UMASS/AMHERST 312066 0333 3068 "^ w* .---* >^ :.:?^ i^ .>*v«- » * * <. -^■" <^- " » -*/ ^ ■■'V le-y 1"^ \ . ^'^ /' » '.V *^ ,■ >\ i ' -f^ ' >> *^.* i ■ ^f ':' '■■■■ « ,V- >. Ud. i>A -^i: . iSb LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No.^E.4_3..7_S__teATE._s.r;j_q_Q3. s o u R c E _C:a J_^^£.„ „ .^_u Tids The Garden. [JUiNE 28, 1902 The GAnuEN., [JcNE 28, 1902. JoHx T. Bennett Poe, M.A. AN Illustrated Weekly Journal Horticulture in all its Branches. Founded by W. Robinson in iS7i. VOL. LXL— MIDSUMMER, 1902. LO0XDOU\. Office : 20, TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C, Published by HUDSON & KEARNS, 20, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and by Messrs. GEO. NEWNES, Ltd., 7-12, Southampton Street, Strand. c. The Garden.] -tV "^^^^ '^' ^''^- Sifc i,t JOHN T. BENNETT-POE, M.A. THE SIXTY-FIRST VOLUME OF "THE GARDEN" Is dedicated. B OKN in Count)' Tippemrv, in the year 1S46, Mr. Bennett-Poe received his earlier education from tutors at home and at a pri\-ate school; afterwards at Trinity College, Dtd)liii, there graduating successively B.A. and .M.A. He was almost a ))orn gardener, inheriting a love of plants, which liecame and has continued to l)e the greatest of his life's interests. Never very robust in health, the open air life of a practical hurtieulturist has been of great liencfit, and has enaliled him to acquire a knowledge of plants and of their ways and treatment that is probaljly .surpassed by that of few other living amateurs. On settling in London in 1889 Mr. Bennett-Poe was pressed into the active service of the Koyal Horticultural Society on the Floral Committee and on the Board of the Chiswick Gardens ; serving also for ten years on the Council, for some time as Vice-President. Among his other offices in connexion with the Society, he is a Trustee of the Lindley Library, Trustee of the Veitch Memorial, and was formerly Chairman of the Narcissus Committee. Mr. Benuett-Poe's services have also lieen gi\'en as judge at the shows of the Koyal Horticultural and Royal Botanic Societies, and in the same capacity at shows at Dublin, Cork, and Scarboiougli . His exhibits of rare and beautiful plants have received many honour.?, and he is well known as a prize wiiuiing exhil>itor of Narcissi, Tulips, Auriculas, and Orchids. Mr. Bennett-Poe has been a contributor to the pages of The Garden from its beginning. Vol. LXI.] [" The Garden," June SS, 1902. INDEX A. Acacia acinacea, 1S7 ; cultriformis, 255, 328 ; liastulata, 2G7 ; urophylla, 18 Acanthus mollis latifolius, 109 Achimenes, 80, 2U Adiantum pedatum, 167, 264 Adonis amureiisis, 64, 136 ; perennial, 190 African, South, fruit culture, 369 ; Lily in tubs, 41 Agapanthus umbellatus in tubs, 41 ; u. albus, 127, 179, 180, 228, 311, 302 ; the white, 351, 352 Agapanthuses in the open, 79 Agaricus, the Cylindrical, 187 Agathffia ccelestis, 35 Agave americana, 86, 283 ; Bakeri, 240 Ageratums, 69, 104 Alberta magna, 69 Allamandas, 10, 198 Allium pederaontanum, 409 Almanac, THE Gakuen, 9 Alocasias, 198 Alpine flowers at home, 307 ; house, 217 ; house at Kew, the, 115, 136 ; plants, naming, 349 Alyssum saxatile flore-pleno, 394 Amateur Gardeners' Association, National, 390, 406 American blight, 89 ; notes, 39, 58, 138, 304, 322, 354 Anchusa, the, 95 ; italica, 262 Androsace lanuginosa, 171 Anemone apennina, 301 ; Fanninii, 350 ; hortensis in grass, 352 ; intermedia, 236 ; japonica (^ueen Charlotte, 22 ; syivestris, 375; the Poppy, 275; vernalis in a Ba- varian rock garden, 258 Anemones, Aldborough, 53 ; St. Brigid, 3G0 Angrjccura eburneum, 63 Annuals, 44, 133, 246; for pots, hardy and half-hardy, 44 ; for summer bedding, some, 209 ; hardy, the cultivation of, 240 ; select, 177 ; the elfective use of, 197 Anthuriums, 80 Antirrhinum glutinosum, 205 Antirrhinums, 142, 202 Ants and aphides, 312 Apple and Pear hybrid, 199, 251 ; the assumed, 235 Apple Beauty of Stuke, 192 ; Bess Pool, 310 ; blossom in Kent, 350 ; Braraley's Seedling, 228 ; Brownlee's Russet, 145, 245 ; culture, 120 ; Flower of Kent, 332 ; Golden Harvey, 145; Golden Noble, 179; Houblon, the, 11; Hubbard's Pearmain, 145, 154; H. P. in the North, 52 ; Lane's Prince Albert in spring, 344 ; Nancy Jackson, 296 ; NewLon Wonder, 179 ; Norfolk Beauty, 34 ; Kein- ette du Canada in spring, 344 ; Sturnier Pippin, 52 ; trade of Nova Scotia, the, 47 ; trees, espalier, 374 ; trees in Yorkshire, growing cordon, 276 ; trees, pruning young, 196 ; trees, spraying, 278 ; Winter Queen- ing, 296 pples and Pears, 61 ; new, 38 Apples, Custard, 68 ; from Gloucestershire, 311 ; late, 121, 102 ; late, in the North, 374 ; little known, 174 ; piekiug, 51 ; the best, for cooking, 178 ; two good North Country, 260 ; well-kept, 260 Apricots, 24U Aqnilegia Stuarti, 400 Aquilegias, 135 ; hybrid, 174, 202 Arabis albida fl.-pl., 318, 375 Aralia, 52 Arbor Day for India, an, 409 Arches, fruit, 163 Aristolochia, 53 Artichoke, the Globe, 13S Artichokes, Globe, 181, 312 ; and frost, 235 Artist's note-book, au, 57, 75, 93, 160, 241, 257 Arum pahestinum, 187 Aruudinaria bambusa* folia, 62 Asparagus, 53, 364 ; beds, 62, 229 ; beds, feeding, 275 ; beds, permanent, 321 ; growths, protecting, 235 Aspidistras, 148 Association from a garden point of view, 356 Asters, China, 55, 263; new Ostrich Feather, 32 ; two good, 23 Atriplex canescens, 260 Aubrietias as rock plants, 352 Aucuba sprays, berried, 31S Aucubas, 304 Auricula, introduction of the florist's, 20 ; the early days of the florist's, 111 Auriculas as town plants, 235 ; border, 282 ; open ground, 2 ; yellow, 398 Australia, fruit to, 154 Australian Raspberries, 423 Azalea balsamineeflora, 373 ; culture at Messrs. Sander's Belgian nursery, 14 ; mollis, 50 Azaleas, 181 ; Ghent or mollis, 346; small- flowered, 35 Baden-Baden, notes from, 192, 234, 266, 334, 407 Balsams, 214, 313 Bamboo garden at Kew, the, 73 Bamboos in the North, 300 ; twelve best, for sheltered place, 210 Bananas, 148, 326 Bath and West of England show, flowers at, 402 Bavaria, notes from, 383 Beale, Mr. E. J., J.P., V.M.H., 48 Bean, a new Sugar, 103 ; French, Syon House, 69 Beans, Broad, 139, 199, 364 ; French, 29, 213, 294, 364 ; French, unprofitable in winter, 18 ; Runner, 312 ; under glass, early Broad, 104 Bedding, carpet, 280 ; plants for, 166, 230 ; summer, 220, 346 Beedingwood, near Horsham, 158 Bees in the garden, 35 Beet, 156, 214,262,278; Cheltenham Green Top, 313 ; early. Crimson Ball, 135 Begonia corallina, 251 ; cristata bicolor, tuberous, 125 ; dichotoma, 69 ; glauco- phylla, 353; Gloire de Lorraine, 90, 294; L. and its varieties, 181 ; L. as a basket plant, 251; L. sporting, 119; Ideala, 13; nianicata aureo-macnlata, 2 ; Turnford Hall, 09 Begonias, 129 ; Crested, 171 ; new fibrous- rooted, 243; tuberous, for bedding, 2U9 ; tuberous-rooted, 112 ; winter-flowering, at Messrs. Veitch and Sons', 31 Belvoir iri springtime, 340 Benthamia fragifera, 47 Berberidopsis corallina. 34 Berberis Darwinii at Streatham Hill, 320; nepalensis, 287, 362, 398 ; stenophylla, 305 Bergman, the late M. Ernest, 34 Bertolonias, 140 Bignonia, 140, 197 ; tweed iana, 282 ; venusta, 219 Bignonias, 412 Bird and tree day, a, 167, 169 Blackberries, Australian, 395 Bletia hyacinthina, 406 Blinds, wood roller, 267 Blossoms, protecting, 182 Blue fiowers, a border of, 262 Books, 14, 30, 59, 66, 98, 121, 164, 178, 199, 264, 291, 309, 347, 380 ; gardening, 331, 353 ; sales of, 68 Border, a shrubby, 258 ; a spring, 320 ; flower, with informal edges, 225 ; of frag- rant flowers, a, 295 Borders, flower, bold eft'ects in, 144 Borecoles in spring, the late, 242 Boronias, 346 Botanic Garden Syndicate report, the Cam- bridge, 423 Bothy, the, 65, 117, 145, 163, 179, 196, 212 Bougainvilleas, 10 Bouvardias, 181, 294 ; the culture of, for autumn and winter flowering, 58 Box edging, 198 Bridges in Japanese gardens, 329 British homes and gardens, 79, 88, 158, 175, 310 ; plants, uses of, 375 Broccoli, 214; Backhouse's Winter White, 34 ; late, efl'ects of fog on, 69 ; supply and the severe weather, 154; Sutton's Chrisi- mas White, 18 Bromeliads, 139 Broom, varieties of the common, 299 Brooms, the, 344 ; variegated, 373 Brussels Sprout, a valuable, 407 Brussels Sprouts, 156, 247, 330 Buckthorn, Silver-lc:aved, 135 Buddleia globosa, 219 Bulb, the vanishing, 190, 228 Bulbophylluras, 364 Bulbs, early spring, 175 ; in grass, 362 ; in stove, 10 ; spring-rlowering, 219 ; the rarer, 198 Bull, Mr. W., the late, 386 Burbank, Mr. Luther, 35 ; and his work, 361 Bush fruits, cultivation of, 118 Butter Beans, 135, 154 ; or Sugar Beans, 171 Butterflies and Caterpillars, 4U4 Cabbage, Red or Pickling, 112 ; spring, Wheeler's Imperial. 356 Cabbages, bolting, 218, 404 ; spring, 275 Cacti at Carton, 211 ; hardy, 32 ; hardy, and otherwise, 161 Ca3salpinia japonica, 81 Caladiums, 96 Calanthe Veitchii at Sunninghill, 50 Calceolaria amplexicaulis, 391 ; chelidoni- oides, 320 Calceolarias, 263 ; herbaceous, 96 Caliloriiia, notes from, 13 Califorjiian Iruit farms, 335 Callas, 364 Calochorti and their culture, 185, 203, 220 Calochortus, the, 198 Calypso borealis, 353 Camassia Leichtlini seedlings, 393 Camellias, outdoor, at Claremout, 267 Campanula, doubtful species of, 276 ; iso- phylla alba, 104; lactiflora, 29; pyra- midalis, 229, 278 Campanulas, dwarf, 207, 225 Cannas, 89, 330 ; winter-blooming, 103 Canterbury Bell, the, 331 Canterbury Bells as put plants, 208 Capsicums, 331 Cardamine rotundifolia, 326 Cardoons, 312 Carnation Grenadin, 72; seed, sowing, 72; show at Nice, 143 ; Souvenir de la Mal- maison, 62 Carnations, Malniaison, 312 ; Marguerite, 166 ; tree, 129, 312 ; tree, propagating, 44, 113 Carpenteria californica, 47 Carrion Plants, 195 Carrots, 156, 199, 230 Catasetums, 364 Caterpillars and Pajonies, 292 Cattleya Trian:c, 199 Cattleyas, repotting, 215 Caulifiowers, 80, 173, 198, 330; early, 210; forcing, 98, 162 Ceanothus azureus, 223 Celeriac, 84 Celery, 80, 173, 247, 278, 331 Centropogon hicyanus, 278 Chamajrops Fortunei and fungus, 84 Chapman, Mr. H. J., 154 Cherry, a valuable late, iu the North, 266 ; house, the, 230, 330 ; orchards, the Kentish, 302; the Bird, 350 ; the dessert, on walls, 15 Cherries, 148 ; in pots, 2S6 ; Morello, 60 ; on walls, disbudding, in spring, 308 Chicory, 247, 338 Chillies, 331 CUimonanthus fragrans, 47, 64 Chinese Sacred Narcissus, 67 Chionodoxa Luciliie, 201 Choisya ternata in pots, 135 Chrysanthemum Blush Canning, 68 ; Horace Martin, early - flowering, 320; Matthew Hodgson, 134; Mr. Selby and its sport Mrs. E. Stacey, early-flowering, 363 ; Mrs. Wm. Filkins, 2 ; R. Hooper Pearson, 203 Chrysanthemums, 29, 96, 213, 247, 330 ; at Christmas, 47 ; at Totteridge Park, 352 ; dwarf Japanese, of the past five years, 209 ; early-flowering, 128, 192 ; for the garden, 377 ; in China, 189 ; iu the Royal Gardens, Windsor, 23 ; late, 19 ; new incurved, 17; new Japanese, 37, 76, 143; planting out early-flowering, 293; repot- ting, 109 ; specimen plants, 109 ; the spidery, 11 Churchyard, a City, 119 Cineraria, the florist's, 284 Cinerarias, 247, 364 ; Messrs. Carter's, 334 Cirrhopetalums, 364 Cistuses and Ruses in the rock garden, 149 Clematis Jackmani, 262 ; montana, 307 ; pauiculata, 91 Clerodendron splendens, 118 Cierodendrons, 10 Clianthus Dampieri, 119 ; puniceus in Devon, 15 ; in winter, 372 Climbers, 63 ; on trees, 62 ; stove, 278 Clivia miniata, 251 Club, the Horticultural, 282, 405 Cob Nut and Filbert, the, 199 Cob Nuts and Filberts, 130 Ccelia macrostachya, 62 Ctclogyne dayana, 364 Colchicum autuninale roseum plenum, 37 Colchicums, 8 Coleus thyrsoideus, 2, 48, 346 Cullett, Sir Henry, K.C.B., 16 Competition or Fellowship, 17 Conifers, the winter beauty of, 32 Conservatory, the, 63, 230, 313 Continental notes, 122, 204, 221 Coralilla, white, 323 Coreopsis, annual, 375 Cornus Mas, 202, 219 Coronation flower, the, 116 Cox, Mr. H. G., presentation to, 154 Crab, the Siberian, 181 Crawford, Mr. J., 316 Crocus Fleischeri, 105 ; Sieberi, 108 Crocuses indoors, 1S6 ; spring-flowering, 222 Crown Imperial in pots, 319 Crown Imperials under trees, 319 Crops, neglected, and untidy corners, 210 ; rotation of, 11 ; thinning the, 312 Crotons, 10 Cruise amongst the West Indian Islands, impressions of a, 385 Crump, Mr. Wm., V.M.H., 122 Cryptomeria japonica, 239 Cucumber, a good winter, 251 Cucumbers, 29, 112, 330 ; in pits and frames 294 ; outdoor, 404; ridge. 294 Cupressus lawsoniana, 320 Currants in China, 5 Custard Apple, the, 288 Cyclamen corms, old, 32S ; Couni, 77, 136; ibericum, 136 ; Persian, the fertilisation of, 238 ; P., old corms of, 263 Cyclamens, diseased, 84 ; of Dresden, Frilled, 139; Persian, 10, 230, 278 Cycnoches, 364 Cydonia Knaphill Scarlet, 281 ; Maulei seed- lings, 281 ; pygmrea, 335 Cymbidium rhodochilura, 339 Cymbidiums, 62 Cyphomandra betacea, 187 Cyphomattia lanata, 335, 372 Cypripedium JMorganijc, 75, 135 ; spectabile, 191 Cypripediunis, hardy, 409 Cyrtauthus Macowani, 252 Daflfodil show at Truro, 266 ; in the ilid- lands, 381 Daftodils at Messrs Barr and Sons', 279 ; from grass land, 318 ; grouped with slirubs, 142 ; in New Zealand, 25 ; special prizes for, 250 Dahlia imperialis, 40 ; Union, the London 329, 351, 390, 398 Dahlias, 112; Cactus, 282 ; new Cactus, 19 391 Dandelion, 247 Daphne blagayana at Glasnevin, 119; tol- lina, 353 Daphnes, hardy, 39 Date Plums or Persimmons, 289 Davies, Mr. Thomas, 332 Dean, Mr. R., testimonial to, 33, 69 Delphinhims, tall, 290 Dendrobiums, 261 Deutzias, Lemoine's new hybrid, 350, 407 " Diary, Garden, My," 51 Dielytra spectabilis at Hackwood Park, 319 D'ombrain, the F^ev. H., 116 ; and the National Rose Society, 132 Drymoglossum carnosum, 25 Dugmore, Mr. H. R., the late, 387 Economy, 411 Editor's table, 15, 31, 47, 63, 67, 130. 134, 199, 201, 231, 234, 281, 297, 317, 333, 349, 390, 405 Eilwanger, George, 106 Endive, 312, 337 Epacris and Ericas, 148 Eranthemum pulchellum, 69 Etanthis cilicica, 136 Erica carnea, 399 ; mediterranea hybrida, 10, 35 ; pe'-soluta alba, 251 Ericas, 346 ; and Epacris, 148 Erigeron raiicronatus, 107, 312, 319 Krinus alpir.us, intntducliou of, 52 ; in Northumberland, 110 Eryngium pandanifolium, 37; tripartitum, 47, 63 Erythroniums, 126, 237 Eucalypti, hardy, 145 Eucalyptus Gunnii, 57, 110 Eugenia Ugni, 340 Euphorbia jaccj.uini:cflora, 35, 230 ^^?,1 ^ INDEX. [*' The Garden, June :7S, 190:^' Evergreens, our native, 260; the beauty of native, 153 Exhibition, a vegetable, 318 ; International, at Lille. 51 Exhibitions, Continental horticultural, "jl Exhibits, naming, 135 Fahiana imbricata, 29 " Familiar Wild Flowers," 1S6 Fellowship or competition, 17 Fern-balls, Japanese, 264 Fern garden, the, 187, 193 Ferns, 112, 294 ; for shady gardens and sun- less windows, 137 ; hardy, 1!)3 ; two good new, 302 Fig culture out of doors and under glass, 414 Figs, 44, 214, 294 ; early, 230 ; trees, succes- sional, 230 Filberts and Cob Nuts, 130, 199 Fisher, Mr. Charles, 231 Flower garden, the, 10, 12, 28, 41, 44, 62, 72, 81, 95, 112, 125, 130, 148, 150, 167, 166, 177, 182, 190, 197, 208, 214, 220, 230, 246, 262, 280, 283, 295, 298, 312, 331, 343, 346, 360, 364 ; pictures, exhibition of, 250 ; walk, Kensington Gardens, 352 Flowers at Christmas, 1 ; for the creen- house, hardy, 415 ; in Park Lane, 283, 301, 351 ; out of doors, 51 Forcing, 29 ; house, the, 28 Foreign notes, 32 Foi-ests, Chinese, amidst, 3 Forsythia intermedia, 267; suspensa, 320 Fuxglove, the, 95 Foxgloves, decaying, 119 ; the, 331 Frame, a garden, in winter, 114 Francoas, 330 Freesia aurea, 391 Fremontia californica, 71 Fritillaria, a new, 257 ; askhabadenais, 241 ; imperialis in pots, 319 ; Meleagris, 237, 274; M., seedling, 317 ; Tuntasia, 335 Fritillarias and their culture, 305, 323, 336 Frost and fruit crops, 403 Fruit and vegetable drying, 45 ; arches, 78 ; culture, mistakes in, 39; culture in South Africa, 369 ; culture. South African, 410 ; evaporating, a note on, 34 ; evaporation, 54; evaporation and drying, 6 ; farming, South African, 51 ; garden, the, 6, 12, 2f;, 3S, 44, 59, 60, 78, 80, 95, 99, 112, 120, 130, 14S, 105, 174, 181, 198, 206. 214, 226, 230, 235, 246, 252, 262, 269, 278, 291, 294, 308, 312, 330, 346, 365 ; pros- pects in Wales, the, 300 ; prospects, the, 407; show. Crystal Palace, 334; storage for, 135 ; to Australia, 154 ; trees and green fly, 154 ; trees, mulchiiiL', 246 ; trees, pruning or not pruning, 292 ; trees, spraying, 96 ; trees, summer pruninL; of, 235, 344 ; trees, winter feeding of, 174 ; trees, young, 346 Fruits, bottling, 97; hardy, in season, 63, 67, 113, 145, 178, 192, 213, 228, 245, 296, 310, 344; the wild, in China, 4; tropical, for English gardens, 268, 288, 305, 326, 339 Fuchsias, 112 Funkia subcordata grandiflora, 107 G. GaiUardias, 209 Gala, grand Yorkshire, 100 Galanthus Alleni, 157 ; Elwesii, 67 ; E var Whittallii, 77; Ikariae, 266; Scharloki, 258 Galeandras, 12 Garden designs competition, the Scotch, 334 ; in the shade, a, 30 ; Indian, in summer, 3^2 ; landscape, green paint in the, 185 ; .Scottish, a, 8 ; the children's, 310 ; " the season " in the, 247 ; v. the new hall, 195 ; West Ross-shire, a, 376, 394 Gardener, a fortunate, 219 ; Irish, present to an, 219 ; presentation to a, 251 Gardener's success, a young Irish, 319 Gardeners, young, 127 ; and their improve- ment, 97 Gardeners' competition, under, 390; Edin- burgh—judges' report, 400 ; feathered friends, 51 ; Royal Benevolent Institu- tion, IS, 234, 245, 387 Gardening in India, 19 ; practical, for teachers, 202 Gardenia Fortune! flowers, 234 Gardenias, 294 Gentiana acaulis, 67 ; verna, 407 Gentil, M. Louis, 187 Gesnera hybrids, 29 Gesneras, 230 Gibraltar, flowers at, 257 Gilbert, Sir Henry, K.R.S., 16 Gill, Mr. Norman, 170 Gladioli, 230; culture of, 222; failing, 352- planting, 189 Gladiolus Childsi, 274 GloHosa superba, 15 ; for winter flowering, 155 Gloriosas, 148 Gloxinias, 214, 346 Gooseberries, English, in Michigan, 302 Gooseberry, the, 269, 308 Grafting, 182 Grahame. ilr. Charles J., 387 Grammatophyllum speciosum, 357 Grapes, packing, 37s ; thinning, 211 Grass, improving the, 112 ; walks and hardy flowers, 150 Grasses, ornamental, 60 Greenhouse in midwinter, the, 131 ; Ihe, 27S ; the unheated, 114, 285, 381, 392 Gregory, Mr., presentation to, 68 Ground, preparation of, 11 Guava. the, 340 Gypsophila paniculata, propagating, 174 H. Habenaria carnea, 9 Hailstorms with cannon, fighting. GS Hall, horticultural, the proposed, 65, S6, 217, 281, 282 Hardy flowers, the improvement of, 49, 70, 101 ; and grass walks, 150 ; plants from seed and cuttings, 343 ; plants, notes on, 22, 37, 53, 77, 90, 107, 126, 141, 157, 174, 190. 205, 222, 236, 258, 273, 288, 325, 357 Harris, Mr. George St. Pierre, 30 Hartless, Mr. A. C, 218 Heaths, hardy, 430 ; in flower at Kew, 273 Hedges, a capital plant for, 14 Helichrysums, three new African, 255 Heliconias, 198 Heliotrope, the Winter, 218 ; as a garden plant, 126 Hellebores, 63 ; Lenten, 134 Herb border, the, ISl Herbals, old, 116; reprints of, 195 Herbs, 338 Hesperocallis undulata, 325 Hippeastrums. SO ; at Chelsea, 250 ; at the Temple show, 407 Holland House, 407, 423 ; how to get to, 406 Hollyhock, the, 112 Horticultural Club, 34, 116, 118, 170, 316 ; East Anglian, 152, 348; exhibition, an international, 131 Horticulture, County School of, 202 ; in 1901, 1 ; in Monmouthshire, 301; railroad, 353; writers on, 310 Hovea Ceisi, 281 Humea elegans, 62, 246 Huseey, Major Wm. Clive, 187 Hyacinth culture in the British Isles, 297 ; Grand Maitre, blue, 320 Hyacinths, 28 Hyacinthus azureus, 136; var. jimphibolis, 358 Hybridising, experiments in, 102, 318 Hydrangeas in the garden, 13 Idle folk, to, 19 Iniantophyllum miniatum, 202 Imantophyllums, 262 Incarvillea, a new, 334 ; grandiflora, 349 Indoor garden, the, 10, 28, 44, 58, 62, 76, 80, 96, 112, 129, 139, 148, 166, 181, 197, 198, 214, 229, 230, 237, 246, 262, 278, 294, 312, 330, 346 Insect feeding birds, encouraging, 187 ; pests, 398 ; pests and friends, 89 ; pests, destroying, 149 Insects, injurious, 312 Institution, the Gardeners' Royal Benevo- lent, 34, 200; special meeting, S2 lonopsidium acaule, 262 Ipomjea, 263 ; aurea, 2 ; a. and its correct name, 32 ; rubro-ccerulea, 69 Ireland, flowers from, 334 Iris alata, 31, 266; Aschersoni, 288; assyri- aca, 357 ; attica, 335 ; germanica by river- side, 351 ; Heldreichii, 136, 258 ; iberica, 298 ; kolpakowskiana, 119 ; lacustris, 408 ; new hybrid alpine, 52 ; persica Heldreichi, 50 ; pumila, 281, 318 ; reticulata, growing, 335 ; r. major, 199 ; Spanish, 177 ; Tauri, 93 ; the Algerian, 48 ; the Snake's-head, 134 ; tingitana, 298 ; warleyensis, 241 ; willmottiana, 325 Irises at Kew, 115 ; from Winchniore Hill, 130 ; German, forced, 234 ; hybrid alpine, 131 ; new alpine, 197; new Cushion, 393 ; new intermediate, 333 ; Oncocyclus, a test record, 408 ; Oncocyclus, on the cultiva- tion of, 19, 36 " Italian delight," 48, 103 Ivy and its uses, 71 ; on trees, 62 Ixiolirions, 91, 157 Jam, home-made and imported, 155 Jamaica garden, a day in a, 123, 137, 172 193 Japan in April, S7 Japanese and gardening, the, 69: dwarf trees, sale of, 351 Jasminum nudiflorum, 69; among Ivy, 87 Jeffersonia diphylla, 90 Judas Tree, the, 319 K. Krempferia Ethelre, 84 Kalanchoe flammea, 346 ; kewensis, 338 Kalmia latifolia, 9 Kent, notes from, 33 Kew a public park? Is, 297, 333: Gardens and the smoke nuisance, 263 ; Guild, 32C, 351 ; Guild Journal, the, 1 ; notes, 9, 32, 63, 115, 131, 161, 175, 238, 253, 293 King, Mr. Thomas, 297 Kitaibelia vitifolia, 284 Kitchen garden, the, 11, 29, 36, 45, 61, 80, 95, 98. 104, 129, 138, 162, 166. 181, 198, 210, 213, 218, 229, 242, 247, 259, 262, 275, 278, 294, 312, 313, 321, 330, 337, 356, 3G4 Kniphofia Lemon Queen, 157 ; primulina, 35 La Mortola. 358 Labels, garden, 134 Lagerstrfemiaindica in tubs, 32 Laird, Mr. D. P.. 2 Landscape photography, 103 Lathyrus latifolius grandiflorus albus, 372 Law, 202 Lawns, 154 Lecture in North Wales, 186 Leek Musselburgh Improved, 275 Leeks, 29, 188, 262 Leonard, Mr. H. Selfe, 151 Letter astray, a, 342 Lettuce, 312, 337 ; a useful early, 250 ; a valuable early, 1S6; Alexander (Cos), 162; Continuity, 210 ; Little Gem, 356 Lettuces in frames in spring, 275 Leucocrinum montanum, S25 Leucojura, 22 Leucojums, the, 91, 141 Lily notes, 93, 176; ponds, 149 ; (luery, a, 3 Lilies at the Temple show, 382 ; in Northern Scotland. 274 ; Mr. Burbank's hybrid, 54 Lilium giganteura, 220; in America, 146; in China, 4 ; seed of, 353, 416 ; Henryi in China, 4 Liliums. 313 Limpsrteld, a Surrey garden, 175 Lippia repens, 13 Lithospermum canescens, 274 Little Dorritt's playground, 68 Liverpool Botanic Gardens, 235 Lobelia, new bedding, Mrs. Clibran, 350 Lonicera fragrantissima, 64, 218 Lotjuat, or Japanese Medlar, 340 Lotus peliorhyncus, 103, 134 Luculia gratissima, 2, 10 Lupinus arboreus Snrpw Queen, 267 Lycoris scjuamigera, 51 M. Magnolia soulangeann, 267 Magnolias at Versailles, 352 Mallow, the Tree, 180 Malva crispa, 37 Manettia bicolor, 135 Mangrove swamps in China, 0 Manures, applying, 96 ; artificial, in the garden, 206, 373 Maples, Japanese, 401 ^aranthas, 198 Margyricarpus setosus, 23 Marrow, a new, 135 Marrows in pots. 166 ; the Custard, as orna- mental plants, 353; vegetable. 262; vege- table, in frames in spring, 266 Martin, Mrs. James, 132 Meconopsis cambrica fl.-pl., 350 Medals, Veitch Memorial, 390 iledlar, Japanese, or Locjuat, 340 Melons, 262 ; early, 12, 19S Mentha Requieni, 214 Meyer, Mr., presentation to, 2 Mice and paraffin, 250 ]\Iichauxia campanuloides, 312 Mistakes, other people's, 265 Mole cricket, the, 219, 250, 352 Monstera deliciosa, 340 Moschosma riparium, 121 Mulberry, the Nettle, 71 Muscari Heldreichii, 325 Mushrooms, 61 " Must all be workers. " 119, 180 Myosotis dissitiflora at Sherborne Castle, 319 N. Narcissus Bennett-Poe, 2S1 ; coronata, 314 ; Dorothy Kingsraill, 281; Emperor, 350; Leedsi Elaine, 317 ; maxinuis, 416; m. and other Daftodils, 3.51, 372; poeticus, 158; Sulphur Phtcnix, 92 Narcissus triandrus, seedling, 298 • Vic- toria, 237, 266 ; Weardale Perfection '^37 Nasturtium, the Flame "74 Nectarines and Peaches, 44, 95, 148, -^78 365 Nelson, Mr., 251 > » - ■'■^, -to, doa Nelumbium pekinense rubrum and N luteum in the open 1S7 Nelnmbiuras, hardy, 103 Nemesia struraosa Suttoni "14 Nerines, late-flowering 19' " ^°\f i°I,";L"'^^-''' 1' IS, 33, 60. 67. 86, 102, lis, 134, 153, 170, 1S6, 202, 218, 234 -'aO 266, 2S1, 300, 334, 361 ' ' ^ Nursery gardens, 14, 31, 99, isi, 182, 279, 295,, Oak? Will you plant an, 18 Oaks, the hammock under the, 345 Oakwood, Wisley, 390 Obituary, 16, 30, 48, 81, 116, 132, 150, 170 231, 280, 296, 316, 332, 347, 386 Odontoglossums, 12; repotting, 165; propa- gation of, 165 Olearia insignis, 360 Olive, an ancient, 363 Olives in North Cornwall, 234 Union, the IJueen type of, 36 Onions, 29, 129, 188, 230, 278 ; Potato, 138 • raising summer, 203 ; winter, 331 Onychium auratum, 376; japonicura, 370 Opinion, a difference of, 320 ■Orchard house, the, 198 Orchid growing in Belgian leaf -soil. 243 Orchids, 12, 62, 214, 330 ; at Olebelands, 425 ; from seed, raising, 96 ; in London, 365 ; medals offered for seedling, 86; some little-known hardy, 107 Ornithogalum kewense, 339 Orobanche speciosa, 31, 34, 68 Orphan Fund, Royal Gardener's, 132. 195 218, 277 . ■ ,. Osmunda palustris, 376 'tthonnopsis cheirifolia, 375 otton Hall, Tadcaster, 88 Oxalis rosea, ;J00 Preonia lutea, 267 Pfconies and caterpillars, 292 ; Tree, propa- gating, 55, 86, 102, 143, 212 ; Tree, grafting 251, 260, 293 Palms, 112 Pancratiums, 129 Pansies, 148 Pansy, Tufted, Cottage Maid, 353; Molly Pope, 301 ; Mrs. E. A. Cade, 362, 372 Parslej , 130, 312 Parsnips, 95, 166, 278 Passion Flower fruits, 339 Paths, garden, 265; sweeping, and other matters, 29 Patio at the Convent, Gibraltar, 24 Paul, Mr. William, 206 Payne, Mr. Harman, 154 Pea. a valuable early. Bountiful, 87 ; Carters Daisy, 70 ; new, Edwin Beckett, 86 ; Par- rott's Prolific Marrow, 79 Peace, 369 Peach Bellegarde, 19 ; blossom, 293 ; bud dropping, 2C6 ; house, the early. 295 • houses, late, 198; leaf blister, 346 ; Royal Ascot, 174 Peaches and Nectarines, 44, 95, 148, 278, 365 ; South African, in England, 218 Pear, a good and useful winter, 104 ; Beurrfr Bachelier, 146 ; B. B. in winter, 146 ; B. d'Anjou, 45 ; B. Diel, 105 ; Directeur Al- phand, 213 ; Corate de Flandre, 164 ; General Wauchope, 10 ; Le Lectier, 103 ; Marie Guise, 269 ; midge, the, 313 ; Nouvelle Fiilvie, 67 ; Passe Colmar, winter, 97, 121 ; trees, espalier ■ trained, 361 ; Winter Nelia, 63, 110, 146 Pears and Apples, 61 ; new, 38 ; on walls, the newer, 59 ; spring protection for, 301 : stewing, 113, ISO ; winter, 18, 87, 206, 261 Peas, 45, 95, 199, 204, 279, 331 ; failure of autumn -sown, 187; in pots, 80; the scarcity of early, 36 ; two good, 86 Pelargonium F. V. Raspail for beds, 283; Snowdrop, zonal, 407 Pelargoniums, scented-leaved, and their cul- ture, 76, ; two new bedding. 407 ; zonal, 44, 262, 330 Pentland, Mr. James, 280 Pentstemon, the, 73 ; barhatus coccineus, 160 ; gloxinioides, 90 ; propagation of, 45 Perenni.als. hardy, for spring, 381 ; the propagation of, 283 Persimmons, or Date Plums, 289 Phillyrea vilmoriniana, 320 PhIo.\ Drummondi, 148 Phygelius capensis, 37 Pine-apples, 12. 112, 330 Pink Lord Lyon, 10, 110 ' The Garden," June 38, 1903.] INDEX. Pinks in general, 10 ; white, 42 Plant, a carpeting, 13 ; diseases hereditary, are, 317 ; names, change of, S5 ; portraits, recent, 31, 115, 194, 240, 254, 290, 341, 3SC Plants, British, uses of, 269, 313 ; by Foreign Parcels' Post, 31S ; in frames, 12 ; in small pots, 372; mimicing one another, 154: new and interesting, 33S ; overgrown, what to do with, 186 ; retarding, 84 Planting, late, 28 Plum Reine Claude Violette, 292 ; Weaver, the, 377 Plumbago rosea coccinea, 230 Plums, 23 ; in pots, 81 ; Japanese, 221 Poinsettia bracts, treatment of, 69 ; pul- cherrima, 35 Poinsettias, 330; for decoration, 2 Poisons, the sale of, for industrial purposes, 146 Polyanthus Middleton Favourite, 267; the gold-laced, 177 Polyanthuses at Rowledge, 282 ; from Somer- set, 318 ; in the West, 29S ; notes about, 297 ; the rarer double, 297 Polygala dalmaisiaua, 234 Pomegranate in England, the, 51 ; the, 32G Porana paniculata, 323 Portuguese garden, a, S9 Portulaca, the, 214 Potato Carltonian, new, 130 ; early, Ninety- fold, 135 Potatoes, 45, 181, 230, 247, 364; early— a warning, IS ; for planting, 84 ; on stiff soils, 104 Prickly Pear, eradication of, 219 ; in Aus- tralia, the, 104 Primrose Evelyn Arkwright, 318 Primroses and Ladies' Smocks, 320 Primula AUioni, 218, 409; cashmeriana pur- purea, 251 ; Double Duchess, 103 ; frondosa, 2S2; megasetefolia, 126, 136, 157; obconica as a bedding plant, 150 ; rosea, 273 ; sinen- sis in China, 4 ; verticillata, 225 Primulas, Chinese, 246, 364 ; Chinese, at Messrs. Carter and Co.'s, 131; hardy, 53; the mountain, 271, 327, 358, 396, 429 Propagation , 13 Prune-growing in California, 353 Pruning wall trees, 28 Prunus davidiana, 87, 171 ; Pissardi as an early-flowering plant, 202 ; pseudoCerasus under glass, 155 ; serrulata, 143 Pueraria thunbergiana. 161 Pychnostachys urticifolia, IS Pyrus arbutifolia, 104 ; floribunda, 319 R. Haffia, green, 34, 87 Rain, lacking, 316 Raiser and winner, 349 Ranunculus cortusa^folius, 353 ; flaccida, 375 ; the culture of the, 72 Raspberries, 130, 346 Eavenscourt Park, Hammersmith, 407 Regent's Park, hardy flowers and pigmy trees at, 406 Reinwardtia tetragyna, 108 Reserve garden, planting a, 311 Rhamnus alaternus variegatus, 135 Rhododendron barbatum, 187 ; Daviesi, 52 ; exhibition, Messrs. John Waterer's, 390 ; Little Beauty, 391 ; Vaseyi, 353 Rhododendrons, deciduous (Azaleas), 416 ; early-flowering, at Kew, 202 ; greenhouse, 246 ; Malayan, at Kew, 155 ; sweet-scented greenhouse, 251 Rhubarb, SO; Prince Albert, 87; simple methods of forcing, 302 Richardia elliottiana, 346 Richmond Hill, 116; to Kingston, a park from, 1 Riviera notes, 21, SS, 143, 225, 249 Robinia pseudacacia, 60 Rochford Memorial, the Thomas, 171 Rock garden at Kew, in the, 116 ; picture, a, 267 ; the better, 249 Rockfoil, the great alpine, 393 Roots, fibre and tap, 46, 212 Rosa Banksia; grandiflora, 94 ; Polyantha, the d wan-growing hybrids of, 331 ; rugosa Conrad Meyer, 390, 391 Rosary, in the, 148 , Rose American Beauty, 225 ; analysis, 1S95- 1901, 42; arches, 39; Augustine Guinois- seau, 128 ; Bennett's Seedling, 344 ; Celes- tial, 105 ; conference, the forthcoming, 51 : Dr. Grill, 94 ; Ducher, China, 103 ; Duke of Albany (H.P.), 19U ; Euphrosyne under glass, 190 ; Felicity Perp^tue, 27 ; Flora, 245 ; garden, 27, 42, lOS, 119, 172, 190, 254, 331 ; Gloire Lyonnaise (H.T.), 147 ; Golden Gate, 250; growing near London, 394; Harrison Weir, 331 ; hedges, pruning, 190 ; house, the, 294 ; Provincialis Pom- ponia, 103 ; show, Calcutta, 135 ; show, Canterbury, 132 ; show. Coronation, the, 390, 406 ; show in Melbourne, 16 ; show, Sidcup, 1 ; show fixtures in 1902, 155; Tea, Queen of Sweden and Norway, 281 ; the Macartney, 164 ; the Seven Sis- ters, 30, 33, 296 ; W. A. Richardson, 254 Roses, 28; and Cistuses in the rock garden, 149 ; autumn-flowering Hybrid Perpetuals, 27 ; covering roots of trees, 119, 135 ; Hybrid Teas under glass, 303 ; in Southern California, 301 ; Mar^chal Niel, 31S ; on trees, 259; over a hedge, 163; Polyantha, 62 ; pot, 96 ; pruning, 172 ; rambling, 62 ; spring planting of, 'Joi ; Tea and Noisette for arching, 27 ; under glass, lOS Rowland, M. Louis, 297 Rubus deliciosus, 277, 344 Rudbeckia conspicua, 154, 170, 219, 267 Rudbeckias, 22 Rudgea macrophylla, 372 Rural industries, 203 ; conference about, 267 Salads, 337 Salsafy as a winter vegetable, 136 ; and Scorzonera, 279 Salvia azurea grandiflora, 309; Heeri, 119; Sclarea, 150 Salvias, 148, 330 Sanguinaria canadensis, 91 Saunders, F.L.S., Mr. T. W., 132 ; Sir Edmn, memorial to, 67 Saxifraga apiculata, 136 ; Boydii, 236 ; bur- seriana var. major, 63, 136 ; cordifolia alba, 288 ; oppositifolia, 205 Schizanthuses at Totteridge Park, 351 Schizocodon soldanelloides, 358 Schizostylis coccinea, 41 School of Horticulture, the Middlesex County Council, 64 Scilla bifolia, no grey, 219 ; sibirica alba, seedlings of, 21S Scoliopus Bigelovii. 136 , Scorzonera and Salsafy. 279 Scotland, notes from, 66, 120, 189, 252, 278 ; weather in, 86 ; notes from North-Eastern, 390 Scottish Horticultural Association, dinner of. 218 Seakale, 130, 262 ; forcing, 322 ; late, 259 ; outdoors, blanching, 319 Seed order, 12 ; sowing, too early, 170 Senecio macrophyllus, 325 Shallots, 36 ; about, 104 Shrub, a beautiful berry, 40 Shrubs and trees, 71, 105, 123, 162, 223, 239, 272, 287, 304, 320 ; for English gardens. 323, 354 ; grouping of, 153 ; in poor soils, 281 ; regulating growth of, 33 Shrubs, deciduous, early-flowering, 74; for pillars and arches, 320 ; hardiness of cer- tain, 13, 52,88; moving small, 162; new flowering, 154 ; pruning hardy, 389, 405, 427; pruning of, 130. 162, 223; two good, 379 ; under trees, lt)5 Sisyrinchium striatum, 90, 141 Skimmia Koremani, 160 Skimmias, 240, 277, 287 Sloe, the double-flowered, 363 Snow and protection, 114 Snowdrops, arranging, 103 ; in New Zealand, 256 ; seeds of yellow, 218 Snowfiakes, 22 Societies— Beckenham Horticultural, 48, 68, 216 Bristol Gardeners', 100, 183, 216 Cardiff Gardeners', 100 Chiswick Gardeners', 100 Croydon Horticultural, 99 Ealing Gardeners', 32, 99 East Anglian Horticultural, 200 Gardeners" Friendly Benefit, 16S Harapstead Heath Protection, 68, 406 Highgate and District Chrysanthemum, 84, 216 Irish Gardeners', 132 Kidderminster Horticultural, 116 Kingston Chrysanthemum. 200 Liverpool Horticultural, 99, 200 Manchester Royal Botanical and Horti- cultural. 348 Midland Carnation and Picotee, 132, 151 ; Daffodil, 316 National Amateur Gardeners', 200; Auricula and Primula, 132, 280, 314; Carnation and Picotee, 183 ; Chrysanthemum, 67, 280 ; Dahlia, 300 ; Rose, arrangements for 1902, 335 ; Sweet Pea, 100 Proposed amalgamation of Royal Horti- cultural and Botanic, 34 Reading Gardeners', 100, 168, 216, 316 Royal Caledonian Horticultural, 302 Royal Horticultural, 1. 51, 85, 12S, 132, 152, 168, 184, 200, 231, 248, 314, 347 ; and its centenary, 169 ; and the proposed hall, 200, 201, 215, 217, 22S, 233, 259 ; its finances and the proposed hall, 118 ; membership of, 277; remarkable increase, 406 Scottish Hortieultural, 302 Sevenoaks Gardeners', 200 Sheffield Chrysanthemum, 200 Truro Daffodil, 279 United Horticultural Benefit and Provi- dent, 183, 200 Weybridge Horticultural, 152 Wimbledon Gardeners', 48 Societies— Windsor, Eton, and District Rose and Horticultuial, 200 Woking Horticultural, 168 Woodbridge Horticultural, 132 Woolton Chrysanthemum, 99; Gardeners', 1S3 Soils, preparing, 24 Solanums, 330, 364 Soldanellas, 90 Sorrel as a vegetable, 357 South Devon, flowers from, 67 Sparmannia africana, 237 Spinach, 62, 365 ; New Zealand, 247 ; Per- petual or Beet, 243; The Carter, forced, 357 Spiraea arguta, 408 ; Thunbergi, 391 Spirseas for forcing, 237 " Sports," 399 Spring in a Cumberland garden, 235 ; of 1902, the, 373 Squirrels and Horse Chestnuts, 319 Stangeria paradoxa, 32 Stapelias, 195 Stephanotis floribunda, SO Steps in the rock or wild garden, 277 Sternbergia fischeriana, 64, 91 Stocks, the East Lothian, 246 Stonecrops as lightning conductors, 391 Stove, in the, 10 ; plants, 52, 140, 19S ; soil for, 52 Strawberries, 112, 181. 278, 294 ; forcing houses for, 343 ; in pots, 44 ; manuring, 292 ; mulching or feeding, 266 ; the earliest, 426 Strawberry Black Prince, 372 ; crop, the, 407 ; St. Antoine, 352 ; the, 226, 236, 252, 295, 298, 321 Strelitzia Regina?, 2 ; var. citrina, 170, 187 Streptocarpuses. a note on, 253 Streptosolen Jamesoni, 372 Stuart, Dr. Charles, 132 Sub-tropical effects, 364 Suburban garden, the, 133 ; gardening, 161 Sugar Bean, a new, 132 Sussex garden, in a. 111 Sutton and Sons' Calceolarias and Gloxinias, 403 Swede as a vegetable, the, 110 Swedes, cooking, 189 Sweet Corn as a vegetable, 335 Sweet Pea, the, 150, 159 Sweet Peas, 64, 182 ; autumn-sown, 171 ; late in flowering, 406 ; finest new, 69 Sweet William, the, 331 Swiss holiday, a, 148 Tacsonia moUissima, 416 Tamarisks, the, 272 'Tank in a kitchen garden, a dipping, 77 Tegg, Mr. James, 170 Temple flower show, the, 300, 349, 365 Temple, Mr., 280, 282 Teucrium pyrenaicum, 22 Thermometers, 155 ; the use of, 106 Tigridias, their culture, 174 Tobattcos, S4 Toogood, Mr. E. Kemp, 390 Tomato, new early. Winter Beauty, 87 ; the tree, 110, 155. 187, 326 Tomatoes, 29, 112, 214, 294, 364 ; salad, 84 Tree planting. Coronation, 186, 219, 234 Trees and shrubs, 71, 105, 123, 162, 223. 239, 272, 287, 304, 320 ; for English g:ardens, 323, 354, 380 ; grouping of, 153 ; in poor soils, 281 ; old, beautifying, 158 ; regu- lating growth of, 33 ; weeping, the use of, 249 Tresco Abbey Gardens, Scilly, 227 Trollius Fortunei plenus, 390 Troparolum Isola Bella, 32 ; speciosum, 23, 78, 274 ; s. at AJdershot, 203 ; s. in the south-west, 53 Tuberoses, 166, 230 Tulip, an old, 350 ; La Merveille, 390 Tulipa Eichleri (Kegel), 320 ; galatica, 35S ; Korolkowi bicolor, 219 ; micheliana, 357 ; m. and T. galatica, 393 ; saxatilis, 52 Tulips, 28 ; early single, 298; florist's, the, 383; from Ireland, 317, 350 ; late, at Long Ditton, 351 ; May-flowering, 377 ; notes, 372 ; Parrot, 353 ; two good late white, 390 Turfing new ground, 95 Turnip Carter's Forcing, 139 Turnips, 112, 331 ; forcing, 162 Tussilago fragrans, 47 ; the white, 201 Vandas, 330 Vanilla, 339 Vegetable, a valuable winter, 52 ; exhibiting, 212 Vegetables at the Drill Hall, 250 ; exhibition, 142, 156, 173, 188, 203, 210, 248 ; for exhi- bition, 404 ; sowing, 45 Ventilation, 96 Veronica, 40, 56, 65, 92 ; corymbosa, 108 ; cupressoides, 63 Veronicas. New Zealand, in Midlothian, 186 Viburnum plicatum, 261 Victoria Regia at Regent's Park, the, 406 ; Trickeri, 58 Vine borders, new, 113, 252 ; growing, rapid, 396 ; history of the, 363 ; the, 206 Vineries, late, 12, 262 A'ines, 165 ; early Muscat, 365 ; early perma- nent, 80 ; grown as annuals, 291 ; planting, 214; planting spring- raised, 365 ; pot, SO, 262 ; upon walls, 130 Viola biflora, 37; Blanche, 350; Blue Bell, 87, 102, lis, 135, 171 ; pedata and V. p. bicolor, 407 Violet culture, 157 ; Marie Louise, 267 Violets from Devonshire, 199 ; of Virginia, more wild, 354; the cultivation of, 233, 264, 360 Wales, notes from, 261 Wall garden, a self-sown, 1S8 ; gardening at the English Lakes, 125 ; gardening at Gun- nersbury, 140 Wallflowers, 297, 331 Wasps, queen, destruction of, 302 Water gardens, a plea for moie, 138 Water Lilies from seed, growing, 322 ; grow- ing the blue, 362 ; in galvanised tank, 84 Watercress, a new method of growing, 407 AVatering, 28 Waterlow Park, 301 Weather and crops, 135 ; notes, 32 ; severe, preparing for, 12 Webb and Sons, Messrs., 182 Weldenia Candida, 334 West Indian Islands, impressions of a cruise amongst the, 385, 391 Wild plants in America, preserving, 52 Wilder, Mr. John, 347 AVillow, the White, 7 Wilson, ilr. E. H.,19; Mr. G. F., 231,233,267 Windfiower, the Snowdrop, 407 Window gardening, 182 Winner and raiser, 349 Winter greens, 247 Wisley, in the garden at, 238 ; notes from, 103 ; scraps from, 51 Wistaria, the, 293 Witch Hazels (Hamamelis), 123 Woburn Fruit Farm, 219 Wood preservatives, 69 Woodland gardening, natural and artificial, 400 Wootton Court, 79 Worcestershire, notes from, 427 Workers among the flowers, 106, 122 Wrexham, notes from, 153 Wright, Mr. John, presentation to 67 Xanthoceras sorbifolia, 34, 322 Y. Yangtse Valley, a botanist in the, 247 Yucca filamentosa, 241 ILLUSTRATED ARTICLES. A. Acacia cultriformis, 255 Acanthus mollis latifolius, 109 Adiantum pedatum out of doors in Surrey, 167 Agapanthus umbellatus as a tub plant, 41 Agathfea coelestis in a suburban garden, 35 Agave americana, 2S3 ; Bakeri at Kew, 240 ; B., flowers of, 240 Alpine house at Kew, the, 136 Androsace lanuginosa on the rock garden, 171 Anemone apennina, 301 ; coronaria at La Mortola, 275 ; stellata in the grass, 352 Antirrhinum glutinosum, 205 Apple and Pear, supposed hybrid between aM, 199 ; Beauty of Stoke, 192 ; Bess Pool, 311 ; Bramley's Seedling, 228 ; tree, 427 ; Brownlee's Russet, 246 ; Flower of Kent, 332 ; Golden Noble, 179 ; Hubbard's Pear- main, 145 ; Newton Wonder, 178 ; supposed hybrid, showing fruitfulness, 230 ; the Houblon, new winter, 11 Aquilegia Stuarti, a colony of, 409 Asparagus bed aiwut twelve years old, 321 Auricula, grey -edged garden, 272 ; light purple, 21 ; seedling, a curious, 21 ; the old. Grand Paisant, 20 Azalea garden at Kew, in the, 417 Bamboo garden at Kew, the, 73 Bank, a flowery, at Wisley, 238 INDEX. [''The Garden," June ;y^^ No. 1572,— Vol. LXI.J [January 4, 190i M HORTICULTURE IN liiOl. 'ANY events of horticultural and botanical interest have occurred in the year that has gone — a year of remarkable activity, and the forerunner, we hope, of continued enthusiasm in matters concerning the garden and orchard. The pursuit of gardening is do mere sentiment, a craze of the hour, but the outcome of many years of slow but certain appreciation of the restfulness and refreshing influence of the flower and tree lil'e that gives grace and beauty to the English home. The tremendous progress of the Koyal Horti- cultural Society is evidence of this deepening love for gardening as well as of admirable management on the part of its officers, whose efforts have resulted in the acquisition of nearly 1,000 new members during the past year. No society offers a more liberal fare for the subscription desired, one guinea enabling the member to receive the important quarterly Journal, admittance to the delightful fort- nightly displays in the Drill Hall, Westminster, to the Chiswick Gardens, and to the large exhibitions, such as the Temple show and the fruit exhibition at the Crystal Palace. The benefits conferred are more than adequate to the yearly subscription. Early in the year the question of obtaining a site for a new garden to displace Chiswick, as a fitting means of celebrating the centenary of the society, was considered at a largely attended gathering. It was a turbulent meeting, but the opposition were calmed by the tact of the president, who assured the Fellows that it was the desire of the council to carry out their wishes as to the method of celebrating the auspicious event. Of this we are certain, and so all ended happily. We are sure everything will work out pleasantly for the good of horti- culture and the society in the future. A hall of horticulture we shall welcome, but not a hall at the expense of that practical garden work which we must associate always with the Royal Horticultural Society. An experimental garden is a necessity, and if the two can be obtained we shall rejoice that horticulture has made itself so abundantly manifest. The Lily conference was a complete success. The day was hot and sultry, and in a stuffy tent it is a severe physical tax to listen to a series of lectures and papers, but the whole of the proceedings are given in full in the recently published Journal. While writing of societies we must congra- tulate the secretaries and officers of the National Rose Society upon the success of their bold departure to the Inner Temple Gardens, where a feast of Roses was provided in July that charmed the keen ro-sarian and converted many visitors to a fascinating pastime, as the increased list of members records. Our obituary list is a sorrowful reminder of the frailty of mankind. Many great and revered men in the world of horticulture have crossed the bar— the Rev. Henry Ewbank, a lovable and earnest gardener ; the famous American horticulturist, Thomas Meehan ; Cypher, of Cheltenham ; Thomas Rochford, prince of market gardeners ; Martin Sutton, a leader in horticulture and one of the last century's most conspicuous figures ; A. H. Smee, Sir Henry Gilbert, Eleanor Ormerod, and many good gardeners, not least among them being D. T. Fish. Our Continental neighbours have to deplore the loss of Mr. E. H. Krelage, a pioneer of horticulture in Holland, and Maxime Cornu, the French horticulturist attached to the Jardin des Plantes. We again heartily thank the friends of The G.\EDEN, both old and new, and as we wrote last year we set forth with renewed courage for the congenial field of labour in the cause of gardening in its many ways, from the simple utility of the production of wholesome food to the ministration to the higher human nature through the Divine gift of happiness in the beauty of flowers. Without our contributors progress would be impossible, and ^vhilst thanking those who relate their practical experience in our columns, we are ever mindful of those who give occasional notes to interest and instruct our readers. Horticulture has become a decided power in promoting the nation's prosperity and happi- ness. As we have before written, side by side with the bettering of the old gardens is the making of countless new ones, gardens made not only to ensure their definite end, but also leading to an appreciable augmentation of national piosperity in the increased employ- ment of well-paid labour and the advancement of the trades whose existence is the outcome of the needs of horticulture. . The year that has now dawned points to increased activity, and assuredly the prospects of horticultural endeavour were never brighter than on the thresheld of 1902, and this in spite of severe competition and a general slackness in the country. Many and important are the events to be celebrated in the present year. NOTES OF THE WEEK. Royal Hoptieultupal Society.— Tlie first meeting of the committees of the Ro3"al Horticultural Society in 1902 will be held, as usual, in the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, West- minster, on Tuesday, January 14. An election of new Fellows will take place at three o'clock. 'i\> prevent misunderstanding, it may be mentioned that the committees of 1901 do not vacate office until the date of the annual meeting 1902, and in like manner all Fellows" tickets of 1901 are avail- able until the end of January, 1902. The Kew Guild Journal.— The ninth volume of this annual publication will be wel- comed by all past and present Kewites. The frontispiece this year is an excellent portrait of Mr. George Nicholson, curator of the Royal Gardens from 1886 to 1901. An illustration is given of the Nepenthes house at Kew, and portraits appear also of Mr. Thomas Meehan and Mr. G. J. Bean, both of whom died last year. The notes from old Kewites resident abroad are even more interesting than usual, and comprise letters from many quarters of the globe. Several who went to South Africa have taken part in the Boer War. The list of appointments of Kew men to responsible positions in various parts of the worl<] is satisfactory reading, as is also the statement that the cricket club was never stronger, both financially and numerically. Through the kindly interest of the Director and Mr. Fitzgerald, of H.M. Otiice of Works, a piece of ground in the Old Deer Park has been rented for the exclusive use of the gardens' club. With reference to tlie British Botany Club, it has been decided in future to limit the number nf specimens to be submitted in competition for the prizes to 200. This, we think, is commendable, as it will ensure a far better knowledge of the plants collected than was possible when 600 or 700 were brought together, as has been the ease in recent years. The annual meeting and dinner is now an established success ; at the gathering in Maj' last no less than l-tl Kewites were present. The debating society continues to do good work, several lectures by members of the herbarium staff having been given during the past j'ear, in addition to those con- tributed by the young gardeners. Mr. W. Watson is the editor of the Journal, and is to be con- gratulated upon the success of his efforts as represented by the ninth volume. A papkfpom Richmond to King- ston. — Lord Dysart is promoting a Bill in Parliament in connection with his riverside pro- pert}' at Petersham. His proposition is to make over to the public for ever three miles of land (width 150 feet), viz., from Richmond to Kingston, for the purpose of a riverside park. Compensation is desired in the shape of considerable enclosures of lamnias land south of Ham village. SidCUp Rose show. — We are informed by the secretary (Mr. Tyson Crawford, Arundel Lodge, Sidcup) that the Sidcup (Coronation) Rose show will be held on Thursday, July 3. At least two silver cups will be given, in addition to money prizes. Flowers at Christmas in Mr. Sprenger's garden near Naples.— The finest thing now in flower is Gerbera Jamesomi, especially the var. illustris, which is deeper in THE GARDEIM fJANUARY 4, 1902. colour than the type, and has longer and broader petals. Another fine plant from Natal is Cj'rtan- thus Mackenii. with stems bearing six to seven long-tubed white flowers. This Amaryllid should be more cultivated by amateurs. The pretty dark blue Bellevalia Heldreichi and the light blue Musoari azureum are beginning to open their flowers. Primula megase:vfolia, crimson - purple, with yellow ej'e, is already in bloom in quantity ; in a few years this jewel among flowers must be in every garden. It does well in pots, and is hardy here at the Castel St. Elmo at an elevation of nearlj' 1,800 feet in a mixture of peat, leaf- mould, and grit. The Natal Laburnum (Calpiirnia lasiogyne), with long racemes of yellow bloom, is in fruit and flower. Clematis brachiata, also from Natal, is covered with the white seed-heads of its second flowering. Yuccas are favourites with Mr. Sprenger, and are made a speciality in his garden. His hybrids of filamentosa and gloriosa are remarkable for their abundance of bloom. After the main flowering in the spring, the young growths from the base will, in the case of some varieties, also flower in the autumn of the same year. There is now a plant which has one stem in fruit and four other stems in flower. The hybrid Yucca vomerensis (aloefolia :< recurvata pendula) is a giant and now in bloom. The leaves are 2 feet 9 inches long and nearlj' 2J inches broad, the flower-stem 0 feet .S inches in height. The stem, peduncles, and buds are red, and the flowers snow-white, with the outside of the outer segments tinted with red. The entire plant in flower has a height of 11 feet 8 inches. I believe that both these hybrid Yuccas will prove hardy in England, the first-named without doubt. On a terrace a beautiful object is the fine well-known Asparagus Sprengeri, with its long branches covered with red berries. A well-known horticulturist at Erfurt describes this plant as Asparagus falcatus. This is clearly an error, as anyone can see that the two species are quite distinct. I take it that this gentleman has not met with the true A. falcatus, which is a climbing species with long and broad leaves, or, more properly, phyllocladiunis ; more- over, it is one-flowered, while A. Sprengeri has drooping branches, small narrow leaves, and racemes of ten to fifteen flowers. A large number of other plants are in bloom, but those specially named are among the most interesting ; still, among the others may be mentioned Iris alala, I. stylosa speciosa, I. stylosa alba, Paper-white Narcissus, N. Tazetta (the Sacred Narcissus of Japan), Salvia splendens, Cannas, Agathteaco-lestis, and Carnations. The Strawberry St. Antoine de Padoue is also in flower and ripe fruit. — William MuLLER, Vomero, vear Naplea. Stpelltzia " Reginae."— I think that ;• mislake has been made hy some one in the name of the stately tall Strelitzia figured in the first of the two pictures of Mr. Arderne's garden in The Garden of December '21, page 412, as they are certainly not S. Regin:v. This beautiful and brilliant flowered species makes no tall stems like those in the picture. I have now in my stove house a plant over fifty years old, and it has no trace of any stem. I should say that tlie tall plants shown must be S. augusta, figured in the Botanical Magazine 71, tables 41(i7, 41(i8, a much less beautiful flower than 8. Regina', as the large blooms are white and brown instead of blue and orange. — W. E. Gumbleton, Be/r/rrtre, (^laeeiisloirn, Ireland. [We have also had a nole from Kew confirming Mr. Gumbleton's opinion as to the identity of the tall-stemmed Strelitzia. — Eds. J Mp. D. p. L>aird. — The members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Societv will be interested to learn that Mr. D. P. Laird, the director-general of the annual excursions of that society, has been invested with the rank of Justice of the Peace, and has also been unanimouslj' appointed chairman of the Corstorphine Parish Council. Ipomsea. aurea. — Distance belates my reply to Mr. Gumbleton's C|uery of November 2. From his excellent description I think there is little doubt that his Iponiifa aurea is I. tuberosa. It climbs to the top of the highest trees and showers down the seeds which follow the bright yellow flowers. These seeds, which are enclosed in conspicuous bladder-like vessels, are black and twice the size of Cherry stones. I planted one of these Iponueas on a Mango, and it has killed it. Another threatens to overwhelm a Sweetwood. Fine as it is with its sheet of bloom I am thinking of doing away with it — it is so rampant in growth, and so much time is taken up in the necessary work of destroying the many seedlings. It is called Seven-year Vine in English, but I never heard its Spanish name. The Vines are nearly as thick as my wrist, and a single plant will cover an enormous space. I should not let it grow big in a hothouse. — W. .J., Port Royal JHonntaivi, Jamaica. Chpysanthemum Mrs. W^iUiam FilkinS. — Chrysanohemums which flower in December and later always possess a special value, and it woukl be difficult to find a more interesting and pleasing decorative plant than this variety. The earliest batch of plants made a welcome display during the latter part of November and the earlier half of December. The charming spidery blossoms are so elegant and dainty that they were always welcomed as good flowers for indoor decoration. The later batch of plants, however, are more highly prized. The flowers are of bright yellow colour and last for a considerable length of time. The habit of the plant is not all one would desire, yet of the spidery sorts this is one of the best. It is rarely more than 4 feet high, and the glass structure in which the plants are housed has been absolutely cold, no heat whatever being turned on since the plants were housed in the earlj' days of November. During periods of severe frost, the house has been completely closed, ventilators and doors never being opened until milder weather has ensued. So far none of the blossoms have shown any signs of damping, and this is a peculiarity noticeable in most Chrysanthemums flowered on terminal buds. For vase decoration it is ditiicult to conceive a more pleasing and striking example of decorative work at this season, the display being most effective. — D. B. C. Presentation to Mr. Meyer. — Mr. F. W. Meyer was recently entertained by the employes of Messrs. Robert Veitch and Son at dinner to commemorate the completion of his twenty-fifth j'ear of service with the firm. Mr. Meyer was presented with a smoker's cabinet and a case of Peterson's pipes, together with an illuminated address, subscribed for by his fellow colleagues, as " token of the high esteem in which he is held by one and all of them. Mr. Meyer was also the recipient from Messrs. R. Veitch and Son of a cheqne, accompanied by a solid silver salver. Open ground Auriculas. — Just now the.se plants, whether in pots in a housed frame, or in borders, or on rockwork outdoors, do not cut ver\- attractive figures. During so much of the winter as has passed the outer leaves have died away, and generally there is little left but green, round, slightly conical buds of hard leafage, singly or in clusters. It is all well when that is so, for witliin those modest and unobtrusive crowns lie hidden beauty, colour, form, and loveliness of the most delightful description. These dormant buds are but awaiting the approach of spring to open, expand their leaves, then blossoms, and once more to resume their place in the world of life and of beaut}'. It is then they in common with all Nature respond to the power of warmth and of light. Let the sun shine, let the soil be gently healed, let light become abundant and they can no longer resist. Neither need they. The season of recupe- ration has come, and its demands must be met by immediate consent. But whilst this season of rest prevails the gardener may do something to help his plants when growth does commence. He can lightly stir the surface of the soil about them, even if in pots, remove some that may seem poor or exhausted, and replace with a compost of sifted loam, old hot-bed manure, well-rotted leaf soil, sifted old lime refuse, and some sand. A mulch of this mixture should be laid about the crown. The soil partially washes into the roots and invites to surface root action quickly, for whilst the crowns are at rest the roots are not neces- sarily so. In any case new spring leafage soon creates new roots near the base of the leaves, and these revel in the new dressing thus applied, rendering foliage more robust and flowers finer and of brighter' hues. We may treat Polyanthuses and Primroses in the same way with good results, as the spring bloom will show. — A. D. ColeUS thyrsoideus.— I have now a fine display of good spikes of the lovely winter blooming Coleus thyrsoideus in my conservatory, which is most valuable at this dull flowerless time of year. A fine lot of the free blooming vanill.i- soented Eupatorium petiolare is also coming into flower. No winter greenhouse should be without this new variety, which came to me from Darmstaoxes or large pots, and set in some cellar in the winter where the}' may not freeze." Like many other e.votic plants these Lilies have proved to be hardiei- than was at first supposed. -H. P. MIDST CHINESE FORESTS. [To THE Editor or "The Gabde.v."] Sir, — Before going to China in 1881 1 had no training in botany, and was quite ignorant of gardening. I had always been fond of walking and of long, excursions, and cared little for game.s. Shooting has never stirred my blood. I prefer to keep still and listen to the birds and the drowsy hum of the bees. I love to watch the antelope as he lies asleep on the ledge of the cliff far below, the leopard crawling in the dusk over the rocks, and the wolf as he trots in the moonlight along the path by the maize field. I have heard the lark sing high oxer the grassy downs in South Formosa, and my heart throbbed in glee. Often seated on the mountain top, gazing through the lattice made by the thick growth of the small bamboos, I saw far off the square fields of man in the valley, and wished that he had never spoiled the planet. Yet, when in Yunnan 1 escaped from the civilised Chinese and reached the log huts of the Yao hunters and the villages of the Lolos, I was glad, for these were primitive people and seemed part of the forest itself. So much of personal details, to explain how my liking for wild places naturally led to my becoming a collector of plants. After some months in Shanghai, I was appointed in 1882 to Ichang, then the end of navigation by steam on the Yangtze, a port a thousand miles from the sea. Opposite the town the great river is already nearly a mile wide, and is beginning its course in the great plain. It has just made (■//, KirilS SI'. — LARCE TREE NEAR SZEMAO. .' j)/iali>;rrap/i .y/(rM'\s- refif v'fU l/ir scanty Joliatje oj many ft/ the lat'je sperien ttf r'ici')< in Ytnuian. its exit, a few miles further up, from the mountains, tlii-ough which it cuts its way and tumbles along in wild rapids or glides through dark silent gorges. These mountains and gorges were my playing ground, and 1 began to collect plants there in 188"). On the sides of the river are countless glen.s, often narr'jw as a house, and witli vertical walls, a thousand feet or more, reaching to the sky. Each ravine has some peculiar plant, and this is the feature of Western China, the astonishing richness of the flora ; each new valley and range yields .some new species. When on the march I always reckoned on meeting a different species of liubus each ten miles of travel, and was never disappointed. Western China is the back of the Himsilayas. This great chain presents its steep face as a wall to India ; its sloping side descends by successive terraces through Tibet, Yunnan, and Szechuan, to sink at Ichang into the great plain, which is there not a himdred feet above sea level. No such deeply-cut-up region exists elsewhere on the earth, hence the diversity of its plants, which are all the more interesting in that most of them can be grown in the open air in Britain. I ought to explain that my botanising began accidentally ; and as I had had no previous training or knowledge, it was mainly successful because I was the first comer, a pioneer digger in a glorious gold-field. The first plant which I collected and dried was Clematis Henryi (Oliver), a species with large simple ovate-acuminate leaves and white waxen flowers, which peep out of the snow in February. Luck has kept with me from the start, and many new genera and hundreds of new species have fallen to my trowel and knife since that day. If I were asked what were the MOST BEAUTIFUL PLANTS THAT 1 HAVE SEEN, I should answer : Amongst trees, Paulownia Fortunei, which in Yunnan ravishes the eye with its myriads of violet Foxglove flowers, and the new siiecies or variety of Rhodoleia, a giant tree in the great forests south of the lied River. Yet there are Rhododendron trees, several species, which are perhaps more lovely than the.se. Of shrubs one may mention Lonirerd HUch'brandiana^ many new Rhodo- dendrons and Azaleas, ///ji(ogram/iie brunoniana. Lower down the forests are nearly always mixed, made up of numerous species of trees and intergrouped with shrubs, climbers, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses. In a wood of two or three acres in extent, behind some village in Yunnan, one can easily find more species of trees than occur in all Europe. Occasionally there are uniform forests at lower levels, made up of Pinus densiflora or Pinus massoniana, or of certain evergreen Oaks, or in Yunnan of Alnus tiepalensis. These uniform forests are never of great extent and are uninteresting as regards variety ; they are too open, and the sunlight prevents the growth of the many shrubs and herbs, which only thrive in deep shade. In the mixed forests one may find anything. In open glades rather high uji LlLIUM GIGANTEDM may be spied miles away across the valley with its gorgeous turret of flowers. At still higher elevations and in eomjilete shade in the mountains to the north I met with noble specimens of Rheum oflii-iiiale (Baillon), the plant from which a considerable part of the Rhubarb of commerce is obtained. This is a> glorious plant, having a remarkable rhizome three feet or four feet long, with a bright red cortex but golden-yellow interiorly. Lower down in a dark wood we discovered, in one spot only, a few specimens of Dieentra inacrantha, a plant much to be desired in cultivation. It grew with such plants as Podopki/lluin ivrsipelle and C'lulophj/lliiDi robust u)ii, but these were common everywhere in certain sites. In an exceedingly dark mountain forest in Fang district in Hupeh, at 7,(iiiO feet elevation, I found Dijihiilleiii ci/uioxa (Michx.), an American plant, astonishing to meet with in Central China. In this connection, as illustrating the peculiarities of plant dist-ibution, I may state that the Tulip Tree (Liriodendrou) is common wild in certain parts of Hupeh. Neither of these American plants is met with in the intermediate station of Japan. It would be ini])ossible to name all the trees of the mixed forest ; many of my .specimens are as yet undetermined. Of well-known genera, (Jvercus, Caipiuus, Pra.ii7iu.i,-And ^Irer have numerous species. There is a new Beech with five kinds of Linden, fourof these being new .species. It was in .sandals made of their bark that 1 used to do my climbing. Some of the new genera arc worth noticing, e.g., Dijiteronia, a very common tree, which is the only close : ally of the Maple known : it differs from Acer in having pinnate leaves and fruits which are winged all round the margin. Tetracentrou is very remarkable ; it has short lateral branches, on which are borne a leaf and an inflorescence January 4, 1902] THE GAKDEN of many small flowers. This tree grows to an enormous size and is very widely distributed in China. I discovered it in Hupeh, and years at'terwardd found it again south of the lied 1 liver close to Indo-China, where it is common in the forests. KiAreuttria Ijijiinnnta is another striking tree, with great panicles of yellow flowers and peculiar capsules. It is also widely sjiread, as it has been found by me in Hupeh, l'^)rmosa, and Yunnan. Emmenopti'ri/s Ilctirjii, l)elonging to the Eubiacete, and with leaves rather like certain Cinchona shrubs, is a tree with one lobe of the caly.x modified into a white bract, as m Muersists till the fruit is ripe, and serves not only as an attractive organ at the time of flowering, but iis a sail to waft the fruit through the air. IliUiinmelU matlix is a tall shrub of the mountains of medium altitude. It is of course impossible in-a paper such as this to do more than glance at a fevv of the iiitei'esting species that hapjien to come into one's head at the moment of writing. This will account for the desultory nature of my remarks. I will now speak about LIllOCEDRnS MACxiOLEl'IS (l5TH. ET (A Conifer peculiar to Yunnan — a tail pi/rauiiilal ti The Wild Fp.uits which we, myself and my coolies, used to enjoy ontheseexcursions.an i whichcoulddoubtlessbe improved by s -lection and crossing. Everyone in China and [ndia knows the very deceptive Strawberry called Fra:tih■ (Maxim) is an erect shrub, about four feet high, with very strange fruit, liipe they are the size and shape of a man's thunili, and have a delicate, somewhat acid flavour. Of this Hubus apparently very little is known. It was first found in Japan, where it is very rare. I'lilnis niiii/i/t.i- ( Focke) is herliaceous, creeping by roots, an inhabi- tant of the higher mountains, with red edible fruit. Its neare.st of kin is com- mon Rubus saxatilis. linbux jjinii/fiis (Cambess) has large i-ed fruit, somewhat sour in flavour. A'ii/,iix niivnx (\V:ill.) occurs in several forms. The tri-leaHet variety has bluish black fruit, not very good to eat. The five leaflet form, only met with at a very high elevation, has fruit of a leaden black colour, extremely pleasant in flavour. RuIjiik /it/pKiyi/nis (Edgw.) is perhaps a variety of this species ; it has fruit remarkable in colour, a peculiar drab, like the colour of wood-ashes. Rulius pilentuK (Focke), a new species, is a large climber with most peculiar fruit, exactly the shai)e of a mushroom. The fruit is red and good to eat As I am here touching upon the subject of Rubi, I may include the common ones of Yunnan. Everywhere in South China one meets Ihtlms molnrdiniis : it has a variety iri the high mountains, with somewhat differently shajied leaves and bearing flowers and fruits underneath the branches, so that they are practically invisible to all except small animals and insects keeping close to the ground. Ilulius I'ltijitimx (Smith) is very common in two well-marked lorms ; the forest form has large, broadly-ovate, soft, acuminate leaflets, and bears fruit scantily ; the form HOOK.). ee with white bark.) of the open barren dry plains and rocky mountains has small, broadly-obcordate, hard leaflets and numerous fruit. The fruit is yellow and decidedly agreeable. If anyone wishes to cultivate a Raspberry in barren, dry, rocky deserts, let him try this obcordnte fori'n of Yunnan. I saw this species in Ceylon, and there its leaflets were intermediate in character. This species is a very good examjile of varieties which have been develojied in direct response to environment. CUER.\NT.S were common wild in the higher forests of Hupeh in the northern mountains, and were splendid to eat. One species akin to Jliln'x japoniriiiii has very lung racemes of black fruit, I do not wish to say how long, but there are doubtless specimens at Kew to see. This shrub should be introduced. Another species high up is marked at Kew as being doubtful Rilirs H/i/iiDii. Sear this localitj' I came across a .solitary specimen of the common Gooseberry. It was sour enough to eat, but the find was very interesting and gave me great pleasure at the moment ; it is the most easterly record for the species. Before, the Gooseberry was known to extend as far east as Cashmere only. Aftinidin is a genus little known in England. It has a good many Chinese species, all great climbers, simulating the Grape Vine rather in habit and appearance, and belonging to Ternstroemiace;e : the flowers are snowy white. Artinidia sincnaia (Planchon) lii-oduces in the wild state excellent fruit about the size of a big ]>lum, somewhat ellipsoidal in form, with a papery epicarp, and full of eclible pulp containing minute seeds arranged in a circle. This climber would be perfectly hardy in this country, and the fruit would be a great aciiuisition I think. There are a great many othei- fruits of course, as the various species of Beiithamin, and I was almost going to forget the wild sinny Vitin, whicli has excellent fruit of a large .size, an(l seems to me the sort of ]ilant that would put life and vigour into the exhausted common \'ine. I will, however, further only mention the curious J'l/rn.i Delnnii/i (Franchet) ot Yunnan. This produces large fruits, fairly edible, like an apple in shape. Ordinary Pyriis has two ovules in each cell, and the Quince has numerous ovult-s. This Yunnan species is intermediate, having four ovules ; it is a large tree, and its fruits are big enough to suggest that under cultivation they might develop into something good and new. I shall conclude my leniarks concerning Ichang with a few notes about some jilants. Davidiit, a large tree, bears thousands of flowers, which are most peculiar. Inside a pair of white bracts, about the size of the hand, is a head of numerous red anthered stamens, out of which projects a champagne bottle- shaped gyinecium. This tree, in full flowcr, is a marvellous sight, owing to the alternate white and green, c.insed by these large white bracts intermingling with the leaves. Numerous seeds of it have Lieen sent home by .Messrs. Veitch's collector, Mr. Wil.son, and they are germinating, so that we may expect this new and striking tree to get into cultivation very soon. Ihipi'i-iciim loiKjisfi/liim is an elegant shrub, with small leaves and flowers two inches across. Ipisopt/rum llenri/i, a mountain herb, is pretty, with blue flowers one inch in diameter. Oligoliiitrija Ilenijyi is a common Liliaceous j)lant of the higher forests, with white flowers in a terminal inflorescence, thus ditt'ering from Polygonatum, which in other resjiects it THE GAKDEN. [January 4, 1902. resembles. The flowers are white, gamo- phyllous and hypocrateriform. Petrocosmea sinensis is a lovely little Cyr- tandraceous plant with violet flowers and pilose leaves, which cling closely to the rocks on which the plant grows. Abutilon sinense is a tall and striking shrub, with flowers two inches to tour inches across. It is of wide distribution, as it has been found not only at Jcbang, but in Yunnan, south of the Red River. I left Ichang in March, 1889, and then spent a few months in Hainan. I became there very ill with malaria — the people all around me, including my own servants, were djdng of cholera. I went about as long as I could, but had to lie down one afterooon when the heat seemed greater than usual ; it was, as my own temperature showed, 104° I was sent away to Hong Kong, and from there went home for a time. I did not collect much on this account in Hainan ; still there were interesting species in my collection from that island. I much regretted this illness, as I had hopes of pene- trating into the mountains of the interior of the island, which are unexplored as yet. The island has curious aboriginal people, much dense forest in the mountains, a great number of wild animals, and I often wonder why yachting expeditions never explore it. After returning to China from my first home leave, I spent some time in Shanghai ; but had subsequently two years in Formosa, 1893 and 1S94. I collected there about 2,(X)0 numbers, and made some interesting trips into the mountains which are inhabited by savages of Malay origin. Never shall I forget my first sight there of savages — one morning that 1 visited the neutral ground whither they came armed to barter with the Chinese. They were a band of forty, led by two chiefs, the younger of whom wore a coronet of boar's teeth. A few women accom- panied them, wild creatures, dressed for the occasion in longish robes. I noticed that they were tattooed transversely across the wrists. The men were longitudinally tattooed on the wrists, and wore only an apron Their hair hung down unkempt in wild disorder, and their rolling eyes were never steady for a moment. Dwarf in stature, they scarce looked like human beings, and the old Spanish priest of the mission, where I had stayed the night before, assured me that for all practical purposes they had no souls. They warred continually with the Chinese of the plain, chiefly to decorate their huts with the skulls of the latter, and no young savage was allowed to wed until he had brought home one skull. It was impossible for me to enter their territory here, and a slight excursion, wjiich I made up a ravine for two or three miles into the mountains, wa-s most uncom- fortable, as my Chinese coolies were in abject terror. I succeeded later in penetrating savage territory from the South Cape, much to the south of the tribe just referred to. My botanical collections in Formosa were fairly interesting, but I was unable to touch the higher mountains, which will yield a great deal of charming novelties I am sure. The flora of these mountains should be very like that of Central China It was in Formosa that I first made aci(uaint- ance with Mangrove Sw.vmps, and I used to visit those very insalubrious, hot, steamy sulphuretted-hydrogen odorous places about once a month, in the hope of finding some novelty, but only succeeded in getting the very interesting shrub Myoporurn hontioides, one species of a small Australian and Pacific family. It is a littoral shrub, and is rather pretty with purple flowers. The finest and biggest tree in Formosa is Avacin Bichei, which has no true leaves, the enlarged leaf- stalks serving as leaves. I have given a popular account of the Formosa Flora in the Kew Bulletin for March and April, 1896 : and to this I would refer any- one interested, as nothing special about the plants of Formosa has since been published, save my own paper in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of .Japan, vol. xxiv., entitled " A Li.st of Plants from Formosa." The latter paper is not very accessible, but it is much fuller of information than the one in the Kew Bulletin. I left Formosa at the end of 1894, was in England all 1895, and, returning to China in 1896, was appointed to Mengtse and Szemao successively in the province of Yunnan. I had once deemed Ichang in Central China lonely and out-of-the-way, but Szemao totally eclipsed Ichang in these respects. It is farther ofl", I imagine, in point of postal time and facility of getting stores, than any other station on the globe where white men do reside. I stayed in Yunnan till the end of last year, and collected with great vigour. I found the native non- Chinese races there full of interest. !My plants from Yunnan are labelled with numbers running from 9,i:h:i1 to 1.3,8:26. I intend, I hope, very shortly to publish some connected account of my experiences, touching mainly on wild plants and primitive people. ^Meanwhile, the reader is referred for a few notes on the Fl ra of Yunnan, and other things incidentall}-, to the Kew Bulletin for 1897, pages 99 and 407, 1898, page 289, and 1899, page 46. ily greatest find in Vunnan was probably the remarkable new genus of Ferns, An-hnn- qiopteris. the sort of thing, I believe, that concerts with the Myolodon and other dead and gone fossils rather than with the living things of to-day. The tract of mountains extending on either side of the frontier, which separates Yunnan from Burma and Indo-China, is the richest in Ferns now known. Many of these are lovely new species. While the mention of these recalls to me tho.se wonderful mountains, dark forests, ravishing ravines, and those delightful people, the Lolo farmers and Yao hunters, allow me to sign myself, yours very truly AuGiSTiSE Henry. THE FRUIT GARDEN. FRUIT EVAPORATION AND DRYING. UNDER the auspices of the I >evon County Council a lecture was delivered in Paignton Public Hall recently by Mr. .lames Harper, of Ebley, on "Fruit Kvaporalion and Drying." Mr. W. M. (;. Singer, C.C, presided over a good attendance, and the proceedings were most interesting The Chairman said the question before them was a very important one, as giving the means to fruit growers throughout the country of preserving their produce when they had not got a ready market. A few years ago, » hen he was in British Columbia, a fruit seUing industry was just started, and the producers had great difficulty at times in getting rid of their produce, the loss one year being very serious, as the middlemen offered such low prices, and the railways asked such big freight, that the fruit was left to rot in the orchards because they could not find an outlet for it. The growers combined to find means of getting rid of the produce, and the result was that a factory was stirtel, wheru ever since they had been able (o dry and evaporate all their fruit and made a great success. In many cases in this country the dith- culty would be overcome if people were able to evaporate and dry their fruit and wait until such time as thej- could find a better price for it. He then introduced the lecturer. Mr. Harper said he had come to tell them of the method of dealing with surplus produce, which was not treated with that amoxint of business acumen in England as it weis in other parts of the world. The County Council had felt that something might be learnt from a wider knowledge of the methods adopted in other parts of the country for dealing with fruit.« and vegetables, and after having appeared on several platforms in other parts of the country it was his peculiar good fortune to come and deliver a lecture here, than which there was no district in Devonshire or England which grew finer or better fruit and vegetables. In this immediate district some of the finest cider in England was made. Few growers could make a living out of Apples, and the wretchedl}' bad prices that they got in Devonshire generally for fruit was a disgrace to them as business men. He found there was not that amount of cla.ssing of fruit which should be done. When he got fruit brought to him to be dried it was a most extraordinary thing that all the large, best fruit was on the top of the basket, and the small and bruised at the bottom. That was a most serious matter, and was the reason whj- crops of fruit did not paj' as they should. In (iloucester market he bought Apples at less than a halfpennj- per pound, of all sorts and sizes. He took them home and classed them, and before the ne.\t market sold them at :W. per pound, because he gave a written guarantee that nothing but really sound and even fruit was in the basket. It was always belter to send onl}' the good fruit and keep the other back. As to that kept back, he admitted that in the past there was a great deal of difficulty in dealing with this side of the question, because in this country there was no attempt to do anything in the waj' of grading. At Covent Garden market American, Tasmanian, French, and other fruit was graded very correctly, because it paid the foreigner better to send only the best to market and to dry the remainder, and tradesmen supplied customers with these Apples. He would show them what Apples to pack, and ask them as business men to set about making better prices. During the last twentj* jears his firm had bought something like 1.5, (KIO tons of Apples in Devonshire, and he told them that some of the finest and cheapest Apples were sold in Devon shire. A little more knowledge would enable them to make a better return for the fruit they grew. There was the difficulty of being a long way from the markets and the fruit was softer than that in the Midlands, and consequently it did not travel so well. To dry, therefore, was of more importance than to those in the Midlands, and if it paid them there it would pa3' them in Devon- shire very much better. When dried much of the moisture of the fruit was taken awaj-, and this made the carriage of produce ver^- much less. The fruit grown in Devonshire was, in his opinion, superior to anything else grown in England, and if thej' were to pay more attention to their orchards than thej' did they would be able to grow infinitely much better fruit. All .Apples were divided into three sorts — the sweet, acid, and bitter-sweet, which were good for cider. He believed in cider being made from the very best fruit. Taking the average of the last ten years' prices in Devonshire were SI Is. per ton. .Some Apples were not good for cider, and were better kept out, because the public preferred sweet and not acid cider. In order to dry a ton of .\pples at 30s. per ton thej' had to get through the operation of paring .ind coring. He had a machine which was capable of paring and coring 15 cwt. of Apples a day. This was supplied at f2, with 10 per cent, on account of increase of manufacture, making £•1 4s. English firms would want tl.j for a similar machine, but they could get it at the price named because over l,fKK) were in the hands of American farmers. Therefore it was placed well within the reach of those who liked to undertake the work now. He would allow 12s. a day for labour, and Janvary 4, 1902.] THE GAEDEN. 4s. fid. for coal per ton of Apples. One ton yielded about 'ij cwt. dried rings, 3i ewt. cored Apples, or 3A cwt. of Pippins. They were packed usually in .lOlb. boxes, wliicli could be had at say Is. each, coming to 05. in the whole. When they had done that he assured them it was all that was nece8sar3' in the way of drying Apples. No particular intelligence was required ; they had to use a certain amount of judgment in the fires. It worked out at 30s. for the fruit, 123. labour, 45. coal, OS. boxes — £2 lis., and he sold all his rings out of some of the commonest Apples this year wholesaleat 4Ad. per lb. ; 2-^ cwt. at 4 jd. per lb. was £5 OS. Some people used lots of argument against it. One man told him that rents were too dear, another that rates and taxes were high, though he did not know what that had to do with it. He had been drying fruit for the last three years. It was a very paying hobby, and of much advantage in clearing off surplus and windfalls. The answer to the question "Where is your market'" was in Devonshire. He had not been to a town in Devonshire yet but what the grocers were selling -Apple rings and Pippins from America. He undersiood that in the immediate neighbourhood they grew a large number of Plums, and he had bought them at Is. per cwt. In a plentiful season a large number of Plums were practically wasted. He made an awful hash of the first lot of Plums he dried, but in six weeks his wife dried enough to pay for a small evaporator, as the\' did not need to buy foreign Prunes. Then he bought a larger one, and it was now doing well, and it they would dry Plums he would pay them a decent price for them. He made the mistake at first of putting Plums into the great heat first, but now he tilled them from the top, where there was the least heat, and brought them down to the greatest, and that made all the difference between success and failure. In Austria and Hungary scores of thousands of tons of Plums were dried every year. In France the crop was over 000,00(1 cwt., and in America they were planting thousands of acres to supply the English market. When Plums were so ripe that they were no longer fit to travel thej' were put into a machine such as he had on view, and the trays were gradually filled from the top until all were full. They were turned about several times, for twelve or sixteen hours, according to the quality of the Plums. As to the return, he would pay 4^d. per lb. for as many good Plums as they liked to dr}'. Allowing the cost much as before, it worked out at 423. per cwt. , which was better than letting it waste on the ground. He had that morning paid Hid. per lb. for foreign Plums in Paignton. Now he had bought some Damsons in Ireland at .Is. per cwt. , these cost very little to dry, and he sold them to a firm in Birmingham for 4Ja. per lb. These were simple plain facts, and it was time something should be attempted in Paignton. They had a splendid climate and soil ; if they had not some of them might be better farmers, tor they would clean some of the lichen off the trees, manure them, and make them look as if they belonged to business men. (Applause. ) He had with him samples of foreign Pears, but as tliey did not grow Pears here he would not discuss it. There was already a market for produce grown in England, because he had never in any country tasted better Apples and Plums than those which grew in his own country. (Applause.) It would be asked if the public said so. Why not try to supply the home market in Devonshire at least/ From a business point of view this industry was of very great importance. If prices were bad and they could not sell stock at a reasonable figure they could bring it home, but fruit was perishable, and the alternative was to dry it and put it on one side until the}' could get better prices. The whole question simply required one or two people to start it. He did not believe in a syndicate, because it made it exclusive. The idea 'of the County Council was to enable e\ery farmer to make a profit for himself, and he would suggest that they start amongst themselves. A clerical friend of his had started such a concern in Staffordshire. He called twenty men together and formed a little agricultural co - operative society. They got between them 200 acres of fruit farms, and for each acre taken up they paid about £1, the result biing that there was ,£200 of capital, the bulk of which was not called, and Ihej' could borrow money at 4 per cent., because they were formally and severally responsible fur the money. He suggested that within two years they would pay off the cost of the machinery by working together. In Ireland 46,000 farmers were co-operating to make the best use of their produce, with the result that they produced the finest butter and milk, and if it was done there it could be done in Devonshiie, where the soil was infinitely better. Turning to Dried Vegetables, he said Paignton was one of the finest climates for growing vegetables in England. In Evesham, where the climate was not so good, men were making large fortunes out of small holdings— one was paid £3,900 for the unexpired term of a holding of 40 acres. That day he saw about twenty rows of French Beans still standing, but a German would have gathered them when at their highest pitch of perfection, and dried them, and those French Beans were selling at 226s. per cwt. dried. The (ierraans were supplying the British Govern- ment with £20,000 worth of dried vegetables a week to go to the troops in South Africa, and English people were supplying hardly any, whereas it could all be supplied from Devonshire. The same drier who dried Plums would dry vegetables, and whether the}' liked it or not it cannot be doubted that there is a very large increase in the quantity of vegetables being eaten. He referred to .Julienne soup, which cost 2.UI. for less than an ounce packet, and which cost less than a farthing to produce. There was a demand for them here. It was made out of unconsidered trifles, which the English pig got the benefit of. Potato flour, which would fetch at least £25 per ton whole- sale price, was made out of all the smallest Potatoes, and the lec- turer went on to refer to dried Peas, for which there was an enormous dem.and. When he coulil get it he preferred a driid vegetable to a fresh one. A'egetables must be dried when in the pink of perfection, and he mentioned that he did not eat meat, poultrj', fish. Potatoes, or any starchy food, and had enjoj'ed life more since. He looked upon the question as of the very greatest import- ance to Kngland as a nation, and it was a serious blot upon their business acumen that they should feed their soldiers upon foreign grown stuff. He' admitted they had to buy Wheat from abroad, but vegetables they should produce for themselves, and this drying meant the differ- ence in the case of the grower between profit and loss. If it could be shown that a man could live a healthier life in the country' than in tlie city this thing would be a great boon to England. There was no better place for getting good men and women from than the country, and if they could ~get people to come back to the country and make a decent honest livelihood with a few acres of land it would be a great service to them and the countrj'. Mr. Harper quoted the case of a man near Paris who made a huge sum out of three acres of ground which was most scientifically prepared for cropping with hot water pipes and other heating apparatus, and he defied frost with movable greenhouses. If they could make more money out of a small area and supply their own markets instead of sending the money out of the country he ventured to say that the matter demanded most serious consideration. In conclusion, he would say that he had come across a great many men who had got all sorts of ideas of making the world better ; but some of them had a vision of that time when the world was more or less a place of perpetual spring, and today it was possible with the advance of science to be able to make Devonshire practically a perpetual spring. THE AVHITE AVILLOAV. There are many trees and shrubs that will prosper exceedingly near the banks of lakes and streams provided they are not planted in the water. But, for positions where the roots have to be partially or almost wholly submerged, there are few so well adapted as the Willow.s. The illustration is of one of the best of them— Sali.x alba or the " White Willow." The tree is a comparatively young one, and its branches have not acquired the more pendant character that comes with age. P>ut even young specimens, especially when clothed with summer verdure, are amongst the most beautiful of our native trees. The grey S.VI.IX ALBA (WHITE WILLOW) I'.V THE LAKE AT KEW. THE GARDEN. [January 4. VJOJ. IN THK CUNSEIlVATdRV AT RKDI.AXDS, CLASCdW (THE RESfDKXCK OF Ml!. MIRRLEI^). uiidersurfaco of the leiivos gives a pcculiaily attriietive lieauty ti> the tree wlien its liranchcs aie swayed by wind, and the iiiovintj shades of its grey and green foliave make it at tliose times one of the most " living " of garden trees. In association with water it is almost as ett'cctive as the Baliylonian Willow, and there is not the same danger of its being overplanted as there is with the letter. Several varieties are cultivated, and probable hybrids between this and other species exist. One of the best varieties is Cieruiea pendula, which has not only a more conspicuous pendulous growth but the undersurface of the leaves is more vividly glaucous. At the iiresent time the timber of tlie true White Willow is of greit value owing to its com]iarative scarcity and the demand there is f(jr it in the manufacture of cricket bats, &c. W. J. Bkan. A SCOTTISH GARDEN. It is interesting to note liow varied are the ways in whicli the comparatively small acreage of land around town houses is managed, and tlic use to which il is put. Some have the idea that a stretch of green lawn is preferable to beds and borders of hard}' flowers, and so arrange tlieir garden to the ahiiost complete exilusion of the latter. Others, again, t;row hardy flowers so abundantly that there is liut Httle space left for a lawn, and many are devotclashes during heavy rainfall, to which they would be sufjcct in aljare border. Therefore they are peculiarly adapted for planting in masses in grassy ]ilaces near shrubberies, in the wild garden, or by the margins of (londs or streams, '^riic soil should be rich, fairly moist, and well drained, with full exposure to the sun, thus ensuring a thorough ripening of the corm during the summer. I'nder such conditions they thrive, and many of them increase rapidly, soon foiiil- ing a cluster of cornis and ]iroducing large (juantities of charming (lowers. In the rock garden also they may be used for eft'ect in the autumn when little else is in Hower, jilaiited amongst Sedums and other similar dwarf grow- ing jilants. Though the individual flowers do not last long, they are produced in succession in great abundance, extending the flowering season over a good length of time, iage, which is developed in early spring, ; with it the seed vessels, varies con- siderably in the diti'ereiit species, the leaves in some being over 1 foot long and 4 inches broad, whilst in others they are only a few inches long and very narrow. In classifying the genus Mr. Baker divided the known si'ccies into four jn-incipal group.s, the members of which closely resemble each other. Group I. Flowers are more or less distinctly tessellated, produced in autumn, whilst the leaves are not developed till spring. C. I'arirf/'ifiiiii- — A very old and well known inhabitant of our gardens, having been culti- vated by Parkinson in the year Ifi^!). Flowers rose colour, chei|uered with i)urple - violet. This species is also grown under the name (_'. chionense. Greece. C. I'nrkiiisdn.i is closely allied to the fore- going, of which it may be a variety, and from which it diti'ers by its more undulated leaves, which are disjiosed horizontally instead of being sub-erect, and its clearer colouring anlish lilac, whilst tho.-e .shown in the Bfitiinicul Mniiir-iiK' figure are wliite. It is near C. neapo- litanum, diflering only in its more robust habit, more numerous flowers, and broader leaves, with rounded tips. (.'. uiiihroifiim. — A shade-loving species with violet-purple, long- tubed flowers, and narrow fleshy leaves, also known as C. arenarium var. umbrosum. Crimea. ('. neapolitawuiii is a small growing plant with rose-coloured flowers. South Europe. Other species belonging to this group are C. polyphylluni, Asia Minor ; C. parnassicum, Greece ; C. corsicum, Corsica ; C. alpinum, Switzerland; C. arenarium, Hungary ; C. lingulatum, Greece. Group IV. Flowers are not tessellated, and developed in winter or spring at the same time as the leave , C. inoiitOi in the horticultural world will be found useful and interesting to our readers. Our best thanks are due to the secretaries of the various institutions and societies who have so promptly su]iplied us with the information nece.ssary to its compilation. 'Wi^-Vr^ KALMIA LATIFOLIA. Few flowering shrubs can surpass this Kalmia for beauty when at the zenith of its loveliness. Each delicately fashioned, cupped 1 ilossom, of which liuskin wrote so appreciatively, is a marvel of perfect form, and the large clusters, ranging in colour from white to soft pink, almost hide the shining, lance-shaped leafage in their profusion. Bushes from (i feet to S feet in height, standing in a fairly ojien position, form a charming picture in the month of .lune, and retain their beauty for a comparatively lengthened period. While partial to a peaty soil, such as that in which Khododendrons and Azaleas flourish best, the Kalmia is often to be found growing in healthy vigour in leaf- uioulJ and loam, provided that the latter does not contain lime. This latter constituent is fatal to the well-being of the Kalmia, and the attempt to cultivate it in a limestone .soil is foredoomed to failure. A]:iart trom the beauty of its flowers, Kalmia latifolia is valuable as an evergreen shrub, its foliage being distinct and handsome. There is a variety of K. latifolia named K. myrtifolia, bearing small Myrtle like leaves. K. latifolia is sometimes grown in pots and forced into early bloom, when it forms an attractive object in the conservatory. There are several other species of Kalmia, or Moun- tain Laurel as they are termed in their North American home, but these are far dwarfer than K. latifolia, and cannot compare with it for decorative eft'ect. Kalmias may be propagated liy cuttings of the young shoots placed under a bell-gla.ss in the spring or by seed. S. W. Fitzherijki;t. t^? 'm>^:. ,:•'(;? ^J>'?t''' 1)3- night and Sll^ by day. It is advisable to tie up the leaves of the longer leaved varieties loosely. Ringing is another method of propagation, and in establishments where room is limited and no propagating case available with the necessarj' bottom heat, it is preferable to the bell-glasses, under which they are sometimes rooted. The bai'k should be removed from around the stem to the width of a quarter of an inch at a point where the leaves are intact. In about tTiree weeks' time from the date of removal a slight swelling will bo noticed on the upper edge of the wound : then place a mixture of cocoa- nut fibre, leaf soil, and sand, encasing the lot in moss. Roots will be found to appear in about a fortnight. When strong enough take away the covering of moss, potting up the plants into .3-inch pots, and keeping close for a few days. Allamandas, Bougaixvili.eas, and Clerodendro.ns required for earl}' flowering should now be pruned, withholding water until signs of growth appear. Ixoras to flower in .June may be cut back slightly, but do not allow the plants to get dry. The tem- perature for the present month should be 0.5" bj' night and 70" by day, except in windy and severe weather, when a drop of .l'^ is adxisable. Plants required for decoration should never be taken direct to the house, but should be prepared for the change by a gradual transfer to lower temperatures. Persian Cvi la.meN!> in flower should be kept well supplied with water, and occasionally with liquid manure. Flowers, when taken from the corm, want to be given a smart pull — if they are cut the steins bleed and exhaust the plant. As the autumn sowings become ready transfer the seedlings into 3-inch pots, keeping the crown of the corm free from soil. When a succession of flower is wanteil a sowing should be made now. Dibble the seeds 1 inch apart and a ijuarter of an inch deep in seed-pans, firmly filled with loam, with a liberal addition of leaf soil and sand. Cover the surface with finely-sifted cocoanut fibre. Bi'LBS IN .Store, such as Begonias, (Jladioli, Gloxinias, ,an" or thereabout on the night in question. It is this ambiguity in recording meteoro- logiealobservations that makes the experience of different gardeners appear so contradictory. The night in question had hardlj' any effect on vegetation, the Camellias in the open not showing damage to a single leaf, though the Benthamia fragifera was slightly cut. With regard to the latter shrub my experience is very different from that of "Nemo," as during the past thirty years I have had it several times destroyed to the ground by hard winters, when the Laurustinus was scarcely hurt. Of course there is no defi- nite minimum of tem- perature which any par- ticularplant can endure, as much depends upon (1) the soil, {■>) the amount of humidity both in the soil and in the atmosphere, (3) whether the plant is exposed to the early raj's of the sun wliile yet frozen, (4) wbethei it is e X p fi s e d to draughts, and to a minor extent on other conditions under which it is grown. Then the duration of a frost is a most serious item in damage to vegetation, even in the case of shrubs, but still more in that of bulbs and other dormant roots of herbaceous plants. In one long continued frost — I think it was in ISSO— I lost large numbers of (iladioli and other bulbs «hich had never been aftected by frost before, but in this case the frost continued so long that it had reached 3(1 inches under ground before it finally broke up. About the same time I remember seeing many Bay trees in Bournemouth killed nearly or quite to the ground, but of this Laurus nobilis there are many varieties from the stiff and leathery-foliaged type which is most commonly met with to the rank-growing and more sappj' - foliaged type represented by the L. n. var. undulatus, and these different types are variously affected bj' tem- perature. Even Cupressus macrocarpa, which "Nemo" mentions, I have seen damaged by frost, though not in mj' own garden, and C. sempervirens has several times been seriously cut, generally by snow freezing among the foliage. There are two trees more or less allied to the Bay, but more delicate, which here at least I should rank as about of the same hardiness as Benthamia fragifera, namely, the Camphor tree, Laurus Camphora, and the Oreodaphne, or as it is sometimes called Laurus regalis. They are both pungent and rather pleasant in perfume, but the latter is some- what dangerous, as if smelt continuousl}' for a minute or two it causes very severe pain at the base of the skull, and is said even to cause insensi- bility, after the manner of chloroform. "Nemo" further mentions Cacti as having with- stood 2o° of frost, but he does not tell us to what species he alludes. Some, like Opuntia Rafinesquii, are extremely hardj- ; in fact, I have never lost a plant of that species from frost for thirty years, but most of the Cacti will not even stand an ordinary winter in the open. If the Aloe to which he also refers is the common American Agave, I have seen it almost invariably killed in this country in an ordinary winter, if standing in the .S'EW 1!Kc:ONIA idkala. I the open and upright, but if turned on its side or I nearly upside down, as it niaj' be when planted in I the side of a perpendicular clifl', it is usually unhurt bj' frost or snow, as snow and rain cannot gather between tlie leaves and freeze there, as is the case in its natural position. Parkstone, Dorset. H. R. Du(iM0RE. HYDKANCiEAS IN THE GARDEN. [To THE Editor of "The Garden."] Sir, — The beautiful illustration on page 41." (vol. Ix.), showing how Hydrangeas grow in South Africa, reminds me that an etteot somewhat similar might be obtained at home by growing these showy plants in large quantities. I am induced to think so by the way in which solitar}' specimens grow and flower year after year in certain gardens with little attention. Last summer I observed a large plant of Hydrangea Hortensia growing in a border underneath a cottage window and covered with large trusses of bloom. The owner was not sure how long it had been there, but for many years. The onl}' attention given is to cut away the dead shoots and scatter a little manure round the roots in the winter. If one plant will do so much one can easily imagine the effect of an entire border of them. H. NOTES FROM CALIFORNIA. LippiA REPENS. — A Carpeting Plant. Something that will carpet the ground quickly, that will make a thick matting very pleasant to walk over and roll upon, that will keep green winter and summer, and that will need very little watering to keep in good shape : this is Lippia repens. Is it a grass? No, it is a trailing perennial, which does not die in patches, like some of the Mesembryanthemums do, but grows thicker and thicker as it becomes older. Will it become a pest, like the Bermuda grass ? No, because it has 14 THE GARDEN. Manuary 4, 1902. no underground runners, but runs only on the surface of the ground ; the rootlets that start from every joint go down perpendicularly, but have no reproductive buds themselves ; consequently, a^ spade inserted a few inches under the surface of the ground will take up the whole massif needed. Will Lippia need mowing'.' Yes, and no : that is, it can very well do without mowing, as it will never grow over (J inches high : but, if it is not much walked over, and if you want a very even surface, mowing and rolling will improve its looks. Will it grow in the shade and under trees and shrubs ': Yes ; but not quite as compact and dense as it will do in the sun. Will it stand frost? 1(1'-' Fahr. will not hurt it. This is sutticient abiiut Lijipia I'epens, though if you want to know how ii has behaved on this coast, it car. be stated that at Coronado lieach it has proved a great success for golf links and other purposes. ( )n the opposite side of the . continent, at Riverton, New Jersey, where the Henrj' A. iJreer Nurseries are located, Lippia has proved to be the verj' best plant to stand the heavy tread of the Sunday crowds attracted there by the dazzling beauty (if tlie water lilies. A Cai'it.m. Pi,.\nt I'oK Hkdce.s. Visitors at Santa Barbara arc always admiring the silvery grey, neat-looking hedges, which are to be seen in various part of town. They are made with a native plant, Atriplex I5reweri. which grows on our coast, from Point Conception southwards, and is now popularly known as the "Santa Barbara Salt Bush." Hedges can be made with it from 1 foot to ti feet high, and even more, if properly trained, and their neutral colour forms the very best back- ground for flowering plants of anj' description. From the location where it naturally grows it is easily understood that this " Salt Bush " is hardy, and tough as tough can be. Moreover, it presents the advantages that it can he grown without any w ater, at least right on the coast where fogs are frequent during summer, that it is nut atleetcd by parasites of any kind, and that horses and cattle will not tcmch it. Like other hedge plants it will need clipping quite often during the growing season. Althougli growing so quickly, it will never die off' and leave unsightly gaps, as is often the ease with the Montere}' Cypress. In ever}' respect it is well worth recommending for this special purpose, and for all places where a grey effect in masses is needed. — Caiiforiiia I'lorieullurisl. NURSERY GARDENS. AZALEA CITLTUKE AT MESSKS. SANDEirS BELGIAN NUKSERY. Cr L E more than a stone's throw from the Porte Marechal, one of the pic- turesque Flemish gateways yet remain- ing to the ancient town of Bruges, Messrs. Sanders, of St. Albans, have established a foreign branch of their well - known nurseries. Horticultural gardens abroad present some features which are very distinct from those in England. One cannot but be impressed Ijy the enormous number of Bay trees under cultivation, both in the open ground and in tubs. The latter are cut and trimmed, some into pyramids, some, more popular still, into rounded heads, and these formal trees are in great vogue on the Continent for public buiUlings, quadrangles, and courtyards, as well as for private gardens, from which we ma,\' conclude that the demand creates what appears, at first sight, to be an inexhaustible supply. In October, when eiur visit was paid, the special business of the hour was the lifting, housing, and packing of Azali'as of all kinds. Azalea culture on a large scale is scarcely attempted in England, almost all the plants which flower with us having been originally grown in Belgium and imported. It was extremely interesting, therefore, to be per- mitted to see the process, from first to last, of the system of cultivation there adopted. To begin at the beginning — when the growing plants are pruned — every available cutting is secured, and these strike readily in the propagating frames. The cuttings are mostly taken fiom varieties of A. indica, which is found to answer well as a stuck for grafting upon, thougli the hardier A. pontica is also largely used. Probably' the raising of seedlings for the same purpose is not neglected, but cuttings seem to be preferred. When thoroughly rooted and strong enough, the grafting, which is to form the foundation of the future standard, is proceeded with. Grafting is a simple matter to the expert, but it requires some practice to perf(jrm the operation deftly and well. The cutting is first of all beheaded, then the top is cleft with a sharp knife, and the scinn, with its wedge-shaped end, is neatlj' inserted, and, lastly, it is gently yet firmly bound in position .so that it shall not slip. The plants thus worked are returned to the propagating house until the union is effected, when the}' are gradually hardened otf. Another plan is to allow the cuttings to grow on their own roots, in wliich case they are well pinched back and encouraged to break low down into many shoots. These form, in due time, dwarf spreading plants, which are espcciall}' suitable for baskets or jardinieres. During winter the plants are grown under glass, but the summer culture is entirely in the open air, and the compact little bushes are planted out ever}' .season in well- prepared beds, where the}' take up womlerfully small space and look the picture of health. When late autumn arrives they are lifted, with little disturbance of the close firm balls of roots to which the sandy soil clings, and those which are too small or are not required as yet for export or sale, are placed closely together on shallow benches in cool glass houses and packed in with fresh soil. Here they remain, growing slowly, \nitil the planting season comes round once more. I he rest are carried to the sheds, roofed in -in many cases with the wooden blinds so much in use abroad^ and are tliere packed into the ventilated wooden cases in which they are to be despatclied to their several destinatinns. 'J'he good results of this open air culture and yearly transplanting are clearly manifest in the uniform compactness and vigorous growth of the entire output of Azaleas, every nurture plant being, at this season, set with flower buds on each little branchlet. It is evident that three years' culture at least goes to the making of each saleable plant. In Messrs. Sander's nursery Azaleas of all ages may be seen, from newly struck and grafted cuttings to veteran specimens in perfect health and promise of flower, with stems. as thick as a man's wrist, which were pointed out as being no less than forty years old. There is absolutely no mystery in the growing of Azaleas, nor any reason why they should lie kept starving in pots, as they often are in oi'(.linary gardens, when room can be found for summer planting-out: but successful cultivation is assuredly a question of constant care and attention. These old Belgian towns certainly possess one advantage denied to most English gardens. They are inter- sected by canals, which supply plentiful irrigation without difficulty and with little expense, when- ever and v\herever water may be needed for growing crops. Rhododendrons are grown on very much the same system, and a white variety named Winter Cheer should be noted on account of its very early flowering. A great number of fruiting Orange trees, chiefly used as room and window plants, and of the New Holland shrubs are to be found in this admirably- appointed nursery. Acacias of many species were coming into bloom, amongst them A. riceana and A. vertieillata ; and other large-growing kinds in pots or small tubs of unusually moderate size, and looking very flourishing. Boronia, Chorozema, Sollya, and Polygala, with several more of the Australasian genera were worthily represented, and it was good to find that a speciality was made of single and semi - double Camellias. Such interesting and beautiful species as the Chine.se C. reticulata and the Japanese C. Sasanqua in its pink and white forms are not always easy to obtain. A number of houses were devoted to Palms- and foliage plants ; and last, but not least, Orchids occupied a large proportion of the 120 glass structures belonging to the establishment, which will amply repay a visit from a plant lover in search of rare an'ear. A few of the papers we hope to reproduce in Thk (J.arden, and we cannot do more now than refer to the contents, which include, besides reports of the fortnightly meetings in the Drill Hall, a complete report, with papers, of the Lily conference hehl in the Chiswick (iardens last July, and the lectures at Chiswick by the Rev. Professor (J. Henslow, ]\LA., V.M.H Colonel Wheatley'.s lecture upon "The Riiyal Parks" is interesting, and of the utmost importance is the late Rev. H. Ewhank's "Oncocyclus Irises." The editor of the Journal, the Rev. W. Witks, makes tlie follo\\ing reference to our late never forgotten friend: "The paper was written during Mr. I^'wbank's illness, and was corrected for the Press as he lay upon his death- bed, and less than a week btfort he died. He was a true and ardent lover of flowers and i)f all p'ant life, always seeking to know them and their ways better and still better — ever learning even to the end — and always willing to communicate his knowledge, but so lunulile that he thought he had little to bestow, whereas in reality his mind was wonderfully furnished with unfailing stores of knowledge drawn from the deep wells of personal experience and constant observation. He will be a great, almost irreparalile, loss to amateur gar- deners here. He surel}- will be welcomed in those other gardens where neither plants nor those who tend them experience disease or ill. " The Lily repoits are interesting, as some of the most impor- tant papers were unfortunately "taken as read" at the conference, among others the notes of that famous Lily authority, Mr. G. F. Wilson, of \\'eybridge. Mr. Arthur Paul's notes about ''Autumn Roses" are excellent, and to show the wide range of subjects there are reports of the lectures delivered: "Vines and Wine Making at the Paris Exhibition," by Sir James Blyth, Bart. ; " Iris Leaf-blotch," by Dr. Cooke, M.A. ; " Tendei' Plants for Outdoors," by Mr. William Townsend ; "(iarden Manures," by Mr. F. L. Baker, A.R.C.S. ; " (Queensland Flowers and Fruits" ; "Violet Disease," by Dr. Cooke and Dr. W. (i. Smith : and "Commonplace Notes," by the editor and superintendent, which comprise such instructive information as "How to Keep Apples," &c. The volume is freely illustrated, well printed, and, we need scarcely add, well edited. The Favourite Flowers of Japan. —A dainty, plea.sant liook, by Mary E. Unger ; illustrated and painted liy T. Hasegawa, Tokyo. The favourite flowers include the Chrysanthemum, Plum Blossom, Peach Blossom, Cherry Blossom, Camellia, Magnolia, Wistaria, Tree Paiony, Iris, Azalea, Lily, Hydrangea, Morning Glory, Lotus, and Maple. The drawings possess much charm, and the whole production is in good taste and useful. The following hints about the way to grow the Japanese Iris are given on page '21 : "The most perfect flowers are grown in a swamp}' clay soil, which should be irrigate I Collett and Mr. W. Betting Hemsley, which givi s an account of his botanical rambles in Upper Burmah and the Shan States, together with cu description of the new plants found by him. Of these, Lonicera Hildebrandiana and Rosa gigantia are the most familiar. Although Sir Henry was the first to describe and to introduce this Rose lo England, it had previously been discovered by Dr. Watt in 188'2 in Munneypore. Dr. Henry and Mr. Hancock have since found it in Yunnan. Of the Lonicera, Sir Henry wrote: "I found it in only one locality. It is a conspicuous shrub, with large, dark, glossy leaves, and fine crimson flower.-* 7 inches long, and by far the largest of any known species of Honeysuckle." Two Orchids were also introduced by him, namely, Cirrhopetalum Collettiii and Bulbophyllura comosum. Rhododendron col- lettianum was discovered by Colonel Collett and Mr. Aitchison in IS79, and Rosa Collettii by the former. Sir Henry Collett was elected a Fellow 06 the Linnean Society in 1879. At the time of hi.s. death he was engaged upon a handbook of tli& Simla Flora, and this, we believe, is almost ready for publication. SIR HEiNRY GILBERT, F.R.S. This distinguished agricultural chemist died, we- regret lo hear, at his home at Harpenden, at the- advanced age of eighty-four, early last week. Sir Henry Gilbert was director of the Rothamsled laboratories, in conjunction with Sir J. B. Lawes,. for very many years. In 1893 he was knighted, this being the jiubilee year of the Rothamsled. experiments in agricultural chemistin. .tiip/>ifmini hi nih i,At• I A ■ o V ^ - 5 -:::r rt — C (^u cS w =»a e ■s, W ■5"«^| 3^'iM -?■ nity Geo rden Me Hor H 0 St.'/nnS|2S fi fcMcns (^SiS^^i'iiS;; s;&.inmS[; s ^ c ^ •B El's ^ s s m Vsh ■c ^ -on a-sg 3 s -^^ X «u-j < ^ ^ 1 3 jO fC ■H ^?£ D 4ri o 5.s< i.B ixi ^ ;^ j^i: »"2 *fi :.6MWI S 35 ■ 2 u in S[25 ^tt.:nm S •^ ^ lis "S* •^E iaS ^5, B= 3i »|Ojy«-] ;t."HllS gSS'"""' '^H^ h"" o r "I ■s is" is! 5 Sa » g .«3i 3 ,^ '^sE i: ^j .- rt t/i s .S -o , "^ SJ o ^ >^bHwm s^ 5t5t^t"in S:f$£& ac o o - o a II 111 E %m rt s- SeI ^Pj i: t. ■d x|";,s ^1 3 i!^l o^ H c. ^ O M «B 3 5 -i| Ss o ^ ■3S-S, ^0 11 'i 1! i' 111 l« u ~ u o en s 5^* - t '-'/ii/l Sf2&i5-^(n ^ iS^H^W'it S^^ ^[-«lit s.fs5'*^«i ^lla s =i ? z i g-^SI 1= )r> "US' E ■^"gp w i^ii:! lo E kilx= SS^E 1 III" <0 Uh to 0:: J: (."■"' ShSS fconnsHSiS'^ •o EH I -2% KJS^S T K - "^ o "^1 E,l^ m S^^^u.coin s ^ ^^ti. wm SfS^Ht^'-^-^ ^h^h- •" . ,^ ti = =^ s 5-2 J. = o as = S ^ E a-Dto « ?, a wz rt e = - X i "E •511 .£ rt >• <^ m ^^^^b.^Vl S [S?^u.tnifi S^^^tutniJlS^ ggtt.tntng ;:2c-xr; o ^r : S ; w « a . ■gulp's si S s^ ?(2a."nn s !2SSa. inches of soil are taken off the bed where f¥"^ Oncocyclus Irises are grown ^itiii-a\- » /"■ ' and they have a heavy dress- , /i ''/"" 7"_" An. ing of manure to that amoiuit. ' This I should now esteem to ^ be rjuile out of the question, but Jcrnr:-'^"^^ - ilr. Amos Perry is by no means 'V/iti • singular in the opiniuns he held. I have been over the fine " ■ girdens of Messrs. Herb ami WuUe at Naples, and we discoursed about Irises for a ' r..':.'r iirL long time, but I never heard a ■ » ~ . / " pegging away " at this point and that, but they have all the while completely overlooked the most important factor in the waj' of commanding success which can be anyhow named. It has not held the right place, in our estimation, at all, and has often been obscured and sometimes quite forgotten in the practice we follow. I would assert with all the strength and emphasis I can command that Oncocyclus Irises not only jntt up with, and are benefited by, the presence ol lime in the soil, but that it is imperatively required by them in some shape, and they must have it if they are to do really well and also continuously. From what I have seen in my own garden, and the difference between this year and all the other years that have gone before it, I have come to think that lime is the missing link, so to say — the sine (jmi uou — the imperatively needed factor in the cultivation of these beautiful flowers, and it should not be spoken of as a thing which may or may not be sujipllcd, but as a prime necessity without which success can be only very comparative, but with which (other things being right) good results will ensue ; and I feel so certain that this is very often left out of sight and not at all understood that I venture to add words to words so as to bring it quite clearly to the front. Now it is a fact that light came to me and to ?'),-'rf// ,'«;.->/>,/., J-'J.^lt f-'A-'* quite correct, that Mr. Potter, the foreman of Messrs. Backhouse, at York, has to do with two gardens — one in (Oxfordshire and the other in York. In the former of these two gardens (at Witney, I think) Iris iberica grows like a weed, in the other it will not groAv at all ; and he can only account for it by saying that in the one place it meets with plenty of lime, in the other it has none at all. And when my suspicions had been awakened by one thing and another, and I was musing over the matter, I received a letter from abroad in which the following words occur : — " From what I can see of my Oncocyclus Irises this year and the past season, I get more and more convinced that the want of lime in our soils is one of the chief sources of failure,'' &c. It all seemed to be tending the same way, and tallied exactly with the ideas that were then in my mind. — Ileproduced by permission from the Journal of the Koyal Horticultural Society. ( To tie contiuueiL ) "^ ./..., ,4"' V-tk .<•-■' Ifttcf-^ word from them about tli advisability of having a chalky „,,/ 0 soil, nor do 1 remember any- ' " ■ thing pointing to it. With M. Dammann, of Naples, it was different ; he also grows Onco- cyclus Irises near the slopes of Vesuvius, and he did tell me that Iris Galesii, Iris Lor- teti, Iris susiana, and Iris iberica have a mild inclination f for some chalky soil, but he mixed it U]i with so many other things — e.(j., sandj' loam, black- rad loam, mould, old manured Cucumber soil — that its value was obscured, and I had very the oi.o Ari;m confused instructions to go u))on, and I found it rather hard to comply with them. and so gave them u]) ; but it is true that he did say soniething about chalk}' soil inter alia. Mr. F. Moore, the well-known director of the Royal • lardens at Glasnevin. has written to me that " he always used lime rubbish from old walls in making up the beds for Oncocyclus Irises, and then he gave them weak manure water in April to counteract the poorness of the soil." Mr. F. Burbidge, whose experience in these things is so great, has written to me: "That is a most valuable observation of yours, /.'■., lime or chalk for the Cushion Irise.s. May not this account for tlie unique success of Sir Michael Foster, F.R.S., who, as you well know, grows these flowers on the breezy crest of a chalk hill up among singing larks in the flinty Barley fields at Great Shelford ? " This would tend to show that Mr. Burbidge had not before this year come tu any definite conclusion about the advisability, or rather the necessity, of lime being used, and so also with several others. I am far from saying that lime has not been used at all in the cultivation of these splendid flowers. Mr. F. Moore, for instance, tells us that he used lime rubbish from old walls in making up his beds, but no great stress has ever been laid upon it so far as 1 know anything about the matter. Many have gone on, year after year, f LA ■•OKANO (/•V,. Others simultaneously last year, and, as we think, in rather odd ways. We put two and two together, and there was onl}' one conclusion to be derived from it all, which is, that most of these Oncocyclus Irises, if not all, are essentially lime-loving plants ; they may, perhaps, get on without it for a time, but they will get on much better with it, and all who want to succeed with them should bear this consideration in mind. Our discovery came about in this wise : — My friend here, Mr. Blair Cochrane, of Oakleigh, St John's Park, is fond of his garden, and he took it into his head that he would grow Oncocyclus Irises ; he accordingly bought a good lot of them, and he proceeded to plant them forth- with. It so happened that an addition was being made to his hmise, and without more ado he used a grc at deal of the rubble or old mortar which was lying about the place and he put his Irises in it : be alMi used the other measures which seemed to be ncces.sary to success. The winter before last was 1 ot an especially easy one, but the plants, so to say, .sailed through it, and he had a great deal of blossom the next spring with very little trouble about it. This was his first attempt, and he was led to suppose that the difficulty of growing Oncoc\ lus Irises had been very much exaggerated. Also 1 was told a short time ago, and it was a very curious circumstance, which I believe to be INTRODUCTION OF THE FLORIST'S AURICULA. The Eev. F. 1). Horner, writing in Tub Gaedkn of June, ;lt<8l (vol. xix., page (iiil), makes the following .state- ment regarding the fii\st in- troduction of the Auricula to England : " When is perhaps not so e.xactly Icnown a.s where, on which point there i.s the evidence of well-kept, . . unshaken tradition, corrobo- / J rated by local evidence, that its early English home was especially Lancashire. In 172."i we have evident proof \ Ui . that the Auricula was estab- lished in Lancashire." We have, however, in the rooms of the Spalding Gentle- men's Society written records that the Auricula was equally at home in this district, for in the minutes of the Spald- ing Gentlemen's Society we have an entry on April 22, 172.'). April ;/;, li.'.'i. — The secre- tary comnuniicated to ye society a peep ol an Auricula Ursi ° called " Grand Paisaut " of this size of a deep crimson and like V. W. H. with a yellow- eye. There were seven upon ye truss, the largest was laid upon this paper, and the size and shape marked exactly. Apjril ;, Ji.'t;. — Mr. Mills brought with him a very curious and large Auricula, green striped, with dark red and jellow and a fi]ie white eye ; and the peeps of a great many other Auriculas very beautiful and now in blew in his potts. N.B. — This fine flower thrives best in pots in a light earth mixed with sharp sea sand and not exposed either to the sun or rain from the time it begins to blew. From ye observations of Mr. Everard, secretary Gentlemen's Society, a curious florist. March .'S, /; .',s'. — Dr. (ireen brought an Auricula Ursi with a truss of forty-five peeps or flowers of a deep crimson colour, with a white eye well powidered. May 1, l'..'!!. — Mr. Rowland shewd the society a truss of an Auricula bearing thereon 107 peeps or flowers, the stalk very flat and broad. April ,.'..', 17,10. — Dr. Green, secretarj', shewd the societj' a pullett's egg, &c. , also several peeps of Auricula Ursi limmed b}' him very neatly, and a stalk bearing six of the double yellow Auricula Ursi growing not on the topp together in a truss as usual but three one over against the other, and the largest at the summitt or end of ye stalk in the manner of spiked flower.s. rtis n/ Uii- Spalding GenHcnien .s' Socict!/.} January 11, 1902.] THE GARDEN. 21 .(}, ,/ 4IU !'i^. I'V/'-' aM /Mf //i)w6 /^ ^-* '-!;; v'fe, '■'''-'/F.I'^ l>/ '// >/i fj.'tit- iff 0Ui,i ti/6 /r'puJiuf-^-^'tJiaijLn^t y^^fi M :%u J.- fj.y.-, //V, ■<-//./-■ Ki^Ji'' A.^ 'A;>>, dening, " published 1724, it states that " some few years ago that I have known one root of it sold for twenty guineas, but that was indeed when they began first to appear in our climates." This Mr. Bradley was an excellent gardener, a scientific and a keen observer. He was a Fellow of who made that greatest of all botanical discoveries, the polleiiisation of flowers. A man of his stamp can be absolutely relied on when he states a simple and easily ascertained fact and brings such proof for his statement. Therefore we may be certain that within twenty years of 17i'4 the Auricula as a florist's flower was first introduced into England. Mr. Bradley also jiublishes the first known code of rules for a florist's Auricula. They are as follows :— " A good Auricula onght to have the following excellencies — First, that the flower stem be strong and substantial ; secondly, the foot-stalks of the flowers must be short, and capable of supporting the blossoms upright ; thirdly, that tht pipe or neck of each flower be short ; fourthly, that the flower be large and of a regular form ; fifthly, their colours should be bright and well mixed ; sixthly, that the eye be large, round, and of a good white ; seventhly, that the flowers spread themselves flat, and be no ways inclinable to cup : and. LIGHT PURPLE AURICULA. (Fiom the records of the Spalding ( ent'.einen's Societij.) April S, 17 JO. — Dr. Green, a secretary of this the Royal Society, and he it was society, shewd the society a tight purple velvet coloured Auricula CJrsi of his own raising from seed, having a very large white ej'e ; one peep of tliree which were on tlie same stalk was of the cir- cumference iiere under drawn round the e-xtremitie of the same as laid down flat upon this paper 2 inches diameter. Of this flower the learned Dr. John Rea in his "Ffora" says: "Auricula Ursi (Beares Ears) are nobler kinds of Cowslips, bearing several flowers like them in form on the sumniitt of their stalk in what wee commonly call a truss." Rapin has overlooked this beautiful flower, but our own Cowley lias done it justice in his third book of plants thus translated by N. Tat, Poet Laureate. "Impudent fool! tliat first stil'd beauteous flowers Bv a detested name the ears of bears ; ^Vorthy himself of asses ears a pair F.urer than Midas once was said to wear." J/a// Jli, 17 JO. — Dr. Green, secretary, shewd the society a curious lusus in a peep or flower of an Auricula called Potter's Glory of England, having from the middle of it another peep rising up, but reversed so that tlie stripes of that peep were on tlie outside of the leaves as those of the main peep were as usual on Auricula Ursis on the inside. Note. — This peep or flower being dissected has two dis- tinct seed - vessels standing laterally. May J4, 17-30. — (A dried flower of an Auricula is here pasted in the minute book. 8. H. P.). — This is tlie lusus or peep of an Auricula Ursi, one within the other produced by Dr. Green, secretary of this soeiet}', the 10th of this month, commented on in the minutes. These entries put Spalding on a level with Lancashire as regards claims for first culti- vating the Auricula. As regards Mr. Horner's i|uestion as to -ivhev the Au- ricula was introduced, in Bradley's " New Improve- ments of Planting and Gar- las tly, that there be a good truss of flowers equally spread upon the stalk." Sd you will see there was already a set of laws framed for this plant so early in its history as 1724. S. H. Perey, M.R.C.S., etc., .S^Kilding. The prototypes of the florist section of Auri- culas, I believe, came to England with the intro- duction of the weaving of woollens, and were favourites that the immigrant weavers brought into co-exile with them from the Continent. I can quite understand that some would land on the eastern seaboard county of Lincolnshire, but ^ that more was seen and grown of the Auricula in the industrial centres of counties York and Lancaster. When cotton appeared as a textile fabric, it was somewhat a puzzle for the " woollens hands " to name ! And, holding still to familiar names, the raw cotton fibre was but a form of their old staple — and they called it "cotton wool." The old minutes of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society are very quaint and interesting. The fasciated truss of " 107 peeps " reminds me that at the old Middleton Lancashire show there was ever a prize for " biggest bunch." It was a sort of "frolic home," and never taken seriously as mere bigness (megalomania) is in London. " To my sinful sorrow " (Mrs. Gamp), I once won the " big bunch " prize at Middleton, with an unruly contumaceous bunch of Duke of Argyll (crimson self). The scathing poet of the period did not notice that, do as he would, he could not eradicate the idea of "Eares"out of the botanical name " Auri- cula,'' and that it applied after all, and not dis- paragingly, to the innocent foliage of the plant. "The first known code of rules" for a florist's Auricula is according to the lights of the time; and "the Excellencies" to the attainments thereof. The blossoms cannot all "be upright,'' and the length of the "pipe or neck," i.e., of the tube, is immaterial, through no faultiness occurring either way, edged flowers generally being shorter in tube than the sells. Colours "to be bright and well mixed"is a rule now indistinct and out of date. F. D. HOENEE. is difficult to /7,")-, ■•'177 ■ frr7i , / /^^\ ' ISiUi' fi • .0 .;../^ ^Jt'J^'ilC^M*^o~£ye4/d£lttiia iJu \^nj^lt. ^^S'uitcyU'UA'fU^ iJrr i\ U.(i 'liOn ,^.. ■^yuM' ,x^c/a,j m^ciij^ ^r^r7^%i, fl^A A ODBIOUS AURICULA .SEEDLING, (Froin the records of the S2>a'dinr/ t^'entlemen' s Society.) RIVIERA NOTES. I NOTICE in this land of wild Tulips, where it suppress them rather than to make them grow, that Tulipa saxatilis is year by year split- ting up into ofl'sets which are too weak to bloom. Each year the growth is earlier and weaker, the foliage being now fully developed without any sign of flower buds. Is it a dweller in igneous rocks, I wonder, for these limestone crags and mortar-like soil do not suit it evidently? Another failure apparently is the lovely Tecophyliea cyanocrocus, but perhaps it needs more .shade and shelter in this fierce climate, which tries its delicate constitution even when petted with mix- ture of light and fairly rich soils. It likewise resents the autumn heated ground and makes a weak and spindly growth far too soon in Octo- ber. Do both these bulbs come from a considerable elevation 1 Iris Vartani is so exqui- site in colour and so careless of soil or position that I 22 THE GARDEN. [January 11, 1902. greatly wonder that it has not attained the popularity its pale sky blue Howers deserve. Save that it has no scent, I should always prefer it to 1. reticulata, so well known and so commonly grown. Gardens in England have discarded the old- fashioned tall-growing Ageratum. Just now the contrast between the weakling masses of the dwarf, so-called bedding, Ageratum, and the luxuriant masses of the original A. me.xi- canum is very striking, and .satisfies me that the original form is far the most to be depended on. Grown in pots for the conservatory in winter it de.serves every attention, for after the first forced bulbs come in a good bush}' mass of its lavender - blue flowers is most effective. I tried the new and lovely Coleus thysoideus, which gives the same colour, and flowers at the same time ; but here, at any rate, "the old is better," and needs less warmth and .shelter. After ten days of deluging rains one prizes the flowers that survive, so the Ageratum, with Linum trigynum, and the host of brilliant Salvias now in beauty, are the liowers of the day. It is curious to see how indifferent .some flowers are to even the heaviest rains. The New Year will greet us brightly under present conditions. E. H. WOOD.\LL. NOTES ON HARDY PLANTS LEUCOJUiM (SNOWFLAKES). BEINiieen of Spain. Or if you should think that Emjjeror, fine flower as it is, is a little washed out in the colour of its segments, which is my own doubtful criticism of this beautiful flower, you may hope by crossing it with maximus to get a flower with the fine form of the one Daffodil and the rich colour of the other. "Those who have much experience with the Dart'odil will probably have oliserved that the natural forms — that is, those collected in their natural habitat — are, generally speaking, more difficult to manage than varieties ai'titicially pro- duced by gardeners, or if not actually difficult to grow, yet are not readily increased hy offsets of the bulbs, which means that with these wildlings of Nature you must take Nature's methods. She cannot go, spade in hand, over hei mountain sides and meadows, digging up her buliis and dibbling them out for increase. Her wa}' is by seeding. To make sure that one seed will grow she sows a hundred, and whoever would grow these interesting wild forms mu.st follow her example, with the certain hope, however, of getting a much larger return than Nature's one per cent. The jmr contra of all this is that many of the artificial blends produced bj' the gardener do not seed at all. Some produce seed in fair abumlance, but some, at least in my experience, absolutely decline to form seed, the seed organs in these being probably in some fatal way defective. " Another consideration that enters largely into hybridising is the matter of constitution. Many Daffodils, as every gmwer knows, though beautiful a,nd desirable forms in themselves, are so weak in constitution that they die away in course of time, or perhaps contrive merely to exist, without increasing. Now by seeding varieties of this kind there is every hope of raising varieties possessing all the attractions of the parent, with a robust constitution into the bargain, and' this becomes more likely if the variety in question is cross-fertilised with pollen from one stronger than itself. As an instance of what may lie done in this waj I might mention the beautiful Daffodil known as Pallidus piiccox. Everyone would gladly possess an abundance of such a flower as this. English growers find it a difficult subject, and to supply the annual demand dealers have to obtain supplies each season from Spain, which probalilj' means that within a measurable space of time the plant will be extinct. My own experienf e of this Daffodil is that it will live and bloom from year to year, but will give no bulb increase. It is satisfactory, therefore, to find among my seedlings several Dafl'odils of this variety, replicas of the parent in all their features except that they ate even prettier and apparently more robust. It may be that the Daffodil of the future will eclipse in splendour the Daflbdil of the present, though it requires a little imagination to conceive how some of our present flov;ers could be bettered. I have not imagination enough to picture anything more charming in its quaint, high-shouldered fashion than Colleen Bawn, sturdier and bolder than Sir Watkin, more imperial than Emperor and Empress, or neater and sweeter than the .Jonquil, N. minimus, N. nanus, N. triandius, iind thu N. moschatus of Haworth, which, unfoi tunately, I cannot grow. "I find that in some eyes it is a virtue in a flower that it should be scarce, and, if possible, dear. When Sir Watkin made its first appearance in public, emerging suddenly from the privacy of some Welsh garden, where it had probably wasted its sweetness unregarded for countless generations, it was thought to be a_ miracle of beauty, and as long as it was scarce and dear it niainlained its reputation ; but now that it is cheap and plentiful you are told at flower shows that it is coarse, and are bidden withdraw your eyes from Sir Watkin to contemplate the charms of Mme. Plemp. When I saw the last-named flower for the first time a year or two ago in Barr's collection at Ijong Ditton 1 thought it a very fine Daffodil, being, I fiar, too much impressed by its mere size. After growing Mme. Plemp for m3'self I have come near to thinking the Dutchwoman positively plain. I ])resume she is Dutch from her name. At anj' rate she has the Dutch virtues — vigour, boldness, and a certain generous amplitude and rotundity of build, but it is a coarse kind of comeliness, some- thing of the Flemish quality that Henry found in Anne of Cleves. Except as having an eye to a commercial transaction with a Daflbdil syndicate, I would not give Sir Watkin or Horsfieldi for a wilderness of I'lemps. Yet let it not be forgotten that a Daffodil may be beautiful, even tliough it is dear. As prices go. Victoria is dear (though not a quarter the price of the ungainlj- Plemp), but it is a ((ueenly flower, well worth a crown, and worth}' of the lady after whom it is named. "Of the Narcissus now in the garden I could mention a good dozen which are as cheap as Onions, yet which I defy custom to stale or age to wither — Emperor, Empress, (4randis, Maximus, Henry Irving, Minimus, Nanus, Cernuus, Culleen Bawn, Minnie Hume, Sir Watkin, Barri con- spicuus, <,|ueen of Spain, the Jonquil, and others. For what will happen when time tries to improve these exquisite flowers'? Maximus, for instance, leaves little room for improvement. Anyone who thinks it requires improving cannot have seen the flower at its best. I am told by some growers that this flower is capricious — a serious fault of course. But when Maximus seems capricious either it is no true Maximus (there is, in fact, a spurious Richard in the field) or all is not well with the commissariat, for this Dart'odil likes a generous regimen, and is in every w'ay entitled to it. M. .7. Berkeley is thought by some to be an improvement on Maximus. Mr. Titheradge, the distinguished actor, and an enthusiastic Daffodil grower, sent me bulbs of this Dart'odil a few years ago thinking it better than Maximus. So think not I. Apart from its inferiority in colour, the larger trumpet in Berkeley is quite out, of proportion to the perianth. Again, how ma}' Empress be improved ': Mme. Plemp is larger and fifty times as dear, but that does not make this January 11, 1902.] THE GARDEN. 27 Dartjdil a finer flower. To be .sure an Empress with a perianth of lustrous white, flashing in points of light like hoar-frost, the white that is so beautiful a feature in all the I'oeticns tribe, would be a desirable flower : or an Empress with an orange trumpet, or a trumpet edged with orange. I do not know whether these combinations really lie within the nature of things, but even if we possessed these forms they would not make the jjresent flower in any way less desirable. Again, how are the various Spanish sulphur Datt'jdils — Cjrnuus, Moschatus, and others of that tribe — to be superseded '/ We have some charming varieties of these, but if you change to any great degree the size, colour, texture, and proportion, though you may get something that is well worth having, what you get will be no substitute for the original flowers. "It will be noted that I have put no Poeticus Narcissi among the unsupersedable. The fact is that I have seen the Rev. G. H. Engleheart's seedlings, and I rather think that he is on the way to making all our present Poeticus forms (except, perhaps, the double) unnecessary. One April morning a few years ago I strolled into the Drill Hall, Westminster, as various exhibitors— Barr, ■\\'are, and others— were stacking (that is the only word that cm give an idea of the quantities) their exliibits of Daflodils. In my walk round the hall I saw little that we could not grow just as well here, or better, till I came to a stand where a person was arranging flowers that made me pause and revise my previous notions of Daffodils. The varieties on the stand may have numbered some score or so, but all were new, distinct and lovely flowers. I cannot pretend to remember otherwise than indistinctly Mr. Engleheart's new Daftbdils and their names. His collection is in my mind now a confusion of splendour. There was a white Sir Watkin, called, I think. White (^Uieen ; Southern Star, with a heart as red as Mars : Torch, also orange-centred, a loose flower in the way of Erank Miles ; Flamingo and Oriflamme, flamboyant both ; a fine trumpet Daffodil in the style of Maximus, and called The Cid ; and two large Poeticus varieties, exquisite in shape and texture, named, if I remember. Homer and Sir Walter Scott. My impression is lliat the trumpet Daffodils were less fully represented in Mr. Engleheart's collection than the other sections. Same day no doubt these fine Daffodils will be distributed, and there will be a flutter among connoisseurs. A friend, who is an excellent judge of the flower, informs me that he saw some of the Engleheart seedlings on exhibition last .spring at Christchurch, and that he found them poor and disappointing. I take leave to think that the flowers were not well growji, or that they were not genuine Engleheart seedlings." THE ROSE GARDEN. TEA AND NOISETTE ROSES FOR ARCHING. A LTHOUGH the bending over of the long /\ growths of some Roses is no new in- / % vention, one may visit many a garden / \ and find no attempt at such an j[ j^ excellent method of treatment. In moving a'oout the country useful hints are obtainable for those who care to search for them, and often in most unlooked-for places. In a cemetery recently I came across some good examples of what may be done in training the fine climbing Tea and Noisette Roses, which are so plentiful and which comprise so many most useful yellow kinds. Rcve d'Or was the variety most largely grown. ^Ve have been treating this Rose quite wrongly. It must not be cut awaj' each season. Let it grow as wild as possible, merely reducing the number of its growths instead of their length, and then it will flower as freel3' as one eould wish. In the cemetery I visited there was this fine old Rose bent over some of the graves as a handle over a basket, and each handle had evidently borne numerous blossoms. Many complain that they have no wall space available when climbing Roses are mentioned to them. But one does not need walls. Give them a trial in the manner indicated, try some on trellises trained as one would an Apple or a Pear tree, and I can promise them a rich gathering of beautiful buds and blossoms, and of many of the valuable yellow kinds which these climbing Roses are very ricli in. Philomel. AUTUMN-FLOWEPaNG HYBRID PERPETUALS. E\-EN the most enthusiastic advocate of decorative Roses will experience a thrill of pleasure at the sight of a really first-class flower which will now and then appear upon one of the few Hybrid Perpetuals that are good in autumn. How rich and glowing is Loiiti Van Houtte in the beautiful September days. One could wish it were a better "doer," and no doubt it succeeds best, as does A. Iv. Williams, Xavier Olibo, Horace Vernet, and one or two others, when budded where they are to remain. Such a lovely Rose is wortii any amount of trouble in order to make it a suc- cess. A pair of really excellent crimson autumnals are i\[me. Victor Vurdier and Ella Gordon. The relationship of the latter to the former is evident by the growtli, but Ella (Jordon is by far the stronger, making splendid bushes well fitted for a pillar or the back row of a border. Skir of Waltham is another good late red Rose. Last season it was particularly hand- some, the colour deepen- ing as the autumn ad vances. .1. A'. Williami is always good late in the season. I am inclined to think that this Rose is not nearly so poor a grower as some would have us believe. In a noted amateur's garden last year I was struck with its vigorous growth. Lord Macaulay is a Rose much too good to be lost. If it were intro- duced now as a novelty great things would be said of it, both for its glowing crimson colour and regularly shaped flowers. This fine kind, together with Fisher Holmes and Duke of Connaught, with an outer row of Victor Hugo, would form a delightful quartette for a large-sized bed, and all would flower very satisfactorily in the autumn months. Charles Lefebvre gave a few splendid flowers last autumn. To mj' mind there is no crimson Rose to equal it for beauty of form and colour. Duke of Albanii should be grown in every collec- tion. I think its merits are scarcely recognised by the majority of Rose lovers, and Comie Raimbaud and Lord Bacon provide us with several very good flowers in September and October. Alfred Colomb and Ulrich Brunner among. the lighter reds are always good late in the year. We are promised a more brilliant flower of the latter in Mme. Jinient Levarasseur, which we hope may be verified. The Victor rci'd/cr I ace are always certain autumnals, the type itself being one of the best. I could have cut a flower the second week in October equal to the blooms one obtains in summer. ^Vhat we owe to this Rose for its glorious progenj', directly or indirectlj', will probably never be known, and if their want of fragrance can be overlooked they must be placed in the front rank as autumnals. Pride of Waltham, Countess of Oxford, Mme. Bois, Marie Finger, and others blossom most freely late in the year, and, as most growers are aware, the colour becomes very much intensified, so much so that one scarcely can recognise them. Among the lighter shades Mrs. John Laing and Mrs.' Sharman-Crawford mm 0 '&f "c^ ^ . <■-:. m y9^ E^'"~ gk£ili^^Kf V r 1 n >'''' --a^^k ' 'i' , .y;. ^% ■■ 1' L ' -. r^- fl ISkM-. ■^ ^HM ^^^I^JaH - y-'^fl .i^^^^l^^K: Rose felicite peki-etue. are unsurpassed, the former proudly maintaining the premier position as the best autumnal Hybrid Pepetual. Heinrich Schiillheis, Marquise de Ca-itellane, and Paul Neyron among rose-pinks come well to the front in their respective colours. For thorough hardiness such Roses as I have named may be relied upon, and this is a weighty matter with those who dwell in cold districts, espe- cially if one is desirous of growing some as standards, for no class of Rose can be more fitting than these for such a purpose. Piiilobiel. ROSE FELICITE PERPETUE. Oi? all the beautiful rambler Roses that have appeared during the last few years it is ques- tionable whether any variety h3,s been raised to suri)ass the old and , well-tried Felicite 28 THE GAKDEN. [January 11, 1902. Perpetue, which was introduced as far back as 1828. It is a worthy CDinpanion to CVimson Rambler, the grand trusses of pinkish white rosette-shaped blossoms toning down the some- what garish effect of the popular rambler. Perhaps Felicite Periietue is best seen as an arch Hose gracefully spanning .some wide walk or drive, but it is also most attractive as a well-developed pillar, for it quickly rises to a height of 10 feet to 1-2 feet, and is then a glorious column of dazzling white blossom. This Rose is also excellent for covering mounds, banks, tree stumps, &c., and as it is possible to obtain it upon its own roots no one need hesitate to plant it where it will receive little or no attention. The small flowers .so perfectly formed and produced in such fine corymbs last quite a long time before they fall. This is important when effect in the garden is considered. Perhaps some prefer the simple beauty of single Roses of the Carmine Pillar type. It is impossible to e.xag- gerate the beauty of this Rose, but how forlorn is its appearance after a storm, whereas the double kinds quickly revive. Felicite Perpetue is only half an evergreen, and the name of the tribe from which it springs, namely, R. sem- pervirens, is somewhat a misnomer. It will, however, retain its glossy foliage well through the winter months, and is perhaps as much evergreen as any Rose, except the lovely Jersey Beauty and Aimee Vibert. Of course in southern counties Rosafortuneana, R. kevigata, and others are almost if not entirely ever- green. I think it is very probable that Felicite PerixHue, Flora, and a few other varieties of R. sempervirens and R. arvensis, together with varieties of R. multitiora, will be extensively grown as standards in the near future. We know they make glorious weeping Ro.ses on tall stems, but why should they not be budded upon ordinary standards, and thus be more in harmony with surrounding trees and shrubs ? The very tall weepers are excel- lent for large grounds, but the villa garden ■ is not quite the place for them. It is now almost generally known that to prune this Rose is to cut away the flowers, but the jilants must be overhauled in September at latest, and dead or decrepit growths removed, spread- ing out the remainder as much as possible. During the winter and also in May and June the ]ilants are much helped by good soakings of liquid manure. P. GARDENING OF THE WEEK. FRUIT GARDEN. L.ATE PlANTIN-O." UNDER good managenieiit and favour- able circum.stances fruit tree jilaiiting will have been completed, but un- avoidable conditions sometimes arise that late planting cannot be helped, and no opportunity should now be lost in completing this operation. On receiving trees from a distance steep their roots in water, and at once lay them in damp soil if the planting cannot be immediately attended to. In planting the chief points of importance are to remove the broken and othei-wise damaged portions of roots by a clean upward out, regularly spread them out in shallow holes so that the stems of the trees are covered the same depth as they were in the nursery lines, make the soil quite firm both beneath and above the roots, and place fine particles immediately around them. Complete the work by mulching with short litter and securely staking in necessary cases. In the case of planting against walls the stems of the trees should, in order to atford space for development, be kept a few inches clear of them, and the branches only loosely scoured until the soil has set. With respect to planting in grass orchards, a bare space several feel in diameter should be left around each tree. Prunini: Wall Trees. Pears upon walls are usuall}' horizontally trained, and both summer and winter pruned. As we presume that the former was duly executed, the requisite work now will consist in cutting back late growths and manipulating crowded and strong overgrown spurs. A superabundance of spurs means an excessive profusion of foliage and unsatis- factory crops, while extra strong spurs produce gross, unfruitful wood. The remedy for the former ilefect is skilful thinning by cutting clean away the most unsatisfactory portions, and the latter evil is overcome bj' a combination of root pruning and the cutting out of the largest spurs. The time for root lifting and root pruning is in October. Although young trees may be safely attended to in favourable weather even later than the present time, neglected established ones would be better left over until ne.xt autumn. Espalier and cordon trees need similar treatment with respect to pruning as the above, and in each case extending shoots, in order to ensure the production of sutticient spurs, should be shortened to about two-thirds of their length. Aprioots are impatient of moisture, and damp sites should as far as practicable be avoided for their culture, and likewise, owing to their early season of flowering, those where severe spring frosts prevail. They are accommodating in so far as they blossom freely both upon spurs and young shoots. It is possible to secure the young growths closely to walls, and oonse(|uently the flowers are comparatively safe from frosts. It is advisable to train the principal branches sutKoiently far apart for the fruitful wood to be properly trained between them. At the same time the chief branches may be kept well furnished with fruitful spurs. Owing to the ease with which defective branches (the Apricot is very prone to have some) can be replaced by young ones upon fan-shaped trees, it is desirable to train young trees upon that system. Plums. In training young trees care should be taken bj' autumn root lifting and stopping strong shoots during the growing season to equally balance the growth and thereby form symmetrical specimens. Where this has been attended to all that will now be re(iuired is to cut in late growths to within tliree eyes of the base, and shorten any leading shoot from which a supply of subsidiary branches is desired. Moderately-sized growths will furnish a regular and sufficient sup])ly of spurs without being shortened. Established trees, with regard to pruning, should be treated in a similar way to Fears. Tuos. Coomhek. The Hendrc Garden.i, Monmoutlt. THE FLOWER GARDEN. The present is naturally a dull and uninteresting time of the year so far as the appearance of the flower garden itself is concerned, but yet much can be done by attention to neatness and order to make it inviting and cheerful even now. Where winter decoration of beds by the use of dwarf shrubs has been practised care should be taken to keep them clean and to remove any leaves or unsightly objects that may have been blown by the wind amongst them ; while, if the weather is open, lawns and grass paths should be frequently brushed to remove worm-casts, and lightly rolled ; this not only im- proves the turf but at the same time greatly enhances its appearance. If there are still beds and borders unprepared for the sowing of annuals, or the occupation of the summer bedding plants, the work should be got on with whenever the opportunity permits, not only to allow the ground to be influenced by the ameliorating effects of weather, but also to get it done before the stress of work commences which the approach of spring time entails. In cases where the beds and borders have been used for many years it is a wise pro- ceeding to remove a little of the old soil and substitute fresh loam and well decayed manure to prepare them for the summer planting ; for though there are some plants, such as Convolvulus, Tagetes, &c. , that bloom more freel3' in an impoverished piece of ground, most flowering plants respond to a good rich soil. Hyacintus, Tclii's, and other bulbs in beds if threatened with any severe weather may easilj' be protected with Ferns or ashes, while branches of Firs could be utilised for the safety of the more delicate roots. Roses recently planted should, if not already done, be protected at the roots with long stable litter, and any which are yet to be planted should be got in the first favourable opportunity when the weather is mild. Every care must be taken to ensure their success ; deep trenching, removing poor soil, and the addition of stiff loam and manure are of primary importance in connection with Rose planting. Hugh A. Pettigrew. SI. Faijaii'i, Cardiff'. INDOOR GARDEN. Watering. Tins is the most important operation in the culti- vation of plants in pots. It requires much care and judgment. Every young gardener should know the needs of various plants under his care. Plants too wet or too drj' at the roots never flourish. Water should never be applied to plants at fixed periods, but given when they are becoming dry. Those that are rooted and have good drainage should be soaked. Avoid giving water in driblets, and the water should always be of the same tem- perature as the house, rain-water being the best that can be used for plants. Evergreen plants, such as Crotons, Azaleas, Carnations, &c. , are often injured during the winter months through receiving insufficient water at the roots. Red spider and thrips more often infest plants through dryness at the roots than in the atmosphere. I believe red spider and thrip will not attack plants that receive sufficient water and are well nourished. Many complain of Crotons losing their leaves during the winter through insutticient heat, but I believe the cause is often through too much fire- heat, dryness, and starvation at the roots. It is best always, especially in winter, to maintain the lowest temperature that plants will thrive in. A Croton on the table before me while writing, Croton Disraeli, has been in the room since last June. It is standing in a window facing south. The leaves of the plant are hanging over the pot and are a good colour ; in fact, the plant is making young leaves at the present time. The Forcing House. In order to keep up the supply of flowering plants, Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, and other iDulbs, also Spineas, Deutzias, Azalea mollis, Rhodo- dendrons, .Staphyleas, &c. , may be brought into warmth. Begonia (iloire de Lorraine that has done flowering may be cut slightly back (if cut back hard at once it islikely to die), placed into an inter- mediate house, and kept ratlier dry. Poinsettias that have been cut may be placed under the stage in the same house. Such plants as Gardenias, Cinerarias, and Mignonette that are coming into flower should be given an occasional watering with li(|uid manure. Gloxinias which show signs of active growth must now be potted in a light porous compost of rich fibrous loam, peat, leaf- mould, and sand, but avoid covering the hearts. From four or five sowings it is easy to have this most useful and beautiful plant in flower every month of the j'ear. Seed sown now will flower in .lune if kept in a moist, warm atmosphere, wliich is essential to a luxuriant growth. Seeds should be sown in well-drained pans, using a finel3' sifted compost of leaf-soil and peat in ecpial parts, with a sprinkling of charcoal and sand. Sow very thinly and only slightly cover with tine soil. If sown thickly seedlings are apt to damp off. Place the pans in a temperature of about 65° and carefully shade from the sun. January 11, 1902] THE GAEDEN. 29 Gesxera Hybrids. These are also valuable plants for the stove con- servatory in summer and autumn, and require the same treatment as the Gloxinia. Chrysanthemdms. The cuttings inserted last month are now forming roots ; the strong-growing varieties are tlie quickest to strike, and should be removed to a frame by themselves where they can have more air to pre- vent a weak growth. Cuttings of the varieties that could not be taken last month should be inserted as soon as ready. John Fleming. ]Ve.iham Park Gardens, Slonyh. KITCHEN GARDEN. Forcing. JIucH will depend upon facilities as to what extent this can be practised. The forwarding of many kinds of vegetables is easily accom- plished where proper means are provided, such as small forcing houses, heated pits, and good Mushroom houses, but much can be done in a smaller way with ordinary frames and hot-beds, and now is a capital time to begin. Hot-beds must be made in a workmanlike wa}'. The best material for the purpose is good Oak, Beech, or Spanish Chestnut leaves, and long stable litter, suthcient only of the latter to hold the leaves together. This should be built to a height to ensure a gentle heat, allowing from IS inches to CAMPAKULA LACTIFLORA. "2 feet over and above the size of the frames for lining. Do not be in too great a hurry to place the soil in tlie frames. Many crops become spoilt through the soil being overheated. Only when the heat is well on the decline should this be done. It is eas3' to test matters by thrusting in stakes and examining each morning, but at the same time the compost should be prepared and placed under cover in readiness. Asparagus, Potatoes, Carrots, Radishes, Mint, and Tarragon are easily forced in this way at this season, and later on Spinach, Lettuce, Turnips, Cucumbers, and Marrows. The frames should face full south, and be sheltered as much as possible from the north and east winds. The frames which are used for Asparagus after the crop is over come in well for succession Potatoes, but the soil should be renewed. The soil, except for Carrots, should not be too fine, and a suitable mixture is two parts good fibrous loam and one each leaf -soil, old Mushroom Ijed manure, and roatl sand. Add a fresh lining of stable manure v/hen necessary, and protect the glass against frost. Watch for the appearance of the young growth, and give air freely whenever safe to do so, especially in the morning, but shut up early to conserve as much sun heat as possible at this season. TOJIATOES which were sown early last month should now be good strong sturdy plants ready for sliiftiog on into (D-inch pots. 'J'hese shoulil produce good crops of fruit during May and .June. The soil should be moderately light and porous, the pots well drained, and do not pot too rirmly. 'ilie com- post should be nicely warmed, and great care be taken not to give the )>lants a chill, Ijut pot them in the Inuse in which they are grow- ing. Do not overwater — rather err on the side of allowing them to become dry at this time of the j-ear. Keep them in a temperature of about (iO'', and as close to tile glass as possible. Cl^ctmbeks. Those in bearing will require a brisk tem- perature night and day, and do not overcrcjp them. The plants must be sj'ringed morning and early afternoon, and a moist atmosphere maintained by fre- cjuently damping down the paths and walls, or red spider and thrip arc sure to cause much trouble. Thesuccsiion house ought now to be planted, and another sowing made in 3-inch pots in a brisk bottom heat. Onions. To obtain large bulbs seed of the best kinds should now be sown in boxes and raised under glass. The most suit- able structure is an early vinery or Peach house which is just being started. The boxes should be well drained, and a suitable compost is light loam, leaf-soil, and road grit. Use it in a moderately fine, dry condition, and make very firm. LeeIvS. The first sowing of these should also be made now either in boxes or 3-inch pots : the same kind of compost and temperature will suit these also. French Beans. A small sowing should be made in 7-inch or S-inch pots every ten days (I prefer Canadian Wonder to any other) to keep up a supply. Those which are bearing should be given manure water at everj' other watering, and the growths sj'ringed freely twice daily with tepid wafer to ward oS' attacks of red spider. E. Beckett. Aldenham House Oardem, Elitree, Herts. CAMPANULA LACTIFLORA. The subject of the illustration is one of the best of the border Campanulas, tliough it is not by any means often seen in gardens. Its handsome upriglit growth and masses of milk- wliite flowers only faintly tinged with lavender are of remarkable beauty. It is a plant from the Caucasus, that mountainous home of so many of the family. In this case it is the lavender-blue flower that is the garden variety, tlie type being nearly white. CORRESPONDENCE. (The Editors are not responsible for the opinionK expressed by their correspondents. ) FABIANA IMBRICATA. [To THE Editor of "The Garden."] SIR,— Here in Southern Hants this sluub is not hardy, except with some protec- tion against a wall. Not far from here ' is growing an exceedingly fine specimen at the foot of a south wall with an addi- tion of a glass-covered verandah over it. This slight protection seems to afford the neces.sary warmth during sharp weather, as well as assist in the ripening of the wood in tlie autumn. This h.ns mucli to do with the freedom of flowering, which is an annual occurrence. I find cuttings of the half-ripened shoots taken ofl' early in September and inserted in sandy soil in a cold frame root readily, and grow into sturdy plants. Bishojj's Waltham. E. JIolyneux. SWEEPIN(! PATHS AND OTHEU MATTERS. [To the Editor of "The Garden."] Sir,— May I suggest that one of your correspon- dents, who does not consider that the kind of broom lately recommend^ can be better than his old one, should give it a fair trial before coming to tliis conclusion. I should like to open up another important matter, namelj', the question as to the advantage of labour-saving appliances of the best kind in private gardens. Many, perliaps most, agree that it is " all in the day's work," and that any arrangement for simplifying and reducing work is a useless expense, giving the garilener more time to idle about. A long experience shows this to be a serious blunder. If the employer shows no appreciation of the value of time, and no objection to wasting it with inferior tools and appliances, the man naturally follows his eniploj'er's lead, and sets little va'ue on his own time, which can be easilj' wasted in a g irden. We keep always the best labour-saving appliances, and see they are used ; a poor tool is cleared out of the way, and the men spend the time which would otherwise be wasted on improving all round. Work is lietter done, and many things are done whiih would be impossible if we went on the principle of using old, bad, or indifferent toils without consideration as to the time they waste. One of the occupations in wliich a very large amount of time is wasted is watering ; instead of tlie water coming to the man, he has to carry it in most private gardens ; tho 30 THE GAEDEN. [January 11, 1902. watering cans are clumsy, unhandy, an7 he had less than 1,000 plants of exhibition varieties, and his plants now number SOfS of garden varieties, SI 4 of Teas (of which m5 are standards), and .S(i9 of Hybrid Perpetuals and Hybrid Teas (of which 41 are standards). His plants are not pruned very hard, and each would, I think, carry two exhibition blooms to one that my plants could bring to perfection. With tliese he has won, in the last ten years, KiS first prizes, 27 medals, and 101 second and third prizes. These first prizes include the National Rose Society's Tea Trophy five times, the principal prize for Teas at the Royal Horticultural Society's shows six times, Harkness Challenge Cup three times. Diss Challenge Cup five times, Ramsey Cup twice, and the Brentwood Challenge Cup this year, which has been his most successful season, his prizes at seven shows consisting of twenty-five firsts, five medals, eight seconds, and two thirds." "The (Jlory of the Rose," extracted by permis- sion from " Fortunatus,'' by the Poet Laureate; "Some Garden Ro.ses and their Uses,'" by Miss Jekyll ; " The Rose and the National Rose Society," by the Editor : " Observations on some of the New Roses of mOO-lilOl," by the Rev. J. ' H. Pem- berton ; " Stocks and their Influence," Ijy Mr. B. E. Cant; "The Development of New Types of Roses," by Mr. George Paul ; and " The Weather of the Past Rose Year," by Mr. Edward Mawley, comprise the other features. OBITUARY. MK. (JEOKGE ST. PIERRE HARRIS. NOT a few Dahlia enthusiasts are to-day mourning the loss by death of Mr. (ieorge St. Pierre Harris a few days since at the great age of ninety-four years. When his widow apjjrised me of his death she added, as a kind of postscript to her letter, " No more seedling Dahlias 1 '' The show Dahlia was the one flower upon which he doted ; he had a grasp of the true properties of a florist's Dahlia he had gathered up in his intercourse with the great Dahlia culti- vators and raisers of the past — Glenn}', Keynes, Turner, Fellowes, and others. Born atGoddinglon, Chelsfield, early in the past century, he came to live at Orpington, and built himself a charming mansion on Leeds Hill, and formed a garden in which he ever took great delight; but the show Dahlia dominated in his regard for flowers. To him a perfectly formed show Dahlia was an ideal flower, and, caring not what others said and thought, ho devoted the latter years of his life to endeavouring to improve it along the lines laid down bj' (Jlennj' and others. In easy circum- stances all his life, being the owner of a good deal of property in the neighbourhood, he had a passion for outdoor pursuits. He was a member of the \\'est Kent Yeomanry', and he had lived to be the sole sur\'ivor of the corps. As a cricketer he gained much renown, taking part in many matches, and always in a high hat and braces, as I remember the old s<:hool of cricketers did sixty years ago. He was a keen sportsman, and clung to old- fashioned methods «ith great tenacity. He shot with the same single-barrelled muzzle-loading gun for upwards of sixty years. I visited him in 1900 at the time his Dahlias were in bloom, and .spent a very pleasant time with him among them. He grew a select collection of named varieties in order to have the highest cjuality of seed for sowing, and I noted among the seedlings then in bloom a few of a highly promising character. During the past season he exhibited several new varieties, and gained awards for two of them. One was a fancy named Mariner, which at the exhibition of the National Dahlia Society, held at the Crystal Palace, not only obtained a certificate of merit, but was also awarded the special prize I ottered for the best seedling fancy Dahlia of tlie year. It is a flower having a bright lilac ground, splashed and flaked with maroon- crimson. A deep chestnut-red .self named Standard also received an award of merit from the floral committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. Other new flowers raised and exhibited by Mr. Harris during the summer were Flower of Kent, Brilliant, Queen of the Primroses, and Sunset, all show varieties. Some years ago Mr. George Rawlings named a fine crim.sonself after him, which is still grown and exhibited, and one of the leading selfs of the present day is Ruby Gem, raised by Mr. Harris. He was a member both of the National Dahlia Society and also of the London Dahlia Union, and he always made a point of attending their exhi- bitions, and was always to be found at the meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society in the Dahlia season. A son, bearing his father's Christian names, survives him. R. Dean. A GARDEN IN THE SHADE. A i:aruen in the shade is very often not a garden at all. How few understand the gardening possi- bilities of shade, how many and how delightful are the plants that will grow therein, and how innumerable are the advantages it offers to the gardener in providing a succession of even those flowers that love the sunlight ! It is but rarely that these conditions and possibilities are utilised to their full extent, or, indeed, utilised at all, and I think this is owing chiefly to the fact that many are unaware such possibilities exist. I form an opinion from the aspect of the shaded portion of the majority of gardens it has been my privilege to visit, where Laurels, Aucubas, Mahonias, and a few other evergreens, more or less attractive it may be, but still excessively monotonous are the - chief components of the borders from one year to another. It is true my experience may have been a jjarticularly unfortunate one ; it has, however, the merit of being an extensive one. My object in writing is not to suggest that one may have the garden in the shade of the same brilliant splendour, varied hues, and profusion of blossoms as the more advantageously situated portion, yet I think for originality and distinct- ness, soft and pleasing colours, and lasting flowers, the shaded garden has a charm all its own. Doubtless most of the neglect of and ignorance concerning the gardening capabilities of shade are due to the fact that one can usuall}' obtain (juite sutiicient enjoyment from that part of the garden more favourablj' placed, a greater variety of flowers of more brilliant colouring, and an eft'ect altogether more splendid. Those, however, who are thus content miss much. There are some flowers whose colours are never more beautiful than in the deep shade— in fact, unless seen in the shade are never seen at their best — such, for instance, as whites, pinks, pale blues, and mauves. Flowers grown in the shade are more lasting when cut than are those gathered from a border fully exposed to the sun ; they are in some cases also of a deeper hue. The dift'erence between the southern and northern aspect of most well-kept gardens is as a bright .June morning to a foggy day in November. The contrast is so complete that the sudden transition (nothing more than a brick M'all may divide) from all that is symbolic of life and beauty, and warmth and brightness to all that denotes neglect, cold, and barrenness, gives one a mental chill. On the one side is all that is most delightful amongst flowers, the richest of hues, the sweetest of fragrance, and on the other there ma^' be no flowers at all. This is no dream of imagination, but a bare statement of what may be seen in far too many of our gardens. Herein lies one of the greatest diS'erences between gardens cultivated and gardens wild. Where will you find the most beautiful and chaste of our Januakv II, lyu2.J THE GAiiDEK. 31 indigenous flowers ? Is it not by the moist and shady hedgerow, or in the secluded woodland or almost impenetrable dell — places where the sun but rarely reaches ? Yet in our made gardens how entirely otherwise ; those spots in almost perpetual shade are as bare and lifeless as the}' well can be. ^Tis strange that nothing of more interest and beauty can be thought of to embellish the approach to the northern side of a house than the -commonest of evergreens, as those already men- tioned. But little observation is necessary to learn that the Rhododendron will thrive at least equally well in the shade as in the sun, if, indeed, aiot better, and almost the same lua}' be said of the Azalea also, and the Camellia can without a doubt be included in the same category. It is hardly necessar}' to state that the Camellia is quite hard}' (it has been proved repeatedly to be hardier than the common Laurel), for readers of The Gardkx will remember the interesting letters upon the subject of "Camellias in the Open" that appeared but a few months ago. The Hypericums are shade-loving plants, and these have a quaint beauty all their own. Several of the species are good garden subjects, and H. calj'cinum (St. .John's Wort) is the most accommodating of them all, though not the most graceful. One need not con- fine one's self to planting Berberis vulgaris (though I would be the last to say this is not most accept- able in the shrubbery) when B. Darwinii and B. stenophylla, two beautiful sorts, will do equally as well. Why also not relieve the monotony of 3'our northern border with a few flowering Currants, such as Ribes sanguineum, R. aureum, R. specio- sum, and others ? Again, are the curious winter- flowering Witch Hazels, Hamamelis arborea, and H. virginica, Forsythia suspensa, F. viridissima, the best of the variegated and berried Hollies, the deciduous Hone3'suckles, Lonicera Standishii and L. fragrantissima, both of which flower in mid- winter, and the New Zealand Daisy, Olearia Haasti, all to be despised ? How manj' have cultivated Roses on a north border ? I know a wall facing due north that is covered with Roses, the plants being planted in a narrow made border at the foot, and those who have never tried to grow the queen of flowers in a garden in the shade would be surprised to find how accommodating she is. But my list migiit with ease be prolonged till it were wearisome. I have not told of the Japanese Anemones (which, bj' the by, covered the north border, wherein the Roses were planted), pink and white and blush, the Da}' Lilies, the blue Aquilegias, various Liliums, Solomon's Seal, Lily of the Valley, Violets, Forget-me-nots, Violas, Primroses, Meadowsweet, Wood Anemones, and numerous small bulbous plants. Surely the material is not lacking for such a purpose as the one under consideration. I do not pretend to have given a full list of plants suitable for shaded ground ; it is possible, indeed, that I have made important omissions. I have at least indicated some I know to be capable of adding life and brightness to this usually neglected portion of the garden, and perhaps other of your readers will still further assist to increase the list of plants lihat go to make beautiful the garden in the shade. T. F. W. NURSERY GARDENS. WINTER FLOWERING BEGONIAS AT MESSRS. J. VEITCH AND SONS. WITH the winter season, and also with the fogs, which appear to be part and parcel of it, the production of flowers grown in a natural way seems to come to a St mdstill. The Chrysanthemums a.re practically over, and very few are the plants which make our greenhouses and conservatories gay at this time of the year. The tuberous-rooted Begonias are over, but those belonging to the new series, for which the horticultural world is greatly indebted to the labours of Mr. .John Heal, are intended to fill a gap and be of greatest service as decorative winter-flowering plants. They all are the results of crosses in which the lovely B. socotraua, a species introduced to our gardens some twenty years ago, has played a most important part, in some cases as seed-bearing parent, but more often as male parent. In either instance, the influence of this winter-flowering species is very noticeable, as it also is in the disposition of the flowers of the progeny. The first of this series of hybrids, all of which were raised at the Chelsea nurseries, was the one named .John Heal, a very pretty plant of slender habit, and without doubt one of the most free-flowering varieties obtained up to the present by jSIr. Heal. It is the result of a cross between B. socotrana as female plant and a crimson coloured tuberous variety called Vis- countess Donacaile ; the flowers, small and single, are produced in great profusion, borne on long and slender stems ; they are of a bright crimson colour, and remain a long time on the plant. Winter Gem, with large flowers of a deep crimson colour and with distinct socotrana foliage, also came from a cross in which socotrana was the seed parent. In most, if indeed not in all other cases, B. socotrana was used as the pollen parent, the seed-bearing plant being invariably one of the numerous forms of the justly popular tuberous section. It is from one of these crosses %\ith an orange-scarlet form that the beautiful variety Jlrs. Heal was obtained. Its flowers, like those of .John Heal, are single, but they are of a much larger size, many of them measuring fully 3 inches in diameter ; they are produced well above the foliage, and of a bright orange-scarlet colour. Myra, also a single-flowered variety of somewhat loose habit, but with large pink blooms produced in great (luantities and disposed in long racemes, came from the same cross, as did also Winter Cheer, a robust grower of excellent constitution, with very bright semi- double flowers of a rich red and most pleasing colour. In Ensign we have a Begonia of special value, inasmuch as it is perhaps the one combining together the most valuable i|ualities for a decora- tive or market plant. It is of robust habit, with well-shaped and large double flowers of a particu- larly bright pink and pleasing colour, and these are so abundantly produced that it is not unusual to find from sixty to eighty flowers and buds on a plant IS inches or "20 inches high. This was the result of a cross in which a semi-double flowered tuberous rose-coloured variety was used as the seed parent. It is from this same or from a similar cross that Winter Perfection, a variety of somewhat dwarf habit, with double pink flowers disposed on well- branched racemes standing well above a fine dark green and shining foliage, was raised, and the same cross also produced Ideala, the lovely variety sliown at the Drill Hall meeting of November 26, where it attracted great attention, and most deserveilly received an award of merit (figured in The Garden for .January 4). This is by far the dwarfest of all varieties raised up to' the present, but its perfectly shaped and large flowers, of a most pleasing bright rose colour and fairly double, are well shown above the foliage, and the whole plant has a particularly neat appearance. Venus is a brilliant variety with semi -double flowers of a peculiarly bright red, and is the result of a cross between a crimson coloured form of the tuberous-rooted section and B. socotrana. Perhaps the most distinct of all the varieties raised, but not in commerce yet, is .Julius, the result of a cross between a white form of the tuberous-rooted section and socotrana. Its beau- tiful flowers, of large size and fine substance, greatly resemble those of the double pink Oleander, and are of exactly the same colour. It is also a plant of good habit and is free flowering. The only variety in commerce yet which is a hybrid of the second degree from socotrana is Adonis, as in this case John Heal was the pollen parent plant, while the seed bearer was an orange-scarlet form of the tuberous section. It is a variety of medium height, with large single flowers of a particularly bright red-currant colour, free flowering, but of a some- what straggling habit. It is also worthy of record that a plant in every respect similar to the justly popular B. Gloire de Lorraine — raised by M. V. Lemoine, of Nancy, many years ago — has been produced by crossing B. socotrana as the seed- bearing plant with the old-fashioned B. Moonlight as pollen parent. To the above descriptions we may add that these plants, being of easy culture, never requiring stove temperature, and flowering as they do at a time of the year when bright-coloured flowers are particu- larly scarce, should receive at the hands of all lovers of horticultural productions a great deal more attention than is actually bestowed upon them. With the exception of Ideala, which is of quite a dwarf habit, most of the other varieties make what may be termed very good decorative plants, averaging from 16 inches to 20 inches in height, and becoming loaded with their beautiful flowers, which usually last from October until Februar}'. Even young cuttings rooted only last August are now covered with flowers, and are about 9 inches in height. A porous, rather sandy soil suits them best, and they should be grown only in an intermediate temperature, or they are likely to develop a greater quantity of wood than is needed, and at the expense of their flowers, which only require to be seen to be appreciated by all lovers of the beautiful. S. G. Schneider. EDITORS' TABLE. OKOBAXCHE TCEER. Orobani;he speciosa. I have thought it may interest your readers to hear of what is, to me, a discovery about our old friend Orobanche speciosa, namely, that it is perennial if not exposed to frost. Some plants of it, which appeared in one of our cool houses, left behind them, when I drew out the flower stems, an apparatus like a rest- ing tuber, evi den tly full of life. The claws are not so strong as those of Ranunculus tubers, and yet too strong for the legs of the biggest house spider. Here is a rough life-size sketch. The little triangle in the middle represents the tuber eye. The whole looks like a small edition of the Bird's Nest Orchis. A further delightful revelation is the appearance of a fine young flower- stem from one of these plants, now about an inch high. The tubers were quite loose while resting, afterwards laying parasitic hold upon Linaria Cymbalaria alba that was wandering upon a covering of damp coke siftings. — F. D. Horner. Iris alata. Mr. Bowerman (gardener to the Rev. Canon Bernard, The Close, Salisbury) sends flowers of this delicately beautiful winter Iris with these words : "The flowers open with us annually out of doors, and we often get two Irom a bulb." These winter -flowering Irises are amongst the most treasured of winter's gifts, and I. alata, with its distinct leek-like leaf arrangement, is one of the most welcome of all. RECENT PLANT PORTRAITS. The Botanical Magazine for December contains portraits of Cyrtopodium pa/mifron.i, a native of Brazil. It is a large-growing Orchid, witli foliage resembling that of an Arecoid Palm, and tall branching flower-spikes bearing numerous bunches of greenish yellow flowers, three out of whose five petals are spotted with red. Eucalyptiiss Gunnii i:ar. montana, a native of Tasmania and Victoria. This is a small tree growing in swampy soil, with greenish white flowers. Spiriea JUnefolium, 3, nsitive oi California. This is also known as Chamjebatiaria Millefolia and 32 THE GAKJJKN. [January 11, 1902^ Chani;ebatia foliolosa. It is a verj' j-iretty Spiraea, with bunches ot relatively large pure white flowers. Its foliage emits an odour of creosote. It was first discovered in Arizona in 18.53 bj' Dr. Bigelow. It has also been found on the Sierra Nevada of California at an elevation of 1,000 feet. It flowered in the open air at Kew in 1901. ImpatieiiA psit/acina, a native of Burma. This is a ver}' beautiful Balsam, with large rosy purple flowers and white centres. Meijarlinium leucorhachif, a native of Lagos. A curious Orchid of no beauty, and of merely botanical interest. The December number of the Revue de I'horli- cnltnre Brli/e gives a fine double plate of a huge pure white Chrysanthemum named Mme. Georges Mazuyer. The second part of the Revue Horticole for November contains a portrait of an American red Apple named Hoover. The first part for December has a very prettj' plate giving portraits of two single Roses named respectively R. laviijata rar. Anemone (pink) and R. macrantha (pure white). The second part for December figures Pitcairiwa miclntiana. a bronieliaceous plant, with bunches of tubular red flowers. The ninth part of the sixteenth volume of Litidenia figures Cypripediiim ylonerianum, a fine large-flowered handsome bright-coloured variety. Lii/io-Cal'Jei/a u/eihiana, a beautiful pale rosy purple flower, with deep purple lip faintly white edged. Lycaiile Deppei var. jjunctalimima, a pretty white-grounded flower, closely and densely covered with minute rosy purple .spots, and with a yellow lip spotted with chocolate. Sarchoi:M/ut uiiyuirufalu-:, a plant with long pendulous racemes of medium-sized pure white flowers, with a yellow tip to the central tube. W. E. GOMBLETON. Behfrore, Queenntowii, Ireland. AVEATHER NOTES. Rainfall at Hampton Manor, Wakwickshire, DURING 1901. No. of Days on which Total fur each Rmnfell. ilonth. January 13 1-31 February n 1-35 March 14 1-Sl April 14 1-1)3 May S 102 .Tune lu 1-03 July 7 3-S» August l:i 2 20 September . . . . 10 ri2 October 13 1-70 Novembei- S 0*83 Deceiubei 14 ., ^. ,. .. 3-91 Total.. .. 22 16 On July 19 13()' were registered in the sun ; 1-50 inches of rain fell on .July 1, and \Zi inches on December 13. KEW^ NOTES. The Wi.nter Beauty of Conifers. At this season, when there is not much in flower out of doors to distract the attention, we may do well to take the opportunity of studying the relative value of the smaller Conifers, for Spruce, Cypress, Juniper, and even Pines are represented in various miniature forms in the rock garden at Kew, and supply a good object-lesson. Of these, perhaps, Juniper may be placed first. The common Juniper with its grey-green colouring and blue- black berries, is always beautiful, whether used as a hedge or screen, as it sometimes is in the uplands of Tuscany, and might well be so used in suitable districts in England, or as an ornamental shrub, either tall or low growing, according to the position it is destined to fill. In the rock garden nothing can beat the well-known prostrate form of Savin (J. Sabina procumbens), which is a native of North America, and thoroughly hardy, and which, though it can be used in many ways, as, for instance, to break the formal edge of a wide border on grass ur gravel, yet never looks better than when it scrambles over and half conceals a ledge of rock or Vjig boulder with its trailing sea-green branches. E.\amples of this and of a dwarf form of the Red Cedar (J. virgiuiana cempaeta), which has, how- ever, none of the characteristic colouring of the .Juniper, are established in the rock garden. Next to .Junipers — though some would probably give them the foremost place — come the various dwarf forms of Cypresi, better known in the gardens as Retino- sporas. It is well to bear in mind, however, in selecting new Conifers that these are now classed under the sectional name of Cham;ec}'paris, lest we find ourselves encumbered with more duplicates of the same .sort than we want. Amongst the smallest and most elegant of these Chaniiecyparis or Retinosporas are the varieties of C. pisifera, so called from tiieir small Pea-like fruits. This graceful Conifer is a native of Japan. The type may be found in English gardens, sometimes growing to a height of 20 leet, but there are several dwarf varieties, green, as well as so-called gold and silver forms, .such as C. p. squarrosa sulphurea, a comparatively recent introduction, and C. p. plumosa aurea. The variations of form which occur, however, are considered b\' botanists rather as gradations of growth, more or less enduring, than as permanent attributes, and the garden names attached to them, such as C. p. nlifera, in reference to its thread-like branches, and C. p. plumosa, to a certain feathery appearance reached by the t3'pical tree with the lapse of time, indicate fairly well their distinctive features. C. obtusa is another delightful Japanese Cypress, taller and altogether more robust in habit than C. pisifera, in whose companj' it is found growing in its native haunts. This also breaks into man}' sub-varieties, some of which are quite dwarf and give plenty of contrast, both of shape and shade of colour. A remarkably fine specimen of this Cypress, in its stunted form, said to be 2U0 years old, may be seen growing in its original Japanese pot in the Cape house. Belonging to this division is Cupressus tliyoides, known in the United States as the White Cedar, one form of which is familiar by the name of Retinospora leptoclada. But C. lawsoniana, in its many diverse forms, is one of the best known of all the Cypresses in our English gardens. All the dwarf forms are suitable as well as ver}' ornamental, some for rock gardens of the bolder type, some small enough to furnish miniature alpineries with fresh winter greener}' of peculiar fitness. The Spruce Fir is represented by several dwarf forms, among which may be named Picea excelsa pygma?a, which grows in pyramidal form, and seldom exceeds a foot or so in height ; P. ex. orientalis nana, a dense rounded bush ; and P. ex. dumosa. Tliese are all much crowded in their manner of growth, and are not so elegant as the familiar Norway Spruce, of which they are forms, but their vivid green is very agreeable in contrast with the blue-grey of the Junipers and the more sombre hues ot the Abor-vila'. In the background of one of the interesting bays of the rock garden there is a pretty and etiective variety, P. excelsa pendula, the prostrate boughs of which drape the upright face of the rock in a drooping, clinging fashion, very unlike the usual upstanding habit of the Spruce Firs. Nearly opposite to it in the same bay is an example of the prostrate form of Pinus vStrobus, the well -known Weymouth Pine, which scarcely lends itself so eft'ectivel}' to the drooping habit. Elsewhere a miniature Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris nana) is quite at home amongst the low - growing alpine plants which hug the ground about it ; and a specimen, equally dwarf, of the golden variety of the Corsicau Pine (P. Laricio nana aurea), but perhaps a little sickl}' in hue, finds a place not far oft'. Pines, however, are so essentially grand in character that it seems a pity to rol) them of their stateliness. The smaller Conifers nevertheless deserve a little stud}', for they fill a distinct and useful place in the garden at all times, while in winter they serve not only for shelter, but to break the monotony of the rock garden at a season when Nature, though secretly at work in her laboratory, is scarcely yet ready to spread her carpet of fair spring flowers. FOREIGN NOTES. STANGERIA PARADOXA. A MOST puzzling plant, Kunze describing it, through not having sufficient and trustworthy material, as Loniaria cori- acea ; also Th. Moore described it as ^ the Tamia-like Fern. It flowered in 1854, and it was at once evident that it belonged not to the Fern family, but to the Cycadea;. In foliage it resembles the Cycas less, but can easily be confounded with Ferns, the inflorescence resembling that of the Taraia. A pretty South African plant. — Die Gartenwelt. HARDY CACTI. In Die Gartenire/I the culture of tliis class of plants is strongh' recommended. Cacti will stand a frost sufficiently severe to kill Pteris aquilina (the Bracken). Those recommended for the severe climate of Germany are, among others, the fol- lowing : Opuntia camanchia and varieties, 0. Rafinesquii, 0. vulgaris, 0. Horei, 0. barbata var. gracillima, 0. polyacantha var. trichophora, and 0. horizontalis. LAGEESTEtEMIA INDICA IN TUBS. Not being hardy in the colder climate of the Continent, this plant is grown in tubs or large pots wintered in a cellar or shed, and put in the garden during the summer. It flowers freely from' July till September. The flowers are either rose or violet - rose, rarely white, and produced in terminal racemes at the end of long branches. A good plant for cutting. (With illustration). TROP.EOLUAI ISOLA BELLA. This is the result of a natural cross between the summer - flowering T. peregrinum and the well- known winter-flowering T. lobbianum. In foliage and flower T Isola Bella is quite intermediate between the two parent plants ; the petals are bright scarlet, and towards the margin golden- yellow. It is exceedingly floriferous, and like T. lobbianum is a useful winter-blooming plant when grown in a light, not too warm greenhouse. Propagation by cuttings. OSTRICH FEATHER ASTERS (NEW). The form in question has long ribbon-like petals, which are slightly curled, pale lilac in colour, and white edged, a colour which has not hitherto existed in this class nor in the allied Hohenzollern Aster. Another dark lilac - coloured form has perfect double flowers, w ith long ribbon-like petals. A third new form has violet-red flowers. Some- times, however, especially in larger flov,-ers, the centre is of quilled petals. (With illustration). — Gartenwelt. Ipomaea aurea and its coppeet name. — Un reading the belated letter of your .Jamaica correspondent " W. J.," in answer to my query of November 2, as to the above-named plant, I immediately sought in ray Pritzel's "Index " for Ipomaja tuberosa, which he .says is its correct name. I found that it was figured in the nintlf volume of Edwards' "Botanical Register" on plate 768. On looking out this plate, I found that the plant figured thereon had pure white flowers, and there- fore could not be I. aurea as your correspondent asserts. On further search I found that in Vol. I. of the same work, on plate 8(1. Has ficured I. tuberosa, and on looking this out I found it had pale yellow flowers. I therefore think that I. tuber- culata, and not tuberosa, is the name of my plant. — W. E. (^umbleton, Bel(/rorc, tjuetustown. Ealing- Gapdenieps' Society. — On Monday last Mr. Richard Dean gave a most interesting lecture before this society, entitled "Horticulture and Floriculture during the past fifty years,'" which we hope to again refer to- more fully. GARDEN -y^- No. 1574.— Vol. LXL] [January 18, 1902. REGULATING GROWTH OF TREES AND SHRUBS. SO!ME mild winter day a quiet stroll in the garden is a means of noting many bits of work that need doing, especially in the way of observing what wants to be done to relieve garden trees and shrubs from overcrowding. The tour begins at the nut walk. It was cut out a year ago, but there are still some branches that hang too much over the path that must be removed. At the edge of the lawn is a pretty little Oak that looks well from all around. Last summer the lower branches, weighted with leaves, bent down and got in the way. A tour all round it, viewing it from every point, shows, now that the leaves are off, that it can quite well have ' the two lower limbs cut without harming the balance of the tree. The next branches will •come down a little when the leaves are on, and the whole aspect of the tree will be just as good. That big bush of Halesia tetraptera is being encroached upon by Bambusa Metake. It is too old to move, and we do not wish to disturb the Bamboos. It has a strong leading shoot. It shall be converted from a bush to a standard I)y cutting off all the side branches and letting it go clear up through the Bamboos. Then there is that fountain-shaped bush of -Garland Rose at the edge of the copse, with Pernettyas in front of it. The old wood of the Eose has not been cut out since it was planted six years ago. It now makes a heavy mass, a great part of which is rubbish, that bends down and weighs upon the Pernettyas. All but the youngest shoots shall be cut out. This will leave all the best blooming wood for the next season ; it will arch over the Pernettyas and scarcely touch them, while the warm white flowers of the ivose will be seen to great advantage on the ground of the Pernettya's dusky foliage mass. A rather large clump of shrubs looks crowded. It is not really crowded, for the individual shrubs were planted at a good distance apart, but it is two years since they were overhauled, and they have grown much. The flowering C!urrant is a huge bush, and can spare quite half its wood. Spirtea arisefolia is much too full, so are some of the Lilacs, and all tlie old branches of the Weigelas must come out. The Exoohorda will bear a lot of thinning. That white Broom is asserting itself too much and threatens to hide the Japan Snowball (Viburnum plicatum). The Broom shall be loosened at the root and pegged down at the foot of the Viburnum. The same thing must be tried a little further along where a Cistus cyprius threatens to extinguish the lovely Styrax japonica. It must come down, at first by degrees, and make a low trailing bush instead of a rather tall spreading one. Those old Lavender bushes are beginning to open out and lose their rounded shape, and show untidy hollows. But we like them there, and they are encroaching on nothing, and as there are plenty of young Lavenders in other places they shall stay ; but some China Roses shall be planted among them whose branches shall be made to occupy the empty spaces. The colour harmony they will make together will be a quite delightful one. So one goes on, observing and noting, each year with judgment somewhat ripened, for one perceives with pleasure that some awkward or unsatisfactory corners that last year pre- sented as yet unsolved problems are now matters of no difficulty, some happy treatment coming easily to mind. RECENT PLANT PORTRAITS. The Botanical Matjazine for .January contains portraits of C'rinum JohnMoni, native of British Central Africa. This is a handsome large growing species, intermediate between C. latifolium, which it resembles in the flowers, and C. longifolium which it is hke in its long narrow leaves. Ani/rtfcuvi cidiltriaiaun is a native of Calabar, an Orchid with green and while flowers of only botanical interest. Bauhinia i/unnanensis:, a native of China. This is a very graceful greenhouse climber with bunches of pale rose-coloured flowers. It is one of the many discoveries of the well - knoM'n French missionary collector the Abbe Delavay. Schomhurtjlda thoni-^oniana oar. ??i//ior is a native of the Cayman Islands in the West Indies. A beautiful and bright flowered Orchid with bunches of yellow flowers with a purple lip. Hibiscus Scotti, a native of the Island of Socotra, is a very beautiful species with large golden yellow flowers with a deep carmine throat. It was dis- covered by Mr. Scott in 1879. Seeds of it were sent in 1899 to the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, where it bloomed in 1901 in a stove. The January number of the Heme de Vhorticidliire Beige has portraits of Vilis ( .') voineriana, of which only the leaf is shown, the whole reduced in black and white and one lobe coloured. It is said to be of extreraelj^ quick growth, and being evergreen is most valuable for covering large glass houses. It is a native of China, and was sent from High Laos by the French veterinary surgeon il. Voinier. Hremaiitlms diadema. — This is an extremely handsome species sent from the Congo region to JJessrs. Linden, of Brussels, who exhibited a fine lot of it at the last Temple show in London, where it and soriie other fine companions attracted much admiration. The first part of the Paris Revue Moriicole for .Januarj' has a plate showing four good varieties of the well known annual Xeraesia strumosa. W. E. GUMELETON. NOTES OF THE WEEK. Forthcoming' events.— Annual general meeting of the Gardeners' P>,oyal Benevolent Institution at Simpson's, Strand, on Thursday next, January 23, at 3 p.m. ; meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society's committees at the Drill Hall, Westminster, .January 28. The Seven Sisters Rose.— Mr. Moly- neux will find a capital coloured figure of the Seven Sisters Rose in the Botanical Register, tab. 1,372, and a small but characteristic woodcut in Loudon's Arboretum, fig. 513. It is one of the finest forms of the Japanese Rosa multiflora of Thunberg. Lindley calls it R. multiflora var. platyphylla, and Donn, in the twelfth edition of his " Hortus Cantabrigiensis," Ro.sa Roxburghii and Rosa Grevillei. Lindley writes in 1830: — "The Chinese call it the Seven Sisters Rose, because about seven flowers open at the same time, each varying from the other from a pale rose colour through several gradations to a deep rich crimson." It blooms from May to September. — J. G. Baker. The variety grown by Jlr. Molyneux under this name is clearly not correct. Seven Sisters Rose, as cultivated seventy years ago, being of a purplish colour, and producing annual stems in length from IS feel upwards. It was introduced in 1821 from China, and was known as Rosa Roxburghii, R. platyphylla, and R. Grevillei. A good descrip- tion of the Rose will be found in Loudon's " Arb. el Fruct. Brit.," where it is called R. multiflora Grevillei, or " Seven Sisters Rose." — B. Mr. R. Dean's Testimonial.— A meet- ing of the subscribers to this inte'resting object was held, by permission, in the Board Pvoom of the Westminster Aquarium on Tuesday last. In tlie absence, through severe indisposition, of Mr. N. N. Sherwood, the chair was taken by Mr. W. Marshall. It was agreed tliat the presentation take place on February 4 next, that being the most convenient day succeeding Mr. Dean's seventy-second birthday — February 1 — that it take the form of a cheque and a handsome framed address on vellum, the latter at a cost not to exceed £5. It was also very heartily agreed that the presentation be made by Mr. Sherwood ; also that a public dinner be arranged for that purpose, the place to be determined after enquirj' b^' the executive committee. Mr. .J. H. .Jones, secretarj', reported the receipt up to date of the sum of £290 Is. 6d., and trusted that theie would yet be a material increase. Notes from Kent.— After the unusual wealth of flowers in the outdoor garden on Christ- mas Day, 1900, it was rather sad to walk round on that festive occasion a fortnight since, and, after diligent search, compile a list of only thirteen plants and shrubs in bloom. I give the names, though I fear there is nothing interesting or out of the waj' among them : Laurustinus, Winter .Jasmine, white Stock (double), Pansies, Violets, Primroses, Wallflowers (two species), Christmas 34 THE GARDEN. r January 18, 190 2. Roses, Lenten Roses, Erica carnea alba, Lini- nanthes Douglasi, and lonopsidiuni acaule. The onlj' bloom of Iris stylnsa that has yet appeared did not expand until January 2. The Winter Aconites are barely showing their green shoots above ground now (January 8), and Snowdrops seem inclined to be late also. In the greenhouse there is, of course, more to be seen. I have at last a nice few flowers on my Canarina campanulata. Last summer it was well baked on a sunny shelf, and this treatment apjiears to have suited it. It has seldom bloomed with me before. Coleus thyrsoideus is a beautiful plant ; the Hower is really blue and very lasting, but the lower leaves have a trick of falling off and leaving the stems bare. — S. G. R. , Yaklin;/. Proposed Amalg'amation of Royal Horticultural and Botanic Societies. — It is satisfactory to learn that the ([uestion of amalgamatic'n is under consideration by the Royal Horticultural and the Royal Botanic Societies. Both associations can claim a large measure of public utility and support, and all lovers of horticulture owe them a deep debt of gratitude for the floral displays which are held from time to time. For a long while the feeling has been entertained that still better results might be obtained if they worked in co-operation : and in regard to the place of holding the shows, it is obvious that no better place for all the exhibitors could possibly be found than the Botanical (iardens in Regent's Park, which were re.nlly leased by the Crown tor the purpose. — T/h- Globe. A note on fruit evaporating. — In the iro)/(OH".s' Aijrk-ullural Timen for January there appears a tabulated statement of the result of the experiment in fruit evaporating carried out at Ladj- Warwick's Hostel, Reading. The jirobable market value of the dried fruit is set down at £2 10s. Sd., and the cost when fresh was £2 lis. Add to this the expenditure of £1 9s. 3d. for coal and £19 10s. for the evapoiator, and the deficit on the working is £21 7s. 7d. In reply to a letter from Miss Bradley chronicling the failure, Mr. James Harper, Ebley, Gloucestershire, states that the price paid for the fruit when fresh is exceed- ingly high, most of this having been bought in a retail fruiterer's shop, and early in the season. The coal charges also he thinks to be very exces- sive. Mr. Harper declines to believe that better results cannot be achieved with the machine by the students. Miss Bradley, in a concluding note, says : " The machinery must be considerably cheapened and smaller appliances made more complete liefore we can ever hope to see the great results which are suggested by Mr. Harper, the indefatigable advocate of evaporated fruit." Green raflia.— One of the most useful of recent introductions in florists' supplies is light green coloured ratha. Gloire de Lorraine Begonias and other plants with bright green foliage can be tied with it without the lying material showing in anv way. — Amerkan Florixl. Berberidopsis corallina. -I noticed that under the heading " New and Rare Plants " on September 21 Berberidopsis corallina was in- cluded. This beautiful Chilian trailer, though still comparatively rare, can hardly be styled a novelty, since it was introduced into this country in 1862. The note in question recommends its trial against a wall in the open in favoured localities. In the south-west it succeeds admirably in the open, but is seen at its best not when stittly trained against a wall but when allowed to ramble at will over rough Ivy-covered rocks. In such a position its racemes of crimson flowers, in the early autumn, form an exquisite contrast to the dark green foliage of the Ivy. It succeeds best when grown in partial sliade. When associated with such a rampant gro>ver as the Ivy care must be taken that its root-run is kept distinct from that of the latter.— S. W. Fitzhereekt. Xanthoceras sorbifolia.— A short note on the above flowering shrub appeared on November 2."}, the writer of which remarks on its comparative rarity in Englisli gardens. Its hardiness and beauty certainly merit a wider appreciation than it has as yet gained, for sufficient time has elapsed since its introduction into this country, more than thirty years ago, for it to have become fairly common b}' this time. The flowers, which are borne in racemes, are, in the best form, pure white, about 1 inch in diameter, with a band of carmine at the base of the petals, and are produced in the early summer. The foliage, which somewhat resembles that of Spiraea lindleyana, is decidedly graceful, and renders the Xanthoceras ornamental even when not in bloom. The largest specimen I know' of is growing in an isolated position on a lawn, and is about S feet in height and almost as much in diameter. This example, in addition to bearing flowers, also perfects fruits, which arc much like those of the Horse Chestnut. As these ripen the husk splits into three portions, disclosing the brown seeds within, by which the plant is easily propagated. There is considerable variation in the colouring of the flowers, the tints of some being of a less pure white than others, wdiile the basal liand on the petals often varies in hue. In exposed situations both flowers and foliage sometimes suffer from late spring frosts, which injure them while tender and undeveloped. — S. W. F. The late M. Ernest Bergman.— Although the doctors for several weeks past had given up all hope of saving Ernest Bergman, the friends of this excellent man could not reconcile themselves to the fact that he was so soon to leave them. It was ^^•ilh great sorrow that I heard of his death whilst I was far away from Paris, and, consequently, unable to be present at his funeral. Ernest Bergman, son and grandson of eminent gardeners who have done so much to make Ferrieres the wonderful property one knows it to be, did not as a youth commence his career as a horticulturist. After his school days were over he entered commercial life, but his natural instincts soon asserted themselves, and he returned to the paternal home after having passed some time in various large establishments in England and Germany. It is thus that he became his father's assistant in the management of the gardens of M. Alphonse de Rothschild at Ferrieres, a situa- tion he occupied during many long years, and which he resigned when his father retired in 1S97. It is especially as a writer that Ernest Bergman sought to render service to horticulture. He published numerous works on horticulture, as well as treatises on various species of plants represented at Ferrieres — Anthuriums, Dieff'enbachias, Alo- casias, &c. Neither must we forget the active part he played in contributing to Lt Jardin. From the third number, page 31 of the first year (April .5, 1887), we find his signature attached to an article on the destruction of the Phylloxera, a (juestion which at that time was of grave import- ance. Shortly after he commenced a numerous and interesting series of articles on the position of gardeners in France and abroad, articles full of judicious observations and often of good advice. It is principally, however, as an energetic member of the Soeietc Nationale d'Horticulture de France that il. Bergman rendered the greatest service to the cause of horticulture. In turn secretary, member of the council, many years secretary of the annual and international horticultural con- gresses, and, finally, for the past two years assistant general .secretary of our great society, Ernest Bergman invariably carried out his many duties with intelligence, zeal, and punctuality, good cjualities which M. Viger has not forgotten. In manner affable and courteous, Bergman was loved by every member of the society. Although only fifty years of age (he was born on August 8, 18.")1), he was always among the younger members and full of animation and good humour. He was present at every horticultural gathering, whether held at Paris, St. Petersburg, Vienna, London, Dresden. Ghent, or Berlin. Speaking admirably several languages, he was as w-ell known and appreciated abroad as in France. M. Bergman leaves a great blank amongst us. He was a loyal and sincere man. To his wife, his little daughter, and his aged mother I teuder the respectful and S3 mpathetic condolences of the stall' of Lr Jardin. — H. M., in Li .lardii). Orobanche speciosa — Is not what Mr. Horner calls a resting tuber, which he has show'n bursting into life, a seed which has begun to germinate ? According to Kerner, the seed sends down into the earth a filament, which, as soon as it touches a root suitable as a host, adheres to it, and at the point of junction begins to swell, " becomes nodulated and papillose, some of the papilla" develop into elongated conical pegs, one of which pierces the root of its host.'' At the point of union between host and parasite a bud is formed clothed with abundant scales, which may be best likened to the bulb of the Martagon Lily. Lastly, out of the bud grows a strong thick stem which breaks through the earth and lifts a spike of flowers into the sunlight. "We must leave un- decided the question whether the other fibres, which terminate freely in the earth, are capable of taking up food materials from that .source." This description seems to agree with the drawing, but not with Mr. Horner's observation: "Tubers quite loose while, resting ; afterwards laying parasitic hold on Linaria." — (J. S. S. Horticultural Club.— A most interesting meeting was held on Tuesday evening last at the Hotel Windsor, when Mr. Amos Perry, of Winchmore Hill, gave a paper on the "Improve- ment of Hardy Plants." It was one of the most original and interesting papers we have listened to, and we shall publish it as soon as possible. Mr. (Jeorge Monro was in the chair, thoroughly restored to health we were pleased to see, and others present were the Revs. H. D'ombrain, Pemberton, and Burnside ; and Messrs. J. H. ■^eitch, George Bunvard, Rudolph Barr, — Pinches C. T. Druery, and E. T. Cook. The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution.— A general meeting of the above society will be held at Simpson's, 101, Strand, W.C. , on Thursday next, at 1 p.m., for the pur- pose of making certain alterations in the existino- rules, as recommended by the committee of manage- ment. And the sixty'-third annual general meeting of the members of this institution will be held at the same place and on the same date at 3 p.m., to receive the report of the committee and the accounts of the institution (as audited) for the year 1901 ; to elect officers for the year 1902, and other atl'airs ; and also for the purpose of placing twenty pensioners on the funds. The chair will be taken by Harry J. 'Veitch, Esq., treasurer and chairman of committee, at 3 p.m. The poll will open at 3.1.') p.m., and close at -1.30 p.m. precisely, after which hour no voting papers can be received. All the voting papers have been issued. If any subscriber has not received a copy, it is particularly requested that intimation be sent at once to the secretary, G. J. Ingram, at the offices, 175, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. The annual friendly supper will take place on the same date, also at Simpson's, after the annual general meeting, at 6 p.m., when Alderman Robert Piper (of Worthing) will preside. Friends desiring to be present are asked to kindly notify the secretary at 175, Victoria Street, S.W. Broccoli Backhouse's ^Vinter 'White. — For many years Snow's AVinter White Broccoli was universally growni and most reliable, but of late it has lost favour, having apparently deteriorated in quality. Those who have failed with it should give Backhouse's Winter White a trial. It is of dwarf, sturdy growth, and both the stems and heads are well protected by the foliage. It is of medium size, pure white, tender, and of excellent flavour. It possesses a hardy constitution and does well in the North. — C. Apple Norfolk Beauty. — This new Apple, of which an illustration recently appeared in The Garden, has, I feel sure, a great future before it. I have tasted it and think it delicious. It is quite equal when baked to Blenheim Orange or Emperor Alexander, which is saying a great deal. In size and shape it resembles Warner's King, and when quite ripe is of a beautiful yellow colour. Its value is greatly enhanced by the fact that it carries its own sugar. Many of the best Apples lose much of their weight by the time they are fully ripe, but Norfolk Beauty retains its weight till the last. It crops heavily even in a young state, and this fact, together with its good all round qualities, will doubtless make it valuable for market as well as home use. — J. Crawford. January 18, 1902.] THE GAKDEN. 35 Epica meditepranea hybpida.— One who prizes the earliest flowers cannot but be inte- rested in the note on Erica mediterranea hybrida, which occurs in " Kew Notes," on page 10 of The (Garden this 3'ear. Since 1 first heard of this new Erica, a few years ago, I endeavoured to get it, but did not succeed until about two years ago. The result has been that here it is not quite so early as E. carnea, and I have heard tliat this is the case in northern gardens, although it appears to precede E. carnea at Kew and elsewhere in the south. This has been rather a disappointment, as one prizes E. carnea so much that one would have liked a winter Heath which was even earlier, if such could be had. Last year and this the first Heath has been the white form of E. carnea, which is known also as E. herbaoea. This usually pre- cedes any of my plants of tlie typical flesh-coloured carnea, though these vary slightly in their bloom- ing period also. At present even the type is flushed with pink, while the hybrid is considerably later. I maj' say that I obtained my plants direct from i\Iessrs. Smith and Sons, of Darlej' Dale, so that there is hardl}' likely to be any mistake, espe- cially as I have compared notes with some others in the North about the plant. — S. Ak.n'OTT, Car.si - I horn, by Dumfries, X.B. Small-floweped Azaleas.— The small flowered Azaleas form a pleasing feature in the greenhouse at the present time. Thej' bloom earlier when brought on in a little heat than most of the large-flowered Indian varieties. An illus- tration of their usefulness just now may be seen in No. 4 greenhouse at Kew, the following kinds being there represented : — A. calyciflora, a small salmon-red flower, with the hose-in-hose character common to a greater or lesser extent in A. amtena ; A. obtusa, with blossoms of much the same size, but not duple-x as in A. cal3'cifiora. The flowers of A. obtusa are more of a bright orange-red. There is a variety alba, most of whose blossoms are white, though occasionall}' they are striped with red. The last is A. Illuminator, a cross between A. amiena and one of the large-flowered class. The blossoms of this are of a pleasing shade of rosy carmine, and, as in the others, borne in great profusion even on small plants. Those Azaleas are far more pleasing when grown as neat little bushes than they are if grafted on to a naked stem, as prevails on the Continent for the increase of the different Indian Azaleas. Speaking strictly from a botanical point of view, all of the above are Rhododendrons, being but varieties of R. indieum. The name Azalea is, however, far too firmly fixed to be readily superseded in gardens. — T. The seapeity of eaply Peas.— This is one of the features of the seed business in the present year. In order to maintain precocity in earh' Peas they are sown on light land, and during the persistent drought of Maj', June, and July they suffered severely, not only from lack of moisture in the soil, but also from the heated atmosphere, which dried up the blossoms to a large extent, so that no pods were set. So much was the yield affected that two and three acres of ground scarcelj' afforded the average produce of half an acre in an ordinar)' season. The wholesale seedsmen are at their wit's end to supply orders, they have to considerably curtail them, and prices are exceedingly high. Early Peas for seed purposes, if sown on heavj' ground, become in con- secjuence taller in growth and later in blooming, and deterioration of stock is an inevitable con- sequence. Early Peas, and especially the early wrinkled varieties, are becoming more and more in demand ; and a shortage of crop and supply like that being experienced this season is a fact to be deplored all round. — R. D. KniphOfla ppimulina.— The advantages gained by possessing a greenhouse from which frost is just excluded are many, for several beautiful plants are hardy in themselves, but from their late or very early-flowering season are never seen to advantage out of doors. Other plants, again, need a little protection from the most severe frosts, yet do not like any great amount of fire- heat, and all find a congenial home in the cold greenhouse. Of the many suitable occupants of such a house the above plant is one of the most showy in midwinter. It was introduced into English gardens by Herr Max Leichtlin, who sent a plant to Kew in November, 1894. About fifteen months later it flo« ered, and was named as above by Mr. Baker. Since that time its flowering has been an annual occurrence. It is a native of Natal and is as strong-growing as the common K. aloides, the leaves often ijeing 5 feet long and the flower- scapes 4 feet high, terminated with a conical inflorescence, 9 inches long, of clear yellow flowers. It begins to bloom naturally in December, and lasts in good condition for six or eight weeks. An additional item in its favour is the fact that the flowers are not injured b}' fog. Grown in pots it may be plunged out of doors during the summer months, but, if it can be planted in a border of rich deep soil much finer results can be obtained. — W. Dallimore. Mp. LutheP BUPbank.— In the monthly magazine Suiiiet appears a lengthy illustrated article appreciative of Mr. Luther Burbank and his work. It was in 1893, we learn, that Mr. Burbank published the first of a notable series of announcements to which he gave the title "New Creations in Fruits and Flowers." OtherissuesfoUowedin 1894,1898, 1899, and 1901. They contain descriptions and pictures of his most striking achievements, and various other interesting details. Accompanying the notes is a full page portrait of Mr. Bur- bank. The same number of the Siii>-'