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Gardens’ Bulletin
__ ‘STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
A Journal reflecting the activities of the Botanic
Gardens of the Straits Settlements, published as
* material is available.
VOLUME IV.
SINGAPORE
1926—1929.
=
FRAS| [AR & NEAVE, LTD., PRINTERS, SINGAPORE.
DATES OF PUBLICATION.
Part. 1
Parts 2 & 3
Parts 4 & 5
Parts 6—10
Pattie 1d & 12
issued
issued
issued
issued
issued
June 15th, 1926.
March, 1927.
August, 1927.
January, 1928.
January, 1929.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
No. 1.
A List of the Mosses of the Malay Peninsula, i
H. N. Dixon, M.A., F.L.S. te
Nos. 2 & 3.
Some Old Photographs of the Singapore Gardens .. AT
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by
M. R. Henderson . 48
A New Fern from the Malay Peninsula, ‘by BR: E.
Tomine) ~.. . 56
Notes on Malayan Ferns, by R. E. Holttum 57
A Note Relating to the History of the Dell in the
Gardens, by I. H. Burkill ae , 69
Tulang Daing or Sisik Puyuh, by I. H. Burkill Ps flys
Teratological Notes, by C. X. Furtado .. 78
Dioscorea tamarisciflora, Pro and, Burk. by I. H.
Burkill ee 86
A List of Mosses Collected in the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore, by R. E. Holttum .. 88
Addition to the List of Fraser Hill Plants, by M. R.
Henderson 92
Meteéorological Data, 1925 ele m3 Ee hOG
Nos. 4 & 5.
Botanical Collectors, Collections and edie ie
Places in the Malay Peninsula, by I. H. Burkill . 113
The Palms of British India and Ceylon sage 203
Meteorological Data, 1926 a S205
Nos. 6—10.
The Flowering Plants of Kuala Lumpur, in the
Malay Peninsula, by M. R. Henderson, F.L.S. .. 211
Nos. 11 & 12.
On some ferns from the Malay Peninsula, by Carl
Christensen 375
New species of ferns from the Malay Peninsula, by
R. E. Holttum 408
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by
M. R. Henderson and C. X. Furtado .. All
Ocimum, Linn., in the Malay Peninsula, by C. xX,
Furtado .. 416
Palaquium stellatum, King and ‘Gamble, by OF Xx,
Furtado a 419
Species of Neesia in the Malay Peninsula, by C. Xx,
Furtado... 421
Anisophyllea Gaudichaudiana, Baill, is A. grandis
Benth., by I. H. Burkill . = ee 25)
Obituary : ey Ae a ae
Meteorological Data, 1927 he we ew Mae
¥ 4
- JUNE 15, 1926
_ AList of the
losses of the Malay Peninsula
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GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. IV, No. 1.
June 15, 1926.
Printed at the
METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE,
SINGAPORE.
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A List of the
Mosses of the Malay Peninsula
By H, N. DIXon M.A., F.L.S
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Up to the present time no attempt has been made to publish
a conspectus of the Moss-flora of the Malay Peninsula. Mitten’s
Musci Ind. Or. (Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., Vol. iii, Suppl.) contains
some half-dozen records, the only data for which are “ Malacca,
Griffith.” Fleischer has collected a considerable number of mosses,
mostly in and around Singapore; these are recorded in the four
volumes of his Muscr der Flora von Burienzorg (1900-1922). A
short list is also given by Hj. Moeller of Straits Settlements mosses
in Hedwigia, lx, 213, comprising some thirty species. Finally
the present writer published descriptions of forty new species from
the peninsula in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 51; pp. 225-259 (1924).
The great majority of entries, therefore, in the following
list are unpublished records, and are based on collections made by
various botanists, principally H. N. Ridley (R in the list), I. H.
Burkill, R. E. Holttum, and C. H. Binstead, with other collectors
from the Singapore Botanic Gardens.
The system I have followed is very largely that of Brotherus,
in Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien. Muse, Id. I.
The generat character and relationships of the Moss-flora
follow naturally very closely on the lines of the higher plants.. ‘The
endemic species are comparatively few, and I think are not likely to
be greatly increased ; for while undescribed species are constautly
collected, this is pretty well counterbalanced by the discovery of
the extension of the range of supposed endemics (of Malaya)
to neighbouring areas. On the other hand a very large percentage
of the species have a remarkably narrow range of distribution
beyond the peninsula itself, especially the M alay-Burma-Assam,
Malay-Borneo, Malay-Philippines, and Malay-Java areas. It
would be of some interest to give lists of these species, but it is
preferable to wait till the distribution of the mosses in the peninsula
itself is more completely known; the present list gives a basis for
2 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
such a conspectus, but it is only a beginning. Several of the
States have been little more than sampled, for mosses, and nearly
every collection that is made still contains some new record, either
for the State, the Peninsula or for science. This may be
illustrated by the fact that since the publication of my paper al-
ready referred to, in 1924, thirty undescribed species have come
into my hands, and these appear, perforce, as. “ined.” in the
present list.
Among special features of interest in the moss flora may be
mentioned the prevalence of species of Calymperaceae (Syrrhopodon
and Calymperes) a most interesting and striking Family, having
a peculiar distribution mostly to tropical regions, and rarely found
at any great distance from the sea, though in no sense maritime
plants. This is curiously contrasted with the poor representation
of some of the larger genera. Thus of Bryum (between 800 and
900 species) six are recorded from the peninsula; of Campylopus.
(about 500 species), three; of Macromitrium (415 species) ten;
while of Syrrhopodon (235 species), there are thirty-one in the
following list, and of Calymperes (200 species), twenty-four.
A further genus which is highly represented here is
Acroporium (Sematophyllum Mitt. p.p.). Of about 90 known
species (as the genus is understood in Brotherus, Musci, Ed. i), 33:
are recorded for the peninsula. Here however we have to do with
a genus which clearly has its principal centre of distribution in the
Indo-Malay region; whereas this can scarcely be said of the
Calymperaceae, which have an equally high distribution in tropical
Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Is., tropical America, and
Polynesia.
The total number of species in the following list is about 340,
compared with 650 recorded from Java; and with more systematic
collecting the number is certain to be very largely increased.
SPHAGNACEAE.
Sphagnum kelantanense Dixon sp. nov. ined.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, or ridge, circa 2600 ft. (Nur
12244).
Sphagnum cuspidatum (C. M. var. malaccense Warust.
Perak: Summit of G. Batu Puteh, 6900 ft. (Wray 902; type
gathering).
Pahang: Cameron’s Highlands (Henderson 22781) ; G. Tahan
(R. 1026). |
Kedah: Kedah Peak, common (Holttum 14881).
Sphagnum junghuhnianum Doz. and Molk.
Selangor: Ulu Semangkok (Rt. 277).
Pahang: G. Tahan (R. 1038).
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong (Nur 12243).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14882 a).
Malacca: Gunong Ledang (Mt. Ophir) (R. 221).
Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 3
Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14882 b).
The Asiatic distribution hitherto if this almost cosmopolitan
species is Bhotan and Japan.
DICRANACEAE.
Wilsoniella pellucida (Wils.) C. M.
Selangor: Batu Caves (R. 644). I have not seen this, and
do not know by whom it was determined. It would seem
likely that it was the same plant as the following.
DISTR. Ceylon, Java.
WilsonieHla acutifolia Broth. ined.
Selangor: Batu Caves (R. 481).
Garckea phascoides (Hook.) C. M.
“Malay Halb-insel ” (Fleischer). :
Singapore: Penang: (Binstead 2, 6, 11).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 2000 ft. (Holttum 15108).
Ditrichum flexifolium (Hook.) Hampe.
Perak: Gunong Keledang (R. 701).
[Ceratodon purpureus (L.) Brid. It is rather curious that this
peculiarly cosmopolitan species. does not appear to have been
collected in the Malay Peninsula].
Microdus Miquelianus (Mont.) Besch.
Perak: Tapah (R. 160).
Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (R. 739).
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 300, 304); Gardens (IR. 599),
a small form with very narrow leaves: Singapore
(Binstead 76).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 4, 7).
Selangor: 15th mile, Pahang Track (Semangkok Pass) (R.
484),
Microdus macromorphus Fleisch.
Perak: Tapah (R. 160).
DISTR. Java; Borneo.
Dicranella coarctata (C, M.) Bry. jay.
Selangor: Bukit Kutu (R. 396).
Penang: Penang Hill (Chipp 4692).
Kedah: Kedah Peak 1000 ft. (Holttum 15109).
Campylopodium euphorocladum (C. M.) Besch.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 15027).
Braunfelsia dicranoides (Doz. and Molk.) Broth.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000- ft. (Haniff and Nur
7915 b).
DISTR. Java.
4 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
Braunfelsia enervis (Doz. and Molk.) Par.
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft., on tree trunk (Burkill
and Holttum 8838) ; Gunong Tahan (Robinson).
DISTR. Java.
A very densely foliate, julaceous form. Neither the figure
given by Dozy and Molkenboer nor that of Fleischer gives a good
idea of the habit of the plant, which, judging by the specimens
in our national collections, is usually much more densely foliate,
with more robust branches than as depicted by these authors. 'he
present plant is so markedly different, indeed, from these figures,
that I had no doubt at all of its being. a new species, prior to
examining specimens of the Java plant.
Braunfelsia longipes Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 225
(1924).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur 7905).
Braunfelsia plicata (Lac.) Fleisch.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3800 ft., on ground, in thick june
just below summit (Holttum 14869) Giz:
This has hitherto been found only in a single locality in Java.
Dicranoloma Blumii (Nees) Par.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1021); Gunong Berumban
(Wray’s) (Wray 1562).
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 4500 ft. (Wray 300).
A rather widely distributed species, but not hitherto recorded
from continental Asia.
Selangor: Ulu Semangkok (R. 281 a). There is some doubt
about this specimen, which is sterile, and may possibly belong to
D. brevisetum.
Dicranoloma Braunii (C. M.) Par.
Singapore: Herb. Mitten. Two sterile and doubtful plants,
which I incline to place under this species.
Perak: leg. Curtis; herb. Singapore Bot. Garden. ‘This speci-
men is labelled “ Dicranum jpiliferum Mitt. MS. in.
sched.”, but I am inclined to think that Mitten wrote
“filiferum,” in reference to the long, stout, brown
articulate brood-filaments in the leaf axils, characteristic
of this species. It is new to continental Asia.
DISTR. Malay Archipelago to New Caledonia and New
Hebrides.
Dicranoloma reflexifolium (C. M.) Par.
Pahang: Fraser Hill (R. 283).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3500 ft., on ground and tree bases in
dwarf forest (Holttum 14867).
DISTR. Java; Sumatra.
Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula a
Dicranoloma assimile (Hampe) Par.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1036).
The fruiting plant, so that there is no doubt of its identity.
Perak: Gunong Hijau, 4700 ft. (Wray 648).
DISTR. Java; Borneo; CEOs Celebes (Everett 664, in
herb. H. N. Dixon).
Dicranoloma leucophyllum (Hampe) Par.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 712). This is sterile, and may
possibly belong to D. assimile.
Perak: Gunong Hijau, Taiping Hills (Anderson 314A;
Burkill 12636),
Dicranoloma sumatranum Broth. ined.
Selangor: Semangkok Pass (R. 284).
DISTR. Sumatra.
Dicranoloma perintegrum Dixon in Bull. sr ORE Club 51: 226
(1924).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 780).
Dicranoloma brevicapsulare Dixon op. et Joc. cit.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500- 7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur
7915a).
Leucoloma molle (C. M.) Mitt. var. longipilum Fleisch.
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (R. 390).
Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann GOs
Dindings: Lumut (R. 818a).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 512, 574).
Leucoloma Walkeri Broth.
Kedah: Rawei I. (R. 293). A robust form, only differing
in the size from the Indian and Burmese plant.
DISTR. India; Burma.
Leucoloma malayanum Dixon.
Penang: Crag Hill, on shaded granite rock (Binstead 13).
~ Leucoloma pallidum Dixon.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong (Nur 12237b. 12272c).
Campylopus comosus (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Bry. jav.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 8, 10, 12; Pinwell, in herb.
Mitt.)
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft., frequent on rocks and ground,
usually sterile (Holttum 14896).
Campylopus serratus Lac. (CO. singapurensis Fleisch.)
Singapore: Gardens (Larminat, in herb. Paris; Fleischer,
M. Fr. Arch. Ind. et Polynes., 403; R. 611; Binstead
73, &c.). Bukit Timah (Holttum 13070).
6 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
Pahang: between Pekan and Ayer Tawar; abundant on the
sandy promontory which the bridle path follows. Ap-
parently the species used here for stuffing mattresses.
(Burkill 17256); Kuantan, at base of tree (Burkill
17333b).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, on ground by path (Holttum 15028).
Form with unusually narrow upper cells.
This very marked plant must I think without doubt be
Lacoste’s species; it agrees exactly with the description and figures ;
I have also seen it from Borneo; I think that Fleischer must have
overlooked this in giving it a new name. It seems to be a very
characteristic plant in the Gardens at Singapore, as every collector
of mosses who has visited the Gardens appears to have brought
it away!
The very large genus Campylopus is poorly represented in the
peninsula, only three species having been recorded.
Campylopus calodictyon Broth. ined.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban (R. 132).
I have not seen an authentic specimen of Brotherus’ plant;
but Ridley’s moss agrees exactly with a Bornean gathering of
Binstead’s, which Fleischer determined (so far as possible ‘from
the gametophyte alone) as C. calodictyon.
Dicranodontium nitidum (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, on ridge, 2600 ft. (Nur 12247).
DISTR. Java; Celebes; Borneo; Philippines. Mitten re-
cords it from Ceylon. I have not examined Gardner’s
specimens ; but a plant so named from Mitten’s herbarium
“ Nuwara Eliya, T. W. N. Beckett” belongs to Campulo-
pus Nietneri (C. M.), which throws doubt on the correct-
ness of Mitten’s determination of the earlier specimens.
Thysanomitrium exasperatum (Brid.) Nees.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 228).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1011, 1019; Haniff and Nur
7908, a very slender form, perhaps worth varietal rank).
Kedah: Kedah Peak (R. 246).
Thysanomitrium umbellatum W-Arn. (7. Blumzi Toz.. and
Molk.).
Selangor: Pahang track, 15th mile (R. 488).
Thysanomitrium Ridleyi Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 51:
227 (1924).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1019b).
Thysanomitrium abbreviatum Dixon op. et loc. cit.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, c. 7000 ft. (R. 1012).
Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula t
LEUCOBRYACEAE.
Leucobry-um chlorophylHosum C.-M.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (Robinson).
f. minor Fleisch.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 14).
The species has not been recorded from continental Asia.
Leucobryum sanctum (Brid.) Hampe.
Common. I have records from at least seven States.
Leucobryum Bowringii Mitt.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 1085¢).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 755).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur
TIA ) ;
Leucobryum aduncum Doz, and Molk.
Singapore: on coconut palms (Fleischer, M. Frond. Arch.
Ind. 5).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Griffith) herb. Mitten.
Leucobryum scalare C. M.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (Fleischer).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 16, 18).
Leucobryum javense (Brid.) Mitt.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 247).
Johore: one of the abundant ground mosses in the mossy
forest of Gunong Belumut (Holttum 10696).
Pahang: Telom (R. 90); Pekan (Ridley). ~
Kedah: journey to Kedah Peak (Haniff 1).
Not recorded hitherto from continental Asia except from
Annam, but one of the common species under certain conditions,
and widely spread in Malaysia, and reaching to New Guinea.
Leucobryum sumatranum Broth. ined.
: Pahang: Gunong Berumban, 5000 ft. (Henderson 11740).
| A very fine species, resembling ZL. javense in habit, but of quite
different structure. Only known otherwise from Sumatra.
Leucobryum stellatum Dixon.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 724).
[Cladopodanthus speciosus (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch. (Spirula
speciosa Doz. and Molk.). The only authority for this as a
Malayan plant is a record by Mitten “ Among moss sent with
orchids to Dr. Wallace,” and even the locality is not, I believe,
specified. As the plant is a particularly striking one, at present
_ only known from Java, I hesitate to include it on this vague
_ record alone. It is quite possible that orchids, sent from the
_ Singapore Gardens to Dr. Waliace, may have been packed in moss
_ originally received with orchids from Java. ]
8 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
[Ochrobryum microphyllum Card. Herzog in Hedwig. lxi, 295,
records this as collected in Perak by Stresemann, No. 86. But as
O. microphyllum is a South American species (O. Gardnerianum
var. microphyllum Besch.), and as this group in the sterile state
is a highly difficult and critical one, it appears to me that the
indentification must be very doubtful. ].
Schistomitrium mucronifolium (A. Br.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1003). c. fr.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft., on a small trunk in dwarf
forest, 3 ft. from the ground (Holttum 14890).
This and the preceding have leaves not falcate, differing
from the type form; they are much too robust for S. apiculatum.
The seta is more or less highly rugulose in both. It is quite
probably a distinct species.
Schistomitrium apiculatum Doz. and Molk. ~~
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft, (Wray 1085).
Leucophanes candidum (Hornsch.) Lindb.
Singapore: Kranji (R. 119, 256); Pasir Panjang (R. 249) ;
no loc.-{ St. Vis Down 60} > -ebe, :
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 643) ; Rawang (R. 383). |
Kelantan: Kuala Kalak, foot of G. Sitong (Nur 12263).
Leucophanes aciculare C. M. ined.
Singapore : Bajau, on tree at sea level, a very elongate form,
in tufts 5-6 cm. high (Holttum 12277 ae Serangoon road
(R. 206).
Leucophanes densifolium Mitt.
Singapore: Fleischer, M. Frond. Arch. Ind. et Polynes. 304;
etc.
Johore: Tanjong Bunga (R. 338).
DISTR. Fiji and Admiralty Is.
Leucophanes albescens C. M.
Singapore: Pulau Ubin (det. Fleischer) ; Bot. Gardens (Holt-
tum 16333) ; beim Friedhof an Baumrinde (H. Moeller).
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu (Holttum 15188).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17478).
Leucophanes octoblepharoides Brid.
Singapore: on palms in Gardens (R. 46, 330, 593, 761) ; ete.
Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (R. 257).
Negri Sembilan: Ulu Bendul, on wet rocks by stream (Holt-
tum 9830).
Penang: Richmond Pool, Government Hill (Haniff and Kadir
15018). |
Leucophanes pugioniforme Fleisch, ined.
Singapore: bei Tandjong Katong (Fleischer).
Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula iM,
Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw. ~
Widely distributed; common in the north of the Peninsula,
but not collected in the southern part.
Arthrocormus Schimperi Doz. and Molk.
Selangor: Telok Reserve, Klang (Burkill 5991, 6554).
Perak: Tapah (R. 156).
Kelantan: Sungei Keteh (Nur 11991 a).
Exodictyon Blumii (Nees) Fleisch.
Perak: Tapah (R. 819).
FISSIDENTACEAE.
Fissidens ceylcnensis Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: ad fossas (Kurz 1203; F. abbreviatus Mitt. MS in
herb.).
Fleischer also records it from Singapore without further
locality.
Malacca: Ayer Kurau (R. 702).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 26, 40, 45). Government Hill
(R. 749). Gardens (Holttum 17373; 17375).
Fissidens Hollianus Doz. and Molk.
Perak: Tapah (R. 819 b).
Trengganu: Kuala Telumong (Holttum 15310).
Penang: in botanischen Garten an Baumaesten, c.fr. (Moeller).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi, on rock and smal! stems by stream
(Holttum 17438).
DISTR. Java.
Fissidens Zollingeri Mont.
Trengganu: Kuala Telumong (Holttum 15310 p.p.)
A very little, mixed with F. Hollianus.
Fissidens javanicus Doz. and Molk. nov. var. integrifolius
Dixon ined.
Trengganu: Kuala Berang (Holttum 15334).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17447).
DISTR. (of type) Java, Andamans.
Fissidens siamensis Broth.
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17479).
DISTR. Siam.
Fissidens crassinervis Lac.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (Fleischer, M. Frond. Arch, Ind.
17); Gaylang (R. 626); Gardens (R. 603); Reservoir
jungle (Holttum 15366).
Perak: Tapah (R. 148).
Penang; rocks and stones in Botanic Gardens (Binstead 17,
74); Waterfall Gardens (Holttum 17377).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17446).
10 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
Fissidens Mittenii Par.
Singapore: (Fleischer); Gardens (Holttuin 10492).
Fleischer also records the var. javensis from the Gardens.
I have only seen the type.
Fissidens subdiscolor Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 228
(1924).
Negri Sembilan: on root in a boggy hollow, Gemas (Burkill
6388).
Fissidens Zippelianus Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: Singapore (Fleischer) ; Gardens (Holttum 15368).
Penang: im botanischen Garten auf Erde (Moeller).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17444).
Fissidens asplenioides (Sw.) Hedw.
' Penang: Penara Bukit (R. 572).
This widely distributed’ species in the tropics and subtropical
regions has not been recorded from the Asiatic continent.
Fissidens amblyotis Dixon in Bull. Torr. Boi. Club 51: 229
(1924).
Johore: on wet rock by stream. 700 ft., Gunong Lambak
(Holttum 9456).
Fissidens nobilis Griff.
Pahang: Tahan (Ridley).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 194, 214). :
Fissidens areolatus Griff. |
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur 7980).
Ava, Burma, is the most southerly station hitherto.
CALYMPERACEAE.
SYRRHOPODON Schwaegr.
Subgenus Leucophanella.
Syrrhopodon revolutus Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: Tanjong Ru (R. 255) ; Gardens (Holttum 15351). —
Perak: JSrian road, Taiping (Haniff 15287).
Penang: (Fleischer).
Syrrhopodon borneénsis (Hampe) Jaeg.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10753, 10765). —
Pabang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1002) ; a robust form with lanuna —
cells smooth and back of nerve only slightly roughened.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14883).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 24); Penang Hill (R. 748).
DISTR. Borneo, Java.
Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula Ht
Syrrhopodon rufescens Hook. and Grev.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 780); Bukit Timah (Fleischer, MW.
Frond. Arch. Ind. 103) ; Singapore (Wallich; fide Mitten.
Musc. Ind. Or.). Gardens, on Platycerium (Holttum
17385).
Syrrhopodon confertus Lac.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 263). I have not seen this;
it was determined by Brotherus, I believe.
Syrrhopodon Ridleyi Broth. e Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
51: 229 (1924).
Singapore: Bukit Timah, on a Platycerium (R. 38, 731).
Penang: Government Hill, on lower side of large Platycerium |
(Burkill 763).
Subgenus Hu-Syrrhopodon.
‘Syrrhopodon albidus Thw. and Mitt.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10809).
DISTR. Ceylon.
‘SSyrrhopodon tristichus Nees.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban, 5000 ft. (Henderson 11767) ;
Fraser Hill, 4000 ft., (Holttum 11372).
New to the mainland of Asia.
Syrrhopodon albo-vaginatus Schwaegr.
Singapore: Brotherus gives the distribution of this species
as including Singapore; Reservoir jungle .(Holttum
15363).
Pahang: Kuala Lipis (Burkill 15667c).
Perak: Sungei Siput (Haniff and Nur 6955).
Syrrhopodon involutus Schwaegr.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 29) ; Singapore (Fleischer).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Griffith; fide Mitten).
[Syrrhopodon pseudo-involutus Broth. ined.
Singapore: Tanjong Katong, on coconut trees (R. 210).
This is a MS. name of Brotherus’; the species has not been
dlescribed, and I have not been able to see specimens. |
Syrrhopodon spiculosus Hook. and Grey.
Singapore: (Wallich; Fleischer); Kranji (Ridley); Bukit
Timah (Burkill AB); Carimon Is, (Fox 581); &e.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 22), two very different forms
in habit and direction of leaves when dry.
Syrrhopodon elimbatus Dixon in Pull. Torr. Bot. Ciub £1: 230
~ (1924).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Ridley).
12 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
Syrrhopodon horridulus Fleisch. Musc. der Fl. von Buit. 1, 208,
and corrigenda.
Singapore: Singapore, 1898 (Fleischer).
Syrrhopodon Griffithii Mitt.
Singapore: “ Singapore (Griffith).” So Mitten in the Musci
Ind. Orientalis; but Ridley points out that this should
probably read Malacca, as Griffith did not visit Singapore.
Fleischer, it may be remarked (op. cit. 1,208) speaks of the
leaf as having “an der Scheide einselne, lange, wimperartige
Zaehne”; but this is in direct contradiction to the description,
where the margins are distinctly stated to be “integerrimis,” and
without the basal spines of S. trachyphyllus.
— Syrrhopodon ligulifolius Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51:
230 (1924).
Penang: Penara Bukit (R. 576).
Syrrhopodon trachyphyllus Mont.
Singapore: Singapore (Gaudichaud) fide Mitten, Musc. Ind.
Or.; ibidem. (Fleischer).
Syrrhopdon cavifolius Lac.
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu (Holttum 15189).
DISTR. Banca, Borneo.
Syrrhopodon ciliatus (Hook.) Schwaegr.
Singapore: on sago palm, gardens (R. 459, 465) ; Fleischer,
M. frond. Arch. Ind. 26. Seletar (R. 739).
Pahang: Kuantan (Burkill 16125).
The forma pseudopodianus Fleisch. occurs in both the above
localities.
Syrrhopodon perakensis Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Ciub 51; 231
(1924).
Dindings: Lumut (R. 449).
Subgenus Thyridium.
Syrrhopodon Wallisii C. M.
Singapore: (Fleischer).
Johore: Gunong Pulai, on fallen tree trunk (Holttum 16359).
Syrrhopodon repens [arv.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 45): Chan Chu Kang (R. 262) 5.
Pasir Panjang (R. 55); Bukit Timah (R. 309) ; Bukit
Mandai (R. 706); Kranji (R. 11275).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 29, 32).
It is rather curious that this species should appear to be
common about Singapore, while apparently scarcely elsewhere in
the Peninsula. It occurs in Ceylon and Banca.
Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 13
Syrrhopodon Manii C. M.
Singapore: Tanjong Katong, f. minor (Fleischer, M. Frond.
Arch. Ind. 71); Gardens (R. 315, 592)-; Seletar (R.
459); Pulau Ubin (R, 729) ; Galang (R. 357).
_ Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 27 a).
Syrrhopodon fasciculatus Hook, and Grev.
Singapore: (St. V. B. Down 56) ; Kranji (Moeller) ; Gardens
(Holttum 15352). |
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu, base of palm stem (Holttum
15309).
Syrrhopodon undulatus (Doz. and Molk.) Lindb.
Singapore: Reservoir jungle (Holttum 15364).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 217); Taiping (R. 204).
Kedah: Lankawi Is. (Haniff and Nur 7526); Kedah Peak,
3000 ft. (Holttum 14891).
Syrrhopodon undulatulus Broth. and Geh.
Singapore: (Fleischer); on trunk of tree, Reservoir jungle
(Holttum 15358).
Penang: (Schiffner).
These records and thati of S. Wallisw are found in Fleischer,
Musci der Fl. von. Burt. I, 236.
Syrrhopodon flavus C. M.
Singapore: Gardens (Holttum 15356, 15357).
DISTR. Java.
Syrrhopodon pungens Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 231
(1924).
Selangor: Pataling (R. 772).
Subgenus Calymperopsis.
[Syrrhapodon semiliber (Mitt.) Besch. Brotherus (Musci) records
this from “ Malacca” only. Mitten’s record in the Musci Ind. Or.
p. 41 (“in peninsula Malayana, ad Tavoy ”) refers to Burma, and
does not come within our area. |
Subgenus Calymperidium.
Syrrhopodon Muelleri (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jay.
Singapore: Bajau (R. 242).
Johore: Gunong Pulai (Best 7708).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 186); Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft.
(Wray 1211 p. p.) :
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 579).
Syrrhopodon fallax Lac.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 736).
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh (Wray 1211 p.p.).
DISTR. Borneo; Banca.
14 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vor. 4
No. 1211 Wray was received as Syrrhopodon Wrayi Broth.
MS. It contained two species of Syrrhopodon, one of which is.
certainly a form of S. Muelleri, and the other S. fallac.
Syrrhopodon croceus Mitt.
Singapore: (Wallich) ; (St. V. B. Down 54) ; Reservoir jungle
(Holttum 15361, 15362).
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10819) ; Gunong
Panti (Holttum 15043); Gunong Pulai (Holttum
16337).
Kelantan: Sungei Ketah (Nur 11991 b).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 1000 ft. (Holttum 15110). : -t
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49
7-9, supra obscuris, subter tenuibus sed distinctis. Flores axilarii,
solitarii, 2.5 cm. longi; sepala rotunda, glabra vel extus sparse
ferrugineo-pubescentia, intus glabra ; petala exteriora late lanceolato-
acuta, 2.5 cm. longa, circa 1 cm. lata, interiora ovata 1.2 cm. longa,
7mm. lata. Carpella rubro-pubescentia, anguste oblonga, stigmate
2-lobato.
A shrub 1-2 metres high. Branchlets glabrous, dark-coloured,
the youngest twigs and buds and very young leaves with a short
red pubescence.
Leaves glabrous, 14-23 cms. long, 4.5-8.5 ems. broad, oblong
or elliptic oblong, acuminate, narrowed to the base. Nerves 7-9
pairs, faint above, thin but distinct below, interarching far from
the leaf margin. Reticulations indistinct.
; Flowers solitary, axillary, pale-green, 2.5 cms, long. Bracts
4, ovate-acute, red-pubescent, 2-3 mms. long. Pedicels 4-5 mms.
long, slender, with a few red hairs. Sepals orbicular or rotund,
glabrous or with sparse red pubescence outside, glabrous inside.
_ Petals leathery, drying black, the outer with a scattered red
_ pubescence on both sides, broadly lanceolate-acute, narrowed to the
' truncate base, 2.5 ems. long, about 1 cm. broad; the inner ovate,
red-pubescent on the outside like the outer petals, but with a denser
brownish mealy pubescence inside, which is more pronounced at
the cohering edges, and is almost absent iat the base, 1.2 cms. long,
7 mms. broad. Stamens numerous, the appendages orbicular,
_ pubescent. Ovaries linear-oblong, red-hairy, stvle rather stout,
‘ with two thick stigmas. Fruit unknown.
Sungai Renong, Kelantan, Md. Nur (with Dr, Foxworthy)
12157, February 1924.
J Drepananthus pahangensis, sp. noy.
Arbor circa 3 m. alta. Folia elliptica vel elliptico-oblonga,
base inaequilateralia, rotundata vel leviter cordata, acuminata,
17-29 cm. longa, 7-12 cm. lata, nervis utrinque 12-15. Sepala
triangulo-acuta, 7 mm. longa et lata. Petala exteriora oblonga,
1.7 cm. longa, 7 mm, lata, interiora conniventia, 1.3 cm. longa.
Carpella supra glabra, subter sericeo-pubescentia.
A tree about 3 metres tall. Young branches terete, red-
pubescent, lenticellate. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, broadest
hear the apex, base inequilateral, rounded or slightly cordate, apex
acute, dark brown (when dry) and glabrous above except for the
_ herves, brown below; 17-29 cms. long, 7-12 cms. broad. Nerves
12-15 pairs, fine on the upper surface and red tomentose like the
sunk midrib, prominent below and intcrarching, sparsely pubescent.
Reticulations faint above, prominent and regular below, pubescent
like the nerves.
50
Flowers yellow, one or two on a short woody tubercle. Peduncle
stout, up to 2 cms. long (but usually shorter), with ovate-acute
bracts up to 5 mms. long, the peduncle and bracts red-hairy. Sepals
and petals leathery, pustulose, with a sparse reddish pubescence.
Sepals triangular acute, base broad, edges thickened, 7 mms. long
and broad. Outer petals oblong, narrowed to the rounded tip,
shghtly constricted above the claw and arching over the base of
the inner petals, but not connivent, the claw glabrous inside, the
arch with a yellowish mealy pubescence, edges of limb incurved,
1.7 cms. long, 7 mms. broad. Inner petals. connivent similar in
shape to the outer, but smaller, strongly constricted above the
claw, keeled on the back, 1.3 ems, long. Stamen appendages glab-
rous, hexagonal. Ovaries glabrous above, silky pubescent below
with long yellowish hairs. Fruit unknown.
Pahang: Kuantan, Burn-Murdoch, May 1924; Baloh Forest
Reserve, Forest Department 830, March 1919, and 3141, March
1920; Pulau Manis, Forest Department 824, September 1919. |
Johore: Gunong Panti, altitude 1000 feet, Rh. E. Holttum,
April 1925. Malay name “ Antoi.” :
BALSAMINACEAE.,
Impatiens Foxworthyl, sp. nov.
Herba reptans succulenta, 2I0-30 em. alta, glabra. Folia
petiolis ad 9.5 cm. longis, 6.5-8 cm. longa, 4.5-6 om. lata, ovata,
mucronata, margine denticulata. Inflorescentiae ad 20 cm. longae,
pedicellis bracteatis. Sepala latiova ovato-rotundata, 5 mm. longa,
4-5 mm. lata, interiora parva, linearia, 4 mm. longa. Labelli
limbus amplus, calear robustum, incurvatum; vexillum ovatum, 8
mm. longum. apice mucronato; alae 1 em. longae, sessiles, bilobae.
Filamenta brevia; antherae oblongae.
A creeping and ascending succulent herb, 20-30 ems. high,
glabrous. Leaves 6.5-8 cms. long, 4.5-6 cms. broad, crowded to-
wards the top of the stem, ovate, thin, the margin with small
spinulose teeth, the apex mucronate, the base narrowed and decur-
rent on the petiole. Petioles variable in length from 1.5 to 9.5 cms.
Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, peduncles glabrous,
succulent, branched once, up to 20 cms. long. Flowers crowded
towards the ends of the branches, the fallen ones leaving prominent
scars. Bracts similar to the sepals, but slightly smaller, conspicuous
and persistent. Pedicels slender, up to 1 em. long.
Flowers yellow. Sepals 5, the laterals 5 mms. long, 4.5 mms. —
broad, ovate-rotund, oblique, slightly keeled, notched at the top —
with a thick blunt mucro in the notch; the inners narrow, linear,
broadened at the base, 4 mms. long; the pesterior sepal large, 1.5
51
ems. long and about 1 cm. across the mouth, the limb triangular
with a short thick blunt point at the mouth, the spur stout,
incurved, about as long as the limb. Petals: the vexillum ovate,
8 mms. long and 4 mms. broad, the keel prominent at the base and
produced at the notched tip into a triangular point; the wings J em.
long and 8 mms. broad, sessile, two-lobed, the lobes rounded and
nearly equal, the dorsal spur prominent, slightly down-curved.
Stamens cohering, filaments short, anthers oblong. Fruit unknown.
On limestone rocks at Gua Kechapi on the Pahang-Kelantan
boundary, Md. Nur (with Dr. Foxworthy) 11912, February, 1924.
OLACACEAE.
Phytocrene trichura, Pidl., Flor. Malay Pen., Vol. IT.,.
p. 438.
This plant was first collected hy Mr. Ridley in the Ulu Batang
Padang, Perak, in 1909, and was not again obtained until June
1923 at Lubok Tamang, Pahang, on the Bertam River. Mr. Ridley
could not procure leaves, owing to the height to which the plant
climbed, and described it from inflorescences only. The following
is a short description of the leaves :—
Stem longitudinally wrinkled, red hairy. Leaves ovate cordate,
deeply three-lobed, the lobes acuminate, the terminal lobe long and
broad. Upper surface rough with greenish pubescence on the main
nerves and sparse reddish hairs on the faint raised reticulations;
nerves and reticulations below with bristly reddish hairs. Nerves
three from the base, the main nerves and reticulations elevate and
bold beneath; 12-15 cms. long, 10-11 ems. broad. Petiole roughly
hairy, 4.5-5 ems. long.
Lubok Tamang, Pahang, altitude 3500 feet, June 1923. Coll:
M. R. Henderson, F. M. 8S. Museums No. 10928.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Herpestis floribunda, Rk. Br. Bacopa floribunda, Wettst.
Not previously recorded from the Malay Peninsule. Collected
in padi-fields at Padang Lerang, Kuala Trengganu, by R. H. Holt-
tum, no. 17353, May 1925.
Distribution :—India to Australia.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
Dischidia Fultonii, sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica. Folia carnulosa, exsiccata coriacea, ovata
vel ovato-lanceolata, acuta, glabra, 1.5-1.9 cm. longa, 7 mm. 1.2
52
em. lata, nervis obscuris. Pedicelii ad 1.5 mm. longi, crassi-
Sepala membranacea, ovata, obtusa, 1 mm. longa, squamis minutib-
simis. Corolla alba, lobis rubicundis; tubus urceolus, 4 mm.
longus. Coronae lobi erecti, membranacei, lobis recurvatis, acutis.
Folliculi 5 em. longi, glabri
A slender trailing or pendent epiphyte. Stems slender, pale
below and minutely papillose, dark brown above, longitudinally
wrinkled when dry. Leaves fleshy, coriaceous when dry, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, edges not recurved, both surfaces
irregularly wrinkled when dry, 1.5-1.9 cms. long, 7 mms.—1.2 ems,
broad. Nerves quite invisible. Petiole stout, 4 mms. long.
Umbels about 5-flowered on thick tubercled and bracteate
rachises which are either supported on peduncles 2.5-3.5 ems. long,.
minutely papillose and longitudinally wrinkled lke the stem, or
are sessile in the leaf axils. Pedicels stout, up to 1.5 mms. long,
Calyx lobes membranous, ovate obtuse, 1 mm. long. Scales very
minute. Corolla white tipped with pink, tube urceolate, 4 mms.
long, globose below, contracted at the mouth, glabrous except for
the inside of the lobes, which are densely hairy. Corona erect,
large, the lobes membranous, broadly anchor shaped, the recurved
arms of the lobes long, acute.
Follicle 5 ems. long, glabrous, linear acuminate, shghtly curved.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, altitude 3900 feet, R. E. Holttum
10727, May 1923.
GESNERACEAE.
Didymocarpus lancifolia, sp. nov.
Herba 10-13 cm. alta. Folia petiolis 5 mm. longis, lanceolata,
2.8-3 cm. longa, 8 mm.-1 cm, lata, supra sparse pilosa, subter
nervis densissime pilosis. Pedunculi 1-floriferi, 2.6 cm. longi,
rufi, pubescentes. Sepala linearia, lanceolata, pilosa, 2.5 mmm.
longa. Corolla alba; tubus cylindrilcus, superne dilatatus, 2 cm.
longus; lobi rotundati. Stamina 2, filamenta 5 mm. longa.
Ovarium cum stylo et stigmate pubescens.
A creeping and ascending herb, stem woody, hispid, 10-13 cms.
tall. Lower part of the stem leafless, the leaves crowded towards.
the top. Leaves lanceolate, 2.8-3 cms. long, 8 mms.-1 cm. broad,.
narrowed to the apex and base, the upper surface sparsely covered
with long soft hairs, becoming more dense on the edge, the lower
surface densely hairy on the nerves. Nerves 4-6 pairs distinct
below. Petioles hispid, 5 mms, long.
Peduncle one-flowered, 2.6 ems. long, red-coloured, pubescent;
pedicel 6 mms. long. Calyx lobes 5, linear lanceolate, hairy, 2.0
mms. long, Corolla narrow, cylindric, dilated at the top, 2 cms.
53
jong, slightly pubescent outside, lobes rounded; white, with two
brown lines on the lower lip and a tinge of mauve round them.
Stamens inserted one-third of the way down the corolla tube,
filaments 5 mms. long, rather thick. No trace of staminodes.
Disc conspicuous, one-sided, slightly lobed. Ovary, style and stigma
all pubescent, the style reaching to the anthers, the stigma large,
capitate. Fruit unknown.
Pahang: Gorge of the Sungai Tras near Raub, altitude 500
feet, I. H. Burkill and Md. Haniff 16946, November 1924.
Loxocarpus papillosa, sp. nov.
Folia petiolis 1 cm. longis, obovata vel obcuneata, 6-11 cm.
longa, 2.5-a cm. lata, apice et base rotundata, nervis utrinque
10-12. Peduneuli 1-floriferi, 3.5-6.5 cm. longi. Sepala lneari-
oblonga, pubescentia. Corolla coerulea, 5 mm. longa, leviter
pubescens; tubus campanulatus, lobis ob!ongis, rotundatis. Stamina
2, filamentia brevia et crassa; antherae rotundatae, conniventes.
Ovarium cum stylo pubescens. Capsula 7-9 mm. longa.
A stemless herb with the leaves in a rosette. Leaves obovate
or obcuneate, apex rounded, base rounded and sometimes inequila-
teral, 6-11 ems. long, 2.5-4 ems. broad, the midrib, nerves and
occasionally the intervening spaces on the upper surface with long
hairs, which form a more or less uniform covering on the lower
surface and on the margin. Nerves 10-12 pairs, thin but distinct
on the lower surface, regular and parallel. Petiole densely hairy,
1 cm. long.
Scapes slender, reddish, pubescent, pale and glabrous when
older, 3.5-6.5 cms. long, one-flowered. Sepals linear oblong, pubes-
cent. Corolla pale blue, 5 mms. long, slightly pubescent, the tube
wide, campanulate, lobes oblong, rounded, rather deep. Stamen
filaments short, thick, the anthers round, peltate, connivent. No
staminodes. Ovary and style pubescent, the style as long as the
corolla tube, Stigma small, capitate. Capsule 7-9 mms. long, red
pubescent, narrowly conic, straight, splitting along the upper edge,
the style persistent. Seeds narrowly elliptic, reticulate.
Negri Sembilan: North side of Gunong Angsi, altitude 2600
feet, Md. Nur 11632, November 1923. Gunong Angsi, altitude
about 2000 feet, R. E. Holttum 9923, December 1922.
Paraboea Holttumi, sp. nov.
Herba erecta. Folia petilolis 1.5-3 cm. longis, 8-11 cm. longa,
1.5-2 cm. lata, lanceolata, nervis obseuris. Pedunculi circa 5.5
em. longi; bractae angustae, 3 mm. longae. Calycis sepala lineari-
lanceolata, hispida, 3.5 mm. longa. Corolla campanulata, circa 1.2
54
em. longa, extus pubescens. Filamenta crassa; aniherae maguae,
triangulae, conniventes. Ovarlum cum stylo ferrugineo-pilosum ;
stigma capitatum.
A herb with a stiff habit, about a foot tall. Stems woody,
terete and glabrous below, above 4-angled and channelled. Leaves
8-11 cms. long, 1.5-2 cms. broad, in distant pairs, lanceolate,
narrowed to both ends, texture thick, nerves invisible; the upper
surface minutely papillose with scattered white multicellular hairs,
more numerous on the young leaves and towards the margin, where
they form a regular row; the lower- surface rugulose, the hairs,
which are similar to those on the upper surface, with a reddish
tinge. In life the leaves are dark green above and dark purplish
below, and this latter colour persists after drying as a reddish
tinge. Petioles 1.5-3 cms. long, the younger ones with a few hairs.
Peduncle sparsely pubescent at base, more densely so towards
the apex, about 5.5 ems. long. Branches short with 3 or 4 flowers
on each. Bracts narrow, about 3 mms, long. Calyx tube very short,
lobes linear lanceolate, hairy, 3.5 mms. long. Corolla campanuiate,
about 1.2 ems. long, pubescent outside, slightly two-lpped. Fuila-
ments rather long, thick, glabrous except at their point of insertion
on the corolla, where they are covered with white hairs. Anthers
large, connivent, triangular. Ovary and style red-hairy, stigma
capitate. Flowers in bud pale yellow. Fruit unknown.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, altitude 3900 feet, R. KE. Holttum
10685, May 1923.
This species is near P. campanulata, Rid]., but differs in the
thicker and narrower leaves, the narrower corolla, and the longer
filaments of the stamens.
ACANTHACEAE.
Hemigraphis Ridleyi, Clarke, var. nervosa, n. var.
This variety differs from typical H. Ridleyi in the smaller
leaves (3 ems. long and 2 ems. broad), which are broad at the base
with a tendency to become cordate, and not cuneate; in the
increased pubescence on both surfaces of the leaves, and the absence:
of rhaphides; and in the more conspicuous and elevated nerves and
reticulations. The flowers are as in Ridleyi, except that the bracts
are longer (1-1.5 cms. long) and also the calyx lobes (6 mms.
long).
Pahang: Railway banks at Kuala Lipis, I. H. Burkili and
Md. Haniff 15699, November 1924.
1)
55
LORANTHACEAE,
Se caithus pekanensis, sp. noy.
Frutex parasiticus, ramulis glabris teretibus. Folia petiolis
1.5-2 cm. longis glabra, coriacea, Ovata, apice rotundata, base
cuneata, 9-10 cm. longa, 6-6.5 cm, lata; costa subter prominens ;
hervi laterales urtinque 3 vel 4, Flores 20-30 in fasciculig axil-
lariis; pedicelli 4 mm. longi. Calycis tubus 4 mm. longus,
urceolatus, limbo minuto denticulato, Corollae tubus 1.3-1,6 cm,
longus, luteo-flavus; lobi 0, reflexi, viridi; Stamina 5. Fructus
ignotus. 4
A shrub parasitic on Vitex sp. Branchlets glabrous, stout,
terete, the youngest reddish brown, the lower greyish brown, lenticel-
late. Leaves glabrous, reddish brown when dry, in whorls of three
or four, stifily coriaceous, ovate, rounded at tip, narrowed to the
base, 9-10 cms. long, 6-6.5 cms. broad. Nerves 3 or 4 pairs, just
visible when dry, slightly more prominent on the upper surface
than on the lower, the midrib prominent and elevate below.
Flowers glabrous except for a very fine white pubescence on
the inside of the petals; in axillary fascicles of 210 to 30: on the
thickened nodes. Tedicels 4 mms. long. Calyx urceolate, minutely
toothed, 4 mms. long. Corolla orange-yellow, tipped with green,
gamopetalous, of 5 segments, the tips of the petals reflexed, 1.3-1.6
cms. long. Stamens 5 Included, style very shortly exsert. Fruit
unknown.
Pahang: Pekan, I. H. Burkill and Md. Haniff 17104, Novem-
ber 1924.
ZINGIBERACEAE,
Alpinia Burkillii, Sp. nov.
Caulis ad 2 m. altus. Folia 69 cm, longa, 10-13 em. lata,
oblonga-lanceolata, cuspidata, utrinque pubescentia; ligula 6-"
mm. longa, bifida, margine pilosa. Panicula 20-30 cm. longa;
calyx circa 1.4 cm. longus, cylindricus, trilobatus; corollae tubs
14 cm. longus, pubescens ; petala 2 cm. longa, ovato-lanceolata,
extra pilosa; labellum amplum, glabrum, 2.7-3 em, longum, 3 em.
latum. Staminodia magna, bilobata. Stamen glabrum, connectivi
appendicula brevis. Capsula globosa, puberula, 2 cm. diameiro.
A herbaceous plant about five feet tall. Leaves oblong
lanceolate, long cuspidate, pubescent above with long regularly
Spaced hairs with swollen bases, softly pubescent below, 69 ems.
long, 10-13 cms. broad. Petiole 2-2.5 cms. long pubescent. Ligule
6-7 mms. long, bifid, lobes rounded, long hairy on their edges.
Panicle 20-30 cms, long, with a narrow pubescent sheath ag long,
branches 1.5-2 cms. long, all velvety pubescent. Bracts glabrous,
56
papery, ovate, enclosing 4 to 7 flowers on pubescent pedicels 1.5
ems. long.
Calyx cylindric, 3-lobed. rather longer than the corolla tube,
glabrous except for the pubescent tips of the lobes. Corolla tube
1.4 cms. long, pubescent, with a ring of long hairs at the base.
Petals 2 cms. long, ovate lanceolate, blunt, hairy on the back, the
upper lobe hooded and with a conspicuous spur. Lip large, quite
glabrous, 2.7-3 ems. long, 3 ems. broad; side-lobes rounded, mid-
lobe bifid, the lobes truncate; margin of lip cripped; two patches.
of claret colour on the side lobes not reaching the margin, and a
number of violet-black lines in the centre of the lip above the mid-
lobe. Staminodes two, conspicuous, bilobed, adnate to the base of
the stamen and lip. Stamen glabrous, the connective prolonged
into a short crest.
Capsule globose, puberulous, about 2 cms. in diameter and
crowned by the persistent calyx.
Negri Sembilan: Gemas, I. H. Burkill 4980, August 1919.
Pahang: 126th, mile, Kuantan Road, between Sungai Lepar
and Sungai Ketam, and at Sungai Luit, I. H. Burkill and Md.
Haniff 17210, 17461, November 1924.
A New Fern from the Malay Peninsula.
Syngramma minima, Holttum sp. noy.
Rhizoma repens, tenue, pilis nigris nitidis vestitum. Stipites
approximati, 5—15-mm. longi. Frondes rigidae, in sicco
fragiles, glabrae, 1—4 cm. longae, 5-—8 mm. latae, ovovatae vel
oblanceolatae, apice rotundatae, basin versus sensim angustatae,
margine cartilagineae denticulatae. Costa utrinque vix pro- |
minens; venae simplices vel furcatae, liberae vel sub margine an-
astomosantes, fere obscurae. Sori 1-2 mm. longi, ad venas ter- |
minales, ;
Gunong Panti, Johore, Holttum 17498.
This small fern grows side by side with S. borneensis on sand- —
stone rocks at the top of the ridge of G. Panti, at an altitude
of about 1600 feet above sea. It “aot tiat resembles the young —
plants of S. borneensis, but is distinguished clearly from its earliest |
stages by the shape of its leaves and by its less densely tufted habit.
The shorter leaves are often quite as broad as the longer ones, and
leaves hardly more than 1 cm. in length may be fertile. The leaves
on young plants are more deeply toothed than those produced later.
The species is allied to 8. Dayi, but has much shorter and broader
‘a10yo[ ‘ren suounr) Jeau ‘eueiqqo'] staidiq,
57
leaves; S. Dayi also lacks the toothed cartilaginous edge. It is cu-
rious that both S. minima and young plants of 8. horneensis on
G. Panti are parasitised by a scale insect, such being uncommon on
wild ferns in this country.
Notes on Malayan Ferns
1. Dipteris Lobbiana.
This interesting fern has a wide distribution in Malaysia and is
quite abundant, at least over part of its range, but probabiy because
of its peculiar habitat it was not often found by the earlier collec-
tors. In Christ’s Farnkrauter der Erde (1897) it is said to he a
rare plant. Its collection on Mount Ophir by Lobb, together with
Matoma pectinata, with which it probably has a common ancestry,
has associated the names of the two ferns together, though in nature
they do not grow side by side. Matonta pectinata is found on tlie
exposed summits of a number of the highest mountains in the
Malay Peninsula and at lower altitudes on some of the small islands
to the south of it; Dipteris Lobbiana is found only on rocks by the
sides of forest streams, often quite in the low country. It has been
found plentifully by several streams in Johore, as well as on Mount
Ophir, and also further north in Pahang (Tahan River and Sungei
Perting, Bentong), in Perak (abundantly in the Palas River on
‘Gunong Bujong Malacca, and at other localities not syecified) and
as far north as Kedah Peak. In Porneo Bishop Hose has stated
that it is found “ on the banks of most rivers in Sarawak and North
Borneo at some distance above the highest point to which the
influence of the tide extends.” van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh
gives the distribution “ Malaya,” a term to which he attaches a
wide meaning. Copeland records it as occurring in Celebes. buat
the writer has seen no published record of its occurrence in Sumatra
or Java, though the former is not unlikely. It is not found in the
Philippines.
The present writer has seen this fern three times, on all occa-
sions in Johore; by the Sungei Berhidong, north of Gunong Beiu-
mut, at about 450 feet above sea level, by one of the streams flowing
southwards from Gunong Pulai (see accompanying plate), at a
similar altitude, and in the Pelepah valley near Kota Tinggi. In
descending the first-named stream from about 1600 ft., Dipteris
was not observed in the steeper more shaded upper reaches, but
appeared where the course became more level and open. The beds
of all three streams are filled with granite boulders of greatly vary-
Ing size; the fern grows over the boulders, its rhizomes dinging
tightly to them. Sometimes by the side of the stream the boulders
are covered with sand or silt, and in this case the rhizome is not
58
exposed; in such positions, on the edge of the jungle beside the
stream, the fronds reach their largest size. The plant grows every-
where quite close to the water, sometimes on rocks in mid-stream,
and it is evident that at times of flood the fronds are quite sub-
merged. After heavy rain (which may occur at almost any time
of year) such streams rise rapidly to a height considerably above
their normal level. Burkill remarks of Dipteris Lobbiana at Ben-
tong that “the tenacity with which it holds on to the rocks is
remarkable. It grows in places where the floods must often sub-
merge it” (note on field label). The division of the frond into
narrow segments is undoubtedly of great service under such con-
ditions; it could hardly survive if it had the broad lamina of
D. conjugata. Further, the narrow coriaceous leaflets are a
xerophytie character probably connected which the fact that the
fern often grows exposed to the sun, and may be left with a
restricted water supply when the stream is low.
Another fern growing under the same conditions is Meniscium
salicifoukum Wall. (Dryopteris C. Chr.). Its narrow entire
coriaceous leaflets are quite comparable with those of Dipteris
Lobbiana, though it has pinnate leaves and a short rhizome instead
of a long creeping one. It has the same kind of relation to the
broad leaved M. cuspidatum Bl. (which has a wider distribution )
as D. Lobbiana has to D. conjugata. A third species, which is
almost certainly of the same habitat, is Aspidiwm semibipinnatum
Wall., from, the south of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. It has
narrow ribbon-like leaflets in contrast to the broad pinnae of its
allies which live in the shade of the jungle. These ferns are un-
doubtedly specialised to the stream bed habitat, and are not found
elsewhere.
Borneo appears to be the centre of distribution of the genus
Dipteris as it exists today, and has two peculiar species. One of
these, D. quinquefurcata (Bak.), is very close to D. Lobbiana; in
fact, the writer is disposed to doubt whether it is a distinct. species.
On the banks of the Pelepah stream above mentioned, somewhat in
the shade of the edge of the jungle, were some very large fronds
of D. Lobbiana, twice as big as many of those on the rocks in the
stream bed. In these there is a very marked tendency for the sori
to break up into as many ag five or six smaller ones in a single
areola, and the segments of the fronds reach 9 cm. in width. This
condition is almost that described for D. quinquefurcata, and it is
quite possible that the latter species, known from few specimens
with little or nothing in the way of field notes, only represents an
unusually large form of D. Lobbiana, grown under unusually
favourable conditions.
3ower has suggested Land Flora (1908) pp. 618-622, The
Ferns (1923) p. 226) that D. Lobbiana is the most primitiv
59
member of the genus, most nearly allied to the ancestral Matonia-
Gleichenia type. Its simple. narrow divisions with a single row
of rather large sori on either side of the midrib, and the fact that
all sporangia in a sorus are produced simultaneously whereas the
sorus of D. conjugata is “ mixed,” all point to a relatively primitive
condition. At the same time it is rather remarkable that D. Lob-
biana is so well adapted to the conditions of the peculiar habitat
in which alone it appears capable of living in nature. One must
suppose that it is derived from an ancient type, and has retained
Its primitive characters on account of their suitability to its
environment. It is evidently unable to grow either in the shade of
the jungle or on exposed ground away from streams; in the latter
position it would be crowded out by more vigorous competitors.
D. conjugata, on the other hand, may be regarded as a more recent
and vijgorous type, capable of holding its own wnder conditions in
which it has far more competitors; it has a correspondingly wider
range of distribution.
2. On the production of fertile fronds by Stenochlaena
palustris.
Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd is a fern of wide dis-
‘tribution in the eastern tropics, extending from northern India
and southern China through the Malayan region to Australia and
into the Pacific. In Singapore it is one of the commonest ferns,
especially in somewhat moist places, being frequent by roadside
ditches. It will flourish with its fronds fully exposed to the sun
and its stems trail long distances over the ground or climb high
up tree trunks. The young fronds are tender, and are edible,
but the old ones are very stiff and leathery. Usually only the
sterile leaves are produced, but from time to time the narrow
fertile leaves may be observed, occasionally in large numbers.
The question arises as to what are the factors determining
the development of the fertile fronds. Over part, probably most,
of its range, this fern is subjected to a more or less prolonged
dry season. I can find no records of its behaviour under such
circumstances, but it seems probable that fertile fronds are pro-
duced during the dry season, and sterile fronds only or chietly
during the wet season. Where there is a dimorphism between the
sterile and fertile leaves of terrestrial ferns it is usual for the
fertile to have a more or less contracted lamina, and a longer
stipe, thus exposing the sporangia to a drier air than is found
close to the ground, and also guarding to some extent against the
cansequent greater transpiration (see Copeland E. 3B., on the
comparative ecology of the San Ramon Polypodiaceae, Philippine
Journal of Science, C., Vol. 2, pp. 59-61). Stenochlaena is not
essentially terrestrial, and the dimorphism is here connected most
probably with a drier season, not with a drier stratum of the
60
atmosphere. However, there appears to be a response to the
greater dryness of the air away from the greund in the production
of a greater number of fertile fronds on those stems which have
climbed up tree trunks; but fertile fronds are not vonfined to such
situations, being found on the ground also.
In Singapore we have such a uniform climate that this fern
has not any definite seasonal stimulus to the production of fertile
fronds. The most marked wet season is usually that. of the north-
east monsoon, about November to January; there is usually hardly
so marked a dry season, and therefore what must be supposed to
be the stimulus of change from wet to dry is not often a strong
one. Probably any fairly pronounced dry pericd will initiate the
production of fertile fronds, and a very wet period a crop of sterile
ones.
From the few observations | have made in Singapere it seems
probable that a period of about twelve days or more with little
or no rain is sufficient to induce the production of fertile fronds
on some at least of the plants of this species. The position of the
plant has no doubt some influence on the matter. By the time
the fronds have developed the weather may be wet again. ‘The
fertility of a frond must be determined at a very early stage,
while it is still coiled up in its bud, covered by overlapping dark
coloured orbijcular scales. I have. not been abie to determine
exactly at what stage the form of the fronds is determined; I have
only observed the production of fertile fronds on certain plants
constantly under notice, and have examined the rainfall records
of the preceding few weeks.
My attention was first called very strikingly to this matter
in March 1923. After the wet and cloudy weather of the N. KH.
monsoon there came an unusually prolonged drought. From Jan.
24 to Feb. 17 there was only .4 in. of rain, nearly all of which
fell on one day; on Feb. 18 there fell 1.28 n.; from Feb. 19 to
March 13 only 1.7 in. During March and Aprii there was a great
abundance of fertile fronds of Stenochlaena palustris in the
Gardens, and also on some plants outside which I happened to
notice. There was a less pronounced dry period from August to
October, and again abundant fertile fronds, but I have no parti-
cular observations.
1924 was much wetter than 1923, and fertile fronds were
fewer. The following are observations of their appearance: March
10; a few young fertile fronds observed. The second half of
February had been dry, (.88 in.) after an excessively wet first
half (14.7 in.). Early June; fertile fronds on several plants.
There had been a dry period from April 26 to May 7 (.21 in.)
August 18; fertile fronds on several plants. The period July
14 to 26 had been dry (.10 in.).
61
Feb. 1, 1925; 16 fertile fronds on one plant, and many on
other plants also. The period Dec. 23 to Jan. 4 had been dry,
eight of these days being quite rainless, and 2 period of seven days
having only .10 an. of rain. January was very wet, and on Feb.
10th a large number of new sterile fronds were seen unfolding.
It is curious that the young sterile fronds are always pink (like
the young leaves of many trees), whereas the young fertile fronds
are green. |
These observations are not very complete, but they appear
to be of some interest. It is remarkable how little biological
observation is recorded concerning the majority of our ferns; even
information as to habitat is usually missing from systematic works.
It is only the more remarkable species, such as the Platyceriums,
Lecanopteris and Drynaria which have received attention, but
there is much of interest to be recorded about species less remark-
able from a morphological standpoint.
9
3. Gleichenia opposita y.A.yv.R.
' In various places on the lower slopes of the hills of Penang
a peculiar Gleichenia is abundant. There are two old specimens
in the Singapore Herbarium, collected by Curtis (no. 534, fertile)
and Ridley (7037), and another has been added by the present
writer (10286). It has recently been observed fairly abundant on
the lower slopes of Kedah Peak, and was also collected at Semenyih
in Selangor by H. L. Hume in 1922 (F. M. 8. Museums no.
8327).
Mr. H. N. Ridley in his recent paper on the ferns of the
Malay Peninsula (Journ. Malayan Branch, R. Asiatic Society,
Vol. 4, p. 3) has described it as a new species, G. perailela. I
find however that the type collection of G. orpostta v.A.v.R. from
Sumatra (which I have examined, by courtesy of the Curator of
the Buitenzorg Herbarium) is identical, so that the latter name
must be adopted (Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Series 2, XI, 13.
1913). The species is one of considerable interest, and as it
appears to me that both the descriptions above mentioned are some-
what inadequate I have prepared the following notes on it. In
dealing with the fronds of G. linearis and its allies with their
manyfold forking (with or without development of the included
buds) the usual terminology of pinna and pinnula becomes a litile
difficult to apply. For convenience I have here regarded each
leaf as a branch system and have adopted the term pinna only for
the ultimate leafy branchlets.
The main lateral branches of the fronds of this fern appear
at first sight to be regularly bipinnate, with opposiite pairs of pinnae,
something like a form of G. glauca with the pinnulae (in the
strict sense) opposite and widely spaced. A closer examination
shows that a bud is present in the axil of one pinna of each pair,
62
on alternate sides of the rachis, and that the pinnae subtending ©
these buds are larger than those opposite. The pinnae have exactly
the same form as the ultimate branches of some forms of G.
linearis; the pinnulae are closely set and densely ferruginous-
hairy beneath, especially on the costulae. Comparing the branch-
ing of this fern with that of typical G. linearis, the homologies of
the various parts are obvious. The axils where buds are present
really represent forkings of the rachis, the forking being here
unequal; one branch continues the growth of the branch-system,
while the other is leafy lke the ultimate branches of G. lineuris.
The opposite smaller “pinna” is one of the accessory branches
usually present at the forkings of G. linearis, the other one being
suppressed.
This condition of the apparent existence of two opposite pinnae
is frequently found in the commonest of the smaller forms of
G. linearis occurring im the Malay Peninsula. Fig. 1 shows
diagrammatically the typical symmetrical branching cf the common
large form, fig. 2 a frequent type of branching jn the smail form
just mentioned (which is very irregular) and fig. 3 the branching
of G. opposita. In fig. 2 it is seen that at the penultimate forking
the pseudopinnate condition occurs; it may also occur lower down
the branch-system, though less frequently. Sometimes there is
some development of the suppressed accessory branch, which may
be represented merely by a rather long and slightly lobed pinnule.
On examining a number of complete fronds of G. opposita it
is found that various irregularities in its branching may occur,
and that these are all tending to the condition of the variety shown
in fig. 2. The principal irregularities are as follows. Two of
them are indicated in fig. 4.
(1). The suppressed accessory branch at any forking may
be developed, either in a rudimentary form, or more rarely of
normal size. These rudimentary accessory branches are common
in other forms of G. linearis, as mentioned above.
(2). At any forking the smaller branch may be again forked
instead of simple, with or without development of the extra acces-
sory branch.
(3) The bud in any fork may develop, forming a short
branch, forking once or twice again. At these subsidiary forkings
small accessory branches may be developed.
(4). It not infrequently happens that the lowest bud on the
lateral branch-system of a large frond developes into a strong axis,
only slightly less in size than the main axis, bearing at its forkings
lateral branch-systems exactly like those of the main axis, though
somewhat smaller. In the branch systems of these subsidiary axes
I have observed the same irregularities as those of the branch-
systems of the main axis just described.
63
a
i \p
Fig. 1. Branching of Fig. 2. Branching of a com-
normal G. linearis.
mon form of G. linearis.
A © MAIN ARUS
Fig. 4. Two ab-
normalities ob-
Fig. 3. Branching
served in. G. op-
of G. opposita. posita.
64
These irregularities all point to a close re!ationship with G._
linearis; further, the fertile fronds show an arrangement of
sporangia agreeing with G, linearis, 12 to 20 sporangia being pre- —
sent im each sorus.
4. Syngramma borneensis and Lindsaya borneensis
in the Malay Peninsula.
On a recent visit to Gunong Panti, in the south-east of Johore,
IT found Syngramma borneensis (Hk.) J. Sm. and Lindsaya
borneensis Hk. quite abundant in the low forest on the top of the
sharp ridge which forms the hill. The altitude is about 1500 feet
above sea. Syngramma borneensis grew on the ground, and also
in rock crevices. Most of the plants bore fertile fronds, which
were decidedly longer and narrower than the sterile ones. The
species has not previously been recorded from the Malay Peninsula,
but two specimens from Mt. Ophir collected by Mr. Ridley (3334
and 9079) have been found in the Singapore Herbarium. Mr.
Ridley, in his paper on the ferns of the Malay Peninsula (Journ.
Malayan Branch, R. Asiatic Soc., Vol. 4, p. 111) appears to refer
these specimens to Hlaphoglossum melanostictum, but they are |
evidently to be referred here, though they are large (fertile fronds —
to 60 cm. long).
Iindsaya borneensis is otherwise represented in the Singapore
Herbarium only by two specimens from Singapore Island, thovgh
Beddome records it as collected by Scortechini in Perak. Mr.
Ridley’s 31062\ from Taiping Hills and 12132 from G. Pulai, which
he records as this species, have much larger leaflets and ave to
be referred to L. lancea; his specimen from the Tahan River has —
not heen found here.
5. Syngramma Dayi.
Syngramma Dayt Bedd. is a very small species first coliected —
by Day, on quartz rocks “on the pass between Kuala Kangsar
and Kinta, 2000 ft. alt.” The exact position of this locality i
a little doubtful. The species has now been collected again on
Klang Gates (by H. L. Hume, F. M. 8. Museums no. 7149).
Klang Gaites is a ridge of quartzite in Selangor, the highest point
of which is about 14:00 feet above sea level. On its upper slopes
grow many interesting xerophytic plants, a list of which is given
by Mr. H. N. Ridley in the F. M. S. Museums Journal, Vol. 10,
pp. 247-251 (1922). Mr. Ridley also records S. Day: from
Kanchiing, Selangor, in his recent paper of the ferns of the Malay
Peninsula.
6. Lindsaya lancea and L. scandens.
Lindsaya lancea (1u.) is a species of wide distribution in the
tropics of both the old world and the new, while L. scandens Hk.
65
ee
is recorded as confined to the Malayan region. The distinction be-
ween the two is sharp enough if extreme torms be considered ;
the one terrestrijal with compound fronds, the other chmbing with
‘simple fronds. But if a large series be examined, it becomes im-
‘possible to recognise a distinction between tliem, and J think that
LT. scandens is a habit-form of L. lancea.
Climbing plants may be found bearing unbranched ieaves
typical of L. scandens, and (on the same stem) branched leaves
which cannot be distinguished from leaves borne by terrestrial
plants wijth short creeping stems. The terrestrial plants may
have fronds with few branches and lerge pimuules, or many
branches and smaller pinnules, and no line can be drawn
separating them. The pinnules may have a slightly recurved
lower edge, especially if large, or a straight one, in both scendent
and creeping forms. The stems of both forms have exactly the
same type of stiff dark brown lanceolate scales; but it is to be
noted that the scales of L. repens are quite similar, so that scales
are not to be relied on as specific characters in this genus. The
roots on climbing stems are short and serve partly to attach the
stem to its support; they are densely covered with root hairs. ‘The
roots of terrestrial stems are longer and stouter, and usually have
lost their hairs in herbarium specimens, but types more or less
intermediate may be found.
van Alderwerelt van Resenburg says of LZ. jancea in the Supple-
ment to his Handbook of Malayan Ferns (p. 506): “ Variable,
with the rhizome varying from short creeping to wide scandent,
the stipes stramineous to black or purple brown, the fronds te 50
em. long, the branches abruptly shortly acuvinate to subcaudate,
the leaflets 14-34 cm. long, pale to dark when dry.” Admitting
so much variation, I cannot see that it is possible to separate
LI. scandens as a distinct species.
We have here an instance of the variability of many fern
species; it is shown by several of the Lindsayas. The only real
test proving the specific identity of the various form would be to
grow plants from spores borne on one frond, and try to produce
all the growth forms from the same parent. I do not think that
any one has attempted this task, at any rate with Malayan ferns.
It has many difficulties, the chief of which is to exclude foreign
spores from the experiment.
?. Polypodium triangulare Scort.
Polypodium triangulare Scort. was first found in Perak, and
described and figured by Beddome iin the Journal of Botany, 1887,
_ p. 324, t. 278. There are several specimens collected by Seortechini
' in the Singapore Herbarium, all without locslity, and also speci-
mens collected by Wray (294) at 4500 ft. on Gunong Bata Puteh,
and Kunstler (Larut 3647). Subsequently it has been found on
’
66
G. Kerpau at about 6000 ft. (Haniff 14739) and on G. Tahan at
5500 ft. (Haniff and Nur. 7980). It appeared that the description
of Copeland’s Acrosorus exaltata from the Philippines (Philippine
Journal of Science Vol. 1 Suppl. 158) agreed closely with
Polypodium triangulare, and through the kindness of Mr. E. D.
Merrill, lately Director of the Bureau of Science, Manila, I have
been enabled to examine a specimen of Copeland’s fern. ‘lhe
two appear to be quite identical, and therefore the Philippine
plant should be called P. triangulare, or Acrosorus triangularis,
if Copeland’s genus be adopted. (See also Phil. Journ. Sci. 3
C, 347). |
There are in the Singapore Herbarium specimens of P.
triangulare collected at Khao Luang in Lower Siam (Dr. E. Smith
725) and on Mt. Kinabalu in British North Borneo (by Major C.
M. Enriquez, 18163 in Singapore Series). The species has thus
a wide range of distribution in the Malayan region.
8. Gleichenia Norrisii.
This species was described by Kuhn in 1869; apparently from
specimens collected by Griffith and Norris some years earlier in
the Malay Peninsula. It was figured by Beddome in the Supple-
ment to his Ferns of British India, tab. 346. It ip closely allied
to G. glauca, and incomplete herbarium specimens are not always
easy to distinguish. When seen in the field, the distinction between
the two species is at once apparent. G. Norrisii has a looser habit,
with more distant pinnulae and broader more rounded segments ;
the distal pinnulae are also conspicuously bent backwards. It
further lacks the long deeply divided stipule-like leaflets that
surround the apical buds of the fronds of G. glauca, these being
replaced by pairs of reduced pinnulae close to the bases of the
pinnae which form the fork containing the bud.
In ascending Government Hill, Penang, one first meets G.
Norristi at about 1700 feet altitude, where it iargely replaces G.
linearis as the common fern in open places beside the road. It
occurs from this altitude upwards to the top of the hill (2509 feet),
but towards the top and on the slightly higher Western Hill G.
glauca appears and is more abundant. G. Norrisi has also been
found on the Taiping Hills at about 2000 feet (Scortechini 439),
on Bukit Panchor in Province Wellesley (Ridley 12654), on G.
Angsi at about 2000 feet (Holttum 9901), and at the same height
on the top of G. Pulai in Johore (Ridley 12127). G. glauca
appears to occur at somewhat higher altitudes (to at least 4000
feet) throughout the Peninsula, and has been more frequently
collected.
9. Lygodium polystachyum.
Lygodium polystachyum Wall. is by far the most beautiful
member of its genus occurring in the Malay Peninsula, It has
67
ather a restricted range, of which the southern limit appears to:
be in Upper Perak, though a specimen has been collected by Mr.
Ridley at Kuala Tembeling in Pahang. It occurs in Penang and
the Langkawi Islands, and Curtis records that it is abundant all
over the Island of Puket in Lower Siam. Unlike the other species,
it grows in the shade of the jungle, climbing up slender trees, and
bears its fertile fronds in the shade. ‘All the other local Lygodiums.
known to me are sun plants, or if they start life in the shade only
flourish produce fertile pinnae in the open. The plants of JL.
polystachyum which have not. yet produced climbing leaves have
almost the appearance of a Dryopterts, and the basal pinnae of all
fronds are very large. The texture also is much softer than in
the other Lygodiums.
10. Diplazium Ridleyi (Copeland).
This species was described (as Athyrium Ridieyv) by Copeland
in the Philippine Journal of Science, XI c, p. 39. The only
distinction from D. accedens Bl. is in the presence of sterile
areoles between adjacent rows of soriferous veins. Copeland also
states that the rachis is smooth. The type collection, Ridley’s 13970
from the Telom River, Pahang, js represented in the Singapore
herbarium ; with it is included a stipe which is covered with blunt
spines. Probably no part of the stipe reached Copeland, as he
ee se
does not mention it. Further, the upper pinnae and the distal
portions of the lonvier ones lack the distinctive phenomenon oz the
sterile areoles separating the fertile veins. On comparison with
other specimens from the Malay Peninsula it is seen that Ridley’s
Telom plant represents only an extreme form of a variable species.
The following specimens all show the additional areoles at. least
at the bases of the pinnae, though none to such a marked extent
as the type of D. Ridleyv: Burkill and Holttum 8780, Fraser Hill;
Nur. 11083, Fraser Hill; Fox 10657, Maxwell’s Hill; E. Smith
1924, Banang Sta, Patani. Considering the known variability of
many species of Diplazium, it appears to me that these plants:
should all be reckoned as D. accedens Bl., or D. proliferwm (Lam.)
v. accedens.
I have lately seen at Buitenzorg, both in cultivation and jin
the herbarium, specimens of D. permirabile v.A.v.R. (Bull. Jaurd.
Bot. Buitenzorg, Ser. 3, Vol. 5, p. 196), and it appears to me
that these also should be included in the same species as the
specimens above cited. The distinguishing feature of D. per-
mirabile is the presence of scales at the apices of the spimes on the
stipes. The stipes of the herbarium specimens from the Peninsula
above mentijoned do not show these scales, but the blunt spines are
exactly the same as in D. permirabile,’and the absence of scales is
to be ascribed to loss in the processes of drying and mounting.
They are more easily lost than ordimary scales growing from the
68
surface of a stipe. There are plants from the Malay Peninsula in _
cultivation in the Singapore Gardens which bear scales exactly
ike these of D. permirabile. |
11. Schizoloma Waikerae.
Schizoloma Walkerae (Hk.) Kuhn has hitherto been collected
in the Malay Peninsula only on Mt. Ophir (no altitude recorded )
and in Singapore. Mr. Ridley says that it grows in watery places.
An additional locality can now be added, im the north of the
Peninsula; I found this fern growing on Kedah Peak at an altitude
of about 3000 feet above sea, amongst Sphagnum, by a small
stream in the low forest.
12. Dryopteris paleata Copel.
This species was found on a specimen from Benkoelen in—
Sumatra. It occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, the other eol-
lections having been confused with D. ferox, which it resembles
only in the extreme scaliness of stipe and rachis. The specimens
known from the Malay Peninsula are as follows:
Gunong Angsi (N, Sembilan Holttum 9926, Nur s.n.; Bujong
Malacca Ridley 9536; Penang, Ridley 7080, Curtis s.n.; Patani,
EK. Smith 1856.
The Peninsula specimens are somewhat more hairy than those
I have seen from Sumatra. D. persquamifera v.A.v.R. from
Celebes is closely allied.
13. Polypodium insigne Bl.
Beddome records this species from the Malay Peninsula, but
cites no specimens; nor do any exist among the older collections
represented in the Singapore Herbarium. Two specimens of
Mr. Ridley’s from Telom are however cleariy referable.to iit; one
is numbered 13978, the other unnumbered. They agree well with
specimens from Sumatra and from Gunong Gedeh in Java, though
somewhat thicker in texture than the latter. This species appears
normally to grow on rocks in streams; Mr. Ridley’s 13978 is
labelled “'Telom River,” and its appearance suggests a creeping
habit.
Two specimens have been collected at Fraser Hill, by Miss
G. Hose (no. 9, 1919) and by Burkill and Holttum (8789). The
Jatter was climbing a small tree in the jungle, at about five feet
from the ground, and its leaves are thicker in texture than the
Telom plants, with narrower segments. ‘hese features are pro-
bably the consequence of restricted water supply in an unusual
habitat.
14. Hypolepis Brooksiae v.A.v.R.
This species was described from Benkoelen ijn Sumatra (Pull. —
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2nd Series, XXVIII, 29, 1918), the writer
remarking that it resembles Dennslaedtia scandens and D. Moluc-
cana. It has been collected in the Malay Peninsula at Fraser Hill
(Burkill and Holttum 8817, Holttum 11339) and Gunong Hijau —
(Haniff 9086) and is further represented in the Singapore Her-
barium by a specimen from Brastagi in N. Sumatra (Holttum
‘ i
Pe ne Mild rs gin some
+h 4)" te. iy
CE “ON wey 208) 716] Moqe ‘Eq
69
15435). Bonaparte has referred the specimen first quoted to
Dennstaedtia moluccana Bl. (Notes Pteridologiques. Fasc. XIV,
55, 1923). I have recentiy compared the Peninsula specimens
with the original in the Buitenzorg Herbarium and find that they
agree exactly.
This species grows in tangled masses in open places, and is
covered throughout with small thorns; it has apparently the same
habit and aimost exactly the same appearance as Dennstaestia
moluccana. It would be interesting to make a careful comparative:
study of these species. It seems likely that Hypolepis Brooksiae
is derived from one of the scandent Dennstaedtias by loss of the
inner portion of the indusijal cup, the outer part only remaining
as a small growth at the base of the sinus below which the sorus
is situated. In dried mature fronds it is impossible to detect any
trace of the inner side of the cup, but in young fronds it might
be found to. exist.
It is interesting to observe that Odontosoris aculata (L.)
from the West Indies appears to have a closely similar appearance’
and habit of growth.
15. Polypodium Féei (Bory) Mett. and P. heterocarpum (B1.)
Mett.
There is a common fern in the Malay Peninsula which has:
usually been called P. Féer. On comparing it with specimens of
P. Féei from Java, and with descriptions, I have come to the con-
clusion that it should be called P. heterocarpum, and that the true
P. Féei has not yet been found in the Malay Peninsula. The Penin-
sula fern is often small, the fronds frequently being only 7 to 10 cm,
in length; the sori are much broken, rather distant, and distinctly
embedded; the rhizome scales are very narrow, almost hair-like..
Polypodium Feet from Java has usually larger fronds; the sori are
much more regular, closer, and not immersed; the rhizome scales
are broad. Ihave seen both iplants in the field, and have examined
a number of specimens of each in the herbaria at Buitenzorg and
Singapore.
R. EH. Hourrum.
—_—_— —_—_ -
A Note Relating to the History of the Dell
in the Gardens |
The Botanic Gardens were founded im 1859. In that year
the four and a half acres, now occupied by. the Gardens Lake,
made a swamp, down the middle of which ran the boundary be-
tween two properties—on the one side the Kerr property (newly
sold to Hoo Ah Kay, better known by his trade name of Whampoa,
and then acquired by Government for the Gardens) and on the
other, the western side, the Napier property. On the Napier
property stood the first house called Tyersal—a house which
William Napier had built in 1854 and sold in 1857. When the
house was sold the Tyersal property was broken up and went into
several different hands, the house which the Temenggong of Jchore-
70
bought carrying with it a little more than sixty-six acres. e
Temenggong sold his acquisition again in 1858, but repurchas
it on May 23rd 1860. It was he who planted in 1862 the avenue
of Tembusu trees (Cyrtophyllum fragrans) which leads te the
house from Napier Road. In 1866 there were further deals in
parts of the property, during which the Government acquired half
of the Avenue together with the strip between the avenue and the
swamp. ‘The half of the avenue the Government converted into
a public road, i.e. Garden road (now re-named Tyersal Avenue),
and the narrow strip they made over to the Agri-herticultural
Society for inclusion in the Gardens. The making of the Gardens
Lake now became possible; and the Society by erecting a dam
some eight feet high, created it.
Garden road is carried across the stream at the head of the
Lake on an embankment over a culvert constructed of large
rectangular pieces of granite. This culvert possesses a fall of
slightly more than two feet in its length and is in section 3 feet
10 inches wide by 2 feet 7 inches high. At the time of its con-
struction the Tyersal lakes did not exist; and, as shown by evidence
obtained recently during the draining of them, their site was planted
with coconut palms and mangosteens. What stood on the land
thrown into the Gardens is quite unknown, as there is not a tree
on the strip acquired by the Government, which can have been
there in 1866; and there are no records. One may surmise that
grass, and perhaps lallang, covered the ground. At the head of
the lake, on account of the advantage of the inflow of water from
the Tyersal grounds, the Gardens’ cooly lines were placed; and a
screen of kenari and pomelo trees was planted in front of them.
Soon after this the Tyersal lakes were planned in imitation of the
Gardens Lake, the imitation extending even to the islet. They
were constructed just as the Gardens Lake had been, by deepening
the hollow and steepening the banks, the earth from the bottom
going in this case to construct a roadway all round the banks. In
the extent of this roadway he departed from the model in
the Gardens, for in the Gardens the raised road borders the lake
only upon one side. The floor of the lower Tyersal lake was
arranged to be on a level with the mouth of the Government’s
culvert, and a sluice was built to control the height of the water
above it, whereby if necessary the lakes could he emptied approxi-
mately. Under the road along the lake side a culvert, small in
section, made connection with the Government’s culvert in a sump,
and as the bottom of the lower lake was no higher than the entrance
to the Government’s culvert it was impossible to allow this small
culvert to have any fall at all. Under what circumstances the
complete emptying of the Lake was anticipated is not known: and
there is no evidence that they were at any time emptied.
Emptying was apparently not contemplated in the case of the |
Gardens Lake, for no sluice existed, and no cutting on the embank-
ment will even at this time completely empty it, as its bottom 1s
still, after all these years of settling, below the level of the drain
71
es ana
Plan I
= ae owe. Ss,
73
along Napier Road: but there was made an unduly large brick
eape channel, 4 feet high, 24 feet wide, domed sand flat bottomed,
which functioned for the escape of water till 1922. Only by
reaking down its brickwork could this channel be made to carry
off about five feet of water from the lake.
We can from these facts draw a picture of the appearance of
the Dell, when Nathaniel Cantley in 1882 was appointed Superin-
tendent cf the Gardens. We see a gentle, and (except after rain)
very smal] stream running from the Tyersal into the head of the
Garden Lake over a sandy bed in a hollow that had been embanked
on one side, and with cooly lines upon the other.
Cantley, an excellent crganiser, removed the lines to a place
outside the Gardens limits, and thereupon considered te what use
he could put the vacated site. Murton, his predecessor, had failed -
in an attempt to make a fernery at a place close to the head of
Maranta Avenue: and as Cantley, like Murton, was anxious to
succeed in such an undertaking, he sought for a new-site and
selected the dell. ‘To succeed he wanted a more sure supply of
water than the stream gave, and this is how he tried to meet the
need. Having removed the cooly lines and having carried the
water underground to the lake (it is by no means clear why), he
constructed a triangular concreted tank, about 140 feet long, and
at the base 65 feet broad, where it was six feet deep. Probably
by means of the earth from the tank mounds for the ferns were
hen thrown up between the tank and the head of the lake, mounds
not higher than that the water supply cou'd be led on to them.
But unfortunately the tank was not a success, for it could not
be kept watertight: and what with illnesses and with other work
Cantley never created the fern garden that he aimed at. It is to
be assumed that the water was to reach the ferns by runnels along
the tops of the mounds. For overflow, (as recent observations on
the spot have shewn) he laid in the first place a line of gas piping
to conduct the water from the tank, and then he constructed a
much larger circular brick channel above it. These escapes passed
in a straight line direct to the lake, and obviously did not water the
mounds; other contrivances must have been thought of for that.
But Cantley died with them unfinished. An old guide book in-
dicates the Dell to have been then as in plan No, 1
Because it was clear that these mounds could not function as
their originator had contemplated, they were somewhat altered in
Shape by Mr. Ridley, and the tank was put to a new service, 1.
for the accumulation of leaf mould. The mounds were clothed - ith
a variety of plants: and at the end of Mr. Ridley’s service they
Were in shape as in plan no. 2 carrying paims and ferns and shade
plants of various orders, and a few very interesting trees.
It will be observed that there were two circular paths enclos-
- ing the mounds: one of these was at the lowest elevation, and tne
_ Other above it by six feet. These paths were narrow, and it was
impossible in the morning to pass along them with comfort by
74
reason of the dew-laden foliage arching into them. Moreover the
lower paths could not be kept free of mud. It was obvious that
changes had to be made as soon as possible: and alterations were
commenced in 1914 when by means of dredgings from the lake
the lower paths were raised.
In 1915 the upper circular path was closed, and a new and
much wider path with a greater diameter was made within the lower
end of the cistern. This involved the erection of a mound along
it to hide the leaf-mould pit. The drainage from the leaf mould
was provided for at the same time by a channel behind a coral -
wall towards the public road. The silt off that road had been a
source of annoyance in the garden for a long time, though the
Municipality had done their best by steps and baffles in the road-—
side drain to abate it. The better to deal with it four catch pits
were constructed in the Gardens where the road enters. ‘The
paths above the dell were changed bkewise as the plan no. 3
indicates.
In 1916 the appearance of the deli were further improved hy
the creation of two pools in them, one oval and the other dumb-bell
shaped: and those who saw them will remember that they were
very pretty. Their surface was about 18 inches above the level |
of the water in the lake—a necessity to get the best appearance
from the adjoining walks—which walks, as said, had been raised to
keep them dry. One of these pools is shewn in the accompanying
plate.
To maintain the water in the ponds two completely hidden
bricks tanks were made, the lower supplied from the upper through
‘an underground pipe and the upper receiving rain-water from a
certain path-side drains towards the Bandstand Hill. Unfortu-
nately the masonry of the upper tank gave way and undid the
contrivance. But at that time it had been discovered in what way
Cantley had dealt with the stream from Tyersal, and it was realised
that by raising its level so that it filled the culvert and rose another
few inches it could be fed into the ponds; accordingly it was so done
by means of a simple concrete wall in Cantley’s channel, and the
bared end of the channel became the pretty rectangular pool at the
side of the dell wherefrom the water passed underground into the
oval pond, and through the dumb-bell shaped pond, while
excess flood water still ran down Cantley’s underground channel.
Permanence seemed to have been reached, and the dell had
become very pretty.
Unfortunately the Tyersal ponds were found to be a source of
mosquitos, and the emptying of them was determimed upon. Tt
was then quite unknown how deep the Tyersal lakes were: but a —
survey revealed that the lowest part of the bed of the lower pond —
was on a level with the bottom of the Tyersal sluice, and that
75
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Plan IV
77
drainage without filling would be impossibie unless a free escape
of the water imto the Gardens was allowed. ‘This free escape was
asked for: and it was a great disappointment to feel obliged to
concede it, for concession meant the undoing of the water channels
in the dell which had been so newly completed.
The concession was made on the ground that the Gardens had
no claim to a head of water found to be due to the sluice in
the Tyersal grounds being out of order. Thereupon a rearrange-
ment of the dell was commenced, with the intention of keeping its
features. In the rearrangement the beds of the two pools were
sunk about two feet, united into one, and the Tyersal drainage
water was conducted by an “ Armco” pipe into the top of the
former dumb-bell shaped pond, and out again by another “ Armco ”
pipe into the lake. The sides of both ponds were conecreted. By
the lowering of the level and because of the. wideness of the
““ Armco ” pipe these ponds were thereby made into a part of the
lake; and the abundant fish of the lake, which allow no mosquitos
to mature, have access to them.
Now a great part of the beauty of the oval and dumb-bell
ponds was that they lay open at the visitor’s foot, not being sunk
at all. The new pond however, being of necessity sunk, threatened
to lack beauty in this respect. There was made therefore a path
right across the dell bridging the water close against its surface
and skirting the edge of what is left of the oval pond, in reality
occupying part of the old bed of that pond, having on its north
side the wall of one of the irrigating tanks of 1916. This wall is
becoming beautiful by reason of a coating of Ficus repens.
The mounds, which now le as in plan no. 4, are given sever-
ally to different forms of vegetation.
L. His BURKILL.
Tulang Daing or Sisik Puyuh
Carallia suffruticosa
Tulang daing means dried fish bones, and sisik puyuh means
puyuh-fish skin: both these names belong to a small tree with
serrations on the leaves that suggest the bones of a dried fish seen
through the skin, which is exclusively used by the Malays of Perak
and Pahang as a medicinal herb, but has hitherto remained rather
strangely obscure. After much search it has been identified with
Carallia suffruticosa Ridley (in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soe. 61,
1912, p. 6): and it is clear that Carallia spinulosa Ridley (in the
same Journal, no, 82, 1920, p. 184) does not adequately differ.
78
The type of the first of these two names came from [usun
Tua, upen the east of Kuala Lumpur in Selangor: and that of the
second from Tanjong Malim on the Selangor-Perak border. It
extends southwards and has been found at Pulau Sebang in Malacca
(Burkill 4960). As a medicinal herb, foliage has beeu got from
Grik im northern Perak; and in Pahang from Budu in the Kuala
Lipis district, from Beserah in the Kuantan district, and from
Bentong. Mr. Ridley records C. spinulosa as occurring in Tonkin
also.
The chief use that the Malays make of it is as a poultice for
the ripening of boils; but it is also given internally under the idea
that it is good for expelling worms, and as one of the innumerable
herbs administered speculatively to women during the first three
days after childbirth. It is again reported as one of several plants
which at Grik are used in a decoction for a bath during fever.
The difference between C. suffruticosa and C. spinulosa is said
to be Im the inflorescence: but there is none: in both it is cymose.
It was in flower and fruit-as Tanjong Malim in February 1904,
in bud at Dusun Tua in May 1896 and in flower at Pulau Sabang
in August 1919.
J. H. BurKI1t.
Teratological Notes
A.—Abnormalities in Coconut Palms.
I. Polyembryony. On p. 275 of this Bulletin, Vol. Ii,
it was stated that the various references which had been consulted
by me on the question of polyembryony in coconuts were not
sufficiently clear as to make one to be quite positive about the
occurrence of the phenomenon in coconuts. ‘Cases, however, have
come to my notice which prove beyond all doubt that polyembryony
does occur in coconuts.
The ovary of coconuts, it will be remembered, ijs three-celled,
two of which usually become abortive at an early stage of deve-
lopment, only one attaining maturity. The fruit consists of a thin
outer skin or epicarp, below which is the thick fibrous mesocarp
surrounding the hard shell or the stony layer of the nut. Tis
shell is formed mainly of the endocarp, but the outer integument of
the seed is also represented in it as a lignified inner lining of
the shell (fide Juliano)’. Inside this stony layer is the solid
1. Juliano, J. B.—Origin, Development, and Nature of the Stony Layer
of the Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Philippine Journ. Sci., XXX (1926),
p. 187-200, pl. 3.
Winton, A.L.—Anatomy of the Fruit of Cocos nucifera. Am. Journ.
Sci., XII (1901), 265-280. Quoted by J. B. Juliano.
oe
ao
endosperm which is the kernel or “meat” in common parlance
and which is lined outside by a thin blackish coating. This coating
—we may as well call it “testa”—is derived from the inner in-
tegument of the ovule (Juliano). Then comes the cavity partially
filled with water or “ milk” (watery endosperm) In ripe coconuts.
Corresponding to the three carpels of the ovary, there are three
markings or “eyes” on the endocarp, two of which have become
- hard after the degeneration of the two celis of the ovary, while the
third “eye ” of the developed cell is soft. Just beneath this “eye ”
is the embryo. When the germination sets in, a suctorial organ—
haustorium or “foot ”—develops into the cavity, at the end of
the cotyledon of the embryo, which supplies nutriment to the young
growing plant by absorbing it from the endosperm.
Bearing these points in mind, it will be easy to study the
nature of the phenomena concerned in the cases described below :—
(a).—On July 25th, 1925, there was exhibited at the Taiping
Agri- Horticultural. Show, a germinating coconut from Kampong
J elutong, Bukit Gantang. North Perak, which had put forth three
shoots. The coconut was carefully husked by me to find the
three shoots as distinct individuals as far as the soft “ eye ” through
which they had extruded from the endocarp. The two other
“eyes ” were closed and hard as in an ordinary nut where two
carpels are abortive. On breaking the nut open, it was observed
that each shoot had its origin in a separate embryo, each having a
cotyledon and a haustorium of its own. There was onlv one
cavity in the endosperm into which these three haustoria had deve-
loped, and there were neither hard, nor leathery dissepiments in
it which are said to be present in a polycellular nut.? The kernel
inside also showed no signs of any special connection with the
closed “eyes” as it showed with the soft “eye.” This is then a
genuine case of polyembryony in coconuts.
I have also examined many such specimens having two to
three embryos from Singapore, Selangor, Penang and Malacra
which go to prove that polyembrycny does frequently occur in this
country. These shoots may emerge out of the husk in all directions,
and often in suchwise as to mislead one to think that these extra
_ shoots are due to the functioning of more than one ovule. Hence
I look with great suspicion on all the three cases mentioned from
Philippines by Quisumbing*® as ones where more than one ovule
were functional. .
2. Furtado, C. X.—Branched Coconut Palms and _ their Fertility..
Gardens’ Bull., Singapore, Vol. ITI (1924), p. 274.
3. Quisumbing, E.—Branching in Coconut. Philippines Agriculiurist,
| XV (1926), p. 3-4.
|
80
I have not yet come across in this country a genuine case
where more than one ovule had developed giving rise to di—, tri—,
or polylocular nut, though such cases have been reported from
-elsewhere.* * ®
(b).—Costerus and Smith (1923)° describe a case of polyem-
-bryony in thus :—
“Legit H. A. B. Bunnemeyer, Isle of Nangka near Banka,
1917. One celled nut. From ome of the black (germinating)
spots there emerged four sprouts each showing its own cotyle. No
question of branching. Consequently we have here to do with a
true case of polyembryony.
“Mr. Smith is thoroughly convinced that the Coconut with
three cohering stems, which we described in 1915, is after all
a similar case of polyembryony with this difference only that the
embryos of 1915 coalesced whereas in the present case, they have
maintained their full independence.”
The coconut referred to as having been described in 1915 is
one which had given rise to three sprouts and which on being care-
fully opened had not shown any dissepiment whatsoever. “ Only
one germinating plant forcing its way through one of the black
spots was to be seen, but the stem of this young plant showed a
separation into three. The advanced state of (dry) specimen did
not permit of a further examination into the cause of the pheno-
menon, but of polyembryony there can be no question.” No fur-
ther details or reasons are given why Dr. Smith thinks this to be
a genuine case of polyembryony and not of fasciation or branching.
(c)—In the Botanic Garden, Penang, there is a “coconut
palm ” which has three distinct individual stems-from the base.
Mr. Mohamed Heiniff who has been long connected with the
garden, informs me that the three stems have orginated from one
coconut. fruit and that it was planted there in 1901. Only two
stems are bearing fruits, while the third one is yet barren and is also
very much shorter than the other two. The small growth of this
«
third .stem is in all probability due to the fact that twice during —
its growth it was very badly attacked by borers (there are still
marks on the palm of these attacks). The injury caused by the
attacks must have retarded the growth very considerably, giving
thereby the other two stems a chance to overshadow this one and
to make its further development and production of flowers rather
difficult. The overshadowing caused by another palm growing
close to it may be an additional cause why this stem is weak and
infertile. There is another similar palm with two fertile, and
4, Costerus, J. (, and J. J. Smith—Studies in Tropical Teratology.
Annales Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, XXIX (1915), p. 84-85, and plates.
5. Ibid ibid —ibid XXXII (1923), p, 26 and plates.
81
one barren, stems in the Botanic Gardens Cooly Lines, Penang,
which have originated (fide Mr. Haniff) also from one nut. The
short and barren stem shows signs of injury in the past. In a
private compound at Burma Road, Pulau Tikus, Penang, there is a
tree about forty years old which has two stems, distinct from the
base, both of which are producing fruits.
Il. The Development of the Usually Abortive Ovary
in-Male Flowers. A coconut spadix was exhibited at the Taiping
Show, 1925, which had numerous banana-Lke fruits and only two
nuts of normal shape. The latter were borne in the regions of the
spadix where normally female flowers are produced, while the
former occupied the positions of male flowers. Apparently this
is a case similar to the one quoted on page 263 of this Bulletin,
III, the banana-lke fruits being the result of the development of
the usually abortive ovary in male flowers.
Ill. ‘Albino Coconut Seediings. In the Taiping Show,
1925, there were exhibited two coconut fruits which had put forth
completely albino shoots. The albinism was apparently due to
some internal factor, and may be a case of chlorosis due to lack
of ferruginous products in the endosperm. It could not be attri-
buted to the lack of hght as the plants received ample sunlight at
the show (and they must have been exposed during the transit),
and because normally coconut seedlings germinated in darkness
such as obtained in a closed house, have greenish leaves. Neither
nut had put forth any roots out of the husk. From the shape,
size and colour, the nuts appeared to have come from the same
spadix. Further investigations on these nuts were not possible
as they were not for sale.
IV. Suppression of Spikelets in Coconut Spadices.
Ordinarily a coconut inflorescence consists of many flower-bearing
spikelets produced on a fleshy stalk, which usually does not bear
any flowers. At the Agri-Horticultural Shows of Taiping and of
Kuala Lumpur, 1925, inflorescences were exhibited which were
abnormal in that the axes were unbranched, the flowers being borne
directly on them.
The flower-bearing region of one such specimen from Taiping
measured three feet and four inches, while the non-flowering por-
tion towards the tip was nearly six inches long, and towards the
base over eight inches. The bearmg portion of the stalk was occu-
pied by female flowers which were more than a hundred in number,
In the basal portion, the flowers were arranged in pairs, each pair
being some distance apart from the other, and their arrangement
resembled that of the male florets on the spikelets of normal 1n-
florescences.. The space between these pairs of flowers gradually
decreased towards the end so that in the upper third of the bearing
stalk the female flowers were so thickly crowded together that they
did not admit any special relation between any two consecutive
82
flowers. On many of the cushions on which the pairs of female
flowers were seated, there were two male florets, one on each side of
the pair, while in the upper portion where the flowers were very close
to each other one could notice occasionally one male floret between ©
two consecutive female flowers. All the male flowers present at
the time of examining the inflorescence had shed their pollen and
were quite dry. Many of them dropped down with a slight shake,
leaving behind no clear marks or scars to show that they were
present there. Like normal flowers, they (male flowers) had six
segments ijn perianth, six stamens and a vestigial ovary.
All the female flowers examined were morphologically normal,
except that the papery yellow ring which is usually found around
the base of the ovary was occasionally adorned with teeth varying
from one to six in number. (For the morphological value of
this ring see note on Horned Coconuts). The development of
these flowers was acropetal so that the youngest flowers were found
at the terminal end. Though many of the flowers towards the
basal end had their stigmatic portion out of the perianth envelope,
not a single one of them was ripe to receive pollen. This therefore
means that any nut developed on such inflorescences would be a
result of cross-pollination, unless of course they are fertilised by
the pollen from another inflorescence on the same tree or by pollen
from the same inflorescence which had retained its vitality till the
female flowers had become ready to receive it. That similar in-
florescences are not infertile was proved by two other such in-
florescences, one at Taiping and the other in Kuala Lumpur. The
Taiping specimen had three well-developed nuts and the Kuala
Lumpur one had five, in their distal end.
Owing to the advance stages of all such inflorescences examined
no further details could be gathered as to the exact relation of the
male to female flowers, or as to the nature of the phenomenon con-
cerned in'the monstrosity.
I was told in Taiping that the palms which produce thiese
monstrous inflorescences have the habit.of producing such monstro-
sities many times during the course of a year. If so, it would he
worth while to keep the palms under observation so as to study
how these inflorescences originate, what exactly is the composition
and nature of the spathes enveloping them, of young flowers, cte.
Such a study may help to throw light as the cause and the nature
of the phenomenon involved.
Costerus and Smith® who have had a better opportunity of
studying such specimens record that all the female flowers in such
inflorescences they examined were paired, each female flower being
—
6. Costerus and Smith.—Ann. Jard. Bot., Buitenzorg, XXXII (1923),
p. 24-25 and plates.
83
flanked by two male florets, but that these male florets soon perished.
Similar inflorescences having a side branch have occasionally come
to their notice.
V. Horned Coconuts. At the Malacca Agri-Horticultural
Show, 1926, three “ horned ” coconuts (kelapa tandok) were shown,
each having a horn in appearance similar to the husk. This horn
measured five inches in length, and one and one-fourth inches
thick in the central pertion. It had two small lobes one on each
side of the principal one which was large and thick. A copious
exudaition of gum was found on the inner side of the horn (the
side towards the nut), and where there was gummy exudation, the
epidermis of the horn seemed to be much affected though the
epidermal tissue of the nut appeared to be quite intact. The
perianth was then carefully removed from the nut ana it was found
that this horn was due to the abnormal development of the one
slide of the papery ring that is usually found between the perianth .
and the nut, the growth of the other half of the ring having
become arrested at an earlier stage, so that it was not visible when
the perianth was still attached to the nut. This portion of the
ring also had one principal central lobe which measured about one
centimeter from the tip of the base, and two small] slightly deve-
loped ones, and it resembled the perianth in texture. At the tip
of the central lobe abundant exudation of gum was noticed. ‘The
thalamus had also grown out a little more than usual, especially on
the side of the horn, so that the horn could be mistaken for a
basal outgrowth of the nut. The horn when cut open was iound
to be full of fibrous tissue only, bike that of the husk, while the
nut itself was normal and had all its three “eyes” as usual. ‘The
perianth consisted of six normal segments. Hence the view put
forward by Masters’ that these horns are due to the hypertrorhy
of the perianth segments is untenable.
Petch (1924)* describes similar cases of horned coconuts and
mentions that the horns may very in number from six downwards
and that they scmetimes coalesce in pairs, or two or three may
unite by their tips. Some of these horns may he fringed by a thin
wing, resembling in texture the segments of the perianth. In ail
such cases examined by him perianth segments were also present
and were normal.
Costerus and Smith® figure somewhat similar cases in the
Buitenzorg Annales which they consider to be instances of
7. Masters, M. T.—Vegetable Teratology (1869), pp. 428-429).
8. Petch, T.—Horned Coconut. Ycar-Book Dept. of Agric., Ceylon,
(1924), p. 20-21,
9. Costerus, J. C. and J. J. Smith.—Studies in Tropical Teratology.
Annales Jard. Buitengorg, XXXTII (1923), p. 95 and fig. 23,
84
apocarpy, but in the absence of a detailed description, those cases
cannot be compared with the above described ones.
Petch seems to favour the view that the horns are due to a
duplication of the segments of the gynaecium. But I am inclined
to adopt his less favoured view that the horns represent the six
stamens. The following will make clear the position of my view:
Examining flowers of coconut, one usually finds in the male,.
six perianth segments surrounding six stamens inside and a rudi-
mentary pistil in the centre, and in the female, six perianth seg-
ments, a fertile pistil in the centre, and a papery ring between
the base of the pistil and the inner perianth segments; that is,
the papery ring occupies the place of the androecium in the male
flower. May not then this papery ring in the female flowers ze-
present the androecium which in the course of evolution has been
reduced tc this vestigial state? The fact that this papery ring is
invariably present in the female flower, and a vestigial ovary is
the male flower, and that the ring is a growth quite distinct trom
the perianth and the ovary, lends support to this view. And from
the examination of the horned nuts exhibited at the Malacca Show,,.
it was quite evident that the horns were due to the development
of portions of the ring.
Gadd (1924)*° describes abnormal female flowers of coconut
where three carpels were fused only at the base, being free to a great-
er or less extent at the apex. ‘“‘ Between the perianth and the
gynaecium was a ring of six papillae, in a position which stamens.
would be expected to occupy, if present.” These flowers seem to re-
present a somewhat earlier stage in the evolution of the female
flower of coconut.
Recent histological studies made by Juliano™ regarding the on-
togenetical development of the female coconut flower from an addi-
tional evidence in favour of the view that the papery ring is a
modified androecium. He shows by means of microtome sections
that the development of the floral structures is acropetal, that is,
the outer two prophylls are first differentiated from the primor-
dium, then the sepals and the petals follow in succession. ‘The
ring which he calls “aril” arises just after the formation of the
petals but much before the primordium has differentiated into an.
ovary and carpels. Hence therefore the ring or the horns cannot
be an outcome of the multiplication of the carpels.
SS
10. Gadd, C.H.—An Abnormal Inflorescence from a Nut. Year-Book,
Dept. of Agric., Ceylon, (1924), p. 21-23.
11. Juliano, J. B.—Origin, Development; and Nature of the Stony’
Layer of the Coconut. Philipp. Journ, Sci., XXX (1926), p, 187-200 andi —
pl. 1-3.
85
B.—Ananas sativa.
It is not uncommon to see various forms of monstrosities in
the fruits (soroses) of pine-apples (Ananas satwa). Hitherto I
have been the following abnormal forms in this Peninsula.:—
I. Fasciation. One of such monstrous pine-apple fruits had
cylindrical base about two inches long and was much stouter than
the average fruits of the same variety. The fruit then showed a
tendency to taper in one axis and expand in the other. ‘The ex-
pansion had occurred to such an enormous extent that it had given
vise to several twistings and bendings. Measurements with a tape
would indicate that the topmost part of the fruit had become more
than two feet in breadth, while its thickness had been reduced to
about an inch or a little more. The foliose shoot that usua!ly
crowns a pine-apple fruit had also fasciated apace with the fruit.
Its vertical axis had become abbreviated to a very considerable
extent and the leaves were reduced to mere scales, about an inch
and half in length and half an inch in breadth, so that the expanded
apex of the fruit appeared as if fringed with these scaly leaves.
‘This forms appears to be very rare in pine-apples.
Another form of fasciation that is more commonly met with in
pine-apples is one which differs from the former in that the fruit
in the latter flattens to a less extent and produces many cylindrical
heads, each with a normal or reduced crown of its own. JI have
seen pie-apples with three, five and seven heads.
The third kind of fasciation affects the crown of the fruits
‘only. In one such specimen the leafy crown had tritfurcated, the
fruit itself remaining normal. That these three shoots were due
to fasciatipn of the main axis and not to the proliferation of the
two axillary shoots was easy to be seen as the leaves were reduced
to small scales and the lower portion of the stalk ee become very
much thicker.
Fasciation showing various grades of these three cases have
been also observed.
If. Proliferation. On the stalk bearing the three-headed
fasciated fruit described above, there were many, much proliferated,
vegetative shoots arising from the axils of the bracts. They had
grown as long as the fruit itself, and were present only in the
upper portion of the stalk, close to the base of the fruit, lower
portion of the stalk bearing no such shoots.
In another specimen there was a similar proliferation of shoots
in the axils of bracts close to the fruit, but these shoots were ve-
productive so that they produced many banana-like, elonvated {fruits
‘at the base of the main fruit.
86
Sometimes axillary shoots on the base of the leafy crown of the
pine-apple fruit grow very vigorously, even much faster than the
main shoot itself.
Proliferation of vegetative shoots on the stalk or on the crown
of the fruit is very common, almost a “normal ” hain. os 1 im
pine-apples. Production of fruits at the base of the principal fruit
has been noticed by me only twice in this country.
C. X. Furtapo.
Dioscorea tamarisciflora, Pr. and Burk.
In September, 1890, Mr. ‘Charles Curtis collected in the Lang-
kawi islands a Dioscorea with male flowers, which was described in
1914 under the above name in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, N. 8., 10, p. 22, and until recently it has remained known
only by his specimens. Sutin the early part of 1924, two collecters,
Mohamed Nur and Kiah, were sent from the Botanic aves:
Singapore, to the mountain of Gunong Pulai in the south-western
part of the State of Johore, whence they brought hack living
tubers of the same plant; and these gave upon cultivation in the
Gardens, both male and female plants. It is possible therefore to.
add to what is already known about it.
The tubers are black, densely covered with short roots, sparinzly
branched, the branches more or less cylindrical. They form at
the surface of the soil and descend for 20 to 30 cm. It would
seem by their appearance and surface growth as if they may be
altogether unappetising to the hungriest of wild pigs, the chief
destroyers of edible forest tubers. The plate given here well illus-
trates them.
The stems towards the base and also above carry sparingly
small prickles. They attain the thickness of a crow-quill, and
climb over any convenient support to 2 or 5 metres.
The upper leaves have been described. 'The lower are similarly
ternate and scarcely differ. All leaflets are relatively small, the
middle attaining little more than 5 cm. by 1.75 cm.
The male flowers have also been described. They were pro-
duced in Singapore in the greatest abundance.
The female flowers were more sparingly developed. ‘They
offered nothing that is not seen in the closeiy allied species of
Dioscorea, section Lasiophyton.
The capsules resemble those of D. pentaphylla: but are shghtly
more acute, as the accompanying line block shews.
From the Langkawi islands to Gunong Pulai in a straight
line it js about 450 miles, ie. almost the whole length of British
Malaya; and the species may occur sporadically throughout the
Peninsula. It has been already found in one other piace, namely
"yang pup “Ad ‘B1O]flostie wey Po1OISOIC]
F3
'
a
one
4
> hae
7 “
~
~
tidy
—_
87
A fruiting spike of Dioscorea tamarisciflora, together with
outhnes of five capsules :—no. 1 an unusually rounded capsule
of D. tamarisciflora, and no. 2, a normal capsule: nos. 3, 4
and 5, capsules of D. pentaphyila from various places in India,
thus, no. 3 from the Khasya Hills (Hooker and Thomson),
no. 4 from Hoshangabad in the Central Provinces (Duthie,
10578) and no. 5 from Behar (Hooker). All nat. size.
88
on rocks near a village named Pulai (from the Alstonia tree, like
the mountain) in southern Kelantan close to the Pahang boundary
(Mohamed Nur. 11944). It has not been met with outside the
Peninsula.
D. PRaIn.
T. H. Borxit.
A List of Mosses Collected in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore.
In the previous issue of the Gardens’ Bulletin appears a list of
all mosses hitherto collected in the Malay Peninsula, prepared hy
Mr. H. N. Dixon, who has himself determined the majority of the
specimens concerned. Our best thanks are due to Mr. Dixon for
the very great amount of work which he has put ito the prepara-
tion of this paper. Before receiving Mr. Dixon’s list, I had
compiled a list of mosses found in the Singapore Gardens, with
such first-hand observations as I had been able to make concerning”
their habits of growth, as it seemed that few observations of the
kind had been recorded. This list is here printed as a supplement
to Mr. Dixon’s paper. It contains no references to collectors or
numbers (these can be found in the complete list) but only names
of species and such information as to habit and habitat as I have
found on herbarium labels or collected myself. Not having nade
a critical study of mosses, in many cases I can only speak of the
habitats of individual specimens collected by me and identified by
Mr. Dixon, but there are a few common species which it is easy
te recognise at sight, and of these it is possible to speak with greater
certainty.
The Gardens present a fairly wide range of habitat for mosses,.
from the most exposed positions on the ground or on trees to the
shade of the rockeries and the Gardens Jungle; but there is ne
place so moist and shady as much of the natural jungle of the
Peninsula. The conditions are on the whole artificial, and this.
is reflected in the character of the moss flora; the more typical
forest species are infrequent or absent.
A striking feature of the list, referred to by Mr. Dixon in the
introduction to his paper, is the large proportion of species of
Syrrhopodon and Calymperes; this is more marked in Singapore
than in the north of the Peninsula. In Singapore Island 32 species
of the two genera have been found, out of 51 for the whole Penin-
sula; from the north fewer are recorded, 16 only having heen
found in Penang (mostly in the Waterfall Gardens or on the hill) —
which after Singapore is probably the most-collected area. In recent
collections I have paid particular attention to these genora, and in
searching Penang Gardens it was with difficulty that they could
: 89
be found, whereas in Singapore they occur on tree trunks in any
slightly shaded spot. It is possible that the more seasonal climate
of Penang and the north of the Peninsula is not so favourable for
these mosses; in Penang a pronounced dry season early in the year
is the rule. They are not usually found in dense shade, but in
light shade, on tree trunks, and sometimes on rocks or on the
ground, (according to the species and the conditions}. They do not
usually grow in full sunlight, except some of the more resistant
species, (e.g. S. borneense; this grows in a close cushion which
can retain moisture). During rather dry weather they are often
much shrivelled up. It is perhaps their habit of growing in some-
what exposed places, together with inability to withstand severe
drought, which causes their restriction, on the whole, to places
with a fairly heavy and evenly distributed rainfall, or a continuous-
ly high atmospheric humidity.
Microdus miquelianus (Mont.) Besch.
On ground in the open.
Campylopus serratus Lac.
Very abundant. It grows on the ground, frequently on the
lawns where the grass is poor, in the open, or more usually in
moderate shade; sometimes in a close pure growth. It is usually
sterile; I have found male plants with antheridia, but not ripe
fruits.
Leucobryum sanctum (Brid.) Hpe.
Very abundant locally. It grows on the ground, requiring
more shade than Campylopus serralus, and often forms large pure
patches under trees, or mixed with Campylopus and such grasses
as will tolerate a little shade. It may also grow on the bases of
trees to some extent. No fructifications seen.
Leucophanes octoblepharoides Brid.
L. albescens C. M.
Leucophanes spp. usually grow on tree or paln trunks in
masses, rather in the same positions as Syrrhopodon spp. They may
also grow on the ground in modarate shade.
Fissidens mittenii Par.
Found on bare ground under the shade of a Phoenix sylvesiris.
F. crassinervis Lac.
Mr. Ridley has collected this species in the gardens. T have
found it in the Reservoir jungle on the ground by pathsides in
shady places rather abundantly, though not forming dense masses
like the next species.
90
F. zippelianus D. & M.
Very abundant on brick drains and on rocks in shady places,
also on hard ground (stiff clay) in the shade. It forms a dense
continuous mat, and has not yet been observed bearing sporogonia.
It avoids the mortar between the bricks of the drain (this is.
sometimes covered with a hypnoid moss) and, appears te avoid the
coral in the rockeries.
Syrrhopodon ciliatus Schw.
Found on trunks of sago palms in shady places, froming a
close mat, sometimes freely fruiting.
S. fasciculatus Hk. & Grev.
On the ground beneath an oid Artocarpus rigida, and on the
base of its trunk, shaded also by fronds of Davalliz: growing about
the tree.
S. involutus Schw.
S. flavus C. M.
On a dead tree trunk in the Gardens Jungle, abundant.
S. manni C. M., f. minor FI. \
On tree trunks in Gardens Jungle, creeping. Apparently a
common species in Singapore, but always the f. minor.
S. repens Harv. Apparently a common species in Singapcre.
S. revolutus D. & M.
On a Sabal trunk, underneath epiphytile ferns (Aspleniwm.
nidus) in thick rounded cushions. The fern roots with their ac-
eumulated debris are like huge sponges, and water flows down
from them for some time after rain has ceased. The tufts of
Syrrhopodon are also sponge-like and can hold much water. Ap-
parently the same species occurs on the trunk of a big Lyere
costulata, where also it is shaded and has ferns above it.
S. rufescens Hk.
Collected several times in Singapore by Mr. Ridley. Probably
grows on tree trunks, but the only definite habitat note is its
occurrence on the mass of roots of an old Platycerium. This is
similar to the habitat described for the last species.
Calymperes dozyanum Mitt.
On a raised root of Albizzia sp., in a rather shady spot.
C. hampei D. & M.
On roots and ground in shade.
Od
C. nicobarense Hpe.
Collected by Mr. Ridley in the Economic Garden. Apparently
a common species in Singapore; otherwise only known from Lang-
kawi and the Nicobar Islands.
C. salakense Besch.
Collected in the Gardens once, by Mr. Ridley.
C. serratum A. Br.
Obtained by Mr. Ridley either in the Gardens cr on Bukit.
Timah; exact locality uncertain.
Barbula indica Brid.
Grows in thick cushions, in rather exposed places. It is the
commonest moss on open brick drains, and does not avoid the
mortar. It will grow also in moderate shade, in which case it
may be found side by side with Fissidens zinpelianus.
Macromitrium goniorrhynchum D, & M.
Bryum coronatum Schwaceer.
On rocks in rather exposed places (sun rockery) and on the
ground; found also on rocks in moderate shade. It grows both on
coral and other rocks. In dry weather it is quite shrivelied up,
but during wet periods soon forms thick green cushions, which
later bear abundant fruits.
Myurium rufescens (Hornsch. and Rw.) Fleisch.
Callicostella prabaktiana (C. M.) Jaeg.
Pelekium velatum Mitt.
On coral in shady rockeries, abundant. This is the cnly
record from Singapore; in other parts of the Peninsula it is usually
found on limestone.
Ectropothecium buitenzorgii (Bel.) Jacg.
E. monumentorum (Dub.) Jaeg.
_E. moritzii (C. M.) Jaeg.
Very abundant (though possibly mixed with other species).
It often forms a close carpet on the ground in shady places, and
on the bases of tree trunks; also to some extent among grass.
E. singaporense Dixon. |
Collected once only, “on grass in open” (Binsiead).
E. zollingeri (Bry. jav.) Jaeg.
In tank in plant house, fruiting only when left dry (Burkill).
_ Trismegistia lancifolia (Harv.) Broth.
Isopterygium albescens (Schw.) Jaeg.
On the ground in a shady place. Found also hy Binstead on
a palm.
92
°
1. minutirameum (C. M.) Jaeg.
Plagiothecium miquelii (Bry. jav.) Broth.
This is a very common moss in the Peninsula, usually on old
logs in shady places, but also occurring on the ground.
Taxithelium isocladum (Bry. jav.) Ren. & Card.
T. instratum (Brid.) Broth.
T. nepalense (Hary.) Jaeg.
Vesicularia dubyana (C. M.) Broth.
V. montagnei (Bel.) Broth.
V. reticulata (C. M.) Broth.
Meiothecium microcarpum (Harv.) Mitt.
Occurs on palm trunks and elsewhere in more exposed posi-
tions than most hypnoid mosses, often with algae of the genus
Trentepohlia.
Rhaphidostegium caespitosum(Sw.) Jaeg.
Trichostelium Boschii (1D. & M.) Jaeg.
T. brachypelma (C. M.) Broth.
T. singapurense Fleisch.
The hypnoid mosses are so alike in habit and are so abundant
that I cannot distinguish any of them in the field with certainty,
and cannot make any definite statement about the habitat of most
of them. They are usually found on tree trunks, on logs or on
the ground, in rather shady places.
Hypnodendron arborescens (Mitt.) Lindb.
Small specimens, collected in the Gardens Jungle by Mr.
Ridley.
R. E, Hortrrum.
Additions to the List of Fraser Hill Plants.
This list is intended to supplement the enumeration of Fraser
Hill plants published by Burkill and Holttum in this Bulletin,
Vol. III, pp. 33—110.
The material from which it is compiled was obtained by a
native collector working under the writer’s supervision in August
1923, and by Mr. R. E. Holttum in the following month.
A few plants from the collections of Messrs. Burkill and
Holttum have been added, where these have been determined since
the publication of the original list.
All the plants, except where otherwise noted, were collected
between the 3800 and 4200 feet contours.
93
SCHIZANDRACEAE.
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11.69
108
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109
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at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the second
half of the year 1925, an inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m., and credited to the date in which the
wenty-four hours began. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal
Commissioners of George Town, Penang.
| | | | | |
Date | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
| | | | | |
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19 ca iPes. Rageotes. 26: jan..266 )at.94 i
20 | 1 | Oe ee toe, (aria “|S o...
21 03 03. | fo oe ee Ome eee 8
22 | Pere ert | fete | tb? |, -2.38
23 10 | .03 1.28 | iy a a: ae ree
24 | Vien ee. | SM Se) Ve
25 vga all i Me: — Giese a aaa
26 BOE BR Les b ATS |
27 peeP Ge SETS eR sb ook AZ|
28 pee dee | eee 28 |. 4.62 - |
29 oa [06st Poneaenc |
30 Lee. | | Bee. lat oe |
31 ier 1e28..1 Se See
| |
| | |
Total | 7.35 | 12.08 | 13.93 | 45.73 | 20.47 | 6.11
|
it
ee ee ee a ee ee ee eee
aw
@ |
110
bulb readings made at 9 a.m. in the Botanic Gardens, —
RELATIVE HUMIDITY for the year 1925 from wet and dry
Singapore,
é AdHIOn DO OMOIDN ON MDHOAHAMASHSOHMANHHAR|HIO
© Die Ke ADAKRAHHDADrKEKEANHrHEEDDENDAAOGMH
a —
a DONS SOPANHMOOSCAARANNMOAKLAGIONPODWABWS
>
= HDwReeoOrereRreDOEKHDEORE-OEEMEODYOMAHDDASN
rn a Be OlieaTRI g. 2 bees RAE ER eee
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> rHOKr-WDK KODE AKKREE He DWOLrGAOWH DOrnaornd
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ep
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BR ie ba ie Pome Se bee Pt i Grate cS ee ee
ait oo Ht DHASOAOSSR ARAM OODAGHSRADMADOOHD
= Keath OmrRReREER EER ORE ELE OS eet re
Ne dng eee a ee ee
: sH OD DANONHOHAAMMHArMEeAAnre OL 1d od
=| t~ & DOOR ErErKEOREKFE OREO DOODEOerEreees
ey eee ae eee De Re a ener nas narra a
nee RH OMmHNEHMTANNANTD OO x ~emMrIMOODM|IO ©
a ~~ 00 & foe be be b= 00 G0 bee ie © hw 00 be be i 0 0 i Ot = Op
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1 © WDOMWMODOAMOMNArFMrOCAUOrUS HANAN tX~
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ie SHAAAAION DOOD ARHOADONDHDMDMNMMOHWHMOS
Le Keer OaD@ Cee keorrerennorororrnorar®
eet
aa | se ee et ee : ee a ee
ane DMDONMEK DODODOMOAMAAMATDMDOBDNTOAANM
a LM DBDODDODDKRADHDOODEEAGrArErAOKHE
3s rr
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= ROOK DOOARHOKRHDODDODEOROEEEAEEALANMS
™ —
—_ ___— ag SS 9 a a es Qa es ee a a ee —_—_—
ANMHMOOKRWDAOCHAMHMOSCRARBOHAMHHOOH ARO
Boe de TA HAMA NNANNANNNAIN HY OD
Date.
Mean for the year 79.3
EE
Summary of Rainfall, 1925.
SINGAPORE PENANG
woot Amount of at No. of | Amount of pews
2 a S pe
Bani eee viticnnt See pn. | without
| days | inéhes | mm. rain days | inches | mm. rain
| Bet
January 23 21.47 | 527|2 days 17 5.96 | 146 | 8 days
| | | | | | |
February | 21 | 14.12| 346| | aos get ee
ere | [9 5, | |
March bane a GS Bar| ae | 18:28 | 448 )/2 ,,
| | | | |
April fee “EBS Le 6 .,, 23 15.48} 330|2 ,,
| | | |
May CP oeay SP 10B8 | 25915 ,, De EEA are | B.S
| | | | |
June Drea ee O.0e | 9 to, J4> | Dae74 | 386|8 ,,
| | | | | |
July Poede | 256. 6845 ,, $4. | eaareeo | -180:). 9 -,,
| | | | | |
August : de ee elOed. ,, Pen. 08: 296) 4. 5,
| | |
peprember | 17 | 5.831427 | ,, 22 | 13.93 : 341 | ee
| | | | | |
October | 21 | 14.78 | 362 | os 26 | 45.73|1120|1 ,,
|
November | 21 | 12.21] 300/2 ,, 24 | 20.47 | 502 4g 4
| | | | | |
December. | 29 | 11.69) 286/11 , TE POVGELE Fy ISO. Ss,
| | | | | ao:
| | eo | | | |
Total | 227 | 122.88 | 3006 | 228 | 171.36 | 4198 |
| | | | | | |
Greatest amount in 24 hrs. 7.88 ins. or 191mm, 10.43 ins. or 256 mm.
8 - 48 hrs. 9.94 ins. or 243mm. 16.02 ins. or 392 mm.
oe tf 72 hrs. 10.95 ins. or 268mm. 23.62 ins. or 079 mm.
Excessively rainy periods, over
5 ins. having fallen in 72
Dours .... AM a8 we to lam 6 (March, June, Oct. (3),
(2) Feb.)| Nov.)
Excessively dry periods, less than
.02 in. having fallen in 120
nours ... Are wa, & (Beb: 6 (Jan. Feb. (2), June,
March, as May, June, July (2)| July, Dec.)
Aug., Sept.)
!
tt
~—-
7 "ple ay , be purchased a a
Gardena, in x Sosa snd ain aoe, rg be
‘Nine a and a halt rupees in Tui and c
ce a in tthe Straits ioe ‘Federated 1
3! becomes
a rn
M ay
ee
BOTANICAL COLLECTORS, COLLECTIONS . AND
=)
oS)
—)
i)
nd
r—]
or)
peed
nfall in . the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, 1926 sent 208
&
ALAY PENINSULA
_—
* r
ty
¥
4 y 7
THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
mor. TV. AUGUST, 1927. Nos. 4 & 5
BOTANICAL COLLECTORS, COLLECTIONS AND
COLLECTING PLACES IN THE
MALAY PENINSULA.
A review of the work so far done towards a knowledge
of the plant-geography of Malaya.
By I. H. BURKILL, M.A., F.L.S.
Mr. Ridley’s Flora of the Malay Peninsula, south of
7° N. Lat. having been published and in regard to the higher
plants the taxonomic foundation having been prepared
thereby, it is appropriate that stock be taken at once of
the knowledge that we possess upon the distribution of
plants within the Peninsula. Towards that objective the
following report is a first step. It brings out no scientific
conclusions; but it indicates as concisely as possible in what
measure the parts of the Peninsula have been botanised.
A traveller touching at Penang will find in it the names
of all who have collected plants in that island, and where
their collections lie. The resident—let us say at Ipoh, but
any name will serve-—will obtain an estimate of how much
remains to be done in the collecting of information within
his circle. The administrator, who has power to direct
- collecting, will feel guided as to the way in which he can
|
- most profitably dispose his resources. The student, examin-
ing the herbaria which exist, will find in it a vade-mecum
for the interpretation of too- often inadequate labels.
The report is in three parts:—(1) the collectors—an
alphabetical list of all whose names are known to occur upon
the labels of Malayan herbarium specimens, embodying
sufficient biographical information for our purpose; (2) the
collections, under which head the whole Peninsula is con-
sidered by squares of a half-degree of latitude and longitude
—71 of them—and the work done in each set down; and (3)
the collecting places, an index to the place-names which
occur on the labels in herbaria, and at the same time an
index to part 2.
There are two maps in-the report. Upon the first the
Squares are all marked. These squares explain themselves,
except that Ja has been stretched a little to the west that
all the Butang islands may be got into it; and square 0k
has been stretched a little to the east that Pulau Aor and
.,
&
114
the islets near it may be included. A complete square of
level land has a surface of about 1,225 square miles, a large ©
area for our purpose, but to deal with subdivisions proves
impossible. Of the 71, 28 alone have the full complement —
of land: the rest are all in part of sea. ,
The first map carries a figure in each square, the figure |
being the number of plants of the orders contained in the
first volume of Mr. Ridley’s Flora *, which can be proved |
to occur within each square. Add all the figures together ~
and the total of 9,410 is obtained: but by reason of double ©
and treble records for squares, the data compressed into
the map by a very long way exceed this figure, and have |
been laborious to collect. That is why a halt has had to
be called at the end of examination of the first volume, but —
the data on the data on the map do really suffice for the
estimation of our knowledge in the form of a very approxi- |
mate percentage.
The second map graphically indicates the percentaaa )
arrived at.
The lowness of these percentages as a_ whole is
surprising. They read us a warning against hasty con-
clusions: they tell us how little we know; and that the |
square of Mount Ophir carries a figure so low as 12 and ©
the square of Gunong Tahan one so low as 18, is material
for consideration.
One more remark. The three Settlements,—Penang,
Malacca and Singapore have received considerable attention, |
and a list of the places in them whereat plants have been |
collected would be long and extend Part 3 much; but to |
make one has not seemed necessary, for collectors’ labels
in regard to them have rarely proved misleading. Village
names from these three Settlements, therefore, will only —
for special reasons + be found in the list. Good maps on a |
large scale are to be had and meet the rest of the need. |
It is evident that orderly work can be based on the
report.
In concluding these introductory remarks, Mr. Ridley,
Colonel Kelsall, Dr. Gimlette and Dr. Foxworthy must be
thanked for the kind way in which they supplied information.
* Begoniaceae had to be omitted from the count because the
specimens of the Singapore herbarium are on loan and under
elaboration in Germany.
+The majority of the special cases are where confusion may
arise because the place-name is one of frequent occurrence; the
following for instance are repeated from end to end of the Penin-
sula:—Ayer Hitam, or Black Water, Ayer Kuning, or Yellow Water, |
Bukit Putus, or the hill of the divide, Kota Baharu, or the new fort, |
Simpang Ampat, or cross roads, Tebing Tinggi or the upper bank |
(suitable for landing), Bukit Kayu Arang, or Diospyros hill, Pulai, —
or the Alstonia tree,
THE COLLECTORS.
A list as complete as possible of all whose names
appear upon the labels of Malayan
specimens in Herbaria.
Omran
116
ABRAMS, J.
A sergeant of Forest Guards, and later Forest Range
in Penang, 1888-1910, who obtained specimens f
Curtis. .
AHMED bin HASSAN.
Employed by the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 1901-
; earlier collections numbered along with Ridley’s;
and later in Burkill’s “‘Singapore Field Number” Series.
'
ALYVING, MV.
Collector employed in the Forest Department of the
Straits Settlements, 1884-18383 in Malacca, whence he
journeyed into Negri Sembilan (Sungei Ujong State)
His specimens are in the Singapore Herbarium and have
been quoted as Cantley’s Collector’s or briefly a
Cantley’s. He numbered in the field.
ANDERSON, James Webster.
An Assistant Curator in the Gardens Department
Straits Settlements, 1910-1917, during which time h
made small collections conserved at Kew and Singapore
He numbered in the field. |
ANDERSON, Thomas. (1832-1870). ? 3
A surgeon under the Government of India, and from
1860-1868, Superintendent of Royal Botanic Gardens
Calcutta. On a journey to Java in connection with
Cinchona culture, he found, in 1861, an opportunit
of collecting plants in Singapore for the Calcut
Gardens. (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 1, 392).
ANNANDALE, Thomas Nelson. (1876-1924).
Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta ano
Director of the Zoological. Survey of India. In 189%
he was attached to the Skeat Expedition, and in Januar
and February, 1916, he revisited the same regio
His collections of 1916 are in the Singapore Garden
and were numbered in the field with Singapore Field
Numbers. (Records Ind. Mus. Calcutta, 27, 1925, p. 1
ARDEN, Stanley.
Employed in the Agricultural Department (1900-190 )
He sent plants to Singapore in 1902.
ASKEY, A. M.
A ranger in the Forest Department (1906-1922).
ASKEY, J. F.
A ranger in the Forest Department (1905-1910).
cn
b
En
4
. ‘a
117
BAKER, Charles Fuller.
Professor and Dean of the College of Agriculture, Los
Banos, Philippine Islands; in 1917 on the staff of the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore; phanerogams in the
Singapore Herbarium, and fungi widely distributed.
BARNARD, Basil H. F.
In the Forest Department, 1896— , chiefly in Perak,
where he collected specimens of forest trees, etc.
BARNES, Warren Delabere. (1865-1911).
Of the Malayan Civil Service (1888-1910), and after-
wards Colonial Secretary, Hongkong: conducted an
expedition towards the mountain of Benom in 1900,
and made a collection of plants upon a subsidiary
summit. (Jour. Straits-Branch Roy. As. Soc. No. 60,
111; .p. 4).
- BAZELL, Clive.
Educational officer, stationed at Kuala Kangsar: sent
to Singapore a smail collection of plants from the
summit of Gunong’ Bubu in 1928.
BECCARI, Odoardo. (1843-1920).
Naturalist and traveller in Malaysia (1865-1880).
When in Singapore upon his way to Borneo, etc., he
collected plants. His herbarium is in Florence. (Ann.
del Mus. Civ. de Storia Nat. di Genova, Ser. 3, 9, 1921,
Dp, 242).
BECHER, H. M.
A miner who lost his life in a flood in 1893 when
exploring towards Gunong Tahan. He collected a little
about Kuala Tembeling, Pahang.
BELL, L. M.
Municipal Engineer, George Town, Penang (1904-1920)
and a member of the Committee for the management
of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang; collected on Kedah
Peak, in 1911, specimens which are at Singapore.
BELL, V. G.
_ Assistant Conservator of Forests, F.M.S. (1912- };
since 1921 Conservator of Forests, Kedah. Sent plants
from Kedah.
BEST, George Arnold.
Assistant Curator in the Gardens Department, Straits
Settlements (1921- ), collections in Singapore as
part of the ‘“ Singapore Field Number ”’ series.
BINSTEAD, Rev. Charles Herbert.
Paid a visit to Penang and Singapore in 1918 and
collected mosses,
118
BLAND, Mrs. (Laura Shelford).
Wife of R. N. Bland, Resident Councillor, Penang,
collected on the Taiping Hills in 1905 plants which are
at Singapore.
BLOW, Thomas Bates. |
Visited Singapore in 1904 and collected Characeae.
BORGES, V. P.
Extra Assistant Conservator in the Forest Department
19038-1924).
BOXALL, Richard.
Employed by the firm of Hugh Low and Co. to collect
plants of horticultural value; he visited Kedah Peak
and the Settlements about 1880.
BROOKS, Frederick Tom.
University lecturer in Botany, Cambridge. In 1914
temporarily in the Agricultural Department, and
collected around Kuala Lumpur, Province Wellesley and
elsewhere. |
BRYANT, Alfred Thomas.
Of the Malayan Civil Service (1883-1918). Collected :
‘
plants a little in the Dindings in 1890.
BURBIDGE, Frederick William. (1848-1905).
Traveller for ornamental plants in the employ of
Messrs. Veitch; visited Singapore and southern Johore
in 1877 and 1878; plants of his are at Kew. (vide
Hortus Veitchii, p. 75, and his own “Gardens of the
Sun 2’).
BURKILL, Mrs. (Ethel Maud Morrison).
Wife of the following; collected and made drawings of
Fungi for the Botanic Gardens, Singapore; numbered
in the field. |
BURKILL, Isaac Henry.
Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements (1912-1925); .
numbered in the field in a series labelled ‘“ Singapore
Field Number,” to which the whole Department and
others contributed. !
BURN-MURDOCH, Alfred M. (1868-1919).
Chief Forest Officer, afterwards Conservator of Forests,
Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, 1901-
1914; collected forest trees in many places, and in 1913
contributed to the “Singapore Field Number” series.
(Indian Forester, 40, p. 155). |
119
| (H.. C.).
A correspondent of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, who
after having been in the Moluccas, sent plants from
Penang to Roxburgh in 1798.
CANTLEY, Nathaniel. ( —1888).
Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens Singapore
(1880-1888), and of Forests (1885-1888) ; he collected
plants in 1881 which are at Kew, and after 1881, which
are in the Singapore Herbarium. Jour. Kew Guild,
1898, p. 37).
CHIPP, Thomas Ford.
Assistant Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; from
1914 to 1921, Assistant Director of Gardens, Singapore;
collected in Singapore and elsewhere, chiefly Crypto-
gams.
CLERK, C. A.
Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Federated
_ Malay States, 1910-1920. Collected in Negri Sembilan.
CRADDOCK, W. H.
Of the Burma Forest Service; worked on deputation
in the Malay Peninsula, 1902-1908, and sent Pahang
plants to Singapore.
CUBITT, George Eaton Stannard.
Conservator of Forests from 1915; specimens of forest
trees collected in various places in his departmental
herbarium and in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
CUMING, Hugh. (1791-1865).
Traveller and naturalist; visited Malacca and Singa-
pore in 1839 and perhaps Singapore in 1835, when
voyaging to and from the Philippine islands. His
Malacea herbarium specimens have often been quoted
in error as Philippine. Sets are in the herbaria at
South Kensington and Kew; he sent living orchids both
to the Calcutta Gardens and to the firm of Loddiges.
(Dict. Nat. Biogr. 13, p. 295; Merrill in Phil. Journ.
science; 30, 1926, p. 159).
CURTIS, Charles.
Superintendent of Gardens and Forests, Penang (1884-
1902) ; built up a herbarium in Penang which‘ in 1910
was incorporated into that in the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore. The numbers were put on to the specimens
_ only after study.
DALHOUSIE, the Countess of (Christina Broun).
Wife of the 9th Earl and Commander in Chief in India,
1829-1832; collected in Penang, plants which were sent
to Kew.
120
DE MORGAN, J.
A Civil Mining Engineer who made the first map of
the Perak river. He collected a few ferns on Gunong
Chabang which is over the Sungei Kerbau.
DE ZYLVA, E. R.
In the service of the Forest Department, Pahang,
1904— :
DERRY, Robert.
Assistant Superintendent of Forests, Malacca. (1885-—
1888) ; partly in Malacca, partly in Perak (1889-1903) ; ©
Assistant Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1904-1908) ; Superintendent of Gardens and Forests,
Penang (1908); Curator, Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1909-1913). In 1889 he sent plants to Kew; at various
times he collected plants which are in the Singapore
Herbarium.
DESCHAMPS, E.
Traveller; collected plants in easily accessible places
near Penang and as far as Batu Gajah in 1900 and
1901, which were given to the Calcutta Gardens.
DESHMUKH, Gopal Bhikajee.
Field Assistant to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1918-1921) ; collected in and near Singapore.
DAUD.
In Herb. Wight are plants labelled “ Singapore,
Dawood.” It is assumed that they came from a Malay
collector named Daud, perhaps through Robert Wight’s
sea-faring brother.
DAUD, see TASSIM DAUD.
DOCTORS van LEEUWEN, W.
Director of the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java;
visited the Straits Settlements in 1920 and collected
specimens chiefly cecidological, which are conserved at
Buitenzorg.
DOWN, St. Vincent B.
Merchant of Singapore and afterwards of Sarawak; for
many years on the Gardens Committee, Singapore;
collected and gave plants to the Botanic Gardens, —
Singapore. |
DRUCE, George Claridge. :
Fielding Curator, Botanic Gardens, Oxford; visited
Singapore in 1908. |
DURNFORD.
A miner of Kuantan, who collected orchids and contri-—
buted them to the Singapore Gardens in 1889. |
121
ELPHINSTONH, Sir Graeme H. D.
One of the earlier of the European planters in Perak;
collected a little on the Taiping Hills, and his plants
were given to Singapore.
ELLIS, William Gilmour.
Principal Colonial Medical Officer, Singapore; on the
Gardens Committee in 1903, and collected plants in a
few places.
ENGLER, Adoif.
Professor of Botany in the University and Director of
the Botanic Gardens, Berlin; visited Singapore and
Kuala Lumpur in 1905; collections presumably in the
Berlin Gardens.
EVANS, I. H. N.
In the Museum Department, Federated Malay States;
collected plants in many parts of Pahang in 1917, and
also elsewhere. The collections were sent to Kew.
FARQUHAR, Colonel William.
As a Major, Resident of Malacca, later the first Resident
of Singapore; employed a native to delineate the plants
of the Peninsula, and submitted these drawings to Jack
and Wallich. He climbed Mount Ophir and collected
a little on it.
FEDDERSEN, Poul.
Planter and surveyor ; collected orchids and other plants,
sending specimens to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1916—- ).
FEILDING, J. B.
At the instance of the Government of Johore in 1892
visited the foot of Mount Ophir, and several places upon
the coasts of tne State, from the Kesang river round
to the Kndau and to the islands off the latter. Part
of his journey was in the company of Lake and Kelsall,
which accounts for plants having come from both
Feilding and Kelsall from such places as Jambu Larang.
FERGUSON-DAVIE, Mrs. (Charlotte Elizabeth Hull).
Doctor of Medicine, wife of the Bishop of Singapore;
collected plants in 1921 about Fraser Hill on the Main
Range for the Singapore Gardens.
FERNANDEZ, Emanuel.
A collector employed by Griffith in Malacca while he
was in Calcutta and presumably during his first
residence in Malacca.
122
FINLAYSON, George.
Surgeon in the service of the East India Company;
naturalist on the mission to Siam of 1821—23; collected
plants which were distributed by Wallich in 1827-1832.
(Dict: Nat: Biegr. 19, p.'32).
FLEISCHER, Prof. Dr. Max.
Visited Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Penang in the
year 1898, and collected mosses.
FLIPPANCEH, Frederick.
An Assistant Curator in the Gardens Department,
Straits Settlements, 1919— ; contributed to the
“ Singapore Field Number ”’ series.
FOX, Walter.
In the service of the Gardens Department from 1878
to 1910, first in Singapore and then as Superintendent
of Gardens and Forests, Penang; collected plants for
Ridley.
FOXWORTHY, F. W.
Joined the Forest Department in 1918; collected in
many parts of the Peninsula.
FURTADO, Cajetano Xavier.
Field Assistant in the Gardens Department, Straits
Settlements, 1923- ; contributed to the “ Singapore
Field Number ”’ series.
GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPRE, Charles. (1789-1844). -
Traveller and collector; upon his second voyage round
the world, 1835-1836, he touched at Singapore, Malacca
and Penang, collecting a little, which is preserved at
the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
GIMLETTE, John D.
Surgeon in Government service, Malay States. Sent
plants from Kuala Lebir, Kelantan, to the Singapore
Gardens in 1904 and from Kota Bahru, Kelantan, from
1909.
GOLDHAM, C.
Educational Officer stationed at Ipoh and Kuala Kangsar,
where he collected orchids, and from whence he sent
specimens to Singapore.
GOODENOUGH, J. S.
Entered the Forest Service in 1888, and served in
Malacca, Singapore, and as Forest Inspector in Selangor
to 1901; collected forest trees in these places for Ridley.
3
3
128
GRIFFITH, William. (1810-1845).
Surgeon in the service of the East India Company;
appointed civil surgeon of Malacca in 1841; recalled to
take charge of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta in 1842;
returned in 1845. His herbarium is at Kew. (Dict.
Nat. Biogr. 23, p. 240).
GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, David Thomas. (1871-1915).
Professor of Botany at Reading; in 1899 attached to
the Skeat Expedition and from the southern Siamese
Malay States travelled collecting towards Kelantan.
His plants are at Kew and Cambridge. He numbered
in the field. (Proc. Linn. Soc. London for 1915-1916,
p. 61).
HAMID bin Mohd. Sah.
Forest Ranger. In Forest Department from 1907.
Collected in many parts of the Peninsula.
HANIFF, Mohamed.
Entered the Gardens Department in 1890; and has
collected in many parts of the Peninsula; later collec-
tions bear the “ Singapore Field Number ”’ series.
HASHIM bin Mohamed.
First in the Gardens Department and then Forest
Ranger in the Forest Department, 1908—
HAVILAND, George Darby. (1857-1901).
Surgeon and naturalist ; resided at Singapore as Director
of the Raffles Museum and visited the mouth of the
Pahang river in 1890 and there collected. His Pahang
collections are at Singapore. (Kew Bull. 1907, p. 197).
PAY, M..C.
In the Malayan Civil Service; stationed at Batu Pahat
in 1924, when he collected economic specimens for the
Singapore Gardens.
HENBREY, Ged
Deputy Conservator of Forests, Federated Malay States,
1905-
HENDERSON, Murray Ross.
In the Museums Department, Federated Malay States,
1921-1924; Curator of the Herbarium, Botanic Gardens,
Singapore, 1924— . He numbered in the field.
HERVEY, Dudley Francis Amelius. (1849-1911).
In the Malayan Civil Service and Resident of Malacca
(1882-1893), where he collected a herbarium which was
given to Kew,
124
HILL, Henry Charles. (1852-1903).
Indian Forest Service, 1872-1903; Inspector General of
Forests, India, 1900-1903; in 1899 deputed to report
on the forests of the Malay Peninsula, for which purpose
he travelled rapidly through the three Settlements in
turn, then from the Dindings through Perak and
Selangor, into Pahang via the Semangkok Pass to Kuala
Lipis and down the Pahang river, thence to the Kuantan
and Rompin rivers. Specimens gathered for identifi-
cation were sent by him to Singapore.
HOBSON.
In the Survey Department; collected plants near Taiping
and gave specimens to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
in 1909.
HOLMBERG, P. J.
In the Land Office, Malacea, and in 1891 in charge of
the Malacca forests, when he collected forests trees for
Ridley.
HOLTTUM, Richard Eric.
Assistant Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements,
1922- ; numbered in the “Singapore Field Number”
series.
HOSE, E. S.
Son of the following; Malayan Civil Service, and from
1924-1925, Colonial Secretary, Straits Settlements;
collected plants which are in the herbaria at Kew and
Singapore.
HOSE, the Right Reverend George Frederick. (1838-1922).
Chaplain in Malacca, 1868-1873; in Singapore, 1874—
1881; Bishop of Singapore and Sarawak, 1881-1908;
collected plants, chiefly ferns; his collection of ferns is
to be found at Kew. (Journ. Straits Br. Roy. As. Soe.
Sy Ae ee Fe
HCSE, Gertrude.
Dauczhter of the last named; collected grasses in various
parts of the Peninsula.
HOSSEUS, C. Curt.
Traveller and collector; visited the Malay Peninsula in
1904 and collected plants, which presumably are con-
served in the Botanic Gardens, Berlin.
HULLETT, Richard William. (1843-1914).
A schoolmaster in Singapore; a member of the Gardens
Committee, and once in temporary contro!; collected a_
herbarium which he gave to the Gardens,
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125
HUME, H. L.
Planter; attached to the Federated Malay States
Museums during 1921, and collected plants in the
neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur.
HUNTER, Sir William. (1755-1812).
A ship’s surgeon in the East,-1781, and in the employ
of the East India Company, 1783-1812, and author of
“Plants of Prince of Wales Island” printed in the
Journ. ptraits Branch, Roy. As. Soc. 53, p. 49. (Dict.
Nat. Biogr. 28, p. 305).
ICHEBESTA, Rev. Father.
Missionary and linguist; collected some of the plants
useful to the jungle folk of the Kedah-Perak boundary,
for the Singapore Gardens, in 1924.
ISAAC, J. S.
A clerk in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, who collected
a little there under Ridley.
JACK, William. (1795-1822).
Surgeon in the employ of the East India Company and
on the staff of Raffles; was in Penang and Singapore
in 1819; his collections were lost in the “ Fame,” but
he had sent duplicates of many to Wallich in Calcutta.
Jour, Straits.br. Roy. As..Soc. 73, 1916) p. 147).
JAGOR, F.
Traveller; author of ‘Singapore, Malacca, Java,
Reiseskizze ’ 1866. He was for three months, April
to July, 1858, in Malacca and for a much shorter time
in Singapore. His collections are apparently conserved
in Berlin.
JENSEN, Marius.
In 1901 collected plants in the neighbourhood of
Singapore and Johore, which are preserved at Copen-
hagen.
JUPP.
Miner; climbed Gunong Stong in Kelantan and collected
a few plants which he sent to Singapore.
KELSALL, Colonel J. H.
Royal Engineers; stationed as a Lieutenant in Singa-
pore, whence he made several journeys of exploration,
collecting plants for the Singapore Gardens.
_ KERR, Arthur Francis George.
Physician in the service of the Government of Siam,
and in charge of the Botanical Section, Ministry of
Commerce; collected in the Siamese Malay States, etc.
He numbered partly in the field, partly after study.
(&
126
KEUN, G. C.
Ranger in the Forest Department, 1906-1917.
KIAH bin Hadji Mohamed Salleh.
A plant collector employed in the Botanic Gardens, —
Singapore.
KING, Sir George. (1840-1909).
Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta;
sent in 1879 to Java in connection with cinchona culture;
collected in Singapore, Johore, Malacca and Penang;
plants at Calcutta. (Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1908-09,
Dida: |
KINSEY, W. E.
Assistant and afterwards Deputy Conservator of
Forests, Negri Sembilan (1907-— ); collected forest
trees.
KLOSS, C. Boden.
In 1903 and 1907 on the staff of the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore; then in the Museums Department, Federated
Malay States; Director of Raffles Museum, 1923-— :
collected plants in many places which are largely at
Kew and also in the Singapore Herbarium.
KNIGHT, Valentine.
An assistant in the Raffles Museum, Singapore (1902-—
1922) who collected a little.
KUNSTLER, Hermann.
Collector employed by the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta from 1880-1886 chiefly in Perak. Many of
his plants are labelled “ King’s Collector.” Some of
his Kinta collections were mislabelled in Calcutta
“Larut ” and some of his 1886 collections were got in
the State of Selangor, but mislabelled “ Perak.” He
numbered after partial study.
KURZ, Sulpiz. (1833 ?—1878).
Employed by the Dutch Government in dave and then
(1864-1878) by the Government of India in the Botanic
Gardens, Calcutta; in 1863 collected a little in Singapore.
His collections are conserved in the Calcutta Gardens.
LAKE, Harry.
Miner and surveyor; explored Johore and with Kelsall
in 1892 made a crossing of it from east to west, collect-
ing on the way for the Singapore Gardens.
LEDOUX, J. A.
Planter of Kota Tinggi, in Zetiaut from the neighbour-
hood of which he collected plants and sent them to |
the Singapore herharium in 1910 and subsequently,
127
LEWIS, T. |
Assistant Resident Councillor, Penang; a friend of
Griffith to whom he sent plants from Penang.
LIM BOON KENG, the Hon’ble Dr.
A member of. the Gardens Committee, Singapore,
coliected a little in Singapore.
LOBB, Thomas. (1820-1894).
Employed by the firm of Messrs. Veitch (18438-1860)
to collect plants of horticultural value; collected also
dried plants, but these, which were sold in sets after
determination, often bear incorrect localities. It is
thought that the majority of the Malayan plants were
got in Penang. (Hortus Veitchii, p. 41). |
BONG, F. R.
In charge of the Hill Garden, Taiping (1908-1910) and
from the hills he sent a collection of plants to Singapore.
LOW, Sir Hugh.
Resident of Perak (1877-1889), during which period he
collected a little, sending his plants to Kew, and he
encouraged collecting by others. See Agri. Bull., Straits
and Federated Malay States, Vol. 4, p. 239.
LOW, Lieutenant-Colonel James. ( —1852).
In the Madras Army, and later in civil charge of
Province Wellesley; author of “ A Dissertation on the
Soil and Agriculture of Penang.” He collected a few
plants which are at Kew. (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 34, p. 183).
MACHADO, Alfred Dent. ( —1910).
Miner, then for a short time (1902-1903) on the staff
of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and later a planter
in Perak and again in Singapore. He made several
small collections which are conserved at Singapore.
McGILL, Captain Hilton.
At sea, and later a planter in Kelantan (1904-1913),
where he collected plants for Ridley.
McNAIR, Major John Frederick Adolphus. ( —1910).
Colonial Engineer, Straits Settlements; author of a
report on Singapore timbers; collected specimens of
timber trees in Penang for Cantley, when, in 1881-1882,
he was officiating as Lieutenant-Governor of Penang.
MAIN, T. Wilson.
In charge of the Hill Garden, Taiping in 1907 and
Assistant Curator, Singapore Gardens, 1908-1910.
128
MAINGAY, Alexander Carroll. (1826-1869).
Army Surgeon, and from 1862-1867 in charge of the
jail in Malacea, where he collected vigorously. His
herbarium and notes on plants are at Kew. (Trans. —
Bot. Gard. Edinb. 11, p. 36).
‘é MAT.”
A plant collector in Singapore (1888-1897), who visited
Gunong Pulai and accompanied Beeker up the Tahan
river.
MATTHEW, Charles Geekie.
Fleet-Surgeon; visited the Straits Settlements in 1904
and 1913, and collected ferns.
MILLS, G. R.
Planter; sent plants to Singapore from Batu Gajah in —
1925 and subsequently.
MILSUM, John Noel.
In the Agricultural Department (1914— ); collected
plants which are at Kew.
MITCHELL, A. S.
Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Federated
Malay States, 1907—
MITCHELL, F. J.
Ranger in the Forest Department (1915-1922).
MOHAMED NUR bin MOHAMED GHOSE.
Employed in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore from 1913;
collected in many parts of the Peninsula.
MOLLER, Hjalmar.
Visited Java in 1897 and when returning to Europe in
the month of September collected mosses in Singapore
and Penang.
MOORHOUSE, S. W.
In the Forest Department, Negri Sembilan, 1903-190 .
He collected rotans for the Singapore Herbarium.
MOTLEY, James.
A miner engaged in Borneo (1852-1859); found an
opportunity of collecting a little in Singapore.
E. Barbour acquired the collections which he made to —
1854, and sent them to Kew. (Journ. Straits Branch
Roy. As. Soc. 79, 1918, p. 37).
MURTON, Henry James.
Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Singapore (1872- |
1882) ; collected vigorously and sent specimens to Kew, —
but destroyed what he had retained in Singapore.
129
NANSON, William.
A lawyer of Singapore; interested in orchids, specimens
of which he supplied to the Singapore Gardens.
NAPIER, Sir Walter J.
A lawyer of Singapore and Attorney General (1908—-
1909) ; on the Gardens Committee; collected plants for
the Gardens from different places.
NEAL, G. E.
In the Forest Department (1911-1924) ; collected speci-
mens of forest trees in Pahang.
NEWBOLD, T. J.. ( ye
Of the Madras Army, author of “A Political and
Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the
Straits of Malacca,” 1839; transmitted plants from the
summit of Mt. Ophir to Wallich in Calcutta.
NGADIMAN bin HADJI ISMAIL.
A plant collector employed in 1924— in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore.
NINGHUL.
A collector employed by Griffith; the editor of Griffith’s
“Posthumous Papers,” spelling the name in various
ways, took it to be a place name.
NONGCHI.
Employed as a gardener by His Highness the Sultan of
Johore; in 1892 sent plants to the Singapore Gardens.
NORRIS, Sir William.
Recorder of Penang; a friend of Griffith, to whom he
sent plants. Griffith’s herbarium came to Kew, and
Norris’ own fern collection also reached Kew.
O’HARA, G. M.
In the Forest Department (1905- )
O’HARA, V.
In the Forest Department (1912-1926).
OXLEY, Thomas.
Surgeon and finally Senior Surgeon in the Straits
Settlements ( —1857) ; interested in economic plants,
especially in Gutta-percha trees. About 1843 he sent
plants from Malacca to Voigt in Bengal, at the moment
when the East India Company had ordered the con-
struction of a new herbarium in the Calcutta Botanic
Gardens, evidently to replace what Wallich had just
dispersed. He was said to possess a herbarium of
1,000-1,200 specimens in 1845. He climbed Mount
Ophir in January, 1839 or 1840, and again in 1848, and
sent plants to Kew from 1848 to 1852.
130
PEARS, Francis.
A planter of Johore who collected a little in the Muar
valley in 1899.
PENNEY, F. Gordon.
In the Malayan Civil Service (1876-1906 or 1907) ; sent
Pahang plants to Singapore in 1902.
PERRY, G. E.
Sent plants to the Singapore Gardens in 1920.
PHILLIPS, P.
Deputy Conservator of Forests, Federated Malay States,
1896-15925, collected in Pahang.
PHILLIPS, William Edward. ( —1850).
For a long time in the service of the East India Company
in Penang, and from 1819-1826 Governor; collected
plants and gave them to Wallich, and also gave a
collection to the Horticultural Society in London, which
was passed on to Kew. (vide Jour. Malayan Branch
Roy. As. Soc. N.S. 1, 1928, p. 8).
PINWILL, W. S. C.
A correspondent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
who sent thither a few plants from Malacca.
PORTER, George.
A member of the gardening staff of the East India
Company’s Garden at Calcutta, who accompanied
Wallich to Singapore in 1822 and elected to remain
in Penang, where he became a schoolmaster, and was
put in charge of a Botanic Garden; he collected and
sent plants to Wallich.
RACIBORSKI, Maryan.
Professor and Director of the Botanic Gardens,
Lemberg, Galicia; collected in Singapore in 1899 upon
his way from Java and sent plants to Kew.
RIDLEY, Henry Nicholas.
Director of Gardens and Forests, Straits Settlements
(1888-1900) ; Director of Gardens (1901-1912); did
not number in the field, but upon study. |
ROBERTSON-GLASGOW, Charles Ponsonby. ( —about @ |
1900). |
Visited Singapore and Perak in 1898 and collected fungi _
chiefly, which were sent to Kew; but the greater part
of his collection seems. to have been lost upon his death.
ROBINSON, Herbert C. *
In charge of the Museum, Kuala Lumpur, then Director a
of Museums, Federated Malay States (1909-1925), —
collected and organised collecting, sending his collections
chiefly to Kew,
131
ROSTADOS, E.
Miner and planter ; collected plants about Bundi in South
Trengganu in 1904 and sent them to Singapore.
ROXBURGH, William.
A son of William Roxburgh, the first Superintendent
of the East India Company’s Botanic Garden in
Calcutta; collected living and dried plants for his
father, in Penang, in 1802.
SANDERSON, A. R.
Sent plants to the Singapore Gardens in 1920.
SANDS, William Norman.
In the Agricultural Department (1920- ); gave
specimens in 1924 to the Singapore Gardens.
SCHIFFNER, Prof. Victor.
Of the University of Vienna; collected mosses in Penang
and Singapore in November 1893. (Ges. zur Forderung
Deutsch. Wissensch., Mitt. II).
SCHLECHTER, Dr. Rudolf. (1872-1925).
Of Berlin; travelled through Malaysia in 1901 collecting
in February, between Penang and Singapore.
SCHOMBURGK, Sir Robert Hermann. (1804-1864).
Appointed British Consul in Bangkok in 1857, and on
the way thither collected plants in Singapore which
were sent to Kew. (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 50, p. 487).
SCORTECHINI, Rev. Father Benedetto. ( —1886).
A missionary who came to Taiping from Australia in
1882; he collected diligently until his death, but
considerably neglected to label his specimens. The
collection went to Calcutta. In several places his name
is wrongly given as Bertold, as for instance in Oberonia
Bertoldi, King. (Rev. Mycol. 9; 1887, p. 123).
[SCOTT, John. (18388 ?-1880).
Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, is
credited in books with collecting in Penang; but probably
what he did was to cultivate plants brought to Calcutta
from Penang by T. Anderson and others].
SEIMUND, E.
In the Museums Department, Federated Malay States;
collected plants for H. C. Robinson.
SKEAT, Walter.
Of the Malayan Civil Service; ee in 1899 a
scientific expedition, which collected in the north of
the Peninsula. The plants collected on the expedition
are at Kew and Cambridge.
132
SMITH, Christopher. ( —1806).
Employed by the East India Company to introduce
valuable plants into Penang (1796-1806), and from
Penang he sent plants to the Gardens in Calcutta.
SMITH, Mrs. (Dr. Eryl).
Wife of Dr. Malcolm Smith in the service of the Govern-
ment of Siam; collected plants at Fraser Hill, upon the
Main Range in 1922.
SOUTH, F. W.
Sent plants to the Singapore Gardens in 1920.
STEPHENS, Arthur Bligh. (1855-1909).
Planter and then Forest Officer, Perak, later called
Deputy Conservator of Forests (1897-1909) ; collected
forest trees in Perak.
STEVENS, Hrolf Vaughan. /( —1897).
Ethnologist: collected specimens of the useful plants
of the wild tribes in Trengganu, which are conserved
in Singapore. (Zeitschr. fur Ethnologie, 29, p. 235).
See Wilkinson, Papers on Malay Subjects, Supplement
(1910) : The Aboriginal Tribes, pp. 3—5.
STOLICZKA, Ferdinand. (1838-1874).
Geologist in the employ of the Government of India;
visited and collected in Penang and Singapore in August,
1869. (Memoir in Scient. Res. Second Yarkand Mission,
1886).
STRESEMANN, Dr. E.
A zoologist of the second Freiburger Molucca Expedi-
tion, 1910-1911, who took opportunity of visiting the
main range of the Peninsula from Tapah and collected
mosses.
The initials “G. T.” (perhaps G. I.), together with the
locality Singapore and the date December 1845, occur
upon the label of a specimen in the herbarium of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to which has been added
“G. Thomson.” Who the collector was is unknown.
Certainly it was not Dr. Gideow Thompson of Madras.
TASSIM DAUD.
Employed in the Singapore Gardens (1886-1895).
TENISON-WOODS, Rev. Julian Edmund.
A geologist, who visited Perak from Australia in 1884
and botanised with Scortechini.
133
VENNING, Alfred Reid. ( —1908).
In the Malayan Civil Service (1893-1908); when
Secretary to the Resident, Perak (1900-1903), residing
in Taiping he collected plants which are conserved in
Singapore.
VERAPHA.
A native collector employed by Griffith. The Editor of
Griffith’s “ Posthumous Papers ”’ mistook his name for
a place name and spelled it in more than one way.
VESTERDAL, A. P. N.
Planter of southern Johore, where he collected plants
and supplied specimens to the Singapore Herbarium in
1917. It is believed that he sent further collections to
Copenhagen.
WALKER, Colonel George Warren. ( —1844).
Collected in Penang and Singapore about 1837 plants
which are at Kew and in the Natural History Museum,
S. Kensington.
WALLACE, Alfred Russel. (1823-1918).
Naturalist; visited Singapore and Malacca in 1854,
making zoological studies, and collected plants in con-
nection therewith. He ascended Mount Ophir in July
or August of that year. (“ My Life,” in two volumes,
London, 1905).
WALLICH, Nathaniel. (1786-1854).
The second Superintendent of the East India Company’s
Botanic Garden in Calcutta (1815-1846) ; visited the
Straits in 1822 and collected much in Singapore and a
little in Penang. His collections were'part of the
Company’s Herbarium distributed in 1828-1832. (Dict.
Nat: Biogr: 59, p. 1385).
WATSON, J. G.
At first in the Agricultural Department and then a
Forest Officer in the Peninsula (1913- ), in which
capacity he collected in Johore and elsewhere.
WAWRA von FERNSEEH, the Ritter Heinrich.
Surgeon in the Austrian Navy; travelled round the
world in attendance upon two German princes and
collected on brief visits to Singapore and Penang. His
collections were listed in 1883-1888 in his “ Itinera
principum S. Coburgi, Die botanische Ausbeute von
der Reisen ihrer Hoheiten der Prinxen von Sachsen-
Coburg-Gotha.”’
WERNER, Dr. E.
Visited Penang in 1907 and a part of the mainland
which he calls “the hills of the Sakai,” collecting a
few mosses.
134
WESTERHOUT (probably J. B., Assistant Resident of
Malacca).
A friend of Griffith, who brought plants to him.
Werte. 2?
Chaplain of Singapore about 1841; collected plants and
gave them to Cantor.
WIGHT.
A brother of the botanist, R. Wight. He visited Malacca
and collected a few plants for him.
WILLIAMS, G.
Planter of Siliau in Negri Siritilan, where he studied
orchids.
WINKLER, Hubert.
Professor of the University of Breslau; visited Singa-
pore and Gunong Angsi in 1908, and collected plants
which are preserved at Breslau.
WOLFERSTAN, Littleton Edward Pipe.
Of the Malayan Civil Service (1889-191 ); collected
plants in the Dindings when stationed there in 1900.
WOOLDRIDGE, Theo. A.
Of Penang about 1893, collected living orchids through
native agents.
WRAY, Leonard.
Superintendent of the Hill Garden, Taiping, 1881, and
Curator of the Perak State Museum, 1883-1908,
Director of Museums, Federated Malay States, 1905-
1908; he made a considerable herbarium, which was
worked up in Calcutta, where a complete set may be.
The part he retained is now in Singapore. His father
of the same baptismal name, resided in the Peninsula;
therefore he commonly appended “ junior ” to his name.
YAPP, Richard Henry.
Professor of Botany, Birmingham University; in 1899
attached to the Skeat Expedition. His plants are at
Kew and at Cambridge.
YEOB ABDUL RAHIM.
In Forest Department, Federated Malay States, and
later in Johore. Collected extensively i in various ‘parts
of the Peninsula, 1916—-
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THE COLLECTIONS.
A statement of the collecting done in all the parts
of the Malay Peninsula south of the seventh
degree north, considered by squares of
thirty minutes, as upon the
map preceding.
136
SQUARE 1a.
All the land in this square is Siamese, and is partly
insular, partly peninsular. For convenience a liberty has
been taken in extending the square westward :a slight
distance in order that all the islands of the Butang group
should be brought within it. Thus extended it comprises
from west to east Pulau Rawei, Pulau Adang, Pulau Tengah,
the considerable Pulau Terutau, and many attendant islets;
along with about 500 square miles of the Siamese adminis-
trative circle of Puket (State of Setul). It is recorded of
this Siamese province that in 1780 it had ricefields back
to twenty miles from the coast and plenty of cattle.
The western islands have been visited by one botanist
only, and each for no more than a day or two. This was
in the year 1911 when Ridley went successively to Pulau
Rawei (April 20th-—21st), Pulau Adang (April 21st), Pulau
Nipis (April 22nd), and Pulau Tengah (April 23rd). An
account of the visit is to be found in the Journal of the
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 61, p. 45.
The island of Terutau has been visited several times.
Curtis was there in the months of July and August, 1888,
touching on this occasion only at Telok Wau (misprinted
Noh) which is upon the south coast and for a few hours ~—
only (Rep. Forests, 8.S. for 1888, appendix F). He visited
Terutau again in July 1889 (Rep. Botanic Gardens for 1889,
p. 18). In March, 1892 he reached Terutau for the third
time, and in February, 1899, for the fourth. Then in
November, 1901, he voyaged, as he records (Rep. Botanic |
Gardens for 1901, p. 21), fifteen miles further north than
he had been upon any of the earlier expeditions, and visited
the islet of Pulau Hujong Duri which is not remote from
the Siamese coast of the Peninsula. In 1905 Fox visited
Terutau, the month being October (Rep. Botanic Gardens
for 1905 p. 9) and in 1906, in August, Mohamed Haniff
was there. The last named was there again in 1915 on
October 20th at Telok Udang. In November and again in ©
December, 1916, Robinson touched the island at Telok Wau. |
In 1915 Haniff and Mohamed Nur on November 16th
visited Telok Wau, and on November 19th, Telok Udang.
All the visits have been short, often of only a few hours
when the purpose was the obtaining of plants of horticul-
tural value, such as Impatiens mirabilis: and the Botany is —
therefore very inadequately known. |
The Botany of the mainland is altogether unknown. :
The map prefixed to this report indicates that from
among the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae we can attribute 73
species to the square against 205 from Langkawi and 796 |
for the square containing Penang. The number recorded for
Penang suggests that only about one in ten or ten per cent. } |
;|
137
of the plants native to the islands has as yet been collected
_inthem. The outer islands have been visited in April only:
Terutau has been visited in March, July, October and Novem-
ber: and except Pulau Hujong Duri, only on the southern
coast where it can be reached easily by a short crossing
from the bays of the north of Langkawi island. Timber
working was commenced on Pulau Adang about 1990, but
arrested by malaria.
SQUARE 2a.
This square contains almost its full complement of
nearly 1,300 square miles, of land, most of it being Siamese,
—part of the Siamese administrative circle of Puket: the
rest is in the State of Perlis.
It contains the port of Setul to which Ridley went by sea
in 1910, spending the days from March 10th to 16th there
(vide Jour. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 59, p. 47).
A year earlier Haniff had been there for living plants.
Ridley’s locality Bukit Raja Wang is near Setul, and he paid
especial attention to such limestone hills in the neighbour-
hood as Batu Bunga, and Batu Berjongkong. Just pre-
viously, Ridley had entered the square from the south at
Ginting Kabok on March Ist. In May 1919, Kerr on an
enforced halt at Padang Besar collected a few plants.
The extent to which botanising has been done in the
| square is thus seen to be very small, and the months of the
| visits March and May, so that of plants vigorous during the
_ rains there is no knowledge. The map shows a record of
53 species; and as the sum total existing must be in excess
of what is found in Penang we appear to know only 5 per
cent. of the plants of the square.
SQUARE 8a is in Siam and is quite unknown botani-
cally. Parts of the Siamese Malay States of Sawngkla and
Tepa enter into it.
SQUARE 4a.
This square is wholly Siamese. The land surface in
it is of about 1,100 square miles, a little being in the Siamese
Malay State of Tepa, within the Administrative Circle of
_ Sritamarat, and the rest being in the States of Nawng-Chik,
| Tani, Jering, Jalor and Rahman, lying within the Adminis-
| trative Circle of Pattani.
Gwynne-Vaughan and Annandale, with Skeat, collected
_ at Tani town and Nawng-Chik on the lower Sungei Pattani
in April and May, 1899, and then went south into the State
of Jalor to Biserat and 1 alor town, climbing Bukit Jalor and
Bukit Besar (called by the Siamese Kala kiri) which reaches
4g 000 feet, Bukit Tapang and the limestone hill of Bukit
| Gowa. Thence they went into square 4b.
138
In February 1916 Annandale revisited some of these
places. Gwynne-Vaughan’s collections were divided between
Kew and Cambridge and his field notes are at Kew.
?
Kerr in July, 1923 travelled collecting through ae
square from north to south parallel to the Pattani river,
and returned a month later down the river. In September, ©
1923, he collected on Bukit Besar.
Craib has published part of the results of Kerr’s
collecting in his Florae Siamensis Enumeratio; but the
whole is not available yet. The names which it has been
possible to collect for the purpose of the map which prefaces
this report number 36 only. But with mountains rising to
3,000 feet, the number of species occurring in the square
cannot be less than occur in Penang, and is probably more
by several hundreds, so that making allowance for the
unpublished Disciflorae and Calyciflorae of Kerr’s collection,
the percentage of Phanerogams collected in 4a may be
estimated at eight. These have been collected in the months
’ of February, April, July and August.
SQUARE 5a.
This is made up of parts of the Siamese Malay States
of Jering, Sai and Rahman,—all within the Administrative
Circle of Pattani.
Down collected a few plants in 1900 at the mouth of
the Telubin river: and except for these, the botany of the
square is wholly unknown.
SQUARE 1b.
This square is wholly insular, and consists as regards
land of the Langkawi islands (Kedah State). There are but
five miles of sea between the north coast of Langkawi proper,
and the south coast of Terutau in square Ja. The mountain
of Gunong Raya in Langkawi rises to 2,388 feet; and the
islands are all very rugged, with limestone and granite
formations intermixed. The islands had a considerable
population prior to 1821, in which the Siamese laid them
waste. Of recent years there has been considerable working
of timber. Gunong Raya was visited by Curtis in February,
1890, and was climbed to the summit by Haniff and Mohamed
Nur on November 13th, 1921. The list of botanical visits
to Langkawi and the neighbouring islands is as follows:—
1888, Curtis in July spent four days at Kuala Malaka —
and Telaya Tujoh (Seven Wells).
1889, Curtis spent five days botanising on the islets.
1890, in February, Curtis, after collecting on the island
of Dayang Bunting visited Langkawi proper and climbed
139
Gunong Raya and Gunong Chindrang. Dates upon her-
barium labels indicate that he returned again in September
for a few days.
1892, in April, Curtis spent a few days in the islands.
One of the places visited upon this occasion was Pulau Nior
Stali which is upon the south-west of Pulau Dayang Bunting.
1897, Ridley and Curtis visited Langkawi together in
the month of February.
1899, in February, Curtis after a visit to Terutau in
square ia, returned to Kuala Kuah for a few days and
botanised upon the islets within easy reach.
1900, Haniff spent a fortnight in Langkawi in September
much handicapped in collecting by the weather.
1901, Curtis in the month of November spent three days
in Langkawi proper. Again he visited Pulau Nior Stali.
1904, Fox in December visited Langkawi.
1905, Fox revisited Langkawi in October, and went
forward to Terutau.
1906, Haniff visited Langkawi in August.
1911, Ridley in April collected for two days about
Burau, Telaya Tujoh and Pulau Segai.
1914, Haniff in September visited the Langkawi group
and collected at Tasek Enak, Telok Siun, Kuala Burau and
on Pulau Lidi.
1916, Robinson and Seimund used the opportunity of a
zoological expedition for collecting plants in November and
December and into January 1917, chiefly on the island of
Dayang Bunting.
1921, Haniff and Mohamed Nur from November 14th
to 27th collected on Pulau Segai, Pulau Chupak, Pulau
Ampak, Pulau Lidi, at Tasek Enak, Telok Siun, Kuala Burau,
Telok Datai, Temoyang, Penarak, Bukit Selat Panchur,
Tanjong Neru, Telok Apau, Goa Chirita and Ayer Hangat.
1925, Holttum in August collected on Pulau Langkawi
and Pulau Dayang Bunting.
The list appears long: yet the total number of
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae collected, as given on the map,
is only 205. Now the Langkawi group cannot carry fewer
species than Penang; and probably carries more on account
of its varied rock formations. It is therefore estimated that
in spite of the long list of visits we know not more than
25 per cent. of the plants which occur. The more effective
botanisings have been done in the months of November and
December: smaller collections have been made in February,
140
April, July, August and September. The limestone has
perhaps received more attention than the other rock forma-
tions.
SQUARE 2b.
This square comprises the State of Perlis and a_part
of the State of Kedah, in all about 750 square miles. There —
is much rice- cultivation in it, a very large part of which
is old. In 1821 the Siamese laid waste the land, and much
went out of cultivation, to be resumed only after a consider- —
able interval, but to be extended in no small measure during
the last peaceful half-century. In 1821 Penang was depen-
dent for its rice upon these Kedah fields, and suffered greatly —
in consequence of their devastation.
As the eastern margin of the square is east of the Alor
Sta-Singgora road, all that has been collected along this —
road comes from within the square. Ridley having spent
the period from February 23rd to 26th, 1910, about Alor
Sta and on Bukit Pinang, traversed it on February 27th,
proceeding to Perlis: Burkill and Haniff on March 19th, 1924
also collected along it, northward as far as Asun.
Ridley collected from February 27th to March 9th, 1910 ;
round Kangsar, and particularly where limestone occurs in
the neighbourhood, e.g. at Tebing Tinggi, Bukit Lagi and ~
Bukit Besih Hangat; and he also collected at Bukit Telor
Jambu and at Chupeng (vide Jour. Straits Branch, Roy.
Asiatic Soc., No. 59, p. 27).
In the year 1881 in May Kunstler visited Kedah. It
has never been quite clear to what places he went; but from |
the labels on his specimens it is clear that he reached the
country from Penang and it would assuredly be by sea.
Now among the specirhens which he collected and labelled —
“ Quedah ” is a plant, which, strictly confined to limestone,
can be got easily on Gunong Geriang near Alor Sta. These
two observations leave the supposition that he went to
Alor Sta quite probable.
The limestone hill just named was visited by Curtis for
one day in 1889, and by Fox in 1904 (Report Botanic Gardens ~
for 1904 where the name is misprinted Grenong), also by ©
Ridley when at Alor Sta in 1910 and by Haniff in November
1914. Alor Sta was visited by Burkill and Haniff from
March 16th to 20th, 1924, on which occasion collecting was
done about Kuala Kedah, Anak Bukit, Kepala Batas, and
Langgar. Haniff, who had collected at Alor Sta in Novem- —
ber 1915, was there again in April, 1918 and April, 1924,
each time for a few days. In November 1915 he proceedec
from Alor Sta northwards to Bukit Wang and Jenum; and
in March 1924, he visited Bukit Tunjang. s
Zl :
g
’
J
141
The result of this work, as far as the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae are concerned, is a list of 150 species, and as
_ the square is likely to contain as Many as square 2d (within
which is Penang), it may be that 18 per cent. of the plants
of it are recorded.
The vegetation of the rains is almost unknown; and
except for Haniff’s work the hills have not been explored.
SQUARE 3b.
This square is wholly of land, three quarters of it being
in the State of Kedah, and the rest in the Siamese Malay
States of Tepa and Jalor.
Except thet Burkill and Haniff on March 17th, 1924,
_made an expedition from Alor Sta into the square nearly
_as far as Nerang, no collecting has been done in it.
SQUARE 4b.
This square is wholly of land. A very small part of
it is in the State of Kedah: the rest is in the Siamese
administrative circle of Pattani being parts of the Siamese
Malay States of Jalor, Rahman and Legeh.
In April or May, 1899, Gwynne-Vaughan visited Kota
Bahru and Bukit Sembilan near to it, both being in the
State of Rahman; and thence they passed into square 5b.
In July, 1923, Kerr traversed the square from north to south
_ parallel to, and west of the Pattani river, and a month later
_ descended the river. Kerr’s collections are being worked
out by Craib, and will increase the number of Species of
-Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded from the square to well
above the figure of 27 as given on the map.
The square is full of high mountains and must possess
-arich flora. If it is half as rich again as Penang and if
- the second part of Craib’s Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
doubles the figure on the map, then we know its Phanero- -
_ gamic vegetation to the extent of upward of 5 per cent.
SQUARE 5b.
There are about 1,000 square miles of Siamese land in
; this square, being part of the Siamese Administrative Circle
of Pattani, and of the States of Legeh and Sai.
In April or May, 1899, Gwynne-Vaughan visited
Tremangan and Belimbing in the State of Legeh and
collected a few plants. In July, 1923, Kerr collected for four
or five days between Tanjong Mas and the Telubin river;
Bukit Railway Station at which he collected is in this square.
On the map 11 plants are assigned to the square, the
flora of which is thereby demonstrated as all but unknown.
142
SQUARE 6b.
This square contains only about 380 square miles of
land, a small part of it being in Siam (Pattani circle), and
the rest being in the plains around Kota Bahru in the State
of Kelantan. | !
On August 24th, 1889, Ridley spent a few hours 3
collecting at a place called Kamposa, which has ceased to
exist; it was near to the mouth of the Kelantan river (see
Jour. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 20, p. 87). The
neighbourhood was revisited by him in 1917, when he stayed
for a week at Kota Bahru. In 1899, Yapp, who had joined
the Skeat expedition, collected about Kota Bahru between ;
September 2Sth and October 10th, and he collected also at 5
Kuala Essam which is close to the southern margin of the —
Square. Gimlette, during several years of work at Kota ©
Bahru, commencing in 1909, collected plants with an
economic interest. Bagan estate, where McGill collected, —
is on the right bank of the Kelantan river about twelve ©
miles above Kota Bahru. =
The species recorded for the square, which on account t
of cultivation has a flora poor in numbers, are as regards
the Thalamifiorae-Calyciflorae 51, or perhaps upwards of
five per cent.
“aig aebits
SQUARE 2c.
There are only about 350 square miles of land in this ©
square, consisting of the coast of Kedah from near Kota —
Sarang Semut to the coast of Province Wellesley near Ayer —
Tawar, with rice fields behind a large part of it, but with ©
Kedah Peak or Gunong Jerai rising about midway between
the north and south limits to 3,978 feet. :
As in square 2), so in this square the Siamese invasion ~
of Kedah in 1821 sent most of the rice land to waste. It
was recovered slowly, and enterprise in irrigation of latter —
years has extended it.
Thomas Lobb, Veitch’s collector (there were two
brothers of this surname who collected for that firm of —
horticulturists) climbed Kedah Peak in 1845 (see Hortus —
Veitchii, 1906, p. 42), and the dried plants obtained by him —
were named, made up into sets and sold; but the localities —
sadly intermixed before they were issued. Lieutenant-—
Colonel James Low, when in charge of Province Weilesley ©
at some date before 1867 climbed the Peak and sent plants
collected there to Kew. Sir Hugh Low, when Resident at
Taiping, also climbed the Peak, taking with him Boxall,
collector for his family’s firm of Hugh Low and Co.
in 1876 Murton made an expedition to it.
he addressed upon his return to the Gardens Commi
Singapore, is no longer to be found; but in his report 0
the Government Botanic Gardens for 1876, it is referr
143
a
to and called an expedition “to Quedah, Penang and the
neighbouring States.” He sent the plants which he obtained
_ to Kew; and it is evident that he reached the foot of Kedah
Peak.
In 1893 Ridley landed at Yan and ascended the Peak
from that village, remaining six days upon the mountain.
The month of this journey was June.
In March, 1911, Bell and Haniff climbed the mountain
_ from Gurun upon the landward side; and this line of ascent
has now become the usual one.
In 1915 Robinson and Kloss collected 200 specimens in
the months of November and December upon the upper
part of the mountain. In the same year in November Haniff
spent two days on it, again three days in August 1919,
and two days in February, 1920. MHolttum and Haniff in
April, 1925 spent four days on it, collecting chiefiy near
the summit.
So much for the mountain: next for the plains. At
Gurun, whence the road ascends Kedah Peak, Burkill and
Haniff collected in transit in March, 1924, and at Kota Sarang
Semut. Ridley collected at Yan on the expedition mentioned
above, the month being June. When upon their way to
Yan, driven by weather to take shelter, he and Curtis spent
a day on Pulau Songsong: from Yan Curtis returned to
Penang.
3 Finlayson in 1821 visited the Kuala Muda in January,
and in the same month of the year 1918, Burkill collected
down the south bank of the Muda river from Pinang
Tunggal to Dusun Gajah. Burkill and Haniff visited Sungei
Patani town in March, 1924.
The map shows only 142 species of the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae, against 796 for the square containing Penang
island. Yet Kedah Peak, with a greater height than the
highest of the hills in Penang island, should contain a richer
flora. It seems possible that we know but 14 per cent. of
the Phanerogamic plants of the square: and it is clear that
much more attention should be directed to Kedah Peak.
SQUARE 2e.
This square consists entirely of land: and most of it is
in the state of Kedah. Except that the road between Sungei
Patani and Alor Sta for a short distance near Bedong runs
| within the western margin of the square and that Burkill
__and Haniff collected a few plants there in March, 1924; and
but for the collecting by Father Ichebesta near Baling of
a few plants economic to the Negritos, nothing whatsoever
is known of the Botany of the square.
144
SQUARE 4e.
There is a small part of the State of Kedah within this
square, a considerable part of the Siamese Malay State of
Rahman, and a large part of the northern marches of Perak.
In January, 1922, Flippance col’ected a few plants near
Klian Intan which is close to the western margin. Betong
is not remote, but within Siam: and there Kerr collected
both in August, 1923, and March, 1925. Kerr’s August
expedition ended on Gunong Ina also called Gunong Titi ~
Basah which is upon the Siam-Perak boundary.
The figure for this square upon the map is only 23:
but this needs to be doubled in order to allow for the incre-
ment to our knowledge which will come when Craib publishes
his further determinations of Kerr’s plants. The square is
one of mountains, and undoubtedly has a very rich flora.
It contains a curiously abrupt and altogether unstudied peak
in Gunong' Kendrong. It also contains quite a considerable
amount of deforested land. Probably our knowledge of its
flora does not exceed four per cent.
SQUARE 5e.
One-third of this square is part of the Siamese
Administrative Circle of Pattani being part of the State
of Legeh the other two-thirds is part of the State of Perak.
In the years 1892 and 1893 Machado was employed at
the Tomo Gold Mines, and around Tomo he collected plants
which he sent to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
The square is one of mountains and dense forests with
so rich a flora that Machado’s contribution scarcely gives
us knowledge of say two per cent. of the flora.
SQUARE 6c.
This square is almost entirely of land, and except for
a small part of the State of Trengganu is in the State of
Kelantan. The Kelantan river is formed just within its
southern limit by the junction of the rivers Lebir and Galas.
The name Lebir is here applied as upon the official maps.
Between 1903 and 1909 Gimlette was stationed at Kuala
Lebir and there he collected economic plants which he sent
to the Botanic Garden, Singapore (e.g. vide Report on the
Gardens for 1904)..
In 1923 Haniff and Mohamed Nur ascended the Kelantan
and Lebir rivers. Of their collecting places Riverside was
reached on January 20th, and Kuala Krai on the next day.
Kuala Krai is almost identical with Kuala Lebir. At Kuala
Krai a halt was made of five days and Bukit Temangan was
visited. Kuala Krai was revisited on the return journey
upon February 14th.
—_— eee
ahs
145
The map shows 94 species for this square and judging
thereby we can now record perhaps ten per cent. of the
plants occurring in it.
SQUARE 7c.
This square consists of about 700 square miles of the
State of Trengganu. Botanically it is entirely unknown.
SQUARE 8c.
In this square are about 30 square miles of the State
of Trengganu and some islands including the island of Great
Redang with Pulau Pinang sheltering under it.
These islands were visited by Yapp between October
14th and 19th, 1899, and the few plants collected in them
are preserved at Kew.
SQUARE 2d.
This square contains the island of Penang, and, with
it, the greater part of the Province Wellesley and a part
of the Krian district of the State of Perak. Penang island
has an area of 107 square miles and about 2,000 Phanero-
gams have been collected in it. The highest hill-top is
2,722 feet.
The island passed into the control of the Honourable
East India Company in 1786, and was then wooded from
shore to summits. Light and his company in three ships
anchored at the point where Georgetown now is, and began
clearing the woods of Calophyllum which was there: and
this was followed by a kind of race for possession of the
land behind: wherein ‘‘ those who cleared the most..,....
were deemed the most meritorious.” The progressive spread
of this clearing is recorded in Logan’s Journal No. 2, p. 174.
Rapidly the land was denuded of its good timber back
to the foot of the hilis, all in the hope of great prosperity
from its fertility ; and in about 1800 a new town was planned
called St. James’ upon the Sungei Keluang which was to
rival Georgetown or the original settlement. It failed,
because the agricultural prosperity did not come at its
making, and it had not the support of commerce.
War rendered a look-out on the hill-tops desirable; and
therefore a road was made to what is now called Government
hill, but then Flagstaff Hill. This road, finished in 1802
or 1803, made possible a considerable amount of destruction
in the hill-forests. But it came slowly: indeed not in a great
measure till the forests, when, what with charcoal burning
and what with desultory pepper-growing, clearing extended
to the very summits, provoking a protest which may be
read in Logan’s Journal, 2, p. 534. When the Straits Forest
Department was created in 18838, the deterioration of the
146
timber-growth had become very marked. Even where ex-
tensive fellings did not occur, good timber was removed
in such an excessive measure as to change the nature of
the forest. Burn-Murdoch in his: Annual Forest Adminis-
tration Report for 1902 called attention to the still necessary
need of letting the forests recuperate.
There is reason to believe that many plants common in
Penang in 1786 are rare now in consequence of the change
in the covering of the land, and that one or two, formerly
present, no longer exist upon the island.
Christopher Smith was the first with any botanical
knowledge to visit the island. He was employed by the
East India Company to raise nutmegs, cloves and other
spice trees in the Moluccas and to send them to Penang.
When the young trees had arrived in considerable numbers,
the Governor asked that Smith be sent to see to their
planting and so he came to Penang in the year 1796: and
from Penang sent plants of the island to Roxburgh in
Calcutta. A collection of drawings which he made is in
the British Museum of Natural History.
Roxburgh had another correspondent in Penang who
had likewise been in the Moluccas. He is denoted in
Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis by his initials—H.C. And
he had in 1802, a third,—his own son William, who in the
months of May, June, July and August of that year
collected dried plants, and sent or took them to Calcutta
along with living plants for growth in the Company’s garden.
In that year also, a surgeon upon the Madras staff, Sir
William Hunter, found himself in Penang; and there he drew
up an account of the plants of the island, which after
remaining a century in manuscript in the British Museum,
was printed in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, No. 538, pp. 49-127. He too sent
plants to Roxburgh. His often mentioned “‘Soongey Clooan”’
is the Sungei Keluang at Rihlau or St. James’.
In the year 1819 another surgeon in the Company’s
Service, William Jack in the train of Raffles reached Penang.
He was there from December 31st, 1818 to May 22nd, 1819.
His letters to Wallich in Calcutta, describing his botanisings
in Penang, were printed in the Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 73, pp. 151-238, and the
plants which he is known to have collected are listed on
pp. 241-268. Unfortunately he died young, and his valuable
collections were burned in the destruction of the East-
Indiaman “ Fame.”
In the end of 1821 a mission from India reached Penang
upon its way to the further East; and as naturalist on this
mission was the surgeon George Finlayson. From Decem-
ber 11th to January 5th of the next year Finlayson collected
147
in Penang: and the plants which he obtained went finally
into the large East India herbarium distributed by Wallich
between 1828 and 1832. Unfortunately it seems that some
of Finlayson’s specimens are mis-localised. Raffles edited
his diary under the title ‘‘The mission to Siam and Hue
in the years 1821-22” (London 1826).
Later in the latter year came to Penang Wallich,
Roxburgh’s successor as Superintendent of the Company’s
Garden in Culcutta, and with him was George Porter, head-
overseer of the Garden, both seeking health. Wallich
collected in Penang in the months of August and November,
—in the first on the way to Singapore; in the second as
he returned to Calcutta; but Porter elected to remain in the
island, and was given a post of schoolmaster, together with,
in 1823, the charge of a small experimental garden at Ayer
EKtam, not that once under Christopher Smith, but a plot
nearby. Porter continued to collect for Wallich.
Wallich’s and Porter’s plants were distributed like
Finlayson’s between 1828 and 1832 by Wallich from London.
Over these years W. E. Phillips was Lieutenant-
Governor of Penang. He put up and befriended Finlayson:
he helped Wallich and doubtless brought about Porter’s
appointment. He collected plants himself, remitting them
to Wallich and, it is said, later to Kew. In the year 1824
_he presented a collection to the newly founded Horticultural
Society of London, which perhaps represents his own
herbarium: and these are now at Kew.
In 1830 Colonel George Warren Walker was stationed
in Penang; and he collected plants. Between 1829 and 1832
Lady Dalhousie, wife of the 9th Earl, collected ferns in
Penang for Sir William Hooker. In 1837 Gaudichaud upon
+ his second voyage round the world touched at Penang. The
voyage was conducted with great rapidity and Gaudichaud’s
opportunities for collecting were few: but one may be sure
that he used them to the full. In 1845 on his way to Malacca
Griffith spent in Penang the first few days of that year fatal
to him and collected. He had two friends and correspondents
in Penang who sent plants to him. One was Sir William
Norris, the Recorder, the other the Assistant Resident
. ection, T. Lewis. The first named also sent plants to
cew.
In 1845 Thomas Lobb, who has been mentioned as
having climbed Kedah Peak, collected in Penang. The
remark already made in regard to the untrustworthiness of
his localities unfortunately applies to his Penang plants,
as to the others.
| In 1857 the traveller Sir Robert Schomburgk was
appointed British consul in Bangkok and on his voyage
148
thither he touched at and collected in Penang, sending his
collections to Kew.
Between 1853 and 1868 Maingay, then Magistrate in 4
charge of the Jail in Malacca found occasion to visit Penang
and collected a little. F
In 1873 Wawra spent a day or two in the month of
February collecting in Penang. His collections are enu- ©
nerated in his /tinera principum S. Coburgi (Vienna, 1883—
1888).
In 1869 Stoliczka collected a few plants in the island.
In 1879 Sir George King upon his way between Calcutta
and Java collected in Penang. This was in the months of
August and November. After his return to Calcutta he
engaged as a collector Kunstler; and we find that the latter —
was in Penang in April, 1881 and August and September, —
1883. Hullett of the Education service in Singapore found
an occasion of collecting in Penang. 7
In 1881 Major McNair, Colonial Engineer of the Straits —
Settlements, then acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang,
collected and sent to Cantley in Singapore specimens of the ;
important timber trees of the island (Cantley’s Report on ;
the Forests of the Straits Settlements, appendix E, 1883).
The need of the forests brought about the continuous
botanising of Penang under the administration of Cantley,
Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. It was
obviously impossible for Cantley from Singapore to super- —
vise forest operations closely in Penang, and therefore as
local forest officer Curtis was appointed with a considerable
amount of independence from his superior. He reached —
Penang in July, 1884; and at once commenced to collect —
information upon the constitution of his forests, building —
up in Penang his own herbarium, while Cantley was building ~
another in Singapore. He corresponded independently with —
Kew and with Calcutta, and produced in 1894 his “ Catalogue —
of the Flowering plants and Ferns growing wild in the
island of Penang.” But he also subsequently entered as
regards the determination of herbarium material into close ©
relations with Ridley.
Curtis used his subordinates for watching for the
flowering of forest trees; and often his labels carry the
information that a forest guard had brought the specimen in.
J. Abrams was one of his subordinates. >
The Penang herbarium for very sound administrative —
reasons was amalgamated with the Singapore herbarium
in 1910.
Curtis left Penang in the year 1902; and was succeeded ~
by Fox until 1910. Upon the Gardens staff under both and ~
after both was Mohamed Haniff. Fox and Haniff have added ‘
;
‘a ,.
s
149
not a little to our knowledge of the island. Haniff’s Mount
Erskine is not the Mount Erskine of the maps, but Mount
Olivia where Erskine once lived. In December, 1900, and
forward to March, 1901, a traveller E. Deschamps visited
Penang, and made a small collection of plants which was
presented to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta. Visits
of inspection took Ridley at intervals to Penang during the
whole of his service; and more or less regular quarterly
visits took Burkill from 1913 to 1924. They collected there
and so also did Mohamed Nur of the staff of their depart-
ment. Matthew in 1913 collected ferns in Penang. In
addition several Forest Rangers have collected of resent
years for the reference herbarium of the Conservator of
Forests.
This completes the enumeration of botanists of Penang.
The following paragraphs concern Province Wellesley.
It was in 1800 that Province Wellesley came under the
administration of Penang, having at the time the scanty
population of twenty souls per square mile, and therefore
clad in forests. In the next year a Siamese invasion of
Kedah gave it settlers, who, driven from their homes, cleared
auch of the northern part. This northern part differs from
the southern in possessing many lines of sandy parallel
sea-beaches which afforded excellent village sites; whereas
the sea has had to be kept out by embankments from the
lowlands of the southern parts. The north thus became
setttled by Malays, and rendered to Penang what Penang
had hoped for before its acquisition, namely grazing lands
and ricelands. Clearing therefore advanced in the northern
half, back from the sea-front as far as the conditions
extended of alternating old sea-beach and hollows, that is,
of permatang and sawah. But the south of the Province
passed into the hands of men with means enough to do
the large drainage works demanded,—men who made sugar
estates. Forest by these operations was pushed out of the
square with which we are dealing; and when in 1883
Reserves were created in Province Wellesley, they were of
necessity so far eastward as to be in square 3d. At that
time an experimental plantation was made at Kubang Ulu
(since 1923 in the charge of the Agricultural Department).
The care of this plantation and of the forest reserves in
square 3d frequently took Curtis and Ridley into the Pro-
vince and inspection of coconut estates not infrequently took
Burkill thither for a day at a time. In 1881 in April
Kunstler paid a visit. Under these circumstances a fair
amount of information has been gathered on the Higher
plants. In the year 1894 Bishop Hose collected Pteridophyta
which are now preserved at Kew.
The hill of Bukit Mertajam rises to 1,700 feet, and is
within the square. It is interesting that it carries at least
150
one plant absent from Penang island. It was botanised on
by Ridley in and by Burkill and Haniff on October
8th, 1922. But the area of forest left upon its top is small,
and has been much cut over.
The small part of the district of Krian to the south of
Province Wellesley, which lies within the limits of this
square, has never been collected in.
The map which prefaces this report shows a record of
796 plants of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae for the square;
and experience teaches that very few are likely to be added.
The square is therefore used as a standard to indicate how
many species may be expected in an area of this latitude
*: about 600 square miles and rising to a little above 2,000
eet.
SQUARE 324d.
The half of this square is in the State of Perak, the
. rest in the State of Kedah and consisting of the eastern
border of Province Wellesley towards Kedah. Within this
eastern border is the Forest Reserve of Tasek Gelugor, now
in the process of passing over to agricultural land, and there
was the reserve at Ara Kudah, which was given over to
agriculture in 1902. Visits to these two reserves took
Cantley and Curtis into the square in November, 1885, and
Sine many subsequent occasions, as well as Ridley and
urkill.
Expeditions just a little wider and so extending into
the State of Kedah were made by Burkill to Lunas in
December, 1913, Haniff to Kulim in June, 1917, Burkill and
Haniff to near Padang Sarai in September, 1921; and further
in 1910 Haniff visited Gunong Bongsu.
Northern Perak has received more attention. It
happened that political events in 1879 caused the early
opening up of the Selama district, and this opening up
enabied the botanists encouraged by Sir Hugh Low to collect
in it. One of these was Scortechini who has left a number |
of specimens labelled Ijok, and who, it seems also reached
Gunong Inas, a mountain which rises to 5,898 feet. His
locality quoted as Abu Selama appears to be rightly Ulu
Selama.
Gunong Inas was reached by Wray in 1892 and by Yapp
in 1899. Wray’s visit was in the month of May, Yapp’s in
December. Both travelled by the Selama river. Yapp was
at Selama village from November 27th to 29th, and on the
upper part of the mountain from December 6th to 24th. In
returning he collected at Sira Rimau on December 26th and
to January 4th; and he also collected at a locality called
“coffee plantation” which is between Sira Rimau and
Selama. Northwards of Gunong Inas is Gunong Bintang
151
which exceeds 6,000 feet. It was visited by Kunstler in
June, 1880, and by Kloss in June, 1917.
In the lowlands upon the southern limit of the square
is the Pondok Tanjong Forest Reserve. Forest officers as
Burn-Murdoch and Barnard have collected in it, and it was
visited by Haniff and Burkill on March 25th, 1924. West
of this is the developed agricultural area round Bagan Serai,
botanically unknown except for a few plants collected by
Burkill and Haniff in March, 1924.
The eastern slopes of the Bintang-Inas range come into
the square, but are unknown except where in the extreme
south-eastern corner of the square the Kuala Kangsar-Grik
road passes through Durian Pipit and Kota Tampan and
Lenggong. Ridley traversed this road in July 1909 and
Burkill and Haniff in June 1924. At Lenggong are limestone
cliffs whereupon Ahmed bin Hassan, Ridley’s collector,
obtained interesting plants (Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 57, p. 5).
The number of plants of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
collected in the square, as the map shows, is 149, which
seems to indicate that 12 per cent. of the flora is known.
No part of the square is well known: and a full study of
the mountains would have results of great interest.
SQUARE 4d.
Upper Perak makes the greater part of this square,
in fact, except for an unknown bit of Pahang, the whole.
Wray was in Upper Perak in August 1885 when he
visited the Kenering river, and in May of the year 1889.
He was in Upper Perak again in 1905, collecting upon the
Kenering River in the month of April. In he was on
the Piah River.
In the year 1909 Robinson and Kloss made a zoological
expedition to Temengor which is right in the centre of the
Square: and Ridley accompanied them. He reached Grik
on July 4th and proceeded to Temengor by elephant,
collected upon the Sungei Kertai and pushed up the
Temengor river for a day’s journey. After collecting
diligently there but under considerable difficulties from the
unhealthiness of the country he returned by river to Kuala
Kendrong (not Kuala Kenering as is by inadvertence printed
in the account of the expedition) and so to Grik again
on July 29th. (Journ. Straits Branch, Roy. Asiatic Soc.,
mo. 57, p. 5).
In 1924 Burkill and Haniff were at Grik from July 16th
to 21st, collecting there, and also in coming and going at
the following places along the road to Kuala Kangsar:
Kenering, Lawin and Sungei Kulim.
152
It is important to observe that all the collecting in Upper
Perak has been done over the months from April to July;
and useful to recollect that over at least a part of this period
there is a lull in the flowering of the vegetation which makes
collecting relatively unremunerative. The count of the
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae known from the square gives 179,
which assuming that square 3d. and 4d. are equally rich
gives 15 as the percentage that is known.
The climate and perhaps also past conditions encourage
bamboos, which are rather conspicuously present in the wide
forests.
SQUARE 5d.
This square is astride the Main Range and is half in
the State of Perak and half in the State of Kelantan. No
part of it is botanically known except the interesting
mountain of Gunong Stong in Kelantan upon its eastern
limit. Gunong Stong is of granite with a very abrupt cap
of metamorphosed limestone.
Jupp climbed it in the month of 191 , and sent
a few plants from the summit to Singapore. Mohamed Nur
when accompanying Foxworthy from Kuala Lipis in Pahang
to Kelantan in 1924, climbed it on March 5th to 7th. The
small figure for the square given on the map shows that
for every part of the square, not excluding Gunong Stong,
there is an unworked field.
SQUARE 6d.
Except for the eastern edge which is in Trengganu,
this square is in the State of Kelantan. It is made up of
two valley-systems, that of the Galas river and that of the
Lebir river, which will be considered in this order.
Galas valley—Down collected a few plants upon a
prospecting expedition up the Galas river. In 1924, between
February 22nd and March lst, Mohamed Nur, attached to
that expedition of Foxworthy which is mentioned above,
collected at a series of places down the course of the river,
e.g., Kuala Sameh, Sungei Renong and Kuala Limau Nipis.
Lebir valley—In 1899 when Skeat was making his
attempt to ascend Gunong Tahan from the north (Journ.
Federated Malay States Museums, 3, p. 77) Yapp accom-
panied him as far as Kuala Aring (where the Aring river
enters the Lebir river), and remained at this place from
August 16th to September, 26th, collecting. In 1917 for
half the month of February, Ridley resided upon the
Channing Estate, which is upon the last reaches of the
Lebir river before its junction with the Galas. His locality
Jeram Panjang is on the Lebir just above the estate. In
1923, Haniff and Mohamed Nur entered this square from
the north on January 26th and collected up the river
153
successively at the following places: Kuala Endong, Temiang,
Kuala Rek, Telok Lalu, Bukit Papan, Kampong Kobang,
Kuala Relai, and Kampong Parit. They passed out of the
square southwards on January 31st; but descended the river
again ten days later.
The number of species of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
recorded on the map is only 39, and except for the small
collection of Yapp, all were got in January and February.
The vegetation must be quite as rich in species as that of
the last two squares and assuming the similarity, 39 may
be considered as indicating a knowledge of two per cent.
SQUARE 7d.
This square is in the State of Trengganu and botanically
unknown.
SQUARE 8d.
This square consists of rather over 400 square miles
of the State of Trengganu. In it is Trengganu town.
Thither Ridley was taken on August 22nd, 1889, and con-
trived to get one day’s collecting on the Island of Pulau
Ketam and near the town. (Journ. Straits Branch, Roy.
Asiatic Soc., No. 20, p. 86). Yapp from October 11th to
13th, 1899 and from October 20th to November 4th was in
Trengganu and collected near the town and at Kuala Ibar
to the south of it. Holttum visited Trengganu town in May
1925, visiting the island of Pulau Kapas and ascending the
river to Kuala Berang. The neighbourhood contains vastly
deteriorated forests and shows a great deal of the inter-
ference of man. Of its flora our stock of knowledge is but
very little; perhaps two per cent.
SQUARE 2e.
There are but 60 square miles of land in this square,
being a small area of the State of Perak between Kuala
Kurau and Kuala Gula. It consists of mangrove forest with
rice land behind it; and without any doubt the number of
species which can be found is a very small one. But as
yet no plant is recorded, except generically.
SQUARE 32e.
There are nearly 1,200 square miles of land in this
square, entirely in the State of Perak. The town of Taiping
is almost central, and has been the place from which botanical
exploration has been done.
As early as 1875 the Botanic Gardens, Singapore were
in touch with officers interested in promoting agriculture
from Taiping; and when in 1877 Sir Hugh Low was trans-
ferred from Borneo to serve as Resident at Taiping his
interest in plants caused him to take every opportunity for
furthering botanic exploration. In 1877 Murton was sent
154
to him that he might report upon the extensive damage that
had been done in the State by Malays and more particularly
by Dyaks exploiting its resources in gutta-percha. Reaching
Taiping in October, he climbed the hills on the east of the
town, and collected plants, mostly living, which were
dispatched for cultivation to Singapore; then he crossed the
Gapis pass and went to Kuala Kangsar, whence he proceeded
on to the slopes of Gunong Bubu, climbing to the summit.
He returned to Singapore in December, reporting on his
tour in an account which was printed in the Government
Gazette for February 22nd, 1878.
In this same year, the coffee-leaf disease extended so
greatly its hold upon the plantations in Ceylon as to cause
something approaching a panic, during which certain
planters of enterprise removed to Perak in the hope of
carrying on where the disease, which in Ceylon they could
not avoid, had not spread. These men opened new land
near the Gapis pass, where already the Government had
established experimental plantations, in the Trong district,
and in parts of Perak in square 4f. One of the earliest of
these men was Sir Graeme H. D. Elphinstone, who collected
plants a little near the Gapis pass in 1884 or the following
years. In 1881 Sir Hugh Low himself collected specimens
of forest trees, and sent them to Cantley who happened at
the time to be at Kew. In 1882 Sir George King’s collector
Kunstler, who had a free hand so long as he did good work,
established his centre at Taiping; and up to February 1886
he spent the major part of each year collecting from Taiping
material to which he attached notes of considerable value.
When Kunstler sent plants from Gopeng in square 4f, Larut
labels were used for them, and this seems to have led to a
few erroneous records for Larut. In the same year (1882)
Scortechini proceeded to Taiping on a visit, which culminated
only with his death in 1886. Scortechini neglected the
labelling of his specimens and it is difficult to ascertain
whither he travelled from Taiping. In March, 1883, Kunstler
ascended Gunong Bubu to the summit. In 1884, in May,
Scortechini did the same, accompanying Tenison-Woods,
whose mission was geologic. There is an account of this
ascent in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, No. 14, p. 1, from which it is evident that
it was made from the north-east side via Gunong Arang
Para where the house known as the Hermitage was situated.
On his labels Scortechini calls this hill Gunong Haram or
Gunong Haram Para. Other labels upon Scortechini’s plants
show that, confining ourselves to localities within square
3e, he botanised about Batu Kurau, on Caulfield’s hill, Ulu
Kangsar and Kuala Kangsar.
From 1881 to 1908 Wray was stationed in or near
Taiping, first as Superintendent of the Hill-gardens and then ~
155
as Curator of the Perak State Museum and as Director of
Museums, Federated Malay States. He accumulated a con-
siderable herbarium during this period, referring for naming
his specimens to Sir George King in Calcutta. Naturally
the greater part of what he gathered came from this square,
and we find on-his labels the names of places such as Tupai,
Batu Tugoh, Kota or Kampong Kota, Simpang, Blanda
Mabok, Matang, Trong, Changkat Jering, Bukit Gantang,
Matang Jambu which are all relatively near to Taiping.
Wray ascended Gunong Bubu in March, 1890.
It was in 1885 that Curtis found the first occasion for
a visit into this square; then in company with Cantley in
the month of January, he ascended Gunong Bubu, Gunong
Pondok and the Taiping hills. What happened to the collec-
tion made is not clear, except that the living plants went
into cultivation at Penang. Curtis visited Taiping again
in September, 1889, in May, 1890, in October, 1892, in July,
1898, in June, 1897, in October, 1900, and in December, 1901
—short visits all; but all used for the collecting of specimens.
The visit of October 1900 is described in an appendix to
the Annual Report on the Botanic Gardens for that year.
In 1887 he visited Hermitage Hill, and then the Waterloo
Estate and Kuala Kangsar, and returning cut a way from
the Waterloo Estate to the top of the Taiping hills in three
days (appendix to Forest Report for 1887, p. 9).
Ridley paid his first visit to Taiping in March, 1891.
He was there again in February and March, 1892, and visited
Kuala Kangsar. He was there afterwards in June, 1893,
in December, 1902, February 1904, and August 1909.
Collecting was done on these occasions upon the hills over
the town.
A forest department was formed in Perak in 1897, and
A. B. Stevens appointed in charge of it. He was succeeded
in 1908 by Barnard. These collected forest trees in various
places: and in more recent years other forest officers as
Burn-Murdoch, Foxworthy, V. O’Hara, and Borges have
done the same. Naturally the attention of forest officers
is directed towards particular forests and in square 3e has
been largely towards the coastal mangroves, to which the
following names are given: Singa islands, Sungei Limau,
Trong and Telok Kertang.
In of before 1889 Hervey collected a little in the
neighbourhood of Taiping. In 1898 Robertson-Glasgow
visited and collected on the Gapis pass. In 1899 in October
Fox collected at Taiping. In the years 1899, 1900 and 1902
Derry who was stationed at Kuala Kangsar collected a little.
In 1901 or 1902 Venning collected a little at Taiping.
_ In 1904 Bishop Hose and Miss Hose collected plants,
chiefly grasses, about Taiping town. In 1905 Mrs. Bland
stayed for a short time at Taiping and collected. Sir Walter
156
Napier did the same in 190 . In 1909 Kloss collected upon
the hills during a visit paid in May, and in the same year
Long, who was stationed there collected and sent to Kew
a bundle of specimens. In 1911 James W. Anderson paid
a visit to the Taiping hills and collected. In 1913 Matthew
collected ferns at and near Taiping. Burkill found an oppor-
tunity of a few days collecting in July, 1913 at Kuala
Kangsar, when plants were got as well at Lubok Merbau and
with Haniff for a fortnight in February on the Taiping hills,
and a few days on two separate occasions in June at Kuala
Kangsar, when plants were got as well at Lubok Merbau and
on the limestone cliffs of Gunong Pondok.
Haniff had been on the Taiping hills on several previous
occasions: first he was there with Mohamed Nur in the
month of February, 1917 for eight days. In May, 1917 he
was at Taiping and at that Ayer Kuning which is near
Taiping. In October, 1923 he ascended the Taiping hills.
In May, 1924 he was at Taiping and at Batu Kurau, and he
was at Kuala Kangsar both in September, 1924 and January,
1925. Kota Lama and Lubok Kerbau are localities which
were visited upon these two occasions.
Henderson was stationed in Taiping from December,
1921 to March, 19238 and collected chiefly at low levels.
Burkill collected at Batu Hampar on the edge of the
Dindings on March 38rd, 1914.
The neighbourhood of Taiping has been deemed suffi-
ciently worked for a list to be prepared of its plants (Gardens
Bulletin 3, p. 303). If the reader will turn to the map he
will observe that 957 species of the Thalamiflorae-Calycifiorae
are recorded for the square; most of these are from the
hills over Taiping. This number is greater by 161 than
the number for the square 2d, a circumstance which must
be ascribed not to more thorough working, but to the greater
elevation of the Taiping hills and to the greater variety of
vegetation thus produced; for it is indubitable that Taiping
is not so well worked as Penang: but thanks to Kunstler’s
long stay it has been worked in every season. An estimate
of the percentage of the total number of Phanerogams now
known to exist in the square must at present partake con-
siderably of a guess, but is probably somewhere between
60 and 70. There are differences indicated between the
east and west faces of the Taiping hills which require
working out.
SQUARE 4e.
This square is astride the Main Range of the Peninsula,
extending into the three states of Perak and Kelantan and
Pahang. It is hilly throughout; but the higher hills have
been little studied. The following statement commences
157
with collections made in the lower ground, and from the
north proceeds southwards.
The Plus river which is upon the northern limit of the
square was visited by Wray in November, 1905, and he
states that he collected to the headwaters. Burn-Murdoch *
collected a few plants in the Plus and Chior reserves in 1912;
his Sungei Njing is in the first and his Gunong Berekeh is
in the second. Salak was visited by Haniff and Mohamed
Nur in December, 1920, and so also Sungei Siput for three
days; and Burkill visited Sungei Siput for one day in
September, 1920. Near to this place is the Kamuning estate
which was visited by Curtis in July or August, 1898, and
by Ridley in February, 1894; and where Machado lived for
a short while, collecting a small number of specimens.
Ipoh was visited by Curtis in the last days of the year
1895, and in July, 1898, when he collected about the town
and southwards towards to Menglembu. Ridley, taking
leave in October, 1898, collected about Ipoh and to the summit
of Gunong Keledang and at Telok Pinang. He was again
at Ipoh in January, 1921. Burkill spent eleven days at
Ipoh in August, 1916, July and November, 1917, and Septem-
ber, 1920, collecting upon all sides of the town and largely
upon the limestone cliffs of Tambun and of Gunong Rapat
and upon those close to Ipoh town; he also collected towards
Lahat. Burkill and Haniff spent another five days at Ipoh
in June, 1924, when collecting was done largely upon the
limestone cliffs of Ampang.
Goldham, an educational officer, collected a few living
plants about Ipoh which were examined by Ridley.
Sungei Raya is upon the southern limit of the square.
At it Kunstler collected in October, 1880; and from it Burkill
and Haniff in June, 1924, procured by the agency of a bomoh
a small collection of medicinal plants.
In the squtre is Gunong Korbu, the second highest peak
in the Malay Peninsula. It reaches 7,160 feet. It was
ascended by Barnard and Haniff by way of the Korbu river
and Gunong Yong Blar and Gunong Bal in the month of
May, 1909; but the facilities for collecting were poor, the
forest at the time also particularly flowerless. In 1914
Robinson stationed a party of Dyak collectors upon the
mountain at 5,000 feet, who from the end of February to
the end of March collected between 3,000 feet and the
oot. (Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums,
me 43). a
The map shows for this square 195 plants of the
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae. But the square cannot be less
rich in species than square 3e; and if the estimate for 3e
is right, then our knowledge of 4e is but 13 to 15 per cent.
* We have seen in herbaria these specimens mis-labelled “ Selangor.”
158
It is evident thus how little the expeditions to Gunong Korbu —
achieved in proportion to the work left for others—and
Gunong Korbu is only one mountain of the many high ones
in the square. Ridley collecting upon the lower hill of
Gunong Keledang revealed several species of considerable
interest.
SQUARE 5e.
This square is partly in the State of Kelantan and partly
in the State of Pahang. Foxworthy’s journey in February,
1924, from Kuala Lipis into Kelantan took him through the
square; and Mohamed Nur who was attached to the expedi-
tion collected successively at Mesa, Bukit Jelatah, Goa
Kechapi, Sungei Yu, Sungei Kaloh and Sungei Merapoh
which are between the railway station of Chega Perah and
the Kelantan boundary: then after that at Pulai, Kuala
Kerteh, Batu Papan, Batu Bau, and Goa Panjang. No other
collecting has been done in the square; and it must be stated
of it that it is botanically almost unknown.
SQUARE 6e.
This square has in it, rather towards its southern limit, ©
the mountain of Gunong Tahan, than which there is no —
higher in the Malay Peninsula. It reaches 7,186 feet. The
boundary between the states of Kelantan and Pahang runs
over it. Attempts have been made to climb it from the
north, but no collecting was done on them. The credit of
finding a way to the top, from the southern side, belongs
to Robinson, who has had a part in all three collecting
expeditions made to it.
In the year 1905 Wray and Robinson set out for Gunong
Tahan in the month of May, and together reached the mid
slopes, when Wray, by reason of illness was forced to return.
Robinson continued and spent June and July collecting on
the upper slopes (Journal of the Linnean Society of London,
Botany, 38, p. 301). In 1911 Robinson and Kloss went
together to the mountain and Ridley accompanied them.
Reaching 3,000 feet on July 6th, collecting was commenced
by Ridley and done in a remarkably complete way. The
return was made in August (Journal of the Federated Malay
States Museums, 6, p. 127). In 1922 Robinson, who had
established a semi-permanent camp upon the mountain
undertook to direct two of the staff of the Botanic Gardens —
Department upon it; and Haniff and Mohamed Nur pro-
ceeded thither. They collected for twelve days in June,
demonstrating how very thoroughly Ridley had collected
before them.
All these ascents of Gunong Tahan were made by the —
Teku river: and along it collecting has naturally been done. .
159
Upon the north of Gunong Tahan in February, 1923,
Haniff and Mohamed Nur collected along the course of the
Lebir river at Kuala Pertang, Kelumpur, Kuala Bedong,
Kuala Manis, Lala Terlong, and Bator Kelantan, on the
18th of February, 1924, Mohamed Nur collected at Goa
Ninneh, which he reached from Pulai upon the upper course
of the Galas river.
The map shows that only 126 species of the
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae are known from the square. It is
a small number, and possibly only five per cent. of the whole
flora. It is disappointing that we know nothing of the
plants of Gunong Tahan which do not flower in the months
of June and July: in fact we know really very little of the
flora of the mountain.
SQUARE 7e.
This square is distributed between the three States of
Trengganu, Kelantan and Pahang. Botanically it is quite
unknown. :
SQUARE 8e.
There are about 1,200 square miles of land in this
square, all in the State of Trengganu, and quite unknown
botanically.
SQUARE 2f.
_ This square contains the west coast of the Peninsula
from just north of the Bruas river to just beyond the Perak
river. It is therefore partly in the Dindings, and mainly
in the State of Perak. The land surface is about 900 square
miles. The forests of the Dindings are but little disturbed
and contain fine timber, while inland is the large Bruas or
Blanja forest reserve.
The Dutch had a fort on Pangkor island for receiving
tin, of which we are told that in 1688 it possessed not a
yard of cultivation, but that the forest pressed upon it.
(Dampier’s Voyages, 2, 1699, p. 174). Then and afterwards
Ships would touch at the coast in its neighbourhood for
refreshing—for water or for new masts and spars, etc.:
and from his ship touching there on January 9th, 1822,
for some simple need, Finlayson was able to collect a few
plants. But after Finlayson no one botanised in the Dindings
until the forest wealth was protected, except that Scortechini
paid a short visit in July 1884.
. On January 19th 1888 Curtis seems first to have
commenced his charge: then he spent six days at Pangkor,
about Lumut, Rajah Itam and elsewhere (S.S. Government
Gazette in March, 1888). He was on Pangkor island, at
Telok Sera, on the Bruas river, up to Pengkalan Bahru, at
Tanjong Burong, on Gunong Tunggal, at Tanjong Hantu,
Simpit, Sungei Puyu, etc.,* between July 7th and 14th of
_ * Tanjong Gol is on certain records said to be in Perak: that is a
mistake. It is the western end of Singapore Island.
160
the same year (Appendix to Forest Report for 1888). He
was at Lumut again in November, 1889, and so on. Ridley
and Curtis were together in the Dindings in February, 1892,
and thence forward annually until 1900. In July of that
year Hill and Curtis were together through the Dindings.
After this date occurred Burn-Murdoch’s visits to the
Dindings and to the Bruas reserve. Burkill was at Lumut
and at Pengkalan Bahru in the commencement of March,
1914.
Off the coast are the Sembilan Islands: they are all
small. Ridley and Curtis visited them together in 1892;
E. 8S. Hose visited them in 1918 and Kloss visited the largest
of them, Pulau Rembia by name, in May, 1916. Seimund
collected on Pulau Rembia in November, 1918, and on Pulau
Lallang in November and December, 1925.
Telok Anson town is upon the very margin of the
square. Kunstler collected a little at it when proceeding
into the interior. Scortechini visited Telok Anson in August,
1886, and probably at other times. When stationed there,
EK. 8S. Hose collected in the countryside. In 1924 Haniff
spent a week there in the end of September. The following
localities near Telok Anson are upon their labels and within
the square :—Kota Stia, Pulau Tiga and Pasir Panjang Ulu.
Largely as a result of collecting in the Dindings, the
number of Thalamiflorae-Calycifiorae known from the square
is, as recorded on the map, 288. The rest of the square has
furnished little. It is not a mountainous square, and perhaps
we can name 380 per cent. of the species occurring in it.
SQUARE 4f. *
This square contains the Kinta valley and the greater
part of the Main Range to the east of it. The valley has
suffered extensive degradation of its covering, both on
account of clearing and on account of flooding by streams
surcharged by silt. The change is not by any means all of
the last half century, for Daly who surveyed it in 1874
has left it on record how relatively easy his work was on
account of the removal of so much of the forest canopy.
However, there are some extensive reserved forests within
the square; and the mountains are densely forested.
Batu Gajah is close to the northern limit of the square,
and from its neighbourhood Burkill and Haniff collected in
the end of June, 1924. East of Batu Gajah and equally
——
* The locality “ Limbo Hills ” occurs in the Materials for a Flora
of the Malay Peninsula. For it read limestone hills.
161
near to the northern margin of the square is the mining
centre of Gopeng which place is connected by road south-
wards with Kuala Depang, Kampar and through Chan-
deriang with Tapah. These places received early attention
when the country was opened up. In the year 1880, in the
month of September, Kunstler went to Gopeng and remained
there or near by at Kota Bahru and Kampar until the end
of the year. The first European plantations were then being
made on Gunong Bujong Malaka and about Kuala Depang.
In 1881, in November, Kunstler paid another visit to
Gopeng, and he paid a third in 1883, spending then the
months of June to August there. His locality Gunong Mesah
is a hill a few miles to the south of Gopeng.
In April, 1885, Scortechini appears to have visited
Gopeng. In July he returned to it again from Taiping and
ascended the neighbouring parts of the Main Range. After
that he was prostrated by fever, and took the voyage to
Calcutta in a vain effort to shake it off. Discovering in
Calcutta how extensive were Kunstler’s collections, he agreed
to pool his efforts at writing a flora with Sir George King’s;
but he died in the next year.
In August of the same year Kunstler worked in the
Batang Padang district, and upon lower slopes of Gunong
Batu Puteh.
Curtis made an extended journey in 1894, when having
landed at Telok Anson on August 16th, he proceeded to
Tapah, and thence (1) to Kalindi, four miles northward
(2) to Kuala Depang, eighteen miles, and (3) collected on
Gunong Bujong Malaka which is above it and (4) at Sungei
Siput which is a mining village to the east, and (5) on
Gunong Mesah. He returned to Telok Anson collecting
upon the way in Kampar and Tapah (Gardens Report for
1894, Appendix). In the next year during the last ten
days of the year he was back again at Kuala Depang, Gunong
Bujong Malaka and Kampar (Gardens Report for 1895,
Appendix B): and in 1898 he collected in August for a third
time upon Gunong Bujong Malaka (Gardens Report for 1898,
Appendix B). This hill was visited by Ridley in October,
1898. In April, 1925, Henderson visited the limestone hill
Gunong Lanoh, near Gopeng.
In 1890 Wray organised a very extensive exploration
upon the mountains east of Tapah. He set out from Telok
Anson on June 6th for Tapah by road, and from Tapah went
by river to Kuala Wok: from this spot he climbed Gunong
Batu Puteh, and was back in Tapah on July 19th, whence he
went to Chanderiang; but he returned to Tapah and spent
August and half of September upon Gunong Batu Puteh.
On October 5th he set out for Gunong Chunam Prah and
Gunong Beremban from which he descended on the Pahang
side of the Main Range into the watershed of a tributary
162
of the Jelei river; then he crossed Cameron’s Plateau in a }
north-westerly direction reaching Gopeng on the 24th of
the month, and from Gopeng his base at Tapah. This long
expedition is described in the Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, 21, p. 123. For the time being
it seemed to exhaust interest in the region.
In 1908 Robinson and Kloss made a zoological expedition
to the Plateau and Ridley accompanied them to botanise.
November found Ridley at Tapah, where he collected for
a fortnight, then he ascended to the Plateau and remained
there for three weeks. He collected very largely upon a
river called in the reports the Telom, but this instead of
being the Telom of the official maps is the Sungei Bertam
which only after a considerable course runs into the Telom.
He collected also upon a Gunong Beremban which is not the
“Gunong Brumber” (or G. Beremban) of Wray’s expedition,
though near it. The fact is that exact geography is an
importation into these regions. The expedition is reported
on in the Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums,
4,p.1. Upon a second expedition into the Plateau, Robinson
made notes upon the vegetation seen upon Gunong Terbakar
(Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 10,
p. 248). In June, 1923 Robinson paid a third visit and was
accompanied by Henderson, and the latter returned thither
in January, 1924, and again in November and December 1925.
Tapah was visited by Burkill and Haniff from June 27th
to July 2nd, 1924, when collecting was done towards Jor, at
Tapah Road and Temoh and Haniff returned to Jor between
September 12th and 19th. After this he went to Telok
Anson, where he was until September 30th, collecting within
the square at such places as Bandar Telok Anson, Durian
Sabatang, Sungei Tukang Sidin and Degong. Henderson
spent a week at Jor, in May, 1928.
As a result of all this work, the number of
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded for the square upon the ©
map is 608. The height of the mountains assures a far
richer flora than Penang has, perhaps even a flora twice
as numerous in species; and on this assumption it can be
calculated that we know 35 to 40 per cent. of what occur.
It is remarkable that all the collecting has been done in
the second half of the year and in further work attention
should be directed to the region in the first half.
SQUARE 5f.
This square is wholly in the State of Pahang. It con-
sists of a mountainous and densely forested tract. The
nomenclature of its rivers is peculiar; for the longest, the
Telom, surrenders its name upon uniting with a much lesser
stream, the Jelai, which in turn surrenders the name of
Jelai in square 6f, to become the Pahang river.
163
Machado collected upon the Jelai in May, 1903. He had
made an earlier expedition prospecting towards its head
waters in 1900; but whether he collected then or was unable
to do so is uncertain, and it is uncertain also if all the
specimens labelled ‘“‘ Jelei’”’ were gathered within this square
or in 6f. He described the upper part of the stream in the
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
33, p. 263. His Sungei Cha-ang seems to be the Sungei
Chelang of the official maps and his Sungei Betak the Sungei
Betan.
In the south-western corner of the square is Benta,
where Burkill and Haniff collected a little in November, 1924.
Botanically the square is almost unknown as the small
number—6—recorded from it upon the map indicates.
SQUARE 6f.
This square is wholly in the State of Pahang. As the
route by which Gunong Tahan has been reached is in it, and
as Kuala Lipis is in it, rather more collecting has been done,
than in the squares which border it.
In 1923 Machado collected a little about Kuala Lipis.
In 1924 Burkill and Haniff spent a week in November there
collecting about the station, at the much older centre of
Penjom, at Chineras and Uiu Chineras and at Budu. The
Benchah forest reserve is across the Lipis river from Penjom
and has supplied specimens of forest trees to forest officers.
And upon the same side of that river is the Sungei Cheka
which has done the same.
A little further eastward the Tembeling river joins with
the Jelei to make the Pahang river, and Kuala Tembeling
has served as the base whence botanists have started for
Gunong Tahan. The large and difficult expedition of Ridley,
Davison and Kelsall towards Gunong Tahan, in 1891,
collected about it. This expedition reached Kuala Tem-
beling on July, 12th, Pulau Manis upon the Tembeling
river on the next day, Kuala Tahan on the day after; it
was at Sungei Tenok from July 21st to August 8th (vide
Appendix to Gardens Report for 1891, and the Transactions
of the Linnean Society of London 3, p. 269). Collecting
was done at a spot recorded as Khol. It did not pass north-
wards out of the square, but was driven back by difficulties ©
along the Tahan river. Of the localities which appear upon
the labels of specimens, it is believed that Pulau Kinchi
is upon the Tembeling river, but none of the following can
be placed:—Guai, Blay Manis, Pulau Tijau, Pulau Padang,
Pulau Datoh, Lubok Pelang, and Sungei Paut.
In 1893, Becher, who soon after lost his life in a flood
of the Tahan river, collected a little about Kuala Tembeling.
164
The expeditions of Wray and Robinson and of Robinson,
Kloss and Ridley to Gunong Tahan refrained from collecting
plants on the Tembeling that the porterage of specimens
collected further up might not be interfered with. The
expedition of Haniff and Mohamed Nur to Gunong Tahan
in June, 1922, collected a little on the return journey at
this place. Their locality Kuala Manis appears to be the
same as Ridley’s Pulau Manis.
In November, 1924, Burkill and Haniff procured a small
collection from Kuala Tembeling.
The number of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded
from the square is 235. Assuming the square richer in
species than Penang island, and nearly as rich as square
4f, it can be estimated from the figure 235, that we are
able to record about 15 to 18 per cent.
SQUARE 7/ is partly in the State of Pahang and partly
in the State of Trengganu; and it is botanically terra
incognita.
SQUARE 8f.
There are rather more than 1,050 square miles of land
in this square, most of it in the State of Trengganu; but
a very little in the State of Pahang.
On August 25th, 1889, Ridley was taken by His
Excellency the Governor of the Straits Settlements to the
mouth of the Cherating river, and had a few hours for
collecting. In 1890 Vaughan Stevens in an attempt to
study the Sakai tribes upon the Kemaman river collected
specimens of plants economic to them. In 1904 Rostados
sent to Singapore a collection from the mining centre of
Bundi, which is on the upper Kemaman.
By means of these small collections the number of
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae known from the square is found
to be 42, which cannot be more than four per cent. of the
number existing.
SQUARE 29 contains the islet of Pulau Jarak, visited
on December 20th, 1904 by Robinson, and in November, 1919,
and described in the Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums, 10, p. 259.
SQUARE 3g.
In this square are the lowlands from near the mouth
of the Perak river to a point about midway between the
mouths of the Bernam and Selangor rivers. The area of
land is under 500 square miles, and the flora doubtless
restricted. Low caused the river Bernam to be explored
in 1879 and in 1885 Sir Frank Swettenham commenced his
journey from sea to sea along it. In 1886 Kunstler was on
it; but it is uncertain if he collected upon the lower reaches,
165
i.e. in the square. In 1924 Haniff collected from Telok
Anson, at Rungkup, Utan Melintang, Bagan Datoh and Telok
Bahru.
The number of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae thus made
known is 22; and the percentage of the flora of the square
which has been collected may be set down at about two.
SQUARE 4g.
This square consists very largely of low-lying land,
and a little sea. The area of the land is about 1,160 square
miles, roughly half in the State of Perak and half in the
State of Selangor. There are important reserved forests
in it, as Changkat Jong, Bikum, Trolak and Bukit Belata;
and from them a little collecting has been done. Joining
the Sungei Bidor near Changkat Jong is the Sungei Sungkai.
In May, 1882 Kunstler was upon the Sungkai river; and in
November, 1885 Curtis also; but the chief object of the latter
appears to have been living plants, and the herbarium
specimens resulting are few.
Considerably further south and nearer the Bernam river
is the small hill of Changkat Mentri, which was visited by
Kloss in September, 1918.
The figure on the map for the square is 51, and we
are unable apparently to record a greater percentage of the
flora then three.
SQUARE 5g.
This square consists of a section of the Main Range,
extending into the three States of Perak, Pahang and
Selangor. It has been the subject of considerable attention
very largely because the Semangko pass rendered the higher
parts of the hills accessible. Within Perak is the Behrang
forest where forest officers have collected; and south of it
is Tanjong Malim where Burkill and Haniff collected a little
in July, 1924. It is suspected that the plants which Kunstler
labelled “‘ near the Bernam river’ came from somewhere
in the direction of Tanjong Malim.
In the Selangor part of the square is Kerling, near to
which Goodenough collected in 1899 and north to Kuala Kubu
whence the road over the Semangko pass climbs to the
head of the Selangor river. In the year 1886 Kunstler
removed himself from Taiping and collected until September
in this square. His chief collecting place was Ulu Bubong,
and the specimens which he got there are dated with the
months of January, July, August and September. In July,
August and September he visited the heads of other streams,
namely the Bera and Kal. The latter is written Kol upon
the official maps; and in March and April he had visited
further the head of one of the two Kerling streams, pre-
sumedly the larger which has its source almost under Fraser
166
Hill; and he visited also the head of the Selangor river
itself. These specimens when they reached Calcutta were
labelled Perak; but the valleys themselves are in the State
of Selangor. His base, if on the Bernam river, would be
on the present State-boundary. During the period when he
was working these Selangor valleys he also went north into
Perak, and collected in the Slim valley, plants which may
have been got in this square or in square 5f. He has a
locality “‘P.P.” which has not been identified, but may be
assigned from his dates to this square.
The path over the Semangko pass which gave place to
the modern road was long called the “ Pahang track” and
this name appears on upon the labels of plants; for instance,
Ridley in July, 1897 collected upon the Pahang track, and
Curtis in 1902 and Machado in May, 19038. In February,
1904 Burn-Murdoch collected a few forest trees at the pass,
and in August of the same year Ridley made a stay more
extended than upon his previous journey, being joined by
Hosseus. At this date there were mines known as the
Simpang mines at the place upon the ridge now known as
Fraser Hill or Bukit Fraser; and Ridley collected much
about them. He was there again in April, 1911. In 1912
Burn-Murdoch again collected a little at the pass. In 1921
Cubitt did the same, reaching northwards to “ Pine-tree hill.”
In October, 1921 Mrs. Ferguson-Davie collected at Fraser
hill. In 1922 Burkill and Holttum spent half the month
of September collecting there (Gardens’ Bulletin, 3, p. 19).
In 1923 between August 25th and September 18th Holttum,
Henderson, Foxworthy and Mohamed Nur collected there.
Somewhat nearer to Kuala Kubu than the Semangko
pass is Bukit Kutu, where Ridley collected in May and June,
1896.
The Semangko pass gives access to the Raub district
of the State of Pahang. Around Raub Burkill and Haniff
collected in November, 1924 from the 8th to the 15th, and
they procured by the agency of bomohs economic plants
from Batu Talam to the northward. The following localities
near Raub appear upon their labels:—gorge of the Sungei
Tras, the Simpam river, the Liang river (both visited where
the Batu Talam road crosses them), Gali and Dong. Many
of the Dong plants came from the Jahit-Rambei forest
reserve.
To the east of Raub is the large Bilut forest reserve,
where forest officers have collected a little.
On the Main Range below the middle of the square is
Gunong Ulu Kali whence Burn-Murdoch procured plants.
At the southern limit of the square is Bentong.
Foxworthy and Burkill visited this town on December 6th,
167
1922. Best visited it from June 12th to 17th, 1924 and
Burkill and Haniff from November 12th to 17th, 1924. The
following localities near Bentong are within the square:—
Sungei Perting, Gunong Raja, Bukit Raka, as also any place
stated to be on the north or west of Bentong town. The
flora of the conglomerate hills near Bentong is certainly
interesting; but Best’s visit at an unfavourable season to
Bukit Raka is the only attempt so far made at a study of it.
The figure for the square appearing on the map is 489;
and it is estimated that this represents 30 to 35 per cent.
The hill collections have almost all been made in the first
nine months of the year; the collections from the low country
to the eastward have been made in June and November.
SQUARE 6g. |
This square is the square of the mountain of Benom.
It is entirely in the State of Pahang. In 1900 it was required
that a trigonometrical survey beacon should be placed upon
the summit of Benom and Barnes, taking a plant collector
with him, made the attempt to get it there. He started
from Ulu Gali; but did not reach the summit by some
three miles. From a subsidiary summit where he placed
the beacon, and which he supposed to be Gunong Kluang
Terbang, he brought back a collection of 122 specimens. In
March, 1923, Evans reached the summit and collected, and
in July and August, 1925, a Chinese collector of the
Federated Malay States Museums made a collection near the
summit.
Within the northern margin of the square runs the
Benta-Jerantut road, along which on November 23rd, 1924,
Burkill and Haniff collected a little, at the localities Tanjong
Musa and Batu Balai. Then they collected also at Jerantut
upon the two subsequent days and on December 12th. In
March, 1923, Foxworthy and Henderson collected in the
Temerloh district north of the Semantan river.
From north to south the Pahang river runs through
this square; and it has been collected on at various places.
Ridley collected considerably between July 7th and 9th, 1891,
in the Pulau Tawar neighbourhood, at Pulau Tawar, Pulau
Changei, and Tanjong Antan, which indeed are not remote
from the new Jerantut ferry. Ridley’s locality Kadondong
is on Pulau Tawar. To the east of the river at a few miles
from it are the limestone rocks of Kota Glanggi where Ridley
collected in 1891, and Kota Tongkat where Evans collected
in June, 1917. Evans also collected at Kuala Tekam near by.
Further down the river is Kuala Krau, and opposite are
more limestone rocks, those of Gunong Sennyum at which
Evans collected in June and July, 1917.
The Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae known from the square
are 1380, or 8 to 10 per cent. of the probable total.
168
SQUARE 7g.
This square which is wholly in the State of Pahang is
covered by vast forests, traversed by the Jerantut-Kuantan
road. Burkill and Haniff collected a very few plants along
this road on December 7th, 1924 at Ulu Tekam and Sungei
Lepar. Its southern margin is touched by the Pahang river
whereon at Kuala Luit Ridley collected in 1891.
The figure on the map for the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
is 25, and our knowledge may be two per cent.
SQUARE 8g.
There are about 1,000 square miles of the State of
Pahang within this square, the interior being botanically
unknown, but some collecting having been done on the coast
from Kuantan northwards, where it is bold and hilly.
There are extensive forest reserves in this area where
forest officers have collected, e.g. Burn-Murdoch and more
lately others. Between June 17th and 23rd, 1913, Burn-
Murdoch collected at Bukit Gapis, Bukit Galing, Tanjong
Api, Bukit Ubi and Tanjong Tembeling. Durnford sent
orchids to Ridley from Kuantan in 1889. Burn-Murdoch
has collected in the Baloh reserve. Burkill and Haniff were
at Kuantan from December 3rd to 7th, 1924, collecting there,
at Telok Sisik, Ayer Puteh, Beserah and Kuantan ferry.
At the very south of the square is the mouth of the
Pahang river; and collecting done upon its north bank
was done within the square. On August 19th to 21st, 1889
Ridley was at Kuala Pahang with His Excellency the then
Governor of the Straits Settlements; Darat Selah is a
locality of this visit. In 1890 he spent a fortnight in the
month of May at Pekan, crossing over the river on occasions
to the north bank where he visited Pramau, Jambu, Kuala
Brawas and Tanjong Medang; and he visited Kuala Mahang,
Tanjong Gajah Mati and Pulau Manis, which are a little
inland. In 1891 he started for Gunong Tahan from Pekan,
visiting Pulau Manis and Pulau Rumput. In July, 1917,
Evans collected a little at the mouth of the river.
The number of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded
for the square on the map is 208; and it seems likely that
this represents about twenty per cent.
SQUARE 4h.
There are within this square about 600 square miles
of the State of Selangor, all low-lying and much of it
cultivated. In the centre are vast swamps covered with
timber, in which the Bukit Cheraka forest is reserved. To
the north is the Rantau Panjang forest where Ridley and
Burn-Murdoch collected in August, 1904. On its edge is
Batang Berjuntai, another name which appears upon their
169
labels. Kloss collected a little at Rantau Panjang on July
28th, 1914. Ridley collected at Kuala Selangor and south-
wards to Klang in the month of June, 1896.
Port Swettenham is upon the southern margin: to it
Burkill and Mohamed Nur have paid collecting visits in every
month of the year except January. In some of these visits
collecting was extended to Klang. There is a record of
Bishop Hose collecting also at Port Swettenham in the
month of
The flora is doubtless poor. The number of species of
the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae collected in the square is only
58; and judged thereby we know not more than 12 per cent.
of the plants occurring.
SQUARE 5h.
Kuala Lumpur is within this square, which extends
from the State of Selangor across the Main Range into the
State of Pahang. To Kuala Lumpur Ridley was sent in
1889 and there he collected plants. His Bukit Kuda of this
trip is a spot where horses were changed on the way from
Kuala Lumpur to Klang, and with horse transport the name
has now gone. In 1890 he endeavoured to arrange that a
native collector should be stationed there. To start the
collector Curtis went thither, and collected a little; then
he left the collector, who proved unsatisfactory and only
worked through the month of May. Garawang is one of
his collecting places.
In 1891 Kelsall went to Bukit Etam at the head of the
Langat valley and brought back collections (Journal of the
Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, 33, p. 67).
In 1896 Ridley while inspecting forests between May
9th and June 11th, collected considerably about Rawang,
Dusun Tua, Bukit Etam, Ginting Peras, Ginting Bidai, thus
reaching the watershed (Selangor Journal of September 4th,
1896). Goodenough, a subordinate in the forest service,
was transferred to Selangor in this year and continued during
several years of work to collect, doing so at various places,
such as Batu Caves, Rawang, Kuang and Kanching. In 1897,
Ridley was again at Kuala Lumpur in the month of July
and collected about Batu Caves; in 1899 he sent a plant
collector thither and was himself there for a few days. He
collected there again in August, 1898.
In the year 1905 Engler visited Kuala Lumpur. Such
plants as he collected are without doubt conserved in the
Botanic Gardens at Dahlem near Berlin. 3
In 1910 Burn-Murdoch procured specimens from Gunong
Ulu Kali, and in 1912, using forest rangers, chiefly Hashim,
s ed around Kuala Lumpur and sent the specimens
to Kew.
170
In 1911, Robinson commenced to organise collecting on
the Main Range above Kuala Lumpur with the object of
working out the dispersal of Himalayo-Sondaic animals
southwards along the hills; and with the same end in view
he caused plants to be collected. He sent Dyak collectors
first to the head of the Langat valley to Gunong Menuang
Gasing or Bukit Nyor or Nerang in the end of May and
they collected through June (Journ. of the F.M.S. Museums,
4, p. 285). In 1912 Kloss visited Ulu Langat, and went
to Gunong Mengkuang Gasing (Journ. Linn. Soc. London,
41, p. 285). The plants collected were sent to Kew (Journ.
of the F.M.S. Museums, 5, p. 28). Later the Dyaks were
sent to Gunong Mengkuang Lebar which is not far from
Gunong Ulu Kali where they collected through the months
of January and February, 1913. Kloss in 1914 collected
about Rawang. In March, 1915, Ridley, revisiting Kuala
Lumpur was taken by Robinson in connection with these
investigation to Ulu Gombak on the way to Ginting Sempah
and to the quartzite ridge of Klang Gates. Upon a further
visit in September, 1917, Ridley visited Ginting Sempah;
and soon after Kloss collected upon the not remote pass of
Ginting Bidai and again in Ulu Langat. In 1921 Ridley
paid yet another visit to Kuala Lumpur, and collected again
with Kloss and Milsum at Klang Gates in the month of
January. The name Sungei Tua forest reserve indicates a
corner of the extensive Gombak forest reserve. The Forest
Department has collected in it. During 1921 Hume collected
for the Federated Malay States Museums in the vicinity
of Kuala Lumpur.
There is a small forest reserve in Kuala Lumpur itself,
Weld’s Hill, which has served many officers in the Forest
Department as a place for studying plants. Its name occurs
often upon labels. The Forest Department has also col-
lected considerably around Kuala Lumpur, particularly since
Foxworthy joined it in 1918. Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve
and Kanching Forest Reserve in particular have supplied
specimens.
The Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve is continuous with
the Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve towards Klang where
Burkill has collected on odd days in March, June and
October, 1922, in January and December, 1923, and in
September, 1924. Burkill also collected near Kuala Lumpur
upon different occasions, e.g. at Batu Caves in November,
1916, and in October, 1922, and elsewhere in February, 1919,
and September, 1920. Foxworthy was at the Ginting
Sempah in December, 1922, at Klang Gates and in the
Sungei Buloh forest in December, 1923: and Mohamed Nur
was in the Sungei Buloh forest in the same month, 1928.
Burkill and Haniff collected a few plants about Serdang in
November, 1924.
171
Matthew collected ferns near Kuala Lumpur in 1913.
Sanderson collected Myxomycetes there, and Brooks fungi.
The road descending from the Ginting Sempah to
Bentong is within the square all except its last few miles.
Burkill and Haniff collected along it near the Benus river,
in November, 1924; and also upon the first few miles of
the Bentong-Kuala Pilah road.
A bit of the Negri Sembilan is in the square, but no
one has ever botanised in it.
The map indicates that 576 plants of the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae have been collected in the square; and this
figure suggests that we could authentically record rather
over 50 per cent. of what occur.
SQUARE 6h.
This square is chiefly in Pahang; what is not is in the
Negri Sembilan. The Bentong-Kuala Pilah road crosses the
square and has been collected on by Best on July 14th,
1924. In November, 1924, Burkill and Haniff procured
collections of economic plants from Karak and Pelangai
(Manchis).
The Pahang river flows upon the east side of the square
and near it are the townships of Semantan and Temerloh.
Ridley, Davison and Kelsall passing along the river in 1891
collected near Temerloh or Kuala Semantan, Telok Malati,
and at Jellam (?Jeram) Panjang to the south of it.
In 1918, Burn-Murdoch with the aid of a collector from
the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, collected from Semantan
and Temerloh down the river.
Under the direction of Kinsey forest trees have been
collected in the reserves of the north-eastern part of the
Negri Sembilan, such as Triang and Pasoh.
The figure that the square bears upon the map is 153.
The collecting has been rather desultory and bearing in
mind the certain richness of the flora, 153 indicates that
not more than 15 per cent., and possibly only 12 per cent.
of the plants occurring can be named.
SQUARE 7h.
This square is entirely in the State of Pahang; it has
the Pahang river along its northern border, the marshes
of the Bera river, and the forested hills from Gunong Chini
southwards in the centre and south. Along the banks of
the Pahang river where village succeeds village, taxonomic
botanists have not been drawn to do any extensive collect-
ing, and in reality they are little known. Ridley collected
here and there along them in July, 1891, as at Kuala Bera
(Kuala Brok on his labels), and Fox in 1893 travelled up
172
the river collecting at Gunong Chini in this square. In 1913
Burn-Murdoch travelled in the opposite direction collecting
between June 9th and 14th, on Gunong Chini, at Kuala
Bera, Lubok Paku and Bintang (Gardens Bulletin, 1, p. 310).
In November, 1924, Burkill and Haniff reached the river
at Lubok Paku, collected a little and left there for a few
days a collector named Ngadiman.
Elsewhere the botany of the square is unknown.
The figure on the map is 43, and this suggests that
our knowledge of the square amounts to less than three
per cent.
SQUARE 8h.
There are rather less than 1,100 square miles in this
square, all belonging to the State of Pahang. The Pahang
river is upon the northern margin; swamp forest and forest
on low hills covers the rest.
Kuala Lepar, where Burkill and Haniff collected a few
plants in December, 1924, is on the river in the square.
Pekan is in the square. As recorded under square 8g,
Ridley visited Pekan for a few days in 1889, and for half
a month in May, 1890, collecting considerably; but his
localities are rarely to be found on the official maps and
therefore an enumeration here will be useful. He visited
Renchong, Kalambalai, Ayer Hitam, Pigang, Katapang,
Bohie, Telok Malati, Pengkalan Kazai, Sungei Parit.
Haviland was at Pekan for a few days in 1890.
In 1891 Ridley, Davison and Kelsall started upon their
journey to Gunong Tahan from Pekan, but did not collect
much on the lower reaches then. In 1918 Burn-Murdoch
collected a few plants there, and in 1917 Evans a few. In
1924 Burkill and Haniff spent the last week of November at
Pekan in much rain, collecting as far as flooding permitted
south and west of the town.
The number upon the map of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
is 145. The evenness of the surface of the land scarcely
promises a large flora and it is possible that we know now
eighteen or twenty per cent. of what occur.
SQUARE 37 contains the Aroa Islands which were
visited by Robinson in August and September, 1906,
(Journal of the Federated Malawes States Museums, 2, p. 8,
and 6, p. 253).
SQUARE 4).
This square contains but 200 square miles of low-lying
land in the State of Selangor, from Port Swettenham town-
ship southwards to Batu beyond Morib. The Telok Forest
Reserve is within it, and was visited by Burkill on September
22nd, 1918, May 4th, 1919, March 6th and 18th, June 12th,
173
September 18th and 28th and December 7th, 1921. Col-
lecting was done also between it and Port Swettenham on
' June 19th, 1913, March 25th, 1915, and August 18th, 1916.
The number of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded for
the square upon the map is 15 only; from which it is sur-
mised that we can enumerate and authenticate the names
of about six per cent. of the Phanerogams.
SQUARE 57.
There are about 1,000 square miles of land in this
square, partly in the State of Selangor, and partly in the
Negri Sembilan. Very little collecting has been done in
the Selangor part. Burkill and Haniff collected a few plants
in November, 1924, at Kajang, and the Forest Department
has collected a little in the Kalambau Forest Reserve. In
the Bangi Forest Reserve, and about Bangi, which is in the
Negri Sembilan, the Forest Department has collected also.
Of the little States of the Negri Sembilan, Sungei Ujong
became accessible before any of the others, and in 1874
had a British officer at Seremban. In 1875 a rough survey
of it was made; but it was not for another eleven years
that any attempt was made to investigate its vegetation.
The investigation was done under Cantley’s orders, for he
sent his collector Alvins to Seremban in 1885. Alvins
- passed through Rantau either in coming or in going, per-
Wace:
haps in both. Bukit Lasing at which he collected is a few
miles to the south of Rantau. His localities Temianf and
Kapavang are places close to Seremban. His Bukit Sutu
has not been precisely identified, but there is only little
doubt in regard to its identity with a hill over Setul. He
passed northwards beyond Setul to Beranang which is upon
the Selangor border. At this time a bridle path existed
via Setul to Beranang, and a cart road was in course of
construction from Seremban to the coffee plantations upon
the Beremban hills. It may be assumed that Alvins col-
lected upon both. He collected at Pantai which is a little
to the north of Seremban and on Gunong Beremban which
is in square 67. On some occasion he visited Cape Rachado;
but probably from Malacca by sea. Finlayson touched in
1821 at Cape Rachado.
Burkill and Haniff collected at Mantin on November
30th, 1924.
In square 57 are many forest reserves at which forest
officers have collected, chiefly the Senawang reserve, near
Seremban, and the Sendayan reserve, a little farther away.
In 1922 Holttum collected about Seremban and in the
Senawang Reserve.
The Bukit Tunggul Forest Reserve is in Selangor, but
upon the boundary of the Negri Sembilan. In it forest
’
officers have collected, and in 1896 Ridley visited the neigh-
bouring country between Kajang and Sepang, chiefly the
Reko woods. In 1898 he visited Seremban in December,
and collected there and at Perhantian Tinggi. At the same
places Burkill and Haniff collected at the beginning of
November, 1924. In 1920 Ridley visited Bukit Tangga from
Seremban in the month of December; and on account of
the number of new species brought thence Mohamed Nur
‘a une to the same place at the commencement of Decem-
er, l :
Williams collected orchids near Siliau about 1915 to
1918 and Ridley in 1891 collected along the railway from
Port Dickson to Kuala Sawar on the Linggi river through
Sirusa and Siliau. Milsum also has collected at Port Dickson.
In the Singapore Herbarium are a few specimens col-
lected near Port Dickson by William P. Handover, a planter
of that neighbourhood.
Sungei Ujong offers an instance of an interesting
change in population centres. It is apparently the case
that Beranang was once far more important than it is now,
but no one has as yet tried to indicate to what extent the
Malays repressed the forest before Europeans were able to
enter the country.
The square as the map shows is known to possess 119
species of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae. The square contain-
ing Malacca is known to possess 794, yet it is much more
level than square 57, and certainly poorer in species. It
cannot be therefore that 57 is better known than ten per
cent.
174
SQUARE 67.
This square is wholly in the Negri Sembilan, with the
town of Kuala Pilah almost at its centre. Its lower ground
is considerably given over to agriculture; but it has wide
forests over mountains reaching over 3,000 ft. The Rembau
ricefields are old, and while that country under the hills
shows very markedly that the woodlands between the fields
are in an artificial condition; so too do the lower slopes of
the mountains themselves, the forests having been greatly
changed by removing timber. The Main Range of the
Peninsula ends at the south margin of the square in Gunong
Tampin. .
Gunong Tampin may have been climbed by Alvins, who |
certainly worked for quite a long time close to its foot.
He also reached Aver Kuning in 1884 from the Malacca
side and no doubt it was easily accessible as mines were
being worked at the time at Geminchih. In 1893 and 1894,
Goodenouch collected for Ridley on Gunong Tampin. In
1918 in the month of September, Robinson sent his Dyak
175
— collectors to collect upon it (Journal Federated Malay States
Museums, 5, p. 51) and visited it himself. In August, 1915,
July and August, 1916, July and November, 1917, January
and October, 1918, Burkill collected upon the slopes of it
and to Kendong; and on May Ist, 1918, Foxworthy and
Burkill botanised to the summit. Holttum likewise botanis-
ed to the summit in November, 1922. Ridley got nearly to
the summit in 1917.
During the last week of November, 1922, Holttum col-
lected in the Tebong Forest Reserve, at Selaru, Senaling,
Kuala Pilah, Bukit Linggung and Ulu Bendol, whence he
climbed Gunong Angsi. At exactly the same period of the
year following Mohamed Nur, attached to a zoological party
under Chasen, collected on this mountain over a fortnight.
His locality Ulu Rembau is the headwaters of the Rembau
stream upon Gunong Angsi. Fourteen years earlier, that
was in 1908, Winkler collected on Gunong Angsi, collections
of which presumably the first set is preserved at Breslau.
Moorhouse, Kinsey and other forest officers have col-
lected in the forest reserves of Senaling Inas, Kepis, Bahau,
Serting, and at the Bemban which is northward of the river
Triang at Juasseh, in the Ulu Petasih which is near the
Triang reserve, and about Durian Tawar.
In 1917 Ridley visited Johol and collected for a few
days upon the river there called Sungei Jelei.
The result of this collecting is that 286 Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae are recorded; which figure, taking Malacca as
a standard, indicates that less than thirty per cent. of the
flora of the square can be named.
SQUARE 77.
This square is made up of parts of the States of Pahang,
Johore and the Negri Sembilan. Botanically it is very
little known. Genuang in Johore was visited by Ridley in
March, 1915. Gemas upon the borders of the Negri Sembilan
and Johore was visited by Burkill on November 2nd, 1918,
February 27th and August 9th, 1919, and September 16th,
1220. The figure for the square on the map is 20 only.
SQUARE 8).
The watershed of the Rompin river in Pahang makes
a large part of this square; south of it a part of the State
of Johore is included. In 1891, in the month of August,
Lake made a hasty visit to the Endau river and climbed
Gunong Janeng which is just within the square. It was
not the first visit paid by a scientist to the mountain, as
Mikluho Maclay had been there in 1875; but it led imme-
diately to another; for returning with Kelsall in October,
1892, Lake proceeded to survey towards the south while
176
Kelsall went up Gunong Janeng and made botanical collec-
tions (Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, 26, p. 3).
Evans in July, 1917, collected on the lower Rompin
river as at Leban Chondong.
In 1922 the Forest Department carried out an extensive
reconnaissance of the Rompin forests and collections of some
extent were made.
The figure upon the map for the square is 101, and an ©
estimate of the extent of our knowledge of the Phanero-
gamic flora works out at about 10 per cent.
SQUARE 9).
The area of land in the square is small, being but little
more than 200 square miles. It is parts of the States of
Pahang and Johore near the mouth of the Endau river, and
islands off the mouth.
Feilding visited the Endau river in October, 1892, with
Lake and Kelsall. Evans visited it in August, 1917, collect-
ing at Kampong Pianggu. Foxworthy in May, 1918, visited
Penyabong.
The figure upon the map is only 28.
SQUARE 07.
The beautiful island of Tiuman is in the square, its
mountains covering its whole surface and rising to 3,383 ft.
There is little room for cultivation and a small population;
so that its forests have not suffered disturbance. The
Dutch boats proceeding to China and Japan used to touch
at it for water or spars which they could draw unmolested;
and in that way Kaempfer came to land upon it in 1690.
He estimated its population as 1,000 (History of Japan,
1728, p. 61). It has been said that later when pirates used
Pulau Aor extensively, they depopulated Pulau Tiuman; but
this is to be doubted seeing how Pulau Tiuman is devoid
of level land for agriculture.
In 1889 Ridley touched at Nipa Bay upon the west
coast on August 18th. Nanson went thither for orchids
which he cultivated. In 1915 Robinson went thither upon
a zoological expedition and Burkill accompanied him. The
interval from June 21st to 29th was spent at Joara Bay
upon the east coast and the mountains ascended to 1,100 ft.
Sungei Tawar and Sungei Bagu empty themselves into this
bay. A visit was paid also to Tanjong Duatah on the south
coast. In June, 1916, Kloss made another small collection
from Pulau Tiuman which he sent to Kew.
As the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae number 62 and as the
island must be richer in species than Penang, we appear
to know less than eight per cent. of its flora.
177
SQUARE 5k.
This square contains only 60 square miles of land, being
the area round Kuala Linggi, and northwards to beyond
Cape Rachado (Tanjong Tuan). The Menyala Forest Re-
serve and the Pasir Panjang Forest Reserve are in it; in
them and at Tanjong Agas Forest Officers have collected
a very little. Alvins visited Cape Rachado.
SQUARE 6k.
Almost the whole of the Territory of Malacca is in
this square: with it is a narrow margin of that part of
the Negri Sembilan which lies just north of Malacca. Upon
the east side a narrow strip of the Territory of Malacca
is in square 7k.
The writer is inclined towards Dr. Winstedt’s opinion
in regard to the age of Malacca town. Dr. Winstedt has
it that ‘‘ Malacca existed as early as the 13th century A.D.,
and became a commercial centre about 1400 A.D. owing
to immigration of Malays from Singapore or Tumasak—
the sea country”’ (Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 1922, No. 86, p. 257). There is no
reason for thinking that Malacca differed materially from
the typical Malay state, which was founded by the ability
of a party to extract revenue from the trade of a waterway:
but in its case the waterway was an unusually large one,
being the Straits of Malacca itself. For such a success
men and resources were necessary; and it is clear that the
immigrant element which brought the centre forward was,
even if a fugitive element, one unbroken, and probably one
quite friendly to the pre-existing element on which it grafted
itself.
Taxation of the trade between India and Java furnished
one part of the resources, but certainly not the whole,
for commodities changed hands in Malacca, a merchant-
population existing under the military population, and
exploitation of the country behind was done. It would be
gratifying to ascertain how great was the effect of this
exploitation upon the vegetation: but the indications left
to us are very meagre. The conclusions seem warranted
that the ability of Malacca to levy duties indicates a largish
population to be fed, which must have pressed upon the
forest, and that the presence of the mart argues a certain
amount of good government and security such as would
aid it. But we have information in the Chinese work
Ying-yai Sheng-lan of 1416 that rice being little grown was
imported to feed the place: it was aided by some sago
locally extracted: and in a list of vegetables, etc., which
could be had in the town are named gourds, melons,
mustard, and pepper, which may reasonably be considered
imports like the rice: further, cattle, buffaloes, ducks,
178
fowls and goats were found only in small numbers. It
may be taken as certain that Malacca did not feed itself
from the land immediately behind it: instead from behind
it, jungle produce as lignum aloes, dammar and ebony were
drawn, and two tin mines were worked. The coconut-trunk,
says this Chinese account, was split to make the floors
of the houses: sugar-cane, plantains and the jak-fruit were
to be had. These one regards as garden produce. Boat-
building was an industry, the dammar used for caulking
the seams; and much food was taken from the sea by
fishermen who used dug-outs. Mats were made, doubtless
by the women, and marketed: the Chinese account suggests
that Nipa was used rather than Pandanus; and the Nipa
would be got wild.
Thus we are brought to a conclusion that if the rice
supply was certain, no more than gardens would be needed
to add to it and the fish, upon which the town fed itself:
but gardens on a fairly liberal scale.
Siam, after a long period of unchecked expansion
southwards, at this time appears to have been able to
extract tribute from Malacca, and Malacca to have thought
it possible to assert itself against the demand. Then to
avenge an afiront, the Chinese Emperor Yong-lo sent a
successful expedition against Siam and after it ordered
Siam to keep its hands off Malacca, with which he entered
into commercial relations a little closer; and Chinese mer-
chants seem to have resided in Maiacca, meeting there those
who brought western calico, etc., from India.
A Chinese work, the Hsing-cha Sheng-lan of 1436,
states that Pahang had much rice: and an account of
Malacca in 1537 in another, the Hai-yu, states that Malacca
got rice from three places, one being Siam, and another
P’o-to-li, which is given elsewhere as in Pahang. As these
Chinese works used older Chinese works for information
without indicating what the older works were, the date
at which the Chinese ascertained that Malacca was getting
rice from Siam and Pahang is left uncertain: but it is a
date apparently considerably prior to 1537, at which time
the Portuguese were in Malacca, and to a date at which
the Malays ruled in it. They, of course, were certainly
in touch with Pahang, and that across country; so that
the rice may have come overland: and if it did, the hold
of Malacca upon its hinterland was stronger than outwardly
appears. More cannot be said. The Malacca waters became
unsafe for Chinese vessels next, and they ceased to venture
up the Straits.
When the Portuguese, in 1511, had taken possession
of Malacca they threw into the place three hundred of
their countrymen, for whom they found native wives and
179
giving them lands and slaves, bade them raise a population
favourable to Portugal. These lands, they tell us, extended
from Cape Rachado to the Rio Formosa, that is Batu Pahat.
It looks as if they were lands that had been settled by
the Malays of the Malacca State—possibly lands consider-
ably interrupted and spaced out by forest, but garden-lands
contributing to the feeding of the town. The ousted Malays
gave the Portuguese little peace; and as the colonists were
liable to military service, they spent their lives under arms,
living in the shadow of the fort in atap huts, instead of
bringing into cultivation or maintaining under cultivation
(whichever it might have been) the fiefs made over to them.
The Portuguese held Malacca for 180 years: and during
that time they threw more and more men into the fort,
so that Valentyn credited to it 11,000 to 12,000 souls. It
is very significant that upon the Dutch victory of 1641,
all that population, except 1,600, chose emigration to
Negapatam, a hardship which they would not have con-
sented to had they enjoyed prosperous possession of
homesteads under cultivation. Thus was the Portuguese
attempt at agriculture a failure; and it is quite likely that
their occupation of Malacca undid a certain amount of
clearing achieved by the Malays.
Afraid of the fort, but finding plenty of room at a
fairly safe distance behind it, during the early days of
the Dutch rule, colonies of Sumatran agriculturists moved
up the Linggi river. These were the men who adhered to
female succession of land, and the laws of Menengkabau;
and who formed themselves into the States of Naning,
Rembau, etc., expanding over a Sakai population. They
spread ultimately towards Malacca as far as Rembia, where
later they met the spread of agriculture with a male
succession extending from Malacca. It is necessary to
recognise in them a second centre of attack upon the virgin
forests of the square: they passed eastwards over low
undulations, using dry rice cultivation there, into the
upper part of the Kesang valley, which was not country
uninfluenced by Malacca, for mining, with the market for
the metal in Malacca, kept a light touch on it.
About Malacca itself, the Dutch would have no rice
grown: they had determined upon the artificial fostering
of its production in Java, and forbad the raising of it at
Malacca. This left no crops for the Malacca lands but
garden crops: and the wastes could certainly not have been
removed under the embargo. Dampier in 1688 wrote that
rice was imported to feed the town, and the “ country was
all covered with wood like one forest.’ Valentyn wrote
about 1720 that ‘‘ except fish and some fruit...... every-
pene has to be brought from other places” into Malacca
ort.
180
However when subsequently the power of Achin and
Johore waned, an experiment was tried with the lands
which were given out (anew) at a very small rent on the
understanding that they should be policed. But as they did
not pay for policing, this measure did no good. |
Konig, who paid three short visits to Malacca town
then—one in September, 1778, the second in February,
1779, and the third, while waiting for a boat to India, from
August 11th to December 15th, 1779 (Journal of the Straits
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 26, p. 100), records
that forest commenced just beyond the village of Chang,
i.e. at four miles from Malacca town. Another writer of
the same period has left it on record that “ the country
was an impenetrable wilderness just beyond two miles from
the Fort.”
At the back of the wall of forest which had grown up
round Malacca, an independent development went on slowly;
and the district of Naning was cultivated in the Malay
way, with fingers of rice along the valleys, villages on their
_ edges and buffaloes, and with also a certain amount of dry
rice growing for which forest was burned. When the power
of Malacca was strong enough, Naning sent a tribute of
rice thither: when it was possible it defied both Portuguese
and Dutch. Behind the forest also in the same period,
Malays worked gold mines at the foot of Mount Ophir, and
on finding gold also at Geminchih worked mines there from
about 1760. In 1793 tin-mines were opened at Kesang. As
the demand for the tin and the gold came from oversea,
and as Malacca controlled the sea, these mines kept open
ways to the town, which were but the narrowest tracks
supplementing the Malacca river.
From the strict Dutch rule, Malacca passed into British
control in 1795: and as the paragraphs above show, it was
at the time no more than a fort upon the narrows of the
Straits of Malacca. Britain did two things, (1) removed
the embargo on growing rice, and (2) removed the forti-
fications. It passed back to the Dutch in 1822, useless
except as a pawn for bargaining in treaty making.
During the short Dutch rule which followed, Finlayson
visited it. This was in 1822 and this is what he records:—
“It is half-dead’”’ with “‘every third house shut up,” the
country not raising rice-enough even with it so for its
consumption. The Dutch surrendered it finally to Britain
in 1825; and it was put under the administration of Penang.
Of Malacca it was written five years later that its
rice-fields then reached to Rumbia at a distance ten miles
on the way to Naning; and there the track plunged into
forest. Again five years later as a consequence of defiance
from Naning a punitive expedition advanced along the
2
181
track, its history throwing a most instructive light upon
the density of the barrier of forest which Portuguese and
Dutch rule had caused to grow up.
The expedition started from Malacca town for Alor
Gajah, and as soon as the forest was entered found its
way obstructed by felled trees and its flanks harried by
its enemy in such a measure that it was deemed necessary
for protection to cut a wide strip right through the forest.
It was a tedious business, and the little affair advanced at
the slow rate of only twelve miles in one hundred and fifteen
days at the cost of one hundred thousand pounds sterling.
Griffith in 1841 or 1842 made a journey to Naning
along the road that the expedition had left and found it
bordered by a belt of secondary jungle one hundred yards
deep on either hand.
In 1848 Balestier recorded that Malacca still produced
nothing but a iittle rice. In 1862 Cavanagh ordered that
_ roads should be opened to the boundaries of the Territory:
and in the seventies it suddenly awoke to a great agri-
cultural activity. Owing to the lateness of this activity,
in 1883, when a Forest Department was created, the forests
were found richer in timber than those of Penang and
Singapore.
No Dutch botanists studied plants in Malacca unless
Couperus’ tract on Gambier be counted. The study of its
vegetation commenced as soon as British rule came in.
There were two William Farquhars connected with
Malacca during the first period of British rule. One was
there as a Colonel and the other as a Major. The Major
interested himself in Natural History and employed a
Chinese artist to depict the plants which he found. These
drawings he submitted to Jack in Penang and later to
Wallich in Singapore. Jack criticised them as wanting in
detail. Their fate is unrecorded. But Farquhar climbed
Mount Ophir at some date before 1819, and brought back
plants thence among which was the curious fern Matonia
pectinata: to Jack he gave his specimen and Jack sent it
to Wallich. It was in 1822, when he had become the first
Resident of Singapore that Farquhar submitted his draw-
ing of the plant to Wallich.
On January 14th, 1822, Finlayson reached Malacca and
collected for a week. The plants then got passed into the
East India house, and were distributed by Wallich between
1828 and 1832.
Gaudichaud in 1837 upon his second voyage round the
world collected at Malacca: but the voyage, the purpose of
which was to drop consular officers at a number of ports,
was done with great haste, so that he could not collect much.
182
Cuming, who spent the years 1835 to 1839 upon a
great collecting expedition to the Philippines islands, in the
last year visited Malacca in order to go to Mount Ophir.
In what month has not been ascertained.
In 1841 Griffith was appointed surgeon at Malacca and
applied his tremendous energy to collecting: but he had
not been long at the station when Wallich was taken ill,
and in consequence he was called to Calcutta to take charge
of the Company’s Garden. During this period of his service
he visited Mount Ophir, passing to reach it through Rim;
there is an Ayer Panas near this route: but he visited also
the Ayer Panas which is north of Alor Gajah. He engaged
a Portuguese of Malacca named Fernandez as collector, and
left him at work while he was acting for Wallich. He
returned to Malacca in January, 1845, only to die a month
after his arrival. His copious notes, often only in pencil,
and his specimens, were bequeathed to the Company, and
the notes were published as Posthumous Papers under the
editing of McClelland, who clearly had in doing this a
difficult task. From them it appears that Griffith himseif,
except in making the two expeditions as stated above, did
not get far afield from Malacca town. Tanjong Kling,
Kamuning, Cheng, Pringgit, Malim, Batu Berendam, Pulau
Panjang, Pulau Java, and Pulau Besar, are localities re-
cognisable in his notes and so recorded as if he himself
visited them: they are all close to the town. After his
return in 1845 in the short month left to him, he employed
two native collectors whose names are variously spelled in
=
the Posthumous Papers. One, apparently was a native of — |
southern India with the name of Verapha; the name of
the other was spelled by Griffith Nhingghull. The latter.
collected for Griffith about Alor Gajah and forwards to
Tebong. In the Posthumous Papers the names of these men
sometimes appear as if place names. “Tanjong” in these
Papers appears to stand for Tanjong Kling; and the Ayer
Panas mentioned is possibly in all cases that north of Alor
Gajah.
Griffith’s friend Westerhout brought plants to him
from Keru between Ayer Panas and Tebong. Another
friend, Sir William Norris, brought plants to him from
Mount Ophir.
In 1845 Thomas Lobb who has been mentioned as having
collected in Penang, collected also in Malacca.
In 1858 Jagor voyaged to Java, and upon the way
stayed in Malacca from April to July. He made the journey
through the forest belt to Ayer Panas north of Alor Gajah,
via Ching and Rumbia, and he records that forest com-
menced near Rumbia about ten miles from Malacca. He
also ascended the Linggi river for a short distance (Reis-
eskizze, 1886). :
183
The next of the Malacca botanists was Maingay.
Having accompanied the 1860 expedition to China, he on
his return westwards became magistrate in charge of the
Jail in Malacca; and over the years from 1862 to 1868 he
collected and studied the flora very diligently, leaving a
large herbarium and five note books on it, when in 1869
he was shot down in a mutiny in Rangoon. The herbarium
and the notes are preserved at Kew; but by the phyto-
geographer it is to be regretted that he rarely recorded
the places whence his specimens came.
In 1877 there was a resident in Malacca, a W. S. C.
Pinwill who sent Pteridophytes to Kew. In 1879 Sir George
King paid a short visit in the month of November. In
1882 Cantley commenced his study of the forests of Malacca,
with the object of organising a forest department; and in
1884, the better to ascertain the composition of them he
stationed there a collector named Alvins, who sent numbered
plants to him in Singapore in bundles as they were prepared
and dried. He is recorded as having sent about one thousand
before the year was out and is recorded as having sent
1,840 in the year 1885. By the use of the numbers it is
possible in a great measure to trace Alvins’ collecting
places. The first seem to have been in the two forests
nearest to the coast, namely the reserves of Sungei Udang
and Merlimau: then he moved to the more inland forests
around Selandar. He collected at a Bukit Danan, which
has not been identified, between two periods at Selandar:
some labels (not Alvins’, but those additional labels which
were attached in Singapore) state it to be in the State of
Sungei Ujong, but not all; and because it is known that
some of these additional labels are misleading (see Ridley
in Gardens Report for 1889, p. 7) there is much probability
that the Bukit Danan visited by Alvins is in eastern Malacca.
When the numbering had reached the neighbourhood of
760, Alvins removed to the Naning corner of Malacca and
his labels bear the names of Chinana Puteh, Bukit Naning,
Bukit Klana, Bukit Kandong, Bukit Payong, Gaong Talan
(possibly under Gunong Tampin), Bukit Dusun Paya, and
Bukit Bertam, being places close to the limits of Malacca
territory in the direction of the Negri Sembilan, or perhaps
some just over the border in them. Unnumbered plants,
probably gathered earlier than this, bear the names of Bukit
Bruang, Pulau Nangka, Pulau Dodol, and other places near
Malacca town, and Bukit Panchor. When he had collected
considerably in Naning, he was sent into the State of Sungei
Ujong as related under square 57. But later still he worked
in the square 7k upon the eastern border of Malacca terri-
tory, though not wholly, for the names of Merlimau and
Bukit Kajang occur; and he seems to have reached Ayer
Kuning in Negri Sembilan towards Geminchih.
\
Upon early labels the names of Bukit Kayu Arang
and Bukit Terbakar are found: the first* was in the Sungei
Udang forest reserve, the second in the Brisu forest. He
also labelled plants with the name of Bukit Putus, apparently
indicating the hill of that name north of Brisu.
184
It was decided in 1886 to appoint an officer from Europe
to take charge of the Malacca forests under Cantley, and
Derry was selected. He served in Malacca from August
of that year to 1893 collecting plants, chiefly the larger
forest trees, in various parts of his charge, and had head-
quarters at Ayer Kroh upon the edge of the Bukit Bruang
Forest Reserve, except that through 1891 his presence was
required in Penang, and Holmberg held charge. In 1893
and 1894 Goodenough took charge of the forest.
Feilding when he visited Malacca and Muar in 1892
appears to have gone to the foot of Mount Ophir and to
have collected at the Lubok Kadondong there.
Harvey was Resident-Councillor of Malacca from 1882
to 1894 and made a herbarium of Malacca plants, which
was given to Kew at his death: he also sent plants both
to the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and to Singapore. His
specimens are not precisely localised.
In 1889 Ridley paid his first visit to Malacca, and
another in 1890 and others at intervals afterwards, the
last being in 1917. Upon one occasion he visited Kuala
Pedas in Negri Sembilan, and upon the last the neighbour-
hood of 'Tampin. In 1892 Curtis visited Malacca, and again
in May, 1900, and in April, 1901, both brief visits. Hullett
also visited Malacca in December, 1883, and in April, 1888,
in order to climb Mount Ophir.
Between 1914 and 1924 administrative work took
Burkill for short visits in every month of the year except
September and to every part of the Territory. Collecting
was done as occasion offered, and the localities were
numerous, so numerous that as no names were used which
are not on the maps, they will not be given. In November,
1922, Holttum collected in the Bukit Sedanan forest reserve
and about Tampin.
Malacca has thus been very extensively examined and
it is thought that a list of the plants occurring within
this square might be made ninety-six per cent. complete.
It has been botanised in every part of the year. Its surface
offers interesting studies in what man in such a climate —
as it has can produce, and in plant-successions.
* The Diospyros trees which gave the hill its name were removed
in 1883.
185
SQUARE 7k.
There is a narrow strip of Malacca territory on the
western side of this square, which eastwardly extends into
the States of Negri Sembilan and Johore. Mount Ophir
is in the square and the greater part of the basin of the
Muar river. The total land surface is about 1,200 square
miles.
Naturally Mount Ophir has attracted botanists to it.
Farquhar collected on it about 1818. Someone a little later
supplied Mount Ophir plants to Robert Wight who himself
never visited Malaya but was in service in Southern India
upon the Madras Establishment. Newbold in April, 1833,
ascended Mount Ophir from Asahan, and collected a few
botanic specimens upon the summit which he sent to Wallich
in Calcutta (Newbold’s British Settlements in Malacca, 2,
pp. 165-174, and Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1834, p. 48).
In 1839 Cuming climbed it. In January, 1840, and again
in April, 1848, Oxley climbed it. In Logan’s Journal, 6,
p. 636, is an account of the first of these ascents. We are
told that then the virgin forest commenced at Rim;
and that the gold mines, which had shortly before been
destroyed, lay in a pocket amid the forest at the foot of
the mountain. The ascent was by a Padang Batu—probably
the well known one which many travellers have mentioned.
In February, 1842, Griffith visited the mountain, not only
ascending to the highest summit, but seeking plants upon
the slopes. of the subsidiary Gunong Mering. Oxley’s
second visit is the next historically, and as a result of it
he sent plants to Kew. In 1853 an ascent was made by
(Sir) T(homas) Braddell in the company of a botanist;
but it is not known who this was. The ascent is described
in Logan’s Journal. 7, p. 73. In the year 1864 and again
in August, 1867, Maingay climbed the mountain. There is
an account of an ascent in the Singapore Free Press of
March 10th, 1864. At that time the village of Asahan was
unoccupied.
Cantley is said to have acquired plants from Mount
Ophir, but it is not clear by what means, though his collector
Alvins was at Chabau towards the end of his time. Hullett
climbed the mountain in December, 1883, and in April, 1888;
and subsequently gave his collections to the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore. Derry climbed it in May, 1890, which month
he remarks is not in a flowering season (Report on the
Botanic Gardens and Forest Department for 1890, p. 22).
Hervey and Ridley climbed Gunong Mering together in 1892
and in 1898 Ridley took leave in the month of December
to climb Mount Ophir again. Bukit Kayara and Sungei
Pauh are two contiguous localities on this trip. His Botany
of Mount Ophir is in the Journal of the Straits Branch of
the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 35, p. 1.
186
The Kesang river flows from the foot of Mount Ophir
to the Straits of Malacca, and in its valley Burkill has
collected upon several occasions about Chabau, Chinchin
and in the State of Johore towards the Muar river. Lubok
Kadondong and Rihlau are by its headwaters. Feilding
was sent in 1892 to the foot of Mount Ophir to Lubok
Kadondong.
In April, 1901, Curtis ascended the Muar river to
Biawak.
In spite of these many visits to Mount Ophir, the
botany of the square is very little known, so that there
are only 150 species of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae to
be recorded as yet for it as against 794 for square 6k.
Now with so high a mountain in it as Mount Ophir the
flora must be more than half as rich again as that of
square 6k; and on that assumption our knowledge of it
appears to stand at only twelve per cent. It is certain that
Mount Ophir deserves more attention.
SQUARE 8k.
This square is entirely in the State of Johore and
botanically it is very little known.
In 1892 Lake and Kelsall crossed a part of the square,
having ascended the eastward flowing Sungei Sembrong,
and the Sungei Kahang, they got into the westward flowing
Sungei Sembrong and so to Batu Pahat. Their locality
Simpai or Kampong Simpai is in the square close to the
course of the railway, upon the eastern Sungei Sembrong.
Sungei Malati is not remote.
In November, 1900, Ridley ascended the Simpang Kanan
river from Batu Pahat as far as one of the very numerous
Tebing Tinggis that exist. It is assumed that he had
entered this square then.
In 1922 between November 15th and 20th Holttum —
collected in the square about Kluang, climbing Gunong
Lambak. In 1923 Watson made a track to the summit of
Gunong Belumut from the direction of Kluang, and in May, —
1923, Holttum was at Kluang again and proceeded to Gunong
Belumut in square 9k over Watson’s track.
Down in 190 collected on the Bekok river, probably
upon the part of the river near to the railway line.
The species of the Thalamiflorae-Calvciflorae known,
as the map shows, amount to only 54, which may indicate
a knowledge of about six per cent. of the total flora.
SQUARE 9k.
This square is entirely in the State of Johore, and
contains Gunong Belumut. The land surface is about 1,080
square miles. /
187
Gunong Belumut was climbed by Hervey in 1879, but
it is not known what plants he collected upon it, though
he recorded that he brought some down. Lake and Kelsall
in 1893 mapped the Sungei Kahang and the Sungei Madek,
and collected in the Ulu Kahang.
Belumut was botanised on by Holttum between May
23rd and June Ist, 1923. Watson shortly before had cut
a trail from the Kluang-Mersing road to the summit, and
had collected a little. This trail Holttum followed; it took
him via Ulu Madek and Gunong Chemondong; he returned
by Gunong Berchuak, Ulu Kahang and Gunong Beridong.
The species of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae collected
within the square and identified are 117 and judging there-
from the botany of it is about twelve per cent. known.
SQUARE 0k.
Some 385 square miles of the Peninsula, being part of
the State of Johore are within the square, and various small
islands, of which Pulau Tinggi is the largest. Pulau Aor
has been squeezed into the square, so as to avoid having
to make a new index number for it.
Pulau Aor used to be a pirate haunt, a mart for the
slaves that they took; and it invited a considerable popu-
lation which has tilled it to the summits. Koenig in 1778
visited it, and found it thus well inhabited. In 1849 J. T.
Thomson, the Government Surveyor employed in Singapore
described it in Logan’s Journal. Nestling close under it
is Pulau Dayang.
Feilding in October, 1892, visited successively Pulau
Tinggi, Pulau Aor and Pulau Dayang. Burkill in 1915
accompanied Robinson to Pulau Tinggi and spent the period
from June 16th to the 20th there; but failed to reach the
top of the mountain which gives to it its name. Robinson
and Knight during the same period visited the islet of Pulau
Sangeul or Tokong Sanggul which is immediately to the
south of Pulau Tinggi.
The map shows that 53 species of the Thalamiflorae-
Calvciflorae are recorded, and as the flora of the area is
probably less by one third than that of Penang, it seems
as if we can name ten per cent.
SQUARE 71.
There are only about 220 sauare miles of Jand in this
sauare, being the coast of the State of Johore near Batu
Pahat and the lower parts of the two rivers which converge
upon it. There are low hills and swamp lands in the square.
Feilding visited Parit Jawa and Bukit Muar which are
in the square in 1892 and Lake and Kelsall in the month
of August collected a little near Batu Pahat town: and in
the same year Nongchi sent orchids from the neighbourhood
188
to Ridley. In 1900 Ridley was at Batu Pahat town from ~
October 31st to November 18th; and Machado with him. —
The following are collecting places visited then:—Gunong
Banang, Gunong Penggaram, Bukit Soga, Patani Ketchil,
Hadji Senawi, and the headland of Batu Pahat. From
Batu Pahat town or Bandar Penggaram Ridley ascended
the Sungei Simpang Kanan (Report Bot. Gardens for 1900,
p. 5). In November, 1924, at the end of the month, Burkill
and Haniff visited Batu Pahat town.
The map indicates 70 as the number of the Thalami-
florae-Calyciflorae known from the square; and as the flora
eannot be a very rich one, we probably know 10 to 15 per
cent. of it. It will be observed that collecting has only been
done towards the end of the year.
SQUARE 81.
There are some thousand square miles of the State of
Johore in this square, which is botanically almost unknown.
Lake and Kelsall crossed a corner of it when they
descended the Sungei Simpang Kanan, and similarly Ridley
when he ascended it, as recorded under the heading of the
last square. Burkill and Haniff collected in the end of
November, 1924, a few plants in it at Ulu Benut and on
the west of Sedenak.
SQUARE 91.
The surface of this square is entirely of land, and in |
the State of Johore. Gunong Pulai is towards the south-
west and Gunong Panti towards the east.
Burbidge and Murton climbed Gunong Pulai in August,
1877 (Burbidge, Gardens of the Sun, 1880, p. 31). In the
latter part of 1892. Lake took a plant collector thither from
the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Ridley, in December, 1904,
took leave and spent a week upon it. In 1922, when ex-
tensive clearings were being made for waterworks, two
other collectors, Mohamed Nur and Kiah, were sent thither
from the Gardens. They collected along the Sungei Pulai
Dua, on Gunong Pulai Duatas, on Bukit Abu Bakar and
to the summit. Best visited the summit on December 18th,
1922, and Holttum on November 16th, 1924. Sedenak
railway station visited by Ridley in August, 1908, is within
the square to the north of Gunong Pulai.
Burkill and Haniff collected in the end of November,
1924, on the Scudai river to the south-east of Gunong Pulai.
Vesterdal collected at Mount Austin to the north of
Johore Bahru.
In 1880 Kunstler visited Gunong Panti in June. In
December, 1892, Ridley climbed it from Kota Tinggi, and
again in 1910 with le Doux. MHolttum in March, 1928,
189
climbed it also with le Doux, and Haniff in December, 1925,
and Holttum in February, 1926.
Gunong Muntahak which is near was visited by Kloss.
Southwards and right upon the edge of the square is
Panchur where Ridley collected in 1900.
King in 1879 with Hullett visited Jaffaria which is
somewhere within the southern edge of this square; and
in May, 1803, Ridley visited Castlewood, which is not far
away.
The total number of species of the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae collected is on the map 242 and our knowledge
judged by this may be twenty per cent.
SQUARE 0.
There are about 450 square miles of the State of Johore
in this square, all but botanically unknown.
It has been said that Lake and Kelsall collected on the
Sedili river; but that statement is erroneous. Feilding in
1892 and Down are the only persons who have collected
upon it and they only a very little.
Ridley visited Johore Lama which is upon the western
' margin in October, 1900, from Pandim in square 91.
SQUARE 8m.
There are only 60 square miles of the State of Johore
in this square; it consists of very low-lying land. Kukob,
which is the chief place in it, and the Tempayan river were
visited by Ridley in April, 1908, and the Penerok river by
Burkill on August 10th, 1913, and January 25th, 1914.
SQUARE 9m.
This is the square of Singapore Island; and contains
with it a small part of the State of Johore wherein is the
town of Johore Bahru.
The part of Johore which is in the square has been
visited by Ridley at such localities as Tanjong Bunga, Tanah
Runto, Tanjong Kupang and Tanjong Merawan. King,
Hullett and Kunstler visited Johore Bahru.
Raffles at his taking over of Singapore collected plants,
as Jack tells us in one of his letters to Wallich, being three
species of Nepenthes: then Jack himself visited Singapore
in June, 1819 (vide Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, No. 73, p. 177). At this time
Singapore Island was so completely ‘covered with jungle”
that there was found to be clear only “a small spot on
the eastern bank of the river barely large enough to pitch
the tents on” which Raffles had brought with him.
‘>? ae Mies
\
190
Wallich in 1822 voyaged to Singapore expecting to —
meet his friend Jack, but Jack was dead then. Farquhar, —
who has been mentioned as having botanised in Malacca,
was then Resident; and Wallich enjoyed his friendship as |
he had that of Raffles. He collected with his usual energy
from August to the end of November. In the same year, |
but from January 20th to 25th, Finlayson had been in
Singapore and collected. Wallich’s specimens, Finlayson’s — :
and such as Jack had sent to Wallich, were among those
distributed from London by Wallich between 1827 and 1832.
Gaudichaud was the next botanist to touch at Singa- — :
pore, and that very lightly in the month of February, 1837.
In 1835 and 1839 Cuming entered the port in his little
exploring schooner, and collected, but chiefly living plants
(vide Gardens Bulletin, 2, p. 441). In 1845 or 1846 Thomas
Lobb likewise collected.
At this time the cultivators of gambier and pepper
were completing the overrunning of the island with their
temporary cultivation: the forest had suffered most exten-
sive destruction both to get virgin soil for the pepper and
fuel for the gambier boiling.
Oxley towards the end of a residence in the East of
twenty-five years entered into correspondence with Kew, -
and sent plants: he sent plants also to Voigt in Bengal.
A contemporary of his was Motley who during his residence
of a year in Borneo, visited and collected a little in Singa-
pore: this was apparently in the year 1852. Early in 1857
Sir Robert Schomburgk passing through the port collected
for Kew. In 1861 Thomas Anderson doing the same
collected and so also Kurz in December, 1863. In May or
June, 1865, Beccari reached Singapore upon his way to
Borneo and apparently he visited Singapore more than once
afterwards, using these opportunities for collecting. In
September. 1867, Maingay, passing through Singapore col-
lected: and Wawra likewise passed through the port thrice,
once at the end of 1872 and twice early in 1873; and also —
collected. In 1879. in August and September, Sir George
King collected in Singapore.
In Wight’s herbarium were some plants labelled “ Sin-
gapore, Dawood.” It is suspected that a native collector
named Daud had got them at the instance of Wight’s
brother.
The continuous botanising of Singapore commenced in
1875 when Murton was appointed to the post of Superin-
tendent of the Botanic Gardens. He was ambitious of
producing a Flora of the island, and probably collected
with diligence; but destroyed his collections when leaving
Government service. In his time the neighbourhood of the
Gardens seems to have been covered either with secondary
191
forest or with forest greatly deteriorated by the removal
of timber. Cantley succeeded Murton in 1880; and set to
work at the investigation of the flora: but his impaired
health drove him to England in 1881, whither he took, to
work at in the Royal Gardens, Kew, aS many specimens
as he could accumulate. Returning in 1882, he began to
train a plant-collector, and tried to set in order what
Murton had left; and in March of the year he was instructed
to draw up recommendations for the care of the forests and
forest lands of the Straits Settlements. His report on
them was out in July, 1883; and it contains an interesting
list of timber trees then verging on extinction in Singapore
island. (Reports on the Forests of the Straits Settlements,
appendix). At that date “such Crown forests as remained
uncut were widely distributed in isolated patches over the
mrand...... of various sizes from half an acre or so to
twenty acres’ and the Government had difficulty in select-
ing areas for economical conservation, so much so that not
one half of these first suggested actually were included
within the final selection as Reserves; and if reference be
made to Ridley’s Annual Report on the Botanic Garden
and Forest Department for the year 1889, p. 10, it will
be realised that failing to find adequate virgin forest that
which was reserved contained very little good forest.
When Cantley died, Ridley in 1888 succeeded him as
Director of Gardens and Forests. Unfortunatelv he found
that much of what had been collected had perished: and
this being so, the Singapore Herbarium is almost entirely
of the latter’s creating. Tassim Daud worked as a plant
collector under him and as herbarium keeper until 1895;
and Goodenough was temporarily under him in Singapore
in 1895 and 1896. He frequently sent trained native plant-
ors out with exploring parties willing to look after
them.
Hullett, who had been stationed in Singapore for a
number of years, presented his herbarium to the Singapore
Gardens when leaving the East in 1889.
Burkill succeeded Ridley in 1912. He was joined by
Baker for a part of 1917, by Chipp in 1919 and 1920, by
Holttum in 1922, and by Henderson in 1924. Working
under these were the following who collected also, Ahmed
bin Hassan, Kastawi bin Jalil, Mohamed Nur bin Mohamed
Ghose, Ahmed bin Hadji Omar, Subramanian, Kiah bin
Hadji Mohamed Salleh and others and their names will be
found on plant-labels.
Visitors who have collected in Singapore since 1880
have been Scortechini who was on the island in 1886; Max
Fleischer in 1898; Raciborski in 1899; Engler in 1905;
Matthew in 1918,
192
The last named visited Johore also. In 1901 there
was resident in Johore Jansen who conceived the idea of
collecting sets of plants for sale; but seems not to have
carried it out, though plants collected by him are conserved
at Copenhagen. .
In the year 1900 Ridley published a Flora of Singapore
in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, No. 33, p. 27, and in 1901 he published some
addenda in No. 35, p. 84.
It is interesting that the lesser the land surface the
further from typical high forest is the vegetation upon an
islet: and this is illustrated by Holttum’s account of the
plants upon Pulau Jong (Singapore Naturalist, Vol. I, 5.
p. 47.) Pulau Jong is a few miles removed from the south
shore of Singapore island.
|
Very little has been added since Ridley’s Flora; so little
|
|
|
that the island itself may be held as about ninety-nine
per cent. known: but within the square is a part of the
State of Johore, which is scarcely known, and taking it
into consideration it may be assumed that the square is
about ninety-six per cent. known.
SQUARE 0m.
The land surface within this square is only about 160
square miles of the State of Johore. Opposite to it are
parts of the Dutch islands of Pulau Batam and Pulau
Bintang which are outside our consideration.
The square was overrun by pepper and gambier
plantations in the years 1840-1850 and other planting has
followed. TIpecacuanha was grown there about 1880-1890
at Pinyerong: and it was probably on a visit to the planta-
tion that Cantley got the Johore specimens which he took
to Kew in 1882: they are dated February.
Feilding visited Tanjong Surat which is north-north-
east of Changi in 1892. Ridley in 1890 collected over the
island of Pulau Tekong.
know so many of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae of the
It is chiefly from the collections of the last that we
square as 48. It indicates about ten per cent. :
:
THE COLLECTING PLACES.
This list serves as an index to the foregoing pages
and is meant to be used in the herbarium as a
means of getting, with the aid of maps, as
much information as possible out of
the localities given upon labels.
Alor=a ford
Gajah—6k
Sta—2b
Ampang (Ipoh)—4e
Anak Bukit—2b
Ara Kudah—3d
Aring—6d
Aroa islands—3j
Ayer=water or stream
Hangat—1b
Hitam—8h
Kroh—6k
Kuning (Taiping)—ée
Kuning (N. Sembilan) —6j
Panas (two)—6k
Puteh—8g
Raja forest—bdh
Assam Kumbang—se
Asun—2b
Bagan Datoh—3g
Bagan Serai—3d
Bahau forest—6j
Baling—3ce
Balok—8g
Bandar Matahari—2c
Bandar Penggaram—7]1
Bandar Telok Anson—4f
Bangi—dj
Batang Benar—5j
Batang Berjuntai—4h
Batang Padang—4f
Bator Kelantan—6e
Batu=rock
Balai—6g
Bau—5be °
Berjongkong—1b
Bunga—1b
Caves—bdh
Gajah—4f
Hampar—ése
Kurau—3e
Pahat—7l
Papan—bde
Talam—5g
Tiga—dh
Tugoh—3e
Bedong—3c
Behrang forest—5g
Bekok—8k
Belimbing (Legeh)—5b
194
Belimbing (Malacca)—6k
Belingu—6h
Bemban (nr. Triang)—6j
Benchah forest—6f
Benom mountain—6g
Benta—5f
Bentong—5dg (5h)
Renus valley—5h
Benut—8l
Beranang—5j
Bernam river—3-5g
Beserah—8g
Besih Hangat—2b
Betong—4c
Biawak—7k
Bidor—4f
Bikum—4g
Bilut reserve—dg
Bintang—7h
Biserat—4a
Blanja—3f
Blanda Mabok—3e
Blay Manis—é6f
Bohei—8h
“ Box ” hill—3e
Briah—3éd
Bruas—3f
Budu—6f
Bukit=a hill or ascent
Abu Bakar—9I]
Banang—71
Belata—4g
Bertam—6k
Besar—4a
Besih Hangat—2b
Birch—se
Bruang—6k
Cheraka—4h
Danan—6k
Duri—7h
Dusun Paya—ok
Etam—bdh
Fraser—dg
Galing—8g
Goh—8g
Gowa—4a
Itam—5dh
Jalor—4a
Jelatah—5de
Jitan—8k
Kajang—6k
195
Bukit—(contd.) Castlewood—9i
~ Kandong—6k Caulfeild’s Hill—3e
Kapis—8g Chabau—7k
Kayara—7k Chanderiang—4f
Kapayang—4e Changkat—a shallow; rising
Kapayang—5j ground
-Kayu Arang—6k Jerin—3e
Klana—6k Jong—4g
Kuda—5h Mentri—4g
Kutu—5g Serdang—se
Lagi—2b Channing—6d
Lasing—5j Cheka river—6f
Linggung—6j Chemor—4e
Mertajam—2d Cheng—6k
Muar—71 Cherating river—8f
Mudom—71 Chinchin—7k
Naning—6k Chineras—6f
Nuang—5h Chini—7h
Nyor—5dh Chirana Puteh—6k
Panchor—6k Chupeng—2b
Papan—6d
Patani—7l Darat Selah—8h
Payong—6k Degong—4f
Penggaram—7]1 Dindings—8f
Pinang—2b Dong—dg
Putus—6k Durian Pipit—3d
Raja Wang—2b Durian Sabatang—4f
Raka—5¢ Durian Tawar—6j
Ruang—2b Dusun Gajah—2c
Sedanan—6k Dusun Tua—dh
Selat Panchor—1l1b
Sembilan—4b Endau river—8j, 9j
Soga—7l Enggor—3e
Sutu (Setul)—5j
Tangga—5j Fraser Hill—5dg
Tanjong—2b :
Tanah Abang—9k Galas valley—6d
Tapang—4a Gali—5g
Telor Jambu—2b Gaong=a hollow
Temangan—6e Talan—6j, 6k
Terbakar—6k Gapis Pass—e
Ubi—8¢g Garawang—5h
Wang—2b Gemas—7j
Wok— Gemenchih—6j
Bundi—8f Genuang—7j
Burau—1b Ginting=a narrow or pass
Butang islands—la Bidai—5h
Butong island—2d Kabok—2a
: Peras—5h
Cameron’s Plateau—4f Sempak—5h
Cape Rachado—5k Gopeng—4f
Goa=a cave
Batu—5h
Chirita—1b
Kechapi—5de
Ninneh—6e
Panjang—de
Great Redang island—6c
Grik or Grit—4d
Guai—6f
Gunong—a mountain
Arang Kayu—ée
Arang Para—ée
Angsi—6]
Bal—4e
Banang—71
Batu Brinchang—4f
Batu Puteh—4f
Bechua—9k
Belumut—9k
Benom—6g
Berekeh—4e .
Beremban (Wray’s)—4f
Beremban (Ridley’s)—4f
Beremban (Alvins’)—6j
Beridong—9k
Berumber= Beremban
(Wray’s)—4f
Bintang—38d
Bongsu—38d
Bubu—3e
Bujong Malacca—4f
Chabong—4e
Chemondong—9k
Chindrang—1b
Chini—7h
Chunam Prah—4f
Geriang—2b
“ Haram ”—3e
“Haram Para ’’—#e
Ina—4c
Inas—38d
Janeng—8j
Jerei (Kedah Peak)—2c
Kayara—7k
Keledang—4e
Kendrong—4c
Kerbau-Korbu
Kluang Terbang—6g
Korbu—4e
Lambak—8k
196
Ledang—7k
Melitang—
Mengkuang Lebar—dh
Mentahak—9¥1
Menuang Gasing—5dh
Merah—3d
Mering—7k
Meriong—7k
Mesah—4f
Panti—91
Penggaram—7]1
Pondok—3e
Pulai—9l
Pulai Duatas—9l
Rajah—d5g
Rapat—4e
Raya—1l1b
Sennyum—6g
Stong—5d
Tahan—6e
Talan—6k
Tampin—6j
Terbakar—4f
Titi Basah—4Ae nie
Tunggal—3f
Ulu—4f
Ulu Kali—5dh ? dg
Yong Blar—4e
Gurun—2c
Hadji Senawai—71
“ Haram ”—Arang
Hermitage Hill—3e
Hutan Melintang—3g
Ijok—3d
Ipoh—4e
Jaffaria—9l
Jalor—4a, 3b, 4b
Jambu—8g
Jambu lorong—
Jelei river—6f
Jellam Panjang—6h
Jenum—2b
Jeram Panjang (S. Lebir)—6d
Jerantut—6g
Jering State—4da, 5a
Jitra—2b
Johit-Rambei forest—dg
Johol—6j
Johore State—7-0k, 7-01, 8-Om
Johore Bahru—9m
Johore Lama—Ol
Jor—4f
J uasseh—-6j
Jugra—4j
Kadondong—6g
Kahang river—9k
Kajang—5j
Kal= Kol
Kala Kiri—4a
Kalambalai—8h
Kalindi—4f
Kampar—4f
Kampong =village
Bandar Bahru—éf
Gajah—4f
Kobang—6d
Kota (on Plus river)—3e
Kota (Kelantan)—6b
Parit—6e
Pianggu—9j
Simpai—sk ?
Kamposa—6b
Kamunting—3e
Kamuning—4e
Kanching—5dh
Kangar—2b
Kapayang—5j
Karak—6h
Katapang—8h
Katapang—7k
Kechau river—6f
Kedah State—2a, 1-4b, 2-4c, 3d
Kedah Peak—2c
Kelantan State—6b, 5-6c,
4-6d, 4-7e
Kelantan river—6b, 6c
Kelumpur—6e
Kemaman—8f
Kendong—6j, 6k
Kenering—4d
Kepala Batas—2b
Kepis forest—6j
Kepong—5h
Kerling—5g
Khol—6f
Kinta—4f
Kertai—4d
Keru—6k
LST
Klang—4h
Klang Gates—5h
Klang water catchment
forest—5h
Klian=a pit
Intan—4c
Trus—2c
Kluang—8k
Kluang Terbang—6¢
Kota=a fort, or locally a cave
(Kota, Taiping )—3e
Bahru (Kelantan)—6b
Bahru (Kinta)—4f
Bahru (Rahman)—4b
Glanggi—6g
Tampan—3d
Tinggi—91
Tongkat—6g¢
Sarong Semut—2c
Stia—3f
Kramat (Ridley’s at Pekan)
—8h
Krian—2d, 2e
Kroh—4e
Kuala—rivermouth
Aring—6d
Bedong—6e
Bera (Pahang )—7Th
Bera (Perak)—
Brawas—8g
Brok= Bera
Burau—1b
Depang—4f
Dong—5dz
Endau—9j
Endong—6d
Essam—6b
Kahang—8k
Kangsar—3e
Kedah—2b
Kendrong—4d
Kerteh—5de
Krai—6c
Krau—6g
Kuah—1b
Kubu—5¢
Kurau—2e
Langat—4j
Lebir—6e
Lepar—8h
Limau Nipis—6d
Kuala—(contd.)
Linggi—5k
Lipis—6f
Luit—7¢
Lumpur—dh
Mahang—8g
Malaka—1l1b
Manis (upper Pahang R.)
: —6e
Manis (lower Pahang R.)
—6f
Miang—8sh
Muda—2c
Pahang—8g
Pedas—6k
Pertang—6e
Pilah—6e
Rek—6d
Relai—6d
Sameh—6d
Sawar—bdj
Sekim—8h
Selangor—4h
Semantan—6h
Sembrong—9k
Tahan—6f
Tekam—6g
Teku—6e
Tembeling—6f
Tenok—6e
Wok—4f
Kuang—5dh
Kuantan—8g
Kukob—8m
Kulat (Ridley’s)—9l1
Kulim—3d
Labu—5j
Lahat—4e
Lala Terlong—6e
Langat—4j
Langat valley—5dh
Langgar—2b
Langkawi—1b
Larut—3e
Lawin—4d
Lebir valley—6d
Legeh State—4-5b, 5c
Lenggong—3d
Liang river—5g
Linggi rivermouth—dk
198
Linsum—5j
Lubok=a pool
Chini—6k
Kadondong (Mt. Ophir)—7k
Kadondong (Pahang)—8&g
Lanjut—6h
Merbau—3e
Paku—7h
Pelang—6f
Tamang—4f
Lumut—3f
Lunas—3d
Mahang—8h
Malacca territory—6k, 7k
Malacca town—6k
Manchis—6h
Mantin—5j
Matang—se
Mengkibol—38l
Menglembu—4e
Menuang Gasing—b5dh
Menyala forest—5k
Merlimau—6k
Mersing—9k
Mesa—5de
Minyak Buku—7]
Morib—4j
Mount Austin estate—9l
Mount Ophir—7k
Muar river—6]j-7k
Muar town—7k
Muda river—2c
Nakawn Sritamarat—4a, 3b
Nawng Chik—4a
Negri Sembilan—5-6h, 5-7j,
5-7k
Nerang—3b
Nipa Bay—0j
Nyalas—7k
Padang=open space
Batu—7k
Besar—1l1b
Rengas—3e
Sarai—38d _
“Pahang track ”—5g “4
Pahang State—4-7e, 4-8f, 5-8g,
5-0h, 7-0j, 9k
Pajam—dj
Panchur—91
Pandim—¥] .
Pangkor—38f
Pantai (Kelantan)—6b
Pantai (N. Sembilan)—6j
Parit forest—3f
Parit Jawa—7l
Pasir—sand, a sandy beach
Panjang forest—5k
Panjang Ulu—3f
Puteh forest—5k
Loyang—6g
Salak—3f
Pasoh—6h
Patani or Pattani States—
4-ba, 3-6b, 5c
Patani Ketchil—7l
Patani town—4a
Pegang—8h
Pekan—8h (8g)
Pelangai—6th
Penang—2d
Penarak—1b
Penerok estate—8m
Pengkalan=a landing place
Bahru (on Bruas river)—3f
Kazai—8h
Kempas—6k
Penjom—6f
Penyabong—9j
Perak State—3-5c, 3-5d, 2-5e,
3-5f, 4-5¢
Perhentian Tinggi—5j
Perlis State—2a, 2b
Permatang Bertam—2d
Petasih, nr. Triang—6h
Pianggu—9j
Pinang Tunggul—2c
“ Pine-tree Hill ”—5g
Pinyerong—0m
Plus river—4e
Pondok Tanjong forest—3d
Pontian—81
Port Dickson—5j
Port Swettenham—4h, (4j)
Prai—2d
Pramau—8g
Province Wellesley—2-3c, 2-3d
Puket circle—1-2a
Pulai—5Se
Pulai mountain—9l
Pulau—an island
Adang—la
Ampak—1b
Aor—0k
Besar—6k
Chengei (Chenggal)—6g
Chupak—1b
Datoh—6f
Dayang—0k
Dayang Bunting—1l1b
Dodol—6k
Hujong Duri—la
Jarak—2g
Jong, Langkawi—1b
Jong, nr. Singapore—9m
Jellam—6h
Ketam—8d
Kinchi—6f
Laliang—3f
Lidi—1b
Manis (upper Pahang R.)
—6f
Manis (lower Pahang R.)
we
Nangka—6k
Nior Stali—1b
Nipis—la
Padang—6f
Pinang (Redang Is.)—8c
Rawei—la
Rumbia—3f
Rumput—8g
Sakijang—9m
Sanggul—0k
Segai—l1b
Songsong—2c
Tawar—6g
Tekong—0m
Tengah—la
Terutau—la
Tiga (Perak river)—3f
Tijau—6f
Tinggi—0k
Tirie—1b
Tiuman—0j
Ubin—9m
Quedah= Kedah
Rahman State—4-5a, 4b, 4c
Rajah Itam—3f
Rantau—5j
Rantau Panjang—4h, 5h
Raub—dg
Rawang—5dh
Rawei island—la
Redang islands—8c
Reko woods—5j
Relau Tujor—3e
Rembau—6j
Renchong—8h
Renggam—8l
Rihlau—7k
Rim—6k
Riverside—6ce
Rompin river—8j
Rumbia—6k
Rumbia island—38f
Rungkup—3g
Sai State—b5a, 5b
Salak—4e .
Salak (Kuala Lumpur)—bdh
Sawngkla—8a
Seudai river—9l
Sedenak—8l, 91
Sedili river—0Ol
Selama—3d
Selandar—6k
Selangor State—3-5g, 4-5h,
4-5¢
Selangor river—4h, 5g
Selaru—6j
Selinsing river—3e
Semangkok Pass—dg
Semantan—6th
Sembilan islands—3f
Senaling—6j
Senaling Inas forest—6j
Senawang—5j
Sendayan—5j
Sennyum—6g
Sepang—5j
Serdang—5dh
Seremban—5j
Serendah—5h
Serom—8k
Serting forest—6j
Setul (Siam)—1-2a
Setul (N. Sembilan) —6j
Siliau—5j
Siminyih—5h
200
Simpai—8k
Simpam river—dg
Simpang—a possibility,
parting ways
(Simpang nr. Taiping)
—ée
Ampat in Krian—3e
Kanan river—7l
mines—dg
Simpit—3f
Singapore island—9m
Sira Rimau—3éd
Sirusa—5j
Sitiawan—3f
Slim—4g
Sungei—river
Bagu in Tiuman—0Oj
Batu Asah—
Bau—9k
Bera—7h
Benchah—6f
Bertam—4f
Biku—8k ?
Buloh forest—5h
Cheka—6f
Galas—6d
Jelei in Pahang—5-6f
Jelei in N. Sembilan—6j
Jerneh—6k
Kahang—8k
Kaloh—5de
Keluang—2d
Kenering—4d
Kertai—4d
Kesang—7k
Keteh—6e
Kulim—4d
Lebir—6d, 6e
Lenggin—8k?
Lepar—7g
Liang—5g
Limau—3e
Madek—9k
Mahang—8h
Malati—8k
Meang—8h
Merapoh—5de
Menyala—5dk
Morai—0m
Njing—4e
Patani—2c¢
a
Sungei—(contd.)
Pattani—4a, 4b
Pauh—7k
Paut—6f
Penerok—8&m
Perting—5¢g
Piah—4d
Pinang (two in Penang 1s.)
—2d
Pinang (in Pahang)—
Pulai Dua—9l
Puyu—8f
Raya—4e
Renong—6d
Repas—5g
Segari—3f
Sekin—8j
Sembrong (eastward)—8-9k
(westward)—8k, 7-81
Simpang Kanan—8k, 7-8]
Simpam—5g
Singapore—9m
Siput (Kuala Kangsar)—4e
Siput (Kinta)—4f
Tahan—6f
Tawar in Tiuman—0j
Teku—6e
Tembeling—6f
Tenok—6f
Tras—5¢
Tukang Sidin—4f
Udang (Malacca)—6k
Udang (Terutau)—1la
Ujong State—5-6j, 5-6k
Yu—bde
Sungkai river-—4f
Tahan river—6f (6e)
Taiping—3e
Tambun—4e
Tampin—6k
Tanah Runto—9m
Tani State—4a
Tanjong—a promontory
(Tanjong of Griffith—T.
Kling’)
Agas forest—5k
Antan—6g
Api—8g
Bunga—9m
Duatah in Tiuman—0j
201
Gajah Mati—8¢
Gul—9m
Hantu—3f
Kling—6k
Kupang—9m
Malim—5d5g
Medang—8g
Merawang—9m
Musa—6g
Neru—1b
Rambutan—4e
Sireh—
Surat—0m
Tembeling—8e2
Telok Lalu—6d
Tuan—5k
Tapah- -4f
Tasek=a lake
Chinik—7h
Enak—1b
Gelugor—3d
Tebing=a high river-bank for
landing
Tinggi (on Kangar R.)—2b
(on Simpang Kanan R.)—8&k
Tebong—6k
Tebong forest—6j
Tebrau river—91
Tekong—0m
Teku—6e
Telaya Tujoh—1lb.
Telapak—
Telok—a bay
Telok forest—4j
Anson—8f, 3g
Apau—1l1b
Bahru—3¢g
Datai—1l1b
Gadong—4j
Kertang forest—3e
Lalu—6d
Noh= Wau
Sera—3f
Sisik—82°
Siun—1b
Udang—la
Wau—la
Telom river (Ridley’s)—4f
Telok Jambu—2b
Telok Malati-8h
Telok Pinang—4e
Telubin river—5a
Temengor—4d
Temerloh—6h
Temiang—6d
Temiang (Nr. Seremban)—5j
‘Tembeling river (lower)—6f
Temoh—4f
Temoyang—1b
Tempayan—8m
Tengarok—9k
Tenok—
Tepa State—3-4a, 3b
Terutau—la
Tiuman—0j
Tokong=a rock
Sanggul—0k
Tomo—5dec
Tras—5g
Tremangan—5b
Trengganu State—6-8c, 6-8d,
7-8f
Trengganu town—8d
Triang forest—6j (6h)
Trolak—42
Trong—4e
Tupai—3e
Ulu=headwaters of a stream
Batu Pahat—8l
202
Waterloo estate—3e
Bendol—6j
Benut—8l
Bera (in Perak)—5g¢
Bera (in Pahang)-
Bubong—5g
Chineras—6f
Gombak—5h
Kahang—9k
Kal—Kol
Kenering—4d
Kerling—5g
Kol—5g
Langat—5h
Madek—9k
Pedas—6j
Petasih—6j
Rembau—6j
Sapetang—3e
Sedili—91
Selama—3d
Selangor—5g
Sliim—5dg (5f)
Tekam—7g
Utan Melintang—3g
Weld’s Hill—5h
Yan—2e
q
“=
203
“THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.”
The volume published under the above title by the
Oxford University Press comes from the able pen of Father
E. Blatter. Having lived for many years in India he has
had exceptional opportunities to study both indigenous and
introduced species of the Palm family. This, coupled with
a keen interest in the subject, has resulted in the production
of a book, useful alike to the botanist and the layman.
Much useful information is contained in the volume, well
supported by numerous photographs and figures which are
a very great help for identification purposes.
The introduction contains much useful information
(i) in regard to the Geographic Distribution of Palmae
- generally, (ii) a short history of the exploration of the
Palm flora in India together with a detailed account of its
distribution and (iii) a general description of Palms couched
in popular language.
The remainder of the book is devoted to (i) descrip-
_ tions, (ii) considerable information concerning the economic
value and uses of some species with histories and legends
concerning them and (ili) photographs and figures. The
no ee ae
mn a '
descriptions generally, are very good and are set forth in
scientific terms. Keys for identification purposes have been
utilised in dealing with all genera and to a lesser extent,
for the species. The generic keys are of necessity couched
in botanical terms. Specific keys have been treated less
scientifically, being in most cases based on general charac-
teristics. Similarly, in a few instances the distinguishing
features of two species have been contrasted or tabulated
side by side. These, together with the many admirable
photographs, should be of considerable assistance in the
identification of species and will certainly be welcomed by
the Jayman. This work might have been applied with good
results to all genera in which two or more species are
mentioned. The economic uses and importance of several
of the better known species are dealt with in detail,
especially in the cases of the Coconut, Betel Nut, and Date
Palm. The histories and legends connected with these
latter, are mentioned at length and give an interesting
Insight into the important part played by these plants in
_ the lives of the natives, past and present. Cultivation is
briefly touched upon, that dealing with tropical planting
being of most value. Considerable work has been put into
_the compilation of lists of common and local names which
‘should be of. considerable use for determination purposes.
No review would be complete without mention of the
204
admirable series of photographs included in the book; they
should make identification a much easier matter. The:
are supplemented by numerous figures dealing with the
morphology of flowers, etc., as aids to identification.
The author is to be congratulated on the production
of a book useful alike to the botanist and the layman, a
by no means easy task.
F, FLIPPANCE.
4 205
‘
a
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
of the air at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, from wet and
dry bulb hygrometer readings made daily at 9 a.m.
during the year 1926.
Date Jan. Feb.| Mar. Apr. May June July | Aug.| Sept. Oct.} Nov.| Dec.
| : : : j i j
| |
| Pe. |
190 | 75 | 71 74 | 80 | 78 | 71
1 79.| 89 | 86 | &3 | 72
2 | 98 | 69 | 71 | 70 | GD | 93 | 75 | TT | 78 | 83 5 | 76
3 98 | 67 | 76 76 | 81 E}+68 | 83 | 74 | 77 | 74 | 78
~ $4/|73 | 83 78 | 91 | 93 | 76 | 72 | 74 | 67 | 85 | 77
5 $4 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 79 | 95 | 79 | 83 | 717 | 75 | 83 | 83
6 88 | 70 | 68 | 72 | 73 | 85 | 83 | 91 | 76 | 95 | 68 | 79
7 8Z | 64 | 72 79 | 76 | 72 | 90 | 89 | 85 | 77} 69 | 72
8 82 | 67 | 82 | 71 | 76 | 90 | 79 | 75 | 95 | 67 | 72 | 74
9 i) ta) 19 | Si) 72 | 16) 79 + 7h | 3.16 | PS
10 74,67 15 | 72 | 74 | 72) 76, 78 | 77) 79 | 68 | 7
85
14 |71/83|74 76/81 | 74 | 75-| 83 | 87 | 72) 76 | 95
29 75 |7c | 74 | 76 975 | 79 | 78177 | 98
30 74 170 | 91175 | 87 195 | 74 | 98 | 82/ 81 | 81
72 *
Mean for the year 79.
206
RAINFALL
at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half
of the year 1926. i
Readings taken at 9 a.m., and expressed in inches.
~ a ar
|
Date January | February; March April May June
1 1.00 + O1 01 68 O01
2 73 ee ie we ge 67
3 1.36 ee i 01 45 .28
3 02 be 30 | oe “i .28
9) 24. iB 03 | 86 1.26 27
6 “es oe O01 | 25 01 1.11
7 af ve / 1 trace #3
8 “fe 05 | Ey ee 25
9 oa 65 trace O1
gi ae |
| ; . ;
sat bi
ss 207
RAINFALL
at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second half
of the year 1926.
Readings taken at 9 a.m., and expressed in inches.
Date July August |September| October | November | December
|
1 03 C3 2.99 03 aha 03
2 | “K trace 01 -§ 01
3 85 ated : ¥ 03
4 trace eri ho) dea’ 15 03 AT
5 21 65 | 01 F re 01
6 2.15 1.28 | Zs 83 = 42
‘f .60 04 | 23 04 me by Pe ic 8
St 07 trace | 1.57 : 19 05
9 | es bs | .78 : 02 15
10 od + : : ae 01
11 / nF .26 trace S's 29
12 3.11 trace 00 .05 =.
13 | 05 ae 39 62 17 02
14 oe Bs | Bi ay: < 1.65
15 ie O01 | 88 .28 a
16 ‘ ae | as 1.16 02 05
17 | é 31 «Lo 1.35 -
18 i .30 1.05 -78 3.19 1.33
19 | 01 01 01 92 04 trace
20 . #
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
208
RAINFALL
at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the
first half of the year 1926, in inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied
by the Municipal Commissioners, George Town, Penang.
Date January | February March April May June
Ee | iy Bid a .06 cz =
4 ie ae 5A a “ay .05
S oe os ma - .05 .09
4 ce wt ne 1.02 a6 Pe
5 .65 za ee
6 .03 4. 4.36
7 ot .05 e 1.00
8 6 1.64 He az
9 BZ se che .03 .03 1.22
10 .03 aA he .05 a rs
i fe | os an a3 ne ee .06
12 Ee 1.86 ia
13 =. 2.20 08 67
14 . ey 05 20 .10 .03
5) cas .30 .04 .03 ie mo
16 i - Ae. a .90 .04
17 a Es ais .06 .65 mi ae
18 fy “% we ex Pe be} 2 i
19 os Mis 97 1.78 yy 03
20 07 - te a 23 1.50
Da ae 03 .03 a ts ae
22 .05 -: ae 1.99 18 std
23 2 4 OF e .06 te a
24 ise 70 si .04 06 aie
25 a Sa bd .03 93 .08
26 .05 aie ie 13 .03
21 . 22 we .20 22 Rows
28 ; 07 79 re .05
29 . ‘o .20 1.906
30 82 i1 .06
31 as Ee
Total .. 1.25 1.24 5.77 10.52 5.60 12.58
i
209
RAINFALL
at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the
second half of the year 1926, in inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied
by the Municipal Commissioners, George Town, Penang.
Date . july August [September}| October | November | December
1 10 ine 1.68 ot 03
2 2.09 1.97 12 03:3 56 05
3 4 koe 08 3. | 58 14
4 : : 2.87 2.67 04
5 F 2.95 07 2.26
6 .16 03 03 85 C3
if ‘ 04 1.22 19
8 ; £63 > 24 20
9 : LoS 1.65 90
10 ; 03s: 8.25
11 .03 - .70
12 .03 1.60 03 2.26 70
13 62 03 67 2.40 35 57
14 .03 o9 04 83 88
+5 44 ‘2 04 30 19
16 Ta 46 ; % 09 20
17 : ae Se 03
18 03 2a 3.28 48 1.94
19 34 : = 04 42 20
20 1.33 .04 Pi 04 28 03
21 99 : oo 05 09 1.59
22 03 ne 56
23 05 24 44 45 6.20
24 10 67 .99 34 04 1.90
25 1.67 O05 19 04
26 ore 1.49 03
A 05 13) 09 88 1,99
28 10 36 1.038 05 1.05 2.16
29 1.05 53 04 03 58 2.19
30 62 04 | 62 6 14
31 53 2.00 is 60 1.99
210
SUMMARY OF RAINFALL, 1926.
SINGAPORE PENANG
— [woos] Amount of (Hongest| jo, of] | Amount
pr without | DY
days | inches | mm. | rain | 9449S | inches | mm.
January 17| 649| 165|/9days| 6] 1.25| 32| 8 days
February 7 5-70; > TAS412 ; 7 1.24 31 {13 |
March 18 3.07 25 1 Owes 10 5.77 | 147 6
April 15 | Sa ase ee 21 | 10.52} 267|3
May 2¢ 5.31 1295) } Bes, 15 | 5.60) 142) 5
June 20 8.39 218 8 20 | 1258] 320 | 2
July 19 | 11.386 | 2891/5 16| 8.27] 210|4
August 19 46.) TH 2 = 19 | 16.54 | 420] 5
September .. 23°! 18396 | a374 3". 24.| 13.18] 335 | 3
October ab) - 7e78-\ Geet so, 28 | 30.28 | 769 | 2
November ...| 20} 9.08 | 2831/3 , 21 |- 887 | 225 am
December ... oT ID 2 | 9355) to 221 2378 | 6038 199
Total > 224 | 90.25 | 2295 209 | 137.88 | 3501
Greatest amount in 24 hrs. 3.19 ins. or 81 mim. 8.25 ae or 210 mm.
48 hrs. 4.54 ins. or 115mm. 9.90 ins. or 251 mm.
72 hrs. 4.58 ins. or 116mm.
99 9
11.21 ins. or 285 mm. z,
Excessively rainy periods, more
than 5 ins. having fallen in 72
hours ee = Re
Periods of comparative drought,
less than .02 ins. having fallen
in 120 hours _... ae x £0
(Jan. (2), Feb. (3), March,
Apr. (2), July, Aug.)
a
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9 (Jan. (3), Feb. (2), Ma
May, Aug., Dec.).
A list of pie nich ¢ can abe eb |
Gardens, in Singapore and > in Penang, an
application. The same list pei rie ‘at
Government Gazette... Ce Ves wane
The Gardens’ Bulletin i is « publishells as Me |
available. Its price is fifty cents for each numbe
or in advance for every volume of are nu: am
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THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. IV. JANUARY 1928. Nos. 6—10
THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF KUALA LUMPUR,
IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.
By M. R. Henderson, F.L.S.
The following pages contain a list of the Higher Plants
known from Kuala Lumpur and its vicinity.
The area which the list covers is roughly that included
in a circle of which the centre is Kuala Lumpur and the
radius is fifteen miles. The circle has been stretched to
include nearby places from which important collections have
come, but collections have not been made from every place
within it.
The montane flora of the Main Range has been ex-
cluded in an endeavour to make the list contain only lowland
species, but it has not been possible to do this accurately,
as very few specimens were found to bear any indication
of the altitude at which they were collected.
The following are the localities from which have come
the collections utilised in the compilation of the list :—
Ampang Forest Reserve
Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve
Batang Berjuntai Forest Reserve
Batu Tiga
Batu Caves
Bukit Belachan Forest Reserve
Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve
Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve
Bukit Raja Forest Reserve
Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve
Bukit Tunggal Forest Reserve
Damansara
Dusun Tua
212
Kajang
Kanching
Kepong
Klang Gates
Kuala Lumpur
Kuang
Petaling
Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur
Pudu
Rantau Panjang Forest Reserve
Seminyih
Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve
Ulu Gombak
Ulu Langat
Weld’s Hill Forest Reserve.
During recent years, the Forest Department has col-
lected very largely in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, and
full advantage has been taken of these collections in
compiling the list. Towards the end of 1921 H. L. Hume
made large collections for the F.M.S. Museums in the Batang
Berjuntai and Rantau Panjang Forest Reserves, at Klang
Gates, in the Ulu Gombak, and at various places close to
Kuala Lumpur. These collections, along with the remain-
der of the F.M.S. Museums Herbarium, have now been loaned
indefinitely to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
Ridley and his subordinate Goodenough collected at
Kuala Lumpur while inspecting forests from 1889 onwards.
Smaller collections in this area have been made by
Burkill, Kloss, Henderson, Milsum, Sands, and Mohamed
Nur.
The writer is indebted to Dr. Foxworthy for much help,
and for access to the herbarium of the Forest Department.
We are dealing here with an area large tracts of which
have been completely denuded of their original covering of
primary forest, and man’s interference has resulted in the
intrusion of numbers of widely distributed plants which can
only obtain a hold when the forest is cleared. Hence the
endemism characteristic of the Malayan forest flora is not
strongly marked when the flora of the Kuala Lumpur area
is considered as a whole. This is shown by a comparison
with the flora of the Taiping region (Gardens’ Bulletin,
Vol. III, Nos. 7-12) where, in a heavily forested region, the
specific endemism is 44%, whereas for the Kuala Lumpur
area the figure is only 29%. Again, the figure for the local
specific endemism for Taiping is 10% and for Kuala Lumpur
3%.
a
213
These local endemics, a list of which is given below,
occur for the most part in forested areas, the exceptions
being those which are peculiar to the limestone of the Batu
Caves or Kanching or to the quartzite rocks of Klang Gates.
Local endemics in the Kuala Lumpur area.
Drepananthus carinatus, Ridl.
Polyalthia montana, Ridl.
Hydnocarpus Humei, Ridl.
*Impatiens Ridleyi, Hook fil.
Gomphandra pubescens, Ridl.
Napeodendron altissimum, Rid.
*Carallia euryoides, Ridl.
Eugenia Klossii, Ridl.
Blastus pulverulentus, Ridl.
Sonerila prostrata, Ridl.
Begonia rhoephila, Ridl.
Brassiopsis elegans, Ridl.
*Aleisanthia rupestris, Ridl.
Argostemma trichanthum, Ridl. —
Ophiorrhiza fruticosa, Ridl.
Urophyllum Curtisii, King MSS.
Pavetta pauciflora, Ridl.
Tarenna rudis, Ridl.
Psychotria lanceolaria, Ridl.
_ *Borreria pilulifera, Ridl.
Ardisia vinimea, Ridl.
Linociera spicifera, Ridl.
Alstonia micrantha, Ridl.
*Hoya occlusa, Ridl.
Didissandra breviflora, Ridl.
Didymocarpus primulina, Ridl.
*Boea verticillata, Ridl.
Pseuderanthemum candidum, Rid.
Pseuderanthemum sylvestre, Ridl.
Justicia microcarpa, Ridl.
Justicia trichodes, Ridl.
Ptyssiglottis chrysea, Ridl.
Cryptocarya tenuifolia, Ridl.
Dehaasia elliptica, Ridl.
Phyllanthus erythrocarpus, Ridl.
Sauropus elegantissimus, Ridl.
Galearia lancifolia, Ridl.
*Trigonostemon salicifolius, Ridl.
Macaranga incisa, Gage.
Oberonia aurantiaca, Ridl.
Oberonia grandis, Ridl.
Adenoncos parviflora, Ridl.
Sungai Buloh.
Ulu Langat.
Klang Gates.
Batu Caves.
Weld’s Hill.
Ulu Gombak.
Klang Gates.
Rantau Panjang.
Ulu Langat.
Klang Gates.
Ulu Gombak.
Ulu Langat.
Klang Gates.
Ulu Langat.
Batu Caves.
Kuala Lumpur.
Batu Caves.
Weld’s Hill.
Batu Caves.
Klang Gates.
Ulu Gombak.
Rawang.
Rantau Panjang.
Batu Caves.
Ulu Gombak.
Klang Gates.
Batu Caves.
Ulu Gombak.
Sungai Buloh.
Batu Caves.
Seminyih.
Rantau Panjang and
Ulu Gombak.
Ulu Gombak.
Bukit Cheraka, Public
Gardens and Ulu
Gombak.
Batu Caves.
Ulu Gombak.
Ulu Gombak.
Kanching.
Kuala Lumpur.
Kajang.
Ulu Langat.
Batu Caves,
214.
Saccolabium macrantherum, Ridl. Ulu Gombak.
Thrixspermum montanum, Ridl. Ulu Langat.
Gastrochilus longifolia, Ridl. Ulu Gombak.
Ranalisma rostrata, Stapf. Batu Caves.
Plectocomiopsis dubius, Bece. Rantau Panjang.
Pandanus immersus, Ridl. Batu Tiga.
Freycinetia acuminata, Ridl. Kuang and Sungai
Buloh.
*Raphidophora Burkilliana, Rid. Batu Caves.
*Pothos lorispatha, Ridl. Batu Caves.
*Eulalia Milsumi, Ridl. Klang Gates.
Species marked with an asterisk are those peculiar to
limestone or quartzite.
RANUNCULACEA.
Naravelia laurifolia, Wall. Ampang; Seminyih. A
climber of India to the Philippines; in the Peninsula not
uncommon north of Selangor, usually in secondary growth.
DILLENIACEA.
Delima sarmentosa, Linn. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Seminyih. A woody climber of Indo-Malaya and
China; in the Peninsula common in open places from
Langkawi to Singapore.
Tetracera sylvestris, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
woody climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula not very common,
Penang, Perak, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore.
Acrctrema costatum, Jack. Seminyih (Hume). A
herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula common from Langkawi
to Johore, but absent from Malacca.
Wormia albiflos, Ridl.. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
large shrub, endemic and rare, hitherto known only from
Johore.
Wormia oblonga, Wall. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga; Kuang;
K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A small tree of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in open places from Kedah to Malacca.
Wormia pulchella, Jack. K. Lumpur (Forest: Dept.).
A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in open places from Taiping to Singapore.
Wormia suffruticosa, Griff. Rawang (Goodenough).
A shrub of Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in the south in open places.
Dillenia ? grandifolia, Wall. Kajang (Forest Dept.).
Dillenia meliosmaefolia, Hook. fil. Kajang; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A tall tree, endemic and common in forest
from the Dindings to Malacca and Pahang.
215
Dillenia ovata, Wall. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
small tree, endemic, not common, Penang, Perak and Pahang.
Dillenia reticulata, King. Public Gardens and Weld’s
Hill, K. Lumpur. A tree of Tongka; in the Peninsula not
common, Province Wellesley and Perak.
Dillenia Scortechinii, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A tall tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Perak,
Singapore.
Dillenia sp. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept. 5024).
MAGNOLIACEZ.
Talauma lanigera, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, not common, usually in
montane forest, Penang, Taiping Hills, Mt. Ophir.
CULTIVATED MAGNOLIACEZ.
Michelia Champaca, Linn. (Chempaka). A tree of
India, cultivated throughout Indo-Malaya.
Michelia longifolia, Bl. (White Chempaka). A tree
of Java, often cultivated in the Peninsula.
ANONACEZ.
Cyathostemma Wrayi, King. Bukit Tarek Forest
Reserve; Weld’s Hill. A liane, endemic and rare in forest,
Perak. |
Uvaria excelsa, Wall. Petaling (Ridley). A liane of
Indo-China and Borneo; in the Peninsula not very common
in forest, Penang to Singapore.
Uvaria hirsuta, Jack. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A liane
of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.
Uvaria Lobbiana, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Ampang; Batu
Caves. A liane of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang, Perak,
Malacca, Singapore.
Uvaria macrophylla, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
liane of Ceylon, Burma and Java; in the Peninsula common
from Penang to Singapore, often in open country.
Uvaria purpurea, Bl. K. Lumpur (fide Ridley). A
liane of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and 8S. China; in
the Peninsula common both in open country and in forest
from Perlis to Singapore.
Drepananthus carinatus, Ridl. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and local.
Drepananthus pruniferus, Maing. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang
to Malacca.
216
Artabotrys gracilis, King. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
slender climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Perak and Johore.
Artabotrys suaveolens Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
climber of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang and Upper Perak to
Singapore.
Desmos chinensis, Lour. Ampang; Sungai Buloh;
Wela’s Hill. A shrub or climber of Indo-Malaya and China;
common over the whole Peninsula usually in open country.
Desmos cochinchinensis, Lour. Rawang (Goodenough). —
A slender climber of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and
China; in the Peninsula common north of Malacca in open
places.
Desmos dasymaschala, Safford. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A shrub or small tree of Burma, Siam, Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula common from Perlis to Singapore.
Polyalthia builata, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Dusun Tua;
Seminyih. A shrub, endemic, not common, Perak, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan, and doubtfully from Malacca and Singapore.
Potyalthia cinnamomea, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Weld’s
Hill (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, not very common
in forest, Langkawi to Malacca.
Polyalthia congregata, King. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of ? Sumatra; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Larut
and Gopeng, Perak.
Poiyalthia Hookeriana, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, in forest, Perak (common),
Pahang, Malacca.
Polyalthia hypogaea, King. Kanching; Seminyih. A
small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, and —
doubtfully from Pahang and Johore. |
Polyalthia Kunstleri, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest —
Dept.). A shrub or tree, endemic, not very common in ~
forest from Penang to Malacca.
Polyalthia macrantha, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume
9289).
forest, Perak, Negri Sembilan and Malacca.
Melanochyla angustifolia, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang,
Taiping, Negri Sembilan, Malacca.
Melanochyla rugosa, King. Ayer Hitam Forest Re-
serve; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tall tree, endemic,
rare in forest, Tapah (Perak), Temerloh (Pahang).
Melanochyla tomentosa, Hook. fil., var. glabrescens,
Koorders. Bukit Cheraka (Forest Dept.). A tree, the
species of Java, the var. endemic and local.
? Melanochyla torquata, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.), leaf specimens only.
| Semecarpus Curtisii, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Siam; in the Peninsula Setul to Negri
Sembilan, usually in open places.
Semecarpus velutina, King. Klang Gates (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, rare in forest, Gunong Bubu
(Perak) and Johore.
Dracontomelum mangiferum, Bl. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill.
265
Zanonia Clarkei, King. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
climber, endemic and rare, Kinta (Perak).
CULTIVATED CUCURBITACE.
Benineasa cerifera, Savi. (The Wax Gourd). Culti-
vated, fide Foxworthy. A large climbing herb of Africa,
Indo-Australia, China and Japan, known only in cultivation.
. Citrulus vulgaris, Linn. (The Water Melon). Culti-
vated, fide Foxworthy. A climbing herb, pantropic in
cultivation.
Cucumis sativus, Linn. (The Cucumber). A climbing
herb, cultivated in all tropics and in temperate regions.
Cucurbita maxima, Duch. (The Gourd). An annual
climbing . herb, cultivated in all tropics and in temperate
regions.
Cucurbita Pepo, DC. (The Pumpkin). Cultivated, fide
Foxworthy. A large climbing herb, cultivated in the tropics
and in temperate countries.
Luffa zgyptica, Mill. (The Loofa). Cultivated, fide
Foxworthy. Cultivated in all tropics, origin uncertain.
Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. (The Bottle Gourd). Culti-
vated, fide Foxworthy. A large climbing herb, cultivated ~
in all tropics.
BEGONIACEZ.
Begonia clivalis, Ridl. Klang Gates (all collectors). A
small herb, endemic and rare on sandy banks, Semangkok
Pass.
Begonia Hasskarlii, Zoll. & Mor. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A herb of Java; in the Peninsula not very common on
limestone in Perak and Pahang.
Begonia isoptera, Dry. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak. A
herb of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common in
damp places in forest.
Begonia phceniogramma, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small herb, endemic and rare, on limestone, Langkawi.
Begonia rhoephila, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A
creeping herb, endemic and local.
Begonia sinuata, Wall. Seminyih (Hume). A tuberous
herb of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not uncommon in
forest in the North.
Begonia taipingensis, King. Kanching (Ridley). A
creeping herb, endemic, Taiping Hills, Semangkok, in forest.
266
CACTACER, CULTIVATED.
Opuntia monacantha, Haw. K. Lumpur, cultivated. A
succulent shrub of S. E. Brazil, now established in the
Peninsula in sandy places near the sea.
FICOIDE.
Mollugo pentaphylla, Linn. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A
herb of Indo-Malaya, China and Polynesia; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.
UMBELLIFERZ.
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A creeping herb of the tropics and subtropics of the Old
World; in the Peninsula common in grass.
Hydrocotyle javanica, Thunb. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A creeping herb of Indo-Australia, China and Japan; in the
Peninsula usually montane in forest, Upper Perak to
Selangor.
Eryngium foetidum, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A spiny herb of South American origin; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.
ARALIACEZ.
Aralia ferox, Mig. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A scandent
shrub of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula usually in
montane forest, Perak, Pahang, Semangkok Pass.
Aralia Thomsoni, Seem. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
prickly shrub of India; in the Peninsula not uncommon,
usually in montane forest, Penang to Negri Sembilan.
Schefflera heterophylla, Harms. Weld’s Hill (Forest —
Dept.). A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Java; in the
Peninsula Penang and Upper Perak to Malacca, in forest.
Schefflera subulata, Viguwier. Batu Caves; Kajang;
Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. An epiphytic shrub
of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common from Penang to
Singapore.
Schefflera tomentosa, Viguier. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Sumatra and Java; in the Penin-
sula Taiping to Johore, not common in forest.
Schefflera venulosa, Harms. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
An epiphytic shrub of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
Langkawi to Singapore.
Trevesia cheirantha, Ridl. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A small prickly tree of Burma and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Kedah and Kelantan to Singapore.
Arthrophyllum congestum, Ridl. Klang Gates (Ridley).
A small tree, endemic and rare, Dindings, i
sai sl
267
Arthrophyllum ovalifolium, Mig. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of the Andamans and Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common in open places and secondary growth.
Brassiopsis elegans, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A shrub, endemic and local.
CORNACEZ.
Alangium ebenaceum, Griff. Rantau Panjang; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A small tree, endemic, Penang to
Johore, in forest.
Alangium nobile, Harms. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.
Alangium uniloculare, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic, common in forest from Perak to Singapore.
Aralidium pinnatifidum, Mig. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small
tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.
RUBIACEZ.
Mitragyne speciosa, Korth. Klang Gates; Petaling. A
tree of W. Malaysia to New Guinea; in the Peninsula not
common in open places, Penang, Perak, Pahang.
Nauclea Junghuhnii, Merr. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A
bushy tree of Indo-China and W. Malaysia to the Philippines ;
in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore in lowland forest.
Nauclea Maingayi, Hook. fil. Bukit Raja; Kepong; K.
Lumpur. A tall tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula Penang
to Negri Sembilan, usually in open swampy places.
Nauclea subdita, Merr. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Sumatra to New
Guinea; in the Peninsula common in forest and on riverbanks.
Neonauclea purpurascens, Ridl. Klang Gates; Rawang;
Seminyih. A small tree of Sumatra to the Philippines; in
the Peninsula not common in forest, Upper Perak to
Singapore.
Adina polycephala, Benth. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Burma; Indo-China, Sumatra and Java; in
the Peninsula not common in forest, Penang and Malacca.
Adina rubescens, Hemsl. Rantau Panjang; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic and common in forest.
Anthocephalus indicus, Rich. Ampang; K. Lumpur.
A tall tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula rare, Perak.
Uncaria attenuata, Korth. Seminyih (Hume). A
slender climber of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common
in forest.
268
Unearia dasyoneura, Korth. Seminyih (Hume). A
climber of Ceylon and Java; in the Peninsula not common,
Penang to Malacca.
Uncaria Gambier, Roxb. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender climber, or (in cultivation) a bush, of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula cultivated and escaping.
Uncaria glabrata, DC. Batu Tiga; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in forest in the South.
Unearia jasminifiora, Hook. fil. Petaling (Ridley). A
climbing shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Perak and Singapore.
Unearia ovalifolia, Roxb. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
A slender climbing shrub of Burma and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest.
Unearia pedicellata, Roxb. K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common, usually in open places.
Uncaria pteropoda, Mig. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A liane
of Sumatra to New Guinea; in the Peninsula common in
secondary growth and forest edges.
Uncaria Roxburghiana, Korth. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A slender climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
Taiping to Singapore, on forest edges.
Unearia sclerophylia, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
big climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in forest and secondary growth.
Uncaria trinervis, Hav. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender climber, endemic and rare in forest, Penang Hill,
Taiping Hill.
Coptosopelta flavescens, Korth. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in forest.
| Greenia Jackii, Wight & Arn. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub
or small tree, endemic and common in forest from Langkawi
to Malacca.
Aleisanthia rupestris, Ridl. Klang Gates (all collec-
tors). A small shrub, endemic and local in cracks of
quartzite rocks.
Becheria parviflora, Ridl. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
small shrub of St. Barbe Isle; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Perak, Pahang.
Argostemma bicolor, King. Weld’s Hill (Md. Nur
4791). A small herb, endemic and rare, Perak.
269
Argostemma denticulatum, Ridl. Kiang Gates (Hume).
An erect herb, endemic and rare, known also from Ginting
Sempak, Selangor, at 3,990 feet, fide Ridley.
| Argostemma Hookeri, King. Petaling (Ridley). A
_ slender creeping herb, endemic, usually in montane forest,
~ Kedah to Johore.
Argostemma inequilaterum, Benn. Batu Caves (Ridl.).
_ A herb, endemic, not common, usually on limestone, Penang,
Perak and Malacca.
Argostemma oblongum, King. Seminyih (Hume). A
small herb, endemic, Perak to Johore in forest.
Argostemma pictum, Wall. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
small succulent herb of Tenasserim and Lingga; in the
Peninsula common in forest.
Argostemma subcrassum, King. K. Lumpur; Seminyih.
A succulent herb, endemic, usually in montane forest, Perak
and Pahang.
Argostemma tenue, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A
4 herb, endemic and rare in forest, Tampin Hill (Negri
Sembilan).
Argostemma trichanthum, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A small herb, endemic and local.
Argostemma unifolioide, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak.
Argostemma unifolium, Benn. Seminyih (Hume). A
herb, endemic and usually in montane forest, Kedah, Penang,
Mt. Ophir, Johore.
Ophiorrhiza communis, Ridl. Klang Gates; Petaling;
Rawang. A herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.
Ophiorrhiza discolor, R. Br. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh:; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic,
Penang to Johore in forest.
Ophiorrhiza fruticosa, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small shrublet, endemic and local.
Ophiorrhiza major, Ridl. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic, common in forest
as far south as Mt. Ophir.
Ophiorrhiza pallidula, Ridl. Batu Caves; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak,
Pahang, Selangor.
Ophiorrhiza tenella, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small herb, endemic and usually in montane forest, Kedah,
Perak, Pahang, Selangor.
270
Ophiorrhiza tenuis, Ridil. Dusun Tua; Ulu Gombak
(var. minor, Ridl.). A herb, endemic and rare in forest,
Perak and the Semangkok Pass (Selangor).
Ophiorrhiza tomentosa, Jack. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb of Siam and Sumatra; in the Peninsula Langkawi
to Mt. Ophir in forest.
Hedyotis auricularia, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of
Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula common in open places.
Hedyotis capitellata, Wall. Klang Gates; Rawang; Ulu
Gombak. A scandent herb of Tenasserim to W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common in open places and forest edges.
Hedyotis congesta, Wall. Batang Berjuntai; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. .A shrubby herb of
Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.
Hedyotis macrophylla, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A woody herb of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula widely spread
in forest, but not common.
Hedyotis mollis, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
scandent herb, endemic, Penang and Kelantan to Negri
Sembilan in forest.
Hedyotis vestita, R. Br. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in open and waste ground.
Oldenlandia corymbosa, Linn. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur.
A pantropic herb, common in the Peninsula in open sandy
places.
Oldenlandia dichotoma, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Salak;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of India; in the Peninsula
common in dry shady places.
Oldenlandia diffusa, Roxb. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A diffuse
herb of Trop. Asia and Japan; in the Peninsula common
in dry open places.
Oldenlandia trinervia, Retz. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
prostrate herb of Trop. Africa and Indo-Malaya; in the
Peninsula in open sandy places, Penang, Pahang River,
Singapore.
Lucinaea membranacea, King. Seminyih; Sungai Buloh.
An epiphytic climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping
to Singapore in forest.
Lucinaea morinda, DC. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
climbing bush of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Taiping to
Singapore usually near the sea.
O71
Lecananthus erubescens, Jack. K. Lumpur; Petaling.
An epiphytic shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.
Mussaenda glabra, Vahl. Batang Berjuntai; K. Lum-
pur. A bush or climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula common in secondary growth.
Mussaenda mutabilis, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Rawang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A sarmentose bush, endemic,
common in forest from Kelantan and Perak to Singapore.
Mussaenda polyneura, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
climbing shrub of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Perak and Singapore.
Mussaenda villosa, Wall. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Siam and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest in the north.
Mussaenda Wrayi, King. Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A
scandent shrub, endemic, Penang to Selangor, in forest.
Adenosacme malayana, Wali. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub, endemic and common in forest over the whole
Peninsula.
Mycetia Scortechinii, Rid]. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
shrub, endemic in forest, Perak, and Bukit Hitam and
Ginting Sempak, Selangor.
Aulocodiscus premnoides, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur; Rawang; Sungai Buloh.
climbing parasitic shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common, often near the sea.
OPILIACE 2.
Champereia Griffithii, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A shrub of Indo-Malaya to Formosa;
in the Peninsula common in forest and open country from
Langkawi to Singapore.
| Lepionurus sylvestris, Bl. Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small shrub of Siam, Java and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi
to Singapore.
BALANOPHORACE.
Balanophora multibrachiata, Fawcett. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A parasite of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Perak,
Negri Sembilan, N. Johore, in forest.
EUPHORBIACEZ.
_ Euphorbia hirta, Linn. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Salak; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground.
Euphorbia synadenium, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A
shrub, endemic, not common, Penang, Upper Perak, Selangor,
Malacca.
Bridelia pustulata, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore in forest.
Bridelia tomentosa, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur. A small tree of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
common in open places and secondary growth from Langkawi
to Singapore.
Cleistanthus hirsutulus, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Bur-
kill). A small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Perak
to Singapore in forest.
Cleistanthus membranaceus, Hook. fil. Batu Caves
(Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Penang and Taiping.
316
Actephila excelsa, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves (Ridley,
Curtis). A small shrub of India, Assam, Burma, Tenas-
serim, Java; in the Peninsula often near limestone, Penang,
Perak, Singapore.
Actephila javanica, Mig. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small shrub of Tenasserim, Lower Siam, Java and Borneo;
in the Peninsula widespread in forest, commonest in the
north.
Andrachne calearea, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A ~
small shrublet of Siam; in the Peninsula rare on limestone,
Langkawi.
Phyllanthus dalbergioides, Wall. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A small shrub of Burma; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Langkawi, Perak.
Phyllanthus erythrocarpus, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A tree, endemic and local.
Phyllanthus frondosus, Wall. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Siam, Lingga
and the Carimon Is.; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Kedah to Johore.
Phyllanthus gomphocarpus, Hook. fil. Petaling; Sungai
Buloh. A shrub of Siam; in the Peninsula Langkawi to =
Ophir in forest.
Phyllanthus Niruri, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground.
Phyllanthus pulcher, Wall. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub of Siam and Java; in the Peninsula on river-
banks and escaping from cultivation.
Phyllanthus urinaria, Linn. Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula
a common weed.
Glochidion desmocarpum, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur
(Ridley). A small tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore.
Glochidion glomerulatum, Boerl. K. Lumpur; Rawang.
A tree of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula rare in forest,
Penang, Perak and Malacca.
Glochidion Kunstlerianum, Gage. K. Lumpur (Curtis).
A shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Johore,
Singapore.
Glochidion levigatum, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh (var. cuspidatum, Ridl.) ; A tree of Tenasserim; in the
Peninsula the species common in open country, the var. at
Taiping and Klang.
Glochidion leiostylum, Kurz. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of Burma, Siam and Borneo; in the Peninsula Lang-
kawi to Singapore, in open places.
317
Glochidion microbotrys, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not com-
mon, Taiping and Singapore.
Glochidion nanogynum, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; (Ridley).
A shrub or tree, endemic, Penang, Perak, Malacca.
Glechidion obscurum, Bl. Ampang; K. Lumpur. A
shrub or tree of Siam, Sumatra, Java and China; in the
Peninsula common in the north.
Glochidion rubrum, Bl. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A shrub of Lower Siam, Java and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula Langkawi, Province Wellesley, Pahang, Johore.
Glochidion sericeum, Hook. fil. Ayer Hitam; Batu
Caves; K. Lumpur; Petaling; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common south
of Taiping in open places and secondary growth.
Glochidion superbum, Baill. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. A small tree of W. Malaysia to the Philip-
pines ; in the Peninsula common in secondary growth.
Glochidion tetrapteron, Gage. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub or tree, endemic and rare in forest, Semangkok
Pass.
Glochidion trilobum, Ridil. Seminyih (Hume). A tree,
endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Negri Sembilan,
_ Singapore.
~ Glochidion Wallichianum, Muell. Arg. Ampang; K.
Lumpur, Public Gardens and Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Pahang
and Malacca.
. Breynia angustifolia, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub of Siam; in the Peninsula Taiping to Selangor in
forest.
Breynia coronata, Hook. fil. Rantau Panjang; Ulu
Gombak. 2°27 “12
13 | trace "15
14). P01 “19
1h |) 2.30 03 op
16 ‘06 1:29
17 18 trace
18 trace “21
19} 1°41 2°89
20) ‘21 ‘60 2°61
21 C8 *R2 06
22 20 05
23 C6 - By
24) 1°37 “C1 ‘04
25 ‘01 | ‘06
26 | 01
a7 | trace 95 trace
28, 168 2°40 ‘09
29 ‘62
Rainfall.
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the year 1927.
April
"79
“01
O01
03
‘07
1°64
08
‘14
1.89
1°47
13
127
D5
‘84
‘89
16
06
hr 2
May | June
uta
70 |
1°60 61
‘66 29
trace ‘16
trace
57
03
1:39 45
1°39
trace
‘62 $4
45
‘07
28 08
‘26
05
fiz "12
°23 “38
13 ‘04
13
trace
03 ‘37
02 15
“21 ‘94
trace
‘76
, Rainfall. 431
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second half of the year 1927.
Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.
Date. | Aug. | Sept.
1 | trace | 2°45 09
5 | 792 | eee AG | aks 24
een 1s | 08) “20 ‘20 |» “08
Beeb er. | nun |i ettrace’ uh) “94 bsp Ma Soe
5| 52 ee ee trace 5000~«*S‘(iti‘
Res Cee ae trace | ‘SC 31 09
sal Mags OF 07 ha ies “08 trace
OGG 56 113 01
9| 04 | 36 71
10 "89 | trace
11 trace ! 3°18 1:52
12-08 yee ee ae trace 59
13 < en AGES Ae opi 02 21
14 Ai | G1 07
15 trace | a rE |
16| -29 02 Roa pee trace | 15
17 | at trace 4g ee SO 13
oS ee a - 01 “OL
S05 he es: be Dy) 08 ee 05 trace
20 ie 92 | 04 08
21 BY ae ea a ieee 13 C2
oy eed aly Cea ae ( t 04
23 S. eee aor) | OF -49
24 ze trace’ | 4°54 trace | 99 | 2-59
25 a ‘04 06 =| 22 13 01
432 Summary of Rainfall 1927.
| SINGAPORE. PENANG.
| : —
| No. of Amount of Rain. poi No. of | Amount of Rain. ieee
ee without So ae cheat
| day | Inches. mim EP days. | Inches. mm ;
rain. rain.
Jan. 53 -"} 13832 465| 1 day 14 | 3°64 92) 5 days
|
Feb. 2a 10°97 219 | 2-days, 2 3°45 88); 4
Mar. | 20 | 16°80 | ADT) AES, 23 8°95 227) 5
Ape |) 2a) 41983"| © 900) Gases 23-25 5901 1
hr
—
ide}
May 21 9°14 | 232 9°82 249 | 3
june | 18° | 458} 116/ 4 | 47 | 854| - ea7) a
july | -15 | 398/101] a7 ,, | 18 | 708] i80) 5
aug }17 ) geg7a -ageloa W aie’ | Soa Bestar
Sept. | 18 | 5651 44g) 3 24. 19°70 5CO| 2
Oct? "| aie a erage, ona See 25 13:87 352 3
Nov. | 26 | 9°28! . 236) 1 day! 18 11°00 279| 5
Dec. | 27 | 11°85 | 289/ 2 days} 12 771 196 8
}
Total. | 256 | 115°24| 2926 229 | 127°25 3215
| |
a rE IS
Greatest amount in 24 hours 3°94”
6°05 inches or 154 mim.
or 100 mm.
Greatest amountin 48 hours +90”
8°02 inches or 204+ mim.
or 124 mm.
(;sreatest ainount in 72 hours 6°27”
8°28 inches or 210 mm.
or 159 mm.
Periods in which more than 5 ins. fell
in 72 hours. 3 (Jan. Mar. Dec.) 4 (April, May, Sept-, Oct.)
Periods in which less than ‘02 ins. fell
in 120 hours. 6 (May-June, July. Aug.- 9 (Jan., Jan.-Feb.. March, May-
Sept., Oct. (2) ). June, June-July, Aug., Nov., Dec.)
433
‘Relative Humidity of the air at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. from wet
and dry bulb hygrometer readings made daily at 9 a.m. during the year 1927.
Feb. | Mar. Sept. | Oct. | Nov,| Dee.
Date: jan.
April May | June | July Ang
1| 95/100) 73] 81| 83| 81| 85| 79| 81/100! 77] 72
2| go| s1| 76| 77) 91| 79) 75| 73| 72] 95| 91| 76
3| 93/ 93| 76| 79| 95| 80] 95| 75) 79| 78| 78| 8¢
4| 74| 90| 88] 90] 85) 95/ 98] 75| 76/ 91!| 83] 73
5| 76| 82|/ 91/ 81| 78| 83) 98| 81/1c0| 78| 92/ 86
6| s6| 83| 87| 83| 83/ 76| 85| 83/ 81] 90] 83] 86
7| 76| 75| 77| $8] 98] 831) 75| 89| 70} 98| 68] 79
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18 | 73-75] .74) 81) 70| Si} 88) 79} 47) 74). 79) 95
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INDEX TO VOL. IV.
Names of new species are printed in bold-faced type.
Abnormalities in Coco-nut Palms,
78
Acanthocladium, 33, 36, 40
Acroporium, 40-45
Acryanthes, 101
Actinodaphne, 101
Additions to the Flora of the
Maiay Peninsula, 48, 411
Additions, further, to the Flora
of the Malay Peninsula, 415
Additions to the List of Fraser
Hill Plants, 92
Adenosma, 417
Adiantum, 396
Adinandra, 94
Aerobryopsis, 23
Aeschynanthus, 100
Agapetes, 98
Albino — seedlings
Palms, 81
Alocasia, 105
Alpinia Burkiliii, Hend., 55
Alsophila, 378, 3879
Alstonia, 99
Amorphophallus, 105
Ananas sativa, 85
fasciation in, 85
in Coco-nut
39 9
“! proliferation in, 85
Anisophyllaea Gaudichaudiana,
Baill., 426
Anisophyllaea grandis, Benth.,
426
Anisophyllum, 426
Anneslea, 94
Aphanamixis, 95
Aporosa, 103
Appendicula, 104
Aralia, 97
Aralidium, 98
Areca, 104
Argostemma, 98
Artabotrys, 93
Arthrocomus, 9
Artocarpus, 103
Aspidium, 390, 392-394, 405
Asplenium, 400, 401
Baccaurea, 103
Baker, Charles Fuller, 427
Balanophora, 102
Bambusa, 105
‘Barbuia, £7, 18, 91
Bassia, 419
Begonia, 97 j
Botanical Collectors, Collections
and Collecting Places in the
Malay Peninsula, 113
Brachytome, 98
Brassaiopsis, 97
Braunfelsia, 3, 4
Bryum, 19, 20; 91
Bulbophyllum, 104
Burkill, on Anisophyllaea, 426
» on Carallia suffruticosa, 77
» on Collectors, Collections
and Collecting Places in
the Malay Peninsula, 113
» on History of the Dell in
the Singapore Gardens, 69
» and Prain, on Dioscorea
» tamarisciflora, 86
Callicarpa, 100
Callicostella, 27, 91
Calophyllum, 93
Calymmodon, 403
Calymperes, 14-17, 90, 91
Campylodontium, 25
Campylopodium, 3
Campylopus, 5, 6, 89
Canthium, 98
Carallia spinulosa, Ridl., 77
eA suffruticosa, Ridl., 77
Casearia, 97
Cephaelis, 98
Ceratodon, 3
Ceratostylis, 104
Chaetomitrium, 27, 28
Chelistonele, 104
Chionoloma, 17
Chisocheton, 95
Christensen, on Some Ferns from
the Malay Peninsula, 375
Cladopodanthus, 7
Clerodendron, 100
Cocculus, 426
Coco-nut Palms, Abnormalities
in, 78
Coco-nut Palms, Albino seedlings
in, 81
a Development of usually
abortive ovary in male
flowers, 81
ee Horned Coco-nuts, 83
‘ Polyembryony in, 78
Fe Suppression of spikelets
in spadices in, 81
Cordyloblaste, 99
Cratoxylon, 93
Crepidomanes, 377
Cribrodontium, 25
Cryptocarya, 101
Ctenidium, 30
Curtis, Charles, 427
Curtisina, 427
Cyathea, 379
Cyclophorus, 406
Daemonorops, 104
Davallia, 399
Dennstaedtia, 399, 400
Desmotheca, 18
Dicranella, 3
Dicranodontium, 6
Dicranoloma, 4, 5
Tidymocarpus lancifolia, Hend.,
52
Lidymoglossum, 377, 378
Dioscorea tamarisciflora, Pr. &
Burk., 86
Diphyscium, 21
Diplazium, 67, 401, 402
Dipteris, 57
Dischidia Fultonii, Hend., 51
Distichophyllum, 26, 27
Ditrichum, 3
Dixon, on Mosses from the Malay
Peninsula, 1
Dracaena, 104
Drepananthus pahangensis,
Hend., 49
Dryopteris, 68, 379-393
Dryopteris pectiniformis, C. Chr.,
379
Dysoxylon, 95
Ecedysanthera, 99
Ectropothecium, 30-32, 91:
Elaeocarpus, 94
Elytranthe, 102
Embelia, 99
Endotrichella, 23
Engelhardtia, 103
Entodon, 25
Ephemeropsis, 26
Eria, 104, 414
Eriopus, 27
Firycibe, 100
Esenbeckia, 424
Eucamptodon, 42
Eugenia, 96
Eupatorium, 412
Eurycoma, 95
Evodia, 94
Exodictyon, 9
Fagraea, 99, 412
Fasciation in Ananas sativa, 85
Ferns from the Malay Peninsula,
375
Ferns, New Species of, from the
Malay Peninsula, 408
Ficus, 103
Fissidens, 9, 10, 89
Flora of the Malay
additions to, 48, 411
Flora of the Malay Peninsula,
further additions to, 415
Peninsula,
4
-~
Floribundaria, 23
Flowering Plants of Kuala Lum-
pur (indexed separately), 211
Fraser Hill, addition to list of
plants of, 92
Funaria, 19
Furtado, on abnormalities
Coco-nut Palms, 78
Furtado, on Ananas sativa, 85
5 on further additions to
the Flora of the Malay
Peninsula, 415
ee on Neesia in the Malay
Peninsula, 421
- on Ocimum in the Malay
Peninsula, 416, 417
3 on Palaquium stellatum,
K. & Ge 419
in
Gaertnera, 100
Galearia, 103
Garcinia, 93
Garckea, 3
Gardeniopsis, 98
Garovaglia, 23
Gironniera, 103
Gleichenia, 61, 66
Glycosmis, 94
Gomphandra, 95
Gomphostemma, 101
Goniothalamus, 93
Goniothalamus
Hend., 48
Gordonia, 94
Gymnogramme, 405
Gymnostomiella, 18
Gynotroches, 96
rotundisepalus,
Helicia, 102
Helicteres, 411
Hemigraphis, 54
Henderson, on additions to the
Flora of the Malay Peninsula,
48, 411
on Flowering Plants of
Kuala Lumpur, 211
a on Fraser Hill plants, 92
Henslowia, 102
Herpestis, 51
Himantocladium, 24
History of the Dell in the Singa-
pore Gardens, 69
Holttum, on Mosses collected in
the Singapore Gardens, 88
Holttum, on a new Fern from the
Malay Peninsula, 56
on new species of Ferns
from the Malay Penin-
7
”
sula, 408
a Notes on Malayan Ferns,
57
Homaliodendron, 24, 25
Homalomena, 105
Horned Coco-nuts, 83
Humata, 398
Humidity in Singapore, 1925, 110;
1926,-205; 1927, 433
Hydnocarpus, 93
Hydrocotyle, 97
Hymenophyllum, 376, 408, 409
Hymenophyllum johorense,
Holttum, 408
Hymenostomum, 17
Hyophila, 17
Hypnodendron, 45, 46, 92
Hypnum, 41
Hypolepis, 68
Hypopterygium, 28
Hyptis, 415, 417
Tlex, 95
Illigera, 102
Impatiens Foxworthyi, Hend., 50
Isoloma, 398
Isopterygium, 32, 33, 91, 92
Justicia, 100
Kadsura, 93
Knema, 101
Kuala Lumpur, Flowering Plants
of, (indexed separately), 211
Laportea, 103
Lastraea, 379-281, 384, 385, 388,
3889, 392
Lepionurus, 102
Leptochilus, 394, 395, 409
Leptochilus malaccensis, C. Chr.,
394
Leptochilus simplicifolius,
Holttum, 409
Leucobryum, 7, 89
Leucoloma, 5
Leucomium, 36
Leucophanes, 8, 89
Lindera, 102
Lindsaya, 64, 396-398
Litsea, 102
Lomariopsis, 395
Loranthus, 102
Loranthus pekanensis, Hend., 55
Loxocarpus, 412
Loxocarpus Holttumi, Hend., 412
Loxocarpus papillosa, Hend., 53
Loxogramme, 405, 406
Lygodium, 66
Macaranga, 103
Macrohymenium, 45
Macromitrium, 18, 19, 91
Madhuca, 419
Maesa, 95
Malay Peninsula,
Flora of, 48, 411
Malay Peninsula,
Ferns from, 375
a further additions to
Flora of, 415
additions to
~
»)
Malay Peninsula, Neesia in, 421
oe Ocimum in, 416
ue new species of Ferns
from, 408
Malayan Ferns, notes on, 57
Mastixia, 97
Mastopoma, 36
Medinilla, 97
Meiothecium, 387, 92
Melanorrhoea, 95
Meliosma, 95
Memecylon, 97
Meteorium, 23
Microdus, 3, 89
Microlepia, 398, 399
Mniodendron, 46
Mniomalia, 19
Mnium, 20
Monogramme, 407
Mosses collected in the Singapore
Gardens, 88
Mosses in the Malay Peninsula,
hist. ot. 1
Myurium, 22, 91
Neckeropsis, 23, 24
Neesia in the Malay Peninsula,
421
Nepenthes, 427
Nephrodium, 380, 384, 385, 387-
392, 405
Nephrolepis, 398
Nothaphoebe, i01 ~
Nyssa, 98
Ochobryum, 8
Ochradocarpa, 100
Ocimum in the Malay Peninsula,
416-419
Octoblenharum, 9
Ormosia, 96
Orthorrhynchium, 23
Palaquium stellatum, K. & G., 419
Palms of British India and Ceylon
(Review), 203
Pandanus, 105
Papillaria, 23
Paraboea Holttumi, Hend., 53
Parinarium, 96
Pasania, 108, 104
Payena, 99
Pelekium, 29, 91
Pentaphylax, 94
Perrottetia, 95
Phegopteris, 391-393
Philonotis, 21
Phoebe, 101
Photographs of the Singapore
Gardens, 47
Phreatia, 104
Phyllagathis, 97
Phyllanthus, 417
Phytocrene, 51
Pilotrichella, 28
Piloecium, 45
Pinnatella, 25
Piper, 101
Pithecolobium, 96
Plagiothecium, 33, 92
Plectopteris, 403
Pieopeltis, 404, 405
Pogonatum, 21, 22
Pogostemon, 417
~ Polyalthia, 93
Polygala, 93
Polypodium, 65, 68, 69, 389, 391,
3938, 402-406
Polystichum, 393
Pomazota rivularis, Hend., 411
Pothos, 105
Prain, and Burkill on Dioscorea
tamarisciflora, 86
Proliferation in Ananas sativa, 85
Prosaptia, 403, 404
Pseuderanthemum, 100
Psychotria, 98
Pycanthemum, 415
Pygeum, 96
Pyrus, 96
Rainfall in Penang, 1925, 108,
109; 1926, 208, 209; 1927, 428,
429
Rainfall in Singapore, 1925, 106,
107; 1926, 206, 207; 1927, 430,
431
Rainfall, Summary of, 1925, 111;
1926, 210; 1927, 432
Rauwolfia, 99
Rhacelopus, 21
Rhacopilum, 29
Rhaphidostegium, 37, 38, 92
Rhizogonium, 20
Rhodobryum, 20
Rhynchostegium, 45
Rivinia, 415
Saccoloma, 399, 400
Saraca, 96
Schefflera, 97
Schismatoglottis, 105
Schistomitrium, 8
Schizoloma, 68
Scleria, 105
Scleroglossum, 406, 407
Selliguea, 405
Sematophyllum, 40, 41, 42, 44
Sideroxylon, 99
Sigmatella, 34
Singapore Gardens, History of
the Dell in, 69
4
Singapore Gardens, List of Mosses
collected in, 88
Singapore Gardens, Photographs
of, 47
Sisik Puyuh, 77
Solanum, 100
Sonerila, 96, 411
Sonerila johorensis, Hend., 411
Sphagnum, 2, 3
Spirula, 7
Splachnobryum, 18
Steiropsis, 381
Stenochlaena, 59, 395
Sterculia, 94, 411
Stereodon, 32
Strobilanthes, 100
Strychnos, 99, 426
Summary of Rainfall, 1925, 111;
1926, 210; 1927, 432
Symphysodon, 23 ~
Symplocos, 99
Syngramma, 64
Syngramma minima, Holttum, 56
Syrrhopodon, 10-14, 90
Tapeinidium, 399
Tarenna, 98
Taxithelium, 33-35, 92
Teratological Notes, 78
Ternstroemia, 94
Tetractomia, 94
Thuidium, 29, 30
Thysanomitrium, 6
Thysanolaena, 105
Timonius, 98
Trachelospermum, 99
Trachythecium, 32
Trevesia, 97
Trichomanes, 376-378
Trichosteleum, 33, 34, 38-40, 92
Trichostomum, 17
Trichotosia, 104
Trismegistia, 37, 91
Tulang Daing, 77
Tupistra, 104
Tylophora, 99
Urophyllum, 98
Vesicularia, 32, 38, 36, 92
Viburnum, 98
Villebrunea, 103
Vittaria, 406, 407, 409
Vittaria malayensis, Holttum, 409
Wilsoniella, 3
Zanthoxylum, 94
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‘Departmental Notices.
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