or that it compels some inconvenient adjust- ment of walks or drives, and that it will keep on doing this forever. The proper way is to plan and plant for posterity, and even ifthe removal of a tree leaves a wound which can only be healed in fifty years, it should be remembered that the sapling planted near it will not only fill its place, but make a complete and satisfying picture which will give unalloyed delight for centuries. Ir is not worth while to restate here our often expressed views on the subject of the distribution of seeds as it has been conducted for years by the Federal Department of Agriculture. We are glad to know that the matter was brought before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society last month, and, on the motion of the Hon. Joseph R. Leeson, seconded by Francis H. Appleton, Esq., the following resolution was unanimously adopted, and copies forwarded to the officials named in it. It is to be hoped that agricultural societies and horticultural societies which are now having their annual meetings will express their views in a similar way, and give the authorities at Wash- ington to understand that the people of the country are tired.of this abuse and intend to have it abolished : Whereas, more than half a century ago improved varieties of seed were sent out by the official then in charge of that work at Washington, to farmers and gardeners of the country, in order that such seeds might be tested and their practical value ascertained, either over others already in use, or as to their value for introduction and cultivation, And whereas, we recognize that the present distribution of seeds from the Department of Agriculture does not meet the original intention as herein indicated, and has grown to unrea- sonable dimensions (and has become a gratuitous distribution of seeds that the recipient is often unwilling to use), the cost of such distribution in 1893 having been $160,000, We, the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety, assembled by our representatives in our hall at Boston, respectfully recommend to the Congress of the United States that the present method of, and appropriation for, the distri- bution of seeds be abolished; and that in its stead an appro- priation be made of sufficient amount ($35,000 suggested), by which the Department of Agriculture can distribute to the experiment stations, now located in almost every state and territory, such seeds as may to the said department seem wise, and require a report upon the same from the stations, the sta- tions to perform the required’ work under appropriations already provided for annualiy ; and direct that the Secretary send a copy of these expressions to each of our Senators and Representatives and to the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. Black Walnut in the West. IKE the Catalpa, the Black Walnut can only be grown _, successfully in a limited portion of the plains. It reaches its greatest development in the rich bottom-lands along the Ohio and Mississippi, and its northern limit is Nicollet County, Minnesota. In the west it is found in the eastern counties of Kansas and Nebraska, but I have not heard of its being found anywhere in South Dakota. It has been extensively planted in Kansas and Nebraska, more than any hard-wood tree, except the Ash. In a moist rich soil it grows quite as rapidly as the Ash, and usually more [NUMBER 359. so. On upland soils, especially where there is a stiff sub- soil, as in most prairies, it does not succeed. The Black Walnut is a light-demanding tree, and should always be planted far apart among good shade- makers. In this way it will grow tall and rid itself of lateral branches, making a straight clean log, free from faults. Even when planted pure, if set close, the Black Walnut cleans its trunk. much better than the Catalpa. At Farlington, Kansas, there are two plats of this tree—one almost pure, and the other a mixture with Wild Cherry, which is a good shade-maker while young. In the pure plat, thirty-five measured trees averaged 3.8 inches in diameter three feet from the ground, and were twenty-four feet high, with laterals within six feet of the ground. In the mixed plat, twenty-six measured trees averaged 4.1 inches in diameter and thirty feet high. They had clean trunks to a height of fifteen or eighteen feet, with very small crowns. ‘The trees in the pure plantation had much larger crowns, and really contained more wood in the aggregate, but since this was largely in branches it was of no value. These trees were set in 1878 as year- lings, and they were, therefore, sixteen or seventeen years old when measured. At the home of Professor Poponoe, of the Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, there is a plat of about two acres of close-planted Black Walnuts which are making a strong and vigorous growth, and they are shedding their lateral branches very well. This plat is in deep soil adjacent to a never-failing spring-stream, soit has abundance of moisture. At Hutchinson, Kansas, Judge Honck planted Black Walnut seed in 1887 on half an acre of sandy loam, with water within ten to fourteen feet of the surface. Last fall about two hundred trees were found on the plat, which averaged about twenty-five feet high, and specimens eight inches in diameter three feet from the ground, were found. In going from Omaha, Nebraska, to Nebraska City I observed a very fine grove of Black Wal- nuts, averaging fully forty feet high. Good specimens were seen in Hastings and Red Cloud, Nebraska, but only on low deep soil. The tree is doing very well on the farm of the Nebraska State University at Lincoln. In South Dakota, the Black Walnut is not a success. At the Agricultural College of that state a few specimens re- main in mixed plats, set in 1889, but they are weak. At At the Colorado Agricultural College there is a plantation of these trees of about an acre in extent, in which these trees are set twelve to eighteen feet apart both ways, re- sembling an orchard more than a forest-plat. The trees are in vigorous condition, but they have short trunks and large crowns. One of the best measured twenty-one feet high and five inches in diameter three feet from the ground. These trees were grown under irrigation. Charles A. Keffer. Washington. Notes on the Tree Flora of the Chiricahua Mountains.—I. Y most people Arizona is thought of as the Sahara of the New World—a land of broad mesas and rugged mountains, where strange Cacti, tall Agaves and wide- spreading Yuccas flourish, while trees and shrubs with broad green leaves and shady foliage are unknown. It is true that Arizona has unnumbered miles of broad mesas and sand-blown plains, but even here many species of shrubs, besides perennial and annual herbs, find a con- genial home. Growing, as they do, where the rainfall is light, where there is little dew or other moisture, where the days are successions of bright sunshine, all the plants of the plains have small leaves, or, frequently, none, a dense pubescence, or thick epidermis. Nature, by lessening or protecting the evaporating surface, enables plants inhabit- ing these regions to withstand prolonged drought and the scorching heat of an almost tropical sun. The deep green of other regions here gives way to “ Arizona green,” a color hard to describe—a sombre gray which harmonizes well with the stretches of sand and rock-strewn hills. JANUARY 9 18g5.| Much has been written in regard to the gray vegetation of the Arizona plains. Little has been said, however, about our mountains and broad table-lands, which bear another flora, with leaves as green, flowers as bright, and shade.as deep as we find in any other portion of our country. In a two-months’ trip, from Tucson to the Grand Cafion of the Colorado, and return, I have collected more than eight hundred species of Pheenogamous plants. Dr. Wil- cox has found between five and six hundred species in the Huachuca Mountains. On a recent trip of twenty-one days to the mountain ranges of south-eastern Arizona I collected three hundred and twenty species. The large and varied collections, made by botanists in different por- tions of Arizona, amply testify to the great diversity in our flora. Our plateaus and mountains give us a vegetation similar to that of more northern climates, while our south- ern mesas give us a peculiar and interesting one, charac- teristic of the planes of Mexico. Arizona has a greater number of forest-trees than any of the other states or territories of equal area west of the Mis- sissippi River; a greater number than Michigan or Califor- nia, and nearly eighteen per cent. of the species of the United States. During July I was one of a party who made a trip by wagon over a considerable portion of south-eastern Ari- zona. We rode about four hundred miles and visited the Santa Rita, Huachuca, Mule, Swisshelm, Chiricahua, Gal- luro and Rincon mountain ranges. Of all these ranges, the Chiricahuas are the least known, botanically. They have an interesting and diverse vegetation, and especially is this true in regard to the forest flora, since seventy per cent. of all the trees of the state are growing on these mountains. The Chiricahua Mountains may be termed the northern prolongation of the Sierra Madre range of Sonora and Chi- -huahua. They occupy a large area in Cochise County, and, like the other ranges of south-eastern Arizona, extend approximately north and south. All these ranges differ considerably from each other as regards their geological formation. Owing to this, and to the fact that they are separated from each other by more or less broad strips of mesa, each is quite different from its neighboring ranges in the prominent features in its flora. A marked distinction is also noticeable in the vegetation of the mesas, when separated by mountains of considerable elevation. Approaching the Chiricahua Mountains from the west, at the north of the Swisshelm range, we entered White River cafion, ascended this cafion to old Camp Rucker, thence over the divide to San Simon Valley, skirted the eastern border of the mountains to Fort Bowie, and ascended all the important cafions on the east side. These canons are all thickly wooded. In many places the trees and under- brush are so dense that one can only get through after much effort. The mostabundanttrees are Oaks, Pines and Junipers. In the lower cafions are Cottonwood, Mesquit, Desert Willow, Black Willow, Silky Willow, Mexican Elder, Soapberry, Mulberry, Mexican Buckthorn, Ash, Box-elder, Junco, Broad-leaved Yucca, Oaks and Acacias. Farther up we find Walnut, Alder, Sycamore, Maple, Locust, Cherry, Bearberry, Hackberry, Oaks, Pines and other conifers. In the foot-hills and lower mountains are two species of Palo- verde, the narrow-leaved Yucca, two Tree Opuntias andtwo Acacias. On the mountain-sides, at a greater elevation, we find Juniper, Cedar, Mountain Mahogany, Arbutus, Aspen and several Oaks and Pines. On a limestone cliff at the right, a few miles before entering White River Cafion, are growing a number of specimens of Bumelia spinosa, one of which measured thirty feet high and eleven inches in diameter. Here were also fine specimens of Morus celtidifolia and Quercus grisea. A trunk of the latter species measured twelve feet four inches in circumference. An interesting form of Q. undulata, with very undulate leaves, was found grow- ing on these rocks. This is the only form of this very variable species, so far as I have observed, that approaches Garden and Forest. I 2 o a tree in size. Specimens were measured that were from twenty-five to thirty feet high and eight inches in diameter, and with a good clean trunk. By the side of this cliff, along the wash from White River Cafion, were abundant specimens of Chilopsis saligna, Salix nigra venulosa and S. longifolia, var. The latter is a beautiful tree with rather long drooping branches and small silky leaves. A few specimens measured eighteen inches in diameter ; most usually, however, this tree is much smaller. Platanus Wrightii, Fraxinus velutina* (see page 15) and Juglans rupestris were occasionally seen, but were not so abundant as they were later. Juglans rupestris is more or less abundant in all the mountain ranges of south-eastern Arizona. It is most usually a small tree with white stiff branches ; sometimes, however, it grows to a considerable size. Specimens were measured in the Galluro Mountains with trunks twelve feet eight inches in circumference, and long wide-spreading branches. There is a great varia- tion in the size of the nuts of this species ; sometimes they are fully an inch and a quarter in diameter, and sometimes they are not one-quarter of that size. At the entrance of the cafion were a number of large specimens of Juniperus pachyphloea, the most beautiful and symmetrical of all our Junipers. One trunk measured over thirteen feet in circumference. Growing with this Juniper were J. occidentalis monosperma, Quercus Emoryi and Alnus oblongifolia. Among ranchmen Juniperus pachyphlcea is known as Juniper, while all the shreddy- barked species are called Cedar. The Cedar is a much more durable timber, and is used extensively throughout this region in building fences and corrals. Quercus Emoryi is the most abundant and widespread of all the Oaks of Arizona. From a mere shrub on the mountain-side it grows to great size in more favorable localities. One of these Oaks at Rosemont, on the Santa Rita Mountains, has a trunk fourteen feet nine inches in circum- ference, and the magnificent spread of ninety-six feet. The acorns of this species ripen as early as June, and under the name “biotes” are used for food by Mexicans and Indians. This, together with the small bunch of pubescence at the union of leaf-blade to petiole, are impor- tant characters in the identification of this species. Another Black Oak, somewhat similar, but probably a new species, was found on the mountains above Bisbee. Tucson, Arizona. Js W. Toumey. Foreign Correspondence. London Letter. Begonia Socotrana.—One cannot easily say too much in praise of this Begonia as a winter-flowering plant. It is grown in quantity at Kew, where there are now many specimens of it in flower. The finest examples of it, how- ever, that I have ever seen are now flowering in the nur- sery of Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans. They are about eighteen inches high, with five or six stems, in a six- inch pot, the leaves in some cases fully ten inches in diame- ter, and the flowers very numerous in terminal racemes, their color a most pleasing shade of rose-pink. Is there not some mistake in the note on this plant on page 486, vol. vii., where the flowers are said to be “fully four inches across”? I have neverseen any that exceeded two inches. Possibly American treatment may result in flowers twice as large as can be obtained by the best English growers. Here the tubers are started in August in a sunny moist stove, and when the plants are in vigorous growth they are placed near the glas$ in the sunniest possible position till they flower. *Fraxinus yelutina is a round-topped handsome tree, thirty or forty feet in height, which ranges from the mountains of western as through southern New Mexico and Arizona, southern Nevada and south-eastern Calitornia. It is common in northern Mexico, and grows in Lower California. It is usually found in the neighborhood of streams, in elevated cafions, and, occasionally, on dry mesas, where the leaves are thick and leathery, and sometimes coated with a dense velvety tomentum. It is often planted for the shade of its abundant leaves in the towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, along the streets and on the borders of irrigating ditches. 14 Brconia Rex Socotrana.—I lately saw a batch of plants in flower of this interesting hybrid in the St. Albans nurseries. They are likely to become favorites in the gar- den because of their combining the characters of both parents in a pleasing manner. The leaves are like those of Begonia Rex in form, but shorter in the petiole and more crowded on the plant, and they are prettily colored as in that species. The flowers are borne in erect sturdy ra- cemes, which stand well above the foliage, and have much of the character of those of B. Socotrana, though they are paler in color. Probably, if the hybrid were again crossed with B. Socotrana a still better result would be obtained. But there is much to admire in the hybrid as it stands. Messrs. Sander & Co., the raisers, think very highly of it. Apparently the plants are evergreen, as in B. Rex, and, therefore, they may prove perpetual flowerers. Time will show. The number of crosses in which B, Socotrana is one of the parents far exceeds the offspring of any other species of Begonia, Brconta Rayjau.—There are thousands of this new species of Begonia in the St. Albans nurseries, where it is planted on rockeries in stoves, on the sides of stages or grown in pots, and it is happy in every position. It was introduced last year by Messrs. F. Sander & Co. from Singapore. The species it most closely resembles is Begonia gogoensis, also a native of Malaya, but this has peltate leaves, and is not so pleasingly variegated. B. Rajah is dwarf, the leaves about eight inches across, obliquely cordate, and colored dark green, with large blotches of dark brown— purple-brown some would call the color. The flowers are small and whitish. It is only as a foliage-plant that this Begonia will find favor, and in this character it is worthy to be ranked with B. Rex, B. Thwaitesii, B. decora and B. smaragdina. Messrs. F. Sander & Co. have crossed B, Rajah with B. Socotrana, and the result is likely to be something good ; indeed, no cross, so far as I know, in which the last-named species has been used, has proved other than good in a garden sense. CatcroLaria Bursipcr1.—This is a handsome winter- flowering shrub of great value for the conservatory. It is grown in quantity at Kew, where there are bushes of it varying from eighteen inches to six feet in height, well branched, covered with leaves and bearing numerous large, loose, elegant racemes of bright yellow flowers. Spring- struck cuttings of it grown out-of-doors all summer and potted on as they require, much the same as Chrysanthe- mums, grow to a good size by autumn, and they will keep on flowering from November to May, or even longer. The plant is of hybrid origin, its parents being the large, some- what coarse, Peruvian shrub, Calceolaria Pavonia, which is hardy against a wall at Kew, and C. fuchsizfolia, also Peruvian, and one of the most interesting of the cultivated species from the fact that in foliage and habit it closely mimics a Fuchsia, and in winter it produces its pretty yel- low purses very freely. Here it is planted out in a bed of good soil in June, lifted and potted in October, and kept in a cool frame until it flowers. It is hardy in Cornwall. Lourya campaNnuLata.—This plant was introduced into France from Cochin China about seven years ago and was described by Baillon, who named the genus in compliment to the late curator of the Jardin des Plantes, Monsieur Loury. It is closely related to Peliosanthes in Haemodoracee, resem- bling that genus in habit, but it has broader foliage than any of the Peliosanthes known to me. The flowers and fruit are also like those of Peliosanthes, but larger. L. cam- panulata has a root-stock like Aspidistra, from which spring numerous leaves eighteen inches long, the petiole six inches and the ovate lanceolate blade twelve inches by four, bright shining green, the margins conspicuously crimpled ; texture thin, with numerous raised parallel veins running from base to apex. The flowers are borne on a short erect raceme three inches long, and they are fleshy, bell-shaped, half an inch in diameter, pale yellow, with a black-purple disk-like centre. The fruits are three-quarters of an inch long and of a bright china-blue color. The Garden and Forest. . [NUMBER 359. plant requires stove treatment. a foliage-plant. Cyctea Burmanni.—The macerated leaves of this plant when steeped in water form a jelly which is said to be equal in flavor and as a food to calf’s-foot jelly. Dr. Mor- ris recently stated in a lecture on plants which yield It is likely to find favor as extraordinary substances, that a few of the leaves when ~ : crushed and placed in water would in a short time form a thick mass of transparent jelly, and that a friend of his dur- ing sickness was nourished forsome time by jelly thus obtained. The plant is grown in one of the stoves at Kew, but it does not seem to possess this property here. Itis a native of Ceylon and Concan. At Kew it is a slender, quick-growing climber, with peltate-oblong leaves four inches long, hairy and dull green. The flowers are small, greenish and borne in long drooping, branching panicles. It is not a plant of any ornamental value, but its jelly-pro- ducing proclivities, when grown in tropical sunshine, are interesting and might be turned to account. The genus belongs to the Menisperms and is related to Cissampelos. Pornsettra,—Every one knows the value in midwinter of this plant, and every one who has a stove grows it. But while it is easy to grow plants to produce heads of crimson leaves varying from nine inches to a foot in diameter, those who can grow them to twice that size are, I opine, few in number. Locality has something to do with it, affecting the color, as it does in the case of’Calanthes, which are paler when grown near big towns than when removed from the bad influences of smoky fog. The finest Poin- settias I have ever seen, however, arrived here a few days ago from Madeira. They formed the packing for some fine examples of the fruits of ‘‘Choco,” Sechium edule. The rich crimson leaves (bracts) were of exceptional size, the largest being eleven inches long by three and a quarter inches wide, and the whole head was nearly two feet through. Such magnificent heads may be possible in Florida, for instance. They would make the fortune of an English market-grower if he could produce them, or of a flower-dealer if he could procure them fresh, Naturav v. Unnaturat TRAINING FOR CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Perhaps I have not made myself clear in my criticism on painfully trained specimen Chrysanthemums. I certainly never intended to discredit skill when I wrote in favor of less formal training, though “R. P.” suggests as much (see p. 498, vol. vii.). In GarpEn anv Forest, vol. vi., p. 456, there is a picture of what I mean bya naturally grown Chrysanthe- mum, and I there said that the art of the skilled gardener was needed for the production of such a specimen, though in that case it was hidden. Training should never go in the direction of distortion, unless there are very good rea- sons for it. Weare compelled to use balloon-trellises for Allamanda, Clematis, Bougainvillea and Gloriosa, if we want to exhibit them, but not so in the case of the Chrys- anthemum. The Rose is sometimes maltreated by exhib- itors, who twist and bind the stems with wire in all sorts of odd ways to produce a thing like an umbrella or a fan or some such fancy. All this is in bad taste, and, therefore, is bad gardening. Thesame narrow view condemns as bad in habit all plants which do not form nice bushy speci- mens. Anything ‘‘leggy” is considered an abomination! London, W. Watson. Plant Notes. Rosa Carotina.—This native Swamp Rose is one of the species which flower late, with the climbing Prairie Rose and Rosa Wichuriana, which trails on the ground like a Dewberry. Unlike these, it has an upright habit, and reaches a height of six to seven feet, being the tallest of our wild bush Roses. It is common by waysides and woodsides, especially where the ground is moist, and its flowers, which appear in the middle of July, often last until the middle of August, since they do not open simultane- ously, but follow, one another in succession. The indi- vidual flowers are rather smaller than those of our other ea ey ee ee a a ee a JANUARY 9, 1895.] native Roses, but they grow in corymbose clusters, and they have the special merit of possessing that typical wild- rose fragrance which everybody enjoys. A single plant will spread by underground shoots, so that in a few years it will make a large clump, and it is very’ useful where masses of shrubs of considerable size are wanted. We are led to speak of the Swamp Rose at this time because just now its corymbs of highly colored fruit make a very effective showing above the snow in a few of the shrub borders of Central Park, where it has found its way, perhaps, by some natural means of distribution, although itmay have been planted. This fruit is bright scarlet, and it not only clings to the plant all winter, but it keeps its color and remains sound and plump until some early-flow- ering shrubs like the Japanese Witch Hazel are in full bloom. Altogether, itis one of our native shrubs whose value for park planting at different seasons ought to be more generally known. Garden and Forest. 15 but the variety Excelsum, or a special strain of this variety called Harpur Crewe, which was introduced a few years ago, seemed to give a new impulse to the cultivation of various kinds of the Leopard’s Bane, which is the common name of the genus. Doronicum Caucasicum, which was known in the early part of this century, is itself an admira- ble plant for cutting, and is now quite generally cultivated. Of course, the true home of these plants is the outdoor garden, for they are perfectly hardy and among the most showy of border plants ; but if they are lifted with care in autumn, potted and placed in a cool greenhouse they will be now large enough to flower, and through February and the early spring months they will bloom abundantly. These large yellow flowers are not only beautiful, but they last well when cut. The variety Excelsum blooms later, since it grows to a height of four or five feet, and when at its best it bears flowers three, or even four, inches across, but D. Caucasicum will flower much earlier in five-inch Fig. 2.—Fraxinus velutina on the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona.—See page 12. Potypopium (GONIOPHLEBIUM) SUBAURICULATUM.—Although this Fern is graceful even when young it never shows its real decorative value until it is fully grown. Its distinctive feature is the pendulous habit of its fronds, which are pinnate and bright green. When placed in a large tub and allowed to grow, these fronds, which are produced in great abundance, will hang down on every side to a length of ten or twelve feet. When placed ona tall pedestal, a specimen four or five feet through and draped to the ground with a dense curtain of green fronds makes a very striking picture. This Fern was brought from the Malayan Archipelago a great many years ago, and is one of the most graceful of the family. The bright yellow fruit-dots, like those of other Polypodiums, are sunk so deeply in the fronds that they make a little pro- -tuberance on the other side. Doronicum PLANTAGINEUM.—This Composite plant from southern Europe was introduced twenty-five years ago, pots, and it rarely grows more than a foot tall. D. Clusii also makes a good pot-plant, although it is not so sturdy a plant for outdoor cultivation. All Doronicums do better in a heavy soil which is retentive of moisture. Cultural Department. Epigzea repens. PIGAZA REPENS, the Mayflower of some parts of New England, the Ground Laurel or Trailing Arbutus of various localities in eastern North America, has probably excited as much interest as any other hardy plant. Many efforts have been made to domesticate it, and few kinds of plants have so often failed to flourish under artificial condi- tions. In most cases where transplanting from its natural home is attempted old plants are taken up with as many roots as possible or convenient, and sometimes with earth. They are too often rudely taken from the warm shelter of woods and leaf-covered ground to some position quite different either 16 Garden and Forest. in exposure, temperature, humidity or character of the soil. The result is a check in growth, which is generally followed by a degeneration of the plant, which may endure for several years, but finally dies, and what appears like success for one or two years after transplanting may prove a failure at the end of five or six. In transferring the wild plants from the woods the common mistake is to select plants which are too old. Old plants may be removed safely if an abundant mass of soil is moved with them, so that the roots are not much disturbed, and if care is taken that the new conditions do not differ too greatly from the old. Wherever possible, it is always much the best plan to collect small plants or seedlings, and grow them carefully in a well-prepared bed, or cold frame, of sand, loam and peat for a year or two before planting out permanently. They will, of course, require proper shading and watering. It may be supposed that seedlings are not always easily procured, and it is true that few seedling plants are noticed if we look for them among the heavy covering of leaves which often protect the plants. The best places to procure seedlings will be found along old paths and cart-tracks in the woods, along railroad cuts and embankments where the species abounds, and in other similar situations where the ground has been disturbed or a clearing made. ; After some careful observation the little plants may be easily detected even when provided with only three or four small leaves. With proper care these will become robust speci- mens, and best adapted to thrive under conditions of culti- vation, In localities where the Epigzea is not indigenous the modes of propagation employed are division of old plants, layering or by cuttings ; but these methods are often slow and unsatisfac- tory. It may naturally be asked, Why not procure seeds? Fruits and seeds of Epigaea, however, are known to few peo- ple, even among professional botanists, who are familiar with the sweet, fragrant, shy little flowers. Probably no one has ever procured seeds from a regular dealer. The dry little fruits are not likely to be noticed on the stems of the plants unless they are carefully looked for, and they may be found more plentifully in sunny open places than in more shaded ones. Doubtless, also, in some parts of the country the con- ditions for seed-production are much more favorable than others. Where seed can be precured it may be sown in pots, boxes or beds of well-prepared and well-pulverized soil com- posed of loam, peat and fine clean sand in about equal parts, and the whole well drained beneath. The seed should be sown on the surface of the soil and have a very slight cover- ing of earth sifted over it, an amount of soil equal to the diameter of the seed, or scarcely enough to cover it, being quite sufficient. It may then be covered with fine sphagnum or dead moss, and the whole gently and thoroughly watered, and the sphagnum and surface of the soil should not be allowed to become dry afterward. If in a greenhouse or where there is warmth, the first seedlings may appear under the sphagnum in two or three weeks, and soon afterward the sphagnum must be carefully removed and a very slight sifting of additional soil may be added to the surface. Until they are well established the little plants should be shaded from the direct rays of the sun, and the more humid the atmosphere the better they will grow. As soon as they have produced one or two little leaves the plants may be thickly transplanted to pots or shallow boxes, care being taken not to let the delicate roots dry for even a moment, and as they grow and crowd they may be again transplanted and given additional room until they are large enough to be placed in beds or permanent places. Whenever practicable, it isa good plan to start the seeds in a greenhouse, sowing them soon after collecting or during the winter. After the first season the pots or boxes of little plants may be wintered in a cold frame or pit covered with leaves. Thus treated they should bloom in three or four years after the seed is sown. One cause which contributes largely to the scarcity of seed is the fact that the Epigzea repens is practically dicecious— having its pollen-bearing and fruit-producing flowers on dif- ferent plants—a fact which is not commonly known, An examination of the blossoms from many different plants will show that on some the styles are long and surmounted by perfect stigmas, on others the stigmas are perfect, but styles short. Both of these forms have abortive stamens, inasmuch as they either do not produce good anthers and pollen or the stamens are very rudimentary or entirely absent. On other plants will be found the male or pollen-producing flowers with perfect stamens and abundant pollen, but imperfect stigmas, incapable of being fertilized. Thus not more than half of the plants can ever bear fruit, and cross-fertilization is absolutely (NUMBER 359. necessary in order to insure seed-production, and this cross- fertilization is probably entirely dependent upon visits from a very few kinds of insects. As found growing in its native habitat much variation in the size and color of the blossoms of Epigzea will always be noted. A careful examination of different specimens will show that there is a marked tendency toward larger size and whiter color among the pollen-bearing flowers, while thoSe plants which produce perfect stigmas and fruiting organs*have blossoms which are smaller, but of a richer pink or rosy color, The flower-buds are fully developed during the summer and autumn preceding the spring blossoming, and in some localities it is not very unusual to find plants in bloom in the late autumn. The fully budded plants are sometimes taken up and potted at the end of the growing season and the blos- soms forced in the greenhouse during the winter. As these plants are rarely used afterward, the practice must be regarded as a destructive one, considering the meagre results generally btained. eee B x. G. Fack. Arnold Arboretum. Achimenes.—-IV. “THERE is a group, consisting of seven varieties, which re- mind us of those last mentioned, as far as colors and manner of growth are concerned, as well as the flatness of the flowers. They are all of medium size and all desirable ; Car- minata is carmine, shaded salmon; Aurora is much like it, but darker ; Firefly, carmine shading to purple and having an orange eye; Purpurea multiflora is described by its name; Williamsi is salmon-scarlet, with purple and orange eye and fringed petals; Lady Littleton, rich crimson; Rose Queen, rich rosy-lake, with a large orange spot. The last two are extraordinarily fine. Of the kinds which still remain to be described, Magnet, Frau Brunnow and Madame de Rougemont are all precisely alike. The flowers are flat, rosy-purple, with orange-spotted throats, and the plant is very free-flowering and desirable under either name. Alexandra is very much like it, but bears a trifle darker flowers, and so may claim to be really distinct. Esche- riana is small, flat, deep velvety-purple, with orange eye; Hirsuta splendens is another name for the same kind; Mon- sieur and Madame Miellez agree perfectly with each other—. color, white with orange and purple eyes. Of the three Hof- gartners, Mastrand, Neuner and Wendschuch, the first is ex- ceedingly unlike any other kind, its flowers being of medium size, trumpet-shaped, and of a beautiful lavender color, with a conspicuous white throat thickly spotted with chocolate. Alto- gether, this is one of the most desirable, but, unfortunately, not easily to be found, for many dealers send out under this name a reddish kind, much like Leopard, which has already been described. The second, Neuner, is flat, small, reddish pur- ple, with yellow eye; and the third, Wendschuch, is the same in size and shape, but colored rose with violet shade. All three are good, the first, perhaps, the best. Amabilis bears an exceedingly pretty trumpet-shaped flower, small, indeed, but very desirable for its lilac tint, a color very unusual in Achimenes. Camille Brozzoni and Autumnalis are worth having. Both are of medium size, the former flat and pink, with white throat; the latter trumpet-shaped, very deep violet, with white throat. Pink Perfection is a large flat flower of a pinkish-purple color. Sir Treherne Thomas, also large and flat, deep rose, with orange throat. Nisida is, to my mind, one of the very best of all Achimenes; it is a long- tubed, large, flat flower, lavender; shading to white at the cen- tre, with a yellow, chocolate-dotted throat; its shape is exceed- ingly graceful. The true A. hirsuta (Boz. Mag., t. 4144) and A. pedunculata (Bot. Mag., t. 4077) are genuine species, differing horticulturally in the color of the flowers, the latter being of an orange cast where the others are rosy. Otherwise one descrip- tion may serve for both: tall, strong plants, bearing in the axils of the upper leaves large, trumpet-shaped flowers on long flower-stalks, and, as the season advances, bulbillz of small size but the same in shape as the subterranean ones. Both species should be had. Skinneriis the sameas A. hirsuta. Reticulata is flat, of medium size, lilac-purple, with dark veins and yellow throat, very neat and pretty. Semilosse is tubular, deep crimson, with something of an orange cast. Ignescens (syno- nym, heterophylla) has almost no expanded limb, consisting of a tube only, but of an unapproachable brilliancy, a fiery orange at one end gradually changing to a blazing yellow at the other. Chirita, which seems identical with Plectopoma Gibsoni and Scheeria Mexicana of Van Houtte’s catalogue, is the strongest grower in the genus, and will even do pretty well out-of-doors. It grows about a foot or fifteen inches er ee oe ee ee IN ee ee ee Ee eee et ee oe ee oe or pe ae a i aia a ee Oe JANUARY 9g, 1895.] high, and its flowers are large, trumpet-shaped, and of a deep, intense violet-blue, with white throat. Violacea semi-plena is a poor, half-double sort, of which the less said the better. Haageana and Ami Van Houtte belong to the Longiflora varie- ties, but escaped my notice when I dealt with that group; the first is simply the typical Longiflora, but the other is very dis- tinct, with its deep yellow eye contrasting with its rich deep purple surface. Dr. Buenzod is a flat flower, of a bluish- purple cast, not very distinct ; no one need care forit. La Belle Cracovienne is flat, purple, with white eye; not needed. Unique is purple-magenta, with orange eye; superfluous. Loveliness is much like the last and deserves the same ad- jective. This finishes my account, for, though I have many other kinds, they are either not now in the catalogues or not yet sufficiently described in my note-books. The lovely plant we had twenty-five years ago under the name of Achimenes picta, was a Tydea, and therefore does not belong here; the same may be said of the two Dicyrtas, Candida and War- scewiczii. If any reader of these notes can send me a rhizome of the A. picta just mentioned, I shall be glad to send in exchange any of the Achimenes I have named, except Nisida and Ignescens, of which my stock is exceedingly small. W. E. Endicott. Canton, Mass. Notes on Lilies. V HEN once fairly established, Lilium auratum, the Golden- rayed Lily, is an easy plant to manage, and I believe it may be made as permanent as any of the Lilies. It often hap- pens, however, that it flowers but once after the bulb is set. This is as much owing to the manner of planting as to any- thing; if the bulb is perfectly free from rot, the soil well spaded and enriched to a good depth beneath it, and nothing but sand ora light loam is allowed to come in contact with it, a good root-growth at its base is ordinarily assured. When this is the case the plant will not only bloom the second year, but will produce much larger flowers, and the bulb itself will increase in size. I have seen bulbs which produced good stalks and flowers whose root-growth beneath the bulb was almost nothing. Above the bulb was a dense growth of roots from the surface of the ground to the bulb, and these sus- tained the stalk and Howers. The bulb, however, degenerated instead of improving, and would not bloom the second year. Not only should the soil be enriched beneath the bulbs, but the surface should also be well fertilized, in order to feed the many roots along the stem above the bulb. It is surprising what an enormous root-growth one of these large healthy bulbs will make if properly set ; and, compared with the ordi- nary size, it is astonishing how large the plant may be made to grow with extra care. Lilium Philadelphicum, the Wild Orange-red Lily, though usually found in very poor soil, responds to high fertilization as quickly as any species, It requires, however, a light well- drained soil, and it seems useless to attempt to grow it in clay, When a light sand or loam is used it is as easy to grow as L. Canadense. It is a very striking plant when it attains its maxi mum size and is in full flower. Its height, under the most favorable conditions, is more than double that of the ordinary wild plant, and the number of flowers is greatly increased. The new and rare Lilium Grayi of the southern Allegheny Mountains is, I believe, destined to become a popular species, if it ever becomes common enough to be sold at reasonable rates. The bulbs more than double in size in the first sea- son of cultivation. The best collected bulbs I have yet been able to get were poor compared with those that had been cul- tivated for one season. L. Grayi is a fine Lily, and grows two or three feet high, with two or more dark orange-red flowers, spotted inside. In shape and color the flower is not very unlike L. Bolanderi, of Oregon, but it is larger ; the plant also is much larger and is more easily grown. In size and shape a good bulb of this species is very like that of an ordinary Meadow Lily. It may be propagated from scales like the Meadow Lily. Few Lilies may be grown with as little care in the prepara- tion of soil and other particulars as Lilium Wallacei. It is not a tall species, seldom growing more than fifteen inches high, but its erect salmon-colored flowers, three or four inches across, are very showy. It seems to be one of the reliable hardy kinds which every one should try. It increases fast, and two or three bulbs soon form a mass of bulbs and stems. Although it is easy to grow, it responds to extra treatment, and a mulch of straw-manure in autumn is a good stimulant for it. It likes a little heavier soil than some other species, and when Garden and Forest. 7 set in sand is benefited by a mixture of clay and leaf-mold or peat under the bulbs. It transplants well in spring or autumn. Last spring I had twenty-five good bulbs, and the flower-buds were well formed. The place in which they were planted was not sufficiently well drained, so that it was necessary to trans- plant them. They did not suffer in the least from this treat- ment, but grew much faster, and were the best plants of L. Wallacei in my collection. Charlotte, Vt. F. H. Horsford. Lelia autumnalis. Vee ORCHIDS take kindly to our system of cultiva- tion under glass. They flower freely, make satisfactory progress each year, and in many instances the bulbs made here are superior to those made in their native land. There are but few exceptions to this rule, Cattleya citrina being, per- haps, the most noticeable. Lelia autumnalis is one of our best autumn-flowering Orchids, and, among Lelias, ranks next in importance to the varieties of L. anceps. A few years ago a white-flowered form of L. autumnalis was unknown, but there is now a fine plant in thecollection of C. G. Roebling, Esq., of Trenton, New Jersey, and as it appeared the other day it is worth going a long distance to see. There were two spikes bearing six flowers each, their color pure white, with no tinge of pink. This collection is especially rich in white forms of Cattleyas and Lelias, and no opportunity is lost to make it as complete as possible. Perhaps the best of the colored forms of Lelia autumnalis is the one known as L. atrorubens. This is a rich carmine, and fades less than the commoner kinds. They are all worth growing, since they last so long on the plant, although when cut the flowers of L, autumnalis and L. anceps keep poorly, presumably on account of the wiry nature of their stems. When left on the plant they may be enjoyed for three or four weeks. Laelia Arnoldiana seems to be little more thana well-marked form, probably geographical, of L. autumnalis, which it closely resembles. It flowers at the same time of year. All of these Lelias may be had in bloom at Christmas-time without any trouble, Mexican Lelias like plenty of light in the growing-season; a very light coat of white lead, thinned with kerosene, and, if desired, tinted with chrome-green, is a good shading medium, as it comes off readily in the fall. A green-tinted shade is not so conspicuous in the landscape as a white one. If shade has to be provided early in the year, it is better to thin the white lead with turpentine, as this dries rapidly, and is not liable to be washed off by rain or evaporated moisture, as may hap- pen when kerosene is used. In summer, when the kerosene dries quickly, this objection to its use does not hold, We use no material but Fern-root for these Mexican Orchids. The resting period in winter, and the consequent drying out of the material, soon kills moss, if it is used, and makes it unfit for the roots, but if Fern-root alone is used, water can be abundantly applied all through the growing season, and with an airy house there is no trouble in growing these Orchids and in producing bulbsas large as are made in Mexico, EO. Orpet. South Lancaster, Mass. Luculia gratissima.—This is one of the oldest of garden- plants, but, like many other beautiful greenhouse subjects, it has been pushed to one side lately for some reason, possibly owing to the rage for Orchids, It is the first exotic plant whose name I mastered as a child, and I well remember how a speci- men planted out in a warm house by my father used to fill the house with the fragrance of its abundant flowers at Christmas- time. For afew weeks past the Luculia has been a conspicu- ously beautiful object here, and it isonly repeating what it has done for several successive years. A correspondent tells me how beautiful it is in the gardens of Mr. Sturtevant, in Califor- nia, where it thrives in the open air. It would, no doubt, prove a fine subject for outdoor planting in the climate of Florida, wherever the Poinsettias live outdoors, as they do in the Orange belt. It will endure any amount of sun-heat, and will thrive here in the cool house in winter, so that Lucu- lia will flourish wherever the Orange grows well. Itis a hand- some plant for the greenhouse, and can be cut back after low- ering every year so as to keep it in reasonable shape and bounds. L. gratissima is hard to propagate, or at least bears that reputation, but if cuttings are putin after the flowers have been cut off, and rooted in a cool house, success is fairly certain, In a warm propagating-house red spider is too likely to attack the plants. Euphorbia jacquinizflora is the older and best-known name for a fine old winter-flowering plant now known as E, fulgens, 18 We always count on a fine lot of wreaths of scarlet bracts at this period when choice flowers are scarce. Pot-culture is not good treatment for this plant usually ; it is far better to plant it out in a house similar to that in which Roses are grown, it will stand all the sun in summer, and make fine growth that may be trained up under the rafters, or at the ends of the house where it will not interfere with the other occupants. Bougainvillea glabra is now in full bloom, giving us our winter crop of flowers that are really more useful than those that come in summer, and better colored, too, for in summer the house has to be shaded, and this lessens the intensity of the color of the bright pink bracts. To get the Bougainvillea in bloom at this season it is necessary to plant it out in a warm house that is kept ata minimum of sixty-five degrees at night in winter, and when this crop of bloom is cut off, the plant is cut back and allowed to grow again. After flowering it is once more cut backin late August, so that we get two crops of flow- ers every year. Itisa mistake, when planting Bougainvillea out, to give it unlimited root-room, the growth will be so lux- uriant that it will not ower well, but if the roots are restricted to a square yard of space, with soil two feet deep, the results will be very satisfactory. Now that we have so fine a variety of this old plant as that sent out recently by Sander, it is rea- sonable to suppose that we shall see more of the Bougain- villeas in gardens. They are beautiful greenhouse climbers, doing equally well in a cool or a warm house, the long sprays of bright pink flowers being admirably adapted for table-deco- ration, and they show well under artificial light. Boston, Mass. Plantsman. Chrysanthemums, Old and New.—Before the Chrysanthemum season passes entirely out of memory it may be worth while to say a word about the yearly accounts of the great improve- ments made in this flower. Now, it is true that the new flowers which are so much in vogue are large and of great substance, but in all that makes for beauty few of them have any greater value than those which were grown ten years ago. There have been occasional gains in new forms since that time, as, for example, Mrs. Alpheus Hardy and Lillian Bird, and there have been some additions which were noteworthy for other features, as, for example, H. W. Lincoln, Viviand Morel and a few others, but these are exceptional gains. No effort has been made to secure varieties which were better for cultivation in the open air, so that amateurs for the present may as well confine themselves to old varieties, and especially to those with thinner petals, as they are less liable to be injured by frost. Years ago I cultivated the old Peter the Great, a thin-petaled variety, which would endure a surprising degree of cold. - Elizabeth, N. J. F. N. Gerard. Correspondence. A Winter Water-garden. To the Editor of GARDEN AND FOREST: Sir,—One of the most quaint and interesting remnants of an old Dutch homestead in Flatbush, now an incorporated part of the city of Brooklyn, is the roomy old mansion built to replace one burned by the American soldiers to deprive the British of its shelter during the Revolutionary War. The white shingled sides are divided by many windows, with their original small panes, and no fewer than seven doors open out into the garden and grounds. This has for many years been the residence of Mr. John McElvery, who is well known for his success with aquatic plants, as well as in other branches of horticulture. A lot, not above a half-acre in extent, provides for trim lawn spaces, two open Water-lily tanks, and masses of the best sorts of garden-flowers from March to November, and this succession of flowers is accomplished by an amateur grower, without any gardener and without any structure that can be dignified by the name of a greenhouse. The human and historic interest of this delightful home-garden is increased by a corner set apart for colonies of bees and cotes of homing pigeons, and by an old-time well, recently covered over, built, as a stone near its curb records, in 1796, and which, until con- nection was made with the town supply five years ago, fur- nished all the water used on the place. By an ingenious arrangement, the result of experiments during the past five years, even winter is converted into a sea- son of flowers, and on one of the coldest days last week I found growing in what looked like a span-roofed cold frame, abundant flowers and foliage of four varieties of tender Water- lilies. In this long, low, glass-covered tank, in its setting of snow frozen so hard that one could walk on its surface, were Garden and Forest. [NUMBER 359. some thirty open flowers, pink, blue and white, and many promising buds, A plant of Nymphza Zanzibarensis azurea carried twelve flowers and buds, and several flowers of N. dentata, each measured nine inches across their snowy petals. Besides N. dentata there were in flower N. Devoniensis, N. Zanzibarensis and N. Lotus, with its smaller and fuller flowers. The leaves of the plants were healthy, and compared not un- favorably with summer foliage, the larger ones being fourteen inches across ; new ones continuously appear, so that some have to be picked off from time to time to prevent their decay from overlapping. Mr. McElvery began with the idea of using the tanks fora winter storage-house for tender and half-hardy varieties of Water-lilies, but successive improvements have developed this lowering winter-garden. The excavation, which measures thirty-two feet in length and six feet in width, was dug three feet deep and the sides and bottom lined with bricks set in Portland cement. This has since been found to be too deep, and a foot and a half of ordinary soil has been filled in; the plants, which are all in pots, are thus brought nearer the sur- face. The side walls are level with the surface of the ground, above which is a twelve-inch plank an inch and a quarter thick ; the water is kept about two inches below the top of the wall. The ridge-pole along the centre supports sashes on either side ; these are about fourteen inches above the water at their lower end, with a pitch of eight inches trom the ridge- pole. The sashes can. be lifted entirely, or, for ventilation, may be pushed down from the top. In very cold weather they are opened two or three inches during the middle of each day, while in less rigorous weather more fresh air is allowed. Itis practicable in almost any winter weather to lift a sash fora short time to allow a better view of the flowers, since there is a sufficient volume of warm, steaming air inside to prevent a sudden chill. In very cold weather this rising mist settles in the crevices and joints, and, being frozen, her- metically seals the frame, so that, after a severe night, the sashes cannot be lifted until the sun has thawed them out. The heating of the tanks is arranged for at one end of the frame, where a small pit, eight feet deep and reached by a perpendicular ladder, contains standing space and a boiler- room three and a half by four feet. The stove, as the arrange- ments throughout, has developed under Mr. McElvery’s hands, and beginning with a small, discarded heater which had made the journey from Scotland years before, a self-feeding box was arranged for coal above the fire-cylinder, which is encircled with a boiler having a capacity of but three gallons. An inch and a half supply-pipe of wrought iron enters the bottom of the boiler, the connection of the hot-water pipe being made at the top of the boiler, a foot above. The tank was at first divided into four equal sections, each eight feetlong, but the middle partition has been taken out, so that there is now a centre section sixteen feet long, witha section eight feet long at each end. Alargersurface was found to be desirable to allow more room forthe leaves to spread, and Mr. McElvery advises a width of nine feet instead of six, for the same reason, and this wider stretch would still make it easy to reach half-way across to remove the old leaves, The central section and the smaller one nearest the furnace are heated by hot-water pipes; the small section farthest removed has no piping and is used only for wintering half-hardy aquat- ics and for seedlings. The glass partition above the dividing wall between the first and middle sections is omitted between the middle and end sections, and considerable heat reaches the storage-tank in this way. The first section is heated by a return-pipe which extends through the middle of it, four inches from the surface of the water. For the middle tank another return-pipe is carried along the bottom of the first tank at the side, where it is covered with asbestos and sealed in cement to prevent escape of the heat until it passes into the large sec- tion, through which it extends and returns to the boiler. An expansion stand-pipe is provided in eachsection. Besides these pipes, which have the necessary check cocks, a half-inch pipe is arranged to carry fresh water. With but little care the water is easily kept ata temperature of seventy-five to eighty de- grees, which is the best suited to the health of the plants. Snails are kept in check by raising the temperature to ninety degrees once a week, and afterward turning ona spray of cold water, which in winter averages sixty degrees, serving also to freshen the tanks. A chance rise of temperature to I1o degrees did not injure the plants, while an accidental increase to 130 de- grees once killed N. Zanzibarensis and the hardier varieties. In the cool section, at the remote end of the tank, are stored Water Hyacinths and some plants of Nymphaea Mexicana, which have not proved entirely hardy and have been lost in the open ponds. Here the foliage keeps a bright green all the JANUARY 9, 1895.] winter. Nymphzea pygmea, the yellow N. helveola and some seedlings of the Egyptian Lotus are also wintered in this section. The latter, which usually flowers in two years, have not yet bloomed here, though they are past three years old. During the recent cold wave the plants escaped any injury in the sudden drop from thirty degrees to six degrees, and after two weeks of freezing weather they continue to flower luxuriantly. The sashes are, of course, very close to the flowers, and the snow, after melting and freezing fast, cannot well be removed without damage to the glass. Blankets were thrown over the snowfall of a fortnight ago, and it thawed off in two or three days, with no injury even to the buds. The tops of the pots are from two to six inches below the surface of the water, the older plants requiring sufficient depth of water to float the leaves. The depth of water is not consid- ered a material detail, and while Mr. McElvery uses pots, he prefers pans for young plants. The soil in the pots is one-half good garden-soil and one-half cow-manure. Better success is had with fresh manure, although it causes a green scum, and is likely to ferment and throw the bulbs out of the pots. The scum is removed by overflow a few times at the beginning of the season, when there is no further trouble. This is done by laying a hose in the water, and thus gently floating the sur- face, rather than playing a hose into the pond from above, with the effect of dissipating the scum through the water. Behind the ladder which leads into the furnace-pit, an ex- cavation of thirty-six cubic feet gives room fora ton of coal, and at the side of the furnace-pit a door opens into a glass- covered cold pit, seven by ten feet. Here many garden-plants are successfully wintered, and, among others, Amaryllis, Imantophyllums and Azaleas come into flower. In a large collection of the best Crinums, tender varieties, as C. Kirlxii, C. ornatum and C. amabile, do especially well, and flower pro- fusely in an average temperature of fifty degrees. The entrance to the boiler-pit is covered with a trap-door, and an extra, heavier door is provided for more complete exclusion of cold and rain. The only other provision against weather is a padding of straw along the sides of the tanks, which is boxed in with boards. The development of this successful winter pond has come about through intelligent practical experiments, and no less intelligent and affectionate interest in the plants themselves. The expense of changes in piping, etc., has added considera- bly to the cost of these frames as they now stand, but Mr. McElvery estimates that with the digging, bricklaying and cementing done by home-labor, the entire cost for frames of similar size need not exceed $125.00. This includes the walls, piping, sash and boiler. A ton of nut-coal lasts over two months, and a water-garden on the south or south-west side of a greenhouse, with connecting’ pipes from the greenhouse, could be run at even less cost for fuel than is this separate plant. Altogether, this is a most instructive experiment, and it shows how much can be done with a small expenditure of money by one who really loves flowers. Mr. McElvery has proved that it is just as easy to have choice Water-lilies in the winter-time as any other flowers, and that they can be grown quite as cheaply as any of the ordinary inhabitants of the greenhouse. Indeed, they are grown at even less outlay, after the first cost of the pond, than, perhaps, any other class of flowering plants, and they practically take care of themselves, the main work connected with their cultivation being to get rid of the surplus plants. Mr. McElvery would doubtless give further details relating to the arrangement of his tanks and cultural directions to any one interested in the subject. Brooklyn, N. Y. M. B.C. Recent Publications. Timber-trees, Native and Foreign. By the late Thomas Laslett. Second edition, completely revised, with numerous additions and illustrations, by H. Marshall Ward, Professor of Botany in the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hall. Macmillan & Co., London and New York. 1894. A number of trees in North America are popularly called Pitch Pines, a common appellation in this country for all the species with two or three leaves in a sheath, thick ridged bark and coarse resinous wood. ‘The Pitch Pine of New England and of the middle states on the Atlantic sea- board is Pinus rigida, a common species at the north, but in the south only found on some of the foot-hills of the Garden and Forest. 19 Apalachian Mountains, reaching the extreme southern limits of its range in northern Georgia. The wood of this tree, except for fuel, has little value, although at the time of the first settlement of the mountainous parts of the mid- dle states, and before railroads made the transportation of timber from one part of the country to another possible, the trunks were sometimes hewn into sills and beams for houses. In the first edition of Mr. Laslett’s work we are told that this tree is found spread over a wide tract of coun- try between the Penobscot and Mississippi rivers and that the wood is chiefly employed in shipbuilding. The wood is carefully described, and tables showing the results of experiments undertaken to test its strength are published. We are told, too, that the’southern states produce the best spars for masts, timber and plank, and that these are shipped to England from the ports of Savannah, Darien and Pensacola. In the present edition this chapter is reprinted without change, except that the editor tells us that Pinus rigida must be distinguished from the very dif- ferent Pinus australis, called Pitch Pine in the southern states. It is impossible to know, of course, whether the tables relate to experiments made on the wood of Pinus rigida or of Pinus australis ; presumedly, however, they relate to the last species, for the wood of Pinus rigida probably rarely reaches England, all the American pitch pine used in Europe being the wood of Pinus palustris, of which Pinus australis isa synonym. This confusion in the minds of Europeans with regard to these two trees, one the most valuable of all Pine-trees, and the other one of the least valuable, is of ancient date, and year after year European silviculturists import quantities of seeds of Pinus rigida in the belief that they are to produce the trees that yield the American pitch pine of commerce. Errors of this kind die hard, but it was not to ‘have been expected that such a palpable one which has been exposed over and over again in standard American publications would be perpetuated in a work of such scientific pretensions as this. Timber and Timber-trees deals primarily with timbers of the British colonies, although this hardly seems the reason for dismissing Pinus palustris, one of the most valuable tim- ber-trees of the world, with half adozen lines; but this short paragraph enables the editor to insist, after having mixed up this species with Pinus rigida, that ‘‘it must be distin- guished from the northern Pinus rigida, etc., which is exported under the same name.” Nor does it seem possible that any work upon timbers could have been written in these days without some allusion to the California Redwood, or to the Port Orford Cedar of Oregon, or to those most valuable Japanese woods produced by two species of Chamecy- paris and by Zelkowa Keaki. It seems strange, with our ideas of botanical geography, to read of Picea Engel- manni as an inhabitant of Canada and the northern states, although this Rocky Mountain species does reach in a comparatively depauperate form some of the mountain ranges of British Columbia. Americans who have seen the great Live Oaks of the south Atlantic coast region, with trunks six to eight feet in diameter and immense limbs shooting out fora distance of fifty or sixty feet, will be surprised to find this tree de- scribed in a scientific work as a tree ‘of very moderate dimensions when compared with the White Oak, its usual height being only about thirty-five to forty-five feet, with a diameter of twelve to eighteen inches.” No specimens of this wood could be obtained in England large enough for testing, but Mr. Laslett judged from its appearance that it was stronger than that of any other known Oak, although in reality the wood vf eight other species of North Ameri- can Oaks is stronger. This has already been published more than once; but, curiously enough, Professor Ward appears to have overlooked the fact that the Government of the United States instituted fifteen years ago a compre- hensive series of tests to determine the value of the wood of every North American tree, and that the results of these tests were printed in elaborate tables in the ninth volume 20 of the Final Reports of the Tenth Census of the United States. The value of Zimber and Timber-irees, in its second edi- tion, is greatly enhanced by Professor Ward’s introduction, in which he discusses the nature of timber, with the different ways of looking at it by different classes of individuals, such as timber merchants, engineers and builders, carpen- ters, chemists, physicists, botanists, foresters, etc., and he has recast and brought down to date the chapters on the growth and structure of trees, on their diseases, and on the seasoning and preservation of timbers; and it is to be re- gretted that that portion of the work devoted to the specific account of the different timber-trees of the world and their products has not been also brought up to the existing state of our knowledge of the subject. Notes. The people of Baltimore have decided by vote to invest a million dollars in another park. The ground selected is well known as Clifton, the splendid estate of the late Johns Hop- kins, and one of the many beautiful country homes that lie on the outskirts of the city. The money for this park has been accumulating for twenty-five years from annual taxes on the gross revenue of the street-railway companies. A new Peach called the Triumph, and originated in Georgia - by Mr. J. D. Husted, is a freestone variety, which ripens as early as the Alexander and other clingstones. Charles Down- ing said that a freestone peach as large, early, handsome and as good in quality as the Alexander would be worth millions of dollars. Mr. J. H. Hale, who usually speaks with caution, states his belief that the Triumph has all these good qualities. The report of the legislative committee which was appointed to investigate the charges of fraud in the administration of the Minnesota Pine-lands seems to have discovered a great many abuses, and it is believed that the state will be able to collect many thousands of dollars as the result of their labors. It is plain that immense amounts of timber have been dishonestly taken and sold, and it is charged that the Hinckley forest- fires, whch destroyed more than five hundred lives and mil- lions of dollars’ worth of timber, were set by stumpage-thieves to cover up their stealings of timber in the state lands. The Dutchess County Horticultural Society was organized at Poughkeepsie on the second of January, with the following officers: President, James Blair, gardener to Ogden Mills; Vice-President, M. J. Lynch, Poughkeepsie ; Treasurer, James Sloan, Poughkeepsie ; Secretary, Wallace Gomersell, gardener to Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill-on-Hudson. It is creditable to the gardeners and florists of that section that they have formed such a society, and it is to be hoped that they will have abun- dant coéperation and sympathy, especially from the landed proprietors in this favoredregion. There ought to be many true friends of horticulture in Dutchess County outside of the ranks of those who have made it the business of their lives. In a bulletin recently published by Professor E. W. Hilgard, of the University of California, it is stated that the Australian Salt Bush, Atriplex semibaccatum, can be grown as success- fully on the alkali lands of the San Joaquin valley and else- where in that state as a forage-plant. Where the percentage of alkali in the soil is very high this can be materially reduced by planting the Salt Bush and removing each cutting from the land. The yield is double that of either Oats, Barley or Wheat hay and as much as that of Alfalfa, while its composition out- side of the Ash makes it an excellent stock-food, and it seems to be readily eaten by them. It is not definitely known whether the large amount of saline ingredients would be harmless to milch cows. Certainly they would not need any salt, and if no purgative effects follow the eating of the plant no other disad- vantages need be apprehended. The Bushberg Catalogue, which we have again received, is something more than a mere catalogue. Its full description of the various kinds of Grapes cultivated in this country, makes it very useful and convenient for reference, but the chapters which precede this list also have a genuine and permanent value. The notes on the classification of true Grapevines by Dr. George Engelmann, the viticultural observations on our native species by T. V. Munson, the chapter on fungous dis- eases of the Grape and their treatment by Professor B. T. Gal- loway, the account of insects injurious to the vine, as well as Garden and Forest. | [NUMBER 359. those which are beneficial, by Professor C. V. Riley—all these are the work of recognized experts, and besides these there are practical notes on climate, soil, planting, cultivating, graft- ing, training, packing, wine-making, etc., which are instructive and helpful, so that the book can be commended asa _ useful one to all those who grow grapes for market or for home use. It is issued by Bush & Son & Meissner, Bushberg, Missouri, at the price of fifty cents. Now that a growing interest is manifest in the subject of nut-culture, Dr. Hoskins observes that too little is said about the Butternut, especially for growing in the cold north. In . quality the meat of the butternut is rich, and, to some people, it is more agreeable than that of the English walnut, but its rough outside is not attractive and its shell is hard. Wenever heard of any attempt at growing select varieties, although the wild trees differ very much in the quality of their nuts. Per- haps some varieties of value could be secured by crossing our native Butternuts with the foreign species, and a seedling Butternut will bear when it is quite young. Dr. Hoskins planted a few butternuts in rows sixteen years ago, and the trees from this seed have been bearing good nuts for several years, and he finds that the best varieties can readily be grafted on trees bearing inferior nuts. The whole business is simple, and Dr. Hoskins has proved that growing butternuts will pay, at least as well as growing apples. Inan excellent paper on the Ventilation of Glass Houses, read before the Society of Minnesota Florists, Mr. Lewis Wilde argued against the common error of considering venti- lation nothing more than an easy means of regulating temper- ature. He explains how the change of the exhausted air of the houses for the purer outside air supplles carbonic acid gas, to be taken up by the leaves of plants, and especially how ventilation regulates the moisture in the air which indirectly influences the growing process of plants. Whenthe airin a house is completely saturated with moisture no transpiration from the leaves can take place, and, therefore, no water con- taining diluted food is taken up by the roots, and consequently the plants will grow feeble or die. This is the danger in cool weather when the houses have been watered and syringed without ventilation. When the ventilators are open, the mois- ture-laden air is replaced by the drier air from without, the leaves at once begin to evaporate moisture and root-action and nutrition goes on in anormal way. The fact that as the air grows warmer it is capable of taking up more vapor furnishes a probable reason for the check of Roses under glass in the autumn and spring when there is no fire-heat. During the day the temperature will rise high and it will sink correspondingly during the night and early morning. In the daytime a large quantity of vapor is taken up, enough to completely saturate the air when it cools down at night, and the Rose-leaves, not being able to evaporate any moisture, will suffer a check as soon as the rays of sun fall on them. In order to prevent this, fresh air should be given during the night with fire-heat when the temperature does not fall below sixty degrees. Florida oranges, which have been wholesaling at about $2.00 a box, have advanced to $4 00 and $5.00, with a prospect of a still further advance for good fruit, if any can be secured. The cold wave which visited Florida in the last days of De- cember was the most disastrous known in the history of that state. Ice formed an inch thick as far south as Lake Worth, and in many other sheltered places where Orange-groves had heretofore been safe, the fruit was frozen solid on the trees. The loss to the fruit-growers, as well as the merchants, trans- portation companies, the packers and all those in any way connected with what promised to be a most profitable season, has been almost as serious as if the state had been swept over by fire. Owing to the drought of last summer the Orange- trees bloomed late in the fall, and there was promise of a large crop of late fruit. Of course, this is all destroyed, and the fruit- buds for next year’s bloom are probably ruined. Many young orchards are killed, and many of the old trees will be cut back seriously. Thesalable oranges now arriving in this city are those which had been picked and were in packing-houses be- fore the cold wave. Some oranges which were caught by the frost in transit bring little or nothing. Grape-fruit now sells at $6.00 a box at wholesale, and the price is steadily advancing. To meet the deficiency caused by the disaster in Florida, large orders have been cabled for Messina and Palermo oranges, and Sicilian fruit now here is commanding high prices. Oranges are already selling in the groves in California at an advance of $1.50 a box. Apples and other fruit have not yet felt the effects of the scarcity of oranges, but all kinds of win- ter fruit will probably be dearer as they are called upon to supply the deficiency. JANUARY 16, 1895.] GARDEN AND FOREST. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE GARDEN AND FOREST PUBLISHING CO. OrrFicE: Tripune Burtpinc, New York. Gonducted iby) <-jes-s- ce. = Se) -s je ss Professor GC. 'S.. SARGENT. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST-OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Ye NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 16, 1895. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, EpiroriAL ARTICLE :—A Novel School of Horticulture................ccccceee ee 21 Notes on the Tree Flora of the Chiricahua Mountains.—lI. (With figures.) F W. Toumey. 22 ‘Ambindinmon in Gian: © Orie veins sicic clirieeslnecaiceie + ce we T. H. Hoskins, M.D. 23 ForEIGN CoRRESPONDENCE :—London Lelter....-..-++-+esseeeeeeee es W. Watson. 23 TWAIN LOTTE Seee ciepet ete etate sister taveielate state sain afetmaieisSaleicselsleis 3 0°86: as'sie.c pssieinin.c.«'sleciainiwssic'e’s 25 CutturaL DeparTMENT:—Notes on Carnations....W N. Crazg, T. D. Hatfield. 26 (Glos beacnacadocge tr cna adne. Sod gob Aone SoennSer rs Beare William Scott. 27 IMIS YO ONG jorarainlaelale sie, o Miayel= elsin= siatsi