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The
Gardens’ Bulletin
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
A Journal reflecting the activities of the Botanic
Gardens of the Straits Settlements, published as
material is available.
SINGAPORE
VOLUME V.
1929—1932
PRINTERS LIMITED, SINGAPORE.
ERRATA.
p. 49 for Plate XVII read plate XVIII.
p. 50 for Plate XVIII read plate XVII.
p. 65 for L. tenera v. gigantea (Hk.) read BE
gigantea (Hk.) Holttum comb.
flabellulata Dry. v. gigantea Hk. :
p. 95, line 1, for Pomozota read Pomazota. oe a vs
p. 107 for S. ceruna read S. cernua. ae
for B. dillonii read B. dillenii.
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CONTENTS.
Nos. 1-2 (Aug. 12, 1929).
Some Malayan Orchids, (with an index and 18
plates), by C. E. Carr as un,
Nos. 3-6 (June 1930).
On Dioscorea gibbiflora, Hook. fil.,
and I. H. Burkill
The genus Lindsaya in the Malay Peninsula, by
&: E. Holttum: .’.
New species from the Malay Peninsula, by M. R.
Henderson
Notes on the Flora ‘of Pulau Tioman and neigh-
bouring Islands, by M. R. Henderson
List of additions to the Flora of the Malay
Peninsula, by M. R. Henderson
The Chinese Mustards in the sae ci Peninsula,
by I. H. Burkill .
Cosmos in the East, by s H. Burkill .
- Cedrela in the Malay Peninsula, by I. H. Burkill
Blainvillea, Cass., by I. H. Burkill
Some Malayan Orchids II, (with an index and
4 plates), by C. E. Carr = oS. ,
Obituary: Mohamed Haniff ..
Rainfall, 1928, Singapore
Rainfall, 1928, Penang
Rainfall, 1929, Singapore
Rainfall, 1929, Penang
Summary of Rainfall,
for 1928
Summary ot Rainfall,
for 1929 5!
by D. Prain
Singapore and Penang
Singapore and Penang
Nos. 7-8 (3rd June, 1931).
On Periodic Leaf-change and Flowering of trees
in Singapore, by R. E. Holttum ..
Aspidium Maingayi (Baker) Holttum, Comb.
nov., by R. E. Holttum
An Enumeration of the species of Paramignya,
Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya, by
I. H. Burkill a
Notes on Gluta in Malaya, by ‘Fyse Burkill
Herpestis Monniera, H. B. and K., as pa-chi-t’ien,
by I. H. Burkill .
Erythropsis colorata, Burkill,
I. H. Burkill ‘
comb. nov., by
PAGE
1—50
51-57
58-71
72-80.
80-93
93-98
99-117
118-120
120-122
123
. 124-160
161
.. 162-163
.. 164-165
.. 166-167
. 168-169
170
171
173—206
207-211
212-223
_. 224°230
231
PAGE
Vanda x Boumaniae, J. J. S., by J. J. Smith .. 232-233
The “ Padang” Flora of Jemaja, in the Anamba
Islands, N.E.I., by M. R. Henderson 234-240
Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers., ks M. R.
Henderson 2a
Rainfall, Singapore for 1930 4 he 241
Rainfall, Penang for 1930 .. 242
Summary of Rainfall or eee and Penang for
bei 5 | Spires <2 243
Nos. 9-11 (April 26, 1932).
On Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and _ Terato-
phyllum in the Malayan Region (with an index
and 12 plates), by R. E. Holttum .. . 245-313
Rainfall Singapore, 1931 ss =) y 314
Rainfall Penang, 1931 . 315
Summary of Rainfall, 1931, for Singapore and
Penang : 316
No. 12 (June 20, 1932).
On the Identification of the Brown-root ae
by E. J. H. Corner (with 1 plate) .. 317-350
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12th August,
CONTENTS.
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SOME MALAYAN ORCHIDS.
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THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. ¥. 12th AUGUST, 1929. Nos. 1—2
SOME MALAYAN ORCHIDS.
By C. E. Carr.
Most of the species here described were collected in the
State of Pahang. They include 21 new species and 5 species
now recorded from the Peninsula for the first time. These |
latter are Dendrobium fugazx, Schltr., D. inconspicuiflorum,
J.J.5., D. salaccense, Lndl., Eria Jagoriana, Krzl., and E.
punctata, J.J.S.
Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr, B. trichoglottis,
Ridl., Hria Jagoriana, Krzl., E. punctata, J.J.8., Thrixsper-
mum papillosum, Carr, and Sarcostoma javanica, Bl., are
montane, though the latter plant also occurs in the low
country. Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr, and Thrias-
permum papillosum, Carr, are hitherto unrecorded, while
both the species of Fria mentioned are new to the Peninsula.
The genus Abdominea was created by Dr. J. J. Smith
to take a plant which appears to be the curious Saccolabium
minimiflorum, Hook. f. This plant was originally recorded
from Perak and later from Selangor at Batu Caves. It is
now recorded from Pahang. A new genus Ascochilopsis,
is here created for the distinct and interesting Saccolabium
myosurus, Ridl. Two new species of Chamaeanthus, Schltr.
are described. This genus has hitherto never been reported
from the Peninsula.
The great majority of the plants dealt with come from
the fluvial areas of the limestone district of central Pahang.
The excessive humidity of these areas accounts for the
relatively large number of species belonging to genera such
as Sarcochilus, Br., Chamaeanthus, Schltr., and Thrixsper-
mum, Lour. Far too little attention has been paid to these
areas and I am convinced that further exploration will
result in many new plants being brought to light.
Oberonia suborbicularis, sp. nov. Caules approximati,
brevissimi. Folia c. 4, inarticulata, lineari-lanceolata, acuta,
-lateraliter compressa, falcate incurva, carnosa, intus super
basin fissa, superiora maxima ad ec. 6 cms. longa, c. -80 cm.
lata, grisei-viridia rubro-suffusa, saepe omnino, rubra,
Z C. E. Carr.
Inflorescentiae laxe multiflorae, folia paulo superantes, c.
6-5-7 cms. longae. Bracteae inferiores lanceolatae margine
pauce crenatae, bracteae superiores oblique oblongo-lanceo-
latae acutae irregulariter marginatae et erosulae rubrae vel
virides. Flores c. 8-verticillati, explanati trans petala c.
-15—17 cm. lati et aequilongi. Sepalum dorsale oblongo-
lanceolatum, obtusum, reflexum, roseum, c. ‘(07 cm. longum,
c. 038 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia late ovata, subacuta, e basi
valde reflexa, ovario adpressa, rosea, c. ‘07 cm. longa, ¢. —
‘06 cm. lata. Petala patentissima, suborbicularia, margini-
bus erosula, rosea, c. -06 cm. longa et lata. Labellum
3-lobum, inter lobos laterales incrassatione carnosa et basi
excavatione parva donatum, rubrum, explanatum trans
lobos laterales c. -09 cm. latum, basi usque apicem c. -06 cm.
longum; lobi laterales patentes, obcuneati, apici margine
rotundato et eroso, margine antico apici leviter rotundato-
dilatato; lobus intermedius cum lamina angulum rectum
faciens, brevis, latus, subreniformis, vix transverse oblongus, |
irregulariter marginatus. Gynostemium apicem versus
dilatatum, c. -02 cm. longum, auriculis rectis, truncatis;
rostellum triangulare, apici anguste obtusum; stigma
magnum, transverse ovale. Anthera cucullata. Pollinia 4
ovalia. Capsula patentissima, subobpyriformis, breviter
pedicellata, rubra.
Apparently allied to O. stenophylla, Ridl., from which
it differs in the larger flowers, the suborbicular petals, the
shorter and broader midlobe of the lip, etc.
Rare. Pahang, Kuala Tembeling on a rubber tree, one
plant only found.
Described from the growing plant.
Liparis tembelingensis, sp. nov. Pseudobulbi approxi-
mati, lateraliter compressi, internodiis 2, e latere visi
ovato-oblongi, curvuli, longitudinaliter rugulosi, pallide
virides, ad c. 6 ems. longi, basi c. 2 cms. lati; sectione trans-
versa elliptici, internodio superiore brevissimo quam apicem
inferioris multo angustiore cum inferiore angulum obtusis-
simum faciente ad -75—1 cm. longo. Folia erecto-patentia, 2,
articulata, tenuiter coriacea, lineari-oblanceolata, acuta,
apici decurva superiore quam inferius paulo majore
subaequanteve, intus obtusangulariter concava, viridia,
superiore ad 20 cms. longo, c. 2°80 ems. lato. Inflorescentiae
ex apice pseudobulbi maturi exeuntes, pendulae, vix ad
basin laxe multiflorae, quam folia paulo longiores aut sub-
aequantes, basi vaginula lanceolata acuta donatae, pallide
virides, c. 25 ems. longae. Bracteae pedicello adpressae,
triangulari-ovatae, longe acuminatae, acutissimae, intus
concavae, extus convexae, pallide virides, c. -31 cm. longae,
c. ‘13 cm. latae. Flores quaquaversi, patentissimi sepalis
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. B
petalisque valde reflexis roseis basin versus pallidioribus.
Sepalum dorsale oblongum, obtusum, marginibus leviter
recurvis, intus convexum, extus concavum, c. :33 cm. lon-
gum, c. :13 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia late oblonga, sub-
acuta vel obtusa, marginibus leviter recurvis, intus convexa
rare papillosa, extus concava, c. -31 cm. longa, c. -17 cm. lata.
Petala linearia vel lineari-lanceolata, obtusa vel subacuta,
marginibus leviter recurvis, intus convexa, extus concava,
c. 31 cm. longa, c. -07 cm. lata. Labellum oblongum, dimidio
inferiore erectum cum gynostemio angulum acutum faciente
alte canaliculato-concavo lamina utrinque convexa basi
tubercula parvula rotundato-conica obtusa utrinque sub
medio cdilatato roseo, dimidio superiore basi angustato
abrupte decurvo canaliculato canalicula ad summam decres-
cente lamina utrinque convexa apici alte bilobo lobulis
oblongis apici truncatis saepe denticulatis marginibus
ciliatis c. -10 cm. longis c. :06 cm. latis, rubro, totum explana-
tum c. -35 cm. longum, medio ¢c. -20 cm. latum. Gynostemium
erectum, subsigmoideum, apici incurvum truncatum, basi et
stigma prope dilatatum, albidum, c. -20 cm. longum, alis
transverse triangularibus obtusis, clinandrio concavo,
rostello in rostrum triangulare acutum decurvum exeunte, |
stigmate excavato transverse elliptico. Anthera ovata,
acuminata, obtusa, vix truncata, medio elevata oblongo-
elliptica longitudinaliter sulcata, viridis, marginibus apiceque
alba. Pollinia 4, dilute flava. Ovarium cum pedicello ec.
-70 cm. longum. Capsula sexangulariter cylindrica, curvula,
costis 6 conspicue elevatis, c. 1-50 cms. longa, c. -50 em. diam.,
pedicello c. -60 cm. longo.
This belongs to the section Corzifoliae and is related
to L. parviflora, Lndl. The colour of the flowers is however
quite different.
Described from a living plant collected and cultivated
at Tembeling Pahang. Flowered in November, 1928.
Dendrobium (§ Bolbodium) quadrangulare, Parish
mss. Rhizome short, creeping, up to 2°50 cms. long, freely
rooting, often interlacing and forming dense mats. Stems
approximate of about 4 internodes, up to about 10 cms. long,
yellow or yellow-green, internodes thickened upwards from
a narrow base, upper one much thicker, four-angled, up to
about 5°50 cms. long, -60 cm. wide, sides often concave, a
black ring at the apex. Leaves 2 at the apex of the stem,
oblong-lanceolate or oblong elliptic, emarginate, coriaceous,
base narrowed to a very small petiole, light green, margins
often decurved, above convex on each side of the sulcate
midrib, lower one up to about 4:25 cms. long, 1-25 cms. wide
at the widest point, petiole about -10 cm. long. Racemes
several from tufts of dry bracts between the leaves. Flowers
one from each tuft of bracts, pale yellow, about 1°50 to 2
Vol, V. (1929),
4 ©. B. “Carr.
cms. long, widely expanded. Upper sepal ovate, shortly
acuminate, apiculate, 5-nerved, up to about -70 cm. long,
‘30 cm. wide at the widest point, lateral sepals broadly
triangular-ovate, shortly acuminate, apiculate, 5-nerved,
posterior margin up to about -70 cm. long, anterior margin
including the mentum up to about 1:75 cms. long, about
-55 cm. wide at base, mentum long, slightly incurved,
narrowed to the narrowly linear, blunt, apex. Petals lanceo-
late acute 3-nerved up to about -66 cm. long, -17 cm. wide
at the widest point. Lip rather obscurely 3-lobed, clawed,
with 5 main nerves and 1 extra one on each side close to
the margin near the base, nerves branched, 2 low keels along
the centre of the blade raised near the centre to 2 low
longitudinally triangular lamellae; side lobes very short,
oblong, apex rotundate slightly erose, midlobe short, broad,
rounded, with a low triangular-ovate cushion with a low
horse-shoe-shaped, ochre-green, callus at its base, the whole
up to about 1:50 cms. long, -80 em. wide across the side
lobes, claw about -20 em. long. Column linear-oblong, foot
slightly incurved, with a longitudinal central raised costa
ending at the base in a globular, verrucous, dull orange
callus, the whole up to about 1:60 cms. long, -40 cm. wide,
arms dilate upwards, apex truncate, 2-3 dentate, rostellum
oblong, truncate, convex above. Anther quadrate, apex
denticulate.
Pahang, Kuala Lipis, Kuala Tembeling, etc., very
common.
This species is very nearly allied to D. pumilum, Roxb.,
from which it differs in colour, the narrower, more acumi-
nate mentum, the four-angled stems, etc. There is a variety
of D. pumilum, Roxb., without purple veins but even then
the margins of the lip are usually purple. It is significant
that the flowering frequencies of this species and of
D. pumilum rarely, if ever, coincide.
Cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
Dendrobium (§ Aporuwm) quadrilobatum, sp. nov.
Rhizoma breve, repens. Caules approximati, biseriales, e
basi dilatati, facie antico et postico valde compressi, nitide
flavo-virescentes, basi excepto omnino foliiferi, basi nonnul-
lis vaginis tubulosis lateraliter compressis tecti, ad 30 cms.
longi, internodiis e basi apicem versus oblique cuneato-
dilatatis longitudinaliter multi-sulcatis, c. -70—1 cm. longis,
-50--60 cm. latis. Folia articulata, valde lateraliter com-
pressa, falcate oblongo-triangularia, acutissima, crasse
coriacea, viridia saepe purpureo-suffusa, e basi folio decimo
fere maximo, foliis inferioribus et superioribus minoribus,
ad ec. 2-2°5 cms. longa, -75—-1 cm. lata, vaginis tubulosis
lateraliter compressis. Inflorescentiae terminales squamis
siccis tectae, brevissimae 1-florae. Flores valde patentes,
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 5
ce. 1-1 cm. lati. Sepalum dorsale late oblongo-ovatum, apici
obtus angulariter incurvum, abrupte acutum, dorso carina
brevi elevatum, intus sub apice convexum, pallide flavescens,
apice excepto nonnullis striis longitudinalibus et maculis
purpureis, 5-nervium, c. -48 cm. longum, c. -45 cm. latum.
Sepala lateralia gynostemii pedi adnata, oblongo-ovata,
apicem versus obtusangulariter incurva, apici obtusa, 7-
nervia flavescentia dimidio postico nonnullis striis roseo-
purpureis, c. -48 cm. longa, c. -45 cm. lata, mento oblongo
apici leviter dilatato obtuso pallide flavescente nonnullis
maculis purpureis ornato. Petala tenuia, oblanceolata, levi-
ter inaequaliter marginata, marginibus et apici denticulata,
3-nervia semipellucide pallide flavescentia, nonnullis striis
roseo-purpureis ornata, c. -45 cm. longa, c. -25 cm. lata.
Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, unguicu-
latum, basi erectum sulco transverso donatum, lamina
lineari-oblonga papillosa longitudinaliter sulcata purpurea,
in sulea costa longitudinali brevi in callis 2 lamelliformibus
brevibus oblongis papillosis apici rotundatis aurantiacis inter
lobos laterales terminante, explanatum c. -75 cm. longum,
trans lobos laterales c. -75 cm. latum. Lobi laterales erecti, -
oblongi, papillosi, apici rotundati, pallide flavescentes
margine postico purpureo, c. -27 cm. longi, c. :25 cm. lati.
Lobus intermedius e basi abrupte reflexus, bilobus, lobulis
suborbicularibus flavis, papillosus, marginibus denticulatus,
pallide flavescens, sinu inter lobulos minute purpureo-
maculato, c. -20 cm. longus, lobulis c. -25 cm. latis, ungue
brevi oblongo rotundate erecto. Gynostemium breve,
rectum, albidum purpureo-suffusum, c. -20 cm. longum, ¢. -27
cm. latum, dorso apici leviter rotundate productum, alis
latis; clinandrium transverse oblongum, profunde conico-
excavatum. Anthera cucullata, facie antico leviter concava,
apici late retusa. et ciliata, albida purpureo-maculata et
suffusa. Pollinia 4 flava, anguste obovata, subtus com-
pressa. Pes gynostemii linearis, apici incurvus, roseo-
purpureus. Ovarium cum pedicello c. -80 cm. longum.
This is of the same affinity as D. indivisum, Miq., and
D. lobatum, Mig.
Pahang, Tahan river, growing together with D. rhodo-
stele, Ridl., on a tree overhanging the river.
Described from a living plant cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Dendrobium (§ Rhopalanthe) fugax, Schitr., in Bull.
Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2, VI (1906) 455; J. J. S. in Bull. Dep.
Agr. Ind. Neerl. 43 (1910) p. 45; D. Blumei, J.J.S. (not of
Indl.) in Fl. Buit. VI (1905) 329; Atlas (1908) CCXLVIII.
Dr. J. J. Smith has a good figure of this under D.
Blumei, Lndl. in his Atlas (1908), No. CCXLVIII. The
plant has been confused with D. planibulbe, Lndl. from
Vol. V. (1929).
6 C. BE. Carr.
which, however, it is at once distinguished by the longer
pseudobulb-like swelling of the basal internodes of the stem,
the much more spreading sepals and petals, and the midlobe
of the lip which is quite different. Schlechter described it
from plants taken by him at Sungei Lalah in the Indragiri
district of Sumatra. According to Dr. J. J. Smith the species
has not been reported from Java. |
Cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and at
Tembeling, Pahang.
Dendrobium (§ Rhopalanthe) setifolium Ridl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI, 270; D. gracile, Ridl. Mat. I, 47;
Fl. Mal. Pen. IV, 41.
According to Dr. J. J. Smith’s deseription of D. gracile,
Indl. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser. 2, XXVI (1918) 37 in
which he mentions some of Blume’s original plants, and
his figure in Bull. Jard. Bot. Butt. Sér. 3, VI (1924) t. 14,
f. 4 the plants in the Singapore herbarium labelled
D. gracile, Lnvdl. are not referable to Blume’s original
species. They should be placed therefore under the name
D. setifolium, Ridl.
There appear to be in Singapore no examples of
D. gracile, Lund.
Dendrobium (§ Grastidium) salaecense, Lndl. Gen. and
Sp. Orch. 86; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 635; J.J.S. in Fl. Butt.
VI, 248; Atlas (1908) CCLXIV; D. intermedium, T. and
B. Nat. Tijdsche. Ned. Ind. V (1853) 490; Rehb. f. Walp.
Ann. VI, 288; D. gemellum, Ridl. (not of Lndl.) Journ.
Linn. Soe. XXXII, 252; Grastidium salaccense, Bl. Bijdr.
355; Callista salaccensis, O. K. Rev. Gen. Pl. II, 655; C.
intermedia, O. K. L.e.
In the Singapore herbarium specimens of this plant
and of D. inconspicuiflorum, J.J.S. are both included under
the name D. gemellum Indl. The plants collected at
Serangoon by Ridley in 1892; at Bukit Hitam, Selangor,
by Kelsall, No. 8408 collected by Mohammed Haniff on the
Teku river, Pahang, on June 21st, 1922; and those collected
by Dr. Keith in Lower Siam on May 12th, 1890 (No. 354) ;
are referable to D. salaccense, Lndl. There are in Singapore
no examples of D. gemellum Lmdl., of which Dr. J. J. Smith
has a figure in Atlas (1908) No. CCLXXVI.
Cultivated at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and at
Tembeling, Pahang.
Dendrobium (Grastidium) inconspicuiflorum, J.J.S. in
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Sér. 2, XXV (1917) 42.
In the Singapore herbarium this species has long been
confused, owing presumably to the absence of flowers, with
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 7
the more robust D. salaccense, Lndl., both being included
under the name D. gemellum, Lmdl.
The plants in the Singapore herbarium collected by
Ridley at Ayer Panas, Malacca, in 18938 (No. 1571); those
collected by Seimund at Pulau Jarak in April 1921 (No. 65) ;
by Hume at Rantau Panjang on June 4th, 1921 (No. 7593) ;
and by Ridley at Taiping in 1892 are referable to this species.
Only one example of the flower exists in the Singapore
herbarium and that in indifferent condition.
Schlechter in Engl. Bot. Jahrb., XIV, Beibl., 104 (1911)
described from Sumatra a plant much resembling the above
but stated “ Wiewohl ich von dieser Art Hunderte von
Exemplaren gesehen, fand ich nicht eine blute an
denselben, die nicht pelorial umgebildet war.” Dr. J. J.
Smith was unable to observe any such pelorial development
in his plants nor do I find it in the many Malayan examples
seen by me.
Cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and at
Tembeling, Pahang.
The longitudinal fascia of the lip mentioned by Dr. J. J. |
Smith is a wide orange ridge in which are embedded the
three main nerves. These are continued beyond the apex
of the ridge, the middle one to the apex of the lip, the outer
ones, from which several branches radiate, to below the
apex where they are abruptly and acute-angularly recurved
outwards. In addition to these three nerves there is one
extra on each side with one or more branches. The side
lobes are inconspicuous in Malayan plants.
Bulbophyllum (§ Epicrianthes) mobilifilum, sp. nov.
Rhizoma pendulum, vaginis membraneis tectum, ramosum,
ad 50 cm. longum, c. :18 cm. diam., radicibus basilaribus
ad substratum superioribus ad rhizoma adpressis, internodiis
c. 1:3-1°6 cms. longis. Pseudobulbi biseriales, 1-3-1:6 cms.
dissiti, 1-folii, oblongi, penduli, cum rhizomate angulum
acutum facientes, superne et subtus compressi, apici leviter
curvuli, truncati, valde excavati, conspicue quadrilaterales
lateribus concavis, pseudobulbis novis vaginis membraneis
tectis, sordide flavescenti-virides, saepe rubro-suffusi, c. 1°5
ems. longi, c. -50 em. lati, c. -°35 cm. crassi. Folium pendulum
aut porrectum crassiuscule coriaceum, oblongum aut oblongo-
ellipticum, obtusum aut subobtusum, basi tortum et ad
petiolum brevissimum angustatum, intus utraque sulcae
mediae parte convexum, subtus utraque costae mediae
inconspicuae parte concavum, sordide flavescenti-viride,
35-5 cms. longum, c. 1-5-2 cms. latum. Inflorescentiae
fasciculatae basi pseudobulbi vaginis membraneis tectae,
1-florae, intervallis gignentes, pedunculo e basi apicem versus
Vol. V. (1929).
8 C. E. Carr.
dilatato furfvuraceo basi nonnullis vaginulis tubulosis, ec. -38
cm. longo. Bractea tubulosa, furfuracea, apicem versus
patens, late triangularis, mucronata, intus profunde concava.
Sepala e basi valde reflexa, carnosa, extus sordide viridi-
ochrea, intus nitidula omnino atrorubro-suffusa. Sepalum
dorsale lanceolatum, apici brevissime angustatum, acutum,
intus leviter convexum, extus leviter concavum, fur-
furaceum, 5-nervium, marginibus incurvum attenuatum
angulatum, bene 1 cm. longum, c. -37 cm. latum. Sepala
lateralia lineari-oblonga, sub apice angustata, apici acuta,
marginibus angulate incurva et attenuata, 5-nervia, intus
leviter convexa, extus leviter concava furfuracea, bene 1 cm.
longa, -38 cm. lata. Petala ad pedem gynostemii decurrentia,
brevissima et latissima, 2-loba lobis obtusangulariter diver-
gentibus falcate curvis triangulari-ovatis acuminatis albis
dimidio superiore roseis; lobus posticus apici decurvus,
margine antico sub apice appendices 3 dense grisei-papillosas
rectas lineares teretes exterius decrescentes inaequimagnas
l-nervias basi longe pedicellatas ferens, appendicibus ad
-50 cm. longis, pedicellis c. -10 em. longis; lobus anticus apici
decurvus, appendices 3—4 similes ferens, c. -10 cm. longus,
c. ‘08 cm. latus. Labellum apici gynostemii pedis insertum,
mobile, porrectum, sigmoideum, carnosum, subcylindricum,
exterius decrescens, apici acutum, lateribus leviter com-
pressum, superne ultra medium sulcatum, super basin in
lobos 2 erectos rotundatos glabros flavos minute atrorubenti-
punctatos exeuns, supra carinis 2 pilosis et papillosis suleam
mediam limitantibus productum, inter lobos incrassatione
longitudinali suleata donatum, lateribus ultra lobos in
pulvinos 2 atrorubenti-vesiculosos dilatatum, subtus pulvinis
canalicula brevi apicem versus producta seperatis, super
pulvinos omnino papillosum et longe atrorubenti-pilosum,
subtus super basin sulca transversa brevi donatum, pone
pulvinos flavescenti-ochreum, super pulvinos dense atroru-
benti-suffusum, dimidio superiore atrorubens, c. *80 cm.
longum, trans pulvinos c. -19 cm. latum. Gynostemium
breve, rectum, apicem versus angustatum, intus leviter
convexum, apici leviter dilatatum, flavum, c. -18 cm. longum,
c. ‘12 cm. latum, alis latis erectis utraque stigmatis parte
in lobum triangularem productis apici triangulari-ovatis
obtusis margine antico dilatatis sub apice dente brevissimo
obtuso exeuntibus flavis; clinandrium excavatum, transverse
ovale, marginibus breviter et sparse denticulatum. Anthera
cucullata, supra visa suborbicularis, in rostrum latum
lineare truncatum minute denticulatum obtusangulariter
recurvum valde convexum producta, connectivo longo erecto
subulato inserta, flava, c. -09 cm. longa. Pollinia 4 obovata,
intus compressa, flava. Pes gynostemii basi cum gynostemio
angulum rectum faciens, brevis, carnosus, linearis, apici
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
, At 5 ae
7 Some Malayan Orchids. 9
incurvus in lobos 2 conicos obtusos divergentes productus,
c.-10 cm. longus. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, furfuraceum, viride,
apici atrorubenti-suffusum,, c. -58 cm. longum, pedicello ec.
‘27 cm. longo.
This makes the third species of this section to be
reported from this country. It is remarkable in that the
lip is densely covered with very long hairs and in the
absence of an appendage in the sinus between the lobes of
the petals. The pedicels of the filaments are long and narrow
causing the latter to be constantly in motion.
Pahang, Kuala Lipis town on a fruit tree, and at
Krambit on a tree in the forest.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Bulbophyllum (§ Epicrianthes) papillosofilum, sp. nov.
Rhizoma pendulum, vaginis membraneis tectum, ec. 20 cms.
longum aut longius, c. -13—-17 cm. diam., radicibus basilari-
bus ad substratum superioribus ad rhizoma adpressis,
internodiis 1-5-2 ems. longis. Pseudobulbi valde quadri-
laterales, cum rhizomate angulum acutum facientes, 1-5-2
ems. dissiti, 1-folii, vaginis membraneis tecti, superne et
subtus compressi, lateribus leviter concavi, viridi-flaves- -
centes, c. 1:20 cms. longi, c. -50 cm. lati, c. -35—40 cm.
crassi. Folium pendulum aut porrectum, crassiuscule
coriaceum, ellipticum, subacutum, apicem versus decurvum,
superne utraque sulcae mediae parte convexum, subtus
utraque costae mediae inconspicuae parte concavum, basi
tortum et ad petiolum brevissimum ec. -:10 cm. longum
angustatum, viride, c. 3-30—5 cms. longum, c. 1-80—2-40 cms.
latum. Inflorescentiae e basi pseudobulbi intervallis
exeuntes, vaginis membraneis tectae, fasciculatae, 1-florae,
pedunculo brevi terete e basi apicem versus dilatato ec. -40
em. longo, vaginis furfuraceo-punctatis. Bractea basi
tubulosa, furfuracea, apici late ovata mucronata. Sepala
carnosa, basi valde reflexa, ochrea, intus basi sordide
atrorubenti-suffusa. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, sub apice
angustatum, apici acutum, 5-nervium, intus basi leviter
convexum, apici leviter concavum, extus apici convexum
costa media inconspicue elevata, marginibus angulatum, bene
1 cm. longum, c. -45 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia lanceolata,
sub apice brevissime subulato-angustata, apici subacuta,
5-nervia, intus basi concava dimidio superiore leviter con-
vexa, extus dimidio inferiore convexa, sub apice concava,
marginibus angulata, bene 1 cm. longa, ec. -45 em. lata.
Petala brevissima et latissima, in lobos 2 divergentes falcate.
excurvos albos apici roseo-suffusos producta; lobus posticus
anguste oblongo-ovatus, appendices c. 4 longe stipitatas
rectas lineares teretes exterius decrescentes obtusas
l-nervias inaequemagnas albas dense grisei-papillosas ad
Vol. V. (1929).
10 G. EP Carr.
-50 cm. longas stipite ad -07 cm. longo ferens, c. -20 cm.
longus, c. -07 cm. latus; lobus anticus triangulari-ovatus,
appendices c. 4 similes ferens, c. -17 cm. longus, ce. -10 em.
latus, sinu inter lobos in appendicem 1 similem longissime
stipitatam stipite c. -20 cm. longo producto. Labellum apici
pedis gynostemii insertum, mobile, pendulum, carnosum,
sigmoidee subcylindricum, apicem obtusum versus angus-
tatum, superne fere ad medium longitudinaliter sulcatum,
basin versus in lobos 2 magnos rotundatos carnosos produc-
tum, lobis supra carinis 2 brevibus erectis exeuntibus, inter
lobos utraque sulcae mediae parte carina longitudinali
donatum, lateribus ultra lobos in pulvinos 2 dense atroru-
benti-vesiculosos dilatatum, pulvinis subtus sulea brevi
separatis sulca apicem versus leviter producta, super pulvinos
omnino papillosum et breviter pilosum, subtus super basin
sulea transversa et sulca longitudinali donatum, marginibus
sulcae basi glabris super pulvinos papillosis et vesiculosis
apicem attingentibus, lateribus concavum in formam carinae
e basi usque apicem dilatatum, c. -60 cm. longum, c. -17 cm.
diam. Gynostemium breve, rectum, intus convexum, ¢. *22
cm. longum, -15 cm. latum, alis latis apici in lobos 2 rotun-
datos et sinu in dentem subulatum exeuntibus; clinandrium
satis excavatum, suborbiculare, marginibus valde dentatum;
stigma profunde excavatum, triangulari-oblongum, obtusum.
Anthera cucullata, suborbicularis, marginibus minute denti-
culata. Pollinia 4 flava. Pes gynostemii quam gynostemium
paulo brevior, basi cum gynostemio fere angulum rectum
faciens, brevis, carnosus, apici incurvus et in lobos 2
divergentes conicos obtusos productus, intus convexus et
papillosus, extus basi sulcatus et papillosus. Ovarium
6-suleatum, sparse furfuraceo-punctatum, c. -70 cm. longum,
pedicello c. -20 cm. longo.
Nearest to B. Epicrianthes, Hook. f., and B. javanicum,
J.J.S., in that the appendages of the petals are mobile.
They are, however, papillose as in B. vesiculosum, J.J.S., but
in the latter species, as also in B. rigidifilum, J.J.S., the
appendages are rigid. This is the fourth species to be
recorded from this country.
Pahang, Tahan river at Kuala Teku on trees over-
hanging the river.
Described from plants cultivated at Tembeling, Pahang.
Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, sp. nov. Rhizoma '
pendulum, ramosum, filiforme, vaginis membraneis_tec- .
tum, c. 50 ems. longum aut longius, c. -05—07 cm. diam.,
internodiis c. -80—2:25 ems. longis. Pseudobulbi subgloboso-
ovoidei, rhizomati paralleli eoque adpressi, c. -80-2°25 cms.
dissiti, 1-folii, immaturi vagina magna membranea tecti,
virides, c. ‘15 cm. longi, c. 10 cm. lati. Folium
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 11
pendulum, cum rhizomate angulum acutum faciens,
lineari-lanceolatum, acutissimum, leviter crasse coriaceum,
marginibus attenuatum, superne utraque sulcae mediae
parte valde convexum marginibus' recurvum, subtus
utraque costae mediae valde conspicue elevatae parte con-
cavum, grisei-viride, subtus pallidius, basi tortum et in
petiolum brevem angustatum, c. 3-4-5 cms. longum, c. -40—70
em. latum, petiolo c. -30 cm. longo, c. -08—10 cm. diam.
suleato et curvulo. Inflorescentia e rhizomate sub pseudo-
bulbo exeuns, cum rhizomate angulum acutum faciens,
laxiuscule c. 8-flora, pedunculo terete viridi c. -80 cm. longo,
ce. ‘07 cm. diam., nonnullis vaginis membraneis basilaribus
obtecto furfuraceo et verrucoso apicem versus leviter incras-
sato, rachide furfuracea et verrucosa viridi c. 1 cm. longa.
Bracteae oblongo-ovatae, supra angustatae, mucronatae,
quam ovarium et pedicellum longiores, adpressae, margi-
nibus minute erosulae, intus profunde concavae, extus
convexae costa media satis conspicua, pallide virides, absque
mucrone c. ‘15 cm. longae, c. -10 cm. latae, mucrone c. -02
cm. longo. Flores vix aperti, c. 8. Sepalum dorsale
porrectum, oblongo-ovatum, longe acuminatum, brevissime
in subulam apiculiformem productum, intus concavum, extus
convexum, l-nervium, pellucide pallide flavescens apici
flavum, c. -35 cm. longum, c. -12 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia
pedi gynostemii adnata, falcata, late triangulari-ovata, sub
apice angustata incrassata in subulam brevem producta,
1-nervia, intus concava, dimidio superiore sparse verrucu-
losa, sub apice marginibus incurva et incrassata, extus costa
media conspicua convexa, basi margine antico valde in
mentum magnum oblongum obtusum dilatata, pellucide
pallide flavescentia apici flava, c. -33 cm. longa, c. -28 cm.
lata. Petala porrecta, oblongo-ovata, sub apice angustata,
marginibus minute erosula, apici subacuta, 1-nervia
pellucide pallide flavescentia, c. -18 cm. longa, c. -08 cm. lata.
Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum, simplex, unguicu-
latum, dimidio inferiore fere erectum, dimidio superiore
rectangulariter recurvum et vix porrectum, sub apice
recurvum, ungue oblongo et tenui; lamina lanceolata,
obtusissima, marginibus recurva, superne utraque sulcae
mediae longitudinalis vix usque apicem attingentis parte
convexum, sulca basi marginibus papillosa, costis 3, inter-
medio brevissimo et in fascia parva et carnosa terminante,
subtus utraque carinae mediae valde elevatae parte concava,
flavescens; omnino explanatum absque ungue c. -22 cm.
longum, c. :10 cm. latum, ungue ec. :03 em. longo. Gynos-
temium c. -08 cm. longum, supra in alas truncatas minute
denticulatas exeuns; clinandrium excavatum, oblongum,
intus convexum; rostellum in rostrum oblongo-ovatum
obtusum productum; stigma excavatum, suborbicu.
Vol. V. (1929).
12 ; CB Gear
lare. Anthera cucullata, minute papillosa, marginibus
minute erosula, albida, connectivo magno erecto ovato-
oblongo acuminato adnata. Pollinia 4, flava. Ovarium
breve, crassum, e basi dilatatum, verrucosum. Pes gynos-
temii subsigmoideus, basi valde incrassatus, intus convexus,
apici in lobos 2 divergentes incrassatos rotundatos exeuns,
c. °18 cm. longus.
I do not think that this interesting plant can be placed
under any existing section of the genus. With its filiform
pendulous rhizome, the minute distant pseudobulbs and the
broad mentum it is very distinct.
It occurs very sparingly on Fraser Hill, Pahang, at
about 4,000 to 4,300 feet elevation.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Bulbophyllum (S Cirrhopetalum) geminatum, sp. nov.
Rhizoma repens, ramosum, immaturum vaginis membraneis
tectum, c. -25 cm. diam., dense radicans. Pseudobulbi ec.
11:50 cms. dissiti, conspicue quadrilaterales, lateribus
concavis, supra leviter curvuli, apici profunde excavati,
pellucide flavescenti-virides, 1-folii, immaturi nonnullis
vaginis ovatis vel oblongis acutis tecti, cum rhizomate
angulum acutum facientes, c. 3-7—4:5 ems. longi, ce. 1:2—1°5
ems. lati. Folium oblongum vel oblongo-lanceolatum,
obtusum, coriaceum, sub apice leviter recurvum, intus
obtusangulariter concavum sulca media conspicua, subtus
obtusangulariter convexum costa media satis conspicua, basi
tortum et in petiolum brevem sulcatum ec. :25 cm. longum,
c. ‘25 cm. diam. angustatum, viride supra nitidum, c. 9-12
cms. longum, c. 2°5-3 cms. latum. Inflorescentiae e basi
pseudobulbi exeuntes, erectae, 2-florae, pedunculo terete
apicem versus incrassato c. 7 cms. longo basi c. -08 apici
c. ‘16 cm. diam., vaginula 1 basilari basi tubulosa parte libra
subulata apici acutissima furfuracea donato parte libra ec.
‘80 cm. longa c. -32 cm. lata. Bracteae triangulariter lanceo-
latae, acutissimae, intus profunde concavae, c. 5-nerviae,
c. ‘60 cm. longae, c. -38 cm. latae. Flores 2 geminati,
majusculi. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, medio leviter dilata-
tum, basi abrupte in lobos 2 brevissimos triangulares acutos
dilatatum, super basin valde reflexum, 5-nervium, nervis
furcatis, extus furfuraceum, minute papillosum, intus basi
concavum super basin breviter convexum supra concavum
sub apice profunde conico-concavum, extus basi concavum
supra convexum sub apice et abrupte et alte et cucullate
convexum apici in appendicem longam teretem basi erectam
supra flexuosam apici clavatam c. 1:30 cms. longam minute
papillosam productum, omnino bruneo-purpureum, c. -80
cm. longum, c. ‘45 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia pedi gynos-
temii adnata, basi falcate curvula et torta, super basin
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S,
Some Malayan Orchids. ay
lineari-oblonga, longe acuminata, papillosa, extus furfura-
cea, margine postico super basin ad apicem liberum teretem
inerassatum cohaerentia, marginibus conglutinatis in
formam carinae elevatis, 5-nervia, nervis furcatis, margine
antico valde tubulose involuta, subtus grisei-viridia dimidio
inferiore seriebus longitudinalibus c. 5 macularum minu-
tarum purpurearum basi confluentibus, superne flavescenti-
viridia dimidio inferiore dense purpureo-maculata, c. 9 cms.
longa, parte latissima c. -66 cm. lata basi c. -30 cm. lata.
Petala vix patentia, falcata, oblique ob'onga, sub apice
angustata, apici lineari-oblongo truncato recurva, margine
antico super basin abrupte curvulo et dilatato supra vix
recto, margine postico c. medio rectangulariter et lobuli-
formiter dilatato, 3-nervia, nerva intermedia ultra apicem
in setam c. -02 ecm. longam producta, extus sordide griseia,
intus nitide bruneo-purpurea, c. -50 cm. longa, c. -40 cm.
lata. Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum, mobile,
carnosum, subcylindricum, acutum, basi ersctum, super
basin decurvum, superne basi in lobos 2 oblongos rotundatos
margine antico recurvos productum, super lobos carinis 2
papillosis vix apicem attingentibus et su!lcam latam papil-
losam limitantibus, subtus e loco insertionis vix usque
apicem anguste sulcatum, sordide flavescens purpureo-
maculatum, c. -50 em. longum, c.-15 cm. diam. Gynostemium
breve, rectum, alis latis fere medio in lobum brevem
triangularem dilatatis supra laciniatis, absque connectivo
c. -30 cm. longum, c. -15 cm. latum, bruneo-purpureum;
clinandrium profunde conico-excavatum, oblongum, margi-
nibus laciniatum; stigma profunde excavatum, anguste
lineare. Anthera alte conico-cucullata, papillosa, supra visa
oblonga, in carinam mediam elevata, apici in rostrum breve
late lineare retusum convexum denticulatum et papillosum
marginibus erosulum producta, bruneo-purpurea, c. -10 cm.
longa, c. ‘07 cm. lata, connectivo anguste lineari c. -05 cm.
longo. Pollinia valde lateraliter compressa, e latere visa
oblique oblonga, margine basilari recto. Pes gynostemii
basi cum gynostemio angulum obtusum faciens, sub apice
rotundate incurvus, apici in lobos 2 conicos obtusos rectan-
gulariter divergentes productus, longus, angustus, intus
leviter convexus, e basi intus alte convexa apicem versus
angustatus, c. -60 cm. longus, parte libra c. -25 cm. longa.
Ovarium 6-sulcatum, viride purpureo-suffusum, c. 1-30 cms.
longum, pedicello c. -58 cm. longo.
This species appears to be closely allied to B. biflorum,
T. & B., but differs in the shorter distance between the
pseudobulbs, the shorter inflorescence, the smaller differently
coloured upper sepal, the differently coloured and marked
lateral sepals, the different form of the petals with a much
Vol. V. (1929).
14 4. Carr.
shorter apical seta, the brownish purple anther, etc. . The
sepals and petals elongate after the flower opens.
Pahang, Krambit, one plant only found.
Described from the living plant cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Eria (§ Hymeneria) punctata, J.J.S. in Bull. Dep. Agr.
Ind. Neerl. No. XIII (1907) 38; in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit.
Ser. lif, Vile Vi- tsa.
This curious plant with its 1-leaved pseudobulb-like
stems on a rather long-creeping rhizome has not hitherto
been reported from the Peninsula. It occurs sparingly on
Fraser Hill, Pahang, at about 4,300 feet elevation, and much
more rarely on Gunong Tahan at Skeat’s ridge at about
4,500 feet elevation. It was described by Dr. J. J. Smith
from plants collected in West Java.
Eria (S Hymeneria) Jagoriana, Krzl. in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. XLIV, Betbl. n. 101 (1911) 24; wn Pflanzenr. IV, 50,
JI, B, 21 (1911) 93, fig. 19 A-C; J.J.S. in Bull. Jard. Bot.
Butt. Sér. III, Vol. III, Livr. 3 (1921) 285; in Bull. Jard.
Bot. But. Sér. III, Vol. VI, t. 3, f. V.; E. tenggerensis,
J.J.S. in Bull.-Jard. Bot. But. Sér. II, XIV (1924) 37.
Not hitherto reported from the Peninsula. It occurs
very sparingly on Fraser Hill, Pahang, at about 4,000 to
4,300 feet elevation.
Eria (§ Hymeneria) atrovinosa, sp. nov. Rhizoma
longiusculum, repens, multi-ramosum, teres, c. ‘70 em. diam.
Caules subapproximati, cylindrici, e basi exterius decres-
centes, dimidio superiore saepe subsigmoidee curvuli, apici
c. 3-fo'll, initio vaginis c. 8 tenuibus tecti, c. 5-8 cms. longi,
1-3-1:7 cms. diam., internodiis altissimis 2 brevissimis
exceptis c. 4 inaequemagnis internodio superiore maximo
c. 3 ems. longo. Folia 2-3 ex apice caulis exeuntia, lorata,
apici acuta saepe oblique acuta, tenuiter coriacea, supra
sulca media subtus costa media satis conspicua donata, basi
angustata intus concava extus convexa, subnitide viridia
subtus leviter pallidiora, c. 12-18 cms. longa, c. 1°75—-2°25
cms. lata. Inflorescentiae 2-3 e nodis superioribus erectae
vel suberectae, dimidio inferiore nonnullis vaginulis oblongo-
oblanccolatis aut subspathulatis obtusis bracteiformibus
inaeque magnis maximis c. 2:25 cms. longis c. 1 em. latis
lacteis ornatae, dimidio superiore laxe multi (c. 15)-florae,
lacteae purpureo-pubescentes, c. 15 ems. longae. Bracteae
valde patentes, oblongo-oblanceolatae, acutae, basi angus-
tatae, marginibus recurvis, inferiores maximae ad 2—2°25
ems. longae, c. ‘65 cm. latae. Flores valde patentes,
subsecundi. Sepalum dorsale basi erectum, fere medio
valde reflexum, oblongo-lanceolatum, apici subacuto incur-
vum, sub apice angustatum, 5-nervium, pellucide lacteum
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 15
apici roseo-suffusum, extus basi atropurpureo-pubescens,
e. 1:20 cms. longum, c. -38 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia
pedi gynostemii adnata, falcata, oblongo-ovata, obtusa, fere
medio valde reflexa, apici incurva, 5-nervia, pellucide lactea
apici leviter roseo-suffusa, extus basi atropurpureo-
pubescentia, c. 1 cm. longa, -45 cm. lata, basi in mentum
breve rectum obtusum lacteum atropurpureo-pubescens
dilatata. Petala subcucullata super gynostemium porrecta,
faleata, oblongo-oblanceolata, subacuta, 3-nervia, intus
conecava sub apice excurva et convexa, extus convexa sub
apice leviter concava, parte 14 basilari albida, partibus 34
superioribus atrovinosa marginibus pallidiora, c. 1 cm. longa,
ce. -°35 em. lata. Labellum apici pedis gynostemiil adnatum,
3-lobum, brevissime unguiculatum, omnino papillosum,
lamina in carinas 3 basin haud attingentes elevata, carinis
basi confluentibus supra divergentibus atrovinosis dense
albo- et clavato-pilosis exterioribus ad lobos laterales inter-
medio usque apicem lobi intermedii attingentibus apici
incrassatis et elevatis, explanatum c. :90 cm. longum, trans
lobos laterales c.-58 cm. latum. Lobi laterales erecti, falcati,
oblongi, papillosi, apici rotundati, margine postico late
rotundate incurvi, atrovinosi, medio pallidiores, basi albidi.
Lobus intermedius bilobus lobis oblongis obtusis, sinu in
dentem triangularem carnosum productus, basi clavato-
pilosus, apici papillosus, lacteus leviter sordide pallide pur-
pureo-suffusus, dente pallide purpureo, c. -30 cm. longus, c.
35 cm. latus. Gynostemium breve, vix rectum, supra
angustatum, cum ovario angulum obtusissimum faciens,
intus leviter concavum, ec. -35 cm. longum, c. -20 cm. latum,
alis brevibus apicem versus dilatatis et truncatis; clinan-
drium profunde excavatum, transverse ovale, in costam
longitudinalem mediam elevatum, marginibus minute ero-
sulum; rostellum in rostrum breve oblongum truncatum
decurvum productum; stigma majusculum, leviter excava-
tum, transverse ovale. Anthera cucullata, basi in lobos 2
late oblongos rotundatos marginibus tenuissimos et erosos
producta, supra visa quadrata, flava. Pollinia 8 angulatim
obpyriformia, supra et subtus compressa, flava, viscis 2
contiguis flavis adnata. Ovarium cum pedicellum ad ec.
2°25 cms. longum, lacteum purpureo-pubescens.
This plant is of the same affinity as FE. bractescens,
Indl., and should be placed among the short-stemmed
species of the section.
Pahang, Mentakab on large trees in the forest.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Sarcostoma javanica, Bl. Bijdr. 340, F. 45; Rehb. F.
Bonp. 1857, 54; J.J.S. in Fl. Buit. VI (1905) Orch. 304;
Vol. V. (1929).
16 | C. E. Carr.
Dendrobium javanicum, Lndl. Journ. Linn. Soe. III, 20;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 644; D. sarcostoma, Lndl. Gen. and
Sp. Orch. 80; Callista javanica, O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl. II, 655;
Ceratostylis cryptantha, Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII,
309; Mat. I, 110; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV, 110.
Pahang, Krambit, Mentakab, and Fraser Hill up to
4,300 feet altitude.
Cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
Sarcostoma linearis, n. comb. Ceratostylis linearis,
Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, P. 40; Fl. Mal, Pen.
IV, 110.
This species should doubtless be included under
Sarcostoma, Bl.
Phalaenopsis appendiculata, sp. nov. Caules breves ad
c. 1-75 cms. longi, basi radicantes. Folia ec. 4 elliptica vel
late lanceolata aut oblanceolato-oblonga, tenuiter coriacea,
superiora maxima, ad c. 7 cms. longa, ¢c. 3°5 ems. lata, apici
leviter inaequaliter et obtuse biloba, basi in petiolum ec. -35
cm. longum angustata, vaginis apici abrupte recurvis et
elongatis. Inflorescentiae e basi vaginae, suberectae, pauci-
florae, pedunculo terete ad apicem dilatato basi vaginulis
1-2 brevibus c. 1°5 ems. longo, rachide incrassata c. 1 em.
longa. Flores succedanei, patentes, per dies c. 8 durantes,
albi maculis violaceis ornati. Sepalum dorsale oblongum,
acutum, intus profunde cucullate concavum, extus convexum
carina longitudinali, super gynostemium decurvum, marsi-
nibus erosis, 3-nervium, album violaceo-maculatum, c. -40
cm. longum, c. °35 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia pedi gynos-
temii adnata, subfalcata, valde patentia, oblique oblonga,
subacuta, intus leviter concava, extus leviter convexa, in
carinam mediam et in carinam humiliorem utrinque elevata,
3-nervia, alba violacea-maculata, ‘50 cm. longa, c. -45 em,
lata. Petala subfaleata, vix patentia, suborbicularia, basi
in unguem brevissimum late linearem angustata, dimidio
superiore leviter incurvula, marginibus valde erosa, nerva
media 1 nerva breviore utrinque, extus in carinam conspi-
cuam elevata, c. ‘37 cm. longa, c. -35 em. lata, alba violaceo-
maculata. Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum,
3-lobum, c. ‘66 cm. longum, trans lobos laterales c. -85 cm.
latum; Lobi laterales erecti, lineari-oblongi, acuti, margine
postico gynostemio adpressi, dimidio inferiore margine
antico in lobum brevem et latum acute bidentatum abrupte
producti, intus concavi, extus convexi, albi apici pallide
violacei, lobis dilute flavis maculis violaceis minutis ornatis,
c. -30 em. longi, basi c. -08 cm. lati; lobus intermedius
mobilis, porrectus, 3-lobus, lobis exterioribus triangularibus
obtusis margine postico rectis margine antico rotundate
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 17
curvis, lobo intermedio triangulari apici truncato et erosulo,
basi callis 2 intermediis interpositis et callis 2 minoribus
utringue, albus marginibus striisque violaceis ornatus;
callus posticus lineari-oblongus, apici in lobos profunde
2-laciniatos productus, albus minute violaceo-notatus; callus
anticus lineari-oblongus, apici bilobus, dilute violaceus, lobis
in setam longam et undulatam albam productis; calli
exteriores breves, valde laciniati, violacei, laciniis albis.
Gynostemium breve, latum, medio dilatatum, alis brevissimis
rotundatis, dorso apici in lobum longum ovatum obtusum
productum; rostellum breve, triangulare, in lobos 2 longos
subulatos apici decurvos productum; stigma latissimum,
transverse ovale. Anthera cucullata, carinata, carina in
rostrum lineari-oblongum extus convexum intus profunde
concavum apici truncatum erosulum producta. Pollinia 4
inaequalia, flava, stipite anguste spathulato basi abrupte
subulato-angustato, glandula triangulari.
This is a very interesting species in that as far as I can
see there are 4 pollinia present. In all other respects it
appears to partake of the characters of the genus Phalaenop-
sis. The pollinia are very unequal and easily separable, the
posterior pair being greatly reduced. They fit closely into
2 bodies, one of the posterior small pollinia fitting into a
depression in the corresponding much larger anterior one.
Pahang, Kuala Tembeling, on small trees in the forest.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Sarcanthus Holttumii, sp. nov. Caulis subserpentinus,
sectione transversa ellipticus, c. 25 ems. longus, lateraliter
compressus, internodiis apicem versus incrassatis ad c. 2
ems. longis. Folia patentia, crasse coriacea, lineari-oblonga,
sub apice c. 2 cms. abrupte angustata, apici inaequaliter
obtuseque biloba et leviter recurva, basi leviter angustata
et late canaliculate concava, haud petiolato-angustata,
marginibus basi erectis, supra utraque sulcae mediae parte
convexa transverse et minute rugulosa, marginibus attenua-
tis subundulatisque, subtus leviter convexa costa media apici
basique satis conspicue elevata medio- saepe sulcata, nitide
pallide flavo-viridia, costa media subtus atriore, c. 10-13
cms. longa, 1-90—2-50 cms. lata, vaginis tubulosis transverse
et minute rugulosis internodos superantibus facie antica
et facie postica carinatis basi c. -70 cm. apici c. :90 em.
latis. Inflorescentiae e vagina super basin exeuntes, vaginas
2 perforantes, simplices, basi porrectae, superne flexuosae,
multi-florae ; pedunculus teres, apicem versus incrassatus
vaginulis c. 3 tubulosis donatus, c. 2:40 ems. longus; rachis
flexuosa, leviter incrassata, angulata, c. 5-50 ems. longa, basi
vaginula ovata acuminata acuta carnosa profunde concava
donata. Bracteae quaquaversae, patentes, carnosae, triangu-
Vol. V. (1929).
18 C. Ee Garr.
lares, apici acutae, ad ovarium adpressae, marginibus minute
erosulae, extus convexae, intus concavae, dorso incrassatae,
c. 16 cm. longae et aequilatae. Flores succedanel, c. 7 simul
expansi, sessiles, per nonnullos dies durantes. Sepala petala-
que valde expansa, sordide flavo-viridia, sepalis intus et
apici et marginibus et costa media exceptis pallide castaneo-
suffusa. Sepalum dorsale erectum, oblongum, apici trun-
catum et vix retusum leviter recurvum, intus basi in gibba
leviter semilunatum albidum instructum, 3-nervium, intus
superne leviter concavum sub apice leviter convexum, extus
convexum super medium leviter incurvum costa media satis
elevata sub apice abrupte attenuatum, marginibus apicem
versus erosulis, c. -40 cm. longum, c. -25 cm. latum. Sepala
lateralia gynostemio et basi labello breviter adnata, sub-
falcata, e basi angusta transverse quadrangularia, apici valde
apiculata, margine postico vix recto, margine antico sub
apice late rotundateque dilatato, marginibus recurvis apicem
versus erosulis et sparse laciniatis, 3-nervia, intus convexa,
extus utraque costae mediae conspicue elevatae parte con-
cava, c. ‘48 cm. longa, c. -25 cm. lata, apiculo anguste conico
obtuso vix -10 cm. longo. Petala fere medio recurva,
oblongo-spathulata, obtusa, l-nervia, sordide flavo-viridia,
omnino pallide castaneo-suffusa, c. °30 em. longa, c. -10 cm.
lata. Labellum basi gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, calcara-
tum, lamina inter lobos laterales canaliculata alba in
canalicula carina brevi alba basi lobi intermedii in tubercula
parva terminante, intus dorso callo pendulo T-formi carnoso
curvulo apicem versus papilloso exterius decrescente basi in
lobulas 2 transversas triangulares obtusas concavas producto
et faucem calcaris claudiente, basi utraque canaliculae mediae
parte fascia magna puberula flava donatum, explanatum ec.
‘55 cm. longum, trans basin lobi intermedii c. -37 cm. latum;
lobi laterales brevissimi, lati, truncati, albidi; lobus inter-
medius porrectus, quam lobos laterales multo major,
triangulari-hastatus, crasse carnosus, apici leviter rotun-
datus vix truncatus, obtusissimus, supra medio excavatione
triangulari carina transversa utrinque limitata, carinis
apicem versus confluentibus et vix contiguis, basi in lobulas
2 triangulari-oblongas truncatas bidentatas productus, apice
medioque exceptis lilacinus, subtus convexus sulca media
angusta donatus apici truncatus albidus lobulis basalibus
pallide lilacinus, c. -30 cm. longus, c. -37 cm. latus; calcar
pendulum, cum ovario angulum acutum faciens, vix —
rectum, basi sepalis lateralibus breviter adnatum, cylindri-
cum, obtusum, dorso compressum basi sulea brevi trans-
versa et canalicula media angusta donatum, intus dimidio
inferiore septatum, albidum, c. -30 cm. longum, ec. +16 cm.
diam. Gynostemium breve, apicem truncatum _ versus
dilatatum, c. -15 cm. longum, alis carnosis rotundatis;
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
——_ —
Some Malayan Orchids. 19
clinandrium leviter excavatum, subquadratum; rostellum in
rostrum brevissimum triangulare acutum productum;
stigma brevissimum, orbiculare, profunde excavatum.
Anthera cucullata, supra visa transverse oblonga, abrupte
angustata et in rostrum triangulare anguste obtusum pro-
ducta, pallide ochrea vix alba. Pollinia 4 inaequalia,
subovalia, pallide flava; stipes anguste linearis, sub apice
abrupte spathulato-dilatatus, albus; glandula parva, ovalis,
pallide flava. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, pedicello 0.
The nearest ally of this plant is undoubtedly
S. Scortechinii, Hook. f., to which it is closely related. It
differs, however, in the quite different form of the leaves,
the much more obtuse upper sepal, the different form of
the petals, the very fleshy truncate midlobe with the 2 basal
lobules indented, the longer and less elevate callus with 2
short basal lobules, the unequal pollinia and the rather
shorter anther with a relatively longer beak.
Described from a flowering plant which has been in
cultivation in the Botanic Gardens at Singapore for some
years and which flowered there during November and
December, 1928.
The exact locality from which the plant originally came
is unknown.
Saccolabium Hendersonii, sp. nov. Caulis pendulus,
rigidus, serpentinus, sectione transversa anguste ellipticus,
ad c. 22 cm. longus internodis c. 1 cm. longis. Folia
patentia, linearia, coriacea, apici angustata, inaequaliter et
acute biloba, basi abrupte angustata subtortaque, superne
utraque sulcae mediae parte convexa, subtus costa media
conspicue elevata, sordide viridia saepe dense _ sordide
purpureo-maculata vel suffusa, c. 7-9 cms. longa, c. -80-1
cm. lata, vaginis e basi dilatatis nitidulis marginibus
carinatis sordide viridibus saepe sordide purpureo-suffusis.
Inflorescentiae simplices, e basi vaginae exeuntes, supra
dense multiflorae, inferne vaginulis 2 adpressis late ovatis
acutis, dilute flavescens, rachide quam pedunculum e. -50 cm.
longum paulo crassiore basi nonnullis maculis minimis
purpureis ornata 1-3 cms. longa. Bracteae patentes, qua-
quaversae, ovatae, acuminatae, apici acutae, marginibus
ciliolatae, intus concavae, extus convexae papillosae pilos-
aeque, initio dilute flavescentes deinde scariosae, c. -30 cm.
longae, c. -10 cm. latae. Flores parvi, patentes, c.
‘75 em. longi, trans petala c. -40 cm. lati. Sepalum dorsale
oblongo-oblanceolatum, apici obtusum, marginibus ciliola-
tum, extus dense papillosum pilosumque costa media elevata,
basi rectum, intus apici concavum cucullate incurvum,
Vol. V. (1929),
20 Cc. E. Carr.
flavescens, c. -25 cm. longum, c. -10 cm. latum. Sepala
lateralia satis patentia, oblique triangulari-ovata, obtusa,
marginibus minute erosula et ciliolata, margine postico
subrecto, margine antico super basin valde rotundato, intus
concava apici incurva praesertim medio super basin rare
pilosa, extus dense papillosa et pilosa costa media conspicue
elevata, aurantiaca, marginibus pallidiora, c. -25 cm. longa,
c. 18 cm. lata. Petala patentia, apici incurva, lineari-
oblanceolata, subacuta, marginibus minute ciliolata, extus
papillosa costa media conspicue elevata, intus sparse minute
pilosa, c. -20 cm. longa, c. -08 cm. lata. Labellum basi
gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, calcaratum, ad summam
- ealearis c. -538 cm. longum; lobi laterales erecti, brevissimi
latissimique, e basi obcuneate dilatati margine antico
longiore, apici truncato margine castaneo, intus basi concavi
apici convexi, quam petala pallidiores, apici c. 20 cm. lati;
lobus intermedius quam lobos laterales multo brevicr,
triangulari-ovatus, brevissime acuminatus, obtusus, crasse
carnosus, intus alte conico-convexus, ad summam eallo
oblongo truncato humili longitudinaliter sulcato et ex apice
ad callum costa longitudinali elevata donatus, faucem
calcaris fere claudiens, albidus; calcar pendulum, eseptatum,
lateribus compressum, medio dilatatum, apici incurvo
anguste obtusum, extus papillosum et rare pilosum, flavum
basi pallidius, c. -38 cm. longum. Gynostemium apicem
versus dilatatum, breve latumque, auriculis carnosis trans-
verse obcuneatis vel oblongis intus stria longitudinali
purpurea ornatis; rostellum elongatum, inter auriculas
gynostemii suleam formans; stigma excavatum, transverse
ovale. Anthera conico-quadrata, facie antica sulcata, in
rostrum triangulare obtusum abrupte decurvum producta.
Pollinia 2 oblonga, superne et inferne compressa, dilute
flavescentia, stipite anguste lineari apici abrupte spathulato-
dilatato albo, glandula parva, oblongo-ovali alba. Ovarium
6-suleatum, cum _ pedicello dense pubescens. Capsula
oblongo-obpyriformis, recurva, breviter pedicellata, dense
papillosa et pubescens, sordide viridis saepe purpureo-
suffusa, c. ‘75 cm. longa, c. -33 cm. diam.
Pahang, Tembeling, Mentakab, Krambit, etc., not
uncommon on small trees in the forest.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Abdominea minimiflora, J.J.S. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit.
Ser. 2, XXV (1917) 98; A. micrantha, J.J.S. in Bull.
Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser. 2, XIV (1914) 538; Bull. Jard.
Bot. Buit. Ser. 3, VI, t. 25, f. 1; Saccolabium minimiflorum,
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1890) 59; Ic. Pl. XXII (1894)
2133. The plants in the herbarium at Singapore are iden-
tical with those from Java as described and figured by Dr.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. a1
J. J. Smith as quoted above. The Singapore plants are
labelled Saccolabium minimiflorum, Hook. f., and were
collected by Ridley at Batu Caves, Selangor, in December,
1896. I have not seen Scortechini’s original plants from
Perak. |
I am now able to record this curious plant from Pahang
at Krambit and Kota Glanggi.
Ascochilopsis, gen. nov.
Caules perbreves, penduli vel ascendentes, basi ramosi
et radicantes. Folia patentia, crasse carnosa, vaginis
tubulosis carnosis. Inflorescentiae super basin vaginae sub
radice emissae, saepe 2 vel plures superpositae, erectae
suberectaeve, dense multiflorae, pedunculo muricato, rachide
valde incrassata pedunculum subaequante aut breviore.
Bracteae minutae, quaquaversae. Flores in excavationibus
rachidis inserti, intervallis brevibus 1-4 simul expansi.
Sepala petalaque subsimilia, valde patentia. Labellum basi
gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, calcaratum, lobis lateralibus
basilaribus erectis carnosis, lobo intermedio brevissimo
latissimoque crasse carnoso, calcare maximo dependente
late lateraliter dilatato. Gynostemium breve, rectum,
rostello in rostrum instructo, pede gynostemii 0. Anthera
cucullata, uniloculata, rostrata. Pollinia 2, stipite apici
spathulato-dilatato, glandula lineari. Ovarium 6-suleatum.
Capsula lineari-cylindracea.
A small epiphyte with the manner of growth of
Sarcochilus biserratus, Ridl. In the inflorescence, especially
the peduncle, and in the pollinia it resembles the section
Ascochilus of that genus. In the absence of a column foot
it resembles the genus Saccolabiwm to which perhaps it is
nearest, but I do not know of any section of this genus or
its allies to which this distinct and interesting species could
be properly assigned.
Ascochilopsis myosurus, comb. nov. Saccolabium
myosurus, Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 39 (1903)
84; Mat. 1,172; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV (1924) 173. Caules plures
validi, ascendentes aut penduli, apici foliis 10 aut pluribus,
basi radicantes et ramosi, ad c. 7 cms. longi. Folia patentia,
lorata vel lorato-oblanceolata, praesertim basin versus
sensim angustata, sub apice breviter angustata, anguste et
oblique obtusa, crasse carnosa, intus utraque suleae mediae
parte convexa atroviridia, subtus convexa, pallidiora, 5-20
ems. longa, -60-1:50 cms. lata, vaginis crasse carnosis
tubulosis sese amplectantibus. Inflorescentiae vaginam
super basin sub radice perforantes, saepe 2 aut plures
superpositae, erectae suberectaeve, dense multiflorae; pedun-
culus teres, apicem versus incrassatus, nonnullis vaginulis
minutis donatus, muricatus aut verrucoso-muricatus, viridis
Vol. V. (1929). °
22 C. BE. Carr.
praesertim sordide rubro-suffusus, 2—5 cms. longus, basi
‘08—-10 cm. diam.; rachis valde incrassata, tumida,
praesertim sparse furfuraceo-punctata, viridis, 1—4-50 ems.
longa, -20-—-28 cms. lata. Bracteae minutae, quaquaversae,
patentes, late ovatae, acutae, saepe papillosae, marginibus
erosulae, intus concavae, extus convexae carina media
conspicue elevata. Flores in excavationibus rachidis inserti,
intervallis brevibus 1-4 simul expansi, per diem 1 durantes.
Sepala petalaque valde patentia, pellucide flava. Sepalum
dorsale oblongum, apicem versus angustatum, apici late
truncato-obtusum, super basin reflexum, super medium
leviter obtusangulariter incurvum, l-nervium, marginibus
saepe minute erosulum, extus sparse minute papillosum
carina media satis elevata, c. -28 cm. longum, ec. -11 cm.
latum. Sepala lateralia basi petalis breviter adnata,
subfalcata, late oblonga, sub apice obtuso angustata, basi
leviter reflexa, praesertim marginibus minute erosula, extus
sparse minute papillosa, carina media conspicue elevata,
l-nervia, c. -25 cm. longa, c. -15 cm. lata. Petala basi
sepalis lateralibus breviter adnata, subfalcata, oblonga, sub
apice angustata, apici late truncato-obtusa, super basin
leviter reflexa, sub apice incurva, l-nervia, marginibus
saepe minute erosula, intus profunde suleato-concava, apicem
versus leviter convexa, extus convexa super medium cucul-
late incurva carina media conspicue elevata, c. -25 cm. longa,
c.-10 cm. lata, Labellum basi gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum,
calcaratum, c. ‘15 cm. longum, c. -10 cm. latum; lobi laterales
erecti, carnosi, subtorti, oblongi, truncati, papillosi, latera-
liter compressi, marginibus posticis basi contiguis, albi basi
flavi; lobus intermedius carnosus, brevissimus, latissime
triangularis, acuminatus, apice carnoso conico anguste
obtuso, papillosus subtus sulca media donatus, niveus, basi
maculis aurantiacis 2 ornatus; calear maximum, pendulum,
oblongo-obcuneatum, apici extus inconspicue 3-lobum, lobis
rotundatis, lateribus valde dilatatum, extus dorso utraque
carinae mediae parte leviter concavum, parietibus crasse
carnosis, intus superne angustissimum et latissimum inferne
dilatatum dense pilosum, niveum, c. -20 cm. longum, ¢c. +27
cm. latum, c. -14 cm. crassum. Gynostemium breve, rectum,
flavum, c. ‘07 cm. longum et aequilatum; clinandrium
utraque costae mediae parte leviter concavum; rostellum
magnum, in rostrum longum lineare basi decurvum apici
rectangulariter incurvum subtus concavum supra convexum
in dentibus subulatis 2 terminans instructum, flavum;
stigma profunde excavatum, transverse oblongum, margine
inferiore in lobum oblongum obtusum productum. Anthera
cucullata, transverse ovalis, 1-loculata, marginibus minute
erosula, in rostrum lineare truncatum intus concavum extus
convexum c. -02 cm., longum producta, semipellucide flava,
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 23
absque rostro c. -06 cm. longa, c. -08 cm. lata. Pollinia 2
subobpyriformia, pallide flava. Pes gynostemii 0. Ovarium
6-suleatum. Capsula lineari-cylindracea, c. 1°:75-2 cms.
longa, c. :18—-25 cm. diam.
Under favourable conditions this plant often forms
small clumps in the manner of Sarcochilus biserratus, Ridl.
It is very variable in the form of the leaves and the dimen-
sions of leaves and inflorescence.
Description from living plants taken at Kuala Lipis and
Tembeling and cultivated at the latter place. I must also
report it from Bekok in Johore.
Sarcochilus virescens, Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.
Br. XXXVII, 85; Mat. I, 176; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV, 179. Stems
very short, ascending, stout, up to 2°50 cms. long, c. -20 cm.
diam., rooting at base, internodes c. -25 cm. apart. Leaves
spreading, thickly fleshy, base narrowed and slightly twisted,
linear-lorate or lanceolate-lorate, subfalcate, apex unevenly
acutely bilobed, above grey-green with mid-nerve sulcate,
below convex, paler, with the mid-nerve inconspicuous
except at apex, up to c. 4 cms. long, 1 cm. wide; sheaths
short but much exceeding the internodes, apex curved
outwards, older ones faintly longitudinally wrinkled, c. -30
em. long. Inflorescence much shorter than the leaves,
suberect, c. 8-flowered, peduncle minute thick slightly
flattened, rachis strongly flattened laterally, up to 1-50 cms.
long. Bracts alternate, spreading, fleshy, below broadly
ovate, inside deeply concave, above convex produced at apex
to a long conico-cylindric apiculus, margins erose, c. -17 cm.
long, c. -12 cm. wide at base. Flowers appearing singly at
rather long intervals, strongly fragrant and lasting one day.
Upper sepal elliptic apiculate, inside convex on each side
of the median nerve, 5-nerved, greenish-yellow, c. -60 cm.
long, c. -35 em. wide, apiculus cornuform curved ec. :04 cm.
long. Lateral sepals adnate to the column foot, spreading,
subfaleate, oblong-ovate, apiculate, 5-nerved, greenish-
yellow, c. -50 cm. long, c. -35 cm. wide, apiculus horn-shaped
curved c. -04 cm. long. Petals not widely expanded, narrowly
elliptic, subacute, base slightly clawed, 3-nerved, greenish-
yellow, c. -60 cm. long, c. -20 cm. wide. Lip adnate to the
apex of the column foot, 3-lobed, not spurred; side lobes
oblong, apex rounded, whitish, c. -25 cm. long, c. -17 cm.
wide at base; midlobe conic obtuse, very fleshy, flattened
below, pale greenish-yellow, c. -20 cm. long, callus a narrow
orange ridge running from the base of the sinus between
the side lobes to the base of the midlobe. Column short
straight, dilate in the middle, pale yellowish, c. -20 cm. long,
‘25 cm. wide; clinandrium orbicular, slightly excavate;
rostellum bilobed, lobes subulate yellow; stigma very large,
Vol. V. (1929).
24 C. E. Carr.
suborbicular, deeply excavate, occupying nearly the whole
face of the column. Anther 2-celled, cucullate, grooved, with
a triangular-ovate beak, yellow. Pollinia 2 on an oblanceo-
late caudicle with an oval disc. Column foot making about
a right-angle with the column, linear-oblong, apex slightly
retuse, contracted and very obtusangularly upcurved in the
middle, c. -35 cm. long, -17 cm. wide at apex. Capsule
triquetrous, c. 2 cms. long, c. -50 cm. wide.
This plant certainly belongs to the same affinity as
Chroniochilus tjyidadapensis, J.J.S. from Java, and Sarco-
chilus tembelingensis, Carr. These plants resemble each
other in habit, with the exception that in S. virescens, Ridl.,
the flowers only last one day, whereas in the other two
species they remain fresh for many days. All three species
have the inflorescence short, few-flowered, rather laterally
flattened with alternate bracts, and the same structure of
the lip. It would appear that S. virescens, Ridl., by its
flowering duration, would serve to connect Chroniochilus,
J.J.S., with the genus Sarcochilus, R. Br., and I fail to see
how the chief remaining feature, namely the unspurred lip,
would be sufficient to keep it distinct.
The suppression of the spur is well illustrated in some
of the species of the section Ascochilus, Ridl. In S. emargi-
natus, Rchb., the cavity of the spur is greatly reduced, in
S. mentakabensis, Carr, the spur is very slender with the
cavity represented by a slit no more in diameter than a
fine human hair, while in S. decipiens, J.J.S., and S. ciliatus,
J.JS., it is represented by a small shallow sac at the base
of the lip. Finally in S. siamensis, Carr, the spur is entirely
suppressed and the process has been carried further than
is the case in S. virescens, Ridl., S. tjidadapensis (J.J.S.)
Carr, and S. tembelingensis, Carr, a close ally of the latter
plant. In these three species the former position of the
spur is clearly indicated by a minute fissure at the base
of the sinus between the sidelobes, whereas in S. siamensia,
Carr, no trace of the spur remains, the lip being fleshy
from the base. None of the species of the section Ascochilus,
Ridl., quoted could possibly be separated from that section.
It appears to me that S. virescens, Ridl., S. tjidada-
pensis (J.J.S.) Carr, and S. tembelingensis, Carr, would
best be included under the section Monanthochilus, Schltr.,
though, as Dr. J. J. Smith points out in Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buit. Sér. 2, XXVI (1918) 83, Dr. Schlechter describes the
fleshy midlobe as a spur, but, while I have not seen Dr.
Schlechter’s plants, it seems that the structure of the flowers
is otherwise the same as in the plants here discussed. _
In his description of S. virescens, Ridley also describes
the midlobe as a spur and the orange callus as the midlobe.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S. }
7
Some Malayan Orchids. 25
The callus is important from the point of view of pollination
and it is gnawed by insects visiting the flower.
Sarcochilus tembelingensis, sp. nov. Caulis brevissimus,
ascendens, basi radicans, c. 4-6-folius, c. -80 cm. longus.
Folia patentia, crasse carnosa, basi angustata et torta,
lineari-lorata vel lanceolato-lorata, subfalcata, oblique
inaequaliter bidentata, superne in utraque canaliculae
mediae parte convexa, subtus apice excepto costa media
conspicue elevata, c. 2°50 ems. longa, c. -80 cm. lata, viridia,
vaginis brevibus haud adpressis ad apicem accrescentibus,
ec. -20 cm. longis. Inflorescentiae quam folia multo breviores,
ce. 6-floraé, c. 1 cm. longae, pedunculo terete basi nonnullis
vaginulis tubulosis apiculatis tecto. Bracteae alternatim
bifariae, patentes, rachidem amplectentes, ovatae, margi-
nibus erosulae, intus concavae, extus convexae, dorso valde
inerassatae et apici in subulam brevem conicam productae,
ce. -10 em. longae. Flores intervallis singuli expansi, satis
patentes, flavi. Sepalum dorsale oblongo-ellipticum,
subacutum, basi suberectum, medio obtusangulariter incur-
vum, intus medio cucullate concavum, dorso carina media
conspicue elevata, sparse et breviter pilosum, marginibus
minute erosulum et supra minute ciliolatum, c. °-35 cm.
longum, c. 14 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia patentia, ultra
medium pedis gynostemii decurrentia, oblonga, obtusa, basi
curvula, sparse et breviter pilosa, intus concava, super
medium paulo incurva, subtus convexa carina media conspi-
cue elevata marginibus minute erosula et supra sparse et
minute ciliolata, c. -33 cm. longa, c. -15 cm. lata. Petala
oblongo-lanceolata, subobtusa, super medium cucullate
incurva, intus medio valde concava, subtus obtusangulariter
convexa, carina media satis conspicue elevata, rarissime et
breviter pilosa, marginibus minute erosula, c. -30 cm. longa,
ce. -12 cm. lata. Labellum pedi gynostemii insertum eoque
angulum obtusissimum faciens, unguiculatum, 3-lobum,
ecalearatum, flavum, c. -35 cm. longum, explanatum trans
lobos laterales c. -60 cm. latum, inter lobos laterales sacca-
tum, ungue brevissimo lato ad apicem dilatato c. -03 cm.
longo; lobi laterales oblongo-triangulares, obtusissimi, basi
divergentes, medio erecti, apici paulo incurvi, papillosi, callo
inter lobos carinam humilem simulante apici anguste lineari
ad basin dilatato oblongo; lobus intermedius porrectus,
triangulari-conicus, obtusus, supra convexus, subtus com-
pressus, crasse carnosus, papillosus. Gynostemium breve,
curvum, dorso ad apicem dilatatum, truncatum, papillosum,
e. ‘20 cm. longum; clinandrium concavum, carina longitu-
dinali divisum; rostellum bilobum, lobis longis triangularibus
acuminatis acutis; stigma magnum, suborbiculare, excava-
tum. Anthera cucullata, brevis, lata, longitudinaliter
Suleata, transverse elliptico-oblonga, in rostrum breve
Vol. V. (1929).
26 C. EeGarr.
triangulare acutum producta, c. -13 cm. longa, c. -17 cm.
lata. Pollinia 2, transverse ovalia, flava, inconspicue furcata;
stipes linearis; glandula majuscula, triangulari-ovata. Pes
gynostemli cum gynostemio angulum rectum faciens, quam
gynostemium longior, linearis, basi carnosus apici tenuis
papillosus. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, sparse furfuraceum.
Capsula oblongo-cylindrica, c. 1 cm. longa, c. -50 em. lata.
Apparently closely allied to Sarcochilus tjidadapensis
(J.J.S.) Carr, from Java, but differing in the longer stems,
leaves and inflorescence, the form of the bracts, the sepals
being minutely ciliolate, the side lobes and midlobe of the
lip being entirely papillose as also the apex of the column
and the column foot. As in S. tjidadapensis (J.J.S.) Carr,
the flowers remain open for many days.
Described from a few plants collected and cultivated
at Tembeling, Pahang. Flowered in February and March,
and from August to November, 1928.
Sarcochilus (§ Ascochilus) maculatus, sp. nov. Caulis
ascendens, basi radicans, c. 1:25-2 cm. longus, internodis
brevibus. Folia c. 4-6, patentia, lineari-lorata, falcata, apici
inaequaliter et acute biloba, crassiuscule coriacea, basi ~
angustata et subtorta, supra utraque sulcae mediae parte
leviter convexa, subtus utraque costae mediae conspicue
elevatae parte leviter concava, grisei-viridia, ad 10 cms.
longa, 1:50 cms. lata, vaginis basi tubulosis superne fissis
marginibus infra apicem recurvum in lobulum rectangula-
rem productis. Inflorescentiae e basi vaginae praesertim 2
superpositae emissae, erectae vel suberectae, pauciflorae;
pedunculus teres, tenuis, apicem versus incrassatus, longius-
cule muricatus, viridis sordide atrorubenti-suffusus, basi
nonnullis vaginulis minimis et superne vaginula bracteiformi
viridi sordide atrorubenti-suffusa c. -30 cm. longa c. ‘07 cm.
lata donatus; rachis incrassata, breviter muricata, ad 1 cm.
longa, -15 cm. lata. Bracteae quaquaversae, crassiusculae,
late ovatae, apiculatae apiculo conico-cylindrico, sparse
verrucosae, marginibus erosulae, intus profunde concavae
extus alte convexae, c. 23 cm. longae, c. :18 cm. latae, apicul«
ce. -04 em. longo. Flores intervallis singuli expansi, bene
patentes. Sepala petalaque e basi valde reflexa, ocracea
apice excepto purpureo-maculata. Sepalum dorsale oblan-
ceolatum aut oblongum, obtusum, 3-nervium, extus carina-
tum praesertim sparse verrucosum, c. -60 cm. longum,
ec. -18 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia ad apicem pedis gynos-
temii decurrentia, e basi valde reflexa, subfalcata, oblonga,
subacuta, margine antico praesertim leviter dilatata,
3-nervia, extus conspicue carinata, saepe sparse verrucosa,
c. 60 cm. longa, :27 cm. lata. Petala bene patentia, falcata,
lineari-oblanceolata, obtusa, 1-3-nervia, nervis exterioribus
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
i
Some Malayan Orchids. 27
brevibus, dorso satis conspicue carinata, c. -55 cm. longa,
ce. -15 em. lata. Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum
et eum continuum, 3-lobum, calearatum, lamina inter lobos
laterales carnosa; lobi laterales basi divergentes, oblongi,
dense papillosi, apici leviter rotundati, parte 14 antica pallide
flavi albive, partibus %4. posticis dilute flavi striis trans-
versis maculorum purpureorum ornati, c. -30 cm. longi, c. -17
em. lati; lobus intermedius basi sulcatus, 3-lobus, lamina
e basi ad apicem inter lobulos exteriores incrassatione
triangulari donata, albus inter lobulos exteriores non-
nullis maculis purpureis ornatus, lobulis exterioribus
triangulari-oblongis obtusis dense papillosis c. -15 cm. longis,
lobulo intermedio multo breviore late triangulari acuto;
-ealear dependens, vix rectum, infra apicem dilatatum, dorso
leviter compressum, papillosum, extus costis 5 elevatis intus
sub fauce papillosum, flavum, c. -37 cm. longum, ec. -25 cm.
latum, c. -18 cm. crassum. Gynostemium longiusculum,
superne cucullatum, ad stigma abrupte dilatatum, dilute
flavum, ec. -+50 cm. longum; rostellum magnum, apici in
rostrum triangulari-ovatum acutum productum; stigma
magnum, ovale, profunde excavatum. Anthera cucullata,
biloculata, apici in rostrum triangulari-ovatum acutum
producta, flava, c. -15 cm. longa. Pollinia 2 ovalia, subtus
compressa, flava, stipiti filamentibus magnis distendentibus
flavis conjuncta; stipes lineari-spathulatus, basi abrupte
subulato-angustato, supra convexus, subtus concavus, apici
recurvus, albus c. -15 cm. longus; glandula triangularis, basi
longe angustata, flava, c. -04 cm. longa. Pes gynostemii cum
gynostemio vix angulum rectum faciens, brevis, rectus, apici
leviter retusus, purpureus, c. -15 cm. longus. Ovarium
6-sulcatum, verruculosum, cum pedicello c. -85 cm. longum.
Capsula anguste lineari-cylindrica, viridis, c. 3 cms. longa,
c. °383 cm. diam.
This plant is closely allied to S. appendiculatus, J.JS.
from which, however, it is at once distinguished by the
structure and markings of the lip. It occurs not uncommon-
ly at Tembeling, Mentakab, Krambit, etc. in Pahang, and
much more rarely in the Gemas district of Negri Sembilan,
where it may be found growing together with S. appendicu-
latus, J.J.S. on small trees in the moister parts of the forest.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Sarcochilus (§ Ascochilus) appendiculatus, J.J.S. in Fl.
Buit. VI (1905) and Atlas (1908), CDXXV. As synonyms
the following should be noted. S. hirtulus, Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI, 89; Ic. Pl. t. 2121. S. pusilla, Rchb. f. Walp. Ann.
500. Dendrocolla appendiculata, Bl. Bijdr. 289; Aerides
pusillum, Lndl. Gen. and Sp..Orch. Pl. 241; Mig. in Fl. Ind.
Vol. V. (1929).
28 C. E. Carr.
Bat. III, 697; Grosourda appendiculata, Rchb. f. Xen. Orch.
IT, 123; Thrixspermum appendiculatum, O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl.
II, 683; Ascochilus hirtulus, Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXXII, 375; Mat. I, 178; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV, 181.
Sarcochilus (§ Ascochilus) ciliatus, J.J.S. in Bull.
Jard. Bot. Buit. Sér. III, Vol. VIII (1926), liv, 1, 63; Den-
drocolla ciliata ,Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. XLIV,
192; Mat. I, 186; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV, 188; Thrixspermum
blepharolobum, Schltr. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLV, Betibl. 104
(1911), 58. As Dr. J. J. Smith points out, l.c., this plant
should rightly be included in the genus Sarcochilus. In habit,
inflorescence, column and pollinia it is entirely characteristic
of the § Ascochilus in which it should be placed. The spur
is represented by a shallow sac at the base of the lip.
Sarcochilus (§ Ascochilus) fasciculatus, sp nov. Caulis
2-6°50 cm. longus, apici c. 6-folius, inferne dense radicans,
internodis brevibus. Folia patentia, oblanceolata vel
lineari-lorata, valde oblique obtusa, carnosa, c. 7-11 cms.
longa, 1-1:-40 cms. lata, vaginis tubulosis siccis longitudi-
naliter rugulosis apici recurvis. Inflorescentiae fasciculatae,
ad 10 super- et circum-positae, dimidium inferius vaginae
folium pone perforantes et tuberculam magnam formantes,
flores paucos vel ad 20 gignentes; pedunculus teres, gracil-
limus, apicem versus incrassatus, longe muricatus vel ver-
rucoso-muricatus, 1-5 cms. longus, basi nonnullis vaginulis
tubulosis et supra vaginulis 1-4 bracteiformibus
donatus; rachis incrassata, -30—-80 cm. longa. Bracteae
quaquaversae, patentes, anguste triangulari-ovatae, obtusae,
carnosae, intus concavae, extus convexae, c. -10 cm. longae,
c. 07 cm. latae. Flores minimi, probabiliter intervallis ad
6 simul expansi. Sepalum dorsale lineari-oblanceolatum,
sub apice breviter acuminatum, apici acutum, 3-nervium,
c. ‘28 cm. longum, c. -08 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia haud
ad pedem gynostemii decurrentia, oblonga, breviter apicu-
lata, 3-nervia, c. -28 cm. longa, c. -11.¢m. lata. Pete
lineari-oblanceolata, acuta, 1-nervia, c. -28 cm. longa, c. -06
em. lata. Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum,
saccatum, ecalcaratum, explanatum e basi ad apicem lobi
intermedii c. :15 cm. longum, trans lobos laterales c. -27 cm.
latum; lobi laterales longissimi, curvuli, late lineares, apici
rotundati, margine postico c. -17 cm. longi, margine antico
c. -14 cm. longi, c. :06 cm. lati; lobus intermedius 3-lobus,
lobulis exterioribus brevissimis conicis subacutis carnosia
c. ‘04 cm. longis, lobulo interiore crasse carnoso anguste
obtuso ec. 08 em. longo totum c. -10 cm. longum; saccus
pedem gynostemii continuans, c. -10 cm. longus, late conicus
obtusus. Gynostemium vix rectum, apicem versus dilata-
tum, c. 18 cm. longum, ec. -08 cm. latum; rostellum in
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 29
rostrum breve productum; stigma maximum, excavatum,
subovale. Anthera cucullata. Pollinia 2, subovalia; stipes
anguste linearis, apici triangulariter dilatatus. Pes gynos-
temii gynostemium aequans, linearis, c. 13 cm. longus.
Ovarium furfuraceum et sparse verrucoso-papillosum, c. -40
em. longum.
A curious plant with fascicled inflorescences, as many
as 10 together, and very small flowers. It is remarkable
also for the long column foot, as long as the column, the
lateral sepals not adnate to the column foot, and for the
reduction of the spur to a sac.
It is a true member of the section and is allied to
S. mentakabensis, Carr, S. decipiens, J.J.S., and S. ciliatus,
J.J.S., but the first mentioned is the nearest ally. The
flowers are said to be yellow.
Described from 2 dried plants in the Singapore her-
barium numbered 13286 and found growing on Angsana
(Pterocarpus indicus) trees at Krian Road station, in Perak,
by Mohammed Haniff on May 13th, 1924.
Sarcochilus (§ Ascochilus) mentakabensis, sp. nov.
Caulis brevis, validus, ascendens, supra c. 5 folia ferens, basi
radicans. Folia patentia, lorata, falcata, acuta, crassiuscule
carnosa, apici oblique obtusa paulo recurva, basi leviter torta,
supra utraque sulcae mediae parte convexa, subtus costa
media inconspicua donata, vaginis internodos breves multo
superantibus apici vix rectangulariter recurvis, flavescenti-
viridia, ad c. 8 cms. longa, c. 1:70 cms. lata. Inflorescentiae
e basi vaginae sub radicibus exeuntes, ad 3 superpositae,
erectae vel suberectae; pedunculus teres, dense muricatus,
muricibus oblongo-conicis apici pedunculi brevioribus et
minoribus purpureis apici in glandulam linearem clavatam
albam abrupte dilatatis, c. 3-50 cms. longus, apici leviter
incrassatus c. -10 em. diam., basi nonnullis vaginulis parvis
et supra 2, vaginula inferiore basi tubulosa supra late ovata
obtusa intus concava extus convexa carina media conspicue
elevata viridi basi purpureo-suffusa, vaginula superiore satis
carnosa late ovata marginibus minute denticulata intus
concava extus convexa papillosa carina media conspicue
elevata viridi c. -12 cm. longa et aequilata; rachis incras-
sata. Bracteae latae ovatae, acutae, intus concavae, extus
convexae carina media conspicue elevata, virides c. -15 cm.
longae, c. -13 cm. latae. Flores 1-3 simultanee expansi, per
diem 1 viriditatem conservantes. Sepala petalaque patentia,
tenuia, pellucide ocracea. Sepalum dorsale spathulato-
oblanceolatum, supra breviter angustatum, apici anguste
obtusum, super basin leviter reflexum, sub apice incurvum,
3-nervium, intus concavum, extus sparse verrucosum con-
vexum carina media satis conspicua, c. -50 cm. longum, c. -20
Vol. V. (1929).
30 C, ls-Carr.
cm. latum. Sepala lateralia vix ad pedem gynostemii decur-
rentia, super basin leviter reflexa, subfalcata, lanceolata,
acuta, 3-nervia, intus concava, extus sparse verrucosa con-
vexa carina media conspicua, margine postico fere medio
late et rotundate dilatato, c. -48--55 cm. longa, c. :25 cm.
lata. Petala super basin reflexa, lineari-oblanceolata, acuta,
supra falcate invurva, l-nervia, apici cucullate incurva,
intus concava, extus convexa carina media conspicue
elevata, c. -40 cm: longa, c. -12 em. lata: “Gage
apici pedis gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, calcaratum,
lamina canaliculis angustis 2 inter lobos laterales dona-
tum, niveum, inter lobos laterales maculis 2 flavis orna-
tum, explanatum c. -60 cm. longum, trans lobos laterales
c. -40 cm. latum; lobi laterales erecti, oblongi, apici
rotundate curvuli, nivei, c. -30 cm. longi, .c. -15 em
lati; lobus intermedius carnosus, 3-lobus, lobis exteriori-
bus carnosis conico-cylindricis acutis curvulis niveis c. :10
cm. longis c. -06 cm. latis, lobo intermedio carnoso e latere
viso triangulari-oblongo truncato subtus compresso albo c.
‘15 cm. longo c. -07 cm. lato; calear tenuissimum, rectum,
anguste cylindricum, anguste obtusum, niveum, c. -20 cm.
longum, c. -°05 cm. latum. Gynostemium breve, rectum,
oblongum, apici truncatum, basi angustatum, pallide flaves-
cens, c. -17 cm. longum, c. *12 cm. latum; clinandram
excavatum,. transverse semilunatum; rostellum magnum, in
rostrum triangulari-ovatum acutum productum; stigma
maximum, oblongum. Anthera conico-cucullata, supra visa
quadrilateralis, flava, in rostrum brevissimum obtusum
album producta. Pollinia 2 obovata subtus compressa, flava,
ad stipitem filamentibus 2 brevibus distendentibus flavis
conjuncta, stipite anguste lineari basi dilatato et apici
abrupte spathulato-dilatato albo, glandula anguste oblonga
alba. Pes gynostemli cum gynostemio angulum rectum
faciens, linearis, basi carnosus, apici tenuis, albus, c. -13 cm.
longus, c. :06 cm. latus. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, sparse verru-
coso-papillosum, cum pedicello c. -50 cm. longum.
An interesting species which in the development of the
lip appears to come between S. emarginatus, Rchb. f., from
Java and Borneo in which the walls of the spur are much
thickened with the cavity represented by a very narrow
tube, and S. decipiens, J.J.S., from Bali in which the
3-partite midlobe is very fleshy while the spur as such has
almost disappeared, its position being marked by a very
short and narrow fissure. In S. mentakabensis, Carr, the
midlobe is 3-partite and fleshy, the spur being much reduced,
slender and tapering to the narrow apex, while the cavity
is reduced to the diameter of a slender hair.
Described from plants collected at Mentakab, Pahang,
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 31
and cultivated at Tembeling, where they flowered during
September, October, and November, 1928.
Sarcochilus (§ Ascochilus) Siamensis, comb. nov.
Ascochilus siamensis, Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII,
875; Mat. I, 178; Fl. Mat. Pen. IV (1924) 181. This member
of the § Ascochilus is of great interest owing to the structure
of the lip. The spur has been entirely suppressed while
the midlobe is large, conic and very fleshy. It is one of the
smallest plants of the section.
Chamaeanthus laciniatus, sp. nov. Caules breves, c.
5-8-folii, inferne radicantes, c. 2 cms. longi, internodis
brevissimis c. -10 cm. longis. Folia lorata, falcata, leviter
carnosa, apici inaequaliter et acute biloba, basi leviter torta,
supra obtusangulariter concava costa media leviter elevata,
subtus convexa, pallide flavescenti-viridia, c. 3 cms. longa,
ec. ‘80 cm. lata, vaginis internodos bene superantibus.
Inflorescentiae e basi vaginae, brevissimae, erectae, dense
multiflorae, pedunculo brevi terete ad -20 cm. longo, rachide
incrassata c. -40 cm. longa. Bracteae quaquaversae, ovatae,
mucronatae, apici papillosae, intus profunde concavae, extus
convexae, c. -25 cm. longae, c. -11 cm. latae. Flores inter-
vallis ad 4 simul expansi, vix aperti. Sepalum dorsale
anguste lanceolatum, acuminatum, acutum, 1-nervium,
intus concavum, extus utraque costae mediae elevatae parte
convexum, pallide flavescens, dimidio inferiore utraque
costae mediae parte nonnullis maculis aurantiacis ornatum,
-30—-40 cm. longum, :09—-11 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia pedi
gynostemii adnata, lineari-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta,
margine postico super basin rotundate dilatata, 1-nervia,
intus concava, extus convexa costa media elevata, pallide
. flavescentia, dimidio inferiore nonnullis maculis aurantiacis
ornata, -30—-40 cm. longa, c.-11 cm. lata. Petala basi sepalis
lateralibus breviter adnata, lanceolata, acuminata, acuta,
l1-nervia, intus concava, extus convexa carina media elevata,
pallide flavescentia, basi nonnullis maculis aurantiacis
ornata, -25—-30 cm. longa, -08—-10 cm. lata. Labellum apici
pedis gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, calcaratum, lamina
inter lobos laterales elevata et sulca media brevi donata
pallide flavescente sub lobis lateralibus aurantiaca, explana-
tum c. -20 cm. longum, trans lobos laterales c. -15 cm. latum;
lobi laterales erecti, triangulari-ovati, falcati, acuti, margine
postico late rotundate dilatato, margine antico praesertim
laciniato, albidi basi aurantiaci, c. -05 cm. longi, c. -03 cm.
lati; lobus intermedius quam lobos laterales bene longior,
porrectus, oblongo-ovatus, medio carnosus, marginibus
attenuatis profunde laciniatus, abrupte sub apice angustatus,
apici in appendicem brevem subulatam productus, c. :12 cm.
longus, c. -05 em. latus; calear breve, cum lamina angulum
acutum faciens, pallide flavescens, c. -03 cm. longum.
Vol. V. (1929).
32 C. E.Carr.
Gynostemium breve, erectum, super basin oblongo-dilatatum,
basi abrupte angustatum, dorso productum apici triangulare
obtusum, pallide flavescens, c. :(07 cm. longum; clinandrium
triangulare, convexum; rostellum apici in rostrum produc-
tum, rostro magno triangulari subacuto carinato medio
incurvo apici recurvo; stigma maximum, vix excavatum,
oblongum, pallide flavescens striis 2 longitudinalibus
aurantiacis ornatum. Anthera cucullata, 2-loculata, dorso.
profunde sulcata, apici in rostrum breviter triangulare
acutum producta, pallide flavescens, super loculos macula
magna aurantiaca ornata. Pollinia 2 magna, sulcata,
oblonga, subtus valde compressa, pallide flavescentia, stipite
anguste lineari apici subspathulate dilatato pallide flaves-
cente, glandula minima oblonga flava. Pes gynostemii quam
gynostemium brevior, intus convexus, aurantiacus, c. -05
cm. longus. Ovarium breve, 6-sulcatum. Capsula anguste
eee apici basique angustata, c. -60 cm. longa, c. -18 cm.
ata.
This species is of interest in that although it possesses
a distinct spur it is none the less a true Chamaeanthus and
is closely related to Ch. flavus, Carr.
Described from plants collected in Pahang at Mentakab
and cultivated at Tembeling.
Chamaeanthus flavus, sp. nov. Caules breves, ascen-
dentes, c. 5-folii, basi ramosi et radicantes, ad c. 2 cms.
longi, internodis brevissimis. Folia patentia, lineari-
lorata, falcata, satis carnosa, sub apice angustata, apici
inaequaliter et acute bidentata, supra utraque sulcae mediae
parte convexa, subtus utraque costae mediae inconspicuae
parte leviter concava, flavescenti-viridia, c. 5-75 cms. longa,
ce. 50 cm. lata, vaginis internodos multo superantibus apici
recurvis marginibus sub apice recurvis. Inflorescentiae e
basi vaginae, praesertim 2 vel plures superpositae, erectae,
brevissimae, pauciflorae, pedunculo crasso, terete, ad ce.
-35 cm. longo basi vaginulis c. 2 tubulosis, rachide breviore.
Bracteae quaquaversae, late ovatae, mucronatae, margini-
bus erosulae, intus profunde concavae, extus alte convexae
et carinatae, virides, c. -16 cm. longae, c. -10 cm. latae.
Flores 1 aut plures simul expansi, vix aperti, per diem 1
viriditatem conservantes. Sepala subsimilia, basi abrupte
dilatata, super basin anguste oblonga subparallelaque,
superne longe acuminata, apici acuta incrassata, 1-nervia,
intus concava, extus convexa, dorso incrassata et carinata,
semipellucide flavescentia basi pallidiora. Sepalum dorsale
c. -37 cm. longum, c. :09 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia pedi
hae aged brevissime adnata, subfalcata, c. -42 cm. longa,
-10 cm. lata. Petala e basi abrupte valdeque dilatata,
ee basin ovato-oblonga, superne longe acuminata, apici
acuta, l-nervia, dimidio inferiore marginibus erosulis,
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids. 33
intus profunde acutangulariter concava, extus convexa
carina media conspicue elevata, c. -30 cm. longa, c. -11 cm.
lata. Labellum apici pedis gynostemii adnatum, mobile,
porrectum, carnosum, inconspicue 3-lobum, ecalcaratum,
3-nervium, pallide flavescens, c. -13 cm. longum, trans lobos
laterales c. -07 cm. latum; lobi laterales magni, suberecti,
rotundati, marginibus breviter laciniati; lobus intermedius
multo brevior, oblongus, retusus, lateraliter compressus,
._ carnosus, c. :°04 cm. longus. Gynostemium vix rectum,
apicem truncatum versus dilatatum, dorso apici in lobum
breve rotundatum productum, pallide flavescens, c. -10 cm.
longum; clinandrium obcordatum, leviter convexum; rostel-
lum angustum, brevissime triangulare; stigma profunde
excavatum, basi oblongum, medio abrupte angustatum,
superne lineari-oblongum. Anthera cucullata, profunde
suleata, supra visa transverse oblonga, pallide flavescens.
Pollinia 2 subovalia, pallide flavescentia, stipite angusto
apicem versus dilatato albo, glandula fusiformi rostellum
brevissimum multo superante albo. Pes gynostemii quam
gynostemium brevior eoque angulum rectum faciens, apici
incurvus, basi sepalis lateralibus breviter adnatus. Ova-
rium breve, 6-sulcatum. ~
This is apparently allied to Ch. brachystachys, Schlech-
ter, from Java and Borneo, but differs in the shorter
inflorescence with a much shorter peduncle, the smaller and
differently coloured flowers, the longer column, and the
different caudicle of the pollinia.
The present plant and the last one are the first two
species of the genus Chamaeanthus to be reported from the
Peninsula.
Described from plants collected at Kerdau, Pahang,
and cultivated at Tembeling.
Thrixspermum (§ Orsidice) papillosum, sp. nov. Caules
erecti vel ascendentes, sectione transversa elliptici, latera-
liter compressi, sordide virides c. 7—9 cms. longi, internodis
‘70-1 cm. longis. Folia oblongo-elliptica, sub apice brevis-
Sime acuminata, apici inaequaliter obtuseque biloba et
leviter recurva, crassiuscule carnosa, supra utraque sulcae
mediae parte convexa et breviter transverse rugulosa, subtus
costa satis conspicue elevata, basi leviter subtorta, nitidula,
sordide viridia purpureo-suffusa et-punctata, c. 7.50 cms.
longa, c. 1:75—2 cms. lata, vaginis tubulosis longitudinaliter
rugosis subcarinatis colore foliorum. Inflorescentiae
vaginam super basin et sub radicibus perforantes, porrectae
vel suberectae, 30—40-florae; pedunculus leviter lateraliter
compressus, apicem versus incrassatus, vaginulis c. 3 tubu-
losis donatus, viridis omnino sordide purpureo-suffusus, c.
2-4 cms. longus; rachis incrassata, valde lateraliter com-
pressa, c. 6 cms. longa vel longior, cum bracteis c. 70 cm,
Vol. V, (1929).
34 C. E. Carr.
lata, absque bracteis c. :27 cms. lata, internodis latere
excavatis c. ‘20 cm. longis. Bracteae alternatim bifariae,
erecto-patentes, basi rachidem amplectantes, valde lateraliter
compressae, parte libera triangulari acuta valde carinata,
dorso parallelae, nitide virides sordide purpureo-suftusae et-
punctatae, c. ‘50 cm. longae, parte libera c. -:20 cm. longa.
Flores singuli vel 2 simul expansi, per diem 1 durantes.
Sepala petalaque patentissima, semipellucide pallide ochrea,
ecaudata. Sepalum dorsale anguste lineari-lanceolatum,
acutissimum, 5-nervium, intus concavum sub apice acutan-
gulariter concavum, extus convexum sparse verrucosum,
rare minute papillosum, c. 2°75—4 cms. longum, ce. :83—-37 cm.
latum. Sepala lateralia pedi gynostemii adnata, subulata,
subfalcata, apici acuta, basi leviter torta, minute papillosa,
extus sparse verrucosa, c. 2°80—4 cms. longa, c. -33—-37 cm.
lata. Petala linearia vel anguste lineari-oblanceolata, me-
dio saepe leviter dilatata, sub apice angustata, apici acutis-
sima, intus concuva, extus convexa minute papillosa, c. 2°50—
3°75 cms. longa, c. -17—-20 cm. lata. Labellum apici pedis
gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, profunde saccatum, basi lobi
intermedii callo lamelliformi oblongo cucullate curvulo
papilloso apici truncato recurvo albido purpureo-maculato
donatum, explanatum c. 1 cm. longum, trans lobos laterales
ce. -°75—-83 cm. latum; lobi laterales basales, erecti, oblongi,
valde falcati, apici recurvi et truncati, intus dense minute
pilosi sub apice papillosi, extus dense papillosi, marginibus
ciliolati, albidi basi flavescentes nonnullis maculis violaceis
et cinnamomeis ornati, c. -15 cm. lati, margine antico c.
-15--20 cm. longo; lobus intermedius cum sacco fere angulum
obtusum faciens, porrectus, crasse carnosus, basi excavatione
lata triangulari pilosa donatus, superne late conicus, apici
obtusissimus, supra rotundate dilatatus et subcarinatus,
subtus compressus, omnino dense minute pilosus, dimidio in-
feriore pallide ochreus cinnamomeo-maculatus, dimidio su-
periore niveus, c. -40 cm. longus, c. °25 cm. diam.; saccus pen-
dulus, pedem gynostemii continuans, oblongo-conicus, apici
obtusissimus, intus carina media ex apice sacci ad callum
donatus medio utraque carinae parte pilosus, intus extusque
dense papillosus, pallide ochreus cinnamomeo- et purpureo-
maculatus, c. °30 cm. longus et aequilatus. Gynostemium
breve, rectum, albidum, basi maculis purpureis 1-2 ornatum,
c. -15 em. longum; clinandrium suborbiculare, medio in
gibbam conicam elevatum, apici profunde concavum et
carina brevi donatum, basi concavum; stigma minimum,
profunde excavatum, suborbiculare, basi in lobulum brevem
rotundatum instructum. Anthera cucullata, biloculata,
supra sulcata, basi intus lamellis tenuibus 2 suborbicularibus
donata, apici in rostrum brevissimum latum truncatum
producta, supra visa subquadrata sub apice dilatata, alba,
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
j
ea:
~ Some Malayan Orchids. 35
ec. -10 cm. longa. Pollinia 4 inaequalia, in corpusculis 2
oblongis extus rotundate curvulis intus compressis conjuncta,
pallide flavescentia, antica c. -05 cm. longa, postica c. -03 cm.
longa; stipes magnus, oblongus, apici leviter rotundatus,
super basin erectus et polliniis adpressus, albus; glandula
parva, apici in lobulos 2 lineares obtusos producta, sinu
inter lobulos lato. Pes gynostemii quam gynostemium
leviter latior et eocum angulum obtusum faciens, apicem
versus dilatatus, pallide flavus cinnamomeo et purpureo-
maculatus, basi papillosus, c. -18 cm. longus, c. :-20 ecm.
latus. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, flavo-viride, cum pedicellum c.
1 cm. longum.
This plant is of the same affinity as Th. lampongense,
J.J.S., from Sumatra, of which it may be a regional variety.
It differs, however, from the description in Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buit. Sér. 2, XXV (1917) 89, in the shorter stems, the
shorter internodes of the rachis, the smaller bracts, the
- sepals sparsely warty on the outside and minutely papillose,
the differently coloured, ciliolate and minutely pilose side-
lobes of the lip, the minutely pilose midlobe and the papillose,
inside keeled, sac. The base of the column foot is also
papillose. Very variable in the size of the flower.
Pahang, Kuala Teku, and Semangko Pass at about 3,000
feet elevation.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Thrixspermum (§ Orsidice) lilacinum, Rchb. f. Xen.
Orch, II, 121, etc. The name should be changed to Th.
amplexicaule, Rchb. l.c.
Thrixspermum (§ Orsidice) notabile, Ridl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. XXXII, 379, etc. This is a synonym of, and
should be changed to Th. acuminatissimum, Rchb. f. Xen.
Orch. II, 121.
Thrixspermum (§ Dendrocolla) brevicaule, sp. nov.
Caulis brevis, validus, sectione transversa ovalis, c. 2—4 cms.
longus, ec: -20—25 cm..diam. Folia pauca, patentia vel
subpatentia, recurva vel recta, anguste lineari-lanceolata,
apici obliqua, basi angustata, c. 3-5-70 cms. longa, c. 1—1°50
ems. lata, dilute viridia, supra sulca media donata, subtus
carinata, vaginis tubulosis longitudinaliter sulcatis et leviter
transverse rugulosis. Inflorescentiae basin vaginae per-
forantes, erectae vel suberectae, quam folia multo longiores ;
pedunculus validus, rigidus, teres, c. 5-12 cms. longus, c. -10
cm. diam., vaginulis c. 3 basi tubulosis apici libris et apicu-
latis; rachis quam pedunculum multo longior, dense multi-
flora, c. 1-33-1-75 cms. longa, c. -30—-35 cm. diam. Bracteae
quaquaversae, patentes, rachidem semiamplectantes, trian-
gulares, valde carnosae, marginibus incurvis. Flores
intervallis 1-3 simul expansi, flavi, maculis striisque
Vol. V. (1929).
36 C. i." Carr.
castaneis ornati, c. 1-50 cms. lati. Sepala petalaque patentia.
Sepalum dorsale basi unguiculate constrictum, lamina
oblongo-elliptica obtusa vel breviter apiculata, intus con-
cavum, subtus convexum, costa media elevata, nervis 3 cum
nerva 1 breviore utrinque, nervis apici furcatis, totum c. 77
cm. longum, c. -47 cm. latum, ungue c. -:15 cm. longo ce. -17
cm. lato, flavum, lamina maculis castaneis ornatum. Sepala
lateralia ad pedem gynostemii decurrentia, basi oblique
unguiculata, lamina oblongo-elliptica, obtusa vel apiculata,
margine antico fere medio in lobulum triangularem obtusum
rotundate dilatata, nervis 5 apici furcatis, subtus costa
media elevata, tota c. -82 cm. longa, c. -60 cm. lata, flava,
lamina maculis castaneis ornata, ungue c. -20 cm. longo, ec.
-25 cm. lato. Petala quam sepala minora, e basi unguicu-
late constricta late oblique spathulata, obtusa, 3-nervia
nervis apici furcatis, e basi valde reflexa, intus concava, 7
subtus convexa, c. -70 cm. longa, c. -40 cm. lata, ungue c. 7
-20 cm. longo ec. -12 cm. lato, colore sepala simulantia.
Labellum pedi gynostemii adnatum, 3-lobum, basi
profunde saccatum, totum explanatum ad apicem lobi
intermedii c. -80 cm. longum, trans lobos laterales ec.
‘90 cm. latum; lobi laterales magni, erecti, gynoste-
mium bene superantes et eum vix celantes, oblongi, i
apici rotundati, dense clavato-pilosi, margine postico F
rotundato et incurvo, c. -40 cm. longi, pallide flavescentes,
nonnullis maculis castaneis ornati; lobus intermedius
rotundate triangularis, subacutus, dense clavato-pilosus,
basi c. -27 cm. latus, c. -10 cm. longus; saccus basin pedis
gynostemil continuans, cum lamina vix angulum rectum
faciens, oblongus, obtusus, leviter incurvus, apici medio
longitudinaliter sulcatus, c. -35 cm. longus, intus pauce
clavato-pilosus, apici macula magna rubro-castanea ornatus,
carina media lineari dense clavato-pilosa apici dilatata inter
lobos laterales in callo terminante; callus laminam tenuem
cucullatam simulans, apici retusus, dorso excepto dense
clavato-pilosus, albidus, apici macula media castanea ornatus.
Gynostemium breve, latum, rectum, absque pede ec. -17 cm.
longum, alis rotundatis e basi dilatatis apici abrupte in
dentem subulatum incurvum constrictis, clinandrio leviter
concavo carina media humili elevato apici bilobo. Anthera
cucullata, satis compressa, medio sulcata, alba, c. -08 cm.
longa. Pollinia 4 inaequalia, ovato-oblonga, apici rotundata,
anteriora majora, intus ad apicem excavata, posteriora
minora intus compressa extus convexa, flava, stipite
triangulari-ovato acuto albo, glandula parvula flavescente.
Pes gynostemii cum gynostemio angulum rectum faciens,
linearis, leviter concavus, marginibus medio leviter constric-
tis, c. °33 cm. longus. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, viridi-flavescens,
Capsula linearis, subcylindrica, c. 6-50 cms. longa.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S. ;
eS ee
Some Malayan Orchids. 37
This plant is allied to Thrixspermum pardalis, Carr,
from which it is, however, readily distinguished by the much
more fleshy bracts, the less hairy lip, the differently coloured
markings, etc.
Pahang, Tembeling and Krambit, on small trees rather
scarce, also at Kuala Teku on a small tree overhanging the
river.
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Thrixspermum (§ Dendrocolla) pardalis, new comb.
Dendrocolla pardalis, Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII, 382;
Fl. Mal. Pen. IV (1924) 187; Sarcochilus pardalis, Ridl. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 371; S. recurvus, Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI (1890) 39; Ic Pl. (1894) 2122. A very common
plant in Pahang, both on orchard and forest trees.
Thrixspermum (§ Dendrocolla) album, new comb.
Dendrocolla alba, Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br.
XLIV, 191; Mat. I (1907) 185; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV (1924) 188.
I must record this plant from Tembeling, Pahang, on bushes
and small trees in gardens and kampongs. It is a very local
plant.
Thrixspermum (S Dendrocolla) rubrocallosum, sp. nov.
Caulis suberectus vel ascendens, sectione transversa ellipti-
cus, c. 5-10 cms. longus, c. -20—-30 cm. latus, internodis ec.
-50 cm. longis. Folia patentia, lineari-lorata vel lineari-
oblanceolata, carnosa, apici inaequaliter acuteque biloba,
subtus carinata, c. 3-8 cms. longa, -70—1:30 ems. lata, dilute
viridia, saepe rubro-maculata vel-suffusa, vaginis tubulosis.
Inflorescentiae erectae suberectaeve, vaginam infra radices
perforantes ; pedunculus teres, ad summam leviter dilatatus,
2-6 cms. longus, viridi-flavescens, saepe rubro-maculatus
vel suffusus, basi vaginulis c. 3, basilaribus 2 tubulosis,
Superiore basi tubulosa sub apice libra erecta subacuta
concava marginibus incurvis contiguisque; rachis quam
pedunculum crassior, c. 1—-1:80 cms. longa, c. -20 cm. diam.
Bracteae quaquaversae, carnosae, basi late ovatae, superne
abrupte in laminam subulatam erectam angustatae, intus
concavae, extus convexae, carina media conspicue elevata.
Flores intervallis 1 vel plures simul expansi, per diem 1
durantes, valde expansi, nivei, c. 1-5-1:8 cms. lati. Sepala
petalaque e basi reflexa. Sepalum dorsale oblanceolatum
apice incrassato apiculato vel incurvo, 5-nervium, extus
costa media inconspicue elevata donatum, c. ‘60-80 cm.
longum, 3. -25—-30 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia pedi gynos-
temii adnata, recta vel subfalcata, lineari-lanceolata,
apiculata, vel apici incurva, 5-nervia, margine antico
super basin rotundate dilatato, intus leviter concava,
extus leviter convexa, costa media elevata, c. -76—-1 cm.
longa, -25—-30 cm. lata. Petala anguste lineari-oblanceolata
Volk. V: (1929).
38 C. H. Garr.
vel linearia, margine antico dimidio superiore leviter
rotundato, quam sepala multo angustiora, 3-nervia, basi
leviter unguiculate constricta, apici incrassata et abrupte
incurva, extus costa media elevata, c. -60—-80 cm. longa, ec. ¥
‘15 cm. lata. lLabellum basi pedis gynostemii insertum, ~
3-lobum, basi profunde saccatum; lobi laterales magni,
erecti, incurvi, oblongi, apici rotundati, marginibus posticis
late rotundatis incurvis gynostemium superantibus et super
eum fere contiguis, marginibus dense intus sparse clavato-
pilosi, c. -60 cm. longi, :20 cm. lati, callo inter lobos laminam
oblongam retusam facie postico albam facie antico medio
atrorubro-maculatam simulante; lobus intermedius quam
lobos laterales multo longior, subulatus, basi obtusangulari-
ter recurvus, dimidio superiore incurvus cum lamina angulum
rectum vel obtusum faciens, marginibus dense intus sparse
clavato-pilosus, ad c. -45 cm. longus, basi ad c. :-25 cm. latus;
saccus oblongo-conicus, truncatus, subretusus, apici leviter
incurvus, intus basi macula castanea ornatus et carina media
in callo inter lobos laterales terminante, totus c. :25—-30 cm.
longus. Gynostemium breve, latum, vix rectum, superne
leviter angustatum, alis brevibus rotundatis obtusis;
clinandrium orbiculare, excavatum; stigma suborbiculare,
alte excavatum; rostellum breve, apici bilobum. Anthera
cucullata, retusa, longitudinaliter sulcata, marginibus
obtusangulariter rotundatis, alba. Pollinia 4, in corpusculis
2 compressa, corpusculis e latere visis lineari-obovatis apici
rotundatis intus compressis vel leviter excavatis, dilute flava,
stipite magno ovato obtuso, glandula brevi et lata.
Remarkable for the long midlobe of the lip which is
usually upcurved in the upper half, but is sometimes porrect
or even with the upper half decurved.
A form occurs, though rarely, in which the sepals,
petals and lip are strongly tinted violet.
Pahang, Tembeling, Krambit, Mentakab, etc., not
uncommon, and much more rarely in the Gemas district of
Negri Sembilan. In the Singapore herbarium there are some
plants of this species labelled Dendrocolla, sp. and collected
at Kuching, Sarawak. P
Described from living plants cultivated at Tembeling,
Pahang.
Gastrodia Holttumii, sp. nov. Rhizoma breve, horizon-
tale, initio teres, deinde tuberiforme, carnosum, subtus et
dorso compressum, saepe intervallis valde constrictum,
internodis -15—-2 em. longis, nodis nonnullis vaginis parvis
subulatis donatis. Inflorescentiae erectae, 1-4-florae, pedun-
culo terete c. 6-10 ems. longo ec. :275 cm. diam. albido
vaginulis c. 4-5 donato, rachide terete verrucosa c. 2—4 cms.
longa, purpurea. SBracteae patentes, ovatae, acutae, c.
-25—35 cm. longae, c. -20 cm. latae. Flores nutantes, cam-
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Ss) Ol eee ee ee
Some Malayan Orchids. 39
panulati, vix aperti, succedanei, per diem 1 durantes. Sepala
petalaque ad medium sepalorum adnata, carnosa, pallide
flavo-brunea, sepalis extus verrucosis. Sepalum dorsale
totum c. 2 cms. longum; pars libra ovato-oblonga, apici
leviter biloba, marginibus supra attenuata, intus concava,
extus convexa et carinata, c. 1 cm. longa, basi c. 1:25 em.
lata. Sepala lateralia intus incrassatione media lata conico-
elevata pallide carnea donata, tota c. 2 cms. longa; pars libra
falcate curvula, transverse et truncate oblonga, marginibus
attenuata et incurva, intus profunde concava, extus alte
convexa et carinata, c. 1 cm. longa, explanata c. 1:25 cms.
lata. Petala parte libra minuta, oblongo-ovata obtusa ec.
-10 cm. longa c. -07 cm. lata. Labellum apici pedis gynos-
temii adnatum, porrectum, sigmoideum, unguiculatum,
pallide flavescens apici flavum, explanatum c. -30 cm. longum,
c. -18 cm. latum; unguis brevis et latus, callis 2 rotundatis
transverse ovalibus donatus; lamina oblonga, breviter acumi-
nata, obtusa, subtus convexa, supra concava carina media
magna subpanduriformi haud apicem attingente apici biloba
lobis brevibus angustis conico-elevatis. Gynostemium breve,
leviter curvulum, apicem versus lateraliter compressum,
dorso in lobum triangulare obtusum productum, alis longis
rotundatis apici in lobum subulatum carnosum exeuntibus,
totum c. -37 cm. longum; rostellum apici in rostrum triangu-
lare subacutum instructum; stigma basi gynostemii
insertum, transverse ovale. Anthera cucullata, suborbicu-
laris, apici truncata et laciniata, extus compressa elevatione
media late triangulari-ovata donata. Pollinia 2 ovalia, intus
compressa, rubro-flava, granulis inaequimagnis filamentibus
viscidis conjunctis, basi nonnullis granulis minimis in
formam glandulae suborbicularis similariter conjunctis.
Pes gynostemii cum gynostemio angulum rectum faciens,
breve, rectum. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, abrupte dilata-
tum, c. -20 diam., cum pedicello c. -75 cm. longum, pur-
pureum. Capsula cylindrica, viridi-purpurea, c. 2 cms. longa,
c. °75 em. diam., pedicello elongato ad c. 40 cms. longo.
A leafless saprophyte. It is remarkable for the very
small petals, column and lip, and for the great elongation
of the pedicel as the capsule ripens. Normally the flowers
appear just above the fallen leaves on the ground in shady
forests and they are most difficult to observe.
The elongation of the pedicel ensures the dispersal of
seed to much greater distances than would otherwise be
possible, while during flowering the plant is rendered
inconspicuous and thus less liable to attack. This species
does in fact establish itself in colonies occupying a larger
area than is the case with many terrestrial orchids of the
same size. The elongate pedicels are hollow and very
Vol. V. (1929).
40 C, Carr:
brittle. Under natural conditions a large pelegnieme of
capsules are formed.
The plant is often self-fertilized in the following
manner. The anther, after the flower has been open for
some time, is gradually raised by the shrinking of the
filament. The pollinia are raised with the anther quite
clear of the clinandrium. Slight friction is now sufficient
to dislodge them and they fall either direct upon the stigma
or rebound upon it from the lip and fertilization results.
This plant is perhaps nearest to G. crispa, J.J.S. from
Java, in which species according to Dr. Smith the pedicel
elongates to 6°3 cms.
Described from living plants collected and cultivated at
Tembeling, Pahang, and flowering in March and April,
1928.
Gastrodia javanica, Endl. Gen. Pl. 212; Lndl. Gen. and
Sp. Orch. 384; Epiphanes javanica, Bl. Bijdr. 421, f. IV.
The following should be added as a synonym. G. malayana,
Ridl. Mat. I, 207; Fl. Mal.. Pen. IV, 207. Accordine sie
Dr. J. J. Smith’s figure in Atlas, No. L., and the description
in Fl. Buit. VI, 75, the Malayan plant appears to be identical
with the Javan.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
_
ES ———c- . -." = —
INDEX.
PAGE.
Abdominea micrantha, J. J. S. - 20
Abdominea minimifiora, J.J.S. 1, 20
Aerides pusillum, Lndl. - = 24
Ascochilopsis, Carr. - - 1, 2
Ascochilopsis myosurus, Carr. - 21
Ascochilus hirtulus, Ridl. - = 28
Asocohilus siamensis, Ridl. - - $1
Bulbophyllum geminatum, Carr. 12
Bulbophyllum minimibulbum,
Carr. - - - - 1, 10
Bulbophyllum mobilifilum, Carr. 7
Bulbophyllum papillosofilum,
Carr. - - - ee
Bulbophyllum trichoglottis, Ridl.
PL. -& fe B
Callista intermedia, O. K. - = +. SG
Callista javanica, O. K.- - - 16
Callista salaccenis, O.K. - - 6
Ceratostylis cryptantha, Ridl. -' 16
Ceratostylis linearis, Ridl. - 16
Chamaeanthus flavus, Carr. - 32
Chamaeanthus laciniatus, Carr.- 31
Chroniochilus, J. J. 8. - - - 24
Chroniochilus tjidadapensis,
J. Jd. S..- - - - - 24
Dendrobium fugax, Schltr. - s ipeg
Dendrobium gemellum, Ridl. - 6
Dendrobium gracile, Ridl. - ae tM
Dendrobium _inconspicuiflorum,
did". = - - - 1, 6
Dendrobium intermedium, T.&B. 6
Dendrobium javanicum, Lndl. - 16
Dendrobium quadrangulare, Par 3
Dendrobium quadrilobatum, Carr. 4
Dendrobium salaccense, Lndl. 1, 6
Dendrobium sarcostoma, Lndl. - 16
Dendrobium setifolium, Ridl. - 6
Dendrocolla alba, Ridl. - - 387
Dendrocolla appendiculata, Bl. - 27
Dendrocolla ciliata, Ridl. - - 28
Dendrocolla pardalis, Ridl. - - 387
Epiphanes javanica, Bl. - - 40
Eria atrovinosa, Carr. -. - 14
Eria Jagoriana, Krzl. - - 1, 14
Eria punctata, J. J. S. - 4,14
Eria tenggerensis, J. J. S. - - 14
Gastrodia Holttumii, Carr. - 38
PAGE.
’ Gastrodia javanica, Endl. - - 40
Gastrodia malayana, Ridl. - - 40
Grastidium salaccense, Bl. - = aes
Grosourda appendiculata, Rechb.- 28
Liparis tembelingensis, Carr. - 2
Oberonia ‘suborbicularis, Carr. - 1
Phalaenopsis appendiculata,
Carr. - - - - 16
Saccolabium Henders6énii, Carr. 19
Saccolabium minimiflorum, Hook,
¥. - - - - - - 20
Saccolabium myosurus, Ridl. 1, 21
Sarcanthus Holttumii, Carr. - 17
Sarcochilus appendiculatus,
J.J.5. - - - ial 5
Sarcochilus ciliatus, J. J. S. - 28
Sarcochilus fasciculatus, Carr. - 28
Sarcochilus hirtulus, Hook f. - 27
Sarcochilus maculatus, Carr. - 26
Sarcochilus mentakabensis, Carr. 29
Sarcochilus pardalis, Ridl. - - $87
Sarcochilus pusilla, Rehb. ae
Sarcochilus recurvus, Hook. - 37
Sarcochilus siamensis, Carr. - 31
Sarcochilus tembelingensis, Carr. 25
Sarcochilus tjidadapensis, Carr. 24
Sarcochilus virescens, Ridl. - a
Sarcostoma javanica, Bl. - i Te I
Sarcostoma linearis, Carr. - - 16
Thrixspermum acuminatissimum,
Rehb. - - - - - 35
Thrixspermum album, Carr. - 37
Thrixspermum amplexicaule,
Rehb. - - - - - 385
Thrixspermum appendiculatum,
we, Tk. - - - - - 28
Thrixspermum blepharolobum,
Schltr. - - - - - 28
Thrixspermum brevicaule, Carr. 35
Thrixspermum lilacinum, Rehb. - 35
Thrixspermum notabile, Ridl. - 35
Thrixspermum papillosum,
Carr. - - - - 1, 33
Thrixspermum pardalis, Carr. - 37
Thrixspermum rubrocallosum,
Carr. - - - - - 37
42
jon
bal
OO TSS BY Nee re te
dl Sale eal SAE ad all am ae OS Se
sak Ni at th alk gol
C. E. Carr.
PLATE I.
Fig. A.—Oberonia suborbicularis, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, face view.
Lower bract.
Upper bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
1. Nat. size; Nos. 2-8 enlarged.
Fig. B.—Liparis tembelingensis, Carr.
Flower, side view with lip in section.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Column, apex, from below.
Lip, spread out.
Lip, upper half from above.
Lip, lower half from above.
Anther, from above.
All enlarged.
PLATE II.
Dendrobium quadrangulare, Par.
Plant.
Flower, from below.
Apex of lip from above.
Column, from below.
Pollinia.
Section of upper internode of stem.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Lip, spread out.
Nes: 1, 6, 10 nat. size; Nos. 2-5, 7-9 enlarged.
PLATE III.
Fig. A.—Dendrobium salaccense, Lndl.
Flower, from below.
Flower, from the side, upper sepal, lateral sepal
and petal removed.
Lip, spread out.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Pollinia.
Column, from below.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids.
9. Anther, from above.
10. Anther, from below.
Nos. 1, 4-6 nat. size; 2, 3, 7-10 enlarged.
Fig. B.—Dendrobium setifolium, Ridl.
Flower, from front.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Column, from below.
Lip, spread out.
Nos. 3-5 nat. size; Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7 enlarged.
Fig. C.—Sarcostoma javanica, Bl.
Plant.
Flower, from front.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Anther, from above.
_Anther, from below.
Lip, spread out.
Pollinia.
Column from below.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE IV.
Fig. A.—Dendrobium quadrilobatum, Carr.
Flower, from front.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Lip, from behind.
Lip, spread out.
Lip, oblique view.
Column, from side.
All enlarged.
-Fig. B.—Dendrobium inconspicuiflorum, J.J.S
Portion of stem.
Flower, from below.
Flower, from side.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Column, from below.
Lip, spread out.
Column, from side.
All enlarged.
Vol. V. (1929).
See re eS
St Sie tS
pt be
penige pe ee ol
ene Po i
a gh at ds
44
a
je
Se ee Se
oO ON So
See oe ere
Ai Per
C. E. Carr.
Fig. C.—Bulbophyllum mobilifilum, Carr.
Flower, from front.
Flower, from side.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Cross section of sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from the side.
Base of lip, from below.
Base of lip, from above.
Apex of column, from below.
Column, from the side.
Nos. 1, 2 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE V.
Fig. A.—Bulbophyllum papillosofilum, Carr.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, from the side.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from the side.
Base of lip, from below.
Base of lip, from above.
Column, from the side.
Nos. 1, 2 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Fig. B.—Bulbophyllum trichoglottis, Ridl.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Lip, spread out.
Column, from the side.
Anther, from above.
Pollinia.
Pollinia.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE VI.
Bulbophyllum geminatum, Carr.
Plant.
Lip and column, from the side.
Bract.
Upper sepal, from the side.
Upper sepal, from the front.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Some Malayan Orchids.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Lip, from the side.
Anther, from the side.
10. Pollinia, from the side.
Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7 nat. size; Nos. 2, 3, 6, 8-10 enlarged.
PLATE VII.
Fig. A.—Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, from the side.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
SOWND
DAIS SUP 09 DO
Fig. B.—Eria atrovinosa, Carr.
Flower, lateral section.
Flower, from the front.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
Apex of column, from below.
Anther from above.
Pollinia, from below.
Nos. 2-6 nat. size; 1, 7-10 enlarged.
PLATE VIII.
Phalaenopsis appendiculata, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out. |
Flower, lateral section.
Anther, from above.
10. Anther, from below.
11. Pollinia, from below.
12. Pollinia, from the side.
13. Base of caudicle and disc.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Vol. V. (1929).
fend
= 2 COA Se Ove OO ND
|
Se Se a oF BY
46
at
2.
eat dein tah eh
ee ee
Sa oe
C. E. Carr.
PLATE IX.
Saccolabium Hendersonii, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Apex of column, from below.
Pollinia, from below.
Pollinia, from the side.
Anther, from below.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE X.
Fig. A.—Ascochilopsis myosurus, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, lateral section.
Portion of the peduncle.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from above.
Anther, from below.
Pollinia, from above.
Pollinia, from the side.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Fig. B.—Sarcochilus virescens, Ridl.
Plant.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from above.
Bract, from below.
Anther, from above.
Caudicle and disc, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE XI.
Fig. A.—Sarcochilus tembelingensis, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, lateral section.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
:
;
i
Some Malayan Orchids.
4. Lip, lateral section.
5. Upper sepal.
G..- Petal.
7. Lateral sepal.
8. Flower, from above.
9. Column, from below.
10. Anther, from below.
11. Anther, from above.
12. Pollinia, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Fig. B.—Sarcochilus siamensis, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepal.
Anther, from above.
Anther, from below.
Pollinia, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE XII.
Fig. A.—Sarcochilus maculatus, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Bract.
Anther, from below.
Pollinia, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
oT Sr Ur ee he
SOO Se i CO ho
Fig. B.—Sarcechilus mentakabensis, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from front.
Flower, lateral section.
Bract, from below.
Bract, from above.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Portion of peduncle.
10. Lip, from above.
11. Lip, from the side.
Vol. V. (1929).
Ss ee eee
48
fad
Se eS ee
Nos. 1, 4-6 nat. size; Nos. 2, 3, 7-13 enlarged.
Fig. B.—Thrixspermum papillosum, Carr.
Oe ere eke oe
_ Lip, spread out, from above.
er
C. E. Carr.
Anther, from the side. —
Anther, from above.
Pollinia, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE XIII.
Fig. A.—Sarcochilus ciliatus, J.J.S.
Plant.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Anther, from the side.
Anther, from above.
Column, from below.
Pollinia, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Flower, from below.
Flower, lateral section.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Anther, from the side.
Anther, from above.
Column, from below.
Pollinia, from the front.
One pair of pollinia, from behind.
Caudicle and disc, from behind.
Caudicle, from the front.
PLATE XIV.
Fig. A.—Sarcochilus fasciculatus, Carr.
Portion of stem, with insertion of inflorescences. —
Upper sepal. |
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Bract.
Lip and column, from the side.
Pollinia with caudicle.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Gardens’
="
Se ee ee
all aoa il ae tg
60 00 IS OT GO DO
Some Malayan Orchids.
Fig. B—Sarcanthus Holttumii, Carr.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lateral sepals and lip petal, from behind.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Lip, longitudinal section.
Callus.
Anther, from above.
Pollinia, from below.
All enlarged.
PLATE XV.
Thrixspermum brevicaule, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from front.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal. ©
Petal.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Column, from below.
Flower, lateral section.
Nos. 1, 3—5 nat. size, Nos. 2, 6-8 enlarged.
PLATE XVI.
Thrixspermum rubrocallosum, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, from front.
Flower, lateral section.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Column, apex, from below.
Clinandrium with pollinia.
Anther, from below.
Anther, from above.
Pollinia, from the front.
Pollinia, from the side.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE XVII.
Fig. A.—Chamaeanthus laciniatus, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, lateral section.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
(1929).
A9
50
_—
paed
ed
SOO NAN
= See ee
ee ee ee
C. E, Carr.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Anther, from above.
Column, from below.
Pollinia, from above.
Lip, spread out, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
Fig. B.—Chamaeanthus flavus, Carr.
Plant.
Flower, lateral section.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, lateral section.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Column, from below.
Pollinia, from above.
No. 1 nat. size; remainder enlarged.
PLATE XVIII.
Gastrodia Holttumii, Carr.
Plant.
Plant.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, lateral section.
Sepal and petals, spread out.
Lip, spread out, from above.
Column, from below.
Anther, from below.
Lip and column, from the side.
Pollinia, from below.
Pollinia, from the side.
Nie: 1, 2, 4, 5 nat. size; Nos. 3, 6-11 enlarged.
aes
eee a
PL. IL
i
=
=
Ay
|
Ay
i
h
a a | *
© eg ie ee
2
V.
PL. VI.
Pi, Vi.
PL. VuL
PL.
PL. XI.
PL. XIII.
PL. XV.
Y ‘=
PL. XVII.
PL. XVIII.
ne ae
Stk dt ef
i
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ATE ,
ba
eee
The
Gardens’ Bulletin
STRAITS. SETTLEMENTS
Vol. V JUNE 1930 Nos. 3-6
CONTENTS.
—
He a | | Be PAGE
On Prichoitex gibbiflora, Hook. fil., by D. Prain and
I. A. Burkill ps 51
| The genus Lindsaya in the Malay Peninsula by
R.E. Holttum .. 58
- New Species from the ae Peninsula By M. R.
=e Henderson , 72
Notes on the Flora of Pulau pide pe Neigh-
| bouring Islands, by M. R. Henderson th. 80
Be “ee of Additions to the Flora of the Bey Penn
Aald He aS sula, by M. R. Henderson .. 93
ir ~The Chinese Mustards in the ae Peninsula by
is PS Es Burkalye 3 99
4 Gaesidonta the East, by I. H. Burkill =e ; 118
fh i - Cedrela in the Malay Peninsula, by I. H. Binal Bi: 120
ig Blainvillea, Cass., by I. H. Burkill... ee 123.
~ So 1e Malayan Orchids, Il, by C. E. Carr Pi 124
[oir Mohamed Haniff .. ad 161
Rainfall, 1928, Singapore and Penang . - 162- 165
“Rainfall, 1 hae Singapore and Penang . . 166-169
4 ) int rhase at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
| Price > $2.00
+.
s
5.
4
THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. V.] ‘JUNE, 1930 [Nos 3.-6.
ON DIOSCOREA GIBBIFLORA, Hook. fil.
A Dioscorea was found by one of us in 1915 on the
island of Tiuman in the cut-over jungle about the Malay
village of Juara bay. Its stems were unarmed and its
leaves as in figure 1 on page 53 forward. In the next
year at the foot of the limestone cliffs of Batu Caves,
near Kuala Lumpur, a single somewhat similar plant was
found, its leaves being as in figure 7, and at the back
suffused along the veins with a pink colour. These were
regarded as belonging to a species allied to D. myriantha,
Kunth: and as the Batu Caves locality is close to a railway
station, it was visited repeatedly during the next few years
in a vain effort to obtain flowers. Leaves were found as in
figure 9, which were regarded as characterising a more
mature condition than had been found in 1916; but flowers
could not be found. In 1921 more sterile material came to
hand from Sibolangit in Sumatra, and in 1922 from Negri
Sembilan. In 1924 as a result of enquiries for wild roots
eaten by the Sakai, the same species was twice met with;
firstly in western Pahang under the name of Wauh; and
secondly it was sent to us by Father Schebesta from near
Baling on the Kedah-Perak boundary as Eoh. It was met
with also near Grik, in Upper Perak, and brought into
cultivation in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, for study
from this place and from two localities in Pahang.
Cultivation has not supplied flowers, but has supplied
material from which the succession of the diverse forms of
the leaves can be followed, and has enabled the underground
parts to be studied.
The finding of flowers (male) was made in 1927 by
Mr. M. R. Henderson near the Pahang-Kelantan boundary.
Their structure reminded us of D. gibbiflora Hook. fil., and
caused us to re-examine very carefully the badly dried
material from Penang upon which it was founded—material
which George Porter, the Penang schoolmaster, collected in
1825 for Wallich. We conclude that our specimens should
bear that name, unless ultimately it be ascertained that D.
gibbiflora is only well-grown D. myriantha, Kunth.
The place we would give to it in our classification is in
the series of D. alata, Linn., within the section Enantio-
phyllum. This series is characterised by the combination
of four characters (1) stem unarmed almost invariably:
51
52
(2) tubers not stalked but swelling gradually from their
point of origin downwards, edible, (3) the male flowers on
a zigzag axis with sharp flexures and (4) (distinguishing
them from the series of D. opposita which possesses
characters 1—3) these male spikes carried for the most
part upon leafiess branch-endings. The divergence along
the male spikes appears to be 5/12, so that each third flower
is nearly superposed and in a dried herbarium specimen,
by reason of displacements of the flowers, the primary
spiral of the phyllotaxy sometimes seems to pass through
three and sometimes through two flowers in each turn.
Ridges rise upon the axis and grow higher making angles
of which at any place there are three, with three ridges on
the faces. Each ridge in its turn, after becoming an angle,
is ended by a flower.
The following is a key to the series of D. alata, Linn.
Leaves (except those at the very base of a new shoot
produced in the sun) widest on a higher level,
generally much higher, than the insertion of the
petiole:
Blade of the leaf dull when dried, particularly on
the upper surface:
The expanded male flower wider than its small
flattened base:
Stem peculiarly rough with minute warts;
petioles very short; blades narrow, up to 12
cm. long by 2.5 cm. wide, or sometimes to 4
cm.; the auricles very small:...2.. (23 ee3ee
wid Skchwvite ‘goatee adie Sik maeanee 1 brevipetiolata.
Stem smooth; petioles at least one half as long
as the blade which may be 24 cm. long by
7 cm. in width; the auricles large (As the
male flowers of this are not yet known, its
‘ position rests on an assumption)..........
OB 6 tee ee © acy elt te ee 2. kratica.
Stem smooth; petioles one third to one half as
long as the blade, which is ovate with a
rectangular sinus. {3.02 eee 3. ford.
The expanded male flower not wider than its very
broad flattened base which has a peculiar small
wart directed upwards and immediately opposite
to the “bract..0.''3 oe eee eee 4. gibbiflora.
Blade of the leaf when dry dull on the upper surface,
but on the lower liver coloured and bright: the
leaves shaped like those of D. gibbiflora, but
smaller and particularly those associated with the
flowers; the flowers shaped as those of D. gibbi-
ROTM ches i ie er eee 5. myriantha.
Leaves with their widest part about or below the level
of the insertion of the petiole, the colour when dry
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
53
ee — ee ee
1 and 2 leaves such as are produced on a shoot exposed to the sun:
3 a transition towards the next: 4 and 5, leaves such as are found
upon young plants in shade: 6, a leaf typical of a normal plant in
vigorous growth: 7 and 8, leaves transitional towards 9 which is a
leaf associated with the production of flowers. All % nat. size.
Vol. V. (1930).
54
with a broad base, and somennen in D. ef
wart present in D. gibbiflora may be observed.
Stems thin and firm, often bright, tinted with
a rust red: *
Network of the nerves rather distinct on the |
under side of the blade: capsules in size as —
those of ‘D.‘dlatax.. :32 4 ee 6. persimilis. —
Network not so distinct on the underside of __
the blade: capsules larger in D. alata....
5 bo 1s nb vob gs 7. hamiltonii.
Stems soft, with four wings usually, though
sometimes there are more at the very base:
the tubers owing to man’s selection are very
diverse in different strains, and do not
penetrate so deeply as the tubers of wild
species in the series. ::.-.. =... ane 8 alata. “—
D. raisnaensis Hayata, comes between Nos. 6 and 8. id
D. gibbiflora grows in forest, not as some Dioscoreas
do in the deep loam along the stream-sides, but in well-
drained places, often among boulders of limestone or
granite. From a rather small perennial knot of tissue
representing the rhizome, it sends down a few very deep
going soft white-fleshed tubers, which it is said may descend
into the soil for as much as five feet. They do not spread
laterally but are vertical. They are edible and the Sakai
of the forests of the Malay Peninsula eat them or as much
of them as they can obtain by digging with their simple __
implements; this indeed is not much. The Sakai call them —
“wauh” or ‘“‘eoh.” The word wauh, however, we have
found to be used for other yams sometimes: but we think
that it must always be used for yams which as the Sakai
settle are soon neglected, and confused in name. The plant ~
is quite glabrous. The shoots, if by any felling or other
interference with the forest canopy they are exposed to the
sun, carry foliage as in figure 1 and 2: but if produced in
the shade, as is usual, the leaves are as in figure 4 and
successively have shapes as figures 5 to 8, and then when ~
flowering is reached as figure 9. This phenomenon of 9
hastate leaves borne on shoots formed in the sun, is what
we find in other forest species of Dioscorea, and is one of |
the difficulties in the path of a student of the genus un- a,
familiar with the plants alive. In the shade, the stems “a
mottled with purple and the backs of the leaves iy
with pink along the veins. Sun-leaves do not exhibit such —
colours. Bulbils form near to the stem-tips: if simple they —
are ob-pyriform; but they are commonly compounded. At.
flowering the first spikes appear in pairs in the uppermost z
few leaf-axils: then leaf-production and in the axils of | ;
Gardens Bulletin, S.S. _
55
bracts more spikes follow paired or above single until the
stem or branch becomes too weak to bear more. Whereas
the first leaves on the stems are alternate, the leaves long
before flowering time become opposite or almost so. Upon
section the spike-axis is seen to be roughly triangular; but
on each face is a more or less pronounced ridge. At a
flower the angle which bears it ends in the midrib of the
bract, and the flower itself sits tight upon the axis which
suddenly flattens under it. Right and left of the insertion
of the bract the ridges of the two faces get greater strength,
the one close to the bracteole more than the other so that it
very soon becomes an angle of the axis restored to being
triangular. The divergence of the bracts along the spike
axis being apparently 5/12, neither the second nor the third
flower is exactly superposed, but both near enough to super-
position to give here and there along the axis (which is
twisted at times) the impression to the eye that they are.
The bracts are ovate; and at each bract the axis is bent
away from it, an arrangement which together with the
disappearance of the angle gives room for the tight-setting
of the flower. The bracteole is triangular. The flower-
base is very much flattened and on the upper side bears the
Fig. 10. Male flower-spike, nat. size.
peculiar wart mentioned above and figured in figures 11 and
12. The sepals open very little: they are ovate and rounded
above. The petals are similarly shaped but thinner. The
stamens are six on short filaments and arranged exactly as
in other species of the section Enantiophyllum. There is
only a very slight elevation of the centre of the base of the
flower to indicate the place for the female sexual organs,
Vol. V. (1930).
56
The female flowers are still unknown.
Fig. 11. Male flower enlarged. S, lower sepal.
B, bract. b, bracteole. e.r., growing ridge, which becomes
an angle of the axis upwards.
Fig. 12. A _ thick vertical section through a male
flower.
The following are the known localities.
SIAM. Circle of Puket. Under the limestone caves
at Pangnga, Mohamed Haniff and Mohamed Nur. 3868! (a
little doubtful) Circle of Surat. Tong Seng, Mohamed
Haniff and Mohamed Nur 4286! Circle of Pattani.
Banang, at 300 ft., Kerr’s collector. |
MALAYA. State of Kedah. Islands of Langkawi,
Curtis, 2612! Baling, Schebesta! Island of Penang, with-
out exact locality, Porter 5105 B in Herb. Wall.! State of
Kelantan. Kuala Rek, Mohamed Haniff and Mohamed Nur
10188! State of Pahang. On Bukit Senai near Chegar
Perah, Henderson 19418! Raub, Burkill and Mohamed
Haniff 16765 a! Six miles north of Bentong, Burkill and
Mohamed Haniff 16709. Pelangai, Burkill and Mohamed
Haniff, 16787! Island of Tiuman among granite boulders
Juara Bay, Burkill 989! 1012! and Lubok Lanun at 800
feet, Mohamed Nur, 18860! State of Perak. Kuala Ken-
drong near Grik, Burkill and Mohamed Haniff 12402!
Temengoh, Schebesta 14! Padang Rengas, under the lime-
stone cliff, Burkill and Mohamed Haniff 12488! State of
Selangor. Under the limestone cliffs at Batu Caves, Burkill
2269! 4417! 4418! 6340! 6353! 6364! State of the Negri
Sembilan, Tampin on granite, Burkill! Tebong forest
reserve, Holttum 9622!
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
57
SUMATRA, Bukit Kramat Kuda near Sibolangit,
Mohamed Nur, 7266!
The annexed map shows the distribution of D. gibbi-
flora (the dotted line) and D. myriantha (the unbroken’
lines). Formerly we regarded certain eastern Malaysian
specimens of D. myriantha as D. gibbiflora, and published
that view in our Synopsis of the the Asiatic Dioscoreas
(Journ. As. Soc. Bengal. N. S. 10, 1914, p. 36), but we have
transferred them to D. myriantha, suspecting however, that
the two species may ultimately be united. The occurrence
of both together in the Langkawi islands is to be remarked.
D. PRAIN.
f' BURKICL.
7 wy
ps
eee ieee yi | ge iH | ake
D.myriantha, unbroken 1 oe} i.
D.gibbiflora, broken line,
Vol. V. (1930),
58
THE GENUS LINDSAYA IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.
With Descriptions of Two New Species.
By R. E. Holttum.
The genus Lindsaya as here arranged is represented in ~
the Malay Peninsula by 18 species, two of which are now
described as new. A few of them, especially those confined
to the mountains, are not yet adequately known, and it is
possible that further study in the field will reveal a few
more distinct species. In this genus it is not infrequent
for plants immature as regards size to bear fertile pinnae;
thus, in many species simply pinnate fronds on young plants
may be fertile, while more mature plants may bear bipin-
nate fromds, the leaflets in the two cases being sometimes
rather different. It is therefore important, in all cases, to
have ample material, in order that the full range of habit
of a species may be known. Observation in the field is also
essential; most species have a quite definite habitat,
especially those which grow by the sides of streams and
rivers.
The Lindsayas of the Peninsula have hitherto been
very conservatively treated, especially the species allied to
L. decomposita. In the past, only two species of this affinity
have been recognised, L. decomposita and L. davallioides.
It is clear however from examination of copious material
that several species may be distinguished, two of them with
veins usually free (thus breaking down the distinction of
the subgenus Synaphlebium). The species L. decomposita
has been credited with a distribution throughout tropical
Asia, Australia, and Polynesia; I think it highly probable
however that no one type persists throughout this range,
and that further study will show that many local species
exist, such as those here recognised. This raises the
question of what constitutes a species. It is clear that
among ferns all species have not the same status; some are
much more comprehensive than others. The tendency is to
divide the species more minutely as more material is avail-
able for study, and in many groups such subdivision rests
on a basis of genuine natural distinction. In other groups,
at least in the Malay Peninsula, a clear distinction does not
seem possible, even with ample material; an example of this
is the group of Dryopteris crassifolia. In such cases more
intensive field study will doubtless give more information,
but I am doubtful whether a final distinction will always be
possible by methods of observation alone. It is at least
certain that in such groups the description of new species
based on isolated herbarium specimens is quite useless.
The species allied to L. decomposita seem to be on the
whole sufficiently distinct, except for the mountain plant
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8,
59
L. subalpina. The other large group of species within the
genus, that of L. scandens, L. pectinata and L. repens is
much less clearly resolvable, and I am by no means satisfied
with the present arrangement, especially as regards L.
pectinata.
In the discrimination of closely allied species in this
genus, the rhizome scales, which in other genera are often
very characteristic, afford little assistance. These scales
are of a very uniform nature throughout the genus, :differ-
ing chiefly in size, in relative width and in depth of colour;
the scales of L. plumula and L. scandens, for example, are
quite different, but between closely allied species no
distinction can be found.
The Lindsayas are nearly all plants of the full shade of
mature forest. The only exceptions to this in the Peninsula
are the clearly xerophytic montane species L. rigida, L.
plumula, and probably the plant here named L. cultrata
var. parvula. No lowland species grow in open sunny
places, and all except the climbing forms of L. scandens are
terrestrial. The following grow beside shady river banks,
and appear rarely to be found elsewhere: L. Lobbiana, L.
orbiculata, L. integra.
I am indebted to the Director of the Botanic Gardens,
Buitenzorg, for the loan of numerous specimens from the
Buitenzorg herbarium, including the types of several
species. :
The following key is not altogether satisfactory, as in
many cases the distinctions between species, though clear
enough to the eye, are not easy to summarise in a short
sentence. I believe however that it will serve in most cases,
though it may not cover every individual plant.
A veins free
B fronds once pinnate
C largest pinnae less than 1 cm. long
D pinnae fan-shaped, sorus continuous along outer
edge L. orbiculata
D pinnae longer then broad, usually lobed
E pinnae to 4 by 7 mm., horizontal L. cultrata
v. parvula
E pinnae to 3 by 9 mm., oblique L. plumula
C pinnae usually about 1 cm. long
F rhizome short-creeping L. Lobbiana
F rhizome long-creeping or climbing
G pinnae broad, decurved, sori continuous,
bipinnate fronds on mature plants
L. scandens
G pinnae not decurved, to 15 mm. long, sori
separate or more or less united, no
bipinnate fronds L. pectinata
Vol. V. (1930).
60
G pinnae straight, slightly a “i
2.5 em. long, upper edge eas ,
B fronds bipinnate
H rhizome long-creeping ag
I pinnules to about 5 by 8 mm., coriaceous, lobed
I pinnules to about 7 by 15 mm., thin, entire 1
L. scandens
H rhizome short-creeping
K pinnules entire .
L pinnules to about 7 by 15 mm.,_ JL. scandens
L pinnules about 5 mm. long, pinnae numerous
L. borneensis
L pinnules fan- shaped, sorus continuous along
outer edge, pinnae few
M the terminal pinnules joined to form a
large lobed triangular leaflet L. tenera bi
v. gigantea ;
M the terminal pinnules no so joined &
L. orbiculata t
K pinnules more or less lobed, with several sori
N pinnules much longer than broad
O pinnules close, horizontal, to 4 mm. wide
L. napaea
O pinnules to 6 mm. wide at base, oblique,
lobed to 1 mm. deep L. malayensis
N pinnules hardly longer then broad UL. tenera
A veins anastomosing
P pinnules entire or slightly lobed
Q fronds usually pinnate
R pinnae ascending, to about 5 by 12 mm.
L. integra
R pinnae decurved, to about 6 by 22 mm.
L. recurvata
Q fronds usually bipinnate L. decomposita
P pinnules distinctly lobed
S lobes half way to lower edge
L. parallelogramma
S lobes less than half way to lower edge
T leaflets to about 4 by 12 mm.
L. davallioides
T leaflets larger
U leaflets acute, sorus continuous round tip
. L. recurvata
U leaflets not acute L. subalpina
Mr. H. N. Ridley’s paper, “The Ferns of the Malay
Peninsula,” published in the Journal of the Malayan
Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 4, pp. 1—121, is here
referred to as Ridley (1926). of
61
L. Lobbiana Hook., Spec. Fil. 1, p. 205, tab. 62 C.
L. propria v. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Bot. UE PONE,
Ser. 2, XVI, p. 20.
The type of this species came from Java, and in my
opinion L. propria (of which I have examined authenticated
specimens) is quite identical with it. The common Penin-
sula fern usually referred to it has usually paler stipes,
smaller fronds, and pinnae on the whole more broadly
truncate at the apex. than the plants from Java, but the
distinctions are small and by no means constant. In the
Peninsula it is a low country plant, and usually found
beside streams. The specimens in the Singapore herbarium
are very uniform, except that Md Nur’s no. 12008 from
Sungei Ketil (Keteh), Kelantan, has long fronds (to 45 cm.,
including stipe) and some quite entire pinnae with narrowly
rounded apices. Christensen has a note on this species in
this Bulletin, vol. 4, p. 396.
L. cultrata (Willd.) Sw. var. parvula, var. nov.
Differs from typical L. cultrata in its smaller size
(stipes to 4 cm. long, fronds to 10 cm. long and 1.6 cm.
broad), thicker texture, and dark brown colour of stipes.
Specimens in the Singapore herbarium are as follows: Type:
Sumatra, Sibolangit, Md Nur 7297; also two unlocated
and unnumbered specimens from the Malay Peninsula,
collected by Scortechini.
These specimens agree closely together in their small
stature and coriaceous texture. In habit of growth and
shape of fronds and of pinnae they agree closely, on a small
scale, with L. cultrata, a species which in its typical form
has never been found in the Malay Peninsula.* It is possible
that these specimens are depauperate owing to exposed
situations of growth, but of this there is no evidence. I
hesitate under the circumstances to assign them to a distinct
species, but their uniform appearance makes them worthy
of notice, and I therefore refer them provisionally to a
variety of the wide-ranging L. cultrata. This species
appears to be very constant throughout its range; in the
Singapore herbarium are specimens from Ceylon, S. India,
Assam and Java, all agreeing closely together. I have
seen it growing in Java, both on Mt. Gedeh in West Java
and on the Tengger Mountains in East Java; in both cases
it grew on moist banks in rather exposed situations at
about 5,000 ft. or more above sea. Its texture is firm, and
in this it differs markedly from the majority of Peninsula
species, which are shade plants with thin leaflets. A Ceylon
specimen (coll. Bishop Hose) is labelled “ sides of brooks
in the hills.” The next species, which is also closely related,
grows beside a mountain stream in rather exposed
situations.
L. cultrata. Since the above was printed I have found typical
plants of this species on mossy rocks by Robinson’s Fulls, Cameron’s
Highlands, at an altitude of about 4500 ft. (No. 23463).
Vol. V. (1930).
62
L. plumula Ridley, Journ. Mal. Br. R. Asiatic Soc., IV, a |
(1926).
This species is known only from Gunong Tahan, at an
altitude of about 5,000 ft., and has been found there by i
collectors visiting the mountain. I found it growing in a
thick close crust of bryophytes on rocks in ‘the bed of the
Teku river, where the stream is bordered on both sides by —
low forest. It grows well above normal water level and is
fully exposed to the midday sun, so that its small tough
pinnae are a xerophytic adaptation. The smallest fertile
fronds are about the size of L. bullata v. A. v. R. from Java,
but I think they are distinct. The largest fronds however
approach very closely to L. cultrata, and I am not sure that
a distinction can be maintained. The largest frond of L.
plumula in the Singapore herbarium is 25 cm. long (in-
clusive of stipe) and 1 cm. wide, the largest pinna
measuring 9 by 3 mm. The specimens are as follows (all
from Gunong Tahan at about 5,000 ft.) : Wray & Robinson
5521, Ridley 15997, Haniff & Nur 7956, Holttum 20672.
L. scandens Hk., Spec. Fil., I, 205, t. LXIII B.
There is a note on this species in this Bulletin, Vol. 4,
p. 64. It is there assumed that L. lancea (originally des-
cribed from Surinam) occurs throughout the tropics. I
cannot attempt to decide whether the Asiatic ferns assigned
to it are really to be regarded as of the same species as
those from the New World; but I am still of the opinion
that the terrestrial Malayan ferns hitherto regarded as
L. lancea are not specifically distinct from the scandent
ones which have been called L. scandens. It is therefore
most convenient at present to retain the name L. scandens
for all the Malayan ferns concerned.
This is probably the most abundant species in the
genus, taking the Peninsula as a whole. It occurs in the
lowlands, and on mountains to about 3,000 ft., in moist
forest, terrestrial or climbing on trees or rocks; never in
exposed places. When terrestrial, the leaflets of young
plants are larger, and bipinnate fronds are the rule. When
scandent, the fronds are more frequently simply pinnate,
and the leaflets on the whole somewhat smaller. It is im-
possible however to distinguish bipinnate fronds of mature
well-grown plants, whether terrestrial or scandent. It is
hardly necessary to enumerate the many specimens of this
species which have been collected in the Peninsula. I will
confine myself to listing those which I think should come
under the next two species, which are closely allied to L.
scandens.
L. pectinata Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav., 217.
This species has never been figured. I have seen
several specimens from Java, which agree well with des-
criptions, and among themselves. The specimens from the —
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
63
Peninsula differ from them chiefly in the much darker
rhizome and scales, and also in a greater tendency to
fusion of the sori. I think however that they may be
regarded as conspecific. The specimen from the Peninsula
which is nearest to the Javanese ferns is Henderson’s no.
11258 from Fraser’s Hill. This has simply pinnate fronds
to 40 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; the pinnae to about 16 by
8 mm., of thin texture, drying very dark and slightly
wrinkled, their lower edges nearly straight and slightly
oblique upwards (decurved a little in the lowest pinnae
only), the upper edge either lobed slightly throughout or
more usually towards the tip only, the lower sori being all
joined together (see fig. 4). Other specimens have the
sori all joined as in L. scandens, though in other respects
they agree with the one described. In still others (chiefly
immature plants) the pinnae are decurved as in L. scandens
but with sepatate sori (e.g., Burkill & Holttum 8452 from
Fraser’s Hill) ; these approximate to L. oblanceolata v. A.
v. R., the type of which I have seen; I would consider it
immature, and probably a form of L. pectinata. Other
specimens approach L. scandens so closely that the line of
distinction is very hard to draw. It appears that L. pecti-
nata, as here considered, is a mountain species, and simply
pinnate (though bipinnate forms are known in Java), as
distinct from the lowland L. scandens, which has typically
bipinnate fronds on mature plants. There is however a
lowland specimen from Johore which agrees rather with
L. pectinata than with L. scandens. More field study of
L. pectinata is required before it can be properly under-
stood. It may perhaps be only a mountain form of L.
scandens. The following is a list of specimens provision-
ally referred to it. There are also a few unlocated
specimens, probably from Perak.
JOHORE: Ulu Kahang, 400 ft., Holttum s.n. (May
1923).
PAHANG: G. Tahan, Ridley 15995; Kluang Terbang,
Barnes s.n. (1900); Fraser’s Hill, 4,000 ft., Henderson
11258 (F.M.S. Mus. Herb.), Holttum 11369 and _ s.n.
(13.8.23), Burkill & Holttum 8452, E. Smith 839.
PERAK: G. Hijau, 4700 ft., Burkill 12664, Fox s.n.
Oct. 1899); Cottage, Taiping Hills, H. D. Hervey s.n.
(1889) ; Bujang Malacca, Ridley 9603.
L. repens (Bory) Bedd., F.S. I., t.209.
There are certain specimens, chiefly from Perak, which
agree well with this species as described and figured by
Beddome. They differ from those referred to L. pectinata
by their longer pinnae (to 2.5 em.) their sori always
separate, and the upper edges of the pinnae regularly
lobed. . Immature plants from Maxwell’s Hill have their
Vol. V. (1930).
64
younger fronds with pinnae lobed almost to the lower er ge a
as in L. hymenophylloides Bl. Typical specimens of L. —
repens are as follows: eo
PERAK: Taiping Hill, Burkill 12835; Bishop Hose sn. |
(Aug. 1884, Herb. Hullett) ; ; Maxwell’s Hill 4500 ft., Fox
115; Maxwell’s Hill 3000 ft., Scortechini s.n. (March 1884).
PAHANG: Telom, Ridley s.n. (Nov. 1908).
Ridley’s 8666 from 15th mile Pahang Track has
separate sori, but the upper edge only slightly lobed; it is
midway between typical L. repens and L. scandens, and
might perhaps be referred to the latter. Finally, there is
a specimen from Bukit Timah, Singapore (collected by
Ridley in 1893) which agrees quite well with L. repens,
except that it is small (the largest pinna in 1.6 cm. long).
Possibly it is only an abnormal juvenile form of L.
scandens. It is clear that the group of species L. repens,
L. scandens and L. pectinata is a very close one, and
further work on their relationships is necessary.
L. orbiculata (Lam.) Mett.
Christensen has a note on this species in this Bulletin,
Vol. 4, pl 397. Taking the species in his sense, the follow-
ing specimens are clearly referable to it. They are easily
distinguished by the characters he mentions. Like L.
Lobbiana, this is usually a riverside species, though not
exclusively so. The localities from which specimens have
been collected are comparatively few, and it is curious that
none are from Perak.
SINGAPORE: Changi, Ridley 13341; Pulau Brani,
Hullett s.n. These Singapore specimens are large (to 45
cm. long) and frequently bipinnate.
PAHANG: Bentong, Sungei Perting, Burkill 16574;
Tahan River, on rocks, Ridley 2151, Holttum 10547, Sei-
mund 479 (Herb. F.M.S. Mus.).
PENANG: Government Hill, on bank by roadside,
Holttum 9079; above waterfall, Holttum 10287; Ridley
9226; Richmond Pool, Fox 10666.
KEDAH: Kedah Peak, Ridley s.n. (June 1893); Bukit
Wang, Haniff 1203.
L. tenera Dry.
Next to L. scandens, this is probably the most abundant
species in the Peninsula. It is found as a terrestrial fern
on hillsides in high forest throughout the Peninsula, from
about 1000 to 4000 ft. above sea level, and occasionally at
lower altitudes. It has not been found in Johore or
Singapore. It is very uniform, and at least in the Penin-
sula very sharply distinct from L. orbiculata, so that it
should clearly be separated as a distinct species. There is
no need to enumerate the large number of specimens. —
Gardens Bulletin, S. 3. 0%
- : i
+
2
5
65
Beddome’s figure (F.S.I., tab. 24) gives an adequate idea
of the species, though the pinnules are often more deeply
lobed than is there shown.
L. tenera v. gigantea (Hk.) Spec. Fil., I, 211, t.LXIII. C.
At a few places ferns have been found agreeing fairly
well with this figure of Hooker’s, but they are smaller, and
the terminal undivided part of the lamina larger in propor-
tion. Whether they should properly be reckoned a variety
of L. tenera I am not certain. At least they are much
nearer to that species than to the true L. orbiculata. The
specimens in question are all from mountain forests; they
are:
PENANG: Government Hill, Hullett s.n. (Dec. 1881);
Richmond Pool, C. G. Matthew s.n. (Dec. 1906).
PERAK: Maxwell’s Hill, 3900 ft., Burkill 13213.
PAHANG: Fraser’s Hill, 4,000 ft., Burkill & Holttum
8762, E. Smith 826.
L. rigida J. Sm., Hooker, Spec. Fil. I, t.63A.
The type of this species is Cuming’s 397 from Malacca
(presumably Mt. Ophir). I have seen no specimens from
outside the Malay Peninsula, though van Alderwerelt van
Rosenburg gives the distribution as including Celebes, New
Guinea and the Philippines. L. triplosora v. A. v. R. from
Sumatra is closely allied. JL. rigida is the only Peninsula
species with a long creeping slender wiry rhizome. It is
exclusively montane, occurring in comparatively exposed
places, either creeping among bryophytes along the ground
or on tree trunks. Its pinnules are very rigid, and appear
adapted to its habitat. The specimens in the Singapore
herbarium are from Mt. Ophir, Gunong Tahan, the Taiping.
Hills, and the Main Range at G. Inas, G. Batu Puteh, G. Bubu
and G. Bujang Malacca.
L. borneensis Hk., Syn. Fil. 107.
This species has been found in comparatively few
localities in the Peninsula. It is a very beautiful fern, dark
green, often with a metallic iridescence. I have seen it
alive only in the moist shady forest on the ridge of G. Panti
in Johore. Though superficially similar to L. rigida, it is
quite different in habit and also in habitat, and the very
numerous smoothly rounded almost imbricating pinnules
are very distinctive. Young plants often bear simply
pinnate fronds. I have seen the following specimens:
SINGAPORE: Kranji, Ridley 14186; Sungei Buloh, J. S.
Goodenough s.n.
JOHORE: G. Panti, 1500 ft., Holttum 15044.
SELANGOR: Kanching woods, Ridley s.n. (Dec. 1920;
in Kew Herbarium as L. rigida).
Vol. V. (1930).
66
PAHANG: Tahan River, Ridley (fide Ridley, noe = or
The following specimens cited by Ridley oe p. 2
under L. rigida are L. scandens: Bie:
SINGAPORE: Sungei Jurong, Ridley 121382.
PERAK: Taiping Hills, Ridley 3962.
L. napaea v. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Ser. ae
AX) pe 49,0. 315 ~~
This species is clearly allied to L. decomposita, which
it resembles in habit, but it has always free veins, and
narrow pinnules very closely placed. It is one of the most —
clearly defined of what is evidently a group of species of
the L. decomposita alliance. It was originally described
from Lingga, but is found throughout the Peninsula as far
north as Kedah, and is very uniform throughout. It is
terrestrial, and occurs in forest on hillsides in the same
situations as L. tenera, usually from about 1000 ft. up-
wards. The following specimens are in the Singapore
herbarium:
MALACCA: Mt Ophir, Ridley 3351.
NEGRI SEMBILAN: G. Angsi, Ridley s.n. (Feb. 1904).
PAHANG: Fraser’s Hill, 4000 ft., Henderson 11272
(Herb. F.M.S. Mus.), E. Smith 852, Burkill & Holttum
8466, Holttum 10520; G. Tahan 3000 ft., Holttum 20933.
KELANTAN: foot of G. Sitong, Md Nur 12177.
PERAK: G. Batu Puteh, 3000-4000 ft. Kunstler 8044.
PENANG: Government Hill, 2,400 ft., Fox 58.
KEDAH: Kedah Peak, Ridley s.n. (June 1893).
L. decomposita Willd.
Here I place a few specimens which agree closely
among themselves, though I am not certain that they are Pe
identical with this species. They are rather sparingly
bipinnate. —
3
2
+
"i
Vv. by
o
meee”.
4
~ iS een
‘ s %
ah ae
——
67
condition, though this is not usually marked. The sterile
pinnae are usually more or less incised along the upper
edge. The pinnae of fertile fronds may be almost entire,
as indicated in Hooker’s figure, and either rounded or
decidedly acute at the apex, or they may be distinctly lobed,
all conditions sometimes being found on pinnae of the same
frond. Copeland’s L. trapezoidea from Sumatra is identical
with some of the Peninsula specimens referred here.
This appears to be a lowland forest fern, and has been
found chiefly in the south of the Peninsula, though two
Penang specimens are quite similar, and it is likely that
more collecting will reveal a wider distribution. The type
is apparently a specimen of Wallich’s from Singapore.
There is one mountain specimen from Fraser’s Hill, which
has two large lateral branches and some pinnules unusually
lobed, but otherwise is typical. Specimens referred to this
species are:
SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley 9561.
MALACCA: Cuming 392; Hervey s.n. (1889); S. Udang
Reserve, Derry 85.
NEGRI SEMBILAN: Senaling-Inas F.R., Holttum 9748;
G. Tampin, Holttum 9611.
SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang F. R., Hume 7630 (Herb.
F.M.S. Mus.).
PAHANG: near Fraser’s Hill, 3700 ft., Holttum s.n.
(14.9.23) .
PENANG: Ridley s.n.; Western Hill, Haniff 9120.
In the Buitenzorg Herbarium is also the following:
P. LINGGA, G. Daik, Biinnemayer 6734 a. Copeland’s L.
trapezoidea extends the distribution of the species also to
Sumatra.
L. integra, sp. nov.; habitus L. Lobbianae, ab illa pinnis
integris apicem versus leviter angustatis, venis anastomo-
santibus, frondibus interdum ramosis, differt.
Rhizome short-creeping, the younger parts covered
with small narrow scales. Stipes 5 mm. apart, 3-12 cm.
long, four-angled in their upper part, pale or occasionally
brown in the largest fronds. Fronds usually once pinnate,
7-20 cm. long, to 2.5 em. wide. Pinnae glabrous, almost
touching, more distant and somewhat reduced at the base,
and smaller towards the apex of the frond, sessile,
8-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, the lower edge straight,
ascending, the base rather narrowly cuneate, the upper side
usually entire, the apex broadly rounded; texture charta-
ceous, drying rather pale green. Veins anastomosing
irregularly, visible on both surfaces, but not prominent.
Sori continuous (occasionally interrupted) from upper
Vol. V. (1930).
Figs. 1 and 2. L. plumula.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fif.
Fi
{0 ao np 60
st alas
. cultrata var. parvula.
. pectinata (Fraser’s Hill, Henderson 11258).
decomposita (Bukit Timah Ridley).
. integra (Tahan River, Holttum 20934).
. davallioides (Sungei Jeriau, Holttum 21580).
malayensis (G. Kerbau, Haniff 4032).
. parallelogramma (Sungei Pelepah, Md Nur 20035).
All magnified about four times.
Gailieus Bulletin, S.S.
a a
69
base round apex of pinnae. Indusium firm, usually rather
narrow. Some fronds bear one or two small lateral
branches.
TYPE: Tahan River, Holttum 20934, on rocks by river
bank. —
This appears to be an exclusively riverside species. It
has the habit of L. Lobbiana, but the pinnae are nearly
always quite entire, and the veins anastomose irregularly.
Its relationship is Seuareny with L. recurvata. Other
specimens are:
PAHANG: Tahan River, Ridley s.n. (1891); K. Teku,
Seimund 422, 595 (Herb. F.M.S. Mus.).
PERAK: Upper Perak, on rocks in river, 300 ft., Wray
3674; Bujang Malacca, Ridley 9605.
SELANGOR: Rawang, Ridley s.n. (May 1896).
In the Buitenzorg Herbarium is a specimen from
Sumatra (Solo tabeantoe, Dr. Burck, 1893).
L. davallioides Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 218.
I have examined a number of specimens of this from
Java, where it appears to be a very uniform species. It
has thin translucent pinnules and the venation rather open,
though regularly anastomosing. It would appear to grow
in very moist places, and Raciborski says of it “an den
schattigsten stellen (in der Gesellschaft der grossen
Trichomanes-arten und Treubia insignis) wachsend.” The
Peninsula specimens which approach it most nearly are
some small plants found growing abundantly by stream-
sides below Fraser’s Hill, on both sides of the Main Range
(in the Tras valley, 3800 ft., Holttum 11492; by the Sungei
Jeriau, 3500 ft. Holttum 21580). None of the plants from
these collections had fronds with more than one pair of
lateral branches, and many of them (already fertile) were
simply pinnate. I consider however that in spite of their
small size they should be referred to L. davallioides. The
only other specimens referable here are the following; they
ae rather larger leaflets, thicker in texture, than the Java
plants.
PERAK: Larut Range, 4000 ft., Scortechini 230 :437a.
JOHORE: G. Pulai, Ridley 12131.
L. malayensis, sp. nov.; ab L. davallioide venis raro anas-
tomosantibus, pinnulis majoribus, ramis paucioribus differt.
Rhizome short creeping; stipes approximate, glabrous,
pale. four angled above, to 25 cm. long. Fronds bipinnate,
with one or two pairs of pinnae standing at about an angle
of 45° to the rachis (on young plants simply pinnate
fronds may bear sori). Lateral pinnae to 17 cm. long and
2.5 cm. wide; terminal pinna to 20 cm. long and 3 cm. wide,
Vol. V. (1930).
70
narrowed gradually to apex. Leaflets glabrous, thinly
chartaceous, horizontal, or slightly ascending, 12 to 15 mm.
long, 5-6 mm. wide near base, narrowed slightly towards
apex; lower edge straight, slightly upcurved towards the
apex; upper edge lobed with 4 to 6 lobes; lobes oblique,
about 1 mm. deep; apex rounded. Smaller pinnules with
upper edge entire. Veins free or occasionally anastomos-
ing, prominent on the upper surface when dry, visible but
not prominent on the lower surface. Sori in the lobes,
usually uniting the apices of several veins; indusia firm,
rather narrow, the edge undulate.
PERAK: G. Kerbau, 4500 ft., Haniff 4032 (type) ; Max-
well’s Hill 3000 ft., Wray 115.
PAHANG: G. Berumban, Ridley 13945; Cameron’s
Highlands, 4500 ft., Henderson 11970; Fraser’s Hill, 4000
ft., Burkill and Holttum 8707, Holttum s.n. (15.9.23,
immature).
This species is clearly allied to L. davallioides, but
appears to be less hygrophytic in character, and the veins
are usually free. As with other mountain speices, soviih
field study is needed.
L. parallelogramma v. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,
ser. 3, Vol: 5;-p. 212-G1942)-
This bipinnate species allied to L. davallioides was
originally described from the Lingga archipelago. By
comparison of Peninsula specimens with the type it. appears
that L. parallelogramma is a very constant species, and
that it occurs as a terrestrial fern in lowland forest in
many parts of the Malay Peninsula. The pinnules are more
deeply lobed than in any other species of this group, and
are of very regular shape; the uniform width and the broad
but deeply cleft distal ends of the pinnules are characteris-
tic. Both pinnules and lateral branches are nearly at right
angles to the main rachis. The specimens in the Singapore
herbarium are:
SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, Ridley 9562, and s.n. (1890) ;
Hullett s.n. (March 1882).
JOHORE: Sungei Pelepah, Md Nur 20035 (figured) ; G.
Berhidong 1500 ft. Holttum 10957.
MALACCA: Lower woods of Mt Ophir, Ridley 3348.
NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Tangga, Md Nur 11820; G.
Angsi, Holttum s.n. (2.12.22).
PAHANG: Sungei Teku, Seimund 231 (Herb. F.M.S.
Mus.) ; Sungei Tahan Ridley 2179.
TRENGGANU: Bundi, Rostados s.n. (Feb. 1904).
PENANG: Government Hill, Hullett s.n. (Dec. 1881) ;
Ridley s.n. (Dec. 1895).
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
71
In the Buitenzorg herbarium is also the following:
SUMATRA: Djambi, 160 m., Posthumus 600.
L. subalpina v. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Ser. 2,
MMI, 15 (1916).
This species is a relatively large simply pinnate fern
with regularly lobed pinnae and anastomosing veins, allied
to L. davallioides, but the leaflets much larger. There are
two specimens from the Main Range in the Malay Peninsula
which agree fairly well with the type of this Sumatran
species, though they have rather smaller, often less regular-
ly lobed, leaflets, and one has branched fronds. They are
certainly distinct from the specimens referred to L. daval-
lioides, and I provisionally refer them here, though it is
possible that further collecting will indicate a distinction
from the Sumatran species. This may be a case in which
the mature plant is bipinnate, and it may be that the present
simply pinnate collections are an immature state, not typical
of the species. It is not safe in such a case to found a new
species without ample material.
PAHANG: Fraser’s Hill, 4000 ft., Holttum 11340.
PERAK: G. Kerbau, 4500 ft., Haniff 40238.
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
Lindsaya gracilis Bl.
I have seen several specimens of this species from
Java. All agree closely together in having a long dark
shining slender wiry rhizome, and narrow, rather deeply
lobed, very oblique pinnae. So far as I know, nothing like
these specimens has been found in the Peninsula. Ridiey
(1926, p. 22) refers a specimen from Bukit Tangga, Negri
Sembilan, to L. gracilis. This specimen is at Kew, where
I examined it, and noted that it appeared to be similar to
‘the plants here referred to L. Lobbiana.
L. concinna J. Sm.
The type of this species (figured by Hooker, Spec. Fil.,
I, t.LXI B) is from the Philippines, and is quite distinct
from any plants I have seen from the Peninsula. The
specimens assigned by Ridley (1926), p. 21) to L. concinna
are small simply pinnate forms of L. orbiculata.
Vol. V. (1980).
12
NEW SPECIES FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA,
BALSAMINACEH.
Impatiens tipusensis, Henderson, sp. nov.
Herba reptans succulenta, glabra, caule_ basi
ramoso, ramulis carnosis. Folia alterna, exsiccata
membranacea, glabra, triangulo-ovata, acuta, crenata
setulis interjectis, basi truncata vel leviter cordata,
ad 8 cm. longa, 6 cm. lata, nervis utrinque circa 6,
gracillimis, petiolis carnosis ad 9 cm. longis, apice
biglandulosis. Pedicelli solitarii, 5-5 cm. longi, ©
bracteati. Sepala 4: 2 exteriora ovata-rotundata, 1-2
cm. longa, 1 cm. lata; 2 interiora oblonga, 4 mm.
longa, circa 1 mm. lata. Vexillum oblongum, apice
bilobum, circa 2°3 cm. longum. Alae stipitatae, 3°5—-
4 cm. longae; lobus distalis triangulo-acutus, falcatus,
geniculatus; lobus basalis similis, brevior. Labelli
limbus late infundibuliformis, 4:2 cm. longus, ore
2 cm. diam., mucronato; calear 1 cm. longum,
incurvum. Filamentia linearia, circa 5 mm. longa.
Antherae in capitulum oblongum circa 3 mm. longum
connate. Ovarium fusiforme, acutum, 3 mm. longum.
A succulent creeping glabrous herb, stems thick, fleshy,
branched. Petioles stout, fleshy, reddish, up to 9 cm. long.
Leaves glabrous, shining green above, pale below, alternate,
triangular ovate acute, base truncate or shallowly cordate,
edge crenate with small teeth in the notches, two glands close
to the insertion of the petiole, nerves about 6 pairs, fine;
up to 8 cm. long and 6 cm. broad. Flowers solitary, axillary,
Pedicel pale green with reddish markings, 5:5 cm. long.
Bract oblong acute 4-5 mm. long. Sepals 4, the two exterior
ones ovate rotund, slightly inaequilateral, concave, with a
short blunt process at the tip, 1:2 cm. long and 1 cm. broad,
green; the two interior oblong, rounded at tip, green, 4 mm.
long and about 1 mm. broad. Vexillum oblong, tip notched,
lobes triangular acute, the sinus rather wide, about 2°3 cm.
long and 1 cm. broad, slightly keeled, with a blunt green
spur at the base, in colour orange yellow with reddish
markings at the base exteriorly, paler with a few reddish
markings at the base interiorly. Wings stipitate, 3-5-4 cm.
long, distal lobes triangular acute faleate geniculate, basal
lobe similar but smaller, orange yellow with reddish and
purplish markings at the base. Labellum broadly infundi-
buliform, orange yellow with bold purple-red veinings inside,
4-2 cm. long, 2 cm. across the mouth, the mouth with a small
mucro. Spur rather slender, upcurved, 1 cm. long. Filaments
slender, linear, about 5 mm. long. Anthers connate in an
oblong head about 3 mm. long. Ovary fusiform acute,
5 mm. long,
Gardens Bulletin, S.S,
—e ere
——_—" —
73
PAHANG; Gua Tipus, near Chegar Perah, growing in
great profusion on limestone rocks, Henderson 19399 (type),
October, 1927. Living plants were brought to the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore, and flowered there.
Impatiens tipusensis, Hend.
1. Vexillum. 2. Labellum. 38. Wings from front.
4. One wing spread out. All enlarged.
Vol. V. (1930),
Elaeocarpus tahanensis, Henderson, sp. nov.
Elaeocarpus tahanensis, Hend. x %.
74
ELAEOCARPACEAL.,
Arbor parva, partibus junioribus, racemis, s -
exceptis glabra. Folia glabra, elliptico-lanceola 7 a,
anguste ovata, vel oblanceolata, apice et basi < a
nervis utrinque 6, obscuris, ad 9 cm. longa, 3. 5 cm.
lata. Racemi e axillis defoliatis, ad 6 cm. longi, — “a
pedicellis circiter 1 cm. longis. Flori 5-meri, —
sepalis triangulo-lanceolatis, extus minute pubes-
centibus, 6 mm. longis, petalis obcuneatis, glabris,
circiter 7 mm. longis, vix ad medium fissis, laciniis
14 vel 15; ovario 3-loculare.
75
A small tree, glabrous except for the buds, inflorescence
and sepals, branchlets reddish brown, stipules very cadu-
cous. Leaves glabrous, crowded towards the ends of the
branches, elliptic lanceolate or narrowly ovate or oblanceo-
late, narrowed to the base, apex acute, thick and leathery
when fresh, coriaceous when dry, margin thickened re-
curved, faintly crenate with minute black teeth, lower
surface black dotted, up to 9 cms. long and 3.5 cms. broad.
Nerves almost invisible when fresh, obscure when dry,
3
ag cig en tahanensis, Hend.
1. Sepal x 7. 2. Petal x 8. 3. Stamen x 12,
4, Ovary, style and torus x 6,
about 6 pairs, interarching far from the edge. Petioles up
to 1.7 cms. long, flattened above. Racemes from axils of
fallen leaves, up to 6 cm. long, rachis minutely pubescent,
Vol. V. (1930),
76
Pedicels nodding, about 1 cm. long, minutely pubescent,
especially near apex. Sepals 5, minutely pubescent,
especially near base, triangular lanceolate acute, base broad,
edge thickened, midrib strongly marked, almost a keel,
6 mm. long. Petals 5, obcuneate, 7 mm. long with 14 or
15 narrow laciniae about 3 mm. long, glabrous, veins
conspicuous, the base thickened. Stamens about 27, fila-
ments about 1.5 mm. long. Anthers oblong quadrangular,
about 2 mm. long, finely pubescent, divaricate at tip, one
slightly longer than the other, both with a tuft of short
bristles at their tips. Torus of 5 rounded deeply wrinkled
pubescent lobes. Ovary ovoid conic, 3-celled, 6-ridged,
densely pubescent. Style 4 mm. long, narrowly cylindric
conic, pubescent below, glabrous above, grooved and twisted.
PAHANG, Gunong Tahan, 3500-4500 ft., Holttum
20630 (type), August 1928. A small tree in ridge forest,
flowers white.
The young shoots, petioles, leaves, racemes, sepals and
petals are covered with irregular white pustulations, caused
by aggregations of crystals in the cells of the tissues. This
is very evident in dried specimens, less so in leaves and
flowers softened by boiling.
CUPULIFERA.
Pasania Macphailii, Henderson, sp. nov.
P: encleisacarpae, Gamble affinis, fructu minore,
foliis majoribus, apice acute acuminatis differt.
A stout spreading much branched tree of medium size,
bark brownish grey, finely fissured longitudinally, trans-
versely wrinkled. Branchlets smooth, furrowed, black or
dark brown with a minute close grey mealy pubescence.
Leaves elliptic oblong, rounded or slightly narrowed at the
base, apex caudate acuminate, the acumen acute, both
surfaces greyish white when dry, or the upper brownish,
up to 22 em. long and 9 em. broad, midrib channelled above,
elevate below, main nerves about 14 pairs, conspicuous
below, curving along margin and looping near apex, rather
faint above; transverse nervules and areolate reticulation
visible on upper surface, transverse nervules fine but
conspicuous below, reticulation not so evident. Petiole
stout, 1 cm. long.
? spikes 20 cm. long, angled, grey-white pubescent.
Flowers solitary on stout flattened upcurved pedicels,
bracteoles 1-1.5 cm. long, lanceolate acute. Perianth lobes
6, about 0.5 mm. long, broadly triangular ovate blunt.
Fruits conic, up to 2 cm. broad and as much high, the base
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
y
ie _ wer. wv? ;
17
Nit hardacsandss
\ \\ ary
| LZ wu LAN wy
Ty ay NN ZS
Many yee i 55 5
Pasania Macphailii, Hend. x 2/5. Del. J. Charton.
Vol. V. (19380).
72 “ay a "
narrowed into the thickened pedicel. Cupule frees fy
acorn, thin, smooth, pale grey brown, enclosing the y
acorn except the umbo, with 4 or 5 fairly distinct h
Fruits of Pasania Macphailii, Hend. About natural size.
tal wavy rings, connected by very obscure vertical striae.
Acorn covered with pale reddish brown silky pubescence.
é spikes unknown.
KELANTAN, banks of Sungai Keteh near Gua Ninik,
Henderson 19621 (type), October 1927.
Named after Mr. M. M. Macphail of the F.M.S. Rail-
way Construction Department, to whom I am indebted for
much help and hospitality.
APOCYNACEE.
‘“Kopsia alba, Ridl., MSS., sp. nov.
Frutex glaber, ramulis striatis. Folia brevi-petiolata,
opposita, elliptica vel elliptico-obovata, apice caudato-
acuminata, basi acuta, nervis lateralibus subtus prominenti-
bus, margine arcuato-anastomosantibus. Cymae axilles
vel terminales; bracteae ovato-oblongae. Calycis tubus
brevis; lobi 5, late ovato-oblongi, obtusi. Corollae tubus
4.5 cm. longus, apice dilatatus; lobi ovati, albi.
A glabrous shrub 3-5 metres tall. Branchlets pale-
brown, ridged. Leaves opposite, elliptic or elliptic-obovate,
apex bluntly caudate acuminate, narrowed to the base, 8-18
cm. long, 3-7. cm. broad; main nerves up to 16 pairs, —
prominent beneath, meeting in a looped intra-marginal
nerve close to the edge; reticulations distinct; petiole short,
3-4 mm. long. Cymes terminal or lateral, almost scenes
with one or two branches lengthening to 5 cm., den
covered with small ovate-oblong bracts ciliate on the ed: ee 2
Calyx tube short, lobes 5, broadly ovate-oblong, blunt, cilia 4
on the edge, 2.5 mm. long. Corolla tube 4.5 cm. long,
dilated near top, mouth of tube densely hairy; lobes ovate, —
3-3.5 cm. long, pure white. Anthers lanceolate-acute, base _
rounded, filaments broad, long hairy. Carpels two, oblong- —
obtuse, hairy, 1 mm, long. Disc glands 1 mm. long, ~
lanceolate, flattened.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
79
P. TIOMAN, Ridley, s.n. August 1889; Ayer Surin,
800-1000 ft., common in rocky jungle where there is little
undergrowth, Henderson 18948 (type).
KELANTAN, Kuala Krai, Haniff and Nur 10093, Jan.
1923; Sungai Keteh, Nur (with Dr. Foxworthy) 11992,
Feb. 1924; base of the limestone cliff Gua Panjang at Gua
Ninik, Henderson 19496, Oct. 1927.
This species was first collected by Ridley on Pulau
Tioman in 1889 and recognised by him as new, but never
described. It resembles K. Ridleyana, King and Gamble,
but differs in being a much larger shrub with larger flowers,
the corolla tube dilate near the apex instead of in the middle.
GESNERACEA.
Paraboea densifolia, Hend., comb. nov. Didymocarpus
densifolia, Ridl. Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 44, p. 51; Flor.
Mal. Pen. II, p. 521. P. TIOMAN, Gunong Kajang c. 2000
ft., Henderson 18917. Hitherto known only from Gunong
Janeng, Johore, and described by Ridley under Didymocar-
pus in the absence of corollas.
The following is a description of the corolla:—
Corolla campanulate, 1.5-1.7 cm. long, lobes broad,
rounded. Filaments broad, short, anthers connivent.
Ovary viscid hairy. Style long, stigma capitate, rather
large.
ORCHIDACEA,
Oberonia tiomanensis, Henderson, sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, acaulis. Folia falcata ad 3.5 cm.
longa. Racemus ad 10 cm. longus, arcuato-flexuosus.
Bractae inflorescentiae triangulo-ovatae, aristatae, 2 mm.
longae. Flores 1.5 mm. latae. Sepala ovata, obtusa, con-
cava, 0.6 mm. longa. Petala oblonga, acuta. lLabellum
trilobatum, 1 mm. longum, lobi laterales linearii, lobus
medius oblongus, bifurcatus, divisionibus lanceolatis acutis.
Capsula breviter pedicellata, oblonga, 3 mm. longa.
A small epiphytic tufted stemless plant. Leaves
faleate, up to 3.5 cm. long. Spike up to 10 cm. long, flowers
rather distant. Bracts triangular ovate aristate, 2 mm.
long. Flowers 1.5 mm. across. Sepals ovate, blunt, con-
cave, 0.6 mm. long. Petals oblong acute, shorter and
narrower than the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, 1 mm. long, side
lobes linear, midlobe oblong, deeply bifurcate, the divisions
spreading, lanceolate acute. Column short, broad. Cap-
sule shortly pedicelled, oblong, 3 mm. long.
P. TIOMAN, base of Gunong Kajang, c. 2000 ft.,
Henderson 18919 (type). Flowers and spike coral red.
Vol. V. (1930).
80
Coelogyne tiomanensis, Henderson, sp. nov.
Pseudobulbus ovoideus, sulcatus, monophyllus, 3—4 em.
longus. Folium lanceolatum, acutum, 15-18 cm. longum.
Petiolus 4-5 cm. longus. Racemus 6-8 cm. longus, biflorus.
Bracteae lanceolatae, acutae, 1.5 cm. longae, deciduae.
Sepalum dorsale oblongo-lanceolatum, acutum, carinatum,
4 cm. longum. Sepala lateralia 3.5 cm. longa. Petala
anguste linearia oblonga, circa 4 cm. longa. Labellum
trilobatum, lobi laterales oblongo-semicordati, erecti, antice
rotundati; lobus medius triangulo-ovatus, mucronatus, apice
margineque reflexus; carinae duae. Gynostemium lobis
lateralibus labelli aequilongum, cucullatum.
Pseudobulbs ovoid, strongly 4-ridged, 3-4 cm. long,
leaf one. Raceme from the side of the pseudobulb in axil
of leaf, 6-8 ecm. long. Flowers two. Leaves lanceolate
acute, 15-18 cm. long, petiole 4-5 cm. long. Bracts lanceo-
late acute, caducous, 1.5 cm. long. Upper sepal oblong
lanceolate acute, keeled, 4 cms. long. Lateral sepals
narrower, slightly falcate 3.5 cm. long. Petals narrow
linear oblong, 4 cm. long, or nearly. Sidelobes of lip large
erect oblong, semicordate,, rounded, blunt; midlobe
triangular-ovate, notched, mucronate, edges and tip re-
curved, 1.6 cm. long and broad. Keels two, strongly
marked, undulate, extending half-way down midlobe and
ending abruptly. Column as long as sidelobes of lip, the
hood large, ovate blunt.
P. TIOMAN, summit of Gunong Kajang, 3383 ft.,
Henderson 18263; summit of Gunong Rokam, c. 3000 ft.,
Henderson 18397 (type). Live specimens were brought to
Singapore and flowered in the Botanic Gardens.
The sepals are of a very pale flesh colour with yellow
midrib; the petals greenish or pale flesh colour; the side-
lobes of the lip white veined with brown; midlobe of the
lip dark brown in the centre, the keels also dark brown
shading to light brown at the edges; the column greenish
with two faint brown streaks below; the hood reddish
brown.
NOTES ON THE FLORA OF PULAU TIOMAN AND
NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS.
By M. R. HENDERSON, F.L.S.
Pulau Tioman and its neighbours have been but little
explored from a botanical point of view. Up till the time
of the writer’s visit, collections had not been made above
the thousand foot contour.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
81
‘SpuB[sy SuLMoqysioN puv uvwory nepng
'
‘
'
MOV fVINd- . bo iqag nop iS
Duara nant
Bursaopy ayon
o %,
TMOONVWAd NV 1Nd q.
Q\ovpug gan
4
ae
’
uidwoy ajeny
ay
apn nein?
’
fol. V. (1930).
82
Of the group of islands off the east coast of Johore and
Pahang, shown in the accompanying sketch map, collections
of plants have been made only on Pulau Tioman and Pulau
Tulai, Pulau Tinggi, Pulau Aor and Pulau Dayang. The
most interesting is Pulau Tioman, because of its greater
elevation above sea-level, and its greater area of untouched
forest.
All these islands lie in shallow water, and their flora,
as one would expect, is typically Malay Peninsular. Seven
plants, however, have, up to the present, not been reported
from the Peninsula. All of these, with one exception, are
known from Borneo. A list of them is given later.
The writer, accompanied by Mr. N. Smedley of Raffles
Museum, Singapore, and a party of collectors, spent the
period between April 24th and May 29th, 1927, on Pulau
Aor, Pulau Dayang and Pulau Tioman.
PULAU AOR.
The first week was spent on Pulau Aor and collecting
was done up to an altitude of about 1000 feet from the
village at Telok Berhala on the north side of the island.
At the time of our visit the population of Aor was said
to be about 400, including a few families who lived on
Pulau Dayang, the principal occupations being the cultiva-
tion of coconuts, and fishing. The population was at one
time more considerable than it is now, for the island in past
days was a haunt of pirates.
J. T. Thomson, a Government surveyor, visited it in
July, 1849, and described it in Logan’s Journal, Vol. IV.
He gives the dimensions of the island as three miles by one
and a half miles, and the height of its two peaks as 1521
and 1805 feet, and says that it contained 1,400 inhabitants.
That the island had a much more extensive cultivation
some seventy or eighty years ago than it has today is clearly
shown by the following extracts from Thomson’s descrip-
tion.
“The bays are fringed with tall cocoanuts of most
luxuriant growth, and the trees do not seem to be restricted
to the deeper soils for we found many existing amongst
rocks and stones where little or no soil was perceptible.
The tree is cultivated to the height of 1,000 feet above the
level of the sea at which height, I was informed, they were
sufficiently productive to repay the expense of their culture.
The formation of the island is granitic and the soil is red,
nor has it the appearance of being fertile otherwise than
in the production of cocoanuts.” ‘‘ The inhabitants possess
fine fruit groves amongst which the durian and mangosteen
abound.”
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
83
“It produces 70,000 cocoanuts and 5,000 gantangs of
oil, which form its principal exports.”
“The inhabitants of Pulo Aur are composed of free
men and slaves. In former years the island formed a mart
for the sale of captured men and prows, and was frequently
visited by the Lanuns once so formidable on these coasts.”
Evidence of this former occupation is to be found in
the present state of the vegetation, which shows that
cultivation at one time extended much further up the slopes
than it does now. The clearing of the jungle and the sub-
sequent denudation by rain exposes tumbled masses of
granite boulders, between which the Malays build their
houses and cultivate such food plants as Bananas, Tapioca
and Caladium. Coconuts are planted on the sandflats of
the little bays, and even amongst the boulders, appearing to
thrive well enough wherever a little soil can collect. When
abandoned, these cleared patches revert to a dense half-
herbaceous, half-woody secondary growth much tangled by
creepers, and later to poor secondary forest in which lianes
are abundant.
At an altitude of about 400 to 500 feet above the
village at Telok Berhala the jungle is poor, with few big
trees and apparently no Dipterocarps. The undergrowth
is dense with much tufted Calamus and Daemonorops,
while in places the ground is covered with Curculigo
latifolia. Large clumps of Dendrocalamus sp. are frequent,
with Aglaonema Schottianum underneath them and an
occasional specimen of the fungus Dictyophora indusiata.
Aralidium pinnatifidum, with its bunches of irregularly
shaped white fruits, was common and conspicuous.
On the rocky slopes nearer the sea, Taxotrophis ilici-
folia is the commonest shrub under the trees, while masses
of Schefflera heterophylla were seen scrambling over
boulders.
At slightly higher altitudes—up to about 1,000 feet,
Orania macroclados begins to appear in big clumps along
with Arenga saccharifera. There is a greater depth of soil
here and fewer exposed boulders, evidence, perhaps, that
cultivation, if ever it did extend up the slopes as far as this,
was abandoned very much earlier than that which altered
the vegetation lower down. Angiopteris sp. begins to
appear at about 700 feet, and Homalomena purpurascens
carpets the ground in places at this altitude, replacing
Aglaonema Schottianum of a few hundred feet lower.
Growing in large masses over bare boulders near sea
level is Quisqualis indica, and associated with it is the
common seashore orchid Cymbidium Finlaysonianum and
the rarer Haemaria discolor var. ordiana,
Vol. V. (1930).
84
. As noted above, on the slopes of the ridge abo the
village at Telok Berhala, from about 600 ft. to up 000° ft.,
-Arenga saccharifera (Kabong), and Orania maéroclanane ¥
(Ibul), are exceedingly common. On Pulau Tinggi, Mr. —
Burkill reports, Arenga Westerhoutu (Langkap) takes. the ~
place of A. saccharifera and is associated with Orania —
macroclados. But on P. Tioman, A. saccharifera again —
“appears and is very common up ‘to an altitude of about ©
2,000 ft. being here associated with Oncosperma horrida
(Bayas). A. Westerhoutii has not been reported authen-
tically from P. Tioman, and the local Malays say that it is
‘entirely absent from that island as it is from P. Aor.
Orania macroclados occurs very sparingly on P. Tioman.
‘ These differences are interesting, but the reason for them
‘is obscure.
| Very little collecting has been done on P. Aor. J. B. fe
Feilding visited it and P. Dayang in 1892 and made small
collections which are in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
P. Dayang, to the north of P. Aor, is practically
denuded of Jungle and covered with coconut palms. The &
south aspect presents a smooth sloping face of rock with
piled up masses of boulders at its base amongst which coco-
Hts flourish. Cycas Rumphii was noticed in clefts of the
‘rock, and Spinifex squarrosus was on the sandy beach.
The latter appeared to be absent from P. Aor, or at least it :
was not seen on any of the sandy beaches visited. :
PULAU TIOMAN.
Pulau Tioman is a rugged island lying about 48 miles
due east of the mouth of the Rompin river in Pahang, and
distant from the nearest point of the Malay Peninsula about
20 miles. It is about 12 miles long from north to south and
its greatest breadth is about 6 miles. It is entirely moun-
tainous, the highest peak being 3,383 feet above sea level,
two lesser peaks reaching a little over 3,000 ft.
At the present day the inhabitants of Tioman number
about 800, and it is probable that the island never held a
much greater population. Except for the sandy flats of the
bays, there is no level ground for cultivation, and the
inhabitants confine themselves to these bays, only clearing
for a short distance up the lower hill slopes. ;
Kaempfer touched at Tioman on his voyage to Japan
in 1690, for the Dutch East Indiamen were in the habit of
putting in to draw wood and water unmolested when voyag-
ing from Batavia to Siam. He remarks that the in-
habitants “ are a sort of Bandittos who have been possessed
_of this island a considerable time and are of late grown SO
“numerous that some years ago one of their Kay:
who came on board one of our ships, boasted they were no
85
less than two thousand in number, tho’ perhaps not half.”
He notes that the inhabitants wore bark-cloth and palm leaf
hats and cultivated Mangos, Soursops, Pineapples, ‘ small
Lemons” and “ Pinang trees.’”’ He does not mention the
coconut palm. It is curious to note that the same type of
small canoe with double paddles as Kaempfer describes is
used to this day. (Kaempfer, Voyage to Japan, Vol. I,
pop):
About 1849, J. T. Thomson visited Tioman and wrote
an account of it in Logan’s Journal, Vol. V. He gives the
population as 200 and says that its produce was edible birds’
nests, of which four piculs were exported yearly, dammar
and other jungle products. Apparently even at this com-
paratively recent date, the cultivation of the coconut was
of no importance on the island. Thomson remarks that
“Tioman had been deserted to within these last ten years,
having prior to that been subject to the attacks of the
Illanuns. These pirates carried off 70 of the inhabitants
about 20 years ago and sold them into slavery, during the
interval the island remained desolate, the residue of the
inhabitants that escaped from the pirates abandoned their
homes, fleeing to Pahang, Johore and other places until the
clearing of the coasts of this most formidable sect of sea
marauders that infest the eastern seas had been effectually
and it is to be hoped, finally accomplished in the year 1838.”
“Pulo Tingi, Pulo Sibu, and adjacent islands also pro-
duce birds’ nests.” ‘‘ The inhabitants, besides a little
occasional quiet piracy, which it is not now either so profit-
able or so safe to indulge in, as formerly, spear the turtle,
and gather their eggs, also collect beche-de-mer for the
Singapore market.”
P. Tioman has been visited for short periods by various
collectors. Ridley collected a little in August 1889 on the
west coast at a place he calls Nipa Bay. Nanson, a lawyer of
Singapore, collected erchids for cultivation; and specimens
of these, or of some of them, are in the Herbarium of the
Singapore Botanic Gardens. Burkill accompanied Robin-
son on a visit from June 21st to June 29th, 1915, collecting
at Joara Bay and west of it to an altitude of about 1,000
ft. He also visited Tanjong Duatah on the south coast and
collected towards the base of the Chula Naga (the “ Ass’s
Ears” of the charts). Kloss paid a short visit to Joara
Bay in June, 1916, and collected plants which were sent to
Kew.
The writer’s collections were made between May 10th
and May 29th, 1927. As the primary object of the visit
was to collect at as high altitudes as possible, systematic
collecting at low levels was at first neglected, although time
was found later for a considerable amount of shore
collecting. eri
Vol. V. (1930).
86
A camp was established on the path which runs from
Joara Bay on the east coast to Ayer Batang Bay on the
west. This point, which is roughly half-way between these
two places, is known as Sedagong and is about 1,000 feet
above sea level. From here a path was cut to the summit
of a hill called Gunong Rokam, which the local Malays said
was the second highest point on the island. Altitudes were
estimated with the he!p of an aneroid barometer, but it is
thought that the instrument read low by as much as 200
feet, and that the summit of Rokam is about 3,000 feet,
instead of 2,800 feet as shown on the aneroid. It is
apparently the unnamed hill marked on the map of the
Malay Peninsula published by the Straits Branch of the 3
Royal Asiatic Society in 1911 and given there as 3,080 ft.
Tanah Runto is a large recent landslip on the northern
face of Gunong Rokam. It is visible from the sea both
from the north-east and north-west, and is said to have
occurred during the heavy rains at the end of 1926. It
extended from about 1,200 feet to 2,100 feet above sea
level, and was, at a guess, 200 to 400 yards wide. The soil
had been completely swept away, exposing the bare rock,
over which ran a trickle of water. Vegetation had been
obliterated, large trees being uprooted, pulverised and
buried in the debris at the foot. Secondary growth had
encroached on the edges to a depth of 20 or 30 yards, but
the centre was still practically bare except for a few plants
of two species of Macaranga, Bridelia sp., Acroceras spar-
sum, Lycopodium cernuum, and a small fern. These were
the first colonists, but the slope was so steep and so com-
pletely swept of soil that there was little opportunity for
any plant to find a foothold. :
The ascent of Gunong Kajang (3,383 ft.) was made ¥
from the west coast. A camp was established at about
1,000 feet above Telok Paya, and from there a track was
followed which led to a small cave (Gua Teh Angin) near ;
the summit, where, it was said, edible birds’ nests were * |
periodically collected. ,
A distinctive feature of the Tioman forests is the
presence of exposed granite boulders from between which
rise tall trees. Such forest supports remarkably little
undergrowth, probably on account of the excellent drainage,
which withdraws water beyond the reach of the roots of
shrubs, but not beyond the reach of those of large trees.
When undergrowth does occur, it is made up to a great
extent of bushes of Taxotrophis ilicifolia, which with its
harsh holly-like foliage, is well suited to withstand dry soil
conditions. The western side of the island is appreciably
drier than the eastern, due, no doubt, to lesser rainfall.
The summit of Gunong Rokam is a mass of granite
rocks covered with humus, supporting a shrubby growth —
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
87
of such mountain-top plants as Medinilla, Rhododendron,
Vaccinium, Calamus, and Pandanus. It is dry and not
moss grown. The summit of Gunong Kajang, on the other
hand, has mossy forest. It is a narrow boulder-strewn
ridge running east and west, very precipitous on the north
and south faces. The trees are 15 to 20 feet tall, thin and
spindly, thickly crowded together, covered at the bases of
the trunks with mosses and liverworts, which ascend the
trunks for a foot or two. The boulders are likewise thickly
covered with mosses and liverworts and between them and
upon them is a dense cover of small trees, with a small
tufted Calamus common on the ground. In the dampest
spots amongst moss, a fine Cypripedium, perhaps C. Bulle-
nianum, was common. Just below the summit is a small
open patch covered with a dense undergrowth of grasses
and sedges with Nepenthes ampullaria and Lycopodium
cernuum, from which rise a number of old flat-topped trees
of Baeckia frutescens and Leptospermum flavescens, fifteen
to twenty feet tall.
The Trigonometrical Beacon, erected some twelve or
thirteen years ago, is now obscured by a dense secondary
growth.
According to Burkill, Gardens’ Bulletin Vol. IV,
pp. 176, 187, less than eight per cent. of the phanerogamic
flora of Pulau Tioman, and about ten per cent. of the flora
of the other islands under consideration were known. Per-
haps our knowledge may now be put at about twenty per
cent., assuming that the number of species the group
possesses is approximately the same as the number known
from Penang Island.
The following are the local and endemic species. An
asterisk indicates that they come from above 2,000 ft., a
dagger that they come below that altitude :—
+Canarium subcordatum, Ridl.
+Garcinia tenuifolia, Ridl.
*Kugenia ciliaris, Ridl.
;Eugenia tiomanensis, Ridl.
*Begonia tiomanensis, Ridl.
+Mussaenda spectabilis, Ridl.
yLasianthus barbellatus, Ridl.
;Lasianthus chrysothrix, Ridl.
+Kopsia alba, Ridl.
-+Paraboea tiomanica, Burkill.
+ Justicia ovalis, Ridl
;+Litsea madulifolia, Ridl.
+Trigonostemon arboreum, Ridl.
*Oberonia tiomanensis, Hend.
*Coelogyne tiomanensis, Hend.
+Gastrochilus sub-biloba, Valeton.
+ Calamus Burkillianus, Becc
*Carex leucostachys, Ridl.
Vol. V. (1930).
88
All these plants are confined to Pulau Tiomsal vit
the exception of Canarium subcordatum, which is a °§
only from Pulau Tinggi, and Garcinia tenuifolia, which is 4
known both from Tioman and Aor.
These eighteen plants give a figure of about facie per a
cent. for the local specific endemism. Without doubt —
further exploration will raise this considerably, probably as
much as three times, for it is to be expected that the local
specific endemism of an isolated island like Tioman will
exceed that of an area such as the Taiping Hills, for which
the figure is about ten per cent.
Species with an extra-Peninsular distribution, not
known from the Peninsula proper :—
+ Allophylus javensis, Bl. (P. Aor). W. Malaysia
to the Philippines.
yAllophylus timorensis, Bl. (P. Tinggi, P. Tioman).
Malaya to Polynesia.
+Casearia leucolepis, Turcz. (P.Tioman). Borneo,
Philippines.
+Zuccarinia macrophylla, Bl. (P. Aor). Java.
;Loxonia acuminata, Br. (P. Tioman). Sumatra,
Java.
+Endospermum borneense, Muell. Arg. (P. Tio-
man). Borneo.
;+Pipturus velutinus, Wedd. (P. Tinggi, P. Tioman).
Malaysia.
+Boehmeria maa lnbanice: Wedd. (P. Tioman). India
to Borneo.
A considerable number of plants from these islands
have hitherto been known only from the north and north-
west of the Peninsula and are not known to cross to the
eastern side of the Main Range. They are:—
Ternstroemia penangiana, Choisy.
Glycosmia rupestris, Ridl.
Atlantia monophylla, Correa.
Canarium hispidum, Bl.
Canarium pilosum, Benn, var. hirtellum, Ridl.
Paranephelium muricatum, Pierre.
Schefflera Curtisii, Rid.
Schefflera venulosa, Harms.
Alangium begoniaefolium, Baill.
Randia exaltata, Griff.
Ixora multibrachiata, Pearson.
Pavetta naucleiflora, Wall.
Solanum decemdentatum, Roxb.
Cyrtandromoea repens, idl.
Balanophora insularis, Ridl.
Cleistanthus polyphyllus, Williams.
Baccaurea sapida, Muell. Arg.
- , 4 is gs + a
. P ; 4 J , g 7
eas ,. ae u .
a .
Gardens Bulletin, S.A : %
89
Debregeasia squamata, Hock. fil.
Appendicula pendula, Bl.
Globba perakensis, Rzdl.
and the following littoral plants :—
Erythrina indica, Lam.
Sophora tomentosa, Linn.
Pisonia aculeata, Linn.
Of these the following are endemic :— 3
Ternstroemia penangiana, Canarium pilosum var.
hirtellum, Schefflera Curtisu, Cyrtandromoea repens, De-
bregeasia squamata, Globba perakensis.
The following extend into Siam only :—
Glycosmis rupestris, Paranephelium muricatum, Ixora
multibrachiata, Cleistanthus polyphyllus.
The following have a distribution westwards of the
Peninsula only :—
Atlantia monophylla, Pavetta naucleiflora.
The following have a distribution eastwards only :—
Canarium hispidum, Appendicula pendula.
The montane plants of Pulau Tioman, that is, those
collected at 2,000 ft., or over, are as follows :—
Dysoxylum cauliflorum, Hiern also at sea level.
Gomphandra lanceolata, King, var. angustifolia,
King
Allophylus glaber, Roxb. also at sea level in
P. Tinggi.
Rubus glomeratus, Bl.
Dichroa febrifuga, Louwr.
Baeckia frutescens, Linn.
Leptospermum flavescens, Linn.
Eugenia ciliaris, Ridl.
Eugenia pendens, Duthie also at low elevations.
Blastus Cogniauxii, Stapf
Sonerila erecta, Jack
Medinilla speciosa, Bl.
Begonia tiomanensis, Ridl.
Argostemma Hookeri, King
Argostemma spinulosum, Clarke
Argostemma unifolium, Benn.
Ophiorrhiza discolor, R. Br.
Hedyotis congesta, Wall., var. nicobarica, King
Mussaenda mutabilis, Hook fi!., var. hirsuta, King
also at sea level
Urophyllum trifurcum, Pearson
Ixora congesta, Roxb.
Ixora stricta, Roxb. also at sea level.
Psychotria sarmentosa, B/. also at sea level.
Chasalia curviflora, Thw. also at sea level.
Vol. V. (1930).
90
Cephaelis singaporensis, Ridl.
Lasianthus attenuatus, Jack
Hydnophytum formicarium, Jack also at sea level.
Vaccinium perakense, Ridl.
Rhododendron jasminiflorum, Hook.
Hoya latifolia, Don
Didymocarpus corchorifolia, R. Br.
Paraboea densifolia, Hend.
Cyrtandromoea acuminata, Benth. and Hook.
Strobilanthes latebrosa, Ridl.
Justicia vasculosa, Wall.
Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack
Litsea johorensis, Gamble
Breynia discigera, Muell. Arg.
Croton erythrostachys, Hoo*. fil.
Trigonostemon longifolius, Bail/. also at sea level.
Claoxylon longifolium, Muell. Arg.
Ficus diversifolia, Bl., var. lutescens, King.
Ficus fistulosa, Reinw.
Ob-zronia tiomanensis, Hend.
Liparis elegans, Lindl.
Liparis Wrayi, Hook. fi’.
Dendrobium hercoglossum, RehbD. fil.
also at sea level.
Dendrobium sinuatum, Lindl.
Eria nutans, Lindl.
Eria teretifolia, Griff.
Coelogyne tiomanensis, Hend.
Calanthe veratrifolia, R. Br.
Bromheadia palustris, Lindl.
Appendicula pendula, Bl.
Podochilus microphyllus, Lindl.
Gastrochilus p.icata, Ridl. also at sea level.
Amomum ?xanthophlebium, Baker.
Smilax calophylla, Wall.
Susum malayanum, Hook.
Nenga macrocarpa, Scort.
Licuala modesta, Becc.
Daemonorops calicarpus, Mart. also at sea level.
Calamus Diepenhorstii, Mig. also at sea level.
Gahnia tristis, Nees.
Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich. also at sea level.
Carex cruciata, Wall.
Carex leucostachys, R7dl.
Digitaria marginata, Link., var. commutatum, Hook.
fil.
Lophatherum gracile, Brngn.
Dendrocalamus pendulus, Ridl.
Podocarpus imbricatus, Bl.
Podocarpus neriifolius, Don.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
91
Of these 72 plants, 20 are usually lowland in the
Peninsula, 34 are usually montane, and the rest have a
wide range of altitude. Thirty-seven per cent. are endemic
(7.e., confined to the Peninsula).
In considering the collections as a whole from the point
of view of specific endemism, littoral plants and plants
which owe their presence on the islands directly or in-
directly to man, have been excluded. The percentage of
specific endemism is then found to be about 23, a figure
which is undoubtedly much too low when it is remembered
that, on Tioman at least, the original forest covering has
been interfered with by man to a very small extent indeed.
Pulau Tioman, at least with reference to its flora, is to be
considered part of the Malay Peninsula, and its specific
endemism should reach to between forty and fifty per cent.
Much more collecting is necessary, in every season of the
year, before definite conclusions can be drawn.
The writer is indebted to Mr. H. N. Ridley for deter-
minations of several plants; and to Mr. I. H. Burkill for
determinations of the Dioscoreas, and for extracts from the
diary of his trip to P. Tinggi and P. Tioman in 1915.
Canarium hispidum, Bl. (Burseraceae). P. Aor on the
jungle edge, Henderson 18242. This is very rare in the
Peninsula, hitherto being known only from Gapis in Perak.
It also occurs, however, in Sumatra, Borneo, Java and
Celebes.
Paranephelium muricatum, Pierre (Sapindaceae). P.
Tioman, path across island at about 1000 ft. altitude,
Burkill s. n. Very rare in the Peninsula, hitherto known
only from Chupeng and Siam. Burkill’s specimen agrees
closely with the Chupeng specimen, determined by Ridley,
but whether this is really Pierre’s species appears to be
somewhat doubtful. (see Ridl., Flor. Mal. Pen., I, p. 509).
Bauhinia glauca, Wall. (Leguminosae). P. Tioman,
Ayer Batang at sea level, Henderson 18458; Ayer Surin
at about 900 ft., creeping on rocks in open watercourse,
Henderson 18950. Rare in the Peninsula, known only from
Kota in Perak, and Kuala Lipis in Pahang. Distrib:
Tenasserim.
Dichroa febrifuga, Lour. (Saxifragaceae). Gunong
Rokam, P. Tioman, at an altitude of about 2700 ft., in
forest, Henderson 18776. This is not particularly common
in the Peninsula on the Taiping Hills and on the Main
Range, its southern limit being apparently about Ginting
Bidai in Selangor. It is a Himalayan type and extends
eastward as far as S. China.
Vol. V. (1930).
92
- Quisqualis indica, Linn. (Combretaceae). On P. Aor,
scrambling in great masses over granite boulders on the
edge of old clearings almost at sea level, Henderson 18227.
This is very rarely found in a truly wild state in the
Peninsula, and it is doubtful if it is wild on P. Aor.
Ixora plumea, Ridl. (Rubiaceae). This plant was a
found on P. Tioman about 150 ft. above sea level at Bukit
Sukak in rather dry open forest, Henderson 18552. An
examination of the specimens in Herb. Singapore leads me
to the conclusion that J. plumea, Ridl. is not distinct from
I. arguta, Ridl., and must be reduced to that species. J.
arguta, Ridl. was obtained on P. Aor at about 700 ft.
altitude, Henderson 18212.
Planchonella oxyedra, Dub. (1912). (Sapotaceae).
H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. VIII,
Livr. 4, p. 474. Sideroxylon littorale, Ridl., Flor. Mal. Pen.
II, p. 259. Found on P. Tinggi, Burkill 876, and on the
small island P. Tulai to the N. W. of P. Tioman, Henderson
18512. This is very rare in the Peninsula, being known
only from Kuantan, but it is widely distributed from
Sumatra to the Lesser Sunda Islands, and not necessarily a
littoral plant.
Diospyros caliginosa, Ridl. (Ebenaceae). P. Tioman,
west of Joara Bay, Burkill 998. A species endemic in the
Peninsula and very rare.
Diospyros cymosa, Ridl. P. Tioman, Ayer Besar at
about 800 ft. altitude, Henderson 18864. This has been
recorded previously only from Telok Sisih, Kuantan.
Ochrosia borbonica, Gmel. (Apocynaceae). P. Tio-
man, south of Joara Bay, Burkill s. n. A seashore plant,
but very rare in the Peninsula. It was collected once by
Wallich in Singapore, and by Ridley on Pulau Adang.
Deeringia indica, Zoll. (Amarantaceae). P. Tioman,
Sedagong in forest at about 1000 ft. altitude, Henderson
18892. This plant is not very common in the Peninsula,
being confined usually to limestone.
Rafflesia Hasseltii, Suringar (Cytinaceae). P. Tioman,
Sedagong at about 900 ft. altitude in forest, Henderson
18395, 18908. Not very common in the Peninsula, but :
fairly widely distributed. It is known also from Sumatra. — :
Peperomia kotana, C.DC. (Piperaceae). P. Tioman, Ms
Sungai Tawar at sea level, Burkill 1004. A rare plant, '
hitherto known only from the limestone at Kota Glanggi,
Pahang.
Ficus Scortechinii, King (Urticaceae). P. Tinggi,
Bukit Treh, Burkill 954. A rare species, collected only
once before by Kunstler at Kampar, Perak.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S,
93
Licuala modesta, Becc. (Palmae). P. Tioman, Gunong
Kajang, 3300 ft., Henderson 18611. A small palm, not
common in the Peninsula, and hitherto known only from
the Taiping Hills and Kuala Kangsar.
LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE
MALAY PENINSULA.
The following list brings together in one convenient
place the names of all additions to the Flora of the Malay
Peninsula since the publication in 1925 of the last volume
of Ridley’s “ Flora of the Malay Peninsula.”
The original place of publication of the species is given,
with other references where necessary, and an indication
is given of the localities from which the plants come.
The most important publications dealing with the
flora of the Peninsula, and those in which most additions
will be found are the Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Infor-
mation, the Bulletin of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg
in Java (Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg), and
the Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements. Other publica-
tions in which additions may from time to time be found
are the Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, the Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums, and the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign.
It is intended to keep this list up to date by publishing
supplementary lists at intervals of about a year.
MAGNOLIACEZ.
Pachylarnax praecalva, Dandy, Kew Bulletin, 1927,
p. 260. Penang.
Talauma betongensis, Craib, Kew Bulletin, 1925, p. 7;
Dandy, 1.c., 1928, p. 189. Kedah Peak.
Talauma eracilior, Dandy, Kew Bulletin, 1928, p. 190.
Kedah Peak.
Talauma seinanlarin: Dandy, Kew Bulletin, 1928,
p. 192. Pahang: Jerantut.
ANONACEZ.
iecaenutlias pahangensis, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, S.S.,
Vol. IV, p. 48. Pahang: Baloh; Pulau Manis; Kuantan.
Johore: Gunong Panti.
Goniothalamus rotundisepalus, Hend., Gard. Bulletin,
S.S., Vol. IV, p. 48. Kelantan: Sungai Renong.
FLACOURTIACEZ.
Hydnocarpus Humei, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 470.
Selangor: Klang Gates.
. GUTTIFERAE.
Garcinia tenuifolia, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1928, p. 72.
Pulau Tioman. '
Vol. V. (1930).
94
DIPTEROCARPACEZ.
Dipterocarpus costulata, van Slooten, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. VIII, Livr. 2-3 (1927). p. 315.
Negri Sembilan: Kuala Pilah.
Dipterocarpus Hasseltii, Blume, Flor. Jav. II, 22, t.6
(1828-29) ; van Slooten, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie
III, Vol. VIII, Livr. 2-3 (1927) p. 281. Pahang? ee
Lipis and Temerloh.
Dipterocarpus verrucosa, Foxworthy. van Slooten,
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. VIII, Livr. 2-3
(1927) p. 293. Selangor: Kajang. Negri Sembilan
Seremban.
Vatica bella, van Slooten, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,
serie IIT; Vol. IX, Livr. 1-2 (1927) p.- 102) "Qohaees
Kluang.
STERCULIACEZ.
Sterculia alata, Roxb., Hort. Beng. 50; Pl. Coromand.
ili, 84, t.287; Hend., Gard. Bulletin Vol. IV, p. 411. Kelan-
tan. Perak. Negri Sembilan.
Sterculia Holttumii, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 471.
Trengganu: Pulau Kapas.
Sterculia microphylla, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 470. Perak: Kuala Kangsar. ,
Helicteres lanceolata, DC., Prod. i, 476; Hend., Gard.
Bulletin Vol. IV, p. 411. Pulau Langkawi.
BALSAMINACEZ.
Impatiens Foxworthyi, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, S.S.,
Vol. IV, p. 50. Limestone rocks, Kelantan-Pahang
boundary.
ILICACEZ.
Ilex nitens, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 471. Pahang:
Gunong Benom.
MYRTACEZ.
Eugenia ciliaris, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1928, p. 74.
Pulau Tioman.
Eugenia saxitana, Ridl. Kew Bulletin, 1928, p. 74.
Gunong Tahan.
MELASTOMACEE.
Allomorphia longisetosa, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 471. Johore: Gunong Panti.
Sonerila johorensis, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, §.S., Vol.
IV, p. 411. Johore: Gunong Panti.
Sonerila Whittyi, Hend., Jour. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc.
Vol. V, part 2, p. 262. Pahang: Cameron’s Highlands.
BEGONIACEZ.
Begonia tiomanensis, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1928, p. 73.
Pulau Tioman.
RUBIACEAE.
Argostemma nigrum, Hend., Jour. F.M.S. Museums,
Vol. XIII, part 4 (1927) p. 220. Pahang: Gunong Benom.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
95
Pomozota rivularis, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, S.S., Vol.
IV, p. 411. Johore: Gunong Muntahak.
COMPOSITE.
Eupatorium conyzoides, Vahl, Symb. Bot. iii, 96;
Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 412. Perak: Taiping.
MYRSINACEZE.
Ardisia benomensis, Hend., Jour. F.M.S. Museums,
Vol. XIII, part 4 (1927) p. 221. Pahang: Gunong Benom.
Ardisia viminea, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 472.
Selangor: Ulu Gombak.
SAPOTACEAE.
Palaquium calophyllum, Pierre in Burck, Ann. Jard.
Bot. Buitenzorg V (1886) 28; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2, p. 52. Pahang: Kuala
Lipis, cultivated.
Palaquium ferox, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925), p. 70; Lam, l.c.,
Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 401. Pahang: Temerloh.
Palaquium hispidum, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925) p
Lam, l.c., Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 400. Pulau Lang-
kawi. Upper Perak. Pahang. Negri Sembilan.
Palaquium macrocarpum, Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, V (1886) 32; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,
Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925) p. 79; Lam, l.c., Vol.
VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 408. Upper Perak. Negri Sem-
bilan.
Palaquium semaram, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925) p. 43; Lam,
l.c., Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 397. Pahang: Pontian.
Johore: Sungai Mersing.
Palaquium walsurifolium, Pierre ex Dubard, Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr., LVI (1909), Mem. 16, 22; Lam, Bull. ‘Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, Serie IIL, Vol. VIL Livr. 1-2 (1925) > p. TT;
Lam, l.c., Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 407. Negri Sembilan.
Payena lancifolia, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925) p. 147; Lam, l.c.,
Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 488. Pahang: Temerloh;
Fraser Hill.
Madhuca Dubardii, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925) p. 162; Lam,
l.c., Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 444. Selangor: Ayer
Hitam and Bukit Tunggal.
Madhuca ovata, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,
Serie III, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2 (1925) p. 170; Lam, l.c., Vol
VIII, Livr. 4 (1927) p. 451. Pahang: Temerloh.
Madhuca tubulosa, H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, Serie III, Vol. VIII, Livr. 4 (1927), p. 456. TORT,
Penyabong and Panti.
Vol. V. (19380).
96
OLEACEZ.
Jasminum cordatum, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. AT3.
Perak: Gunong Lanoh.
ASCLEPIADIACEZ.
Dischidia Fultonii, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, 8.8., Vol. IV, A
p. 51. Johore: Gunong Belumut. |
LOGANIACE2.
Fagraea speciosa, Blume, Rumphia ii, 35, t.81; Hend.,
Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 412. Pahang-Kelantan boun-
dary.
SCROPHULARIACEZ. 7
Herpestis floribunda, R.Br., Prod. 442; Hend., Gard.
Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 51. Kuala Trengganu.
GESNERACEA. :
Aeschynanthus Flippancei, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 473. Penang: Balik Pulau.
Didissandra_ breviflora, Ridi., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 474. Selangor: Ulu Gombak.
Didymocarpus lancifolia, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol.
IV, p. 52. Pahang: Raub.
Loxocarpus Holttumii, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV,
p. 412. Johore: Gunong Panti.
Loxocarpus papillosa, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV,
p. 538. Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi.
Paraboea Holttumii, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV,
p. 53. Johore: Gunong Belumut.
ACANTHACEZ.
Hemigraphis Ridleyi, Clark, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,
Vol. LXXIV, part II, p. 652, var nervosa, Hend., Gard.
Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 54. Pahang: Kuala Lipis.
Gymnostachyum hirtum, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 474. Perak: Kuala Kangsar.
Justicia trichodes, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 475.
Selangor: Seminyih.
VERBENACEZ.
Vitex Millsii, Hend., Jour. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc., Vol.
V, part 2, p. 262. Pahang: Cameron’s Highlands.
LABIATZ.
Hyptis capitata, Jacquin, Collecteana 1 (1786) 102;
Furtado, Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 415. Singapore.
PHYTOLACCACE.
Rivina humilis, Linn. Spec. Plant. (1753) 121;
Furtado, Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 415. Singapore.
POLYGONACEZ. 7
Polygonum malaicum, Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
zorg, Serie III, Vol. VIII, Livr. 2-3 (1927) p. 218; Hend.,
Jour. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc., Vol. V, part 2, p. 263. Main
Range.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.5.
97
NEPENTHACE2&.
Nepenthes alata, Blanco, Fl. Fil. ed.l, p. 805 (1837) ;
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. IX, Livr.
3-4 (1927-1928) p. 258. Pahang: Gunong Tahan.
Nepenthes Hookeriana, Lindl., Gardeners’ Chronicle,
1848, p. 47; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie II],
Vol. IX, Livr. 3-4, p. 309. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang
and Jurong.
Nepenthes laevis, Lindl., Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1848,
p. 655; Macfarlane, Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 468. Singapore:
Changi.
Nepenthes Reinwardtiana, Mig., Pl. Jungh., p. 168
(1852) ; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol.
IX, Livr. 3-4, p. 363. Pahang and Singapore.
Nepenthes trichocarpa, Miq., Fl. I, 1, p. 1072 (1858) ;
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Serie III, Vol. IX, Livr.
3—4, p. 389. Singapore: Changi.
LAURACEZ.
Beilschmiedia longipedicellata, Ridl., Kew Bulletin,
1926, p. 475. Selangor: Seminyih.
LORANTHACEZ.
Loranthus pekanensis, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, 8.S., Vol.
IV, p. 55. Pahang: Pekan.
EUPHORBIACEZ2.
Buxus malayana, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 475.
Perak: Gunong Lanch. f
Sauropus elegantissimus, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 476. Selangor: Ulu Gombak.
Galearia lancifolia, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926, p. 476.
Selangor: Klang Gates and Ulu Gombak.
Trigonostemon arboreus, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1928,
p. 75. Pulau Tioman.
ORCHIDACEZ.
Bulbophyilum cheiropetalum, Ridl., Kew Bulletin,
1926, p. 477. Kedah Peak.
Bulbophyllum Evansii, Hend., Jour. F.M.S. Museums,
Vol. XIII, part 4, p. 224. Pahang: Gunong Benom.
Bulbophyllum Hodgsoni, Hend., Jour. Mal. Br. Roy.
ean Vol. V, part 2, p. 273. Pahang: Cameron’s High-
ands.
Eria callosa, Hend., Jour. F.M.S. Museums, Vol. XIII,
part 4, p. 225. Pahang: Gunong Benom.
Eria rigida, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii, 183;
Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 414. Pahang: Chegar
Perah.
Eria Teysmanni, J. J. Smith, Bull. Dep. Agric. Indes
Neerl. xxii, 29; Hend., Gard. Bulletin, Vol. IV, p. 414.
Kelantan: Kuala Pertang.
Saccolabium macrantherum, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1926,
p. 478. Selangor: Ulu Gombak.
Vol. V. (1930).
a
ZINGIBERACE. ao
Alpinia Burkillii, Hend., Gard. Bulletin, SS, Vol
p. 55. Pahang: Kuantan Road. Negri Sembile
Hedychium paludosum, Hend., Jour. Mal.
Soc... Vol Vi. part 2, po Ai. Pahang: Cameron
lands.
DIOSCOREACEZ.
Dioscorea Owenii, Prain & Burkill, Kew Bulletin,
p. 638. Singapore, cultivated.
mad 7 iss.
hie :
°
ee
9
Bey.
a:
CYPERACEZ. ie :
Carex leucostachys, Ridl., Kew Bulletin, 1928, p. | =
Pulau Tioman. Py ae
GRAMINEZ.
Pollinia Hendersoni, Hubbard, Kew Bulletin, as .
p. 79; Hend., Jour. Mal. Br. Roy. As. poc., Vol. ¥;, Hams 2, 3
p. 276. Pahang: Cameron’s Highlands. a
M. R. HENDERSON.
+
~~
-
99
THE CHINESE MUSTARDS IN THE MALAY
PENINSULA.
a BY =
I. H: BURKILL, M.A., F.L.S.
In order to determine what scientific names ought to
be applied to the mustards which the Chinese have
brought into the Malay Peninsula, I asked Mr. R. E.
Holttum, Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements, to get
seed for me, and received from him nine samples, obtained
in Singapore, followed later by two more, sent at his
request from Penang by Mr. F. Flippance. I cultivated the
mustards in my own garden; and also they were grown for
me in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. My best thanks
are offered to Dr. A. W. Hill, the Director, for his service,
as well as to Mr. Holttum and to Mr. Flippance for the
seed.
The mustards were found to be:—
Brassica oleracea, Linn., var. acephala, a very preco-
cious kind of kale, called in malay “ sawi hijau tuah’”’, and
not differing in much from a race to which Professor L. H.
Bailey has given specific rank with the name B. albo-glabra.
Brassica juncea, Linn., var. rugosa, Prain, a race very
close to the race grown as “ pasai”’ in the Himalaya.
Brassica campestris, Linn., sub-species B. napus, Linn.,
var. dichotoma, Prain, a race very close to the “tori” of
India. And
Brassica campestris, Linn., sub-species B. chinensis,
Linn., vars. pekinensis and brassicata, which are peculiarly
chinese.
As far as my knowledge goes, Brassica nigra, Linn., the
Black mustard of Europe, is not among the species grown
in the Peninsula, B. juncea having been mistaken for it in
various writings.
To ascertain the right varietal names for use, has not
been easy. Under the International Rules of Nomen-
clature, the author of a variety can choose his name without
regard to priority, but it is always advisable that he should
use the oldest reasonable name, lest when someone by a
stroke of the pen raises that variety to the rank of a
species the adjective be changed. I have therefore gone
rather fully into the names which have been given to
eastern races of B. campestris and B. juncea.
The Malays cannot have known these mustards until
the Chinese brought them southward; and the Chinese as
far as it is possible to determine, have been the people who
by selecting the most precocious lines made them what they
are.
Vol. V. (1930).
100
When the Malays became acquainted with them they
named them “ sawi-sawi”’ or “‘ sesawi’’, and it is interest- —
ing to enquire why they were so called. ‘“ Sawi ayer” is
Ilysanthes antipoda, Merr., and so also is “‘ sawi tanah ”
“sawi enggang” and “‘sawi hutan” are Hyptis brevipes,
Poir.: “sawi pasir”’ is Artanema angustifolium, Benth.:
“sawi lemah” in Java is Nasturtium indicum, DC.: and
there too “ sawi rana”’ is Lactuca indica, Linn. All these
plants are herbs. The first is commonly used for poultic-
ing: the others may be used as green vegetables. Lactuca
indica is a Chinese importation into Malaysia, and is freely
grown for eating. The other three are collected wild to
add to other food, but are not often resorted to. Therefore
until another explanation is forthcoming, it is reasonable to
hold that on making acquaintance with these mustards in
Chinese cultivation, the Malays classified them as pot-herbs
of inferior value,—bastard—sawis; and ‘‘ sawi” was not
of much account.
The Chinese on the other hand set great store by them
in their own country, so that their markets are seasonally
full of them. In the Ying-yai Sheng-lan, which was com-
piled in China 1n 1416, it is recorded that the Chinese could
obtain them, or one of them, in Malacca (see Groenevelt
in Verhandl. Bataviaash Genootsch., 39, 1877, p. 125):
and if the statement is correct, it suggests that a Chinese
trading settlement was well established there, the Chinese
endeavouring to live their habitual lives; though the climate
of Malaya does not allow these mustards to produce seed in
an adequate way, and therefore at that time, as it is now,
a periodic import must have been necessary. We do not
know how long the seed retains its vitality in Malaya; but
the horticultural firm of Vilmorin-Andrieux and Co., who
have experimented with B. chinensis in France give to it
a life of five years (Les plantes potageres, 1904, p. 490) ; but
the age was an age of great trading activity on the part of
China, and the import of seed of the mustards from the
home-country would be easy; for the coming and going of
embassies alone, without additional trading voyages, would
seem to have been frequent enough to maintain the seed-
supply.
Any mustard, to be able to grow in Malaya must be of r:
a precocious race. 4
A cook maintains B. juncea to be as a vegetable inferior
to B. campestris and to B. oleracea, because in consequence
of the pungency which it possesses, it must be boiled twice,
—once and the water thrown away to carry off the pungent
taste, and a second time to complete the cooking.
campestris- chinensis, on the other hand is so free from
pungency that it may be eaten as a salad.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S. _
101
KEY BY WHICH THESE MUSTARDS MAY BE
DISTINGUISHED.
Flowers large and deep, as are those of the cabbage, pale
yellow or rarely white.............. B. oleracea
sawi hijau tuah
Flowers smaller, the claw of the petals about as long as
the blade, and scarcely as long as the calyx, colour
bright yellow:
Pods, the fertile part 3—4 cm. long and 1 cm. in circum-
ference, more or less upright towards maturity, and
in taste somewhat pungent:
Leaves at the base of the stem elliptic-ovate, not
auricled: stem leaves not auricled: height of the
Semi On OU CMM Oe ok SAS. B. juncea
sawi hitam
Leaves at the base of the stem lyrate, auricled: stem
leaves auricled: height of the plant about 30 cm.
Se settile CAPE ME ee ks a ttl ts B. campestris-napus
sawi bijl
Pods, the fertile part, 5—5.5 cm. long and about 1.5 cm.
in circumference, spreading outwards in consequence
of their weight at maturity: in taste mild
| NRE oo eee eaten eee Bhs S : 6 campestr is-chinensis
sawl puteh
Leaves thin like lettuce, slightly glaucous, those of the
basal rosette with the blade decurrent down the
broad greenish-white petiole sometimes to the
base or sometimes half way
PP ns yer var. pekinensis
sawi puteh daun besar
Leaves in life a little firmer, dark green, those of the
basal rosette with distinct petioles which are
white, and white veins run from them into the
ees .*, i ke var. brassicata
sawl puteh daun kechil
Petioles very distinct from the blade, pure white
entirely without wings, teeth or lobules: the
mid-stem-leaves also petioled, and only the top-
most sessile and auricled.......... purest race
Petioles absent from the mid-stem-leaves
Basal leaves with a lobule on each side of the
TN SE Re oe oi a less pure race
Basal leaves with a few teeth on the sides of the
petiole and this greenish
Rane Steen tek seams a Lace approaching
awe var. pekinensis
Brassica oleracea, Linn.
When the seed of the mustards was received, it was
evident by the size of the individual grains that “ sawi
hijau tuah”’ was different from the rest: and further its
Vol. V. (1930).
102
Chinese name —kakna— which was given alongside the
Malay name appeared more like a Japanese word than a
Chinese word. When grown it proved to be a very pre-
cocious kale, assignable like the European kales to the
variety acephala of B. oleracea.
It forms no rosette of leaves, but the early ones are
approximated and of gradually increasing size up to the
number (in my cultures) of 5—8. After their formation,
the flowering stem grew out, with stem-leaves rapidly
decreasing in size; and it flowered in a little more than two
months from sowing. The capsules ripened tardily, and
meanwhile from the larger leaves side-branches grew which
in autumn gave a second flowering. The flowers on every
plant but one were pale yellow, the exception having white
flowers. At maturity the pods were 5-6 cm. long, slightly
curved in the upper third and in section between elliptic
and diamond-shaped. The seeds were 2.5 mm. in diameter.
The Malay name seems to refer to the duration of the
leaves, or to the pods keeping green at seed-ripening.
The white-flowered plant agreed with the description
and figure which Professor L. H. Bailey gave in his Gentes
herbarum (part 2, 1922, p. 79) of his B. alboglabra, and I
cannot find any reason why the yellow-flowered plants
should be regarded as differing from it by more than racial
characters. I suggest therefore, that when it is wished to
carry differentiation so far, his white-flowered plant and
my pale yellow-flowered plant be considered as races of
subvar. albo-glabra. Professor Bailey had received his seed
from Canton and also from Nanking. ;
It is more than probable that this southern race,
cultivable in Malaya, exists in intermediate places: and
there is mentioned by Crevost and Lemarié (Bull. Econ.
Indo-chine, 23, 1921, p. 1483) a cabbage of Tonkin called
“ cay-lan ”’ which is sown in October and flowers in the end
of January, with, it seems, a possibly close relationship to
“ sawi hijau tuah.”
Brassica juncea, Coss. aut Czern.
““Sawi hitam ” proved to be the tallest of the Chinese
mustards. Seedlings produced a rosette of leaves on ger-
mination; and from the middle of this rosette the flowering
stem grew out with leaves of very much decreased size and
conspicuously different shape. The bright yellow flowers
appeared 6—8 weeks after sowing in spring crops; and the
inflorescences elongated so as to space these flowers con-
siderably. The capsules were carried in a nearly erect
position: they reached 3—4 cm. in length and in section
were elliptic. When the capsules of the first flowering
were ripening, short branches grew from the axils of the
lower stem-leaves, which branched again so as to produce
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
e
q
103
fascicles of flowering stems, which in April-sown plants
bore fruit rather unevenly in October. The pungency of
the plant has already been mentioned.
““Sawi hitam ”’ is very like the race of B. juncea grown
in the Himalaya under the name of “pasai.” This race
was described by Roxburgh as Sinapis rugosa (Flora Ind.
3, 1832, p. 122); and it seems right, considering “ pasai ”’
and “ sawi hitam” to be races of the same variety, to call
the latter Brassica juncea, var. rugosa, Prain.
The better to justify this I propose to give an account
of the attempts of botanists to understand B. juncea, that
out of it, we may try to find more or less permanent names
for the other varieties which can be recognised.
In the first place it is desirable to say how I under-
stand the species. Like B. nigra it is a pungent mustard;
for that reason it has not offered to man such great possi-
bilities as B. campestris; and has been less selected. It
is more nearly tropical than B. nigra, stands heat better
and is fairly drought-resistant. For backward agricultural
communities it offers the advantage over B. campestris of
being disliked, on account of its pungency, by various pests
which the communities do not control. It is an Old World
plant at home in the rather dry parts of North and Central
Africa, the Levant, the north of India and probably the
interior of China. Otto Kuntze (in Acta Hort. Petrop. 10,
1887, p. 164) stated it to be “nothing but a glabrous
cultivated and tropical form of B. arvensis, Rabenhr.” but
such a view is too extreme. It is a good species not difficult
to isolate. On the other hand it has a long synonymy
because its polymorphism has not been understood: and
this polymorphism has been due to selection of variations
by man. The African has done little in this direction, but
has used the plant considerably from wild sources or in a
nearly wild condition. Dr. A. Chevalier (in Bull. Soc.
d’Acclimatation, 1912, p. 67) records that it is eaten on the
Upper Niger: Hens upon the label of a plant collected in
the Congo, and Meller on the label of another collected on
the Zambesi, state that it is eaten: A. Braun (in Flora,
24, 1841, p. 267) mentions it as a local vegetable in
Abyssinia: and Muschler in his Flera of Egypt (1912,
p. 412) writes that it is eaten in that country. It is evident
that it reached the West Indies with Negro slaves from
Africa. It is also in Venezuela and in Brazil. It would
not have been carried across to the New World had it not
served some purpose, and evidently it was taken because it
was a vegetable. The Asiatics have had a much greater
effect upon the plant: they have selected food-races with a
convenient production of bunched leaves, and oil-races
grown for seed. And the further one goes east in Asia
the more is the selection evident. Russia in the end of the
Vol. V. (1930).
104
18th century adopted its cultivation as an oil crop, first in
the Saratov Government, and then in the Astrakan Govern-
ment, and also elsewhere in the southern parts of the
country. The agriculture was backward, and it was found
to be a crop which the marmots spared (Industries of
Russia, 3, 1893, p. 155). Western Europe in the course of ~
importing wheat, etc., during the nineteenth century and
since, has often received its seed from regions where B.
juncea is a crop or a weed, and it has sprung up as an
adventive plant about the ports. The islands to the east
and south of Asia have received it, not so much as an
adventive plant as by the bringing in of cultivated races.
The bringing of its seed by the Chinese to Malaysia has
already been mentioned. Perhaps the Hindu conquerors of ©
parts of Java took it to that island, which would be more
or less about 400 A.D. In 1830 Matthews collected it
“near the huts of natives” in the Friendly islands: and
thirty years later Seemann found it in Fiji, upon which he
thought Europeans had brought it; but then he mistook it
for B. nigra (Flora Vitiensis, 1865, p. 5).
When first described by Linnaeus as Sinapis juncea
it was said to be Chinese; but neither of those two excellent
pioneers, Thunberg and Loureiro, who worked in the East
immediately after Linnaeus’ time were able clearly to
recognise it: and in the following half century it obtained
a new name with each extension of known range, so that
the list is a long one. To clear the ground the names will
be given at once.
1753. Sinapis juncea, Linn. A “ chinese” race with pinna-
tifid lower leaves, which was grown in the Upsala
Botanic Garden from seeds sent by (?) J. G. Gmelin.
1784. Sinapis cernua, Thunb. only as regards the Japanese
name, and use.
1790. Sinapis chinensis, var., Lour., being two races which
Loureiro had found in Indo-China. These became
in 1812 S. chinensis var. integrifolia, Stokes.
1793. Sinapis integrifolia, Vahl, being the African plant
as it occurs frequently in the West Indies.
1803. Sinapis integrifolia, Willd., a plant grown in the
Berlin Botanic Garden, which was said to have come
from the East Indies.
1809. Sinapis campestris, Besser, or Brassica besseriana,
Andrzieowski ex Trautvetter in 1840, a plant with
fugaceous lower leaves, and obovate doubly dentate
stem leaves, which was first found on hills and in
fields near Cracow.
1810. Sinapis ramosa, Roxb., the “rai” cultivated in
Northern India. |
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
105
1821. Sinapis timoriana, DC., a plant of Timor with
characters such as the last possesses.
1821. Sinapis lanceolata, DC., the African race which has
been introduced into the West Indies.
1832. Sinapis patens, Roxb., a wild plant found in India,
which Sir David Prain regarded as a reversion from
“rai,” but is very like African plants.
1832. Sinapis rugosa, Roxb., the “‘ pasai ” of the Himalaya.
1832. Sinapis cuneifolia, Roxb., the “lahi sag” of the
Himalaya.
1841. Brassica carinata, A. Braun, a plant used as a
vegetable in Abyssinia.
1842. Brassica willdenowii, Boiss., a plant found at
Muscat, and thought by the author of the name to
be identical with Sinapis integrifolia, Willd.
1856. Brassica lanceolata, Lange, an adventive plant which
reached Denmark probably from the nearer East.
1857. Brassica dillenit, Touchy, an adventive plant which
reached southern France.
1898. Brassica dentata, Watt ex Prain, a race found in
north-eastern India and appearing as if poorly
grown Sinapis rugosa, Roxb.
1903. Brassica urbaniana, O. E. Schulz, the African race
which has been introduced into the West Indies.
It is necessary next to enquire into the origin of these
names, in order to know how to apply them to the varieties
of B. juncea.
This species was first described in the 17th century by
Sir Hans Sloane as Sinapi foliis subrotundis serratis semine
rufo. He figured a branch of it, and preserved two
imperfect specimens. He had obtained it in Jamaica: and
there is but little doubt that his name belongs to the
African race which is in the West Indies.
Tournefort next obtained it, and grew it in the Royal
Garden, Paris, handing it on to Hermann in Leiden, who
grew it too, and figured it (Paradisus batavus, 1698, p. 230,
t.230). In Sherrard’s Schola botanica, (1689, p. 81) it
appeared as Sinapi indicum maximum Lactucae folio and
also in Hermann’s Paradisus. Hermann’s figure distinctly
suggests the African race which is in the West Indies; and
the circumstance that Tournefort had journeyed to Lisbon
shortly before the name was bestowed, renders it possible
that he had obtained the seed from merchants who trafficked
between the Guinea coast and the West Indies via Lisbon.
In the third place the Upsala Botanic Garden obtained
it, apparently from Johann George Gmelin who was
employed at the time by the Russian Empress Catherine
Vol. V. (1930).
106
upon her survey of Siberia: but we do not find it mentioned
in his Flora Siberica. Linnaeus observed it between 1742
and 1748 in that Garden with the name Sinapi sinense,
Acanthi folio, a name which Boerhaave had used in his
Index alter to the plants cultivated in the Leiden Botanic
Garden in 1720. He stated it in his Hortus Upsalensis
(1748, p. 191), to be Chinese.
The foundation of Sinapis juncea in Linnaeus’ Species
Plantarum, 1753, (p. 668) is this plant which was grown
at Upsala; and a reference to Hermann’s figure was added.
In Linnaeus’ herbarium a specimen exists. It is not a
complete specimen, wanting sufficiently early leaves to show
exactly what they were like, and it was dried in its second
flowering.
I have already described how after the first flowering
new racemes appear in fascicles. Linnaeus observed them,
and chose the name “ juncea” on account of them. Two
detached leaves are upon the sheet, one with a few large
teeth, and the other obovate with a double serration.
Neither leaf is like those figured by Hermann, so that it is
a little surprising that Linnaeus referred to Hermann’s
figure as illustrating his Sinapis juncea. Hermann’s figure
moreover was not drawn from a plant in its second
flowering.
In 1753 Haller claimed to have S. juncea growing in
the Royal Gardens at Goettingen (Enum. plant. Hort. Reg.
Gottingensis, p. 250); and in 1757 Zinn claimed to have it
in the University Gardens of the same town (Cat. Hort.
Acad. Gottingensis, p. 332). In 1772 Jacauin figured it
(Hort. Vindob., 2, p. 80, t.171) from the Vienna Botanic
Garden. It is not impossible that the seed had been passed
from one garden to another, and that Jacquin’s plant
represents the race which Linnaeus had. Whether this was
the case, or was not, Jacquin’s figure seems to have become
for most botanists the prototype of the species, for which
purpose Linnaeus’ description was most inadequate.
But it was not the only race of the species then in
European gardens: Linnaeus himself obtained another at
an unrecorded date, of which he dried a specimen, and the
same race was in the garden of the London Society of
Apothecaries, who dried it too, dating their specimen 1759.
Linnaeus mislabelled his ‘“‘ chinensis’: then at a later date
(the ink differs) crossed “ chinensis ” out, and substituted
“ violacea.” He meant his Brassica violacea (Orycho-
phragma violacea, O. E. Schulz), which is quite a different
plant. The Society of Apothecaries called theirs Brassica
foliis infimis ovato-lanceolatis serrato-dentatis, summis
linearibus integerrimis. I have no knowledge whence this
race came,
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
107
In 1755 Linnaeus defined a Sinapis laevigata (Amoen.
Acad., 4, p. 281) ; which remains a doubtful species, and is
scarcely the Brassica laevigata, Lag. of the Spanish flora.
In 1769 the Society of Apothecaries dried another specimen
of B. juncea, differing from the last and this was labelled
Sinapis laevigata, Linn. Gouan, who was in charge of the
Garden at Montpellier at the end of the 18th century like-
wise applied this name to B. 7uncea.
Thus confusion commenced.
There is reason to think that Thunberg and Loureiro
met with B. juncea in the Far East, but confused it with
other species of Brassica. Thunberg, whose journey
occupied the years 1770 to 1779 recorded four mustards as
Japanese :—(1) a B. orientalis, used for oil-pressing which
was not Linnaeus’ species so named, 1.e., Conringia orien-
talis, Dum. (2) a S. ceruna to which he attached the
Japanese name “ takana,” (3) a S. japonica— karasi-na ”
and “ karas-na’’, (4) the turnip, —B. campestris, sub-
species B. rapa. Contining attention to the second, this
“taka-na”’ of the Japanese is B. juncea; but Thunberg’s
S. cernua is scarcely B. juncea and the result of attaching
a wrong vernacular name to what he had before him when
drawing up his description nas been that those who relied
on the name took one plant for S..cernua, while others from
the characters applied the name to another. He recorded
that the Dutch domiciled in Japan used S. cernua for a
condiment and in doing so he referred doubtless to ‘“ taka-
na.”
Loureiro who returned to Europe about the same time
as Thunberg, but after a much longer residence in the East,
published his Flora Cochinchinensis in 1790; and (pp. 399—
400) described the mustards of Tonkin as three:—(1) the
““ kiai tsai’”’ of the Chinese, or “ cai cu” of the Tonkinese,
which he called S. chinensis, with varieties called by the
Tonkinese “ cai sen’”’ and “‘ cai mo”; (2) S. pekinensis and
(3) S. brassicata. “Cai sen” and “ cai mo” are evidently
B. juncea, as Loureiro suggested, adding that they might
also be S..cernua, Thunb: the others are different cultivated
forms of B. campestris sub-species B. chinensis, which will
be dealt with later: but the name “chinensis’”’ demands a
paragraph.
Linnaeus had described a Brassica chinensis and a
Sinapis chinensis. The latter we now call B. tournefortii,
Gouan. It was said by Linnaeus to be Chinese, but in
error: he had received the plant from Arduino who was in
charge of the Public Garden in Padua, and Arduino had
figured it as Sinapis siliquis glabris subarticulatis divari-
catis, etc., in his Animadversiones botanicae (1759, fig. 10,
opposite p. 23). Linnaeus referred to this figure, and more-
over preserved a specimen which is in his herbarium.
Vol. V. (1930).
108 | ‘
These together prove beyond any doubt that Sinapis
chinensis is the Mediterranean B. tournefortit. Loureiro
when he had before him Brassica chinensis, made the error
of writing it down in his Flora as this Sinapis chinensis
which is B. tournefortu. In 1812 Stokes made matters
worse, for in his Botanical Materia Medica (8, p. 480) he
took Loureiro’s statement for a foundation, apparently
went to a little trouble in order to get to know Sinapis
chinensis, not only recognising that it was in cultivation at
Kew, but procuring a specimen for himself from Paris, and
then gave to Loureiro’s “cai sen” and ‘‘ cai mo” which
are B. juncea, the name of Sinapis chinensis, var. integri-
folia, showing clearly that he had not realised what they
are; for no botanist can reasonably hold them to be a
variety of B. tournefortii.
From Loureiro’s time to 1860 B. juncea received a
new name whenever its known range was extended. Vahl
commenced by applying the name S. integrifolia to a plant
which Hans West had brought from the island of Sainte
Croix in the West Indies: this name West published in his
Bidrag til Beskrivelse over Ste Croix (1793, p. 296) with a
reference to Sloane’s figure which Linnaeus had referred to
S. juncea, evidently holding it to differ from S. juncea.
Ten years later Willdenow figured (Hort. Berol., plate 14,
published in 1803, but dated wrongly) what he also called
Sinapis integrifolia, a mustard from the East Indies.
Schultes stated in his Observationes botanicae (1809,
p. 182) that this same S. integrifolia, Willd. had been sent
to him in Cracow by the Hungarian botanist, Kitaibel.
Besser, who was a professor at Chemnitz at that time,
visited Cracow, and found on the hills and in the fields near
the town a mustard which he regarded as a separate species
and described as S. campestris (Prim. Flor. Galic., 2, 1809,
p. 88) not intending to suggest any identity with B. cam-
pestris, Linn. Besser’s intimate friend Andrzieowski
proposed to rename it Brassica besseriana, but did not
publish this: he left in his herbarium a label which reads
“ Brass. Besseriana, Andrz. (Sinap. campestris, Bess. Prim.
Fl. Galic.),” and Besser left in his a label which reads
“ Sinapis campestris, mihi—Brassica, Andrz, —e Galicia.”
Besser’s label at Kew is unfortunately attached to a wrong
plant. If no type of his can be found, Andrzieowski’s plant
will serve. Trautvetter described it in 1860 (Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mosc. 33, pt. 1, p. 1385). Russian botanists attach
the name to plants very like that which Jacquin figured, but
also to rather unlike plants,—all however B. juncea.
Roxburgh was responsible for three synonyms, by
giving specific rank to varieties which he found cultivated in
India, and studied alive in the Honourable East India Com-
pany’s Botanic Garden at Calcutta. One of these was S.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
109
ramosa, a form grown for oil. Fleming published a short
description of it from Roxburgh’s pen in 1810 (As. Res.
11, p. 179). The other two forms were vegetables of the
Himalaya, which Buchanan-Hamilton had met with, and
seed of which he had procured for Roxburgh. In Rox-
burgh’s Hortus Bengalensis (1814, p. 48) they are named
S. rugosa and S. cuneifolia, and are described in his Flora
Indica (3, 1832, pp. 119-124). He described also a wild
S. patens which has characters like the common African
form.
At the end of the 18th century a French exploring
expedition had visited the island of Timor and B. juncea
was collected there. The specimen became the type of S.
timoriana, A.-P. de Candolle describing it in his Regni-
Vegetabilis Systema (2, 1821, p. 616) and Delessert figur-
ing it in his cones selectae (2, 1823, t.88). Apparently no
lower leaves were collected: but Forbes collected B. juncea
again in Timor during the last century, and as far as it is
possible to judge, S. timoriana scarcely differs from the
‘rat. of India.
A.-P. de Candolle was responsible also for making a
new species out of the West Indian plant which Hans West
had obtained, calling it S. lanceolata (op. cit. p. 611). He
added two localities, and suggested that Willdenow was
responsible for the name “ integrifolia.”
Exploration in Africa added the next names.
Schimper’s long sojourn in Abyssinia from 1836 forwards,
resulted in the sending of seeds to several Botanic Gardens;
and from him the Garden at Carlsruhe received a race of
B. juncea, which when grown served for the description of
B. carinata by A. Braun (Flora, 24: 1841, p. 267). Braun
quoted Schimper as stating that the leaves made a vegetable,
and remarked that the yield was small; but probably his
crop was not grown under the best conditions.
From 1839 to 1843 France had a mission in the same
country, and Quartin-Dillon, who was a member of it, sent
seed to Montpellier, where Raffenaau-Delile, who was
Professor, grew plants which he named B. dillon; but
he did not publish the name as he seems to have
realised that he was forestalled by A. Braun with the
name B. carinata (teste Thellung in Verhandl, bot. Vereins
Brandenburg, 50, 1908, p. 154). But Touchy (in Bull. Soc.
Bot. France, 4, 1857, p. 627) on finding B. juncea as an
adventive plant near Montpellier and identifying it with
B. dillonti, published his observation, inadvertently under
the name B. dillenii. However, Abyssinia is an unlikely
source for an adventive plant near Montpellier, and pro-
bably B. dillentt is not the same variety of race as B.
dillon. eB:
Vol. V. (1930).
110
Boissier in 1842, with a Muscat specimen before him,
collected by Aucher, gave the name B. willdenowii to it,
intending to indicate that he was dealing with S. integri-
folia, Willd. (Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, 17, p. 88).
In 1856 Steven in his Verzetchniss der auf der Tauris-
chen Halbinsel wildwachsenden Pflanzen (p. 73) gave the
name B. laevigata to a plant which he had found, and
suspected of being S. laevigata, DC. This plant may be B.
juncea; but the Fedschenkos in their Flora of Russia in
Europe (1910, p. 463) question its status.
Lange, who had met with B. juncea as an adventive
plant in Denmark, misnamed it B. richerw in the first —
edition of his Haandbog 1 den Danske Flora (1851, p. 338),
and in the second (1856, p. 447) took for it the name B.
lanceolata, and as such figured it in Oeder’s Flora Danica
(15, t.2658). An examination of this figure suggests that
it was a race from the Near East, and not the West Indian
plant which DeCandolle had called S. lanceolata, the identity
of the specific names being an accident.
In 1856 Cosson dealing with an adventive plant found
near Montpellier (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 6, p. 609) and
Czerniaew listing the plants of Charkow in Russia (Consp.
plant. Charkow., p. 8) independently proposed to transfer
S. juncea to Brassica, with the name B. juncea. No one
knows which author published first, and it is right to quote
it as Brassica juncea, Coss. aut Czern.
The next event in the history of our species, was the
recognition of its polymorphy by Hooker and Thomson
(Journ. Linn. Soc. 5, 1861, p. 170), and the reduction of
nine of its synonyms to eight correctly. Since then only
two new names have been proposed,—B. dentata, Watt, and
B. urbaniana, O. E. Schulz.
B. dentata was founded upon depauperate plants
gathered in Manipur, which as Sir David Prain has shown
(Bull. No. 4, Dep. Land-Records and Agriculture, Bengal,
1898, p. 13) have all the characters that one would expect,
should such a vegetable as the “ pasai’”’ run wild.
B. urbaniana as first described (O. E. Schulz in Urban’s
Symbol. Antill. 3, 1903, p. 511) on Hggers 5141 from
Cuba, is the West Indian form of B. juncea, which Vahl
called S. integrifolia and DeCandolle S. lanceolata. The
second specimen cited (Buch from Haiti) I have not seen.
As a synonym Sinapis chinensis, Linn. was quoted. Thel-
lung followed, and because Sinapis sinensis, J. F. Gmelip
(Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, II-2, 1791, p. 989) is, and Sinapis
tenella, Moench (Meth. 1794, p. 253) is supposed to be S.
chinensis, Linn., logically added these. But he evidently
was in some doubt. Dr. O. E. Schulz, returning to the
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
111
subject, in 1919 (in Engler’s Pflanzenreich, Cruciferae-
Brassiceae, iv-105, p. 59), absorbed Thellung’s work, and
added to the species a Chinese plant which Fauvel had
collected at Chefoo, citing Franchet. But neither the
names S. chinensis, Linn., S. sinensis, J. F. Gmelin, nor S.
tenella, Moench (presumedly), nor Fauvel’s plant belong to
B. urbaniana; for the first two names. belong to B. tourne-
fortii, and if Franchet is correct in identifying Fauvel’s
plant with the Japanese mizu-na, it is what Professor L. H.
Bailey has named B. nipposinica. Professor Bailey has
come near to dissociating Sinapis chinensis, Linn. from the
species in confusion with it, but has not been able quite to
reach the end (Gentes herb., pt. 2, 1922, p. 93).
It is necessary next to return to Thunberg’s S. cernua,
and the plant which is called “ taka-na” by the Japanese.
The tallest mustard in the fields in Japan is it—(taka
means tall) ; it is also known as “ o-garashi”’ (“‘o”’ meaning
big, to distinguish it from other mustards which are called
karachi). It is a race of B. jwncea not answering to Thun-
berg’s description of S. cernua, but certain Japanese
botanists relying on the vernacular name have applied B.
cernua to it. Siebold without doubt intended it by his
name Sinapis chinensis, var. takana (Verhandl. Bataviaash
Genootsch. 12, 1830, p. 52). On the other hand it is
scarcely possible from his paper just quoted to be sure
what he meant by S. chinensis var. karasi. Miquel (in Ann.
Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat., 2, 1865, p. 75) apparently used the
name S. integrifolia, Willd. to cover ‘ taka-na’”’, but he
called it “‘ karasi.”” His S. cernua was another plant, like-
wise “ karasi’”’, but with a second vernacular name which
he mis-spelled as sjakosi lakano. Hemsley thought that he
detected S. cernua in specimens distributed from St. Peters-
burg as of a cultivated plant raised in Pekin by a Russian
collector named Skatschkoff; but it is a short-podded plant
which he had, the pods with few seeds like B. alba; there-
fore his B. cernua (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23, 1886, p. 47)
is the third of this name. Further B. juncea in another
variety is B. cernua, var. chirimenna, Makino, in the 1912
edition of the Somoku Dusetzu.
Thunberg’s S. japonica has been taken, now for one
species, now for another. Miquel (loc. cit.) thought it
perhaps S. chinensis, Linn. Franchet and Savatier (Enum.
plant. Jap. 1, 1875, p. 38) stated it to be this species: Siebold
thought he recognised it and sent seed to Leiden, but
excluded it from his paper which has been quoted (see
Miquel, in loc. cit. p. 74) :—Dr. O. E. Schulz has made it
into B. nigra, var. japonica: and Professor L. H. Bailey
into B. juncea, var. japonica.
B. japonica, Makino, in his edition of the Somoku
Dusetzu 1912, 12, plate 33, is not intended to be the same
plant, but is B. nipposinica, L. H. Bailey.
Vol. V. (1930).
112
This completes the assembling of the specific names
which have been given to B. juncea: and it is time to
suggest which should be retained and used varietally.
Certainly the first thing in doing this is to determine
the primitive B. juncea on which man worked to obtain his
cultivated forms. Is it possible to do so?—not quite satis-
factorily. But it is possible to set aside the races which are
the more highly selected, e.g., the leaf-yielding races, and
the oil-seed races.
Sir David Prain in his account of the Indian mustards
in the Bulletin No. 4 of the Department of Land Records
and Agriculture, Bengal, p. 47, divided B. juncea sensu
latissimo, into two subspecies:—subsp. B. juncea in a
narrower sense, with varieties based on S. patens, Roxb.
and S. ramosa, Roxb. and subsp. B. rugosa, with varieties
based on B. dentata, Watt, S. rugosa, Roxb., and S. cunet-
folia, Roxb. This scheme is logical if S. patens be regarded
as derived by reversion from S. ramosa. But to my mind
it is too like the wide-spread and often (if not usually) wild
plant of tropical Africa, for such a view to be fully accept-
able. Alternatively then it is primitive, and if so may be
held to be as nearly related to the three forms which are
put together in the subspecies B. rugosa, Prain, as to the
variety based on S. ramosa (1.e., var. oleifera, Prain). I
accept the alternative and abandon the subspecies.
Thellung in the Verhandlungen des _ botanischen
Vereins der Provinz Brandenburg, 50, 1908, p. 152 divided
B. guncea into three subspecies, (1) eu-juncea, (2) integri-
folia and (8) urbaniana. In as much as the third is more
or less S. patens, the scheme merits consideration; but the
definitions given will not meet the case, as his character
derived upon the quantity of hair present runs quite counter
to the character based on duration of the lower leaves, which
undoubtedly is a good one. It is interesting that on p. 158
Thellung showed an uncertainty regarding B. urbaniana,
which was due to a partial detection of the errors which, as
has been explained, had got into its synonymy: he suggested
its right to be called a species.
Dr. O. E. Schulz in Engler’s Pflanzenreich, tom. cit.
takes Thellung’s subspecies for species, and adds a fourth
as B. cernua. He abandons Thellung’s use of the hairs as
a diagnostic character, substituting one upon the size of the
fertile and the sterile parts of the siliques. Of his B.
integrifolia, (based on S. integrifolia, Willd. not of Vahl),
which is intended to be the same as B. rugosa, Prain, he
has two varieties:—var. carinata founded on B. carinata,
A. Braun, and var. timoriana which is not S. timoriana,
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
113
DC., but the result of growing to seed a mustard in a
climate where seeding is almost impossible for it.* His
B. cernua is B. juncea with crisped leaves.
Professor L. H. Bailey retains B. juncea and B. integri-
folia as species, and places the plant which is B. cernua,
O. E. Schulz in B. jwncea, as var. japonica. He describes
a var. crispifolia, connecting the last named with more
typical B. juncea, and a var. multisecta, which is further
away from more typical B. juncea than var. japonica.
All these botanists however, agree in making the out-
line of the leaf a character by which they partition B.
juncea,—the first two into subspecies; the latter two into
species.
Species I cannot recognise in it: subspecies I mistrust,
for surely where man has selected for leaf-characters and
where gradations are easily observable, the differences, un-
supported as they are by other characters, have not sub-
specific values. It is better to define a number of varieties.
But we ought to seek to establish them on living material
and not upon herbarium specimens. At present I group
upon the names thus :—
(a) leaves rather small, elliptic-obovate, with even
serrations, differing in size over the lower half of the stem, ©
and disappearing from the base early. This is presumedly
Sloane’s plant, and S. integrifolia, Vahl. Itis S. lanceolata,
DC., S. patens, Roxb., B. juncea, var. agrestis, Prain, and
B. urbaniana, O. E. Schulz. B. carinata, A. Braun (B.
integrifolia var. carinata, O. EK. Schulz) may belong here,
but approaches (c) below.
(b) selected by man for large and relatively persistent
lower leaves. Here apparently belong these names:—S.
cernua, Thunb. only as regards the Japanese name, and S.
chinensis, var., Lour. and S. chinensis, var. integrifolia,
Stokes. The following certainly belong :—S. integrifolia,
Willd., S. rugosa, Roxb., S. cuneifolia, Roxb., B. dentata,
Watt, B. rugosa, Prain, and B. juncea, subsp. B. integri-
folia, Thellung.
(c) selected by man for seed-production, under crop-
conditions, where the proximity of one plant to another
demands leafage raised from the ground towards the light.
To this belong S. juncea, Linn., S. campestris, Besser, B.
besseriana, Andrz, S. ramosa, Roxb., S. timoriana, DC., B.
lanceolata, Lange, B. juncea, var. oleifera, Prain, B. 7uncea,
subspecies eu-juncea, Thellung, B. juncea, O. E. Schulz: and
the following probably belong:—B. integrifolia, var.
* Mr. Flippance in his cultivation of the Chinese mustards at
my request upon the top of Government Hill, Penang, produced a
form, corresponding to B. integrifolia, var. timoriana, O. E. Schulz,
with one-or rarely two-seeded pods.
- Vol. V. (1930).
114
timoriana, O. E. Schulz, and B. dillenii, Touchy. The
largest leaves of these plants are at least pinnatipartite
above with lobules on the petiole.
(d) selected by man for crisped and cut leaves. The
following names belong:—B. juncea var. chirimenna,
Makino, B. cernua, O. E. Schulz, (excluding citations), B.
nigra, var. japonica, O. E. Schulz, B. juncea, var. crispi-
folia, var. japonica, and var. multisecta, L. H. Bailey.
For a better understanding almost all of them require
cultivation alongside each other.
Brassica campestris, Linn. subspecies B. napus, Linn.
“Sawi biji’”’ in my cultures proved to be the most pre-
cocious of all the Chinese mustards grown. On a light soil
in spring it flowered at the age of one month with the
cotyledons still alive at the base of the stem, though becom-
ing yellow. Sown on better soil and later in the year it
took a slightly longer time to reach flowering. The leaves
did not form a rosette, and were so scanty that a very large
number of plants were required to make a boiling. Plants
on good soil branched freely from the lower leaf-axils and
grew to about 30 cm., before flowers opened. The in-
florescences elongated during flowering so as to keep the
buds well above the open flowers, but the rate of elongation
was much less pronounced than in “sawi hitam ’’,—B.
juncea. At the base of the leaf an auricle clasps the stem,
and a very few hairs were present on the leaves.
This Chinese mustard agrees closely with the Indian
“tori’”’, which is Brassica campestris-napus, var. dicho-
toma: and which is well described in Sir David Prain’s
account of the Bengal mustards (p. 37). He points out
that ‘‘ tori’ represents in India the summer rape of Europe.
A second flowering did not occur.
Brassica campestris, Linn. subspecies B. chinensis, Linn.
All the mustards which a Malay may eall ‘“ sawi
puteh ”, that is, white mustard, belong to this subspecies;
but as some are more conspicuously white than others, at
times sawi puteh may be used for the whitest only. There
is a Chinese name—‘“ pai kiai’’—with exactly the same
meaning and application.
In the year 1751 Osbeck visited Canton, and recorded
in his Dagbok ofver en Ostindisk Resa under the date
September 2nd* that none of the cabbages which his ship
obtained from the shore were headed, which made him to
wonder if climate prevented them from heading. He
brought seed to Europe and Linnaeus described B. chinensis
(Amoen. Acad., 1755, p. 280) upon plants raised from it.
* P.177 of the English edition of 1771.
Gardens Bulletin, $.S.
115
Linnaeus preserved a specimen which is still in his her-
barium, and is undoubtedly genuine. It is ill-grown, and
only just at its flowering, but it suffices for establishing the
subspecies.
Jesuit missionaries were resident in Pekin at this time,
and, as J. C. Hebenstreit tells us (Nov. Comment. Acad.
Sci. Imp. Petrop., 8, for the years 1760-61, 1763, p. 331),
were in the habit of sending to their friends in Europe
seeds of such plants as they found interesting. From them
he received in 1756 seed of a mustard which produced
plentiful radical leaves so bunched that an observer would
regard it at first as a lettuce: out of the midst of these
leaves in due time a flowering stem grew with amplexicaul
leaves on it. The radical leaves exceeded a foot in length
by half a foot in width, and were oblong or obovate, un-
dulate or toothed along the margins: the midrib was white
on the inner side, an inch wide at the base, and from it
white nerves branched into the lamina. The flowering stem
attained two feet.
In 1768 Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 3, p. 231) des-
cribed S. brassicata, without giving any indication of the
origin of his seed except to state that the plant was Chinese.
Its leaves had white veins, and they were bunched as those
of a lettuce. It is probable that this S. brassicata was
defined after correspondence with Hebenstreit, and came
- from Hebenstreit’s seed. The name “ brassicata’”’ referred
to the bunching of the leaves, and is in contrast to “ juncea.”’
Of this species there is no specimen in Linnaeus’ herbarium.
S. brassicata can now be shewn to be conspecific with
B. chinensis.
In 1790, as already mentioned, Loureiro attempted to
define three species of mustard, confusing B. juncea, with
B. chinensis to a certain degree. His other two were S.
brassicata, Linn. and S. pekinensis,—a new species. He
described S. brassicata as having the petioles of the lower
leaves, shining, long, curved and very white; and there is
no reason to consider him mistaken in the application of
the name. He described S. pekinensis as having the lower
leaves turbinate-ovate, serrate-runcinate, crisped, their
petioles more or less flattened, broad, yellowish, very thin,
sulcate, subamplexicaul. Professor Bailey has identified S.
pekinensis with a Chinese mustard now becoming popular
as a vegetable in the north-eastern of the United States:
and I completely endorse his identification. He calls it B.
pekinensis; but to me it is no more than a variety of B.
campestris subsp. B. chinensis; as is S. brassicata.
Loureiro’s S. chinensis, excluding the varieties which
have been dealt with under B. juncea, seems to have been
some race of B. campestris-chinensis inferior in Tonkin as
Vol. V. (1930).
116 | ——
i 77
a vegetable, for he states that it was less eaten. Only .
botanist able to study the mustards now grown in Tonkin
within the country itself, is likely to be able to clear up 2
this point.
I have arrived at the conclusion that B. campestris-
chinensis, var. pekinensis differs from B. campestris-
chinensis var. brassicata thus :—
radical leaf obovate finely and doubly serrate, its
midrib broad greenish and gradually widened
downwards into the broad greenish petiole if one
is present, or to the base; lamina very thin, lettuce
ep eee A pekinensis
radical leaf with a blade very broadly obovate or
even circular, its white midrib abruptly widened
and passing into the white fleshy petiole, which
may be markedly curved at the base: white nerves
run into the lamina ............... brassicata
Between these two are gradations, showing that it is
impossible to regard them as species,—gradations which of
course Linnaeus did not know: but I suspect that Heben-
streit had no pure strain, from his remarks upon it.
Unfortunately there exists no specimen to which reference
can be made.
Linnaeus’ specimen of B. chinensis is, as said, a badly
grown individual: but it seems to be one of the inter-
mediates between S. brassicata and S. pekinensis, though
nearer to the former than the latter. This observation
leads to a thought that however impure Hebenstreit’s seed
was, Linnaeus had received and used for his S. brassicata
only the extreme and most distinct form from it. That
Linnaeus put the one into Brassica and the other into
Sinapis would be astonishing, were it not obvious that he
was not precise in describing the flowers of either species.
Loureiro introduced his S. pekinensis into Portugal,
but it did not thrive. What happened to Linnaeus’ or
Hebenstreit’s S. brassicata is unrecorded: perhaps it was
soon lost. However, we find Gouan to have possessed in
the Montpellier Garden what he regarded as S. brassicata.
Roxburgh procured it afresh from China, and left a descrip-
tion of it in his Flora Indica, as well as a figure which was
reproduced by Sir David Prain as plate 10 in his account
of the mustards of Bengal. Roxburgh’s plant appears to
have been something a little short of the most highly
selected strain.
After this date we lose sight of both species for a time.
Siebold probably knew S. pekinensis in Japan, and called it
B. saruna,—at least the Japanese name suggests this,
though Siebold’s remark of it “ad oleum exprimendum
- | Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
117
rarius culta” is not re-assuring. Grisebach and writers
who followed him in work upon the flora of the West Indies
misapplied the name “ brassicata”’ to B. juncea.
About 1845 the firm of Vilmorin-Andrieux and Co.
obtained seed of S. pekinensis and S. brassicata from China
and experimented with these plants in France. Out of the
former they selected a pure line culture and put it upon the
market. The latter they abandoned after some time.
Specimens and figures suggest that they had not received
the most modified form of it; but that they had more than
one strain. S. pekinensis is figured in their Plantes
potageres (1904, p. 491). M. D. Bois has re-introduced
into France one such mustard in recent years.
Professor Bailey has found S. pekinensis to be grown
not uncommonly in the north-east of the United States, and
has cultivated S. brassicata from Chinese seed, but not
recognised it as such. Instead he has described it as B.
parachinensis (Gentes herbarum, 1922, p. 102), and has
suggested that S. brassicata, Linn. should be referred to his
restricted B. chinensis—a race which he received from
China as “yu ts’ai” yields the best and most fragrant
mustard oil which is extracted in that country: so that it is
now necessary for botanists in China to isolate this race,
and tell us in what measure it is a salad or vegetable
mustard, and in what measure it serves as an oil seed.
Linnaeus’ B. chinensis undoubtedly was a salad mustard.
Professor Bailey admits that he ascribes the name B.
chinensis (using it in a very restricted way) to this “ yu
ts’ai’’ with hesitation because he is uncertain what Lin-
naeus meant by the name.
Considering B. chinensis, Linn. as probably inter-
mediate between the marked extremes of var. pekinensis
and var. brassicata, but that certainty cannot be obtained,
it seems to me well to use these names as varietal. My
intermediates are sufficiently characterised in the key on
p. 101 above.
Vol. V. (1930).
118
COSMOS IN THE EAST.
In 1791 Antonio Jose Cavanilles established the genus
Cosmos by a description and figure from life of C. bipinna-
tus (Icones et descript. plant., 1, p. 9, pl. 14) which had
been brought into cultivation in the Royal Garden, Madrid,
in 1789, by means of seed received from Mexico. On a
later page of the same work he added to the genus C.
sulphureus (p. 56, pl. 79), which was also in cultivation in
the Royal Garden from Mexican seed; but in describing it,
he failed to give the date of its introduction. It is very
curious that within a few years his contemporary N. J.
Jacquin described both these plants anew as species of
Coreopsis and figured them from plants cultivated in
Vienna, yet neither in exactly the same form as Cavanilles
had. C. sulphureus was Jacquin’s Coreopsis artemisiae-
folia (Icones plant. rar 3, p. 16 pl. 595, date of the plate
uncertain but towards if not in 1793), and C. bipinnatus
Jacquin’s Coreopsis parviflora (Plant. rar. Horti Schoen-
brunnensis, 3, p. 65 pl. 374, 1798). Jacquin in his Collecta-
nea (Suppl. 1796, p. 155) added that the first came from
Mexico: the origin of the second he gave as unknown. His
coloured figure of the first shows its ray florets to be orange
in colour instead of sulphur; his description calling them
fulvous. His description and figure of the second shows a
small-headed state of C. bipinnatus which is well-known
now as a wild plant. Persoon in 1807 renamed it Cosmos
parviflorus.
In 1820 six new species were ascribed to the genus by
Humboldt, Bonpland with Kunth (Nova species et genera,
4, pp. 239-242) from herbarium material, one being C.
caudatus. The others have not been brought to the East
and do not interest us. Unlike C. bipinnatus and C. sul-
phureus, C. caudatus has never come into cultivation in
Europe; whereas those from the time when Cavanilles first
examined them, have never gone out of cultivation, as is
easily realised on an examination of the numerous
catalogues of Botanic Gardens which the first half of the
last century produced. Selection work was commenced;
and in A. P. de Candolle’s Catalogus Horti Botanici Mon-
spelensis, 1818, p. 21, of C. bipinnatus there were already
two varieties, one purple and the other pale-flowered. The
small-headed C. bipinnatus var parviflorus after a time
disappeared from catalogues.
Both C. bipinnatus and C. sulphureus found their way
to India, the second it seems much more in the sulphur |
yellow race than in the orange race (see for instance
Voigt’s Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis, 1845, p. 416) and
it has run wild existing now in places very remote from
European stations. But as evidence for the orange-
flowered plant having been in India in the first half of the
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
119
last century, there is a specimen preserved by Wight, with-
out further information than “flores rubri.” It was
probably taken from a garden.
C. caudatus has been mentioned as a species which has
never been taken to European gardens; but as Merrill
shows, it reached the Philippine islands direct from America
by Spanish agency (Flora of Manila, 1912, p. 478). It is
now found up and down the East. It is, for instance,
widely distributed in the Philippines, and common as a
weed about Manila where it flowers all the year round.
Specimens of it have been seen from Amboina, north
Borneo, and western Sumatra. Koorders (Excursionsflora
Java, 3, 1912, p. 339) states that it sometimes runs wild in
Java. It is cultivated by the Malays, and the Siamese,
persisting about abandoned gardens, is in Burma, in
northern India, in Mauritius and in the Seychelles.
Apparently it has reached these places by transport west-
wards.
Merrill expresses an opinion (Enum. Philipp. plants 8,
1923, p. 614), that C. sulphureus also has been brought into
the Philippines direct from America, but at a later date
than C. caudatus; and he gives for it only one local name—
the Spanish name “ amarillo”’ meaning marygold, where he
has several vernacular names for the old established C.
caudatus, two at least referring to its rough snouted adher-
ing fruits. It if very probable that he is right; but all the
C. sulphureus in India apparently arrived via Europe,
unless Wight’s plant had another history.
In 1895 a very brilliant orange-flowered race was
introduced from Mexico into the United States, and sub-
-sequently put upon the market under the name “ Klondyke.”’
This new introduction which is described in Garden and
Forest, 8, 1895 p. 484 has brought into many lands a strik-
ing flower. It is spreading rapidly and has already run
wild in the neighbourhood of some of the southern Chinese
towns. When Wilhelm Miller stated (in Bailey’s Standard
Cyclopaedia of Horticulture. 2, 1914, article Cosmos, p. 862)
that C. sulphureus was an introduction of 1896, he was
referring to this race and had overlooked the century-and-
a-quarter old introduction into Spain.
In 1918 Safford connected C. sulphureus with the
xochipalli or paint-plant of the Aztecs of Mexico (Journ.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 8, p. 613). Hernandez, the physician sent
by Philip II of Spain to Mexico to collect information on
economic plants, had described it in 1570 as then well-
known to everybody: its flower moderately hot, of an
agreeable odour and taste, comforting the heart, curing
maladies of the womb and ulcers, especially such as appear
in the mouth, giving a yellow dye for wool, and a paint for
Vol. V. (1930).
120
images, which in a certain measure approached red; for
making the paint the flowers were boiled in water with
alkali and the juice expressed and strained. Hernandez
figured the xochipalli plant and in the figure Safford
recognised C. sulphureus: then he took the juice of flowers
of C. sulphureus, and found that alkali does intensify the
colour. It is now desirable that some one should ascertain
if the sulphur-coloured C. sulphureus is a race deficient in
alkali or deficient in dye. Either is possible: and interest-
ing experiments in genetics suggest themselves.
No writer has as yet recorded that C. sulphureus is
used for dyeing in the East; and if, as Merrill suggests, the
Spaniards at a relatively late date introduced it into the
Philippines, probably, just as the British did in India, they
took it as an ornamental plant, its tinctorial uses being
entirely forgotten. It was otherwise with C. caudatus.
That species the Spaniards carried across the Pacific
because it served on board ship as a vegetable. They
carried it, just as they carried Amaranthus spinosus and
Opuntia monacantha. The last named is no longer eaten;
but the Amaranth is; and under the name “ ulam rajah”
the Malays eat the Cosmos.
I. H. BURKILL.
CEDRELA IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.
Upon two occasions, and two only, mature Cedrela has
been collected in the Malay Peninsula. Both were in 1886.
In January of that year Sir George King’s collector,
Herman Kunstler, found a fruiting tree (his 10403) in a
locality recorded as Ulu Bubong,—an unidentified valley
apparently not far from the village of Kerling in north-
eastern Selangor: and in May Charles Curtis obtained
specimens of a flowering tree (his 826) upon Government
Hill, Penang.
Kunstler’s label states that his tree was 100 ft. high
with a trunk 2-3 feet in diameter and with spreading
branches. It stood in dense mixed forest at 400—600 feet
above sea-level. Curtis’ label gives the locality of his tree
as close to the bungalow on Government hill at 2,500 feet,
above sea-level; and the tree was 70—80 feet high, very
large and spreading.
Gamble (Man. Ind. Timbers, 1922, p. 158) records that
the average height of trees of a plantation of Cedrela toona
in Assam 22 years old was 63 feet; and as Cedrelas grow
fast it is not necessary to allow a greater age than 50
years to those which Kunstler and Curtis found.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
4
:
121
Both specimens were referred to C. febrifuga, Blume,
by King (Journ. As. Soc.. Bengal, 64-2, 1895, p. 89) and
Mr. Ridley has followed him (Flora Mal. Penins. 1, 1922,
p. 415). But Casimir de Candolle in 1908 determined
Curtis 826, (as represented in the herbarium of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta—namely by a specimen examined
by King.) to be C. toona, var. pilistaminea (Rec. Bot. Sur-
vey, Ind., 3, 1908, p. 366). In the same publication he
quoted King as authority for the occurrence of C. febrifuga
in Penang; that is to say he inadvertently called Curtis’
specimen by both names.
There are four species of Cedrela which so occur in
nature that to find them alive in Malaya would not be a
matter of surprise.
They are:—
Cedrela toona, Roxburgh ex Rottler in Ges. Natur-
forsch. Freunde. Neue Scriften, 4, 1803, p. 198 (little more
than the name) and Plantae Coromand., 3, 1819, p. 34.
Cedrela sureni: Swietenia surenit, Blume, Cat. Gewas-
sen Buitenzorg, 1823, p. 72: Cedrela febrifuga, Blume,
Bijdrage, 4, 1825, p. 180.
Cedrela sinensis, A. L. de Jussieu in Mem. Mus. Paris,
19, 1830, p. 255.
Cedrela serrata, Royle, Illustr. Flora Himalaya, 1839,
p. 44, pl. 25.
C. toona is the very valuable Toon tree of the forests
of India. It is found in the Himalaya up to 4,000 feet, and
southwards in the hills of the Peninsula, on the one hand,
and on the other through Chittagong to Burma and to the
hills in the north of Siam, south of which in a wild state
it ceases apparently to grow, but re-appears in northern
Australia in a curious way.
C. serrata is another Himalaya tree, growing up to 800
feet and extending to Manipur and northern Burma.
C. sinensis is a highly valued tree of China, which is
wild in the hilly provinces, and exploited for timber, while
cultivated elsewhere and often then pollarded because the
Chinese eat the tender shoots. Rehder and Wilson (in
Sargent’s Plantae Wilsonianae, 2, 1914, p. 156) state that
in woodlands it is a tall straight tree with a narrow head.
Valeton, Hochreutiner and some others have reduced
C. serrata and C. sinensis to one species; but the differences
are sufficient to separate them either varietally or
specifically.
C. surent is common throughout Java from sea-level to
4,500 feet, and less abundant upwards to 6,000 feet (Koor-
ders, Excursionsflora Java, 2, 1912, p. 437). It seems to
occur also in Sumatra and in Indo-China. Formerly the
Philippine C. calantas (Toona calantas, Rolfe and Merr.)
Vol. V. (1930).
122
was united to it, but on account of larger fruits is now
separated: while certain equally large fruited Assam plants
remain united to it, but perhaps not logically. These in
their seeds, curiously winged at both ends, differ strikingly
from the species mentioned earlier. Equally they are
valuable timber.
Man by planting has extended the natural range of all
four; for instance C. serrata is very common in Java not
only by European agency but in native holdings; and C.
toona occurs.
A word must be said upon the occurrence of the last
in Java. Hiern (in Hooker’s Flora of Brit. Ind. I, 1875,
p. 568) credited it to the island: but others have thought
that he did so mistaking C. sureni for it. This was not so;
for Hiern had access to a specimen of C. toona collected in
Java by Horsfield between 1802 and 1819 and to another
collected by Spanoghe who was there for some time prior to
1834. Both men has marked leanings toward economic
botany and interested themselves in cultivated plants. Their
C. toona was doubtless cultivated and Hiern was wrong
only in thinking it wild.
C. toona was much experimented with in the Straits
Settlements by Cantley during the years 1880 and 1888
when he was in charge of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore,
and planted in several places. Undoubtedly it will grow in
the Peninsula.
Examination of Curtis 826 confirms Casimir de Can-
dolle’s determination. It is C. toona. And the situation in
which Curtis found it gives as complete support as we shall
ever get to the view expressed by Mr. Ridley that it is an
introduction. But some European probably introduced it
in the thirties or forties of the last century, not a Tamil.
Examination of Kunstler 10403 shows it to be C. surent
and the situation indicates that it was wild. Therefore the
Malay Peninsula is within the natural distributional area of
this valuable tree.
The record under Cedrela in the Flora of the Malay
Peninsula has to be divided into two: the introduced Penang
plant is to be recorded under C. toona; the rest is to remain
as a native tree but by the laws of priority in nomenclature
the combination Cedrela sureni is to be substituted for
C. febrifuga.
An immediate duty is to seek in Selangor and elsewhere
for more of the valuable tree. My duty in the end of this
note is to thank Mr. C. C. Calder, Director of the Botanic
Survey of India, for the kindness that he did in giving me
information regarding specimens preserved in the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta.
I. H. BURKILL.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
om eae
123
‘BLAINVILLEA, Cass.
Blainvillea, Cass. is a small genus of tropical weeds,
found all round the world, chiefly in the somewhat drier
parts. One species—B. latifolia, DC.—is very common in
Upper India, extending thence to Ceylon, but absent from
the wet plains of Lower Bengal, appearing however in the
hills of Assam, northern Burma and south-western China.
It has been reported from Java; but the report needs
confirmation.
In the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Straits
Branch, No. 30, two Malay vernacular names—‘“ katumbit
padang’”’ and “tutup bumi padang ’’—are ascribed to it,
and a third, “‘ salamani ” is ascribed to B. rhomboidea, Cass.
which is but a synonym. Wilkinson has entered two of
them into his Malay Dictionary, correcting the first to
“ Ketumbit padang.” But when the source of the name is
sought, it is learned that all three were obtained in Malacca
by Cantley’s collector, Alvins, and belong to specimens, not
of Blainvillea latifolia, but of Synedrella nodifiora, Gaertn.
Nor can evidence be found that the genus Blainvillea has
yet had any representative in the Malay Peninsula.
I. H. BURKILL.
Vol. V. (1930).
124
SOME MALAYAN ORCHIDS, II.
With Plates I—IV.
By C. E. Carr.
The plants included in the present paper were collected
on Gunong Tahan and on the Tahan and Teku rivers during
the latter part of August and the beginning of September,
1928. A number of plants judged to be of special interest
were brought back and put into cultivation at Tembeling,
Pahang, since that district is more favourable than the drier
climate of Singapore. Some of these plants prove to be
hitherto undescribed.
The plants dealt with here include only those not
previously found in the Tahan river or on the mountain
itself, or those which, though reported before, possess any
features of interest as yet unnoticed.
Plants marked with an asterisk have already been
reported from the district.
Oberonia subnavicularis, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
LXVI. ii. 579: Ridl. Mat. I. 16; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 14. ‘This
rare plant, of which there were no examples in the Singapore
herbarium, has only once been previously reported, namely
by Scortechini from Perak. It was found on a tree over-
hanging the Tahan river at Kuala Teku, at an altitude of
about 500 feet, No. 20809.
Upper sepal pale rose-white, laterals transparently pale
yellowish. Petals transparently pale rose. Lip dark red-
brown. Endemic.
Flowered in Nov.—Dec., 1928, and Mar.—April, 1929.
Oberonia lampongensis, J. J. S. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit.
Ser. 2. XXV (1917) 22. This plant is new to the Peninsula.
It was found on a tree by the Teku river at Kuala Teku,
at an altitude of 500 feet. Distribution:—Sumatra.
Flowered in January, 1929.
Liparis (Section Rachidibulbon) purpureo-viridis, Bur-
kill, mss.; Ridl. FJ). Mal. Pen. IV. 21. ‘This plant, only
previously reported from the main range at Fraser Hill, was
found in a colony of about a dozen plants growing on the
ground among damp rotting leaves near a tributary of the
upper Teku at about 4500 feet altitude. No. 20758. It was
just coming into flower but from Fraser Hill I have had it
in flower in March. Endemic.
Liparis (Section Coriifoliae) lacerata, Ridl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. XXII. 284; Mat. I. 24; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 22. On
a tree overhanging the Teku river at Kuala Teku, altitude
500 feet. Distribution:—Tenasserim, Borneo.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
125
Flowered April, 1929.
Dendrobium (Section Sarcopodium) citrino-castaneum,
Burkill in Gard. Bull. S.S. ITI. 12 (1923); Sarcopodium
citrino-castaneum, Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 29.
- This was originally described by Burkill from a plant
found near Johore Bahru. On this occasion it was found on
trunks of large trees and the branches of small trees beside
the Tahan river at Kuala Teku, altitude 500 feet. Endemic.
Flowered January to April, 1929.
Dendrobium (Section Desmotrichum) pallidiflorum,
Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII. 240.; Desmotrichum
pallidiflorum, Ridl. Mat. I. 37; FJ. Mal. Pen. IV. 31. Trees
overhanging the Teku river at Kuala Teku at 500 feet
altitude.
Distribution:—Siam and Sumatra.
Dendrobium (Section Aporum) quadrilobatum, Carr in
Gard. Bull. S.S., V. (1929) 4. A single plant was found
growing together with D. rhodostele, Ridl., which was
locally abundant, on a tree overhanging the Tahan river at
an altitude of about 400 feet. Endemic.
* Dendrobium (Section Distichophyllae) Hosei, Ridl.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. III. 363; Mat. I. 46; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV.
43. This plant was found on trees overhanging the Tahan
river, as originally found, at an altitude of about 350 feet.
It occurs also on other tributaries of the Tembeling river.
A number of plants were brought back and of the six
inflorescences so far observed five were one-flowered, the
other bearing two flowers. The sepals and petals on opening
are greenish, turning however to pale ochre-yellow; the claw
of the lip is white, the side lobes ochre-yellow veined orange,
while the midlobe is yellow with 3 elevate orange main
nerves and about 4 short elevate orange nerves on each side.
The nerves are much paler when the flower opens and
sometimes brownish in colour, while the whole lip is
somewhat greenish yellow.
Plants may occasionally be found producing flowers with
three anthers, the lateral ones reaching various stages of
development. When a complete 1-celled lateral anther is
formed its position on the side of the column and below the
rostellum permits the 2 pollinia to gain contact with the
stigma in the same manner as in D. pandaneti, Ridl. and
fertilization ensues. The extent of dehiscence of sepals and
petals varies from flowers hardly open to those fully
expanded.
Dendrobium (Section Distichophyllae) Hosei, Ridl. var.
Pelor, var. nov. Caules foliaque plantae typicae similia:
Flores monstruosi. Labellum integrum aut inconspicue
Vol. V. (1930),
126
3-lobulatum. Gynostemium breve, ventre lamella triangulari
antheram superante donatum; stigma apicale, profunde
conico-excavatum. Pes gynostemii brevissimus.
Stems, leaves, inflorescence, upper sepal and petals
similar to type. Lateral sepals narrower than upper sepal,
mentum very shori straight. Lip adnate to apex of column
foot, entire or inconspicuously 3-lobulate, very shortly
clawed, irregularly obcuneate, apex produced to a short
fleshy conic acute papillose point, in upper 34, papillose to-
wards margins and apex with an elevate median keel,
margins erect undulate ciliolate denticulate, inside concave,
3-nerved with outer nerves branched, yellow-green, c. -67 em.
long, c. -60 cm. wide. Column short, monstrous, margins
slightly elevate, a large lamella in front, lamella erect
triangular sometimes dentate and ciliolate exceeding the
. anther, wings oblong truncate exceeding the anther elevate
on back in a broad flattened keel produced at apex to an
oblong truncate lobe, the whole c. -37 cm. long to apex of
wings; stigma apical, deeply conico-excavate. Column foot
very short making a right angle with the column, margins
elevate in the form of keels. Anther filament short, broad,
oblong, truncate.
This curious peloric form occurs with the type plants.
In the structure of the column it very closely resembles D.
tetrodon, Rchb. f., var. Pelor, J. J. S. Common to both is
the curious lamella on the face of the column occupying the
normal position of the stigma. This lamella effectively
prevents pollination in the manner common to the genus by
almost completely covering the rostellum. The flower
appears always to be self-fertilized, pollen tubes being
emitted by the pollinia in situ from above.
Described from growing plants.
Dendrobium (Section Distichophyllae) pahangense, sp.
nov. Rhizoma breve, repens. Caules approximati, erecti.
Folia c. 10 lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, subobtuse
biloba. Inflorescentiae brevissimae, 1-florae. Sepala oblonga
acuminata, acuta, lateralia falcata, mento gracillimo lineari
acuminato anguste obtuso. Petala subfalcate linearia,
acuminata, acuta. Labellum 3-lobum, unguiculatum; lobi
laterales minimi, triangulares, apici rotundati; lobus inter-
medius spathulatus, apici in acumen productus, carinis 3
apicem attingentibus; unguis anguste linearis. Gynostemium
rectum, alis in dentem productis. Anthera cucullata, rostro
brevi, filamento longiore. Pollinia 4 anguste ovoidea.
Rhizome short, creeping. Stems approximate, erect,
leafy above, c. 21 cm. long or longer, basal internode
prostrate subglobose, c. 4 internodes above base slender
terete dilate upwards and covered with dry tubular sheaths
yellow-green up to c. 1:25 em. long, a dark brown ring on
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
127
the node, upper internodes up to c. 46 or more swollen stout
terete sinuous c. 4-grooved, entirely covered with dry sheaths
yellow-green up to c. 1-25 cm. long, c. -45 cm. diam., a dark
brown ring at the nodes. Leaves up to c. 10 from the upper
nodes, vertically spreading, twisted above base, lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, apex subobtusely bilobed, thinly
coriaceous, above shiny bright green, grooved, below opaque
paler keeled, c. 1:75 cm. long, c. -60 cm. wide, sheaths
tubular many-ribbed c. 1:25 cm. long on back, in front
divided up to c. -90 cm. long yellow-green soon drying.
Inflorescences from base of internodes in upper # of stem,
very short, 1-flowered. Bract very small, appressed to
pedicel, broadly triangular, obtusely apiculate, margins
slightly rounded, inside deeply concave, outside highly
convex, pellucidly pale greenish with a _ conspicuous
pale orange median keel, c. .12 cm. long, c. .18
cm. wide. Flowers strongly expanded, scentless, lasting
a few days. Sepals and petals white. Upper sepal reflexed
above base, almost erect, oblong, acuminate, acute, 3-nerved,
inside convex, outside concave, margins slightly reflexed,
ce. -70 cm. long, c. -28 cm. wide. Lateral sepals spreading,
falcate, oblong, acuminate, acute, 5-nerved, margins a little
reflexed, the anterior margins connate at base for c. -10 cm.,
inside convex, outside concave, c. -80 cm. long, c. :28 cm.
wide, anterior margin dilate at base to the mentum, mentum
very slender, porrect, linear acuminate, narrowly obtuse
spurlike slightly incurved, scarcely dilate on back, whitish
ce. 60 cm. long. Petals subfalcately linear, acuminate, acute,
3-nerved, margins erosulous, inside convex, outside concave,
ce. ‘70 cm. long, c. -18 cm. wide. Lip adnate to margins of
column, 3-lobed, clawed, base and side lobes excepted entirely
verrucoso-rugose, blade between side lobes grooved, including
claw c. 1:80 cm. long; side lobes very small, horizontal,
triangular, margins and apex rounded, whitish; midlobe
shortly and broadly spathulate, produced at apex to a short
triangular point, margins incurved undulate crenate, pale
yellowish, keels 3 reaching the apex, orange at base greenish-
ochre above, c. -60 cm. long and as broad; claw narrowly
linear, inside concave, whitish, c. -65 cm. long. Column
straight, narrowed towards apex, flat in front, rounded on
back, wings produced to a faleately triangular acute recurved
tooth as long as the anther, a minute globose tubercle below
rostellum, whitish often suffused pale orange, in front below
the stigma a median groove with an orange spot on each
side, in all c. -45 em. long; clinandrium semilunate, deeply
conico-excavate; stigma excavate, oblong, narrowed towards
apex. Anther cucullate, biloculate, grooved at base, papillose,
orange, very shortly hairy towards apex, beak short truncate
white shortly hairy and ciliolate, seen from above subquad-
rate, c. -11 cm. long, filament rather long subulate. Pollinia
4, narrowly ovoid, flattened inside, yellow, c. -09 cm. long.
Vol. V. (1930).
128
Column foot linear, narrowed towards apex, c. ‘65 cm. long.
Ovary whitish c. -45 cm. long, pedicel as long greenish-white.
A plant of this was found growing with the allied D.
rupicolum, Ridl. on a tree on Skeat’s Ridge at an altitude of
about 5000 feet. It flowered in March 1929. During the
same month it was also found by me in flower on Fraser Hill
at an altitude of about 4000 feet. Here also it grew in
conjunction with D. rupicolum, Ridl.
Described from living material.
Dendrobium (Section Rhopalanthe) planibulbe, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. 1843 Misc. 54; Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. 1V/ 415
tuberiferum, Hook, f. F. B. I. V. 728, le. Pt2025; haan
Mat. I. 48. Tahan river at an altitude of about 500 feet.
Distribution :—Java, Borneo.
Dendrobium (Section Grastidium) salaccense, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orch. 86; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill. 635; J. J. S. m
Fl. But. VI. (Orch. 1905) 348, Atlas (1908) f. CCLXIV;
D. intermedium, T. & B. Nat. Tijdsche. Ned. Ind. V. (1853)
490; Rehb., f. Walp. Ann. VI. 288; D. gemellum, Ridl. (not
of Lndl.) in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII. 252; Grastidium
salaccense, Bl. Bijdr. 355; Callista salaccensis, O. K. Rev.
Gen. Pl. II. 655; C. intermedia, O. K. l. c. Tahan river at
Kuala Teku on trees by the river at an altitude of 500 feet.
A very fine form with pendulous stems up to 6 feet long.
The flowers had a very faint tint of rose. Possibly this may
be var. major of J. J. Smith.
Distribution :—Java, Sumatra.
Dendrobium (Section Pedilonum) serpens, Hook. f. Ann.
Bot. Gard. Calc. V. 10. Pl. 16; Ridl. Mat. I. 51; Fl. Mal.
Pen. IV. 47; D. panduriferum var. serpens, Hook. f. F. B.
I. VI. 186. Tahan river at Kuala Teku on a tree over-
hanging the river, altitude 500 feet. Endemic.
Bulbophyllum (Section Monilibulbum) tristriatum, sp.
nov. Rhizoma repens, gracile. Pseudobulbi moniliformes,
prostrati. Folium oblongo-ellipticum, acutum. Inflores-
centiae erectae, 1-florae, pedunculo longiusculo filiformi.
Bractea tubulosa. Flos majusculus. Sepala acuminata,
acuta, postico anguste lanceolato, lateralibus anguste
oblongo-ovatis. Petala minima, oblongo-oblanceolata, obtu-
sa. Labellum 3-lobum, marginibus super basin in auriculas
2 erectas oblongas rotundatas productis; lobi laterales
magni, triangulares, obtusi; lobus intermedius linearis.
Gynostemium breve, rectum, stelidiis longis subulatis acutis
sigmoidee curvis. Anthera cucullata, transverse oblonga.
Pes gynostemii quam gynostemium multo longior. Ovarium
clavato-dilatatum, pedicello gracillimo.
Rhizome rather long, slender, creeping, branched, en-
tirely covered with approximate or subapproximate
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
129
pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs moniliform, prostrate, adnate to
rhizome, seen from above oblong, flattened on back, minutely
longitudinally wrinkled, apex recurved, base surrounded with
dry fibres, green, up to c. ‘80 cm. long, c. -40 cm. wide, c. -30
cm. thick, l-leaved. Leaf erect, oblong-elliptic, acute, grey-
green, up to 2 cm. long, -40—-70 cm. wide, petiole up to -30
cm. long. Inflorescences from base of pseudobulbs, erect,
1-flowered, peduncle filiform with a tubular sheath at base,
green suffused red, up toc. 6 cm. long. Bract tubular, c. -15
cm. long. Flower rather large, lasting for several days,
scentless. Upper sepal narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate,
acute, margins minutely ciliolate and denticulate, papillose
in upper 4, 3-nerved, 3 conspicuous narrow keels on back,
pale yellow with a semitransparent base and 3 short longi-
tudinal dull red striae, c. 2 cm. long, c. -21-—-25 cm. wide.
Lateral sepals spreading, running almost to apex of column
foot, falcate, narrowly oblong-ovate acuminate, acute,
anterior margin slightly dilate at base, papillose in upper 34,
margins minutely toothed and ciliate, 3 narrow conspicuous
keels outside towards base, pale yellowish white with 3 dull
red basal longitudinal striae, base semitransparent, 2.20-3
cm. long, .23—.30 cm. wide. Petals very small, spreading, ob-
long-oblanceolate, obtuse, thin, whitish with a broad median
dark red stria, c. .25 cm. long, c. .10 cm. wide. Lip adnate to
apex of column foot, mobile, fleshy 3-lobed, base erect, above
base about rightangularly recurved and deeply concave with
margins produced backwards to 2 erect oblong rounded
auricles, inside shortly grooved, outside shortly keeled, dull
red-purple, spread out c. .50 cm. long, across side lobes c. .25
wide; side lobes large, triangular, obtuse, margins rounded
strongly reflexed and revolute, almost contiguous and form-
ing a tube below the lip; midlobe linear, narrowed towards
the obtuse apex, margins reflexed and revolute. Column
short, broad, straight, produced on back to a large ovate ob-
tuse lobe, dull red. c. -05 cm. long, wings porrect oblong pro-
duced at apex to a long subulate acute S-curved c. -04 cm. long
stelidium; rostellum broad, pale yellow; stigma large, oblong,
base convex, excavate above. Anther cucullate, 2-celled,
seen from above transversely oblong curved with a median
elevation. Pollinia 4 yellow. Column foot much longer than
column and forming a right angle with it, apex shortly free
slightly incurved and dilate, inside concave with a median
keel with a strongly thickened base, dull red, c. -15 cm. long.
Ovary clubbed, green, c. -12 cm. long, pedicel very slender
terete red.
This plant is of the same affinity as B. cernuwm, Lndl.
and B. Stormii, J. J. S: from Sumatra. From the short
description it also resembles B. araniferum, Ridl. but the
specimens of this in Herb. Singap. are flowerless and the
colour notes in the description differ.
Vol. V. (1930).
130
Tahan river at Kuala Teku, altitude 500 feet, on mossy _
branches of a tree overhanging the river. The flowers
close each night, opening again the following morning.
Described from living material.
Bulbophyllum (Section Monilibulbum) ignevenosum,
sp. nov. Rhizoma gracillimum. Pseudobulbi moniliformes,
dorso compressi, dimidio antico recurvi. Folium lanceo-
latum aut elliptico-lanceolatum, acutum. Inflorescentiae
erectae, l-florae, pedunculo filiformi. Bractea infundibuli-
formis. Sepala oblonga, breviter apiculata. Petala
oblongo-oblanceolata vel oblongo-elliptica, acuminata,
obtusa. Labellum mobile, inconspicue 3-lobum, lamina
suleata; lobi laterales breves, lati rotundate curvi; lobus
intermedius ovatus, obtusus. Gynostemium breve, vix
rectum, stelidiis subulatis, rostello breviter rostrato, stig-
mate oblongo. Anthera vix plana, supra elevata. Pollinia
subovalia.
Rhizome creeping branched, very slender, entirely
covered with approximate or subapproximate pseudobulbs.
Pseudobulbs adnate to rhizome, moniliform, seen from
above subquadrate strongly flattened, upper half recurved
grooved beneath, densely and minutely wrinkled, pale
yellow-green, c. .50 cm. long, c. .40 ecm. wide, c. .15 cm.
thick, l-leaved. Leaf erect, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
acute, green, up to c. 1.20 em. long, c. .30 em. wide, petiole
ec. .10 cm. long. Inflorescences from base of pseudobulb,
erect, l-flowered; peduncle filiform, slightly dilate towards
apex, sparsely scurfy, c. 3 tubular sheaths at base, yellow
suffused orange, c. 1.60 cm. long. Bract funnel shaped,
produced and keeled on back, apex acute. Flower fairly
expanded, lasting a few days. Upper sepal oblong, very
shortly apiculate, base 3- above 5-nerved, inside concave,
outside convex, transparently yellow with flame coloured
elevate nerves, c. .30 cm. long, c. .15 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals running to apex of column foot, oblong, very shortly
acuminate, shortly apiculate, the apiculus sparingly papil-
lose, base 3- above 5-nerved, anterior margin a little dilate
at base, transparently yellow with elevate flame coloured
nerves, c. .40 cm. long, c. .28 cm. wide. Petals oblong-
oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, acuminate, truncate-obtuse,
l-nerved, margins and apex subsinuate, transparently
yellow, median nerve elevate flame coloured, c. .18 cm. long,
c. .08 em. wide. Lip adnate to apex of column foot, mobile,
inconspicuously 3-lobed, blade between side lobes grooved,
dull red, beneath lower half convex, upper half concave,
grooved to apex, spread out c. .26 cm. long, across side
lobes c. .22 em. wide; side lobes short, broad curved,
margins erect; midlobe ovate, obtuse, margins recurved,
ec. .13 cm. long. Column short, nearly straight, yellow,
c. .07 cm. long, stelidia subulate as long; rostellum produced
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
131
to a short beak; stigma large, excavate, oblong. Anther
almost flat, an elliptic elevation above. Pollinia 2 (? 4),
suboval, pale yellow. Column foot making a right angle
with column, narrowed towards apex, apex itself incurved
and dilate. Ovary c. .09 cm. long, pedicel terete thicker
than peduncle sparsely scurfy c. .80 cm. long.
Skeat’s Ridge at about 4800 feet altitude, forming
Masses on a mossy tree trunk.
Described from living material.
Bulbophyllum (Section Monilibulbum) biseriale, sp.
nov. Rhizoma repens, gracilliimum. Pseudobulbi approxi-
mati, suberecti, conici, obtusi, biseriales. Folium lineari-
lanceolatum, acutum. Inflorescentiae erectae, fasciculatae,
1-florae, pedunculo filiformi. Bractea infundibuliformis.
Sepalum dorsale lanceolatum, acutum. Sepala lateralia
ovato-oblonga, acuta. Petala linearia, obtusa, superne
leviter dilatata. Labellum mobile, 3-lobum, basi profunde
concavum marginibus erectis; lobi laterales breves, lati,
triangulares, apici truncati; lobus intermedius oblongus,
marginibus recurvis. Gynostemium breve, latum, curvum,
stelidiis longissimis subulatis, stigmate maximo transverse
oblongo. Anthera cucullata. Pollinia triangulari-ovata,
Pes gynostemii linearis, apici incurvus. Capsula immatura
ovoidea.
Rhizome creeping, very slender, entirely covered with
approximate and biserial pseudobulbs, up to c. 3 cm. long
or longer. Pseudobulbs conic, obtuse, suberect, apex
slightly recurved, longitudinally wrinkled and costate,
conspicuously grooved beneath, pale green, -20—-40 cm. long,
-15—-20 em. diam., 1-leaved. Leaf erect, often slightly re-
curved towards apex, linear-lanceolate, acute, thinly cori-
aceous, above grooved green, beneath paler convex with an
inconspicuous median keel, 1—-2-:25 em. long, -15—-33 cm. wide,
petiole minute thick grooved up to -05 cm. long. Inflor-
escences from base of pseudobulbs, c. 5 from each, fascicled,
erect, 1-flowered, peduncle filiform pale yellow-green .75-1.50
cm. long. Bract funnel-shaped, back produced acute, pale
greenish, c. .12 cm. long. Upper sepal porrect, lanceolate,
very shortly narrowed below the acute apex, 3-nerved,
margins roundly papillose except at base, golden yellow, outer
nerves elevate on back, c. -50 cm. long, c. :17 cm. wide.
Lateral sepals adnate to column foot, scarcely spreading,
ovate-oblong, acute, 3-nerved, outer nerves branched, post-
erior margin slightly dilate, margins roundly papillose,
golden yellow, nerves outside elevate darker, c. -55 cm. long,
ce. -25 em. wide. Petals linear, slightly dilate above, apex
obtuse, 1-nerved, yellow, c. -15 cm. long, c. :02 cm. wide.
Lip adnate by an oblong thin lamella to apex of column foot,
mobile, 3-lobed, fleshy, above at base deeply concave with
Vol. V. (1930).
132 :
erect margins, above base grooved between side lobes,
beneath highly convex at base, orange-red, spread out c.
-27 cm. long, across side lobes c. -12 cm. wide; side lobes
short, broad, triangular, truncate, strongly recurved beneath
the blade; midlobe oblong, margins recurved, convex above, -
concave below. Column short, broad, curved, produced on
back to an oblong-ovate subacute lobe, stelidia very long
porrect subulate, twice as long as the anther or longer, sub-
sigmoidly curved, yellow, base orange-suffused, c. -08 cm.
long, stelidia as long, rostellum large ovate, stigma very
large, deeply excavate, transversely oblong. Anther cucul-
late, connective long subulate. Pollinia 4, triangular-ovate,
laterally flattened, yellow. Column foot linear, apex in-
curved, orange-red, c. -10 cm. long. Ovary dilate, 6-sulcate,
up to c. :09 cm. long, pedicel terete pale green -40—-70 cm.
long. Immature capsule ovoid, keels 6 strongly elevate,
green, c. 1 cm. long.
Padang woods at an altitude of about 5500 feet, on
branches of trees.
Remarkable for the margins of the sepals, which appear,
under the microscope, to be fringed with minute drops of
liquid.
This plant is, I think, best included in the section
Monilibulbum, the structure of the flowers, with particular
reference to lip and column, being quite in keeping with those
members of the section not possessing long acuminate sepals.
The pseudobulbs are adnate to the rhizome only at the
base and are almost erect and arranged in two series, whereas
in the typical members of the section they are prostrate and
moniliform with only the portion below the apex upcurved.
The usual median groove on the front of the pseudobulbs is
_ very conspicuous in B. biseriale.
Described from living material.
Bulbophyllum (Section Micromonanthe) tekuense, sp.
nov. Rhizoma repens, gracile. Pseudobulbi moniliformes,
ovales, apici leviter recurvi. Folium lineari-lanceolatum aut
oblongo-lanceolatum, acutum. Inflorescentiae erectae, 1-
florae, pedunculo filiformi. Bractea infundibuliformis.
Sepalum dorsale lineare, acuminatum, conico-apiculatum.
Sepala lateralia falcate oblonga, brevissime acuminata, sub-
obtusa. Petala basi linearia, fere medio spathulate dilatata,
apici abrupte truncata, margine apicali medio rotundate
dilatato. Labellum mobile, integrum, oblongum, obtusum.
Gynostemium breve, validum, stelidiis subulatis. Anthera
cucullata, basi biloba, apici breviter rostrata. Pes
gynostemii basi valde incrassatus, apici attenuatus incurvus.
Rhizome rather long-creeping, branched, slender, entire-
ly covered with approximate pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs
adnate to rhizome, moniliform, seen from above oval, slightly
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
Se £
133
rounded on back, apex slightly recurved, green, c. -60 cm.
long, c. -°30 cm. wide and as thick, 1l-leaved. Leaf erect
linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, above grooved,
green, beneath paler, 1-1:75 cm. long, -30—50 cm. wide.
Inflorescences from base of pseudobulbs, erect, 1-flowered;
peduncle filiform, dilate towards apex, sparsely scurfy above,
an arched tubular sheath at base c. -30 cm. long, another
sheath above base broadly funnel-shaped, produced on back,
acute, outside scurfy, c. -28 cm. long. Bract funnel-shaped,
c. -30 em. long. Upper sepal porrect at base, about middle
recurved, linear, acuminate, apex conic-apiculate, 3-nerved,
nerves strongly elevate on back, outside scurfy, c. °85 cm.
long, c. .25 cm. wide. Lateral sepals running almost to apex
of column foot, subparallel, falcately oblong, very shortly
acuminate, subobtuse, 3-nerved, outer nerves branched
strongly elevate outside, anterior margin slightly dilate at
base, scurfy outside, c. -88 cm. long, c. ‘28 cm. wide. Petals
base linear, about in middle spathulately dilate, apex abruptly
truncate, apical margin roundly dilate in middle, @-5°2 0. eMm.
long, c¢. 17 cm. wide. Lip adnate to apex of column foot,
mobile, entire, oblong, obtuse, rather thickly fleshy, base
erect, recurved about middle, 3-nerved, entirely densely
papillose and minutely hairy, inside in lower 2 3 concave with
erect fleshy slightly recurved ciliolate margins, in upper
1/3 convex, outside convex in lower 2/3 with a strongly
elevate median keel, margins concave, c. .30 cm. long, c. .12
cm. wide. Column short, stout, stelidia short porrect subu-
late, rostellum produced to an oblong-ovate obtuse beak,
stigma transversely oval. Anther cucullate, base bilobed,
apex produced to a short papillose beak. Pollinia 4 un-
equal, inner ones smaller, yellow. Column foot longer
than column, base strongly thickened, apex thin incurved.
Ovary and pedicel sigmoidly curved, ovary scurfy c. .30 cm.
long, pedicel terete dilate towards apex, scurfy, c. 1 cm. long.
Kuala Teku at 500 feet altitude on mossy branches of
a tree overhanging the Teku river. The colour notes were
unfortunately lost upon the mountain. Described from
material preserved in alcohol.
The plant is well characterised by the curious structure
of the petals. It is similar in habit to plants of the section
Monilibulbum but differs distinctly in the structure of the
flowers. The section Micromonanthe embrz2ces some very
diverse forms and will have to be split when more species
are known.
Buibophyllum (Section Globiceps) apiferum, sp. nov.
Rhizoma repens. Pseudobulbi approximati, prostrati, ovoi-
dei, apici recurvi. Folium oblanceolatum, subacutum. In-
florescentia erecta, apici dense c. 14-flora pedunculo terete,
rachide nutante incrassata. Bracteae late ovatae, acumina-
tae, subacutae. Sepala oblonga, acuminata, acuta, laterali-
Vol. V. (1930).
134
bus marginibus anticis contiguis. Petala oblonga, obtusa.
Labellum integrum, oblongo-spathulatum, retusum. Gynos-
temium breve, alis bilobis. Anthera cucullata, subquadrata,
Pollinia 4. Pes gynostemii apici incurvus.
Rhizome shortly creeping, copiously rooting. Pseudo-
bulbs approximate, prostrate, appressed to rhizome, ovoid,
apex recurved, wrinkled, dark green, c. 1 cm. long, c. .70
cm. wide, l-leaved. Leaf erect, oblanceolate subacute,
rather thickly fleshy, coriaceous, narrowly grooved above,
inconspicuously keeled beneath, dark green, c. 12 cm. long,
c. 2.50 cm. wide. Inflorescence from base of pseudobulh,
erect, densely c. 14-flowered at apex; peduncle stout, terete,
dilate and laterally flattened towards apex, 2 tubular sheaths
at base and 2 more above, c. 14 cm. long; rachis incrassate,
nodding, making an obtuse angle with peduncle, angulate
with concave sides, quadrate in transverse section, c. 1.50
em. long. Bracts not alternate, appressed to ovary, broadly
ovate, acuminate below the subacute apex, margins shortly
erose, 3-nerved, inside concave furfuraceous, outside convex
warty furfuraceo-punctate conspicuously keeled, c. .35 cm.
long, c. .30 cm, wide. Flowers sessile, scarcely expanded.
Sepals rather fleshy. Upper sepal continuing the ovary,
oblong, shortly acuminate below the acute apex, nerves 5
branched, a shorter nerve on each side, inside concave sparse-
ly furfuraceous, densely papillose in upper half, outside
warty furfuraceo-punctate papillose towards margins, mar-
gins ciliolate except at base, nerves elevate, c. .67 cm. long,
c. .42 cm. wide. Lateral sepals running down to about
middle of column foot, horizontally porrect below lip, oblong,
shortly acuminate below the acute apex, posterior margin
recurved, anterior margins contiguous, margins ciliolate
except at base, nerves similar to those of upper sepal, inside
densely papillose except at the concave and furfuraceos-punc-
tate base convex towards posterior margin and apex, outside
warty furfuraceo-punctate, c. .85 cm. long, c. .47 cm. wide.
Petals parallel, oblong, obtuse, thin, 3-nerved, papillose
towards apex, margins erose in lower half ciliolate, in upper
half, outside very sparingly scurfy keeled, c. .35 cm. long,
c. .18 cm. wide. Lip adnate to apex of column foot, entire,
oblong-spathulate, shortly retuse, base erect, above base
recurved porrect, margins recurved produced at base to a
short rounded lobe, above papillose except at base, grooved
in lower 2/3, keels 2 from margins above base converging
towards apex of median groove convex towards apex, be-
neath conspicuously keeled in lower 1/38, keel grooved,
3-nerved, outer nerves branched, spread out c. .58 cm. long,
c. .42 em. wide. Column short, wings bilobed, lower lobe
triangular obtuse, upper one much longer subulate acute very
fleshy with rather erose posterior margin, without wings c.
.08 cm. long, wings as long, clinandrium excavate trans-
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
135
versely oblong, stigma excavate short broadly ovate. Anther
cucullate, 2-celled, rather flat, papillose towards apex, seen
from above subquadrate, grooved apex shortly ciliolate,
Pollinia 4, yellow. Column foot making a right angle with
ovary, inside convex base broad, narrowed towards the
incurved apex, c. .35 cm. long. Ovary 6-sulcate, curved,
dilate towards apex, furfuraceo-punctate, c. .45 cm. long.
Padang woods at an altitude of about 5,500 feet, one
plant only seen. Described from the living plant and an
inflorescence preserved in alcohol. Unfortunately the colour
notes were lost on the mountain.
Bulbophyllum (Section Sestochilos) foetidolens, sp. nov.
Rhizoma longe repens, validum. Pseudobulbi dissiti, erecti,
anguste cylindrici, lateraliter compressi. Folium lineari-
oblanceolatum, acuminatum, acutum, tenue, petiolo sulcato
tortoque. Inflorescentia erecta, dense multiflora, pedunculo
terete valido longiusculo, rachide nutante. Bracteae ovatae,
acuminatae, acutae. Sepala oblong-lanceolata, acuta, later-
alibus falcatis. Petala linear-oblanceolata, obtusa. Label-
lum mobile, integrum, ligulatum. Gynostemium breve, alis
in dentem brevissimum subulatum productis. Anthera cu-
cullata, supra apicem versus in incrassationem conicam
papi'losam elevata. Pollinia 4, valde inaequalia.
Rhizome long-creeping, covered with dry sheaths, up
to c. .45 em. diam. Pseudobulbs up to c. 6 cm. distant,
erect, narrowly cylindric, laterally flattened, longitudinally
wrinkled, dark green, up to c. 5 cm. long, c. .60 cm. wide, e.
.45 em. thick, l-leaved. Leaf linear-oblanceolate, acuminate
acute, thin, recurved towards apex, base narrowed to the
petiole, grooved above, conspicuously keeled beneath, green,
11-22 cm. long 1.50-3.25 cm. wide, petiole grooved twisted
green 1—2.50 cm. long. Inflorescence from base of pseudo-
bulb, erect, densely many-flowered; peduncle terete, stout,
some tubular sheaths at base and c. 3 loosely tubular distant
acute keeled sheaths above, dark red, up to c. 13 cm. long;
rachis nodding, similar in colour, up to c. 5 cm. long. Bracts
appressed to pedicel, ovate, acuminate, acute, inside concave,
outside convex, green, purple-spotted and suffused, up to ec.
.40 cm. long, c. .27 cm. wide. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 3-nerved, outer nerves reaching the middle, incurved
above middle, inside concave, outside convex, nerves elevate
in lower half, semitransparently whitish densely spotted and
suffused purple, c. .75 cm. long, ec. .30 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals shortly running down the column foot, pendulous,
parallel, falcately oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, outer
nerves reaching to about middle, anterior margin roundly
dilate from base to about middle, margins incurved at apex,
inside concave, outside convex, nerves elevate, whitish dense-
ly spotted and suffused purple, c. .75 cm. long, c. .382 cm.
wide. Petals strongly spreading, base twisted, linear-ob-
Vol. V. (1930).
136
lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, outer nerves reaching to about
middle, semitransparently whitish, in upper half and on
margins laxly, in lower half densely spotted purple, c. .50
cm. long, c. .10 cm. wide. Lip adnate to apex of column
foot, mobile, entire, fleshy, ligulate, curved, margins at base
erect, produced on each side to an oblong obtuse lobe, inside
concave below middle, above middle recurved convex, sides
slightly concave, below convex grooved almost to apex, a
short transverse groove above point of insertion, brown-
purple, cinnamon colour towards apex, c. .30 cm. long, c. .18
cm. wide. Column short, nearly straight, pale yellowish,
inside densely, remainder sparsely purple spotted, c. .18 cm.
long, wings produced to a very short subulate tooth, clinand-
rium excavate transversely oblong, stigma suborbicular.
Anther cucullate, 2-celled, a conic papillose projection above
towards apex, c. .08 cm. long. Pollinia 4, very unequal,
cohering in 2-suborbicular laterally flattened bodies, yellow.
Column foot making a right angle with column, obtusangu-
larly incurved in middle, linear, apex produced to 2 very
short diverging teeth, whitish densely spotted purple, c. .30 °
cm. long. Ovary 6-grooved, tumid, furfuraceous, with
pedicel sigmoidly curved, dark red, c. .70 cm. long.
Wray’s Camp at an altitude of about 3,500 feet.
This is a close ally of B. densifiorum, Ridl. As Doctor
J. J. Smith points out, the original section Pahudia cannot
be maintained as it was created to embrace those species
of the section Sestochilos bearing more than one flower on
the inflorescence and which, apart from this, agree in every
way with the latter section.
B. maximum, Ridl. which is included in Fl. Mal. Pen.
under Pahudia should be transferred to the section
Sestochiles.
Described from a living plant.
Bulbophyllum dryas, Ridl. in Journ. F.M.S. Mus. VI.
(1915) 175; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 62. Rhizome long-creeping,
very slender, covered with dry sheaths, sparsely branching,
rooting from the pseudobulbs and more sparsely from the
nodes, c. .06 cm. diam., internodes .60-.75 cm. long. Pseudo-
bulbs c. 1.50-2.50 cms. distant, obsolete, minute, disciform,
c. .01-.12 em. long, c. .08-.10 cm. diam., 1-leaved. Leaf sub-
erect or parallel to the rhizome, elliptic-lanceolate, subacute,
apex recurved, thickly fleshy, often minutely rugulose,
above concave on the median line, convex on each side,
shiny dark green, below convex opaque and paler, .75-1.25
cms. long, .60-.70 cm. wide, petiole minute grooved c. .05
cm. long. Inflorescence from base of pseudobulb or from
nodes, erect, 1-flowered; peduncle filiform, dilate towards
apex, sparsely furfuraceo-punctate, 2 tubular sheaths at
base and 1 longer tubular sheath above, c. 2.50-4 ems. long.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.5,
137
Bract infundibuliform, produced on back acute, c. .20 cm.
long. Upper sepal lanceolate, shortly obtusely apiculate,
above the middle slightly incurved, 3-nerved, inside concave,
outside convex, semitransparently yellow, nearly 1 cm.
long, c. .45 cm. wide. Lateral sepals running down to about
the middle of the column foot, spreading, triangular oblong,
obtusely apiculate, 3-nerved, anterior margin above the base
slightly rotundately dilate, semitransparently yellow, c. 1
cm. long, c. .47 cm. wide. Petals narrowly spathulate, sub-
acute, 1-nerved, semitransparently pale yellow, c. .385 cm. long
c. .18 cm. wide. Lip adnate by a thin lamella to apex of
column foot, mobile, entire, above the middle recurved, above
the narrow base ovate, narrowly obtuse, margins recurved,
above convex on each side of a shallow median groove, below
concave on each side of a median keel reaching to about the
middle, base and median groove whitish, remainder pale
yellow suffused dull red, c. .40 cm. long, c. .26 cm. wide.
Column short, stout, slightly curved, whitish, c. .18 cm.
long, wings rather wide short broadly triangular obtuse
with rounded margins; clinandrium suborbicular, slightly
excavate; rostellum very small, oblong, erect; stigma
very small, oval. Anther, cucullate, whitish. Column foot
linear, forming an acute angle with the column, narrowed
towards the apex, apex itself slightly dilate and incurved,
c. .27 cm. long. Ovary 6-sulcate, furfuraceo-punctate, c. .15
cm. long; pedicel terete, furfuraceo-punctate, c. .60 cm. long.
Capsule ovoid, pendulous, flattened beneath, green, c. .80 cm.
long, c. .40 cm. diam.
Uprer Teku valley at about 4,500 feet altitude on ex-
posed stunted bushes, in flower. I found this also in flower
during March and April 1629 on branches of trees on Fraser
Hill at an altitude of about 4,000 feet.
This plant is of interest owing to the very minute
pseudobulbs and it appears at first sight as though there
were none at all. It clings closely to the substratum and
with its small fleshy leaves spaced some distance apart is
easily overlooked.
The species cannot be placed in any of the existing
sections of the genus, and, having regard to the long-creep-
ing rhizome, the obsolete pseudobulbs and the absence of
stelidia I consider a new section should be created and I
here propose the name Aeschynanthoides. As pointed out
by Ridley the plant, when first seen growing on a branch of
a tree, somewhat resembles some species of the genus
Aeschynanthus. B. peperomiifolium, J. J. S. might be best
placed here. It occurs in the hills of Java.
Bulbophyllum (Section Epicrianthes) papillosofilum,
Carr in Gard. Bull. S.S. V.9, pl. V. A single plant found on
a tree overhanging the Teku river just above its mouth,
about 500 feet altitude. Endemic.
Vol. V. (1930).
188
Bulbophyllum (Section Dialeipanthe) Stella, Ridl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII. 297; Fl. Mal. Pen aye
Rhizome creeping, branched. Pseudobulbs approximate,
quadrilaterally conic, apex slightly recurved, sides slightly
concave, rather shinily green, fuscous towards apex, c. 1-2
cms. long, and about as broad, 1-leaved. Leaf oblong-elliptic,
shortly acuminate, acute, rather fleshy, apex a little recurv-
ed, above obtusangularly concave median nerve depressed,
below obtusangularly convex median nerve conspicuously
elevate, base narrowed to a petiole, green or yellow-green,
9-13 cms. long, 3-4 .60 cms. wide, petiole grooved green 1-2
cms. long. Inflorescence from base of pseudobulb, erect,
very many-flowered, peduncle elongate, terete, thickened to-
wards apex, dark dull purple almost black, some tubular
sheaths at base and about 2 more at intervals above, up to
about 24 cms. long; rachis thickened, terete, dense, gradually
lengthening, dark green, up to about 6 cms. long. Bracts
triangular, acuminate, acute, dry when mature, 5-nerved,
appressed to pedicel, outside keeled convex, inside concave,
up to c. 1.10 cms. long, c. 1 cm. wide. Flowers: appearing
singly at intervals of a few weeks and lasting for several
days, inodorous, widely expanded, about 4.30 cms. long.
Upper sepal erect, incurved below middle, lanceolate, acute,
5-nerved, margins above base triangularly dilate, inside
concave, outside convex keeled furfuraceous ochreous densely
spotted red, c. 2.35 ems. long, c. .60 em. wide. Lateral sepals
running down almost to apex of column foot, spreading,
faleately ovate-lanceolate, acute, 5-nerved, posterior half
above base twisted and strongly incurved, inside acutangu-
larly concave, outside acutangularly convex furfurraceous
with a tall laterally compressed median keel produced
beyond the apex, ochreous densely spotted and suffused
red, c. 2.50 ems. long, c. .70 cm. wide. Petals very small,
strongly recurved from base, appressed to ovary, triangular-
oblong, apex produced to a minute point, anterior margin
strongly dilate at base, 3-nerved, margins minutely erosu-
lous, outside at base minutely papillose, ochreous spotted
red, c. .20 cm. long and at base about as wide. Lip adnate
by a short broad triangular lamella to apex of column foot,
base erect apex recurved, entire, mobile, ligulate, fleshy, apex
acute, below the middle slightly decurved, above in basal 1/3
deeply concave with a median groove, a verrucous keel run-
ing from the margins to the apex of the median groove, in
upper 2/3 convex verrucous and minutely papillose, margins
at base erect, above the base produced to a minute
dentate auricle (side lobe ?), above the auricle abruptly
decurved, beneath subverrucous narrowly concave on each
side of a wide median grooved keel with the groove pro-
duced nearly to the apex of the lip, ochreous spotted red
and suffused red towards the base, c. 1.60 cms. long, c. .60
em. wide. Column slightly curved, flattened on back, a
Gardens Bulletin, 8.5.
139
little laterally dilate towards apex, dark wine colour, c. .58
cm. long, arms very short broad truncate; clinandrium
semilunate, deeply excavate with a median keel, margins
truncate, dark wine colour; rostellum broad, whitish;
stigma scarcely excavate, broadly ovate, c. .30 cm. wide.
Anther cucullate, biloculate loculi separate diverging to-
wards apex, seen from above transversely oblong, base
rounded with a short median groove above, ochreous spotted
dark wine colour, c. .18 em. long, c. .22 cm. wide. Pollinia
4, unequal, cohering in 2 obpyriform bodies, yellow, c. .10
cm. long. Column foot forming at base an obtuse angle with
column, broad, linear, narrowed towards apex, apex produced
to a triangular diverging lobes, dark wine colour, c. .70 cm.
long c. .28 cm. wide. Ovary 6-sulcate, furfuraceous, green
suffused dark wine colour, c. .52 cm. long, pedicel furfuraceo-
punctate, in colour similar, c. 1.10 cms. long.
Below Wray’s Camp by a tributary of the Reriang on
trunks of trees, altitude about 3,300 feet.
Bulbophyllum (Section Dialeipanthe) cleistogamum,
Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 297; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 69.
Rhizome creeping, branched, covered with dry tubular
sheaths, fully .33 cm. diam., internodes .20-.40 cm. long.
Pseudobulbs 1-2 ems. distant, cylindric-conic, curved, at
first smooth and covered with membraneous sheaths soon
breaking up into fibres, later longitudinally wrinkled, green,
1.50-3 cms. long, up to 1 cm. diam. at the base, 1-leaved.
Leaf linear to linear-oblanceolate, apex acute, above base
recurved, above dark green, the median nerve sulcate, below
opaque paler, the median nerve conspicuously elevate, 19-13
.50 ems. long, 2—4.50 cms. wide, petiole grooved 1-2 cms.
long. Inflorescence from base of pseudobulb, erect, many
flowered; peduncle terete, thickened upwards, with about
2 tubular sheaths at base and about 4 tubular sheaths
scattered above, green suffused black-purple, up to 30 cms.
or more long; rachis thickened, zigzag, gradually lengthen-
ing, up to about 5 cms. long, internodes rounded on back
flattened or slightly concave inside .30—.40 cm. long. Bracts
alternate, triangular, acute, on back strongly keeled with
the keel produced beyond the apex, inside acutangularly
concave with the sides infolded and almost contiguous,
base for c. .15 cm. embracing the rachis, green, base and
keel darker, c. .90 cm. long, spread out c. .70 cm. wide.
Flowers appearing singly at intervals of many weeks, wide-
ly expanded or more rarely closed and cleistogamous. Sepals
spreading yellowish green tinted red, veins and margins
red with red reticulation. Upper sepal erect, oblong-lanceo-
late, apex acutely apiculate often incurved, 7-nerved, inside
deeply concave, outside highly convex furfuraceous, nerves
elevate median nerve strongly elevate, c. 2.50 cms. long,
c. .80 cm. wide. Lateral sepals falcately triangular, acute,
Vol. V. (1930).
140
nerves 7 reticulate with 2 short extra nerves outside in
basal half, inside deeply concave, outside highly convex fur-
furaceo-punctate, keels elevate median fully 1 em. wide.
Petals very small, subfalcately ovate l-nerved with a very
short nerve on each side, margins in upper half laciniate
and serrate, apex produced to a long cusp with a shorter
subulate diverging irregularly margined lobe on each side,
transparently pale yellow-green with 3 dark red striae not
reaching the base, without cusp c. .33 cm. long, .35 em. wide
cusp c. .30 cm. long, apical lobes c. .07 cm. long. Lip adnate
by a short broad lamella to apex of column foot,
mobile, entire, tongue-shaped, fleshy, margins at base
erect produced above to a_ short denticulate auricle,
above at base concave shiny with a _ short median
grooved keel and a much _ shorter thicker keel on
each side, above the median keel convex and tumid—
rugulose grooved, the groove reaching almost to the apex, 2
short keels running from the auricles transversely to the
median groove and there evanescent, below in basal 1/3
convex, above rather flattened and tumid-rugulose, dark
red, 1.50-2 cms. long, c. .70 cm. wide. Column continuing
the ovary, nearly straight, stout, yellow, on back ec. .50 cm.
long; arms subhorizontally spreading subquadrate, apex
produced to 2 yellow lobules, upper one short triangular,
lower one much longer subulate sigmoidly curved, c. .10 cm.
long; clinandrium excavate, narrowly transversely elliptic;
rostellum minute, incomplete, transversely oblong; stigma
large, slightly excavate, produced below to 2 oblong diver-
gent lobes. Anther cucullate, grooved, seen from above
suborbicular, pale yellow with a large median dull red spot,
ce. .15 cm. long. Column foot forming at base a right angle
with column, towards apex recurved, apex itself slightly
dilate, dark red, c. .67 cm. long. Ovary 6-sulcate, furfur-
aceous, green, c. .70 cm. long, pedicel terete about as long.
The name is perhaps a little unfortunate since the
great majority of the flowers seen by me expand widely.
The flower is nearly always self-fertilized though this is
not invariably the case. The rostellum is reduced to the
central area of paste-like substance which is present in all
species of this genus and the genus Dendrobium, the re-
maining part being entirely suppressed. When therefore
the stigmatic fluid attains its maximum development, the
pollinia gain contact with it towards the sides of the stigma
and fertilization ensues.
Tahan river on tree overhanging the water, altitude
about 350 feet.
Bulbophyllum (Section Aphanobulbum) vaginulosum,
sp. nov. Rhizoma repens. Pseudobulbi remoti, depressi,
disciformi. Folium oblongo-lanceolatum, acuminatum,
obtusum aut minute bidentatum. Inflorescentiae erectae
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
141
laxe multiflorae, pedunculo terete basi vaginulis c. 6 arcte
tubulosis tectis. Bracteae quaquaversae, lineari-lanceolatae,
acuminatae, acutae. Sepalum dorsale lineare vel e basi
longe unguiculata_ elliptico-lanceolatum, acuminatum,
acutum. Sepala lateralia subfalcate oblonga, brevissime
caudata. Petala rhombeo-elliptica vel e basi unguiculata
lanceolata, acuta obtusave, intus in 2/3 partibus superioribus
dense papillosa et ciliolata. Labellum mobile, inconspicue
3-lobum; lobi laterales rotundati, marginibus basi excepta
minute papillosis; lobus intermedius triangulari-oblongus,
obtusus, dense minute papillosus. Gynostemium breve,
alis apici in dentem brevem subulatum productis. Pes
gynostemii elongatus, sub apice in gibba magnum latum
humile elevatus.
Rhizome creeping, c. .40 cm. diam. covered with dry
sheaths, internodes more or less 1 cm. long. Pseudobulbs
romote, very small, depressed, disciform, longitudinally
wrinkled, covered with dry sheaths, c. .18 cm. long, c. .30
em. diam., 1-folii. Leaf erect, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate
obtuse or minutely bidentate, rather thickly fleshy, margins
very shortly recurved, base abruptly narrowed to the petiole,
green, c. 13 cm. long, c. 2.66 cm. wide, petiole oval in trans-
verse section, grooved, c. 5 cm. long, .18—.20 cm. diam. In-
florescences from base of pseudobulb, erect, laxly many-
flowered; peduncle terete, green, c. 6 loosely tubular green
sheaths at base, often a lanceolate acute one above, 3-8 cm.
long; rachis pale green up to c. 14 cm. long. Bracts much
exceeding pedicel and ovary, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
acute, furfuraceo-punctate, whitish, c. .60 em. long, c. .14
cm. wide. Sepals and petals semitransparently pale yellow,
apex darker. Upper sepal linear or elliptic-lanceolate from
a long-clawed base shortly acuminate, acute, base slightly
dilate and thickened, 3-nerved, inside concave, outside
convex, c. .55 cm. long, c. .18 cm. wide, claw c. .25 cm.
long. Lateral sepals running down almost to apex of column
foot, subfalcately oblong, narrowed shortly caudate below
apex, anterior margin dilate at base to a short broad conic
obtuse roundly dilate mentum, 3-nerved, inside concave,
outside convex keeled, c. .55 cm. long, c. .30 cm. wide.
Petals porrect above back of column, rhombeo-elliptic or
lanceolate from a clawed base, acute or obtuse, 1-nerved,
inside densely papillose in 2/3 upper part margins ciliolate,
ce. .28 cm. long, c. .10 cm. wide, claw ec. .08 cm. long. Lip
adnate to apex of column foot, mobile, inconspicuously
3-lobed, sides erect margins recurved, inside grooved in
lower half, a wide grooved keel reaching the apex beneath,
yellow base paler, spread out c. .35 em. long, across side
lobes c. .20 em. wide; side lobes rounded, margins papillose
except at base; mid-lobe recurved, triangular-oblong, obtuse,
fleshy, convex above, keeled below, densely minutely papil-
Vol. V. (1930),
142
lose. Column short, straight, wings broad produced at
apex to a short subulate tooth, clinandrium small trans-
versely oblong, rostellum short broad truncate, stigma
deeply excavate narrowly oblong. Anther cucullate, yellow.
Pollinia 4, yellow. Column foot elongate, making a right
angle with column, apex incurved, a large broad low gibba
below apex. Ovary and pedicel sigmoidly curved, clubbed,
pale yellow, with pedicel ec. .50 em. long.
This belongs to the group possessing a distinct gibba
on the column foot.
The main ridge at an altitude of about 6,000 feet.
Described from living plants.
Bulbophyllum tahanense, sp. nov. Rhizoma repens.
Pseudobulbi conici vel elongato-conici, dimidio inferiore ad
rhizoma adpressi. Folium oblongo-ellipticum ad_ lineari-
oblongum, apici recurvum breviter angusteque retusum.
Inflorescentiae laxe multiflorae, pedunculo gracili rigido,
rachide multo longiore. Bracteae minimae, ovatae, acumi-
natae, obtusae. Flores subsecundi. Sepalum dorsale ob-
longo-lanceolatum, acuminatum, anguste obtusum. Sepala
lateralia falcate oblonga, acuminata, subacuta. Petala sub-
falcata, late lanceolata, anguste obtusa. Labellum integ-
rum, panduriforme, breviter acuminatum, anguste obtusum.
Gynostemium breve, alis in dentem brevem erectum produc-
tis. Anthera cucullata, in rostrum breve triangulare suba-
cutum producta.
Rhizome creeping, covered with dry sheaths, c. .85 cm.
diam., internodes .40-.60 cm. long. Pseudobulbs 1-3 cm.
distant, conic or elongate-conic, basal half prostrate and
appressed to rhizome, in middle recurved, longitudinally
wrinkled, yellow-green, 1.25-2 cm. long, 1l-leaved. Leaf
erect, oblong-elliptic to linear-oblong, apex recurved shortly
narrowly retuse, base narrowed to the twisted grooved
petiole, rather thickly fleshy, grooved above, keeled below,
greenish yellow, 2.50-8.50 em. long, .90—-1.75 cm. wide
petiole .20-1 cm. long. Inflorescence from base of pseudo-
bulb, erect or erecto-patent, laxly many-flowered above, pale
yellow; peduncle terete, slender, rigid, some tubular sheaths
at base, 2-4.50 cm. long; rachis terete, a tubular sheath at
base and some empty bracts above, 7.50—-15 cm. long, upper
part for 5-7 em. laxly 7-20 flowered. Bracts very small,
ovate, acuminate, obtuse, inside concave, outside convex,
c. .12 cm. long, c. .09 cm. wide. Flowers fairly expanded,
subsecund, lasting for several days, scentless. Upper sepal
porrect, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate narrowly obtuse,
3-nerved, cucullately incurved above middle, inside concave,
outside convex keeled, keel pale orange, yellow, scarcely
1 cm. long, c. .28 em. wide. Lateral sepals running down to
below middle of column foot, base slightly diverging, recurv-
Gardens Bulletin, S.S._
148
ed in middle, faleately oblong, acuminate, subacute, anterior
margin slightly dilate in lower 1/3, 3-nerved, yellow, inside
concave especially towards apex, outside convex with a pale
orange keel, some minute purple dots at base of posterior
margin, c. 1 cm. long, c. .80 cm. wide. Petals subparallel,
apex recurved, subfalcate, broadly lanceolate, narrowly
obtuse, thin, 1-nerved, pale yellow a pale orange keel outside,
fully .50 cm. long, c. .28 cm. wide. Lip adnate to apex of
columns foot, mobile, entire, panduriform, shortly acumi-
nate, narrowly obtuse, 5-nerved, margins at base erect
produced to a rounded lobe recurved except at the acuminate
part, sides deeply concave at base, above grooved with a
conspicuously elevate keel on each side running from base to
the acuminate part, convex towards apex, dark red, spread
out c. .35 em. long, c. .20 em. wide. Column short, stout,
pale yellow margins red, wings minutely red-dotted pro-
duced to a short erect tooth, the whole c. .10 cm. long,
clinandrium excavate, triangular-ovate, stigma deeply
excavate oblong produced below to a long linear lobe.
Anther cucullate, produced to a short triangular subacute
beak, c. .04 cm. long. Column foot incurved, narrowed
to apex, above convex pale yellow red-spotted, c. 4 red
striae beneath, c. .20 cm. long. Ovary 6-suleate, fur-
furaceous, c. .30 cm. long, pedicel c. .70 cm. long.
On the ridge at the foot of Gunong Gedong, altitude
c. 5,000 feet, No. 20,649. Flowered during August and
September, 1928.
This plant has no near relative in this country. It
appears best placed in Schlechter’s section Ischnopus and
is the first species of that section to be reported from the
Peninsula.
Bulbophyllum (Section Cirrhopetalum) lepidum, J/.J/.S.
im Fl. Buit. VI. (Orch. 1905) 471; Atlas (1908) fig.
CCCLXI. Ona tree overhanging the Teku River at Kuala
Teku, altitude about 500 feet. This plant is new to the
Peninsula.
Distribution :—Java, Borneo.
Bulbophyllum (Section Cirrhopetalum) corolliferum,
J.J.S. var. atropurpureum, J.J.S. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit.
Ser. 2 XXV. (1917) 82; Bulbophyllum pulchellum, Ridl.
var. purpureum, Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 80. On a tree
overhanging the Tahan river at Kuala Teku, altitude about
500 feet.
Distribution :—Sumatra, Borneo.
* Dendrochilum angustifolium, Ridl. in Jowrn. Roy. As.
Soc. S. Br. 39. 77; Mat. I. 85; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 82. This
plant occurred freely on the drier ridges such as Skeat’s
Ridge. It is worthy of notice that as far as could be judged
Vol. V. (1930).
144
somewhere in the neighbourhood of 75% of the plants seen
were growing in conjunction with the fern Lecanopteris
carnosa, Bl., the old rhizome of the fern forming a shelter
for the roots. On these dry ridges a large proportion of
the plants were practically completely exposed to the sun,
which had caused the pseudobulbs to take on a rich orange
colour, but the rhizome of the fern formed a close mat over
the substratum and retained sufficient moisture to enable
the plants to thrive. Every fern examined was tenanted
by ants.
This endemic species occurs commonly on the moun-
tains of the Peninsula. No. 20655, altitude about 5,000
feet.
Eria (Section Hriura) Ridleyi, Rolfe in Journ. Linn.
Soc. XLII 150; Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 87; EB. major, Rid.
Mat. I. 90 (not of Trans. Linn. Soc. IV. 237): E. Kingu,;
Hook, f. F. B. I. VI. 790; Ic. Pl. 2066: KE. tahamensis, fae
in Journ. F. M. S. Mus. VI. 177; Fl Meal. Pens qe
Padang woods, and W. of the Upper Teku valley, at about
4,500 feet altitude, in flower No. 20741.
There is no authentic specimen of H#. tahanensis, Ridl.
in Singapore. If No. 16162 from Gunong Tahan and labelled
in Ridley’s writing as Eria n. sp. is intended for the type
plant I can find no possible difference between it and LE.
Ridleyi, Rolfe. Endemic.
Eria (Section Hymeneria) punctata, J. J. S. in Bull.
Dep. Agr. Ind. Neerl. XIII. (1907) 38; Bull. Jard. Bot. But. ©
Ser. 3 VI. t. 3. f. 14. On a tree trunk on Observation Hill,
at about 5,000 feet altitude. It occurs, less rarely, on the
main range at Fraser Hill, but, as Dr. Smith points out, it
is not often met with in flower.
Distribution :—Java.
Eria (Section Hymeneria) suaveolens, Ridl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. XXXII. 292., etc. on trees by the Tahan and Teku
rivers at an altitude of about 500 feet. Endemic.
Porpax meirax, King and Pantling in Ann. Bot. Gard.
Cale. VIII. 115; Ridl. Mat. I 105; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 20gy
Eria meirax, N. HE. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1880. 603; Hook. f.
in Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 786. This plant has been found once.
previously in the Peninsula, on Kedah Peak. It was found
on Gunong Tahan low down on mossy tree trunks in damp
jungle by the side of a tributary of the Reriang below
Wray’s Camp at about 3,300 feet altitude.
Distribution :—Tenasserim and the Himalayas.
Agrostophyllum longifolium, Rchb. f. in Bonpl. V. 41;
J.J. S. in Fl. Buit. VI. (Orch. 1905) 290; Agrostophyllum
majus, Hook. f. in Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 824; Ic. Pl. 2096; Rid.
Mat. I. 108; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 107; Appendicula longifolia,
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
145
Bl. Bujdr. 304; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 240; Migq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. lll. 704. A common plant throughout the Peninsula at
all altitudes, it was found on trees in the neighbourhood of
Kuala Teku at an altitude of about 500 feet.
Distribution :—Java, Sumatra, Ambon.
Agrostophyllum glumaceum, Hook. f. in Fl. Brit Ind.
V. 821; Ic. Pl. 2095; Ridl. Mat. 108; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 107;
This plant was found on the branches and trunks of small
trees by the side of the Teku river at Kuala Teku, at an
altitude of about 500 feet (No. 20558). Endemic.
Ceratostylis (Section Pleuranthemum) _ eriaeoides,
Hook. f. Ic. Pl. 2,074; Ridl. Mat. I. 110; Fl. Mal. Pen. IV.
110; Eria pygmaea, Hook. f. nr Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 804. A
rare endemic species occuring on the hills of the Peninsula.
On Gunong Tahan it was found on Skeat’s Ridge at about
4,500 feet altitude (No. 20648) and also on the main ridge
at about 6,000 feet altitude.
It is noteworthy that, as far as all events as we are
concerned, a large number of the species of this genus are
xerophytic, thriving on the more or less dry and exposed
ridges of the mountains of the Peninsula. They are most
difficult of cultivation in the plains.
Calanthe (Section Styloglossum) rigida, sp. nov.
Caulis cylindrico-conicus. Folia c. 5, lanceolata, acuminata,
acutissima, costis 6—7 prominentibus, petiolo longiusculo.
Inflorescentiae dense multiflorae. Bracteae lanceolatae,
acuminatae, acutissimae. Sepala brevissime acuminata,
acutissima, sepalo dorsali oblongo-oblanceolato, sepalis
lateralibus lanceolatis. ‘ Petala subfalecate lineari-obovata,
breviter acuminata, acuta. Labellum marginibus basi gyno-
stemio in forma tubae adnatum, 3-lobum, calecaratum, basi
carinis 2 brevibus ornatum; lobi laterales faleate triangu-
lares, subacuti; lobus intermedius apici bilobus lobis late
-rotundatis marginibus erosulis, in sinu loborum in dentem
triangularem acutum productus; calear pendulum, cylindri-
cum, lateribus sub apicem anguste obtusum dilatatis, carinis
3 conspicue elevatis. Gynostemium dorso rotundatum,
lateribus perplanum, alis truncatis, rostello in rostrum sub-
ulatum acutissimum producto.
Stems approximate or subapproximate, erect, thick,
cylindric-conic, internodes narrowed towards apex, green,
up to c. 5 cm. long, base c. 2.50 em. diam., internodes .20—.70
em. long, apical internode very small. Leaves erecto-patent,
lanceolate, acuminate below the very acute apex, green,
below paler with 6—7 yellow-green prominent nerves, base
narrowed to petiole, 50-60 cm. long, or longer up to c. 7 cm.
wide, petiole grooved 20 cm. long or longer. Inflorescence
Vol. V. (1930).
146
from nodes of stem, erect, stout, glabrous densely many-
flowered, peduncle terete with some tubular sheaths, pale
green c. 25 cm. long, rachis pale green c. 12 cm. long.
Bracts caducous, lower ones largest, lanceolate, acuminate,
very acute, pale green. Sepals and petals fairly expanded,
bright golden. Upper sepal oblong-oblanceolate, very
shortly acuminate below the very acute apex, 3-nerved
nerves branched and reticulate, cucullately incurved above
middle, margins recurved towards apex, inside concave,
outside convex, c. 1.383 cm. long, c. .60 cm. wide. Lateral
sepals lanceolate, very shortly acuminate below the produced
very acute apex, 3-nerved, nerves branched and reticulate, in-
curved towards apex, margins incurved towards apex, inside
concave, outside convex, c. 1.33 cm. long, c. .55 em. wide,
Petals subfalcately linear-obovate, shortly acuminate below
the acute apex, 3-nerved, nerves branched and reticulate,
midnerve grooved outside almost to apex, almost 1.20-cm.
long, c. .60 cm. wide. Lip 3-lobed, spurred, margins at base
for about .338 cm. adnate to column in form of a tube,
5-nerved, nerves branched, a short orange keel at base on
each side of the midnerve, golden, blade orange, spread
out 1.15-1.50 cm. long, across side lobes c. .75 cm. wide;
side lobes erect, falcately triangular, subacute, 3-nerved,
nerves branched, posterior margin roundly erosulous c. .40
cm. long, anterior margin c. .15 em. long; midlobe
cuneately dilate at base, slightly narrowed towards apex,
apex bilobed, lobes broadly rounded, margins erosulous,
a triangular acute tooth in sinus, 7-nerved, nerves
branched, .50-.60 cm. long; spur pendulous, making an
acute angle with ovary, slightly incurved beyond middle,
cylindric, sides dilate below the narrowed obtuse apex, keels
outside 3 conspicuously elevate, scarcely 1 cm. long, c. .40
cm. wide. Column entirely adnate to margins of lip blade,
continuing the ovary, dilate towards apex, rounded on back,
sides rather flat, concave inside, wings broad truncate broad-
ly subcarinate, yellow, c. .60 cm. long, at apex c. .38 cm.
wide, clinandrium conic-excavate suborbicular c. .20 cm.
wide, rostellum triangular with a short median keel apex
produced to a subulate very acute c. .18 cm. long beak.
Anther cucullate, seen from above ovate, acute, white.
Pollinia 8, narrowly linear-obpyriform, joined to a subulate
gland. Ovary 6-sulcate, green,’ scarcely 1.10 cm. long,
pedicel terete green about as long.
Padang woods by streams on damp rotting humus (No.
20684) at an altitude of about 5,500 feet.
I mistook this at first for a small state of C. speciosa,
Lndl. as the spur is somewhat similar. It differs, however,
from this in the structure of the lobes of the lip, in this
respect much more resembling the succeeding species.
Described from spirit material and field notes.
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
147
Calanthe (Section Styloglossum) angustifolia, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orch. Pl. 251; Fol. Orch. 5; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Ill. 710; Rehb. f. Walp. Ann. VI. 914; Ridl. Mat. I. 121;
Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 120; J. J. S. in Fl. Buit. VI (Orch.) 205;
Atlas {. CLII; C. phajoides, Rchb. f. Bonpl. V. 37; Xen.
Orch. I. 207. t. 79. II; Hook. f. Ic. Pl. IX. t. 1864; Amblyglot-
tis angustifolia, Bl. Bijdr. 369; Alismorchis angustifolia,
O. K. Rev. Gen. Pl. II 650; A. phajoides, O. K.l. c. A fairly
well distributed plant throughout the hills in the central
and northern parts of the Peninsula. On Gunong Tahan
it occurred in the Padang woods at 5,500 feet altitude (No.
20683, the var. flava of Ridley), while both forms occurred
on the main ridge at about 6,000 feet altitude.
Distribution :—Sumatra and Java.
Calanthe (Section Styloglossum) aurantiaca, Ridl. in
Journ. Roy. As. Soe. Str. Br. XXXIX. 80; Mat. I. 122; Fl.
Mal. Pen. IV. 120. An endemic species occurring on the
hills of the Peninsula. On Gunong Tahan it was found
(No. 20583), together with the succeeding species, in damp
woods below Wray’s Camp at about 3,300 feet altitude.
Calanthe (Section Styloglossum) pusilla, sp. nov.
Rhizoma repens. Caules ad c. 3.50 cm. dissiti, brevissimi,
e. 5-folii. Folia lineari-lanceolata vel lineari-oblanceolata,
acuminata, acuta, plicata, petiolo sulcato. Inflorescentiae
erectae, laxe 2-20-florae. Bracteae quaquaversae, mox
caducae, lanceolatae, acuminatae, acutissimae. Sepalum
dorsale oblongo-obovatum, breviter acuminatum, acutum.
Sepala lateralia oblongo-elliptica, brevissime acuminata,
acuta. Petala basi lineariter unguiculata, superne ovato-
oblonga, brevissime acuminata, acuta. Labellum 3-lobum,
calcaratum, marginibus laminae gynostemio adnatis, carinis
2 brevibus inter lobos laterales; lobi laterales quadrati, mar-
gine apicali vix rotundati; lobus intermedius lineari-oblon-
gus, brevissime acuminatus, obtusus; calcar pendulum,
teres, satis lateraliter compressum, apicem versus leviter
incurvum. Gynostemium intus valde concavum, clinandrio
transverse quadratum conico-excavato in carinam mediam
elevato, rostello subulatim rostrato. Anthera cucullata,
triangulari-ovata, acuta. Pollinia 8, anguste lineari-obpyri-
formia, glandula anguste subulata.
A dwarf plant. Rhizome creeping, up to .45 cm. diam.,
internodes up to c. .80 cm. long. Stems up to c. 3.50 cm.
distant, erect, very short, cylindric, narrowed to apex, green,
.75-1.25 cm. long, internodes c. 5 up to c. .25 cm. long.
Leaves c. 5, lower 2 reduced to sheaths, linear-lanceolate or
linear-oblanceolate, acuminate, acute, plicate, thinly flaccid,
margins undulate, above concave grooved opaque grey-green,
below convex conspicuously keeled paler, up to c. 18 cm. or
more long, 3-6 cm. wide, petiole grooved green up to c. 4 cm.
Vol. V. (1930).
148
long. Inflorescences erect, laxly 2-20-flowered!; peduncle
terete, rather slender, about 2 tubular sheaths at base and
c. 5 loosely tubular sheaths above, pale green, up to c. 2.5
cm. long; rachis ribbed, up to c. 9 cm. long. Bracts soon
caducous, lower ones largest, lanceolate, acuminate, very
acute, base 5-above 3-nerved, inside concave sparsely pubes-
cent, outside convex, pale green. Tepals fairly expanded,
snow white. Upper sepal oblong-obovate, shortly acuminate,
acute, nerves 5 outer ones short all branched and reticulate,
incurved towards apex, inside concave, outside convex, c.
1.10 cm. long, c. .45 cm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-elliptic,
very shortly acuminate, acute, nerves 5 branched and reticu-
late, inside concave, outside convex, c. 1.10 cm. long, c. .45
cm. wide. Petals clawed at base, claw linear c. .25 cm. long
c. .30 cm. wide, above claw ovate-oblong, very shortly acumi-
nate, acute, nerves 38 branched and reticulate, the whole c.
1.10 cm. long, c. .55 cm. wide. Lip 3-lobed, spurred, margins
of yellow blade adnate to column, 2 short yellow keels bet-
ween side lobes, spread out from ovary to apex of midlobe c.
1.15 cm. long, across side lobes c. .60 cm. wide; side lobes
quadrate, apical margin scarcely rounded, white, base yellow,
c. .15-.20 cm. long, .20-.30 cm. wide; midlobe linear-oblong,
very shortly acuminate, obtuse, snow white, scarcely .30 cm.
long, c. .33 cm. wide; spur pendulous, making a right angle
with ovary, terete, rather laterally flattened, slightly incurv-
ed towards the subclavate apex, c. 1.40 cm. long. Column
adnate to margins of lip blade, continuing ovary, dilate
towards apex, inside very concave, c. .50 cm. long, c. .25 cm.
wide, c. .30 cm. thick; clinandrium large, transversely quad-
rate, conic-excavate with a median keel; rostellum triangu-
lar, produced to a long narrowly subulate beak, beak c. .18
cm. long; stigma small, semilunate. Anther cucullate, white,
seen from above triangular-ovate, acute, a median keel near
base, c. .28 cm. long, c. .15 cm. wide. Pollinia 8, narrowly
linear-obpyriform, c. .15 cm. long, gland, narrowly subulate
c. .15 cm. long. Ovary 6-sulcate, c. .85 cm. long, pedicel
terete c. 1.10 cm. long.
An ally of C. rajana, J.J.S. from West Borneo, this plant
occurred not uncommonly in moist forest along the valley
of a tributary of the Reriang below Wray’s Camp at an
altitude of about 3,300 feet (No. 20590) together with the
preceding species.
Described from living plants, inflorescences preserved
in alcohol and colour notes taken in the field.
Cymbidium (Section Eucymbidium) Dayanum, Rchb.
f. in Gard. Chron. 1869. 710; Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. IV. 146; C.
acutum, Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII. 384; Mat. I. 140;
C. Simonsonianum, King & Pantling, in Ann. Bot. Gard.
Cale. VIII. 188. Pl. 250. Kuala Teku on trees overhanging
the river, at an altitude of about 500 feet.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
149
Distribution :—Sikkim and Assam.
Cymbidium (Section Cyperorchis) roseum, J. J. S. in
Fl. But. VI. (Orch. 1905) 475; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser.
3. VI. (1924). t. 11. f. 1; Cyperorchis rosea, Schltr. in Fedde
Rep. XX. (1924) 107; J. J. S. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. Ser.
3. IX (1927) 57. On the main ridge from Gunong Gedong
(Skeat’s Barrier Mountain) to the summit at 7,100 feet
growing in peaty humus in open spots or among very thin
dwarfed scrub, in flower and fruit (No. 20681).
This is the plant found here in fruit in July 1911 by
Ridley, (No. 16163), and reported by him in Journ. F. M. S.
Mus. VI (1915) 182 under No. 221.
Distribution :—Java.
I do not well see how Schlechter’s genus Cyperorchis
can be maintained. The chief characteristics of that genus
appear to be the unity of the base of the margins of the
lip with the column and the caudicle of the pollinia which
in the case of Cyperorchis is said to be longer and narrower
than is the case in Cymbidiwm. This can undoubtedly be
said of such plants as Cymbidium sigmoideum, J. J. S.
Cymbidium roseum, J. J. S., however, which Schlechter him-
self places under his genus Cyperorchis, appears to me to
unite the latter genus with Cymbidium, for while the
margins of the lip are shortly adnate at the base to the
column, the pollinia appear to be quite characteristic of
the latter genus. In regard to habit and the structure of
the flowers of the present plant other than the lip it would
be most difficult generically to separate it from Cymbidium.
Thrixspermum (Section Orsidice) tahanense, sp. nov.
Caulis longiusculus, erectus aut ascendens, validus. Folia
oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata, apici biloba, supra convexa
suleata, subtus concava conspicue carinata, vaginis tubu-
losis carinatis. Inflorescentiae multi-(ad ec. 35~-) florae,
pedunculo longiusculo inconspicue carinate, rachide longius-
cula valde lateraliter compressa. Bracteae alternatim bifa-
riae, basi tubulosae, parte libera valde carinata a latere
visa faleate triangulari. Flores majusculi. Tepala haud
caudata, lactea. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, longe acumina-
tum, acutum. Sepala lateralia falcata, lineari-ovata, longe
-acuminata, acuta. Petala lineari-ovata, longe acuminata,
acuta. Labellum 3-lobum, basi profunde lateque saccatum,
inter lobes laterales in callum magnum oblongo-ovatum obtu-
sum elevatum, lobi laterales erecti, triangulari-ovati, obtusi,
extus apicem versus papillosi; lobus intermedius conico-
cylindricus, conico-papillosus; saccus late oblongus, medio
dilatatus, apici retusus, intus papillosus et pilosus in
carinam mediam elevatus. Gynostemium breve, rectum,
intus linea media sulcate-concavum, alis latis rotundatis,
clinandrio suborbiculari medio convexo, rostello brevi
Vol. V. (1930).
150
triangulari acuto. Anthera cucullata. Pollinia 4, in
corpusculis 2 oblongis cohaerentia, stipite oblongo-elliptico,
glandula oblonga. Pes gynostemii triangular-oblongus.
Stem rather long, erect or ascending, stout, slightly
sinuous, strongly laterally flattened, elliptic in transverse
section, base branched, up to c. 30 cm. long, including sheaths
up to c. .80 cm. wide, c. .50 cm. thick, internodes up to ¢. 3
cm. long. Leaves spreading, recurved towards apex, oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, apex broadly unequally obtusely bilobed,
rather thickly fleshy, above rather shiny convex on each
side of the median groove, below opaque concave on each
side of the conspicuous median rib, green often spotted dull
purple, up to c. 9 cm. long, 2,50-3.50 cm. wide, sheaths tubu-
lar keeled in front and on the slightly rounded back, rather
shinily green often spotted dull purple. Inflorescences from
base of sheaths behind leaves, porrect or suberect, many-
(up to c. 35—-) flowered; peduncle rigid, narrowly elliptic in
transverse section, inconspicuously keeled in front and on
back, dilate towards apex, yellow-green, up toc. 15 cm. long;
rachis thickened, strongly laterally flattened, internodes
excavate on side facing the flower, a bracteiform but much
smaller sheath at base, up to c. 15 cm. long, with bracts c.
1.30 cm. wide. Bracts alternate, base tubular, above middle
free, spreading, laterally flattened and conduplicate, strongly
keeled on back, free part seen from side falcately triangular,
yellow-green often spotted and suffused dull purple, margins
c. 1 cm. back c. 1.20 em. long, tubular part .50-.60 cm. long.
Flowers opening 1 or 2 at a time, lasting 1 day, rather large,
scentless, c. 6.70 cm. wide. Tepals not caudate, semitrans-
parently cream coloured. Upper sepal oblong below, above
narrowed and long-acuminate, acute, 5-nerved, inside concave
outside convex fairly conspicuously keeled, 4—4.75 cm. long,
c. .55 cm. wide. Lateral sepals adnate to column foot, falcate,
sigmoidly curved above, linear-ovate, long-acuminate, acute,
5-nerved, inside concave, outside convex fairly conspicuously
keeled, 4-5 cm. long, c. .60 cm. wide. Petals linear-ovate,
long-acuminate, acute, sigmoidly curved above, 3-nerved,
outer nerves short, inside slightly concave, outside slightly
convex, 3.75-4.25 cm. long, c. .40 cm. wide. Lip adnate to
apex of co'umn foot, 3-lobed, base deeply and broadly saccate,
obtusangularly recurved in middle, a large oblong-ovate
obtuse fleshy white palely and dully fusco-suffused callus
between side lobes, spread out c. 1.85 cm. long, across side
lobes c. 1.50 cm. wide; side lobes erect, rather fleshy, trian-
gular-ovate, obtuse, posterior margin roundly curved and
incurved over column, white, shiny inside, outside papillose
towards apex; midlobe obtusangularly recurved, conic-cylind-
ric, fleshy, conic-papillose, above triangularly depressed at
base, beneath flat, whitish, c. 1 cm. long, base c. .60 em wide;
sac short, broadly oblong, dilate in middle, apex retuse,
inside papillose and ochre-hairy with a median keel, yellow-
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
“a
151
white, a large brown-purple spot at base. Column making
an obtuse angle with ovary, short, straight, apex truncate,
inside sulcato-concave on the median line, white, c. .17 cm.
long, c. .22 cm. wide, wings broad rounded fleshy white;
clinandrium searcely excavate, suborbicular, convex in mid-
dle, white; restellum short, triangular, acute; stigma small,
deeply excavate, transversely oval, basal margin produced
in middle to a triangular obtuse lobule. Anther cucullate,
biloculate, white, c. .17 cm. long, c. .20 cm. wide. Pollinia
4, cohering in 2 oblong bodies, pale yellow-white, anterior
2 c. .12 em. posterior 2 c. .10 cm. long; stipe (caudicle)
oblong-elliptic, incurved above middle, recurved below apex,
convex above, concave below, white, c. .10 cm. long, c. .05
cm. wide; gland (disc) small, oblong, pale yellow. Column
foot continuing column, triangular-oblong, dilate above the
slightly narrowed base, apex narrowed, inside concave, c. .30
cm. long, c. .40 em. wide. Ovary 6-sulcate, yellow-green, c.
1.60 cm. long.
On the stones of the drain of one of the huts on the
Padang, about 3,400 feet altitude. Described from living
plants.
Thrixspermum (Section Dendrocolla) recurvum, comb.
nov. Thrixspermum brevicaule, Carr in Gard. Bull. 8. S. V.
(1929) 35. t. XV; Sarcochilus recurvus, Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI. 39; Ic. Pl. I have little doubt that this species is
referable to Hooker’s plant since the inflorescence and bracts
are most distinctive.
It was found at Kuala Teku on branches of trees over-
hanging the Teku river, about 500 feet altitude. In the Teku
plants the sepals were distinctly apiculate and the brown
markings were much paler than in the Tembeling and
Krambit plants.
Pennilabium struthio, sp. nov. Caulis brevis, ascendens.
Folia 4-5, falcata, lineari-lanceolata, apici inaequaliter
biloba, vaginis tubulosis apicem versus recurvis. Inflorescen-
tiae pauciflorae, pedunculo lateraliter compresso, rachide
latiore valde lateraliter compressa facie antica dorsoque
canaliculata. Bracteae alternatim bifariae, rachidem
amplectantes, late et breviter triangulares, acutae, extus
carinatae. Sepalum dorsale e basi brevissime unguiculata
reflexum, ellipticum, breviter apiculatum, marginibus
dimidio superiore minute erosulis, extus sparse verru-
cosum. Sepala lateralia e basi unguiculata_ oblique
oblonga, breviter apiculata, marginibus dimidio superiore
minute erosulis, extus sparse verrucosa. Petala breviter
unguiculata, subfaleata, super basin elliptico-obovata,
obtusa, marginibus in 1/3 parte superiore irregulariter
dentatis. Labellum 3-lobum, calearatum, super faucem cal-
caris in lamellas 2 erectas triangulares bidentatas parallelas
Vol. V. (1930)..
152
marginibus anticis lamella transversa simili conjunctas cons-
picue elevatum; lobi laterales falcati, lineari-cuneati, trun-
cati, marginibus apicem versus laciniatis, laciniis in appen-
dices multas cylindricas breviter pilosas productis; lobus
intermedius valde lateraliter compressus, omnino papillo-
sus, a latere visus linearis, super medium abrupte incurvus
linearis sub apice subulato-acuminatus anguste obtusus;
calear majusculum, anguste cylindricum, sub apice obtuso
dilatatum. Gynostemium breve, clinandrio suborbiculari,
rostello in rostrum subulatum producto, stigmato maximo
suborbiculari. Anthera cucullata, supra visa transverse sub-
quadrata: Pollinia 2, subglobosa, stipite anguste lineari
apicem versus triangulariter dilatato, glandula minuta an-
guste ovali. Ovarium breviter clavato-pilosum.
Stem short, ascending, 6-5-leaved, rooting ‘below, 1-2
cm. long. Leaves spreading, falcate, linear-lanceolate, apex
unequally bilobed, longer lobe obtuse, shorter one obtuse or
acute and tooth-like, base narrowed and slightly twisted,
rather fleshy, above convex .on each side of the median
groove rather shinily green, beneath opaque paler fairly
conspicuously keeled, 4-6.50 cm. long, .90-1.30 cm. wide,
sheaths tubular recurved towards apex dull green up to ec.
.50 cm. long. Inflorescences from base of sheaths behind
leaves, porrect, few-flowered; peduncle terete, laterally flat-
tened, bearing a few distant bracteiform sheaths, green, c.
1 cm. long; rachis broader, strongly laterally flattened, keel-
ed in front and on back, green, c. 2.50 em. long, c. .25 cm.
wide. Bracts alternate, half embracing the rachis, broadly
and shortly triangular, acute, inside acutangularly concave,
outside highly convex keeled. ' Flowers opening 1-2 at a
time and lasting 1 day, c. 1.70 cm. long, c. 1 em. wide. Sepals
strongly spreading,, semitransparently ochreous, inside
spotted dark red except at base and apex. Upper sepal
reflexed from the very shortly clawed base, incurved above
middle, elliptic, shortly apiculate, apiculus conic acute, 5-
nerved, margins in upper half minutely erosulous, inside
concave, outside convex sparsely warty, c. 1 cm. long, c. .48
cm. wide. Lateral sepals adnate to base of column, recurved
from the very shortly clawed base, above base obliquely
oblong, apex shortly apiculate, apiculus conic acute, 5-nerved,
margins in upper half minutely erosulous, inside concave,
outside convex sparsely warty, c. 1 cm. long, c. .50 em. wide.
Petals spreading, incurved about middle, base shortly claw-
ed, subfaleate, above base elliptic-obovate, obtuse, 3-nerved,
margins in upper 1/3 irregularly toothed, inside concave,
outside convex, ochreous spotted red, margins very thin
paler, c. .85 cm. long, c. .50 em. wide. Lip adnate to base
of column, 3-lobed, spurred, lamellae 2 above mouth of spur,
erect triangular 2-toothed parallel, transparently yellowish,
margins dark red c, .18 cm. long ¢, .20 cm. wide, joined on
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8,
153
anterior margins by a similar transverse lamella; side lobes
reflexed from base, anterior margins often contiguous in
middle, large, falcate, linear-cunecate, truncate, margins
laciniate towards apex, laciniae produced into very many
cylindric shortly hairy .10-.15 cm. long appendages, rather
shiny, semitransparently snow white, c. 1 cm. long, c. .35
cm. wide; midlobe above the broad base fleshy, strongly
laterally flattened, entirely papillose, seen from the side por-
rect, linear in basal half, above middle abruptly and obtus-
angularly incurved, in upper half linear, subulate-acuminate
below the narrowly obtuse apex, white, c. .85 cm. long, c. .15
em. wide; spur rather large, porrect, nearly parallel to
column, straight, narrowly cylindric, dilate below the nar-
rowly obtuse apex, yellowish, fully 1 cm. long. Column short,
dilate in middle, yellowish with a transverse pale red streak
at base, c. .23 cm. long; clinandrium slightly excavate, subor-
bicular, produced on back; rostellum produced to a beak
long subulate apex incurved c. .17 cm. long; stigma very
large, suborbicular. Anther cucullate, seen from above
transversely subquadrate, a short broad median keel at base,
2-celled, cells slightly elevate on back transversely oval
separated by a median groove, opercula 2 suborbicular inside
at base, apex produced to a beak large triangular
shortly truncate convex above concave below. Pollinia 2,
subglobose, yellow, joined to the caudicle by a rather stout
highly elastic filament; caudicle very long, narrowly linear,
triangularly dilate towards apex, below apex abruptly in-
curved elevate in a median keel bearing the filaments of the
pollinia, margins above base revolute, white, c. .25 cm. long;
disc minute, narrowly oval, yellowish. Ovary shortly club-
bed-hairy.
Kuala Teku on a branch of a tree overhanging the Teku
river at an altitude of about 500 feet.
A distinct species remarkable for the structure of the
lip. The side lobes are particularly interesting with their
curious fringe, quite unlike any plant of the group known
to me. The specific name refers to the side lobes which
show a passable resemblance to the tail feathers of an
ostrich. The erect lamellae at the entrance to the spur
are quite transparent and probably serve as guides to the
maxillae of moths. The midlobe is curiously curved in the
form of a hook. |
Described from living plants in cultivation at Tembeling,
Pahang. |
Vol. V. (1980)...
154
PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Oberonia subnavicularis, King & Pantling.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Flower, from the side.
Flower, from the front.
Lip, spread out.
Column, from the side.
All enlarged.
Fig. 2. Oberonia lanpongensis, J.J.S.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Anther, from above.
Flower, from the front.
Lip, spread out.
All enlarged.
Fig. 3. Dendrobium pahangense, Carr.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Flower, from the front.
Flower, in section.
Lip, spread out.
Column, from the front.
Anther, from the front.
. Pollinia.
Fig. 4. Dendrobium Hosei, Ridl.
a. Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
Anther, from the side.
Anther, from the front.
Pollinia.
Column, from the side.
Column, from the front.
Flower, from the side.
a—i enlarged, j. nat. size.
Fig. 5. Dendrobium Hosei, Ridl. var Pelor, Carr.
Flower, from the side.
Lateral sepal.,
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
Column, from the front.
b. c. about nat. size, remainder enlarged,
Spa Sa oF SS tho Sri
wo FES Bo SS
ge Seo 8
Plate I.
i ee
4
mw eee ae i i ae esa
7 »
PN 4g :
7"
@
ae A ood a
155
Fig. 6. Bulbophyllum ignevenosum, Carr.
Lip and column, from the side.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip. spread out.
Column, from the frent.
Anther, from above.
All enlarged.
aoe SF
Fig. 7. Bulbophyllum tekuense, Carr.
Flower, from the side.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
Anther, from the side.
Pollinia.
All enlarged.
PAP Oe
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
oe
156
PLATE II.
sige imhiaeas tristriatum, Carr.
Sane tases ans mae
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Plant, nat, size.
Lip, spread out.
Anther, from above.
— from the side.
, b, d nat. size, remainder enlarged.
sibopaeeinees biseriale, Carr.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Plant, nat. size.
Plant, from above.
Lip, from above.
Lip, from below.
Lip and column, from the side.
d, e nat. size, remainder enlarged.
eee ee @ wt
Bulbophyllum dryas, Ridl.
a.
Plant.
Portion of rhizome and inflorescence.
Pseudobulb.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
Flower in section, from the side.
a nat. size, remainder enlarged.
Bulbophyllum Stella, Ridl.
a.
Se SQmno Aas
Flower, from the side.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from above.
Lip, from below.
Anther, from below.
Anther, from above.
2 pollinia.
a, b,c, d, f, g nat. size; e, h, i, 7, enlarged.
Bagg hag cleistogamum, Ridl.
So Se Ss
Flower, from the front.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip and column from the side.
Column, from the front.
. d enlarged, remainder nat. size,
VU
Rae cord
Pet al Ah
rs cee: Vash
6: iiaay o-
ed bers ees ah
‘nthe
*
_
_
—)
2
=
Pant
157
PLATE III.
Fig. 1. Bulbophyllum tahanense, Carr.
Plant.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from above.
Lip, from below.
Flower, in section.
Column, from the front.
Anther, from the side.
a natural size, remainder enlarged.
SESS Bo of
Fig. 2. Bulbophyllum foetidolens, Carr.
a. Flower, from the side.
b. Bract.
c. Upper sepal.
d. Lateral sepal.
e. Petal.
f. Lip, from above.
g. Lip, from below.
h. Column, from the front.
iz. Anther, from the side.
7. Anther, from above.
k. 2 pollinia.
All enlarged.
Fig. 3. a saber apiferum, Carr.
Flower, from above.
Flower, from the side.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from above.
Anther, from above.
a natural size, remainder enlarged.
Pes Po SS
Fig. 1.
ie, 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
158
PLATE IV.
Bulbophyllum vaginulosum, Carr.
C2
OC eps ass
Sees RO SS
q Fa MS Pe oF
SSFQr.0e Aa SR
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, from above.
Lip, from below.
Flower, from the side.
All enlarged.
alanthe rigida, Carr.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Spur, from above.
Lip, spread out.
Lip and coumn, from the side.
Column, from below.
g enlarged, remainder natural size.
alanthe pusilla, Carr.
Bract.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out.
Lip and column, from the side.
Column, from below.
Anther, from above.
Pollinia.
ennilabium struthio, Carr.
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Flcwer and inflorescence, from the side.
Flower, from the front.
Portion of apical margin of side lobe of lip.
Pollinia, from above.
Pollinia, from below.
Anther, from above.
d and e natural size, remainder enlarged.
Thrixspermum tahanense, Carr.
> FS mre Aa 8
Upper sepal.
Lateral sepal.
Petal.
Lip, spread out from above.
Flower, from below.
Flower, in section.
Column, from below.
Anther, from above.
Anther, from below,
— —
+ _ ~
—_- x2 —_—-- — 2
—=——_. ST _ ——
SS SS =SV)
— meas eee ae
159
INDEX
Agrostophyllum glumaceum, Hook. f. ..
Agrostophyllum longifolium, Rchb. f.
Agrostophyllum majus, Hook. f
Alismorchis angustifolia, O.K. ..
Alismorchis phajoides, O.K. ..
Amblyglottis angustifolia, Bl. ..
Appendicula longifolia, Bl.
Bulbophyllum apiferum, Carr. ..
Bulbophyllum biseriale, Carr. ..
Bulbophyllum cleistogamum, Ridl. $3
Bulbophyllum corolliferum, J. J. S., var. atropur-
pureum, J. J. S. { i. 13
Bulbophyllum dryas, Ridl. @:
Bulbophyllum foetidolens, Carr.
Bulbophyllum ignevenosum, Carr.
Bulbophyllum lepidum, J. J.S. ..
Bulbophyllum papillosofilum, Carr. ;
Bulbophyllum pulchellum, Ridl., var. purpureum,
Ridl. nf Bx
Bulbophyllum Stella, Ridl.
Bulbophyllum tahanense, Carr.
Bulbophyllum tekuense, Carr. as
Bulbophyllum tristriatum, Carr.
Bulbophyllum vaginulosum, Carr.
Calanthe angustifolia, Lindl.
Calanthe aurantiaca, Ridl.
Calanthe phajoides, Rchb. f.
Calanthe pusilla, Carr. ..
Calanthe rigida, Carr. ..
Callista intermedia, O.K.
Callista salaccensis, O.K.
Ceratostylis eriaeoides, Hook. f.
Cymbidium acutum, Ridl.
Cymbidium Dayanum, Rchb. f.
Cymbidium roseum, J. J. S.
Cymbidium Simonsianum, King & Pantl.
Cyperorchis rosea, Schltr.
Dendrobium citrino-castaneum, Burkill .
Dendrobium gemellum, Ridl. Sg of Lindl. )
Dendrobium Hosei, Ridl.
var. Pelor, Carr
Dendrobium intermedium, T.& ‘B.
Dendrobium pahangense, Carr ..
Dendrobium pallidiflorum, Ridl. .
Dendrobium panduriferum, Hook. var. serpens;
Hook. f. =
Dendrobium planibulbe, Lindl.
Dendrobium quadrilobatum, Carr.
145
144
144
147
147
147
144
133
131
139
143
136
135
130
143
137
143
138
142
132
128
140
147
147
147
147
145
128
128
145
148
148
149
148
149
125
128
125
125
128
126
125
128
128
125
160
Dendrobium salaccense, Lindl. .. we be 128
Dendrobium serpens, Hook, f. .. i 3h 128
Dendrobium tuberiferum, Hook. f. a a 128
Dendrochilum angustifolium, Ridl. ae a 1438
Desmotrichum pallidiflorum, Ridl. sk ve 125
Eria Kingit, Hook. f. .. om xy vs 144
Eria major, Ridl. - 2 Ms wu 144
Eria meirax, N. E. Br. .. i AL ax 144
fia punctata, J. J. 8. =: 7: + ui 144
Eria pygmaea, Hook. f. ‘ $} em 145
Eria Ridleyi, Rolfe a 3 yi 33 144
Eria suaveolens, Ridl. .. #4 a3 F% 144
Eria tahanensis, Ridl. .. a fs zt 144
Grastidium salaccense, Bl. x by re 128
Liparis lacerata, Ridl. a tte 124
Liparis purpureo-viridis, ‘Burkill ss ay 124
Oberonia lampongensis, J. J. S. Hi, 124
Oberonia subnavicularis, King & Pantl. ey 124
Pennilabium struthio, Carr. .. 4 at 151
Porpax meirax, King & Pantl. .. a ak 144
Sarcochilus recurvus Hook. f. .. ii ant 151
Sarcopodium citrino-castaneum, Ridl. .. ‘\ 125
Thrixspermum brevicaule, Carr ux cad 151
Thrixspermum recurvum, Carr .. Bh A 151
Thrixspermum tahanense, Carr. té fd 149
MoHAMED HANIFF.
161
OBITUARY.
We regret to record the sudden death on March 25th,
1930, of Mr. Mohamed Haniff, who retired on pension in
1926 after 36 years service in the Gardens Department.
Mr. Haniff started work at the Waterfall Gardens, Penang,
on July Ist 1890, as an apprentice, and after 3 years’
apprenticeship was promoted to be Overseer. His early
training under the late Mr. Charles Curtis was sound and
thorough, and he retained throughout his career that
devotion to and keen interest in his duties which the example
of Mr. Curtis inspired. In 1910, the Waterfall Gardens
were handed over to the Municipality of Georgetown, with
the object of converting them into a reservoir. Mr. Haniff’s
services were retained by the Municipality as Overseer in
charge of the Gardens, and when 15 months later the
reservoir scheme was abandoned and the Gardens handed
back to Government, Mr. Haniff remained in charge, under
the Director in Singapore. His charge of the Gardens con-
tinued until 1921, when it was again possible to appoint a
European Assistant. He was promoted to the rank of Field
Assistant in 1917. In 1925 he capably deputised for the
Assistant Curator of the Singapore Gardens during the
latter’s furlough.
In addition to his horticultural duties, he assisted in
numerous field expeditions for the collection of plants and
specimens in many parts of the Peninsula. He had a very
extensive knowledge of the Malayan Flora, and was a keen
and capable collector. His name is commemorated in
Dendrobium Haniffii, Ridl., a beautiful species which he first
collected in Kelantan in 1923.
After Mr. Haniff’s retirement he continued to collect
plants from time to time, and was always ready to help by
supplying specimens and information. In this way he kept
in close touch with the Gardens, and had actually been out
to collect specimens on the day of his death. All officers of
the Department mourn the loss of a friend and of a trusted
colleague.
162
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the year 192s. i
Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.
Date. Jan. March
1} 01 ete
2] 204
3 | 137
- “01
5 “09
6 "15
7 ‘20
8 03
9; 1°00
10 ‘58 1°52
11 ‘48
12 | 408
13 ‘02
14 ‘76
15 ‘09
16 trace ‘02
17 ‘25
18 i'29
19 66 117
20 (2
21 ‘06 ‘BO
22 50 1°10
23 ‘71
24 08
25} 120 ‘16
26 15 “01
27 01 2°01
28 12
z9 ‘51
30 68 trace
31 trace
8°75
Total ...| 14°29
Singapore.
July to Decr. 1928
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second half of the year
1928.
Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.
Le eS I CO a = Se ll cy Oe a OG" Ce
Rabe pes Gor COs "OOD adh) (Co CY AB Too bo Se SS
Total’:
Vol. V. (1930).
oOo 268 ss & G-s ow np -
2°04
2°32
__ |
7°33
trace
‘65
‘61
‘09
trace
‘62
"30
111
trace
10°74
163
2°56
trace
‘48
1°62
‘36
‘06
03
15
18
2°46
‘41
13
1°04
15
trace
13
"19
o_O eee
“44
trace
trace
1°44
| -_
17°68
10°28
164
Rainfall
Jan. to June 1928
At the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the first half of the
year 1928, in inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the twenty-four
hours begin.
Penang.
Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Water Engineer,
SS |
ee wmoaunrnewnr qe ts Ww NWN =
—
lo)
11
Total ...
29
‘70
1°12
3°76
10
1.36
18
14
04
2°22
1°33
1°79:
"85
04
1°58
3°48
Penang. 165
July to Decr. 1928
At the head of the Waterfall Gardens,
of the year 1928, in inches.
Penang during the second half
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the twentv-four
hours begin.
Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Water Engineer,
Penang.
1
2
aoe
4
5 03 1°76 2:24 +39 03
6 1°87 2°62 ‘08 ‘11
7 05 2°75 28 33 +39
8 2°61 ‘79 ‘17 13
9] 80 13 2°73 ‘05 25 | | ‘32
10| 06 494 | 26 03 | 26
|. ‘14 34 1°85 09 4g | 12
12 “41 1°91 ‘73 | 05
13 04 1°60 33 03 |
14 1°14 3°12 21 25 21
15 03 20 38 | «04
16 3°35 10 13 +03
17 1°70 03 12 07 =| 46
18 | 06 04 ‘11 23 Hg 5 72
19 | 03 a OT ‘70 27 |
20 09 1-17 |
21 02 03 03 2°46 66
20 | 37 | |
ae eee 23 19 0 | «27 03 «| «07
24 “ 43 21 |
a 1°23 03 10 at
26 "49 ‘09 18 1°67
ar TTS 15 | 26 0 | “OA
28 30 17 | | | 22
29 | 38 | 1:92 |. °05
30! 19 07 |
31 27 “39 |
Total..| 497 [i510 | 29382 izes | 675 | 613
Vol. V. (1980).
166 Rainfall
Jan. to June 1929
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the year 1929.
Reading taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.
Jan. Feb. March April May June
1 | -96 ‘65 Nil ‘06 trace ‘09
2 68 1°70 ey ‘17 Nil Nil
3} trace | Nil : Nil 16 |
4 Yoh | re ‘06 trace
5/248 | -33 Nil 285 73
6] 30 | -29 ae < 21. «|: 08
7 trace | Nil ae a trace ‘09
8] Nil es Ss ~ 16 :| |) 0
9 Nil (| re) Brace oe Nil
10 1:95 Nil’ | | -37
11 1°67 20 trace | trace
12] 15 05 13 62 | 56 02
13 Nil 25 11... "| Yani 27 Nil
14 10 trace | 20 | ‘01 ‘34
15 Nil ‘91 ‘21 ‘O1 Nil
16 16 trace Nil 1 ile, MEE ae 22
17 ‘16 13 ‘01 . ier on Nil
18 Nil 14 03 Nil |
cy eee trace 68 eo" ein Sk eee
20 % Nil ‘18 10 | 126 | Nit
21 ie ‘94 | Nil | trace Nil trace
22 23 Nil 7 Nil ae Nil
23 Nil |
24 J ‘67 ne ee 07 45
25 Re ee tw Nil Nil 1°72
26 : 1. BT OB] (a oh ee ‘82
27 Fut ‘47 D7 Nil | ‘28 Nil
Gardens Bulletin, 8.S.
Singapore. 167
July to Decr. 1929
At the Botanic, Gardens, Singapore, during the second half of the year 1929.
Reading taken at 9 a.m. and eo in inches.
Date July duly | Aug "Date | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct | Nov | Dec. Sept. | Oct. Nov Dec.
1 Nil “Q°~- jeer 46 14
2 . Nil Nil trace 45
3 Nil ‘23
4 ‘07 te A 04
5 64 Nil 27
6 ‘11 1°30 49 01
7 05 15 Nil 08
8 Nil Nil 01 11
9 ‘30 12 Nil
10 20 05 19 2°30
11 bs | 161 | trace | ‘67 ‘06
12 1°31 ‘70 Nil 14
13 28 Nil Nil 08 27 trace
14 | Nil trace 11 | trace 2°56 Nil
15 31 ‘07 Nil 03 14
16 64 Nil 50 Nil 01 29
17 Nil nee See Nil 56
18 | ah | Nil ve 1°65 trace
19 | 08 | x 52 33 2=«| ~sCNNil
20 Iti.) Gare C5 24 Nil | ‘56
21 12 Nil Nil Nil 46 | 23
22 | Nil »e ‘19 Nil 11
ae trace =e 02 ‘06 06 | trace
24 trace ‘37 Nil trace Nil | Nil
25 63 "34 i 2°08 trace
26 Nil | trace 05 Nil 51 02
a ae 90> ha Nil 10 Nil | Nil
28 at Nil 13 1°56 ws | "92
29 vas ‘07 | 5°80 25 1°96 Nil
30 1:93 | 45 18 ee ie |
31 1°98 / |. “33 16
Total... 215 | 797 Gane } 823 |irer | 449
Vol. V. (1930).
the year, 1929, in inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the twenty-
four hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Commissioners of
George Town, Penang.
oe
Jan.
168
March
Nil
38
Nil
“40
"28
2°02
‘32
23
18
April
(rer SS
‘26
‘06
Nil
Jan. to June 1929
At the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the first half of
“Tel | lee
|
|
|
|
Rainfall
May June
05 Nil
Nil
‘87 °29
67 Nil
03
04
02 24
Nil Nil
*b2 04
18 68
Nil *42
Nil
‘08 1°03
19 2"25
Penang. 169
July to Decr. 1929
At the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the seeond half of
the year, 1929, in inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the twenty-
four hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Commissioners of
George Town, Penang.
2 | er Nil 13 | 54 | Nil
3 Nil | 26 15 | 05 |
4 | 4:35 | . Nil 1:04
5 a 137 | +93 03
6 62 “04 | 1-7 05
7| 1:93 Nil Nil | 72 5A
gs! 03 | 162 | 186 | 46 | 178
Oe ae (eS) | 06 04 | 87
10} Nil oi ai Nil | 228 |
12 | ‘57 82 | 29 |
13 110 | °30 02 ‘07
14| °47 o9 | 20 batt 03 | 1:04
15 - Nil 22 | Nil 33 | 60
16 04 | 85 | 4 15 ‘98
17| 25 Nil | 06 | Nil | 04 | 03
18° [5.230 | 2-297 26 3:93 | Nil
19 Nil "22 Nil Nil |
20 05 55 |
21 ‘08 "05
22 45 | 03 oe
23| 04 ae eg ee ‘Nil
24| Nil 14 Nil 25 04
25 22 ‘72
26 | :32 21 | 12 06
27 | Nil "84 -30 04
28 3-11 | 16 04
29 15 | 20 05
30 1 A Rae 42
31 02 35
Toal.| 844 [atti [ira | 7a0 |isas | oes
Vol. V. (1930).
170
Summary of Rainfall 1928.
SS ES
SINGAPORE. | PENANG.
ne Amount of Rain. cae cst Nic ae Amount of Rain. | Longest
rainy ae — en spell rainy aD ell
days | Inches. mm sei iad days. Inches. mm oe
Jan. 25 1429 363 | 2 days 7 | 3°76 95 | Qdays
Feb. 2 | 11:49] Sea] 3 , 7 | 254 63
Mar. 15 875) ° 931) 9, 15 598] 152 7a
April 19 | EPR Pet oe 25 | 1464; 372] .2 ,,
May 15 3°63 B23. 1l he | 24 | 1898] 482] 4 ,,
June 14 3°70 94] 6 , 8 6°30 1601.2 se
July | 10 | 733 186 | 16 ,, 14 4:97 126| 6 ,,
Aug. 21 | 10°74 278 |). oe 25 | 1510) 383 | 1 day
Sep. 17 | 9°80 | 249 | 3 22 | 29°32 745 | 3days
Oct. | 21 | 7:48] 190] 4 26. |. 127381) S87b ieee
Nov. 23 | 17°68 449 | 3 19 6°75 171| 3
Dec. | 25 | 10°28 261 | 2 22 |, 613 185 | 384
Total. | 223 117-04 2973 214 12732) 3231
Greatest amount in 24 hours 4°29”
4°94 inches or 126 mm.
or 109 mm.
Greatest amount in 48 hours 5'70’
7°67 inches or 195 mm.
or 145 mm.
Greatest amount in 72 hours 5°96"
10°28 inches or 261 mm.
or 151 mm.
Periods in which more than 5 ins. fell
in 72 hours. 2 (Jan. Nov.) 3 (April, September).
Periods in which less than ‘02 ins. fell
in 120 hours. 6 (Mar., Apr.-May, May, 10 (Jan., Feb., Mar., June,
June, July, October.) July).
Vol. V. (1930).
171
Summary of Rainfall 1929.
SINGAPORE. PENANG.
Amount of Rain. | Longest N Amount of Rain. Longest
. he
days Inches. mm nar days | Inches. mm ve
Jan. 12 522 132 | 9days 1 "38 9 | 29 days
Feb. 19 8°99 229 i 12 8°04 204; 9 ,,
Mar. | 15 | 906] 230 |) ie | 671] 7c] 5,
April 14 2°51 64 7 17 10°90 (i ee
May 18 8°67 220 Boxy ry 6°5C 165} 3
June 16 811 206 ) ‘g 15 8°52 216; 3
July 9 2°15 5. aE aa 8 3°44 88 | 6
Aug. 13 T97 2C2 1B 15 11°11 282 | 8
Sep. if) 9°04 23) at: 27 Per. ay a Ale
Oct. 21 8°23 209 SA 21 759 193 | 3
Nov. 20 11°61 295 | oe 28 14°45 2 oe
Dec. 20 4°49 11¢ ee Ae 7 3°63 92 | 12
Total. | 194 86°05
Greatest amount in,24 hours 5°80*
4°60 inches or 117 mm.
or 147 mm.
Greatest amount in 48 hours 6°25”
5°72 inches or 146 mm.
or 159 mm.
Greatest amount in 72 hours 6°38”
5°98 inches or 152 mm.
or 162 mm.
Periods in which more than 5 ins. fell
in 72 hours. 1 (Sept.) 3 (April, August, September),
Periods in which less than ‘02 ins. fell
in 120 hours. 10 (Jan., Mar., Apr., May., 10 (Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., July,
July, Aug., Dec.) Aug., Dec.)
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
“f * # . x ’ ;
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Gardens’ Bulletin
|
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
aed jae do i! Nos. 7-8
|
|
|
CONTENTS.
|
|
PAGE |
On Periodic Pekan and Flowering of trees in . |
| Singapore, by R. EL. Holttum : ee AIS: |
Aspidium Maingayi (Baker) Holttum, comb. nov.,
by R. BE. Holttum .. Ee ee es 2OT
An enumeration of the species of Paramignya,
| _ Atalantia, and pear found in roe by I. H.
_ Burkill re at AMA F2 |
; Notes on Gluta in Mantes by 1. H. Burkill a 224 |
ea Herpestis Monniera, H. B. and K. as Beenie |
x ~ by | Be : ap 3) 7) 231 |
; i}
Erythropsis eos Burkill, enane: nov., ie I. H. H
| Burka” : reget |
| Vanda x oan J. J.S., by i we Meds y's. ZS2
Bee oo “Padang” flora of Jemaja, in the Anamba
y islands, N. E. Tes by M. R. Henderson : 234
alophila ‘spinulosa ee Br. aids Aschers, he (pares
pes $1.00
a nd ae
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7
THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. V. ; sed: JUNE, L931 Nos. 7 & 8.
ON PERIODIC LEAF-CHANGE AND FLOWERING OF
TREES IN SINGAPORE.
By R. E. Holttum, M.A., F.L.S.
In the year 1905 Wright published an account of his
observations on the behaviour as regards leaf change of a
large number of trees in Ceylon, chiefly at Peradeniya,
from which it appeared that as a general rule deciduous
trees changed their leaves at Peradeniya in the dry
season in the early part of the year, though many species
showed irregularity from tree to tree and from year to year.
More recently Coster has published observations on the
behaviour of trees in Java, both in the east (which has a
long dry season) and in the west (which has a shorter but
usually regular dry season about July-August). It appears
from Coster’s papers that trees in West Java behave much
as at Peradeniya, but that leaf changes of trees with annual
periodicity take place about six months later in Java,
corresponding with a dry season of July-August instead of
January-February. Singapore lies between Ceylon and
Java and possesses a more uniform climate than either.
Moreover, it is obvious even to a casual observer that many
deciduous trees do not change their leaves at any fixed
season of the year, and that trees of the same species often
behave differently from one another. It occurred to me
therefore that a careful record of the behaviour of
deciduous trees in Singapore would be of considerable in-
terest, and in August 1927 I began a series of observations
which has been continued up to the present time. I have
to thank my colleagues Mr. E. J. H. Corner and Mr. M. R.
Henderson for regularly observing a number of trees dur-
ing my absence on furlough from June to December 1930;
Mr. Corner has also kept records of some species for a
longer period. In addition to the leaf changes of deciduous
trees, | also made some observations on the flowering of
evergreen trees, particularly of fruit trees. It was apparent
from the first that the only observations which would be
of value were records of the behaviour of individual trees,
as different individuals of the same species behaved so
174 R. E. Holttum.
differently. I therefore selected a number of trees in and
near the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, which I could see
frequently, and inspected most of them weekly. As time
went on I found other trees which promised to be interesting
and added them to my list; my records of these trees are
therefore not so complete.
The temperature of Singapore is so uniform throughout
the year that it can have little influence on the seasonal
behaviour of trees. Rainfall and atmospheric humidity
show greater variation. The one apparently constant
feature of the rainfall is the wet season in October-January,
during the north-east monsoon. December and January
average about 12 inches (30 cm.) of rain each, which is
not an excessive amount; but during this season rain falls
nearly every day (often light rain over long periods) the
sky is nearly always cloudy and atmospheric humidity is
usually high. There is usually, but by no means always, a
fairly sharp change to drier conditions about February;
this is the only well-marked seasonal change which occurs
in Singapore. Penang has a much more regular and pro-
nounced dry season about January-February, and in this
it agrees with Peradeniya. From February to September
the weather in Singapore is very uncertain; dry periods
may occur, but rarely any very wet ones. Taking an
average of a number of years, these months have each
from six to eight inches (15 to 20 cm.) of rain. Indeed,
from a graph showing the mean monthly rainfall no definite
seasonal changes can be deduced. Individual months,
however, are often much drier than the average, and a list
of the driest months since 1890 is interesting. ‘There were
18 months in 41 years which had less than 2.5 inches
(6.3 cm.) of rain each. Of these months 6 were February,
3 March, 1 April, 5 July, 2 August and 1 September. It
is therefore apparent that in addition to the tendency for
dry weather to occur in February and March after the wet
season of the north-east monsoon, there is a fairly marked
tendency for dry weather to occur in July and August, at
the time of the driest weather in Java. It is also evident
that in some years there is no really dry season at all.
The accompanying diagrams show (1) mean monthly
rainfall at Singapore, Batavia and Peradeniya, and (2)
the variation in monthly rainfall in successive years in
Singapore.
It appears to me that the records which I have been
able to collect show that many deciduous trees respond
regularly to the usual change of season about February
by changing their leaves. A few have their leaf change
at the time of the other dry period, about August. Some
change their leaves at both seasons. Many trees however
seem to notice no season, but are a law unto themselves,
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
A
aT
fy oh
+
175
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore.
vAluoprisg
s10desuig
eIAv}LEq
‘url
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‘30q "AON 90) J tal) ‘ony Ayn ounf AV IN ‘aidy ‘IVIN
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Vol. V. (19381).
176 R. E. Holttum.
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Crh. Inm.
1923 , 2118
0
25
1924 - 2565
0 7
25
1925 3109
25
1926 2292
PE a ee
25
3
1927 2927
ee I Sa ae
25
2993
1928
0
25 :
AS ee 2186
1929
ee ee ee ee ee
Monthly Rainfall, Singapore.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
_ Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 177
changing their leaves at approximately equal intervals with
little or no regard to the time of year. It is particularly
interesting to note that some of these species have a
regular annual leaf-change in the more definitely seasonal
climates of Java and Ceylon. The deciduous trees of
Singapore usually stand bare of leaves for a few days only,
or the new leaves begin to expand before the old ones are
all fallen; a few of the exotic species, such as Bombax
malabaricum, have prolonged bare periods.
Deciduous trees with regular annual leaf-change.
I have observed individuals of about a dozen species
of trees which have changed their leaves regularly once a
year. Most of these develop new leaves in the early part
of the year, about February and March. These are pre-
sumably trees which by nature and surroundings naturally
have a leaf-period of about twelve months, and which are
kept rather strictly to this period by the seasonal change
in February (see remarks below upon senescence of leaves).
Each tree varies a little in its behaviour from year to
year, probably owing to differences in climatic factors.
These trees are of the species Parkia Roxburghit,
Tamarindus indicus, Cratoxylon polyanthum, Terminalia
subspathulata, Cassia nodosa, Pterocarpus indicus, Sindora
Wallichii (one tree only), Kigelia pinnata, and Hymenaea
courbaril (the last two are exotic species). Artocarpus
Gomeziana is not perhaps a truly deciduous tree, but it
appears to renew its leaves regularly in February and
March, and so may be included here. My records of
course only apply to the individual trees concerned and to
the period of observation; in some cases I have reason to
believe that most or all trees of the species in Singapore
behave similarly, but in a few cases (certainly Sindora)
other trees of the same species may have periods notably
more or less than a year. In some trees also the behaviour
may not always be so regular as in the period under review.
Single trees of the following species have changed
their leaves annually about August: Koompassia malac-
censis, Cedrela toona, and an unidentified species of
Lecythis. In connection with the Lecythis, it is interesting
to note that a young plant of L. ollaria, planted in February
1928 close to the older tree which has a leaf-change in
August, lost its old leaves and developed new ones in
February 1931. If this small tree continues to change its
leaves about February, we shall have two neighbouring
trees, one with a leaf change in February and the other
in August. It is possible that the time of planting and the
climatic conditions during early life may settle the time
of change of a tree of about 12 months leaf-period. As
Wright has remarked (p. 427) young trees do not become
Vol. V. (1931).
178 R. E. Holttum.
defoliated during the first few years of their life; the time
of first leaf-fall varies with the species. As regards
Koompassia malaccensis, another large tree of this species
near the Gardens has changed its leaves at somewhat
irregular periods of less than 12 months, but I have not
complete records of its behaviour. This must therefore
be reckoned a species in which there is variation from tree
to tree.
The trees above enumerated all differ in their particular
behaviour; in some the leaf change is rapid, in some it is
slow, and ‘the times of leaf renewal vary somewhat from
species to species and from year to year. Detailed records
are given in the later part of this paper. Terminalia
subspathulata loses its leaves slowly throughout the wet
season of October-January, and then more rapidly until it
is bare about March, when the new leaves appear. Kigelia
and Hymenaea on the other hand lose hardly any leaves
until about February.
Deciduous trees with two leaf-changes a year.
There are four species trees of which I have observed
to change their leaves at intervals of approximately six.
months. Three of these are local species common in
Singapore (Terminalia catappa, Ficus polysyce, and Pelto-
phorum ferrugineum) ; the fourth is Couroupita guianensis,
of which I only know one mature tree. Of the first two,
I have only detailed records of one individual of each; but
in February and March 1931 all the trees of these species
which I observed were in some stage of leaf-change. I
believe that most individuals of these species in Singapore
change their leaves about February and again about
August, at the times when dry weather is most prevalent.
The tree of Couroupita has changed its leaves in March
and September. Two mature trees of Peltophorum at the
Botanic Gardens have behaved very much as the other trees
above mentioned, but other younger trees have been very
irregular; in one case at least a short leaf-period was due to
insect attack, and possibly the irregularity is due in part to
the youth of the trees.
J. J. Smith (1923) observed at Buitenzorg a shrub of
Breynia cernua Meull. Arg. which lost its leaves on the
average every 514 months, passing through eleven complete
cycles in five years. Possibly some of the trees mentioned
above do something similar in Singapore, though my obser-
vations up to the present do not indicate that this is likely.
Deciduous trees of other leaf-periods.
There are a considerable number of species trees of
which have fairly constant leaf-periods which are neither —
of six nor of twelve months. Such trees may accordingly
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 179
change their leaves at almost any time of year, and to some
extent independently of climatic changes and at different
times in successive years. Moreover, different individuals
of the same species, even though growing side by side, do
not always agree in their periods. The most conspicuous
example of this is Poinciana regia (called in Singapore
“flame of the forest’), trees of which may be seen flowering
at almost all times of the year. There is no simultaneous
flowering of all trees of the species as occurs in countries
with a regular pronounced dry season; in such countries the
trees must have a leaf-period of twelve months, whereas
the tree of which I have records in Singapore has a period
of nine months, and the general appearance of other trees
in Singapore suggests that they have periods of comparable
length. Other species which behave in this way are:
Adenanthera pavonina, Anisoptera megistocarpa, Bombax
insignis, Bombax malabaricum, Cassia fistula, Cratoxylon
formosum, Dyera laxiflora, Entada spiralis, Ficus religiosa
and Lagerstroemia speciosa. With the exception of the
species of Bombax, all these trees produce new leaves within
a few days of the fall of the old leaves. The lengths of
successive periods of the same tree vary somewhat,
probably owing to climatic conditions, but on the whole the
lengths of such periods are remarkably uniform.
Coster (1928, p. 6) mentions a few similar cases in
Java.
Anomalous cases
The most interesting anomalous case is that of Hevea
braziliensis. It is well known that this species in seasonal
climates loses its leaves (“‘winters’’) in the dry season, and
in the north of the Malay Peninsula wintering is very
regular in the early part of the year. In the south of the
Peninsula wintering is much less regular. In Singapore
many trees every year renew their leaves about February
and March; but rarely do all the trees change together as
in the north. In some years at least many trees change
their leaves in July and August, and often odd trees or
individual branches only may be seen with new leaves at
other times of the year. Two well grown trees which I
have observed in the Gardens are of considerable interest,
in that they have altered their time of complete leaf change
from August to March, in the interval showing partial
changes (a branch at a time) only. I think that the
probable explanation is that every rather pronounced dry
period causes some leaf-fall, each tree responding differently
according to its particular nature, situation and previous
history. If a tree has experienced a complete leaf renewal,
a subsequent dry period occurring a few months later may
cause a partial renewal; subsequent dry periods may again
cause partial or complete renewals according to circum-
Vol. V. (1931).
180 R. E. Holttum.
stances. That there is considerable difference in the
response of different individuals is indicated by the be-
haviour of two younger trees, one of which has passed
through two periods of 13.3 and 12.7 months; the other has
never experienced a complete leaf renewal during 314 years.
A tree of Jacaranda filicifolia has also behaved like the last-
named tree of Hevea; it has never lost all, or nearly all, its
leaves before flowering, like most other trees of the species,
but has flowered on various branches from time to iime
throughout the year.
The two species of Sterculia (S. carthaginis and
S. macrophylla) have exhibited irregular leaf-periods, and
also one tree of Sindora Wallichii. A tree of Ficus glabella
has shown the curious phenomenon (seen also in Hugenia
grandis) of three unequal leaf-periods in each year, the
periods being of approximately 3, 4 and 5 months.
The senescense of leaves.
With the exception of the trees mentioned in the last
section, these observations indicate the probability that the
majority of deciduous trees in Singapore have fairly con-
stant leaf-periods. The idea which suggests itself as an
explanation of these phenomena is that of senescence of
leaves; that the leaves of a given tree are so constructed
and related to the rest of the tree that they will function
for approximately a given period, and then become too
old to be efficient and so need to be changed. There are
doubtless many factors which determine the rate of sen-
escence; it is possible that this rate varies with the age
of the tree. The common heriditary characters in each
species will determine the leaf period approximately, but
for each individual there is some chance of individual
peculiarity due to small hereditary differences and local
differences of soil and situation; the final result is due to
the interplay of internal and external factors, as Coster has
observed (1923, pp. 182-183). In Singapore the climate is
such that there is never a time when the heat or drought
is so intense that a tree cannot carry leaves; therefore
trees which have a natural tendency to a leaf-period which
is not annual have a free scope to display their peculiarities,
which are kept in check in countries which have strongly
seasonal climates. I suggest however that there is enough
of regularity in the seasons of Singapore to keep some trees
which have a tendency to an approximately 12 month
period to exactly that period; similarly for trees with 6
month periods.
It is probable that in all cases climatic variation from
year to year influences to some extent the time of leaf-fall
and leaf-renewal, but that some species of trees are much
more susceptible to climatic influence than others. Hevea
Gardens’ Bulletin, S8.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 181
braziliensis is probably a species the trees of which are
very much influenced by climatic variation, though there
must also be considerable individual differences of response,
depending partly on the previous history of each iree.
Coster’s observations on the behaviour of teak trees
(Tectona grandis L.) and of Bombax malabaricum in east
Java (1923, pp. 140, 147 and 161-172) indicate that the
teak tree is very susceptible to differences of climate and
of water supply, whereas the resting period of Bombax is
much less dependent on climatic variation and can with
difficulty be influenced experimentally. In Singapore teak
trees are never bare of leaves, responding to our uniformly
moist climate; but Bombax trees maintain their habit of a
long resting period. The leaves of Tectona and Hevea have
apparently a less definite life period. Such species appear
to be in the minority among deciduous trees.
There are some species which are on the dividing line
between deciduous and evergreen; such are those trees
which regularly lose their old leaves as soon as the new
ones have grown or while they are growing, of which
Artocarpus Gomeziana is an example. Some trees which
are normally truly deciduous occasionally come into this
class, producing new leaves before the old fall; examples
are Dyera laxiflora and Sindora Wallichii. But most true
evergreen trees differ from deciduous trees in not losing
their old leaves as soon as the new ones are grown; the
old and the new persist together and the old fall gradually
at some later time, but I think not usually ail together.
It is impossible without marking individual leaves to tell
how long such leaves may last; some must have a very long
life, probably of several years. Most trees of this truly
evergreen type have flushes of new leaves from time to
time, some at intervals of a few months and some at rather
long intervals (e.g. the mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana).
I have not any adequate observations on the leaf renewal
of such trees. The tembusu (Cyrtophyllum peregrinum)
seems to be making new growth slowly throughout the
year; I have never noticed a tree without some new leaves
onit. The fact that leaves of evergreen trees coexist during
the later part of their life with one or more successions of
younger and probably more active leaves would probably
tend to reduce the activity of the older leaves and so to make
less definite the actual time at which a leaf becomes so old
as to be useless to the tree; it is likely therefore that the
individual life of leaves of evergreen trees is of less definit2
duration than the life of leaves of deciduous trees.
The evergreen fruit trees.
The trees which bear the principal seasonal fruit crops
in Malaya are evergreen. Of these the chief are the
Durian, the Mangosteen, and the Rambutan. Observations
Vol. V. (1931),
182 R. E. Holttum.
have been kept of the flowering and fruiting of these three
species in Singapore since 1927. Some observations have
also been made of their leaf production; they all produce
crops of new leaves at intervals of a few months (the
mangosteen at longer intervals than the other two) and I
could find no regular relation between the production of
new leaves and flowering or fruiting in any of them.
There are two principal flowering seasons, about March and
September, for all three, followed by fruit seasons about
July and January. For durians and mangosteens the July
fruit crop is usually the heavy one, that in January being
only small; but if the July crop fails the January one may
be heavy. Rambutans seem to fruit heavily in January
more frequently. In west Java, with a dry season in July-
August, the fruit season is December-January; in Penang,
with a principal dry season in January-February, the chief
fruit season is June-July. Singapore, having two not
always very strongly marked dry seasons, has two fruit
seasons; but there may be 18 months or even two years
between heavy fruit crops, and small crops occasionally
occur at odd intervals. The production of flower buds is
apparently dependent upon dry weather.
Evergreen trees showing regular periodicity of flowering.
For most evergreen trees other than fruit trees I have
no regular records of flowering. Whenever there is a pro-
nounced dry period early in the year a number of such
trees come into flower; probably many of them resemble
the fruit trees in their behaviour. I noticed that several
large trees of Shorea spp. in Singapore flower only once
in several years.
There are two species of evergreen trees which are
largely used ornamentally in Singapore and which exhibit
regular and gregarious flowering; these are Cyrtophyllum
peregrinum (tembusu) and Hugenia grandis (jambu laut).
The tembusu has flowered heavily in April-May in three
successive years (1928-1930), and I believe also in previous
years, though I have no written records. The trees also
have flowered again less freely in October-November.
Some trees flower on odd branches at other times; a few
also have been noticed to flower less heavily in May and
more heavily in November; but the majority behave as
stated. The flower buds are slow in development, and it
is possible that the dry season of February-March provides
the stimulus to their development. The trees are usually
so heavily loaded with fruit in August and September that
only a small flowering in November is the natural result. It
would be interesting to know whether the later flowering
is ever the heavier one.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 183
The flowering of Hugenia grandis is more frequent.
In the past few years there have been three general flower-
ings each year of the majority of trees on Singapore Island.
Some flowerings have been heavier than others, but there
is no regularity as to the season of heaviest flowering.
Individual trees vary somewhat, but the majority keep
rather closely together. In some cases the periodicity has
been upset by heavy pruning of the trees. The times of
flowering have been at unequal intervals, but about the
same in each year, namely March-April, July-August,
December-January, giving intervals of 4, 5 and 3 months
respectively. Some detailed observations will be found
summarised on p. 191. In every case the trees produce new
leaves and flowers together, but sometimes more leaves and
sometimes more flowers are produced. It is probable that
this species is In some way dependent on annual climatic
changes for the maintenance of the regular flowering year
by year, but it is not at all clear what these changes are.
The case of Ficus glabella is a comparable one.
Orchids with periodic flowering.
In addition to the smaller orchid species which are
dependent for their flowering on sudden local climatic
changes (such as Dendrobium crumenatum; see Coster
1926) there are many larger kinds which appear to be
dependent on seasonal climatic changes. Two such species
are the very large Grammatophyllum speciosum, and the
common scorpion orchid, Arachnis moschifera. The flower-
ing of Grammatophyllum usually corresponds with the
fruiting of the durian trees. It is possible that the dry
seasons which stimulate the durian trees to produce flower-
buds have the same effect on the Grammatophyllum plants,
but that the inflorescences do not develop until wet weather
has followed the dry season. Like the durian, this orchid
species seems to flower in Singapore usually at intervals
which are multiples of six months.
Arachnis moschifera is a stout climbing plant. It has
produced two crops of flowers each year from 1927 to 1930,
at the same times as the flowering seasons of the tembusu
(Cyrtophyllum). Presumably it reacts similarly to sea-
sonal changes. :
RECORDS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR.
Adenanthera pavonina L. Saga.
South-eastern Asia.
Wright observed (p. 504) that at Peradeniya this
species had an annual leaf-fall, and a leafless phase of 22
to 38 days, usually in November and December. The tree
regained its foliage very slowly, and was rarely in full leaf
before the end of February.
Vol. V. (1981).
184 R. E. Holttum.
In Singapore I observed a well-grown and vigorous tree
from August 1927 onwards. Its leafless phases are always
very short, and the tree is usually well covered with leaves
in a fortnight from the time when the first leaf buds open.
There is always a full flowering with the new leaves, and
a good crop of fruit. The appearance of the new leaves
provides a definite point in the leaf-cycle for purposes of
comparison. New leaves appeared on the following dates:
Date Interval
27.8.1927
22.01.9208 6.8 months
21.10.1928 7 ‘months
28.44.1929) 26 6.2 months
8.12.1929 7.3 months
21.8.1930 8.4 months
1L0.3.193t 6.6 months
July and August 1930 were exceptionally dry (only
76 mm. of rain in the two months) ; this possibly accounts
for the lengthening of the leaf period ending August 21,
1930.
Anisoptera megistocarpa van Slooten.
Malaya Peninsula and Sumatra.
There is a fine tree of this species in the Gardens
Jungle at Singapore. Leaf-fall takes place gradually dur-
ing several months; the new buds open about the time the
last old leaves are falling. I have not observed flowering
on this tree. New leaf buds were observed to be opening
on August 18th 1928, and again on December 8th, 1929,
a period of 15.7 months. The old leaves fell gradually
towards the end of 1930 and new leaves began to expand
about March 12th 1931, completing a second period of
15.1 months.
Arachnis moschifera Bl. Scorpion orchid.
Malaysia.
This orchid, a quantity of which is grown in the
Singapore Botanic Gardens, flowered profusely twice a year
in 1927-1930, in the months of May and November. In this
it agreed with the trees of Cyrtophyllum peregrinum,
though the latter flowered much less heavily in November
than in May.
Artocarpus Gomeziana Wall. Tampang.
Malaya, Tenasserim, Andamans.
Trees of this species produce new leaf shoots before
the old leaves fall; the old leaves are all fallen by the time
that new growth is complete. Fruits are borne on the
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 185
new shoots. An old tree of this species has been under
observation since 1927. In each of the years 1928 to 1931
this tree has begun to produce new leaf shoots in February,
usually branch by branch, and the new growth has con-
tinued on some branches for two or three months. In
1930 two large branches died, and in 1931 the whole re-
maining part of the tree produced new leaves simultaneously
in February and March. Three other younger trees in the
Gardens, not near the old tree, have changed their leaves
at about the same time in the past two years.
Bombax insigne Wall.
Lower Assam and tropical Burma.
A young tree of this species (probably about ten years
old) is planted in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. The
leaves remain green for about four months, and then turn
yellow and gradually fall; the tree stands bare for 3%
months or more before the new leaf buds open. The amount
of rain falling during the bare periods seems to have no
influence on their duration. The observations of this tree
are as follows:
leaves fallen new leaves leaf period
53.12.1927 17.3.1928
15.8.1928 16.12.1928 9 months
15.5.1929 1:9.1929 8.5 months
12.1.1930 3.5.1930 8.1 months
1.9.1930 10.10.1930 7.2 months
10.12.1930
Bombax malabaricum DC.
India to southern China; southwards to Ceylon, the
Philippines and north and east Australia.
Wright (p. 436) records that at Peradeniya this tree
is usually bare from January until April, flowering in
January and February, and ripening its fruits in April.
ae ea of the leafless phase varied from 32 to 96 days
p. :
In East Java the trees are all bare for several months
(Coster, 1923 p. 140), and also at Buitenzorg they are
usually bare from July to October, the new leaf buds
ont somewhat earlier than in east Java (Coster, 1927
p. :
In Singapore I have observed two young trees (about
twelve years old) growing side by side, and of about the
same height. They are planted upon a slope, one a little
higher than the other. The upper tree has had until
1931 longer leaf-periods than the lower one, as will appear
Vol. V. (19381).
A86 cxoren oie R. E. Holttum.
from the following record. In both trees the periods have
been much less than a year.
leaves fallen new leaves leaf period
upper tree 30.12.1927 30.3.1928
11.11.1928 17.2.1929 10.6 months
15.9.1929 18.12.1929 10.0 months
1.8.1930 1.11.1930 10.4 months
lower tree 29.1.1928 20.3.1928
14.10.1928 16.12.1928 8.5 months
14.7.1929 6.10.1929 9.7 months
14.4.1930 10.6.1930 8.1 months
1.2.1931 3.0.1931 10.8 months
Cassia fistula L.
India.
Wright records (p. 504) that this species at Peradeniya
has a short leafless period during the dry season in January
and February.
Coster (1927 p. 81) records that in east Java it is
bare for about two months, the young leaves often appear-
ing before the rains begin; it flowers with the new leaves.
At Buitenzorg it is very irregular, but apparently it
usually changes its leaves, often branch by branch, during
the dry season, without becoming bare, and flowers on
until January; it may also flower somewhat in April and
May.
In Singapore also trees of this species lose their leaves
rather irregularly, but usually there is a fairly well-marked
leaf-fall (sometimes branch by branch) followed by a
general flowering with the young leaves. It seems possible
that some trees have a leaf period of about 12 months, but
the two trees of which I have records, in the Botanic
Gardens, have both had definite periods of less length.
Tree A, which kas the shorter period, is larger and more
vigorous than tree B. It is not possible to fix a quite
definite point in the cycle, as leaf change is gradual, but the
following dates indicate approximately comparable stages
in successive periods.
tree A period tree B period
new leaves 11.12.1927 | | 8.3.1928 |
do. 11.9.1928 9 months} 13.1.1929 10.2 months |
do. 16.1922) 8.7. e. 20.11.1929 ‘104°. = 5
do. 1.3.1930 9 2 10,9, 1980. . bees
do. 1.12.1930 9 ‘i |
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 187
Cassia nodosa Ham.
Southern Asia.
A tree which is referred with some doubt to this
species, growing in the Singapore Gardens, loses its leaves
slowly from about November to March (much as Terminalia
subspathulata) and produces new leaves about April. It
bears a few flowers with the new leaves. but has never
produced any fruits. It was planted about 1912. In each
of the three years 1928 to 1930 the tree has begun to produce
new leaves abundantly in early April. New leaves appear
at first slowly on a few twigs a month or more before the
general development of new foliage, so that it is impossible
to give exact dates.
Cedrela toona Roxb.
India and Malaya.
A fine tall tree of this species has been observed over
two complete leaf-periods. A neighbouring tree has been
later in each year in the development of new leaves, but
exact dates for this second tree have not been recorded.
The tree gradually loses its leaves over a period of several
months, and finally stands bare for about a month. New
leaves usually begin to appear on the top of the tree, the
tree is fully green after about a month, and flowers heavily
after about two months. The approximate dates of
appearance of new leaves on the tree observed have been:
Interval
8.7.1928
4.8.1929 12.9 months
30.7.1930 11.9 months
Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Cannon-ball tree.
Guiana.
This species is said to change its leaves three times a
year in British Guiana (see Journ. Board Agr. Brit. Guiana
vol. 12 p. 41). The only mature tree in the Singapore
Gardens has been observed through three _ successive
periods of about 6 months each. The leaf-fall is very rapid
(usually complete in about a week), and new leaves appear
at once. There are nearly always some flowers on the
tree; I have not been able to associate definite periods of
maximum flowering with definite phases of the leaf period.
New leaves have developed on the following dates:
Period
15.9.1929
23.0.1930 6.3 months
16.9.1930 5.8 months
22.3.1931 6.2 months
Vol. V. (1931).
188 R. E. Holttum.
Cratoxylon formosum (Jack) Dyer.
India to Indo-China, Malaysia to Moluccas.
This beautiful species appears to exist in two distinct
varieties in the Singapore Gardens; the two forms differ
in the size of all parts, and in some details of the phenomena
of leaf change. The smaller variety is the more abundant,
several trees of it occuring in the Gardens Jungle. This
smaller form usually changes its leaves a branch at a time,
whereas the larger one changes all the leaves at once; the
new leaves on the smaller form are also much deeper in
colour than those of the larger. In both forms, the new
buds begin to open about the time that the last old leaves
are falling, and the tree produces masses of small pink
flowers which last for a few days while the leaves are just
beginning to open. I give below records of the behaviour
of two trees of the larger form, both in the Singapore
Gardens, but distant from each other. Both are well
grown trees.
tree A period tree B period
new leaves 1.9.1927 6.2.1928
do. 10.6.1928 9.8 months /|21.10.1928 8.5 months
do. 17.38.1929 .-S2.°"3 80.6.1928- S35
do. 232.1920 222 -.' *): 71.44.9380" 92S
do. 279.1980) F325 «.. 12.1.19381 . 8.235
The leaf-fall was very slow during the last three months of
the third period recorded for tree A. The weather at this
time was rather unusually dry, which may have retarded
the development of new leaves.
It is difficult to obtain comparable figures for successive
periods of the smaller variety, on account of its habit of
changing its leaves branch by branch. The following
observations of dates of new leaves on first and last
branches for each complete leaf change on one tree will
give some idea of the behaviour of this variety.
first branch last branch leaf-period
first branch
new leaves 30.8.1927
do. 12.5.1928 24.6.1928 8.4 months
do. 17.2.1929 5.5.1929 9.2
do. 13.10.1929 17.2.1930 1 06
do. 14.4.1930 | ee
Cratoxylon polyanthum Korth.
Burma to Indo-China, Malaysia to Philippines.
Two large trees of this species have been under obser-
vation. Like C. formosum, it is deciduous, but differs in
producing its flowers after the leaves are fully grown. In
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 189
February 1930 the trees were bare for three weeks; no
definite records of the bare periods were kept in former
years. The two trees have changed their leaves almost
simultaneously in the three years; the dates were as
follows.
12.3.1928 1.3.1929 25.2.1930 23.2.1931
periods: 11.6 months 11.8 months 12 months
Cyrtophyllum peregrinum Bl. Tembusu.
Cambodia and Malaysia to Philippines.
This evergreen tree is largely used for ornamental
purposes in Singapore. So far as I have been able to
observe, it produces new leaves continuously throughout the
year. It is interesting on account of the periodicity of its
flowering. In the years 1928-1930 all the trees which I
noticed in Singapore flowered heavily in the month of May,
fruiting heavily in September, when they were visited
nightly by large numbers of flying foxes. Most of the
trees also had a smaller flowering in October and November,
but this was not so general. Some trees fiowered a little
at other times, usually on odd branches.
This very marked regular and general flowering of an
evergreen species is rather curious, when compared with
the much less regular flowering of the durian, mangosteen
and rambutan.
Durio zibethinus Murr. The Durian.
Malaysia.
This is one of the most important local fruit trees.
In Singapore there appear to be two flowering seasons,
March and September (approximately), but the amount of
flowering is very uncertain. The March flowering is usually
a heavy one, leading to the principal fruit crop about July;
but sometimes this flowering almost fails (as in 1927 and
1928). The September flowering is usually a small one,
leading to a small fruit crop about January; but it may be
a heavy flowering, as in September 1927. I believe that
the March flowering is connected with the usual fairly
sudden change from the wet season of November-January
to drier weather about February and March. If this change
does not occur, there is little stimulus to the trees to
flower; this was the case in 1927, when wet weather con-
tinued steadily until June and the July fruit crop failed.
In such a case, the trees respond readily to the dry weather
which often occurs in July-August, and this occurred in
1927, when there was a general flowering in September and
a heavy fruit crop the following January. In 1928 the
early part of the year was again rather wet, and I observed
no durian trees flowering. Some trees in various places
Vol. V. (1931).
190 R. E. Holttum.
flowered moderately about September 1928, and there was
a small fruit crop in January 1929. January 1929, after
the first six days, was fine and dry, though February was
wet; the durian trees flowered heavily in March, and there
was a good fruit crop in July. July was dry, but owing to
the fruit crop then maturing few trees developed flower
buds; a few did so however and there was a small fruit
crop in January 1930. In 1930 there was again a good
flowering about March, and a fruit crop in July. July and
August were very dry, but the trees again had very few
flowers in September. It is evident that a heavy crop of |
fruit once a year is as much as the trees are capable of
producing; the crop appearing six months after a heavy
crop is always a small one and may perhaps be borne by
trees or branches which had no part, or little part, in the
previous heavy crop.
Dyera laxiflora Hook. fil. Jelutong.
Malaya.
This tall forest tree is represented by several fine
specimens in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. They are
deciduous, usually losing all their old leaves before the new
buds open. There are however some irregularities of be-
haviour, and all the trees do not always change their leaves
simultaneously. Sometimes new leaf-buds open before the
old leaves have fallen, and sometimes leaves are changed
on only part of the tree at one time. In the latter respect,
the same tree will behave differently on different occasions,
as the records given below will show. Two trees have
been under observation. One (A) is very tall, and has the
trunk forked near the base. The other is smaller and of
normal shape. Both stand in the open, away from the
Jungle, and bear leafy branches almost to ground level.
Flowers are usually (but not always) borne with the new
leaves; the first flowers open about 10 days after the leaf
buds begin to expand, and a fresh crop of flowers open
every night for about a week, falling at dawn. The new
leaf growth is completed in three to four weeks, and usually
no more leaves are produced until after the next leaf-fall.
Tree A.
6.9.1927 new leaf buds opening on branches of main trunk.
16.9 to 22.10 new leaves appear on other branches.
17.3.1928 new leaf buds opening over almost the whole tree.
1.4.1928 other leaf buds opening.
14.6.1928 leaf buds opening all over tree.
11.9.1928 new leaf buds opening on part of tree.
6.4.1929 new leaf buds opening all over tree.
20.10.1929 do do
25.5.1930 do do
1.10.1930 > a do
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 191
The intervals between the principal leaf changes were
accordingly as follows: 6.3, 2.9, 2.9, 6.8, 6.5, 7.2 and 4.2
months.
The fruits formed after the flowering of April 1929
began to dehisce about December 20th, thus taking nine
months to ripen; they were grown to approximately full
size in less than half that time.
Tree B.
17.3.1928 new leaf buds opening generally.
20.5.1928 new leaf buds on lower branches.
11.9.1928 new leaf buds opening generally.
14.4.1929 do do
21.7.1929 new leaf buds on lower branches.
3.11.1929 new leaf buds opening over most of tree, the old
leaves not having fallen.
25.5.1930 new leaf buds opening generally.
The intervals between the above principal leaf-changes were
5.8, 7.1, 6.7, and 6.7 months.
Entada spiralis Ridley.
Malay Peninsula. —
A massive liane of this species grows near the Director’s
house at the Singapore Gardens. It is deciduous, losing
all its leaves and remaining bare for a few days before
the new buds open. The leaves turn yellow and brown and
are all fallen in about a week from the first sign of yellowing.
Flowers appear with the new leaves. It is possible that
they also occur occasionally at other times, as I observed
fruits in April 1930 without having seen a leaf change
previously. I have no record of a leaf change in 1930, but
I think that one must have occurred. I was away from
Singapore during the second half of the year. New leaves
began to appear on the following dates:
interval
10.5.1928
3.2.1929 8.8 months
6.10.1929 8.1 months
25.2419381 16.6 months
Eugenia grandis Wight. Jambu laut..
Malaya and Siam.
Very many trees of this species have been planted in
Singapore by roadsides, especially in the rural areas, and
their periodic gregarious flowering is a remarkable sight.
When they flower heavily the trees are for a week covered
with masses of white blossoms. There is a good deal of
variation however in the heaviness of flowering on different
occasions, and also from tree to tree; and occasionally odd
Vol. V.. (1981).
192 R. E. Holttum.
trees flower by themselves, though this is not a very
frequent occurrence. At certain fairly definite periods the
trees produce new leafy shoots which elongate rapidly, the
flower buds being borne in the axils of the last few pairs
of leaves on some of the shoots. The flowering therefore
appears rather as an accompaniment of new leaf production
than as a separate phenomenon as in many evergreen trees.
Usually heavy fiowering accompanies rather small leaf pro-
duction, and the reverse. Leaf-fall is gradual throughout
the year and does not appear to be affected to any con-
siderable extent by the opening of the new buds; but in
some cases towards the end of an interval of vegetation all
the old leaves drop off and at the next opening of the buds
a complete leaf change occurs. ‘The fruits take about two
months to ripen.
About 16 trees in Cluny and Dalvey Roads have been
under observation for two years, and the earlier records of
general flowering in Singapore were kept. Among the
sixteen trees there was great irregularity in behaviour at
different flowering periods and individual trees behaved
differently from period to period. Thus one tree produced
new leaves only without flowering for. three consecutive
periods from July 1929 to March 1930 and then flowered
heavily twice in succession; another tree has flowered
moderately at every period observed; a third tends to
flower heavily always; a fourth tends to alternate light and
heavy flowering.
The times of general flowering in the years 1927 to
1931 have been in March-April, July-August, and December-
January. The intervals between times of flowering are
thus 4, 5 and 38 months. There is some variation from
year to year. The actual dates have been approximately:
second half December 1927
first half April 1928
first half July 1928
first half December 1928
end March—early April 1929
end July—early August 1929
end December 1929—early January 1930
end March—early April 1930
end July—early August 1930
second half January 1931.
Ficus glabella Bl.
South-eastern Asia.
A large tree, probably of this species, has been under
observation since 1927. It has changed its leaves three
times a year, but at irregular intervals. The leaves turn
yellowish and fall rapidly; the tree is then bare for a few
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 193
days at most before the new leaf buds begin to expand.
The crown of the tree is completely covered with new leaves
in a fortnight from the time that new growth begins. ‘The
dates on which new leaf buds began to open were as
follows:
dates intervals
15.10.1927
29.1.1928 3.5 months
3.6.1928 ye Spare
4.11.1928 Ho aaa
3.2.1929 5 ae ae
17.5.1929 5 ae
20.10.1929 iS phe t=
23.1.1930 S44 Shas
8.6.1930 ge
11.11.1930 Rees
10.2.1931 =k okt
Ficus polysyce Ridley.
Malay Peninsula and Southern Siam.
This species is deciduous, and also cauliflorous, bearing
usually a heavy crop of fruits all over the trunk and main
branches. Five complete leaf periods have been observed,
and also the development of fruits during the year 1929.
The new leaf buds begin to open as soon as the tree is
bare, or within a few days. The production of fruit buds
appears to have no relation to the leaf-cycles. The time
of development of the fruits, from the first growth of the
buds to ripeness is rather more than six weeks. One
crop of fruits succeeds another after a brief interval. In
1929 a new crop of fruit buds developed every two months.
Some crops were heavier than others. The times of new
leaf development were as follows:
date interval
12.8.1928
6.1.1929 4.8 months
14.7.1929 Geaiat: 5
7.2.1930 i aig
5.8.1930 kenge
8.2.1931 1 Sea
Ficus religiosa L.
India.
This species is deciduous, with an annual leaf cycle, in
India. It is commonly planted in Singapore, but does not
grow very vigorously. It is subject to a leaf disease which
Vol. V. (1981).
194 R. E. Holttum.
may cause premature defoliation. The trees stand bare
only a very short time after leaf-fall; in many cases the
new leaves begin to appear before the old ones are all gone.
A rather young tree near the Botanic Gardens was observed
through two leaf cycles. The dates of appearance of new
leaves were approximately as follows:
date interval
21.10.1928
20.5.1929 7 months
15.1.1930 TiB8 ftky
Garcinia mangostana L. The mangosteen.
Malaysia.
The flowering and fruiting of this species usually
coincide approximately with those of the durian. The
heavy fruit crops of the two species were synchronous
during the period under review, except that the mangos-
teen crop of January 1928 was a smail one. I noticed no
mangosteen fruits at the times of the small durian crops of
January 1929 and January 1930.
Grammatophyllum speciosum Bl.
Malaysia.
This large orchid is seasonal in its flowering in
Singapore. The flowers are usually open about July-August
or December-January. According to Ridley the former is
the more usual season; he records heavy flowering in
December 1906, there having been none in the previous
July, and Burkill records flowering in January 1914 instead
of July 1913. Almost all of the plants in the Gardens
flowered in December 1927 to February 1928. No flowers
were seen during the rest of 1928. In February 1929 I
saw a flower brought from another part of Singapore.
In August-September 1929 one of the plants in the Gardens
bore two inflorescences only. In December 1929 and
January 1930 Mr. Laycock’s plants in Cavanagh Road bore
many flowers; one plant in the Gardens had one inflore-
scence. Another plant in the Gardens flowered freely in
January and February 1930. In July and August 1930
there was a general flowering of plants in the Gardens.
The plant which flowered in August 1929 flowered again in
January-February 1931 when no other plants were flower-
ing. It appears that heavy flowering of this orchid usually
coincides with heavy fruiting of the durian (see discussion
under Durio zibethinus); this is also the case in Penang
(usual season July-August) and in West Java (usual season
December-January).
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S,
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 195
Heritiera elata Ridley.
Singapore.
A very tall tree of this species in the Singapore Gardens
changes its leaves completely at long intervals. No further
growth of new leaves has been observed between two
successive complete changes but as the crown of the tree
is very lofty it is possible that some new growth may have
escaped observation.
Regular observation of the tree began in January 1928.
No growth or other changes were noticed until on February
12th 1929 it was observed that leaves were falling and the
tree flowering very copiously. The flowering was over by
March 10th, and on March 17th it was noticed that new
leaf buds were opening over most of the crown of the tree,
the old leaves not having yet all fallen. The expanding
new leaves were pale olive in colour. New growth con-
tinued and the remaining old leaves continued to fall until
about the end of June.
No further changes were observed until February 1st
1931, nearly two years after the commencement of the
previous leaf-fall, when a fresh leaf-fall was found to have
begun. During the next fortnight many leaves fell, but
there was no flowering. On February 19th new leaves were
seen developing on many branches, and a month later the
crown of the tree was fully covered with pale olive-brown
young leaves.
Hevea braziliensis Muell. Arg. Para rubber.
Brazil.
Wright reports (p. 438) that at Peradeniya this species
usually loses its leaves in February and March, nearly all
trees bearing new leaves in March. Coster (1927, p. 98)
states that in east Java the trees are usually bare for a
few weeks at the beginning of the dry season, but that
different individuals differ as to the time of change and
length of leafless period. In west Java the irregularity is
very great as to the time of change.
In Singapore also there is great irregularity. During
any pronounced dry period many trees may be seen
changing their leaves, but I have never seen a simultaneous
change by all trees. Two large trees in the Singapore
Gardens during the period 1927 to 1930 changed their time
of complete leaf renewal from August to March; between
complete leaf changes there were partial leaf changes (on
some branches only). Possibly some partial changes were
unrecorded. The behaviour of the trees was:
Vol. V. (1931).
196 R. E. Hotttam.
tree W
August 1927 complete renewal of leaves after bare stage.
August 1928 leaf change on greater part of tree, but aot
on some branches.
March-April 1929 leaf change on some branches only.
March 1930 complete renewal of leaves.
tree V
August 1928 complete renewal of leaves.
April 1929 partial renewal.
September 1929 partial renewal.
March 1930 complete renewal.
Two young trees, both budded, planted about 1924, in
the Singapore Gardens, were also kept under observation.
One of them never changed its leaves completely during
the whole period of 314 years; at intervals of from one to
three months it produced a certain number of new leaf
shoots, and lost a few leaves. The other tree changed its
leaves as a whole three times, new leaf growth beginning
approximately on 22 July 1928, 1 September 1929 and 22
September 1930. In May 1929 one small branch lost its
leaves, flowered, and produced new leaves.
Hymenaea courbaril Linn.
S. America.
There are several fine trees of this species in the
Singapore Gardens. One of the biggest, a tree considerably
more than 100 feet in height, has been observed since 1927.
Its behaviour in 1928 and 1928 was identical. In January
and February the leaves gradually turned yellow and many
fell; new leaves began to appear generally about the middle
of February, before the old ones had all fallen; new bronzed
leaves continued to develop until the end of March; flower
buds appeared in May, the flowers opening towards the end
of the month and continuing for about three weeks, the
fruit ripening and falling towards the end of the year. In
1930 new leaves began to appear on some branches by
January 12th, and the leaf change continued gradually
through January and February; fiowering began about the
end of May as before. In 1931 a few new leaf buds began
to develop during January, but over the greater part of
the crown no new growth began until about February 20th,
by which time a great part of the old foliage had fallen.
Throughout the period of observation, no new leaf growth
was seen after the growth of February and March was
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
Leaf-Change and Flowering of Trees, Singapore. 197
completed. Another tree which is apparently of the same
species but differs in having a very spreading instead of
tall upright habit, behaves somewhat differently. This
tree has flushes of new leaves, and then flowers, on various
branches in turn throughout the year; the new leaves also
are bright green and lack the bronzed colour of the young
leaves of the tall tree. On two occasions however (in 1928
and 1931) this tree has had a general leaf fall and renewal
of leaves at the same time as the tall tree; as regards the
years 1929 and 1930 my records are not definite.
Jacaranda filicifolia Don.
S. America.
I have had three trees of this species under observation
since 1927. Each has behaved rather differently from the
others. One tree has been leafy on most of its branches
throughout, never flowering as a whole at any time; from
time to time a few branches have lost their leaves and then
borne flowers. A second tree slowly lost almost all its
leaves, and then fiowered heavily, each year; and each
year it has flowered somewhat earlier than the last. In
1928 its flowering (which lasts about 2 months) began
about the middle of May, in 1929 at the end of April and
in 1930 about the middle of April. The third tree flowered
rather heavily in August 1927, July and August 1928, June
and July 1929, June and July 1930.
correction “‘ Hort. Bot. Cale.”
Wight published Roxburgh’s drawing; and his name
was not applied to anything but the drawing. Oliver
recognised the specimen in the British Museum and possibly
also that at Kew as identical with specimens which Hooker
had collected at Cherra Punji in the Khasia Hills, and
called both Atalantia roxburghi. Hooker, eleven years
later, swayed by the drawing, dissented from Oliver’s con-
clusion, called the Khasia Hills plant;Atalantia caudata,
and with some doubt united to Roxburgh’s species a
specimen collected by Griffith in Malacca. He based his
description upon the drawing, adding the shape of the
fruit from Griffith’s plant, declaring the source.
It is necessary to retreat from Hooker’s position to
Oliver’s, but to adopt Roxburgh’s specific name, as Tanaka
has done.
Unfortunately the species has not been found again in
Penang: nor are fruiting specimens available from any
locality, so that it is possible for it to prove a Paramigyna,
but the gynophore is cupular.
The only Malayan locality is Penang, and this on
Roxburgh’s authority.
AA. STAMENS 10, free; the ovules numerous, (com-
“pound leaves) ...)..0.020..2:: CITRUS § PSEUDAEGLE.
In this place comes the curious bush, Citrus trifoliata,
Linn. Some botanists have inserted it into the genus
Aegle: the genus Pseudaegle was made for it; and
Swingle has resuscitated Rafinesque’s genus Poncirus
for it (in Bailey’s Stand. Cyclop. Hort., 1916, p. 2751).
It is placed in a section, Pseudaegle, of Citrus, in
Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien.
It grows in more temperate climates than most
species of Citrus, and can serve as a stock upon which
they may be grafted. Moreover it hybridises with
them.
Vol. V. (19381).
218 Il. He Bork:
9. Citrus malaccensis, Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins. 1,
1922, p. 359. The characters of this extremely interesting
plant have not been brought into adequate prominence. It
was collected in the year 1893 twice in the interior of the
Territory of Malacca, and is represented in the herbarium
of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, by a sheet of each
gathering. Derry obtained it with flowers in January, and
Goodenough with fruit in July. Derry’s locality is given
as Bukit Sedanan; Goodenough’s as Nyalas: these places
are 6—8 miles apart. Upon the two sheets there are ten
leaves; and upon each sheet one is compounded by having a
single lateral leaflet. Other leaves have a scar at the apex
of the narrowly winged petiole and therefore count as
compound: others have no scar, and obviously are simple.
Trifoliate leaves do not exist; but it would be curious if
they are never produced. There is a conspicuous joint
between the petiole and the leaf-blade or blades. The
flower suggests that of Merrillia caloxylon, Swingle. The
sepals are in shape as those of Atalantia and have large
glands. The petals are nearly spathulate, and with glands
in the broadened upper part. The stamens apparently are
10, free, with long filaments and rather short anthers. The
ovary is hairy and fluted with five grooves: it is hard to
distinguish the exact place where the gynophore passes
into it. The style is as long as the ovary and ends in a
large stigma. There are numerous ovules. For other
points the original description may be consulted.
AAA. STAMENS 16—60: the fruit relatively large with
2—many ovules in each loculus: the dise a circular
bolster.
C. STAMENS 12—20: the ovules not more than 2 in
each loculus.
D. STAMENS free
CITRUS § EREMOCITRUS.
Here comes a very interesting Australian species
Atalantia glauca, Benth., which is one of the bridges
between Atalantia and Citrus, for which reason
Swingle puts it into neither, but makes a genus for
it,—Hremocitrus (Journ. Agric. Res. 2, 1914, p. 86).
It is made into a preserve in Australia.
DD. STAMENS polyadetphous........... 4a
CITRUS § FORTUNELLA.
Here come the Kumquats of Japan and China, which
Swingle quite consistently treats, as he treated
Atalantia glauca, making for them a new genus,—
Fortunella (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5, 1915, p. 165).
He enumerates six points against including them in
Citrus, meaning thereby Eu-citrus, (1) that the ovary
Gardens’ Bulletin, SS. Pe
Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, Found in Malaya. 219
is only 3—5-celled or rarely 6—7-celled, whereas that
of Eu-citrus is 8—15-celled; (2) that they have only
two collateral ovules in each loculus, against 4—12;
(3) that in the cavernous stigma they have a few oil-
glands; (4) that the underside of the leaf is pale and
nearly veinless, with numerous deep glandular dots;
(5) that the rind is edible and sweet; and (6) that the
flower buds are more or less angular and small. He
continues his definition by remarking that they differ
from Atalantia in having twice as many stamens and
in being in general agreement with Citrus in twigs,
leaves, spines, flowers and fruit-characters.
The addition to Fortunella of the following species
will be found to weaken his already too weak generic
characters.
10. Citrus polyandra, Burkill: Atalantia polyandra,
Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins. 5, 1925, p. 295: Fortunella
swinglet, Tanaka MS. in Herb. Kew. This bush is a
frequent plant in garden fences and in the neighbourhood
of houses in the Territory of Malacca, and evidently occurs
elsewhere in the Malay Peninsula. It produces globose
fruits, with a small amount of pulp in them and no gummy
secretion. They are five-celled, and with two ovules in each
cell (it is not possible however to prove that this is the
limit). The core may be hollow. The skin is thin, and not
strongly aromatic. The whole serves as an acid flavouring
under the name “ limau pagar ” or hedge lime.
The following specimens have been seen; six of them
were inadvertently listed as specimens of Atalantia
roxburghiana in the first volume of the Flora.
Perak. Lubok Merbau near Kuala Kangsar, in flower
and with fruit in October, Mohamed Haniff! Negri Sem-
bilan. Seremban, in fruit in December, Ridley 10052!
Tampin, at the foot of the hill, in young fruit in May,
Goodenough 1922! Malacea. Alor Gajah, in flower and
fruit in October, Burkill and Mohamed Haniff 16375!
Tebong, Derry 905! Selandar, in flower in January, Derry
1105! Ayer Panas, in fruit in November, Goodenough
1678! Malacca town towards Pringgit, in fruit in January,
Griffith 540! near Malacea, Ridley! and in flower and fruit
in May and June, Maingay 1099! and 1099A!
11. A plant with similar leaf-blades but shorter
petioles (Dindings, Ridley!). |
CC. STAMENS 16—20 and sometimes to 30, the
Co TE ae 0) | a oe
CITRUS § MICROCITRUS.
Here come the Australian species of Citrus for which
Swingle has proposed the genus Microcitrus (Journ.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 5, 1915, p. 570). They have acid
Vol. V. (1931).
220 if I. H. Burkill. |
fruits, either globose or elongated, and so much so that
one bears the name of “ Finger Lime.”
CCC. STAMENS 20—60:
Em. . STAMENS. free, CITRUS § PAPEDA.
12. Citrus hystrix, DC. This is the “limau perut”’
of the Malays, the “ jeruk perut”’ of the Sundanese. It is
grown throughout Malaysia, and is quite common in
Malaya in cultivation, and the fruits on sale as a material
with which to wash the hair and also the body. The fruit
of the commonest race is rather papiilose. It is said that
the pulp-cells carry a little oilin them. The very big wings
upon the petioles characterise it and the next species.
EE. STAMENS polyadelphous........ 4a eee
CITRUS §$ HU-CITRGS.
F. PETIOLE with a very large wing.
13. Citrus macroptera, Montrouz: Citrus hystrix,
Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins. 1, 1922, p. 358, not of DC. This
species occurs from north-eastern India and south central
China to New Caledonia, in several varieties. The type was
described from the last-named island (Mem. Acad. Lyon,
10, 1860, p. 187). The China plant has received the names
Citrus cavaleriei, Leveille, and Citrus ichangensis, Swingle.
The Indian tree appears to deserve varietal rank. The
foliage, as already remarked, is like that of Citrus hystria,
but the big very thick-skinned globose fruits are entirely
different. The pulp-cells contain a secretion which in dried
specimens may cause them to glisten. Because it is a wild
tree, one Malay name for it is “ limau hantu,” ghost’s or
wild lime. A fruit brought to an Agricultural show in
Seremban was called “ limau abang”’ probably meaning red
lime. Specimens have been seen from:—
Kelantan, Sungai Ketil, near Gua Musang, with
fruit in August, Henderson! Perak, Kuala Dipang,
with fruit in September, Ridley 9635! Pahang, without
locality, but doubtless in northern Pahang, Machado!
Kemasul forest reserve, with fruit in September,
Hamid 10635! base of Gunong Senyum, with fruit in
July, Henderson 22279! Malacea, Bukit Kedondong,
sterile and a little doubtful, Derry 643! -
An interesting figure of it is given in Fairchild’s new
book, Exploring for plants, (1930, p. 365), shewing the
production of the large fruits to be in bunches. The
photograph was taken in Sumatra.
FF. PETIOLES always much smaller than
the leaf-blade, and sometimes scarcely
winged.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
<4
a.
. wo.
rll ‘Solan
Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, Found in Malaya. 221
G. JOINT between the petiole and the
leaf-blade not distinguishable.
14. Citrus medica, Linn.: Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins.
1, 1922, p. 358, var. “limau susu” only. The race of Citrus
medica most familiar to Europeans is the Citron. It
reached the Mediterranean from Asia before the lemon and
the orange. It had travelled westward as far as Persia
before the invasion of that country by Alexander the Great,
and Theophrastus knew of it: it became acclimatised in
Italy at the commencement of the Christian era, and soon
spread rapidly in Europe. Doubtless it had obtained a
considerable distribution in Asia before it reached Persia. —
It exists in the Malay Peninsula in several races, and
sometimes wild, when like other wild states of Citrus, the
Malays call it “limau hantu,” ghost’s or wild lime. To
them the most familiar race is “limau susu” or nipple
lime, so called from the shape of the fruit. ‘“‘ Limau mata
kérbau ” or buffalo’s eye lime is another name for this or
a similar race. ‘‘ Limau kerbau,” buffalo’s or big lime,
seems to indicate a different race. ‘‘ Limau pagar,” hedge
lime, and “limau kédangsa,’’ have been recorded for it,
but also for another species.
Apparently the Javanese have better races than the
Malays: and one called “ jeruk katis”’ is used by them for
candying.
Citrus medica, var. sarcodactylis, Swingle: Buddha’s
fingers: ‘“‘ limau jari,” is a fixed abnormality, in whith the
carpels are separated. There is more than one race of it.
The rind is very fragrant and the fruit of great repute
among the Chinese for medical use, both in their own
country and in the Malay Peninsula. Swingle thinks it
- originated in India, and was taken to China by Buddhist
monks, because of its name, and because Bretschneider has
failed to find mention of it in the chinese classics (Sargent,
Plant. Wilson., 2, 1916, p. 142).
GG. JOINT between the petiole and the
leaf-blade easily distinguished.
H. SKIN of the fruit tight,—as a
class “‘limau potong” among
the Malays.
15. Citrus limon, Burm., the Mediterranean Lemon.
This native of India found its way westwards to Egypt in
the third century and soon afterwards reached Sicily. Its
flower buds are tinted with red as those of C. medica; and
in this it differs from the species 17—24: its leaves are
crenate, and the petiole is merely margined. It has been
experimented with in Malaya, and has fruited; but there is
no place for it in the markets against the true lime.
Vol. V2. (49381).
222 L. Boo Buri:
16. Citrus limonia, Osbeck, the Canton Lemon. This
gives a globose yellow-skinned sour fruit, which is known
in Canton as “ li-mung” and “li-mu.” Tanaka (Bull. Sci.
Fak. Terkult. Kjusu Imp. Univ., 1, 1925, p. 125), pointing
out how obviously malayan in origin these names are,
suggests that the species came from India via Malaysia
about 700—900 years ago; and adds that races persist in
Malaysia.
17. Citrus retusa, Hort. apud Tanaka. A globose
green orange, which, in common with others, may be called
“limau hijau,” and is also “‘ limau asam,” “‘ limau masam,”
and “‘ limau sambal.” The petiole is very narrowly winged.
18. Citrus microcarpa, Bunge: C. medica, var. limau
kasturi, Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins., 1, 1922, p. 358. The
well-known “ limau késturi”’ or musk lime, is a race of this
species. It has very small and very fragrant fruits which
the Malays prefer to all others for making into sweetmeats.
Also they salt it as a pickle.
There is a similar lime in the north of the Malay
Peninsula, called “limau chuwit”’ or chancre lime, which
appears to belong to this species.
19. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle: C. medica, var.
limau nipis, Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins., 1, 1922, p. 358. The
true Lime. The common race of this species in Malayan
gardens has globose fruits which turn a yellowish green
when quite ripe; but an ellipsoid lime has been seen in
Malacca. The lime of the West Indies is usually elongated.
20. Citrus maxima, Merr.: C. decwmana, Linn.: C.
grandis, Osbeck: C. medica, var. limau kadangsa, Ridley,
Flora Mal. Penins., 1, 1922, p. 358. The pumelo and the
shaddock; “ limau Batawi” or Batavia lime, ‘“ limau Bali ”
or Bali lime, and “ limau bésar” or big lime. Limau Bali
is a race which was introduced by Sir Hugh Low. The
Siamese seedless pumelo is a superior race in which the
pollen is sterile; and when the trees of it are isolated seeds
do not develop from failure to secure fertilisation. C.
maxima is one of the most tropical of the genus, and is
thoroughly at home in Malaya. Its fruits are produced
singly, and are globose or nearly so, yellow or orange
yellow, with a thick rind, and a great variability in the
quality of the flesh (according to race): the pulp-cells
contain mucilage rather than juice. The flower buds are
white and the petioles have rather large wings.
21. Citrus paradisi, Macfad., the Grape-fruit. In
appearance the fruit of this tree is very like a pumelo, but
it is produced in clusters, is thinner skinned, and the pulp-
cells contain juice instead of mucilage. It is now under
experimental cultivation in the Peninsula. .
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S. |
Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, Found in Malaya. 223
22. Citrus sinensis, Osbeck, the Sweet Orange. This
species reached the Mediterranean in the 16th century and
gave rise there to the races—St. Michael or Blood, Joppa,
Jaffa, etc., and in South America to the Washington Navel
Orange. It is commonly called the Coolie Orange, down the
China coast, from a name with this meaning. The Malays
may call it “limau manis,” sweet orange, or “ limau
potong,”’ lime with a peel which requires to be cut off. But
neither name is quite distinctive.
23. Citrus aurantium, Linn., the Seville Orange. This
orange, the best for marmalade, reached the Mediterranean
in the 9th or 10th century, and so before the arrival of the —
Sweet Oranges. It has been experimented with in the
Malay Peninsula.
HH. SKIN of the fruit loose,—as
a class among the Malays
“limau kapas.”
24. Citrus mitis, Blanco. A sour orange of the east
of Asia, one race of which is the Calamondin of the
Philippine islands. It has a thin yellow rind. The lower
surface of the leaf recalls that of the Kumquats. ‘“ Limau
nipis kapas”’ is a suitable descriptive name, recorded, but
its application not noted satisfactorily.
25. Citrus nobilis, Lour., the Mandarin Orange (in
contrast to the Coolie Orange), the Tangerine. This, being
perhaps the most desirable of all the oranges, has often
been experimentally planted in the Malay Peninsula, and is
half-acclimatised in a race from China with characteris-
tically cuneate lower halves to the leaves. The Nagpur
Orange is another race of it which has been grown
experimentally. The Satsuma Orange, which makes 7/10ths
of the crops of Japan, is a variety. C. nobilis reached the
Mediterranean only in the 18th century. Malay names for
it are “limau japun” or japanese lime, and “limau
wangkang,” the last name indicating a fruit of the navel
type.
In conclusion the opportunity may be taken of correct-
ing an error in regard to the malay plant-name émpénai.
This name has been said to indicate an Atalantia (Journ.
Roy. As. Soc. Straits branch, 30, 1897, p. 88) but an
examination of the specimen from Perak which was col-
lected under the name, shows that, whatever it is, it is not
an Atalantia; nor is it allied closely.
Vol ¥s (1981):
NOTES ON GLUTA IN MALAYA.
By I. H. Burkill, M.A., F.L.S.
These notes are the result of being favoured with the
loan of the specimens of the genus Gluta preserved in the
herbaria of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and of the
Forest Department, S.S. and F.M.S., in order that I might
examine them alongside the material preserved in the
Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. There are
seven species involved.
1. Gluta renghas, Linn. Mantissa, 2, 1771, p. 293, by
inadvertence as Gluta benghas: Jack in a letter to Wallich
dated 1821 (printed in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits Branch,
73, 1916, p. 230): Blume, Bijdragen, 1826, p. 1159 and
Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat., 1, 1850, p. 182, t. 39: Engler in DC.
Monograph. Phanerogam., 4, 1883, p. 225: King in Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 65/2, 1896, p. 480, or Materials 2, p. 788:
Koorders and Valeton, Bijdrage tot kennis Boomsoorten
van Java, in Mededeel. ’sLands Plantentuin, 17, 1896, p. 94:
Ridley, Flor. Mal. Penins., 1, 1922,-p. 527: Heyne, Nutt.
plant. Ned. Ind., ed. of 1927, p. 972.
Stagmaria verniciflua, Jack in suppressed proof of
Mal. Miscell., ex Hooker, Comp. Bot. Mag., 1, 1835, p. 267.
A tree, chiefly coastal, because along the coasts it finds
the conditions by the side of water which it likes, but
sometimes found inland: not infrequent on riverbanks
near the sea in Java from the residency of Samarang west-
wards, more sparingly inland up to 900 ft., in Sumatra on
the west coast and sometimes inland in small pure stands:
recorded by Rumpf as in Celebes, and from Celebes he
imported it into Amboina: in the Malay Peninsula only
upon the coasts of Pahang and Trengganu and apparently
also in Kelantan: further it is in northern Madagascar.
There. is a specimen with flowers in Linnaeus’ her-
barium, written up in his own handwriting.
The proved Malayan localities are :—
State of Kelantan. Kamposa, in fruit and therefore not
absolutely distinguishable from the next, Gimlette! State
of Trengganu. Kuala Trengganu, Holttwm 17672! State
of Pahang. Pekan, Burkill and Haniff 17137! Smith
6706! Katapang on the Pahang river, Ridley 1228!
In the year 1890 Ridley procured a supply of seed of
it from Pahang and raised a stock of seedlings in the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore (Ann. Rep. Bot. Gard. and
Gardens’ Bulletin, SS.
224
Notes on Gluta in Malaya. 225
Forest Dep., S.S. for 1890, p. 4), which in that year and
the next, he planted-out in various parts of the isiand
(Rep. for 1890, p. 11 and for 1891, p. 9). Probably some
remain; one 35 years old and several seedlings derived irom
it were standing in the Economic Gardens in the year 1925.
The seedlings exhibited narrower leaves than the old tree.
The ground where it grew, which was formerly salt marsh,
but no longer saline, seems to have offered such a situation
as the tree prefers.
The timber of this species is a bright red-brown and
suggests mahogany. It makes very handsome furniture.
The fruit is large and subglobose, with irregular crests ©
and protuberances particularly towards the base. It is
5 em. in diameter.
The irritant properties of the latex are less intense
than in some allied trees; but considerable.
2. Gluta velutina, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1,
1850, p. 183.
Gluta coarctata, Hook. fil., Flor. Brit. Ind., 2, 1876,
p. 22: Engler in DC. Monograph. Phanerogam. 4, 1883,
p. 227: King in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 65/2, 1896, p. 482,
or Materials, 2, p. 768: Ridley, Flora Mal. Penins., 1, 1922,
p. 527.
Syndesmis coarctata, Griffith, Posthum. papers, Notulae,
4, 1854, p. 409, and Icones, t. 567, fig. 1.
A tree variously recorded as bushy, small and of
moderate size; but in one very uncertain record as up to
100 ft. in height; apparently generally of lesser growth
than G. renghas, and differing from it besides in the
velutinous calyx and pedicels. It is found plentifully along
the coasts of Cochinchina and Cambodia, in Siam about
Bangkok, down the Siamese peninsula at Tapli; on the east
coast of Sumatra and the north coast of Borneo and in
the Malay Peninsula at the following localities :—
State of Kedah. Under Kedah Peak near Yen, Ridley
15086! State of Perak. Without locality, Scortechini!
State of Selangor. Kuala Selangor, Foxworthy 11711!
.Kelambu Forest Reserve, Yeob 3288! Settlement of
Malacca. Malacca town, Griffith 480 (—1120)! State of
Pahang. Rompin river, Soh 15412! State of Johore. On
the Muar river, close to the water, Curtis 3620! On the
Batu Pahat river, Simpai Abang, Lake and Kelsall! Bukit
Kayara on the Sungai Pauh, Ridley! Sungai Sempang
Kanan, Ridley 11098! Sungai Sekudai, flowerless in the
Kew specimen, but assigned by King, who collected it, to
this species, King and Hullett! Settlement of Singapore,
sterile and therefore uncertain, Cantley!
Volo Va. €1 938):
226 I. H. Burkill.
3. Gluta Wrayi, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 65/2,
1896, p. 482, or Materials, 2, p. 768: Ridley, Flora Mal.
Penins. 1, 1922, p. 528, as regards Wray’s specimen, i.e.
excluding the description of the fruit, which belongs to
no. 4 below.
Gluta virosa, Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits
Branch, 75, 1917, p. 27: Flora Mal. Penins. 1, 1922 p. 528,
excluding from both references the Selangor specimen,
which seems to be a Melanochyla, and from the second the
Simpit specimen, which is no. 4 below.
Mangifera sp., King in op. cit. p. 479, or Materials, 2,
p. 765, a fruiting specimen.
A tall tree found in Penang and in the neighbourhood
of Taiping and Kuala Kangsar and in the Dindings, the
proved localities being :—
Settlement of Penang. Telok Bahang, a tree with ripe
fruits in August, 1890, and in May, 1893, 25-30 ft. high,
Curtis 3005! and without no.! Government Hill, with
flowers in February, 1921, Mohamed Haniff 6999! Bukit
Penara, large branching tree with flowers in March, Curtis
1527! State of Perak. Without locality, Burn-Murdoch
400! Larut plains by the Sungai Larut, in flower in July,
1888, Wray 2290! On Gunong Pondok, between 500 and
800 ft., a tree 50-70 ft. high with fruit in July, Kunstler
7744! Kati near Kuala Kangsar, a tree 30-40 ft. high in
bud in January, Mohamed Haniff 14963! Dindings.
Lumut, in flower in March, Ridley 7974!
Details have been given above of the condition in
which the specimens were collected, because no one has
yet obtained the flowers and the fruits from the very same
tree, so that no one has proved that they are rightly
brought together, though the exactness with which the
leaves match, makes this all but certain.
The tree was collected first by Scortechini in 1885 in
fruit, and King thought the specimen a Mangifera. When
in 1888 Wray collected it in flower he described the flower-
ine plant under the name adopted above, but failed to
bring the fruiting specimen to its side. Ridley as will be
explained under no. 4 below, obtained a different fruit in
the Dindings, which in 1917 he ascribed to G. Wrayi, and
having done that he logically attributed the true fruit to
a new species.
The fruit of G. Wrayi is of the buff colour which the
fruits of G. renghas and G. velutina have; but its shape is
distinct; it has no tubercles or crests, and is elongated with
a little flattening. ea
Gardens’ Bulletin, SS.
Notes on Gluta in Malaya. 227
Burn-Murdoch ascribed the name réngas kerbau jalang
or rengas of the untamed buffalo to it, but explained
(Trees and Timbers, Mal. Penins. 2, 1912, p. 7) that this
name may be applied to any of the more virulent species
of rengas which possess red-brown wood. Of the timber
he stated that it is a beautiful wood of a deep red colour
with concentric black bands, but hardly used on account of
the acute inflammation which the resinous juice sets up if
it falls upon the skin, as may happen in felling.
In the publication referred to, he mentions rengas in
the Trolak reserve, in Southern Perak; but seems to refer
to Melanorrhea rather than to Giuta. Ridley’s Selangor .
specimen is found to be a Semecarpus: and with these
localities ruled out, we possess no indication that G. Wrayi —
extends southwards from Kuala Kangsar and Lumut.
4. To the next species it would be hazardous to give
a name. It was collected in the Dindings (Ridley without
number!) with fruit. In the year 1896 flowering specimens
of a Gluta were collected at Lumut in the Dindings (Ridley
7974!): and there has been a confusion of the two. The
latter is G. Wray, but the fruit of the former was described
(Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 49, 1907, p. 16) for
that of G. Wrayi: and as a consequence of assigning the
wrong fruit to G. Wray, the right fruit was described as
that of a new species, G. virosa (Journ. Roy. As. Soc.
straits Branch, 75, 1917, p. 27). The fruit-wall and the
leaves of the older specimen are preserved in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore, and the fruit was well described as
oblong, red-brown, of a laterite colour, 4-5 inches long and
3 thick: the seed was sown in the Botanic Gardens and
for eleven years at least grew there to a small tree, the
subsequent fate of which is unknown. The leaves obtained
from Simpit are like those of G. elegans, from which species
of course the fruit sharply distinguishes the tree. The
label calls it a big tree.
It may not be a Gluta, though it probably is.
5. Gluta elegans, Kurz ex Hook, fil., Flora Brit. Ind. 2,
2600, Do.22: and For. Flor. Burma, 1, 1877, p. 310: Engler
in DC. Monograph. Phanerogam., 4, 1883, p. 225: King in
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 65/2, 1896, p. 481, or Materials, 2,
p. 767: Ridley, Flora Mal. (Padiint 1, 1922, i. aed,
Syndesmis elegans, Wallich in Roxb. Flora Ind., ed.
Carey, 2, 1824, p. 315.
This is a tree of about 30 ft. in height, very common in
the hills, of Penang, where when in new leaf its violet
colour is striking; but this quickly passes away. It pro-
duces flowers apparently at all times of the year; for they
Vol. V. (1981).
228 I. H. Burkill.
have been collected in every month except April, July and
November; but mostly however in February. The fruits
germinate immediately they fall. They are black in colour,
from 3.5 by 3 by 1.75 cm. to 5.5 by 4.25 by 3 cm.
Being so common it was one of the earlier plants
collected in Penang, George Porter having sent it to Wallich
in 1823. It was on Porter’s specimens that he described
it as Syndesmis elegans, being unable to indicate its true
affinity as he had no fruit. From Penang it extends
northwards to Tenasserim; but the Tenasserim plant differs
a little, approaching G. tavoyana, and constitutes Hooker’s
var. Helfert. It is in Trengganu also.
The following specimens have been seen:—
Tenasserim, without locality, Helfer 1117! 1118! Siam.
Circle or Pattani, Bachaw, Kerr 7214! State of Kedah.
Bukit Dundong reserve, without flowers and therefore aot
absolutely certain, Rahim 12429! Settlement of Penang,
without locality, Maingay 481! Curtis 1062! Batu Fer-
inghi, Ridley 11948! West of Telok Bahang, Burkill 3387!
Government Hill, Porter 1003! 9046! 9049! King! King’s
collector 1366! 4913! Curtis’ collector 3278! Curtis 1552!
Ridley 7096! 9228! Mohamed Haniff! Moniot’s Road,
Burkill 4588! Bukit Sua-Boi, Curtis’ collector! Mount
Olivia, Mohamed Haniff! State of Trengganu. Kuala
Trengganu at Kampong Ladang, Holttum 7678!
The record of “ Malacca” for it is an error.
If the back of the leaf of this species be examined, it
will be observed that the larger lateral nerves arise from
the midrib at an angle of 70-90° and are distinctly elevate.
Curtis, through a native collector, obtained a specimen in
which they arise at about 55° and are not distinctly elevate.
This specimen bears the number 3278 and may be called
var. Curtisii. It leads to G. lanceolata, which will be dis-
cussed next.
The Trengganu plant is between the type and var.
Curtisir.
Kurz states that the wood is good for furniture and
when steeped in ferruginous mud goes as black as ebony:
he adds that it is used for building purposes, and with
various mordants will dye colours between orange and black.
6. Gluta lanceolata, Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc.
Straits Branch, 49, 1907, p. 17, and Flora Mal. Penins. 1,
1922, p. 527.
This speciés is founded upon a single gathering made
from a big tree at Balik Pulau in the Settlement of Penang
in June, 1898 (Ridley 9465!). The tree was in flower at
this time and also carried very young fruit. These fruits
were too young for their mature shape to be foretold, and |
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
ae a
Notes on Gluta in Malaya. 229
the characters drawn from them, in the second of the
descriptions quoted above, have no value. The leaves are
very like the leaves of G. elegans var. Curtisii, but a little
narrower: on their narrowness, on their being tufted, on
a slight measure of minute hairiness on the calyx and on
the record that the tree is a big one, rests its claim for
specific rank.
7. Gluta cambodiana, Pierre, Flore forest. Cochinch.,
1896, plate 368: Lecompte, Flor. gen. Indoch., 2, 1908, p. 20.
This species, which was founded by Pierre upon a
single gathering in the Laos country, seems to be re-
presented in a gathering from the interior of Kelantan
(Henerson 19657! from the Sungai Keteh near Gua Ninik)
but for certainty more material from both places is desir-
able, and especially material with fruit. The leaves and
the flowers are identical; also in the type and in the
Kelantan specimens the former are tufted on the ends of
the stems and the latter towards the tops of the panicles.
Pierre called his tree a small one: Henderson’s tree is
recorded as 70-80 ft. high.
Furthermore, additional material is required of G.
tavoyana Hook. fil., which is as yet only inadequately
diagnosed from G. cambodiana and G. Wray.
It is somewhat to be deplored that Linnaeus attached
the name “renghas” to a species which is only one of a
dozen and more trees entitled in malay to this name: for
every Gluta and every Melanorrhoea is a réngas, equally
with some species of Buchanania, of Swintonia and of
Semecarpus. Their common character is the possession of
a pale yellow resinous sap (black when dry) which causes
dermatitis and pustular eruptions if it touches the skin.
Those who live where the tree grows know its power to
injure only too well, and Cerruti (My friends the savages,
1908, p. 209) states that his Sakai had a habit of destroy-
ing the trees when recognised. The malay word réngas
becomes hangus in Semang, rangas in Sakai and in south-
eastern Borneo, and reungas in sundanese and ingas in
javanese. Ranjus, named by Logan (Journ. 1, 1847, p. 296)
as a fruit eaten by the Sabimba of the coasts north of
Singapore is probably the same. G. renghas and G. velutina
are rengas ayer, because they grow by the side of water.
Burn-Murdoch has stated that réngas kérbau jalang, 7.e.
rengas of the untamed buffalo, is a name given to the more
virulent species. Its use however seems to be restricted
to parts of Perak. There are other names with adjectival
qualifications, but none of very precise application. The
fact is that these trees are not in sufficiently general use
in any way for names to be needed. The beautiful rich-
red timber sometimes comes to market in single logs; but
Vol. V. (1931).
230 I. H. Burkill.
we are without complete knowledge regarding its sources:
Melanorrhoea Wallichitt is perhaps the most common.
Cubitt seems to suggest that resort to it is increasing
(Rep. For. Adminis. F.M.S. for 1923, p. 15). Several
authorities in the past have written of rengas in Malaya.
Low in 1836 (Soil and Agri. Penang, p. 200) and Newbold
in 1839 (Brit. Settlem. in Malacca, pp. 52 and 121) men-
tioned the timber as available; but it would be rash to
assume what species they denoted. McNair in 1883
(Appendix to Cantley’s Forest Rep., 8.S., p. E-4) ascribed
rengas to G. velutina; but there are reasons for thinking
that this identification was a guess. That the timber of G.
renghas is a beautiful wood is beyond contesting; but there
is very little of it in the Peninsula.
The seeds of G. renghas and G. velutina can be eaten
after roasting but are not much used anywhere. The
former is in Madagascar: but at present there is no reason
for thinking that it was taken there as a food plant. It
would not be taken in any other way than in provision for
a voyage. Its vernacular name in Madagascar is torotoro
(Boivin had it as tourtour)—a name not recognisably
malayan, and it seems that the fruit is without crests and
ridges for which reason it is Engler’s var. turtur. Writers
assume that man took it to Madagascar, but have yet to
explain how, if that is right, it differs varietally from .
anything known in Malaya.
Gardens’ Bulletin, SS.
HERPESTIS MONNIERA, H. B. and K. as pa-chi-t’ien.
Two very different plants have been identified as the
chinese pa-chi-t’ien, the one Herpestis Monniera, a low-
growing herb of the family Scrophulariaceae, the other
Polygala Reinii, Franchet and Savatier, a somewhat larger
plant of the family Polygalaceae. Herpestis is tropical;
but the Polygala is not. Stuart in his Chinese Materia
Medica (Shanghai, 1911, p. 388) and Hooper in the Gardens
Bulletin (6, 1929, p. 111) assign the name to the Polygala:
Read and Liu, following earlier authors, in their Plantae
Medicinales Sinensis (Pekin, 1927, no. 97) assign it to
Herpestis Monniera.
In the chinese herbalists’ shops of the Malay Peninsula,
Herpestis is invariably exposed for sale, and at any rate
in Penang pa-chi-t’ien is the name used for it. But
Herpestis cannot be the source of the small hard pieces of
root-bark, described by Hooper, and under that name
imported for chinese pharmacies in a dry state.
Thus it seems that two entirely different plants supply
pa-chi-tien in Malaya.
I. H. BURKILL.
4ERYTHROPSIS COLORATA, Burkill, comb. nov.
Erythropsis is a small genus of two species, which are
so similar that EH. fulgens, which reached Malaysia from
India, was at one time regarded as a variety of the other
species which is ponfined to India. The latter was described
by Roxburgh as‘Sterculia colorata; and many botanists have
left it in Sterculia. But in 1827 Lindley, in a journal which
has become difficult to consult on account of its rarity,—
Brande’s Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and
Art (1, p. 112)—put forward in a tentative way the name
Erythropsis, and did so again in 1829 in the Botanical
Register (plate 1236), where he made his position clear by
this remark,—“ Sterculia colorata....if a distinct genus
(Erythropsis) as I am inclined to believe is .... next of
kin to Sterculia.” In 1832 Schott and Endlicher in their
Meletemata botanica (p. 33) definitely made Erythropsis
a genus. They quoted Lindley but they called the species
Erythropsis roxburghiana—a name which cannot be re-
tained.
It is quite clear that Lindley must be regarded as the
author of the genus: some botanists would prefer that it
should be Lindley ex Schott and Endlicher (1832) than that
it should be Lindley (1827) for Lindley’s were not firm
proposals. The two species are Erythropsis colorata (a new
combination), and #. fulgens, Ridley (Flora Mal. Penins.
1 1922) D2 t):
I. H. BURKILL.
Vol. V. (1931).
231
VANDA X BOUMANIAE, J. J. S.
By Dt. dv J. Bite
On a tour in the Malay Archipelago Mr. J. Laycock
noticed in the orchid collection of Mr. and Mrs. Bouman,
then residing on Alor, one of the lesser Sunda Islands, two
specimens of a Vanda which he looked upon as a natural
hybrid between V. insignis, Bl., and V. limbata, both of
which occur on the said island. Mr. Laycock took back
one of the specimens to Singapore and very kindly sent
me a few pickled flowers, a dried leaf and tinted photo-
graphs. After having examined the material I think he is
quite right although I did not see a specimen and con-
sequently am not in a position to judge how far the plant
differs in habit from the parents, which in this respect
show distinct characteristics. Mr. Laycock, however,
writes: “This is almost exactly intermediate between
typical V. insignis and the form of V. limbata from the
Lesser Sunda Islands.”
The flower shows much likeness with V. limbata, but
especially in the shape of the lip suggests the influence
of V. insignis. The sidelobes are broader and just as in
V. insignis more quadrate, the spur is much blunter than in
V. limbata, whereas the pandurate midlobe, in contradis-
tinction to V. limbata, is considerably widened in front and
distinctly crenate as is the case in V: insignis; the anterior
margin is slightly recurved.
Description. VANDA X BOUMANIAE, J.J.S., nov. hybr.
nat.
Folia loriformia, apice inaequaliter obtusa biloba
edentata, sicco c. 31 em. longa, 2.8 cm. lata. Inflorescentiae
axillares, laxe pluriflorae. Flores pulchri, carnosi, c. 4 em.
diam., sepalis petalisque leviter reflexis. Sepalum dorsale
marginibus dimidii inferiore valde recurvis spathulatum,
apice incurvulum, lamina parce laxeque undulatum, 2 cm.
longum, explanatum ex ungue cuneato-quadrangulo in
laminam elliptico-orbicularem rotundatam sensim dilatatum,
2. cm. longum, basi 0.4 em., lamina 1.225 cm. latum. Sepala
lateralia dorsali similia, leviter obliqua, convexa, lamina
vix undulata, explanata ex ungue oblique cuneato-quadran-
gulo in laminam oblique orbiculari-ovatam obtusam dilatata,
2.1 cm. longa, ungue 0.5 cm. longo, basi 0.3875 cm., apice
fere 0.8 cm. lato, lamina 1.6 cm. longa, 1.5 em. lata. Petala
sepalis similia, subfaleatula, lamina laxe sed conspicue
undulata, explanata oblique spathulata, ex ungue cuneato-
quadrangulo in laminam oblique orbiculari-ovatam rotun-
datam dilatata, c. 2.1 em. longa, ungue 0.7 cm. longo, basi
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.8.
232
Vanda X Boumaniae, J. J. S. Zo
0.325 cm., apice fere 0.6 cm. lato, lamina 1.4 cm. longa,
1.825 cm. lata. Labellum horizontale carnosum, totum ¢.
2.85 cm., a loco insertionis 2.25 ecm. longum; lobi laterales
sub gynostemio porrecti, multo breviores, coneavi, rotun-
dato-subquadranguli, c. 0.53 em. longi, bene 0.475 cm. alti;
lobus intermedius multo major, porrectus, leviter incurvulus,
convexus, panduratus, callo satis alto antice viso aequila-
teraliter trapeziformi apice leviter retuso antice tricostato
ad basin inter lobos laterales, costis 5 longitudinalibus
approximatis simplicibus in basi, exterioribus brevissimis,
ceteris in c. 2/3 supra basin lobi intermedii evanescentibus,
costa mediana ibidem fureata cum ramulis divergentibus
apicem usque productis, ¢c. 2.25 em. longus, basi fere 1.1 cm.,
parte angusta 0.6 em., antice 1.35 ecm., latus, lobulis
basilaribus brevibus latis obtusangule rotundatis, lobulo
apicali multo majore, e basi contracta bene dilatato,
orbiculari-sexangulata, plus minusve truncata, leviter con-
vexa, basi excepta irregulariter crenata; calear reversum,
lateraliter compresso-conicum, obtusum, ec. 0.65 em. longum.
Gynostemium conicum, apice contractum, ce. 0.65 cm. longum,
basi 0.75 em. latum, clinandrio oblique truncato, reniformi
cum costula longitudinali. Anthera plane cucullata, trans-
verse ovalis, in rostrum latum quinquangulare obtusum
producta, c. 0.35 cm. lata. Pollinia 2, a dorso compressa,
oblique angulato-ovalia, dorso a latere oblique fissa, cum
stipite lato apice contracto conduplicatoque obtuso basin
versus angustato et glandula conspicua lata 0.4 em. longa.
Rostellum breve, latum bilobulum. Ovarium pedicellatum
acute sexangulatum, c. 5.2 cm. longum.
Habitat: Alor Island (A. Bouman-Houtman, cult.).
~ Mr. Laycock describes the colour as follows :—‘ Lip
deep pink, claw with 5 pale ridges, the two outer very
short, the centre one extending into the limb. Side lobes
of lip white faintly veined pink and with minute pink dots
as in the Java form of V. limbata. Sepals and petals
almost uniformly dark brown as in the Sunda Islands form
of V. limbata, sepals with obscure paler reticulations.
Column white, faintly tinged pink.”
VOLZV¥. (T9385:
THE “PADANG” FLORA OF JEMAJA, IN THE
ANAMBA ISLANDS, N. E. I.
By M. R. Henderson, F.L.S.
During a visit to the Anamba Islands in April 1928,
an opportunity was taken to study a peculiar plant
association found on the island of Jemaja. Such associa-
tions are rather rare in the Malay Archipelago, and are
known as “ padang's,” which seems a convenient term for
them in the meantime.
The Jemaja padang is a sandflat on the coast just
behind the large bay called Telok Mampoh on the charts,
or, more exactly, that part of the bay known locally as
Telok Padang. It is about half an hour’s walk eastwards
of Letong, the principal village in the island.
The Padang is perhaps a mile long, and for the greater
part of its length is bordered on the seaward side by a
river running parallel to the beach. Between the river
and the sea is a narrow strip of cultivated coconut palms.
The river makes a wide bend at the northern end of the
padang and partly encloses it on the west. On the western
edge of the padang are low hills, all cultivated and covered
with coconut palms, which extend down into the padang
in a straggling fashion, and end where there is swampy
ground, which supports a number of sago palms.
The western half of the padang is slightly lower than
the eastern, but yet not within the influence of the river
at high tides. The river banks support a mangrove vege-
tation, but this does not extend beyond the actual banks
and there is no trace of it in the padang itself. The soil
of this lower western half is slightly damper than that of
the eastern half, more compact, darker in colour and with
a greater admixture of humus. The vegetation is lower
and thicker, and there is a dense undergrowth of grasses,
sedges and ferns.
The commonest fern—and it is extremely abundant-
is Pteridium aquilinum, (L) Kuhn, v. esculentum, (Forst.),
with Blechnum indicum, Burm. not quite so abundant and
preferring damper spots. The bushes average 5-6 feet tall
and are chiefly Melastoma polyanthum, Bl., Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa, Wight, Baeckia frutescens, L., Eugenia zeylanica,
Wight, very conspicuous with its clusters of opaque white
fruit, Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy, and a Timonius which has
not been properly identified, but which appears to be near
Gardens’ Bulletin, SS.
234 ‘ ih
“Padang ” Flora of Jemaja, Anamba Is., N.E.I. 2835
T. mutabilis, Boerl. Flagellaria indica, L., and a few plants
of Nepenthes Reinwardtiana, Miq. climb over the bushes.
A board track led through the padang, bordered by ditches
which were almost dry at the time of my visit. In the
ditches were found plants of Utricularia minutissima, Vahl,
and U. albina, Ridl.
The eastern part of the padang is a few feet higher
than the western and the soil here is a loose, very soft
white sand of fine texture, so fine, in fact, that it squeaks
underfoot as snow will do on a frosty day. The bushes
here are taller, more widely spaced, the undergrowth of
ferns and grasses disappears, and the spaces between the
bushes are sparsely covered with plants of Xyris com-
planata, R. Br., and such sand-binding, creeping plants as
Hedyotis pintfolia, Wall., Mitrasacme polymorpha, R. Br.,
Desmodium ?trifoliastrum, Miq., Merremia_ tridentata,
Hallier, and Hvolvulus alsinoides, Linn. The bushes here
increase in height to an average of about 15 feet, with
some larger trees, and are principally Baeckia frutescens,
L., EHugenia zeylanica, Wight, Daphniphyllum laurinum,
Baill., Leucopogon malayanus, Jack, Garcinia rostrata,
B. & H., Rhodamnia cinerea, Jack, Vaccinium bancanum,
Mig., var tenuivenium, J. J. S. (this was very common),
Podocarpus polystachyus, R. Br., and Cycas Rumphii, Miq.
Ficus diversifolia is also common, always as a terrestrial
bush about 4 feet tall. One common small tree is
Cotylelobium flavum, Pierre, nearly always bearing fruits
at this time. This was collected in jungle on the lower
slopes of the hills behind the bay, and is there a tall
straight tree with brown bark, while the padang specimens
are all low and bushy with whitey-grey bark.
Other species of less frequent occurrence are:—Vifex
pubescens, Vahl., Buchanania arborescens, Bl., Barringtonia
macrostachya, Kurz, Eugenia lepidocarpa, Wall., and small
shrubs of Ardisia crenata, Roxb. Cassytha filiformis, L.
twines on bushes of Leucopogon and Baeckia, and Dend-
ropthoe curviflora is sparingly present. Vitex pubescens
is often infested with Amyema Beccarii. Of still less
frequent occurrance are Fagraea auriculata and plants of
Bromheadia sp.
Similar associations occur in the Malay Peninsula on
the east coast, but they do not seem to be so complex.
The “ heath ” lands of Perlis and Setul are similar in some
respects, the similarity being mostly due to the xerophytic
character of the vegetation, but those (in Perlis) that [
have seen are not so open and sandy as the Jemaja padang,
being, in fact, in places, very swampy. ‘The islands of
Billiton and Bangka seem also to have somewhat similar
“padangs,’ according to J. E. Teysmann in Natuurk.
Vol. V. (1981).
236 M. R. Henderson.
Tydschr. Ned. Indie, Ser. VII, vol. 6, (1876), 210-293; to
S. Kurz in the same publication, Ser. V1, 2, 148-258; and
to Th. Valeton in Verslag van de gewone vergadering der
Wis- en Natuurkundige Afdeeling der Kon. Acad. van
Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, 1908, 120-126. The descrip-
tion of the ‘“ sand-padangs”’ in the last named publication,
although short, indicates that they must be very similar
to the sandy part of the Jemaja padang. Drosera Bur-
manni, however, was not found in Jemaja. It is recorded
as occurring in the Billiton padangs, and it is found on
the Perlis and Setul heaths.
There are distinct differences between the Jemaja
padang flora and the flora of the adjacent sandy and rocky
beaches. Common to both are Melastoma polyanthum,
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Podocarpus polystachyus, etc., but
Baeckia frutescens and Leucopogon malayanus, for instance
are not found on the beach, while Guettarda speciosa and
Seaevola Koenigii are absent from the padang.
This padang has apparently been interfered with by
man to a very small extent. Tracks have been made
through it, and possibly a little wood has been cut from
the larger bushes or trees, but there has been no attempt
at cultivation, and no grazing by cattle. Only one plant was
seen which may possibly have been an alien—a fair sized
tree of Mangifera indica. This was growing at the
junction of two main pathways, where it gave a very wel-
come shade. Towards the southern end coconut palms
begin to appear, the outliers of the plantations which
surround the padang. It was evident that they were un-
suited to the soil conditions and were not thriving, in con-
trast to the large plants of Pandanus fascicularis, Lam.,
which grew with them.
A list is given below of the plants collected on the
padang, as it is thought to be fairly complete. The per-
centage of plants in flower or fruit, or both, was very much
higher than in the nearby jungle.
I am indebted to the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, and to the Director, Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, for
indentifications of a number of plants; to Mr. R. E. Holttum
for identifications of ferns; and to Dr. C. G. G. J. van
Steenis for translations of Teysmann’s, Kurz, and Valeton’s
napers mentioned above.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
“ Padang ” Flora of Jemaja, Anamba Is., N.E.I. 237
Plants growing on the lower, damper part of the Padang.
Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy. Common. Distributed through-
out the Malayan Archipelago.
Baeckia frutescens, Linn. Commoner on the lower and
damper spots, but extending into sandier places. W.
Malaysia, China, Japan.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight. Common, but not growing
very tall. Widely distributed from India to Japan.
Melastoma polyanthum, Bl. Common. Distributed through
W. Malaysia to the Philippines.
Timonius nr. mutabilis, Boerl. Not uncommon.
Ardisia littoralis, Andr. On the edge of river bordering
the padang, hardly belonging to the padang proper.
Indo-Malay, Philippines, China.
Utricularia albina, Ridl. In ditches by path. Ceylon,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
Utricularia minutissima, Vahl. In ditches by path. Appa-
rently not hitherto known outside the Malay Peninsula.
Clerodendron inerme, Gaert. On riverbank at edge of
padang, not properly in the padang flora. Littoral
from Trop. Africa to Polynesia.
Nepenthes Reinwardtiana, Miq. Climbing over bushes, not
very common. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka,
Borneo.
Dianella ensifolia, Red. Sparingly present. India to Poly-
nesia.
Flagellaria indica, Linn. Climbing over low bushes. ‘Trop.
Africa and Asia to Australia and Polynesia.
Fimbristylis pauciflora, R. Br. 8S. Asia to Australia.
Cladium undulatum, Thw. Ceylon to Malaya and Australia.
Eragrostis elongata, Jacq. Trop. Asia to Australia.
Schizachyrium semberbe, Nees. America, Africa, Trop.
Asia.
(These two sedges and two grasses, along with the
following ferns, formed the main part of the dense
undergrowth in the damper places).
Pteridium aquilinum, Kuhn, v. esculentum (Forst). Very
common, usually sterile. S. Asia, Australia.
Blechnum indicum, Burm. Slightly less common than the
Pteridium, and preferring somewhat damper places.
Trop. Asia and Australia.
Vol. V. (1981).
238 M. R. Henderson. -
Plants of the higher, sandier part of the padang.
Garcinia rostrata, B. & H. Not uncommon. Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java.
Cotylelobium flavum, Pierre. Common as a small bushy
tree. Malaya Peninsula, Borneo.
Salacia flavescens, Kurz. Not very common. ‘Tenasserim,
Siam, Malay Peninsula.
saa indica, Linn. One tree only seen. Doubtfully
wild.
Buchanania arborescens, Bl. Common. Indo-Malaya to
the Philippines.
Desmodium ?trifoliastrum, Miq. Creeping in dry sand in
the open.
Ormosia bancana, Prain. Not common. Malay Peninsula,
Bangka, Borneo.
Rhodamnia cinera, Jack. Common. Siam to Australia.
Eugenia caudatilimba, Merr. Not common. Hitherto
known only from Sarawak. .
Eugenia claviflora, Roxb. Not very common. India to
Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula.
Eugenia lepidocarpa, Wight. Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra.
Eugenia zeylanica, Wight. Common. India to Malay
Peninsula, Java, Borneo.
Barringtonia macrostachya, Kurz. Not very common.
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
Pogonanthera pulverulenta, Bl. Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,
Java, Borneo.
Hedyotis pinifolia, Wall. Creeping in open places in dry
sand. India to W. Malaysia.
Gynocthodes sublanceolata, Miq. Not very common.
Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
Psychotria viridiflora, Reinw. Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,
Java, Borneo.
Leucopogon malayanus, Jack. Common. Malay Peninsula,
Bangka, Sumatra, Borneo.
Vaccinium bancanum, Mig., var. tenuivenium, J. J. S. One
of the commonest large bushes. The species in Malay
Peninsula, Bangka, Borneo, the var. in Java.
Ardisia crenata, Roxb. Not very common. Indo-Malaya,
China, Japan.
Olea maritima, Wall. Not common. ?Java, Cochinchina.
Jasminum bifarium, Wall. Twining on bushes in the open.
W. Malaysia to the Philippines.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
“Padang ” Flora of Jemaja, Anamba Is., N.E.I. 239
Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. Creeping in open dry sandy
places. Pantropic.
Merremia tridentata, Hallier. Creeping in sand between
bushes. Africa, India, Malay Peninsula, Bangka.
Vandellia aff. hirsuta, Bth. In open sandy spots.
Mitrasacme polymorpha, R. Br. In open sandy spots.
Indo-Malaya, China, Australia.
Fagraea auriculata, Jack. Seen occasionally. Malay Penin-
sula,Java, Philippines, Cambodia.
Aganosma marginata, G. Don. Not common. India, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Philippines.
Tylophora villosa, Bl. Not common. Java.
Holarrhena pauciflora, Ridl. Not common. Hitherto known
only from S. Siam and the north of the Malay Peninsula.
Hoya coronaria, Bl. Twining on bushes in the open.
Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to N. Guinea.
Vitex pubescens, Vahl. A not infrequent small tree. Indo-
Malaya, Philippines. ©
Henslowia buxifolia, Bl. Not very common. Malay Penin-
sula, Bangka, Borneo.
Daphniphyllum laurinum, Baill. Not uncommon. Sumatra,
Malay Peninsula, Bangka, Borneo, Java.
Cassytha filiformis, Linn. Usually on bushes of Leucopogon
and Baeckia. Pantropic.
Amyema Beccarii, Dans. Common on Vitex pubescens.
Malay Peninsula, Borneo. | |
Dendropthoe curviflora, Dans. Not frequent.
Glochidion rubrum, Bl. S. Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java
Philippines. 3
Ficus diversifolia, Bl., var ovoidea. Common, always as a
terrestrial bush about 4 ft. tall. Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.
Bromheadia sp. An occasional plant. seen.
Xyris anceps, Lam. Sparsely covering open dry sandy
places. India to Malaya.
Pandanus fascicularis, Lam. Common in one place only.
Mauritius, Trop. Asia.
Cycas Rumphii, Mig. Not uncommon. Nicobar Islands
and Tenasserim to Australia.
Podocarpus polystachyus, R. Br. Not uncommon. Sumatra,
_ Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines.
Cyclophorus acrostichoides, (Forst.) Pr. On Eugenia sp.
Ceylon, Malaysia to Polynesia.
Davallia denticulata, (Burm.) Mett. Under bushes, but
not in deep shade. Madagascar to Polynesia.
Vor ¥. (193i).
240 M. R. Henderson.
Polypodium phymatodes, L. At bases of bushes, in shade.
Old World Tropics.
Schizaea dichotoma, (L.) Sm. Under bushes, but not in
deep shade. Madagascar to Polynesia.
Leucophanes densifolium, Mitt. Not abundant, but occur-
ring in large tufts. Malaysia to Polynesia.
HALOPHILA SPINULOSA (R.Br.) Aschers.
Up to the present only one species of Halophila
(H. ovata, Gaud.) has been recorded from the shallow seas
round the coasts of the Malay Peninsula. Recently, how-
ever, Halophila spinulosa has been found. It was first
collected by Mr. R. E. Holttum in shallow water at low tide
off Pulau Ubin. Later, while dredging in about five fathoms
off Pulau Tekong, in the same vicinity, the writer found
it growing in mud. In November, 1930, it was collected
by Mohamed Nur on the coast of Pulau Penyangat, in the
Rhio Archipelago. Specimens of this gathering were sent
to Dr. Beumée of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg, Java,
who identified it and remarked that this was the first
time it had been collected in the Rhio Archipelago.
It does not appear to be common, having been recorded
only from the Sunda Straits, the Philippines, and a few
places on the coast of Queensland. The Singapore and Rhio
specimens are all sterile, and all were found growing in
mud. One at least of the Australian specimens is said to
have been collected on coral reefs.
It is probable that it is not so rare as the scarcity of
collections indicate. It is a submarine plant, probably
never exposed even at low tide, and it is small and
inconspicuous.
M. R. HENDERSON.
Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S.
241
Rainfall.
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the year 1930. Reading taken at 9 a. m.
and expressed in inches.
Date | Jan. | Feb. |March] April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
_—q— f——— fi fF | EY LN Es SO Ss I SS
1 SL ek fa By ‘02 | trace} 1°34 | 1°44
ee ae oo Be et by. Ys i Fs au See oA. ... 3 trace
aS ae ie ‘51 | trace] ... — Rowe teace, O04). 09
oe es 2 pe Se haa! Gal ae fs =e ass et 20 27
oo Pee 5g Rete fru: ?< oe Rees Es cof us “$9 1° 08:1 56.{- “83
6 ee hn 12 | 28] “18 | trace] 113] 48 | trace
71, 700}... e Se [e203 pisace tl” ~-: at Ee. te ae ‘03
Sa acace} °2: AG trace}. 91 4". in ~~ 4 trace }-trace}, "01 "88
9 P34 J >: = 19
et toe toe). sh) U2) 07] ... ie trace] .. Fa. 4 trace
a “42 ss 385 | 1°70 | 1°29 | 3°79 = "24 05 ve nh ex!
12 veTacacet “25 ‘01 02 02 55
13 | trace trace 10 1°29
toa. 04 7. trp a att... | Tes 2: IGF ls. 25 | O03 | °43
15} -10 . Se Se a a fe so Leen SPUR Se fe: |
Pepe oe | S04 Nid: ... bi i tree f bs aos Ot St
Prriraces- 92-1131}... Bil eae to Bae 1 PSe-} Ses? trace
18 | :.. 46, 413 - Tan gp i Se Bes 2 ae ar EE pi Peas Se
19 Se parack t .:. ee | teacel 22h: e. AF Se O7 | “OS F “AS
me PS SOT AT oe 460 “G4. 1+. 28 | hace to OED MGS m ‘03 | 50
21 & ees ote °84 | trace} trace| ... we =e "25 ‘C9
8 he Nt Ai Pence a Set P Ac, a: md 0 et ae ie 3
2 ae oes ry "Ga. 2 co ba fh ‘21 | trace]! trace
(NE or trace }.3-a7..) 1°83 | trace} 30] --. sh a
Zork: sade a we GS ake iy ae See a SEL. 24,4 166-4. *.: "89
ir oh. eee ur PET ACE [> <>. of yi Ue 3) eae La ee ‘Ol
ta. “ot 56 09
os v's yaw ie a oe 5 pees a it ooo p82
ee fot, a LACE by 4c We: 14 “3 2°50) 13 15 ‘16
30 07 13 23 29 07
31 trace 64 41
—————, _—_—_—— —_————— | —————————_ | |
ee Oe oe ——————_ | ——__. |
Total | 3°89 | 4°C8 | 5°71 |14°50 |10°52 |12°53 | 1°89 | 1°13 | 7°21 | 9°01 |10°82 |10°08
Vol. V. (1931).
Rainfall.
At the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the year 1930, i ini
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the fecal
begin. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Commissioners of George Town, P
Date | Jan. | Feb. |March] April} May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
| | | | I ff | ___.._ ] __.._ | —____
i} 3). 59)... 1 |. |. Poe Se
Si eee wer 11). bee 1:59 | 1:56
3] 10] 12) 29]... | > 2) a ee
4 22 “04 | 2-42
5 03 04 .. | 868] -65
eT -o 1:58 | 47] -17 140} 03 | -83
7 3°90 | °17 04] 40] -23
OB) cet TES 2 eee % ‘58 68 | 29
9 06] -37] 52) -30 | 1°90 03
10 27| ‘22]178] 22] 08) 08] 63] 2
ve a 2 ae 03] 50} 12|210| 19] °39 | 2:03
12} 39| ... | 281... -) 260) 7-237 2. Gee
Th ee 124.46 = 95 | 1:28] 27] 1:20] -28 "
14] -07 39 43 | “42 ‘BD 1
15] .. 06 | 66] ... ee Ro he 153 |
16 12 68 |. 07 10
17 6 | ae oats] lie ee ee 35
18 8 | 1°02 66
19 | -93 - 160 | ° {
a0 | 17 03 | -.
2} i ‘10 ‘62 "29 1. ws 4) Deo
22 et ‘03 z ie 1:14 ms
23.1) os 60] 80] 17] ‘b5] 1
24 25 | 1°04
8 ee ce 1 cel) | a
26] ... | 05] 06
27 12
96)... | >°30- eee sie haa
29; 17 04) 55
30 ‘13
31 253
— ef of Sl ef Lf SS
Total | 2.42 | 2°08 | 7°92 | 487 [15°30 | 9°88
243
Summary of Rainfall 1930.
SINGAPORE. PENANG.
ee | Amount of lain. | Longest Wovet | Amount of Rain. Longest
rainy spell rainy | net, spell
days | Inches. | mm. |“HEO8T days, | Inches. | mm. pee
Jan | 16 3°89 99 | 6 days} 9 | 2-42 62| days
Feb. Bie eng fe i11}°s 4 11 | 208 53 | 6
Max i3 | 571| 145/ 6.1) 18 | 792! 202] 38
April | 20 | 1450| 369| 3 12 | 487! 1238] 5
May i7 | 1052| 268| 5 , | 13 | 1530| 389] 9
= 13 | 1258| 319/ 6-, | 18 | 9:88| 251| 6
July 10 | 189] 48/55] 11 | 628] 159] 4
has 7| 118| 29| 5, | 21 | 1009] 257] 2
Sept 14 | 721| 188| 9 , | 17 | 21143| 537] 10
Gey). 20-| 901) 229) 5 | 28 | 2116] a8) 2
Nov. | 91 | 1082| 275/ 3, | 21 | 881] 224] 8
Dec | 27 | 10°08| 256] 1day| 23 9:27| 236] 5,
Total. 91:67 | 2331- 202 11921) 3031 |
Greatest amount in 24 hours 5°48”
4°92 inches or 125 mm.
or 139 mm.
Greatest amount in 48 hours 6°49”
8°82 inches or 224 mim.
or 165 mm.
Greatest amount in 72 hours 6°71”
9°19 inches or 233 mm.
or 170 mm.
Periods in which more than 5 ins. fell
in 72 hours. 2 (April June) 3 (May, Sept., Oct.)
Periods in which less than ‘02 ins. fell
in 120 hours. 20 (Jan., Jan.-Feb., Feb. (3), 9 (Jan., Feb., Apr., May (2),
Mar. (2), Apr., May, June (2), June-July, | June, Sept. (2), Dec.)
July (2), Aug. (3), Sept., Oct., Nov.)
Vol. V. (1981).
See
f we
,
bh fe
rn ‘
ee
were iM
The
Gardens’ Bulletin |
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. V. April 26th, 1932. Nos. 9-11.
ON STENOCHLAENA, LOMARIOPSIS AND
|
)
|
CONTENTS.
TERATOPHYLLUM IN THE MALAYAN REGION.
Page
| By R. E. Holttum, M.A. Gs $i Loe HG 245
- To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
- Price $ 1-50
{
PRINTERS LIMITED, SINGAPORE,
* :
ae ais f :
THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. V. April 26th, 1932. Nos. 9-11.
ON STENOCHLAENA, LOMARIOPSIS AND
TERATOPHYLLUM IN THE MALAYAN REGION.
By R. E.. Holttum, M.A.
Throughout the 19th century the ferns variously as-
cribed to the above genera were a puzzle to systematists;
material was inadequate, and no critical study was made
by anyone who had access to the plants in the field. The
similarity of adult form in the three groups and the extra-
ordinary degree of polymorphism of juvenile stages of some
species led to confusion. An exaggerated idea of possible
polymorphism within a species became prevalent, and many
quite distinct species were lumped together. Underwood
in 1906 was the first author who made a satisfactory
arrangement of the species; but he also, through lack of
material and of first hand acquaintance with living plants,
did not do justice to Teratophyllum. In the past few years
I have been able to make frequent observations on the
species of Teratophyllum occurring in the Malay Peninsula,
and believe that the present account of these is fairly com-
plete. I have also made anatomical observations on these
plants, and on species of Stenochlaena and Lomariopsis.
Through the courtesy of the Directors of the Botanic
Gardens, Buitenzorg and the Bureau of Science, Manila, and
of Dr. E. B. Copeland, I have been able to examine the
specimens of these genera from the herbaria of Buitenzorg,
Manila, and the University of California and from Dr.
Copeland’s own herbarium; I am greatly indebted for the
loan of this valuable material, which has enabled me to give
a fairly full account of the species throughout the Malayan
region. Further material of many species is however
greatly to be desired especially from Borneo and New Guinea.
To the Keeper of the Herbarium at Kew I am indebted for
photographs of specimens in the Kew Herbarium, and infor-
mation concerning other specimens. To Dr. van Leeuwen I
ca.) ‘
Se
am indebted for a copy of Raciborski’s original description
of Acrostichum Smithii; to Dr. C. Christensen for advice
and information; and to Dr. G. A. C. Herklots for collections
of Teratophyllum aculeatum and Asplenium epiphyticum
from Los Banos.
246 R. E. HoLtTtTum.
A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY.
A special term is needed to denote the juvenile leaves
of the species of Teratophyllum. Karsten (1895) examined
these leaves anatomically and concluded that they served tc
absorb water; he proposed the name “ water leaves,’ which
was also adopted by Christ and other authors. This term is
however more appropriate to the submerged leaves of water
plants. Further, it is still very uncertain to what extent
the juvenile leaves of Teratophyllum perform the function
of water absorbtion, and in my opinion a term which does
not refer to function, or to morphology, is to be preferred.
The characteristic feature of these leaves is that they are
produced always and only in the lowest stratum of the
forest, near the ground; they are not only borne by young
plants, but also by stout branches which start near the
ground from old plants. I suggest for such leaves the term
bathyphyll. The term could be equally applied to the leaves
of young aroids, climbing’ species of Ficus, and other climb-
ing plants which bear specialised leaves in the lower levels
of the forest. Other climbing ferns besides Teratophyllum
also bear bathyphylls, notably some species of Asplenium
(e.g. A. multilineatum Brack. and A. epiphyticum Copel.)
and Lindsaya (L. repens (Bory) Bedd.).
HISTORICAL SUMMARY.
The genus Stenochlaena as construed in Christensen’s
Index Filicum is sharply divisible into three groups, as
indicated in Underwood’s paper. These three groups I here
rank as distinct genera: Stenochlaena (consisting of the
two subgenera Eu-Stenochlaena and Cafraria, the latter con-
fined to Africa), Lomariopsis, and Teratophyllum. Steno-
chlaena proper has no specialised bathyphylls; its species
are sun plants, contrasting with the species of the other
two genera, which (at least in the Malayan region) are
plants of shady forest. It is absent from the New World.
Lomariopsis also has no specialised dissected bathyphylls
in the Malayan region (though some African species have
bathyphylls of a different morphological nature from those
of Teratophyllum). Lomariopsis is found throughout the
tropics, in both Old and New Worlds. Anatomically it is
simple, and its species ave all very closely allied. Terato-
phyllum is found only in the Malayan region. It is charac-
terised especially by the production of bathyphylls which
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 247
are quite different in form from the adult leaves. The
three genera have been much confused in botanical litera-
ture. The following is a historical summary of their
treatment.
Stenochlaena. The common and widely distributed
species of Ku-Stenocnlaena, S. palustris, was first described
as Polypodium palustris by Burmann in 1768. It was
subsequently renamed Onoclea scandens by Swartz, and
under one or other of these two trivial names was referred
by various authors to six other genera. In 1841 John
Smith founded the genus Stenochlaena, citing as the first
species “ Acrostichum scandens Linn.’’, an error in citation;
but his intention is quite clear, and S. palustris is regarded
as the type species of the genus. In his paper on the genera
of ferns, published the same year, Smith made the mistake
of ascribing to S. palustris some bathyphylls of Teratophy/l-
lum aculeatum; apparently the two were collected together
by Cuming. This error was copied by Hooker (Spec. Fil.
5, 250), it is found again in the Synopsis Filicwm, was
accepted by Diels, and finally even Copeland (1929, p. 75)
appears to share the same opinion, though he says that
“other Philippine species are more conspicuous than S.
palustris, by the production of a series of compound juvenile
forms.” Other authors did not make this mistake. Kuhn
in 1869 founded the genus Teratophyllum for the ferns
with specialised bathyphylls, and included S. palustris in
the genus Lomariopsis. Christ also, though he had such
exaggerated ideas on the bathyphyll question, did not as-
cribed any such to S. palustris, neither did Raciborski nor
Bishop Hose, who knew the plants in the field. No specialis-
ed juvenile forms have ever been ascribed to the other
two species of Eu-Stenochlaena. S. laurifolia Presl has
always been regarded as a distinct species. S. areolaris
was described by Harringtion as a Lomaria, and was re-
cognised as a Stenochlaena by Copeland in 1908.
Lomariopsis. This genus was founded by Fée in 1845.
He referred to it not only the species now so designated,
but also those now separated in the genus Teratophyllum.
Of Malayan Lomariopsis (in the strict sense) he included
L. cochinchinensis (which had previously been named Steno-
chlaena spondicifolia J. Sm), L. Smithii (previously called
S. longifolia J. Sm.), and L. leptocarpa. Hooker, in the
Species Filicum, vol 5, would not recognise these as distinct,
but included all of them in Acrostichum sorbifolium Linn..,
which name was given originally to a Lomariopsis from the
West Indies. Hooker also added to the same species some
specimens belonging to Teratophyllum. In this he was
followed by Baker, Christ, and Diels. Kuhn and Raciborski
however had both recognised the distinctness of the Terato-
phyllum species.
Vol. V. (1932).
248 R. E. HOLTTUM.
Teratophylium was founded by Kuhn in 1869, to include
all the ferns with specialised bathyphylls; these were all
referred to the species T. aculeatum (Bl.). Kuhn also in-
cluded a second species T. articulatum, which was included
in Polybotrya by later authors and is now referred by Cope-
land to Lomagramma. In 1828 Blume had listed under the
heading ‘“ Lomariae dubiae” L. aculeata and L. gracilis,
the two forms of Teratophyilum found in Java, and had
considered their bathyphylls to be fertile leaves. The next
species to receive a name was Stenochlaena limonifolia J.
Sm., founded on a specimen of Wallich’s from Singapore;
this was later renamed Lomariopsis ludens by Fee. It
has such polymorphic bathyphylls and has been so inade-
quately collected that it has never been properly understood,
and is described completely in the present paper for the
first time. In Underwood’s paper another species is des-
cribed from the Philippines, S. Walliamsz, and Christ later
added S. arthropteroides. From the Malay Peninsula
Bonaparte described S. rotundifoliata, from a juvenile
plant only; this also is here described completely. Two
further species, 7. Koordersti from Celebes and T. luzonicum
from Luzon are described in the present paper.
The bathyphyll question was one that puzzled all
authors. Besides those already quoted, Beddome figured
two forms in the Ferns of British India (plates CCIX,CCX),
prudently refraining from giving names to them. Karsten
in 1805 published a short description, with illustrations,
of a Teratophyllum from Amboyna, and some _ ob-
servations on the _ structure and_ possible functions
of the bathyphylls, which he first called ‘‘ water-leaves,”
as he believed that they absorbed water. Bishop Hose from
Sarawak sent to Christ specimens of bathyphylls of Terato-.
phyllum; unfortunately he made the mistake of placing
some of them with adult specimens of Lomariopsis with
the statement that both came from the same plant (ap-
parently neither he nor Christ recognised the difference
between the adult fronds of Teratophyllum and Lomariop-
sis). This only served to confirm Christ’s ideas about the
polymorphism of these plants. In 1896 he remarked that
it was difficult to tell whether bathyphylls should be assigned
to Stenochlaena palustris or to Lomaria sorbifolia, and he
used Bishop Hose’s authority to refute the validity of Kuhn’s
genus Teratophyllum. In 1897 appeared the Farnkrdauter
der Erde, in which are lumped together under Lomariopsis
sorbifolia all ferns referable to Lomariopsis and Terato-
phyllum, and also Scolopendrium Durvillaei Bory, which
has bathyphylls of a somewhat similar nature. After that
Christ evidently assigned every asplenioid fern with bathy-
phylls to the genus Stenochlaena. In 1905 he returned to
the subject, and gave some further details on the structure
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 249
of bathyphylls. In 1906 (1) he gave a more extended
statement of his opinions, with illustrations. By that time
he evidently recognised that ferns bearing specialised
bathyphylls should be divided into species or subspecies,
and that the differences in bathyphylls might have a syste-
matic significance. He still insisted however on including
in the genus Stenochlaena not only species of Triphlebia
and Diplora (as then understood) but also Aspleniwm
multilineatum Brack. and A. epiphyticum Copeland. Though
he recognised that a comparable dimorphism of leaves
occurred in Lindsaya repens (Bory), and also compared the
bathyphylls of Stenochlaena to the aphlebiae of fossil ferns,
apparently he did not recognise that he might be mixing
together two or more quite distinct groups of ferns because
they possessed superficially similar bathyphylls. He over-
looked the articulation of the pinnae, and the characteristic
scaliness, of Teratophyllum bathyphylls (though Hooker had
remarked on both these points) and evidently he never
made any anatomical comparisons, either of juvenile or
mature plants. The general conclusions of Christ’s papers
are that the species of Stenochlaena (in the broad sense)
are acrostichoid derivatives of asplenioid origin; Christ
regarded Asplenium epiphyticum as an immature state of
a Stenochlaena bearing asplenioid sori. In 1907 he dealt
with Philippine Stenochlaenas, and again he “does not
hesitate’ to identify Asplenium epiphyticum with Steno-
chlaena aculeata (Bl.) Kze. In his remarks on the genus
Stenochlaena he referred to Underwood’s paper (which
appeared the previous year) remarking that “our know-
ledge of the last group [Lomariopsis|] is not sufficiently
complete to determine whether or not the secondary leaves
are present or lacking, but I am of opinion that they are
present, at least in some species.” He had of course no
definite evidence of this. In 1913 Copeland referred to this
paper of Christ’s and remarked that Asplenium epiphyti-
cum always remained an Asplenium and never changed into
a Stenochlaena.
In 1906 appeared Underwood’s paper, in which he
correctly divided Stenochlaena (so far as the Malayan
region in concerned) into the three sections. Since that
time further material has been collected, and the examina-
tion of this, together with my own observations on local
plants in the field and the laboratory has led me to the
conclusion that the three sections should be separated as
distinct genera.
It is unfortunate that Bower had evidently little first
hand knowledge of the genus. His treatment in The Ferns,
Vol. 3, is hardly in advance of Christ’s Farnkrduter der
Erde. .
Vol. V. (1932).
250 R. E. HOLTTUM.
van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, in his book on
Malayan Ferns, and the supplement, follows Underwood,
with small changes, and the addition of later described
species.
Copeland in his paper on the Oriental genera of Poly-
podiaceae (p. 75) evidently has doubts as to the homophy-
letic nature of the genus Stenochlaena. But he supports
Christ in the opinion that Stenochlaena (as typified by
S. palustris) is derived from Asplenium, regarding the
affinity as “ absolutely clear,” and contradicting Bower’s
opinion that Stenochlaena is of Blechnoid origin.
Key to the genera
1. A narrow row of areolae along each side of the midribs
of the pinnae Stenochlaena
fertile pinnae simple §Hu-Stenochlaena
fertile pinnae pinnate SCafraria (Africa).
1. No areolae; veins springing direct from midrib 2.
2. Rhizome slender cylindrical, often spiny, scales small;
terminal pinna articulated Teratophyllum
2. Rhizome of adult plant stout flattened covered with large
scales; terminal pinna not articulated Lomartopsis
Citation of specimens.
In the lists of specimens following each species, the
herbaria in which specimens occur are indicated in brackets
after each citation as follows: Buitenzorg HB, California
HCal, Copeland HC, Manila HM, Singapore HS, F.M.S.
Museums (now incorporated in the Singapore Herbarium)
FMS Mus.
Excluded species.
Stenochlaena dubia v.A.v.R. Bull. Dep. Ag. I.N., 1908,
XVIII, 26.
This species is based on a sterile specimen, from
Amboyna, which I have examined. It is certainly not a
Stenochlaena, and probably belongs to the genus Thysano-
botrya v.A.v.R. (Cyatheaceae), —
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
STENOCHLAENA J. Sm., Journ. Bot. 3,401; 4,149 (1841).
The original publication of the name Stenochlaena
occurs in John Smith’s enumeration of the ferns collected
by Cuming (1841, 1). It is accompanied by the citation
of the two species Stenochlaena scandens (with citation
of Cuming’s no. 133 and the synonym Acrostichum scandens,
Linn.) and S. longifolia. The citation Acrostichum scandens
was an obvious mistake. There can be no doubt that Smith
meant Lomaria scandens Willdenow, with the description
of which are cited as synonyms Onoclea scandens Sw. and
Polypodium palustris Burm.; the latter is the older name,
and the species is now known as Stenochlaena palustris
(Burm.) Bedd. The fern now known by this name is very
common and widely distributed, and I think there can be
no doubt that it is correctly referred to Burmann’s species.
It may be taken as the type species of the genus Steno-
chlaena. S. longifolia was a name only; the same plant
was later described by Fée under the name Lomariopstis
Smithu. It is a Lomariopsis, according to the arrangement
adopted inthis paper. There are two other Malayan species
of the genus Stenochlaena; S. lawrifolia Presl. and S. are-
olaris (Harr.) Copeland. In addition, there is the African
S. tenuifolia, which is placed in a separate section, Cafraria
Presl. The three species of Eu-Stenochlaena form a very
natural group and differ very markedly from both Lomari-
opsis and Teratophyllum in their spores, venation and
vascular anatomy. The vascular anatomy is very complex,
especially in S. laurifolia; nothing like this complexity is
to be found in the other plants hitherto included in the genus
Stenochlaena. The spores are without perispore, and are
ridged or covered with warts or spines; the spores of both
Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum have a large perispore (see
fig. 1-8). The venation of Stenochlaena is characterised
by narrow subcostal areolae from which the lateral veins
spring; these areolae are absent in the other genera. The
above characters so sharply divide the species of Steno-
chlaena from the species of Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum,
which among themselves have such a close agreement, that
I consider a generic distinction essential. As will appear
later, I suggest that the genus Stenochlaena has had quite
a different origin from the other two genera. The superficial
similarity of habit, frond form and acrostichoid sori, has
masked the fundamental distinctness of these groups.
Among themselves, the three species of Eu-Steno-
chlaena show some curious differences. In the first place,
S. palustris is very widely distributed in tropical Asia,
Vol. V. (1932).
252 R. E. HOLTTUM.
Spores, all about x 320. 1, Stenochlaena mnalustris. 2, S.
laurifolia, 3, S. areolaris. 4, Teratophyllum gracile. 5, T. ludens.
6, Lomariopsis cochinchinensis. 7, L. leptocarpa. 8, Stenochlaena
Warneckei Hieron., from Amani, E. Africa (Lomariopsis).
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
er At te
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 253
Australia and Polynesia; S. lawrifolia is apparently only
known from the Moluccas, the Philippines, New Guinea, and
Solomon Islands; S. areolaris occurs in the Philippines and
New Guinea. S. laurifolia is peculiar in that its pinnae
are not articulate (the articulation of the pinnae of some
specimens of S. palustris is incomplete, but the lower pinnae
at least are fully articulate), and on this ground it is to
be regarded as the most primitive species; its vascular
anatomy is also much more complex than that of S. palustris,
but that may be merely a reflection of its large size. The
fertile fronds of the three species also show some differences.
The fertile pinnae of S. palustris are narrow, and their
margins are not recurved. The fertile pinnae of the other
two species are broader, and have reflexed margins, much
as in the Pteroid ferns, but the veins are continued into
these reflexed margins. All three species agree in having
a gland (or occasionally two glands) at the base of each
pinna, and in the toothed cartilaginous margin to the pinnae,
close to which the ends of the veins unite to form a sub-
marginal vein.
I omit reference to Presl’s species S. juglandifolia and
S. fraxinifolia, as their identity, from description, is doubt-
ful.
The African fern Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) Presl
is clearly very closely allied to these Asiatic species, and
should be retained in the genus Stenochlaena. It forms
the section Cafraria Presl, the other species being placed
in the section Hu-Stenochlaena. The vascular anatomy and
the form and venation of the sterile fronds of S. tenwifolia
agree exactly with those of the species of Hu-Stenochlaena;
the rhizome and stipes are very stout, about as in S.
laurifolia. The pinnae are not articulate, and are relatively
long and narrow with parallel sides; they have glands at
the base. The fertile pinnae are the distinctive feature,
being pinnate instead of simple, with very narrow segments.
The pinnules have narrow subcostal areolae, the outer veins
of which lie close to the lower surface and bear branches
of short tracheid masses only. This simple venation is
ark to the narrowness of the segments and their thin
exture.
A sheet in the California University Herbarium, labell-
ed “ Nilgherries, Munro,” bears a sterile frond indisting-
uishable from S. tenuifolia, and portions of sterile and
fertile fronds typical of S. palustris. It may be that the
specimens are not all from the same locality; but if they
are the sterile specimen may indicate a link between Eu-
Stenochlaena and Cafraria.
Vol. V. (1932).
254 R. E. HOLTTUM.
Key to the species of Stenochlaena.
1. Pinnae not articulated, fertile pinnae 7-10 mm. wide
S. laurifolia
1. At least the lower pinnae articulated 2
2. Fertile pinnae with reflexed margins; small plant with
leaves to about 50 cm. long S. areolaris
2. Fertile pinnae without reflexed margins; large plant
with leaves to more than 100 cm. long S. palustris
1. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd.
This very well known fern needs no detailed description
of its external morphology. Some interesting features of
its anatomy however seem never to have been published;
my investigations on this question are described below, also
some observations of a biological nature, and on the vari-
ability of the species. For synonymy, see Index Filicum.
The rhizome of S. palustris is smooth. Its apex, and
the very young fronds, are covered with imbricating dark
brown peltate scales with a narrow thin pale edge, adhering
closely ; these scales are later deciduous. On actively grow-
ing rhizomes of some plants in Pahang I found scales with
the thin chaffy edge prolonged towards the apex of the
rhizome or frond, and spreading, but there were inter-
mediate types between these and the usual round scales.
The leaves are distant, and are borne on all sides of a
scandent rhizome. Where a rhizome creeps on the ground,
or passes through or over debris in which it can root, it
produces roots either on one or on all sides; if it roots on
one side, it is somewhat dorsiventral in structure, and leaves
are borne only on the side opposite to the roots, but the
side of the rhizome on which roots are produced is ap-
parently not fixed as it is in Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum.
The rhizome has a complex vascular structure, as
indicated by fig. 9. p. 257. In a transverse section four to
six large strands are seen forming an inner ring; round
these are smaller strands forming another ring; finally there
is a peripheral ring of numerous small bundles. The inner
ring of bundles anastomose freely, forming a kind of per-
forated dictyostele with narrow gaps. Where a leaf occurs,
one of the gaps gives off strands to the leaf trace, which also
receives supplies from the middle and outer rings of bundles.
The bundles of these rings also anastomose together lateral-
ly, and the bundles of each ring are supplied from the ring
within it. I have not investigated these inter-relations in
detail. Each bundle is surrounded by a narrow band of
sclerenchyma; the ground tissue is in part lacunar, with
peripheral sclerenchyma.
Gardens Bulletin, 88, ae
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 255
The stipes also are very complex in structure. Fig.
10 shows a transverse section of a large stipe, having more
than 40 vascular bundles of various sizes. A smaller stipe
had 18 bundles. At first sight the arrangement appears
almost a haphazard one, but there is a more or less definite
pattern. The rachis has a smaller number of bundles, which
is finally reduced to the three central large strands just
below the terminal pinna (fig. 16). The stalk of a lateral
pinna has four strands (fig. 15), the two lateral ones form-
ing the outer veins of the narrow areolae beside the midrib.
Of the two central bundles, the upper (adaxial) one divides
again, and thus the three bundles of the midrib of the pinna
are produced (fig. 14). In the terminal pinna the structure
of the midrib is the same; three bundles enter it from the
rachis, and the two lateral ones divide, forming the outer
veins of the areolae.
The fertile pinnae have a vascular supply to the midrib
and areolae identical with that of the sterile pinnae. The
lateral veins however have special branches serving to sup-
ply the sporangia; these branches are not all in one plane,
and thus the figure by Mettenius republished by Diels (p.
252, fig. 1330) does not give an accurate representation of
them. They can only be seen distinctly if a pinna is cleared
(in eau de javelle) and the sporangia and also the scleren-
chyma overlying the lower side of the midrib are carefully
removed. If a pinna so treated is examined with a binocular
dissecting microscope the veins are seen in perspective and
the different levels at which they lie can be observed. The
result is shown in fig. 12, and fig. 183 shows a transverse
section. It will be observed that in the thickest part of
the pinna, near the midrib, a continuous vein runs close to
the lower surface; this soral vein is distinct from the outer
vein of the subcostal areolae (which lies nearer to the upper
surface of the pinna) and appears to be supplied from the
areolar vein. The soral vein has also some lateral branches,
all close to the lower surface. The normal lateral veins
reach a level close to the lower surface at some distance
from the midrib; they then branch, and their branches
spread out in superficial tracheid masses, sometimes anas-
tomosing, and supplying the needs of sporangia in the outer
part of the pinna, the sporangia nearer the midrib being
fed by the soral vein and its branches. This arrangement
is similar in character to the diplodesmic vascular systems
of other acrostichoid ferns described by Bower.
In many characters S. palustris is a very variable
species. As regards the size and shape of the pinnae, even
within the Malay Peninsula, there is considerable variation.
There are specimens the middle pinnae of which are so dif-
ferent in size as 15 by 1.5 cm., 15 by 4.5 cm., 10 by. 2.3 em..
Vol. V. (1982).
256 R. E. HOLTTUM.
———____/
He ee eee
a
itt
a
®
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 257
Stenochlaena palustris. 9, t.s. rhizome. 10, t.s. stipe. 11, t.s.
upper part of rachis, showing vascular bundles (outline of endoder-
mis) and peripheral sclerenchyma. 9 & 10, x 9; 11, x 14.
12-16, Stenochlaena palustris. 12, fertile pinna from below,
showing course of vascular bundles; a, soral vein; bb, lateral veins
of the subcostal areolae; cc, upper bundles of midrib (lower bundle
removed). 13, t.s. fertile pinna; a, soral vein; bb, lateral veins of
the subcostal areolae; cc, sclerenchyma. 14, t.s. sterile pinna, showing
3 midrib bundles'and the two lateral bundles as in 13. 15, t.s. pinna
stalk. 16, t.s. rachis just below the terminal pinna. 17, S. areolaris,
venation of fertile pinna; the edge of the pinna is folded back along
the dotted line. 12 & 17, x 12; 13-16, x 30.
Vol. V. (1932).
258 | R. E. HoLtTtTuM.
24 by 3.2 cm., 19 by 3.7 cm. The base varies from broadly
rounded to rather narrowly cuneate; the sides are some-
times parallel for most of their length, and sometimes the
pinnae are widest near their base, gradually tapering to the
apex. One specimen from Grik (Upper Perak) has all the
pinnae covered beneath with erect simple pale hairs; all
other specimens are glabrous.
The articulation of the pinnae is another variable point.
One might suppose that pinnae could be described definitely
either as aiticulate or not articulate; but some fronds of
S. palustris have pinnae which are only partially articulate.
In this species fully articulated pinnae have a slight constric-
tion at the base, and this is surrounded by a rather broad,
dark, slightly swollen ring on the rachis. This dark ring
in section is seen as a broad zone of dark-coloured rather
thick-walled cells, passing right across the base of the pinna;
it is a very thick absciss layer, quite unlike the thin absciss
layer of narrow cells found in Lomariopsis. In many fronds
of S. palustris the uppermost pinnae have this dark tissue
developed only on the side of the pinna-stalk towards the
apex of the frond, while on the basal side there is no sign
of articulation. In the Malay Peninsula all the fronds 1]
have seen have at least the lower pinnae fully articulate,
but in the Philippines and New Guinea even the lowest
pinnae are not always properly articulate; one finds in fact
almost all gradations between fully articulate pinnae and
the complete lack of articulation found in S. laurifolia. Thus
in diagnosing the distinction between S. palustris and S.
laurifolia other characters than that of articulation need
to be considered. One good character is the form of the
spores; in S. palustris they are irregularly tuberculate,
whereas in S. lawrifolia the tubercles are arranged in definite
rows, sometimes almost completely coalescing to form ridges.
Elmer’s no. 18242 from Los Banos, Luzon, is rather
intermediate between S. palustris and S. laurifolia. It has
only slight signs of partial articulation at the bases of the
pinnae, very large sterile pinnae (24 by 4 cm.), wide fertile
pinnae (5 mm. wide) and the spores have rather large
tubercles which show some signs of arrangement in rows.
Cuming’s no. 133 (the specimen in H.C.) has fertile pinnae
5 mm. wide and rather large sterile pinnae broadly rounded
at the base and only partially articulated. The spores are
irregularly tuberculate. This specimen is from the collec-
tion cited by Smith in founding the genus Stenochlaena.
Whether or not it is to be regarded as the type of the species
S. palustris (Burm.) Bedd., it is not really typical of that
species over the greater part of the range the species
occupies.
S. palustris is a very abundant fern in the Malay —
Peninsula, in wet places in the lowland country, fully
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
ay > oe
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 259
exposed to the sun, or in light shade. Rather open swamp
forest in Johore and Singapore is full of this species, a
large number of stems ciimbing up every tree of any size,
and scrambling over thickets oi vegetation on river banks.
As mentioned in a note published by me in 1927, this fern
produces fertile fronds at irregular intervals in Singapore,
and the production of these fronds is usuaily found to follow
rather unusualiy dry weather. This is comparable to the
production of flowers by evergreen trees as a result of the
incidence of dry weather. Though spores oi S. palustris
are thus not inirequentiy produced, and oiten in quite large
numbers, I have never yet found any sporelings, though I
have searched for them in several different localities, and
on various occasions, in the neighbourhood of old plants.
On one occasion I found what appeared to be a young plant
(though it may have been a slender branch of an old
rhizome) on the base of a Sago palm. This plant had a
very slender rhizome, one simple frond with a stipe 11 cm.
long and a lamina 10.5 by 2.1 cm., and trifoliate fronds
with terminal pinna 12 by 2.5 cm. and lateral pinnae 5 by
1.6 em. This is the only simple irond I have seen, and
though the plant may not have been a sporeling, it appears
to me good evidence that young plants of S. palustris, like
those of Lomariopsis, first produce simple fronds and then
later fronds with lateral pinnae. In the same place I found
small trifoliate fronds on slender branches of old rhizomes;
some of these fronds were very small, with terminal pinna
5.5 em. long and lateral pinnae 2.5 cm. long. I have never
seen any indication whatever that S. palustris has bathy-
phyllis of the same nature as those of Teratophyllum. Indeed,
S. palustris grows in such open places that no Teratophyllum
would tolerate them. It is apparent that S. palustris
spreads over long distances by its very tough creeping and
climbing stems, and stands in little need of propagation by
spores. I have recently succeeded in growing its spores
on old roots of Aspleniwm nidus. The plants are still very
young at the time of writing. The largest leaves are
simple, 1.5 x 1 cm. the margin toothed, the veins forming
one or two areolae close to the costa.
The species S. palustris is widely distributed and well
known; I think that no useful purpose would be served by
a enumeration of the large number of specimens which I
have examined. ,
2. Stenochlaena laurifolia Presl, Epimel. p. 164 (1849).
I have seen neither the type specimen nor the original
description of this species. The specimens below enume-
rated agree well with the descriptions of Hooker (Spec.
Fil. V, 250) and van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh (Malayan
Ferns, 719), except in one point; they all have glands at
Vol. V. (1932).
260 R. E. HoutTtTum.
18, Stenochluena laurifolia, t.s. petiole 20 em. from base, showing
vascular bundles and peripheral sclerenchyma, x 4. 19-22, Lomariopsis
cochinchinensis. 19, t.s. rhizome, x 5. 20, t.s. stipe, x 9. 21, t.s. sterile
pinna, x 18, 22, venation of fertile pinna, x 6.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 261
the bases of the pinnae, as in S. palustris. It is of course
possible that the type of S. laurifolia is glandless, and in
that case the specimens here described may be specifically
distinct. But I have observed that occasionally, even in
S. palustris, some pinnae have no visible gland, and it may
be that Presl’s specimen also was peculiar in this respect.
Examination of a considerable number of specimens
of Stenochlaena from the Philippines and New Guinea
reveals the fact that a few of them are rather intermediate
in articulation and in width of the fertile pinne between
S. palustris and S. laurifolia. Possibly some such specimens
are actually hybrids. Evidently the two species are closely
similar in habit, and they may grow side by side; of this
we have no evidence at present. But the extreme form
represented by what appears to be the typical S. laurifolia
is so different from typical S. palustris that the two must
be kept specifically distinct. All the specimens below cited
agree in the following characters.
The rhizome and stipes are very stout and their vascular
anatomy very complex. A small portion of the stipe of
Beguin’s specimen from Ternate, 20 cm. from the base,
when soaked in potash swelled to nearly 2 cm. in diameter ;
a drawing of a transverse section of this stipe is given (fig.
18), showing the extraordinary number of vascular bundles
it contains. The rhizome of the same specimen contains a
central ring of 8 large bundles, with smaller peripheral
bundles arranged in a similar manner to those of S.
palustris. The pinnae are all without articulation; the
lower ones are almost sessile, very large and stout, the
base broadly rounded to subcordate, the edge strongly
toothed. The upper pinnae are cuneate at the base. The
fertile pinnae are 7 to 10 mm. wide (the largest fertile pinna
of S. palustris I have seen is 5 mm. wide) ; their edges are
distinctly reflexed and sometimes slightly toothed; the veins
are continued into the reflexed edge. The venation agrees
with that of the fertile pinnae of S. palustris, but there is
more anastomosis of the veinlets, owing to the additional
width of the lamina. The subcostal soral veins are present,
with numerous excurrent branches, some of which join
other veins; none of the veins reach the edge. The spores
(fig. 2) are ridged, the ridges often broken and consisting
of rows of tubercles, (as in Bamler’s New Guinea specimen).
Dr. van Leeuwen’s specimen from New Guinea,
gathered at 700 m. altitude, differs from the others in
having the pinnae narrower; the sterile pinnae are barely
2.5 cm. wide, and the fertile pinnae at most 6 mm. wide. In
complete lack of articulation of the pinnae, and in spore
Vol. V. (1932).
\’ aaa
pa
262 R. E. HOLTTUM.
characters, it agrees with the other specimens of S. lawri-
folia. The sterile pinnae are very coriaceous, with pro-
minent veins.
Specimens examined.
PHILIPPINES. Samar, Pans 1861 (H.C. 6428);
sterile. Lucaena, Tayabas, Luzon, Copeland (H.C. 6437) ;
fertile fronds not fully expanded. Lucban, Tayabas, Luzon,
Elmer 7736 (H.C., H.B.).
NEW GUINEA. Ins. Rook, Woing, em oe Ora
(H. Cal.). Ulaputur, Nieuw-Pommeren, Peekel 35 (HB).
Augusta rivier, Gjellerup 345 (HB). Nassau Geb. 700 m.,
van Leeuwen 10642 (HB).
TERNATE. Sasa-Ketjil, alt. 3 m., V.M.A.Beguin 1170
(H.B., H.M.); distributed from Buitenzorg as S. palustris.
CERAM. N. O. van Piroe, W. Ceram, Rutten 1914
(HB). Rant 158 (immature, doubtful, HB).
AMBOYNA. Botter 48 (sterile, HB). Hila, Treub s.n.
1893 (sterile, HB). Soja, Treub s.n. 1893 (young frond,
sterile, HB).
3. Stenochlaena areolaris (Harr.) Copeland; Philip.
Journ. Sci. 2 C, 406 (1908).
Lomaria areolaris Harrington; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
16, 28 (1877). Original description. Caudex long, slender,
twisted, naked; stipe 6 ins. long in the sterile, nearly twice
as long in the fertile fronds, glabrous; barren fronds ovate,
4-6 inches long, 3—4 inches broad, pinnate; pinnae T-9,
lateral nearly sessile, terminal stalked, form linear lanceo-
late, 2-3 ins. long, 'o—*, in. broad, acute, finely serrate,
obtuse or rounded at the base; texture coriaceous; nerves
forming a series of arches close to the midrib, thus forming
on each side a row of long narrow areolae parallel to the
midrib; beyond this, nerves are free and simple or forking;
surface naked, except that the midribs and nerves are a
little chaffy below; fertile pinnae 7-9, narrowly linear, 114
to 2 ins. long, rather distant; indusium narrow, EEL
Growing among the leaves of a Pandanus, Mount
Mahayhay, Luzon; coll. J: B. Steere.
Harrington followed the custom of the time in regard- a
ing the industrial characters as all-important, and so
referred the plant to the genus Lomaria. He remarked _
however “ were it not for the indusium, which is readily ie
Gardens Bulletin S6i
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 263
overlooked, except in young plants, the specimens would
be placed in the genus Acrostichum, group Stenochlaena.”’
I have seen a fragment of the type, and several other
collections, and add the following notes to the above descrip-
tion. The rhizome is very slender, but still appears to
contain a fairly complex vascular system, with an inner
ring of about 5 bundies and smaller ones outside. As the
whole plant is so much smaller than those of the other two
species, a less complex vascular system is to be expected.
The mature parts of the rhizome bear no scales, but the
very young unexpanded fronds are covered with dark brown
scales ;-these are about 3 mm. long by. 5 mm. wide, have a
rounded peltate base from which they are gradually
narrowed to an acute apex, and an entire edge. Versteeg’s
specimen (mentioned by v. A. v. R. in his Supplement, p.
428) has larger fronds than those described by Harring-
tion; they are 25 by 16 cm., with about 7 pairs of pinnae,
the largest pinnae measuring 10 by 2.2 em. Of Dr. van
Leeuwen’ s collection there are four sheets; three of them
show small plants agreeing with Harrington’s description,
but the fourth has a frond even larger than Versteeg’s, the
pinnae measuring up to 3.3 cm. wide near the base. The
pinnae of all specimens have glands on one or both sides of
their broadly rounded to subcordate base. The fertile pinnae
on Versteeg’s specimen are up to 10 cm. long by 3 mm.
broad; those of Dr. van Leewen’s to 12 cm. by 6mm. There
is a well marked ridge towards the edge of each fertile
pinna, the portion beyond the ridge being turned at right
angles to the lamina as in Lomaria; the veins are continuous
into this recurved edge but do not reach the margin (fig. 17,
p. 256). The costal areolae are present as in the barren
pinnae and the remaining veins anastomose slightly, but
as far as I have been able to observe there is no specially
developed system of veins, as in S. palustris. The spores
are elongated and spiny (fig. 3). It is interesting to note
that three of the four collections were found growing on
Pandanus plants.
DISTRIBUTION: Philippines and New Guinea.
Specimens examined:
PHILIPPINES. Mahayhay, Luzon, J. B. Steere (type
fragment in HC). Mt. Banahao, Tayabas, Luzon, Elmer
7961 (HC); “quite common but wholly confined to the
shaggy branches of Pandanus utilissimus, succulent, fragile,
1,600 feet.”
NEW GUINEA. Versteeg, 1102. (H.B.). Heuvelter-
rein, Rouffaer-rivier, 175 m., W. M. Docters van Leeuwen
9909; epiphytic on Pandanus. (H.B.).
Vol. V. (1932).
264 | R. E. Hourrum.
LOMARIOPSIS Fée, Hist, Acrost. 66 (1845).
I here divide this genus, as understood by Fée, into
Lomariopsis proper and Teratophyllum. These divisions
are those adopted as subgenera by Underwood. It is clear
that the name Lomariopsis should be retained in the sense
employed by Underwood, for the first species described by
Fée was L. cochinchinensis, and the majority of his species
are still retained in the genus, only L. spinescens and
L. ludens being excluded. L. cochinchinensis may be taken
as the type species of the genus, which may be characterised
as follows.
Rhizome climbing, fleshy, broad, rooting below and
bearing several rows of leaves above, densely clothed (at
least when young) with broad brown scales 1 cm. or more
in length, their base narrowly peltate, their margin usually
more or less ciliate, their cells brown throughout, not hav-
ing very thick lateral walls; the vascular structure of the
rhizome dorsiventric, showing in transverse section (fig. 19,
p. 260) a broadly U-shaped bundle next the lower surface
and above this a ring of wedge shaped bundles with narrow
leaf gaps between them. Stipe and rachis stout, containing
a single row of bundles up to at least 10 in number (fig. 20),
scaly like the rhizome when young, later glabrous. Pinnae
articulate, except the terminal one which is continuous with
the rachis; veins free, usually uniting superficially with the
cartilaginous margin, though the vascular bundles do not
unite to form a marginal vein; surfaces with scattered
minute fimbriate scales of the same character as the rhizome
scales. Fertile pinnae usually narrow (sometimes up to
2 cm. wide), their venation simple with no accessory soral
veins (fig. 22), the sporangia completely covering the lower
surface of the lamina. Spores large, with perispore (fig.
6-8).
Young plants of Malayan species, so far as known, have
simple fronds, later and larger fronds bearing articulated
lateral pinnae below the terminal pinna. In some African
species, apparently, the earlier fronds of young plants may
be incised, but bathyphylls like those of Teratophyllum are
not found; the segments of the incised fronds are not
articulate, and the later fronds are simple and entire, as in
the Malayan species of Lomariopsis.
The genus Lomariopsis is distributed throughout the
tropics, but I can deal here only with the species found in
Malayan region and the Pacific. I have examined a few
specimens from Africa and America, and have found in
them agreement with the Malayan species in all the points
above noted as characteristic of the genus.
The delimitation of the species in this genus is difficult.
Hooker’s solution was to put them all into one species (with
Gardens Bulletin, 8.8.
Stenochiaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 265
which he also included most species of Teratophyllum).
But it is clear that many distinct forms can be recognised
which ought to be ranked as separate species. Typical
specimens of L. cochinchinensis and L. leptocarpa, for
example, are very different from one another. But one finds
other specimens which are rather intermediate between
the two, and a good deal of field study, especially in New
Guinea, the Moluccas and the Philippines, is needed before
satisfactory species groupings can be made. There is a good
deal of variation in frond form in the species L. cochin-
chinensis, which I have seen growing in many places; also
much difference between fronds of old and young plants.
To found a new species on an odd collection, unless that
species be strikingly distinct, is unsatisfactory. L. Rac-
borsku and L. Kingii are species of this type, which I do
not feel are well characterised. I retain the names, because
the material at my disposal does not enable me to make
any better arrangement; but I regard the present treatment
of the species of Lomariopsis as only tentative. The specific
distinctions are in some cases so vague that I have found
it impossible to make a workable key. Pl,.6.
Stenochlaena Williamsti Und., Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 33,
41(1906).
S. gracilis var. Williamsvi v.A.v.R., Supplement 431.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 298
The type of this species is Williams no. 684 from the
Lamao river, of which I have seen a fragment from Cope-
land’s herbarium. I have also seen several other specimens
from the Philippines. The species appears to occur in the
low country. In all specimens the youngest stage is missing,
so that no information is available as to the presence or
absence of dimidiate fronds.
Normal bathyphylils. One specimen shows these. They
are about 4 cm. long by 2.5 cm. wide, with about 8 pairs
of pinnae, the highest pinnae progressively smaller and
the lowest one crossing the rhizome at right angles. The
larger pinnae have about 4 pairs of pinnules, and the largest
pinnules have about 4 lateral segments, the segments to
about 3 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide.
Transition bathyphylls. These differ from those of
T. gracile in their more lax branching and longer ultimate
segments. The largest frond of this type seen is about 12 cm.
long by 6 cm. wide, with 9 pairs of pinnae, the largest pinna
3.5 by 1.5 em. with 7 pairs of pinnules, the larger pinnules
each having about 3 to 4 linear lateral segments and a
forked apex, the segments 2 to 3 mm. long and about 0.3
mm. wide (fig. 43, p. 285). Some of these bathyphylls have
some pinnae with the lamina partly webbed. On a sheet of
Copeland’s no. 2044 are two small transition leaves about 8
cm. long, pinnate right down to the rhizome, the pinnae to 18
by 5 mm., almost entire except the lower ones which are
incised.
Adult sterile fronds. These are as much as 50 cm.
long and have up to about 12 pairs of pinnae. The texture
of the pinnae is thin and firm, about the same as T. gracile.
The pinnae are up to 20 cm. long by 2 cm. wide (sometimes
only 10 by 1.5 cm. or even smaller), widest near the base
and tapering gradually to an acuminate apex; the base is
not quite equal (more narrowly cuneate on the lower side)
narrowly to rather broadly cuneate. The lower pinnae
at least are on rather long stalks (to 7 mm. long), a distinc-
tion form T. gracile. The leaves when dry are usually pink
or reddish, especially the midribs of the pinnae. The bathy-
phylls are sometimes reddish, sometimes not.
Fertile leaves. Underwood states that the pinnae of
fertile leaves are twice as long as sterile pinnae. This
statement is true of the type but not of several other speci-
mens I have seen. The specimen of Copeland’s no. 2044 in
the Singapore Herbarium has fertile pinnae rather shorter
than the sterile ones; that in Copeland’s Herbarium has
longer fertile pinnae but still not twice as long as the
sterile ones. Elmer’s no. 12543 has fertile pinnae at least
27 cm. long, and Reillo’s no. 15403 25 em. The fertile
Vol. V. (19382).
294 R. E. HoLtTtTuM.
pinnae are very narrow, as in T. aculeatum and T. gracile,
being usually less than 2 mm. wide when dried.
Specimens seen.
PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Lamao R., alt. 400 ft. Williams
684 (type; fragment in HC); Mt. Caboloan, Cagayan Prov.,
Edano 78738 (HM); Paningtingan, iRizal Prov., Loher
13514 (HM); Lamao R., Bataan Prov., P. T. Barnes 68
(HC) ;. Mt. Mariveles, 600 m., Copeland 2044 (HS, HC).
Panay: Capiz Prov., Edano 46118 (HM, HCal). Sibuyan:
Mageilanes (Mt. Ginting-Ginting), Capiz Prov., Elmer 12543
(HB, HC). Basilan: Reillo 15403 (HC).
4. Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (R. Bonap.) Holttum
comb... nov. P14 <8,
Stenochlaena rotundifoliata R. Bonap., Notes Pterid.
14, -58 (1928).
S. aculeata var. crassior v.A.v.R., Bull. Btzg. 1916,
XXIII, pp. 20-21.
This species was described from a specimen (G.
Lambak, Johore, Holttum 9384) bearing bathyphylls and
very small fronds of adult type. S. aculeata v. crassior was
described from a specimen from southern Sumatra con-
sisting of transition bathyphylls and adult leaves not quite
fully expanded. I have recently found in southern Johore
a locality where plants showing all bathyphyll stages (in-
cluding the v. crassior stage) and adult sterile leaves were
growing near together, some plants showing on the same
stem two or more stages of development. I have seen the
type of v. crassior, and find it quite identical with these
Johore specimens. There is also a fine series of specimens
from Perak, collected by Wray. These show the distinctive
bathyphylls, adult fronds (some of which are rather dif-
ferent from those of the Johore plants; for discussion see
below), and most remarkable fertile fronds. I consider
that these Perak plants are conspecific with the Johore
plants, and that we have thus available specimens of this
species showing all stages from the youngest onwards.
The distinctive features of the species are: earliest
leaves not dimidiate, bathyphylls with more or less rounded
ultimate segments, adult sterile fronds with coriaceous
pinnae on long stalks, fertile pinnae broad, with a dual
vascular system. Bonaparte was wrong in saying that the
species differs from T. aculeatum in having the ends of the
veins free from the edge and thickened; 7. aculeatum agrees
in this.
Youngest stage (fig. 37, p. 285). Leaves simple, to
about 2.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, the apex rounded, the
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 295
margins lobed, the lobes rounded and 2 to 3 mm. wide and
deep, the base unequal, the lower side with a large auricle
overlapping the rhizome, the upper side cuneate. Texture
thin but rigid. The largest leaves of this type have the
basal auricle separated as a distinct pinna. ‘hese leaves
occur only very close to the ground, on tree roots and the
bases of tree trunks.
Normal bathyphylls (fig. 38, p. 285). The smallest of
these are only 15 by 3 mm.; the largest are up to 8 cm. long
by 3.5 cm. wide, the pinnae closely placed, the lower ones
largest and articulate, the upper ones progressively smaller
towards the apex, the largest pinnae about 15 by 4 mm.,
pinnate at the base, the pinnules usually almost circular (on
the largest fronds the pinnules have the apex retuse or
more deeply cleft), veins in the pinnules simple or forked,
usually not very prominent above and sometimes hardly
visible superficially, ending some distance short of the
margin; texture firm (stiff and brittle when dry); both
surfaces scattered with the usual minute brown scales.
Some bathyphylls dry red, but others do not.
Transition bathyphylls. These have been found 11 to
15 cm. long by 4.5 to 6 cm. wide, and with 15-20 pairs of
pinnae. The pinnae are separated by about their own width,
and their texture is decidedly coriaceous; they are up to
about 3 cm. long by 4 mm. wide, deeply lobed throughout,
the lobes nearly all retuse or sometimes trilobed; both the
surfaces are scaly.
Adult plant. The rhizome is stout and sharply aculeate,
to 8 mm. in thickness when dry, when young covered with
a very dense felt of fibrillose red-brown scales of the type
usual in this genus, but larger than those seen in any other
species. Some of the scales on young fronds are at least
7 mm. long by 1 mm. wide, dark in colour with a paler
edge; there are other scales intermediate between them
and the usual small scales.
Sterile fronds. These may be 60 cm. long (including
stipe) by 30 cm. wide, with at least 12 pairs of pinnae;
the largest pinnae about 15 cm. long by 3 cm. wide, broadest
one-third from the base, gradually tapering to the apex, the
base rather broadly cuneate, the texture coriaceous, veins
prominent on both surfaces, terminating just within the
margin. All pinnae have long stalks; the stalks of the
lowest pinnae are 10 to 15 mm. long. The sterile fronds
on one of Wray’s specimens from Perak have rather few
large pinnae, up to 16 by 6 cm., but the fronds are on thin
rhizomes and evidently represent a not fully adult state.
On another sheet is a somewhat larger frond with pinnae
up to 12 by 4 cm. The plant from Matang, Sarawak, is
Vol. V. (1932).
296 R. E. HOLTTUM.
similar. From Gunong Angsi also are fronds of adult type
but from small plants. These fronds are about 30 cm. long
with pinnae 8 by 3 cm.; apparently young plants (or pos-
sibly plants in deeper shade) tend to have proportionately
broad pinnae. The pinnae of dried fronds tend to be rather
pale in colour.
Fertile fronds. These are only known from Wray’s
collection, and in a rather young state (though fully
expanded) ; the sporangia are immature. These fronds are
up to 70 cm. long by 20 cm. wide, with about 14 pairs of
yy
LAL. a
LAST eet eek —————
Tra
36, fertile pinna of Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (half width),
from below, the normal veins thinly drawn and the soral veins, close
to the lower surface, thicker; x 15.
pinnae, the pinnae up to 10 cm. long by 1 cm. wide, on stalks
to 18 mm. long. The venation is of a dual nature. There
are separate veins close to the lower surface, more or less
parallel to the normal veins, but not strictly so; examination
of a cleared pinna with a binocular microscope shows clearly
that these two sets of veins lie at different levels. A draw-
ing of the venation is shown in fig. 386. This peculiar
venation is related to the unusual width of the lamina,-as
compared with other species of the genus; it represents a
modification of the venation found in T. aculeatuwm adapted
to the wide pinna of T. rotundifoliatum. I suggest that it
is an indication that the widening of the fertile pinnae in
T. rotundifoliatum is a secondary development, and that the
narrow pinnae of 7. aculeatum are the primitive form in
the genus.
Dr. Posthumus’s collections from Djambi, Sumatra, are
of bathyphylls only. These have rather finer divisions
Gardens Bulletin, S. Se
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 297
than those so far found in the Malay Peninsula, but they
are so similar in other respects that I think they must be
referred to this species. Even the very smallest ones (only
1 em. long) show no signs of a dimidiate condition. Of
the larger fronds, the pinnae are only up to 8 mm. long
by 2 mm. wide, with very small segments. Burchard’s
specimen from Indragiri, Sumatra, has exactly similar
fronds, except that the lateral segments of the larger pinnae
are bilobed instead of entire. The Sarawak collection of
J. & M. S. Clemens has unusually large bathyphylls, with
pinnae to 3 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, the segments propor-
tionately large but in form identical with that of Peninsular
specimens. The Java specimen quoted is slightly doubtful.
It is a rhizome carrying a fine series of normal bathyphylls,
the segments of which are somewhat intermediate between
the forms typical of T. aculeatwm and T. rotundifoliatum.
Some of them show the almost round shape of the latter
species, but others are more oblong. There are, however,
no dimidiate leaves, and the texture and general appearance
suggest T. rotundifoliatum.
Specimens seen.
MALAY PENINSULA. Singapore: Bukit Timah, Md
Nur s.n. 1981 (HS). Johore: G. Lambak 1500 ft.,
Holttum 9384 (type collection, HS); S. Susur Rotan 500 ft.,
Holttum 24506 (HS). Negri Sembilan: G. Angsi, 2000
ft., Corner 24496 (HS). Selangor: Ginting Sempak, 1500
ft.. Hume 9071 (F.M.S. Mus). Perak: Waterfall Hill,
2600 ft., Wray 679 (5 sheets in HS). Penang: Govern-
ment Hill, Curtis s.n. 1890 (HS).
SUMATRA. Bengkoelen, Rimbo-Pangadang, 1000 m.,
Ajoeb 387 (type of. 7. aculeatum v. crassior, in HB).
S. Merangin, Djambi, 180 m., Posthumus 903 (HB). Pad
van 8. Karing, Djambi, 180 m., Posthumus 743 (HB).
Indragiri, in silvis pr. fl. Lalah ad arborum truncos,
W. Burchard, 1907 (Dr. E. Rosenstock, Filic. Sumatranae
exsic. no. 5, sheet in HCal; the left hand specimen only,
the rest being T. aculeatuwm).
BORNEO. Matang, Sarawak, scandent on a rock face
in forest, 1600 ft. J. & M. S. Clemens 22380 (HCal).
Semedoem, Hallier 666 (HB).
JAVA. Preanger, Panjindangan, 600 m., Bakh. v. d.
Brink 84 (HB).
5. Teratophyllum luzonicum Holttum sp. nov. Pl. 9.
Pinnae steriles longe (ad 12 mm.) petiolulatae, c. 15
cm. longae et-3 cm. latae, acuminatae, subcoriaceae; pinnae
fertiles angustae (ad 3 mm. latae) ; bathyphylla ignota,
298 R. E. HOLTTUM.
Rhizome about 4 mm. in thickness, somewhat aculeate,
subglabrous when old. Stipes at about 5 cm. intervals on
the rhizome, swollen and more or less articulate at the base,
usually retaining numerous small scales. Frond, with stipe,
to about 60 cm. long and 27 cm. wide, with at least 8 pairs
of pinnae; pinnae to about 15 by 8 cm., on stalks up to
12 mm. long, broadly cuneate at the base, the sides nearly
parallel, narrowed rather gradually in the distal 4 of the
pinna to an acuminate apex, the veins near the midrib about
1.5 to 2 mm. apart, usually forked once or twice and ending |
just short of the margin, prominent on both sides but more
so on the lower surface; texture subcoriaceous; surfaces
with scattered small scales. Fertile fronds to at least 27 cm.
long by 17 cm. wide, pinnae up to 10 cm. long by 3 mm.
wide, on stalks to 5 mm. long, their venation approximately
as in T. aculeatwm but modified somewhat owing to their
greater width.
TYPE: Apayao Prov., Luzon, F. Fenix, Bureau of
Science no. 28272. Specimen in Herb. Buitenzorg.
This species agrees very nearly with T. rotundifoliatum
in the pinnae of the sterile adult leaves, in their long stalks,
shape and texture, but the fronds of T. luzonicum are
smaller and the pinnae are more acuminate. The fertile
fronds of T. luzonicum are quite different from those of
T. rotundifoliatum, having narrow pinnae, on shorter stalks.
T. luzonicum differs from T. Williamsii in the much
broader pinnae, on longer stalks, drying green (even the
midribs) not red. It may be rather closely allied to T.
Williamsti; or the discovery of bathyphylls may show |
further differences. :
6. Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum, comb. nov. PI. 10,
Lomariopsis ludens Fée, Hist. Acrost. 70, t.30 (1845).
Lomaria limonifolia Wall. Cat. (1828) (nomen).
Stenochlaena limonifolia J. Sm., Journ. Bot. 4, 149
(1841) (nomen).
Teratophyllum aculeatum vy. inermis Mett., Kuhn in
Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4, 297 (1869): 1. folia subnormalia,
et 2. folia anomala.
~Beddome, F. B. I., tab. CCX.
John Smith’s original name for this species was accom-
panied by no description; it rested on Wallich’s specimen
from Singapore, a photograph of which I have seen. Fée
renamed the species, from collections of Gaudichaud from
Singapore, and published a plate showing small adult fronds
with only 5 pairs of pinnae and some of the bathyphylls; he
Gardens Bulletin, S.S, q
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 299
does not illustrate fronds. Fée remarks of the species “ elle
est grimpante, et des frondules de presque toutes les formes
se réunissent pour constituer des frondes, dont l’habitus
varie a l’infini. Ces frondes, si elles étaient isolées, pour-
raient donner lieu a la formation d’espéces en apparence
fort différentes les unes des autres.” This great variety of
form of the fronds is a constant feature of the bathyphylls
of this species, which I have seen growing in a number of
different localities. I have been able for the first time
(apparently) to collect fully adult plants bearing fertile as
well as sterile fronds, and give below a full description of
all stages of growth of the species.
The characteristic features of the species are: earliest
stage dimidiate; transition bathyphylls, appearing at a very
early stage, all with crenate, not dissected, pinnae; bathy-
phylls of creeping stems with few pinnae, not dimidiate;
bathyphylls of climbing stems dimidiate with small pinnae;
adult sterile pinnae 7-12 by 2—4.5 cm., on stalks to 5 mm.;
fertile pinnae narrow.
T. ludens grows in shady swamp forest or wet valley
bottoms, and has only been found in the Malay Peninsula.
Where it occurs it is usually very abundant, and it produces
slender trailing stems which creep for long distances along
the wet ground amongst roots and low undergrowth. These
stems bear fronds of very variable form, which must be
classed as bathyphylls. Where they climb the bases of tree
trunks, the stems bear bathyphylls which are usually
smaller and dimidiate. Though I have seen large quantities
of this species in several localities it is only on rare occa-
sions that I have noticed stems climbing any distance up the
trunks of trees or bearing the fully adult type of frond; I
have found the fertile fronds once only.
Youngest stage. No plants have been found showing
both this stage and a more advanced one; the young plants
here described were growing alongside typical plants of
T. ludens, and I believe that they are to be referred to this
species. They agree with the youngest fronds shown in
Beddome’s plate (two fronds at the bottom left-hand
corner). The following is a description of young plants
found at Mandai Road, Singapore: Rhizome very slender,
creeping or climbing on tree roots in shady swamp forest.
Leaves dimidiate, to 3 cm. long, narrowly winged through-
out their length on one side, with a lamina up to 6 or 7 mm.
wide on the other; lamina of the earliest leaves broadly
lobed (the lobes deeper towards the base) and of later
leaves the lowest 2 or 3 lobes almost or quite free, with
crenate margins and subpinnate venation, the lowest lobe
sometimes articulate. The terminal part of the these leaves
is not articulate, and they resemble closely the earliest
leaves of T. aculeatum.
Vol. V. (1932).
300 R. E. HOLTTUM.
Climbing stems with dimidiate or subdimidiate bathy-
phylls (fig. 46, p. 285). This stage follows closely upon the
earliest stage just described, the difference being that here
the apex of the frond is apparently suppressed and all the
pinnae are similar and all articulate; all pinnae are still on
one side of the rachis, except that one may occupy an
approximately terminal position. The rachis is distinctly
winged, and its upper side, devoid of pinnae, adheres closely
to the tree trunk up which the plant is climbing, the pinnae
being borne upon the lower side (i.e., that towards the
ground) but standing obliquely outwards away from the
trunk. Fronds of this kind are from 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long,
with 5.to 9 pinnae, progressively smaller towards the base,
the lowest overlapping the rhizome as do bathyphylls of
other species. The pinnae are 5 to 30 mm. long, ovate, the.
base cuneate, the apex blunt, the edges entire towards the
base and usually crenate towards the apex. The later fronds
may have one or two pinnae on the upper side, towards the
apex. On my no. 24904 are some small dimidiate fronds
with the pinnae incised half way to the costa, but this is
exceptional. In the same collection are dimidiate fronds
11 cm. long with pinnae up to 5 by 2.3 cm.; these seem to
be intermediate between the normal small dimidiate climb-
ing fronds and the adult type. In most cases however
there is little transition between the small dimidiate leaves
and the adult leaves (which of course stand out quite freely
from the tree trunk) except that the lowest leaves of adult
type are shorter and have fewer pinnae than the higher
and later ones.
Trailing stems. The long trailing stems which are so
abundant bear at rather long intervals paucipinnate fronds
of varying size which are not usually dimidiate (fig. 47).
The rhizome is slender and dark in colour. The stipes are
articulate, 2 to 8 cm. long, winged usually to the base; the
rachis is also winged. There are usually 2 to 4 pinnae, all
articulate, lanceolate, up to 10 cm. long by 2 cm. wide, the
edge distinctly crenate (occasionally subentire), widest 4 of
the way from the base and narrowed gradually to the apex,
the texture very thin. The size of these fronds, and of their
pinnae, is very variable.
Adult plant. Rhizome about 3 mm. in diameter, not
aculeate; the structure as in the other species of the genus
(fig. 23, p. 278). Stipes about 5 to 10 cm. apart, on alternate
sides of the rhizome, articulated and deciduous, swollen at
the articulations, glabrous except when young, 5 to 20 cm.
long, with about 8 vascular strands in an open ring
(fig. 24). Young rhizome and fronds scaly, the scales
brown, about 1 mm. long, base peltate, edges ciliate. Rachis
pale, smooth, usually retaining scattered scales, not winged.
Frond to about 45 cm. long and 25 cm. wide. Pinnae up to
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 301
about 10 pairs, 2 to 4.5 em. wide and 7 to 12 cm. long, the
upper ones almost sessile, the lower ones on stalks to 5 mm.
long, the base rather broadly and equally cuneate, narrowed
gradually or rather suddenly to an acuminate apex; veins
and midrib very prominent both above and below, veins
simple or forked, 1 to 1.5 mm. apart, terminating just within
the leaf margin; margin not thickened, somewhat inrolled in
dried specimens, slightly sinuate; surfaces and veins when
young rather thickly scattered with minute scales like those
on the rhizome and stipe; old pinnae usually retain a
number of these.
Fertile fronds. These are about the same size as the
sterile ones. Fertile pinnae up to 20 cm. long and 3. mm.
wide, usually on stalks about 5 mm. long. Lamina much
swollen (see figure 28, p. 278 of transverse section) with a
vascular system similar to that of T. aculeatum (fig. 35,
p. 288).
Specimens seen. (all HS).
MALAY PENINSULA. Singapore: Mandai Road,
Holttum 24632, 24795; Bukit Mandai, Ridley 1654; Bukit
Timah, Holttum 24794. Johore: Mt. Austin, Ridley s. n.;
G. Panti, 1500 ft., Holttum s. n.; Endau River, Holttum
24909; S. Susur Rotan, Holttum 24499. Selangor: Telok
Reserve, Burkill 6612 (the sterile fronds only; the fertile
frond is Stenochlaena palustris) .
7. Teratophyllum Koordersii Holttum sp. nov. Pl. 11 and
figs. 48, 49.
Pinnae steriles inferiores frondium plantae adultae
brevipetiolulatae (petiolulae 3mm. longae) c. 11 cm. longae et
1.8 cm. latae, basi superiori late cuneatae vel subtruncatae,
inferiori anguste cuneatae, textura subcoriaceae, in sicco
rubrae; frondes fertiles ignotae; pinnae bathyphyllorum
ad 2.5 cm. longae et 1 cm. latae, margine crenulatae, basi
valde inequales.
Bathyphylls. Largest fronds 10 cm. long by 4 cm. wide,
with about 6 pairs of pinnae, all articulate, the highest
largest; largest pinnae 2.5 cm. long by 9 mm. wide, the
edges crenulate, the base unequal as in the pinnae of adult
fronds, the apex rounded; the lowest pinnae borne close to
the rhizome and deflexed across it. Rachis winged through-
out, or sometimes only in the upper part. Fibrillose scales,
like those on the adult plant, occur on rhizome, rachis, and
pinnae. The smallest fronds show some tendency to a dimi-
diate condition, one frond measuring 4.5 cm. long having
four pinnae on one side and only two on the other; there
are no fully dimidiate fronds on the specimens examined.
Adult plant. Rhizome 3 mm. in thickness, not aculeate
in the specimens examined. Apex of rhizome and very
young fronds covered with fibrillose scales, Stipes to at
Vol. V. (1932).
302 R. E. Hourrum.
least 10 cm. long, swollen at the base; leafy part of frond
30 cm. long by 17 cm. wide; pinnae on stalks 3 mm. long,
about 9 pairs, the largest 11 cm. long by 1.8 cm. wide, the
upper base broadly cuneate or in the lowest pinnae subtrun-
48 and 49, Teratophyllum Koordersii, bathyphylls, x 3.
cate, the lower base quite narrowly cuneate, widest one
third from base and narrowing evenly to the acute apex;
the edge entire, often crenulate towards the apex; texture
subcoriaceous; the veins fine and prominent on both sur-
faces (more so below), about 1.5 to 2 mm. apart near mid-
rib, usually forked once or twice, having thickened ends
within the leaf margin; the midrib below, and the rachis,
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 303
bearing numerous fibrillose scales of the type usual in the
genus, but larger than those of T. aculeatuwm. Whole plant
somewhat reddish when dried. The upper pinnae are often
nearly equally cuneate at the base.
TYPE: Celebes, Provincia Minahassa, Koorders
17065B (adult fronds), 17123B and 17064B (bathyphylls).
All in the Buitenzorg Herbarium.
The adult and juvenile fronds are on separate sheets,
with separate numbers; but two numbers are in sequence,
and the similarity in the form of the pinnae, in the scaliness,
and in the red colour of the fronds, are evidence that all
belong to one species. The bathyphylls are very similar to
those of T. ludens, but the bases of the pinnae are much
more unequal; the adult leaves of the two species are quite
distinct. The adult leaves of T. Koordersii are perhaps
nearest to those of JT. Williamsii, but the pinnae of the
former are thicker in texture, the apex less narrowly
acuminate, the base more broadly truncate on the upper
side, and the stalks much shorter. The youngest stage, and
the fertile fronds, are still required to complete our know-
ledge of this species.
8. Teratophyllum arthropteroides (Christ) Holttum
comb.nov.: Pl, 12.
Stenochlaena arthropteroides Christ, Bull. Boiss. Ser.
II, 6, 998 (1906). Original description. Rhizomate longe
excurrente funiforme pennae gallinaceae crassitie, haud
aculeato sed ruguloso, brunneo et squamis furfuraceis
atratis adpressis sparso, radicibus more Hederae abunde
praedito flexuoso. Foliis sparsis, stipite fulvo stramineo
basi articulata, foliorum juniorum brevi, adultorum 5 cm.
longo, fronde 25 cm. longo 13 cm. lata ovata, basi vix
attenuata, pinnis 8—10 utrinque, patentibus, petiolulatis,
callo manifesto nigro racheos insidentibus, rachi tenui,
minime alata, fulvo-straminea, squamulis atratis furfura-
ceis cum nervis facieque inferiori pinnarum sparsa; pinnis
plantae junioris 6 cm. longis 18 mm. latis ovato-acutis basi
valde inaequalibus, antice auriculato-truncata, postice
cuneata, eleganter crenato-serratis; pinnis plantae adultae
9 cm. longis 2 cm. latis lanceolatis, obsolete crenulatis,
nervis ultra 1 mm. remotis tenuissimis aut basi aut medio
furcatis. Textura tenui herbacea, colora laete virente.
Fronde fertili (immatura) pinnis basi ovatis fere cordatis
linearibus acuminatis valde remotis. Hab. Rio Ampalit,
IV, 06. (a specimen of Loher’s from the Philippines.)
In 1907, in dealing with the Stenochlaenas of the Philip-
pines, Christ published a further note about this species as
follows: ‘ This species is distinguished by its very unequal
and crenulate pinnae, one specimen with secondary leaves
Vol. V. (1932),
304. R. E. HOLTTUM.
bearing also many adult leaves, which, although small, are
strongly crenulate. The secondary leaves are rather large,
10 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, nearly sessile, tripinnatifid, the
rachis reddish, flexuous, the pinnae ovate, obtuse, 2 cm.
long, 1 cm. wide, the pinnules serrate, cut into linear seg-
ments which are obtuse, often bi-or trifurcate, 2 mm. long,
0.5 to 1 mm. wide, the colour very dark green.” It thus
appears that the bathyphylls of this species are less finely
dissected than those of T. Williamsu. I have seen no
specimens bearing them, except possibly one (Prov. Bataan,
Luzon, Curran, Forestry Bureau no. 19152, in H.C.)
On the specimens I have examined are fronds of vary-
ing size, from 14 to 40 cm. long, and pinnae from 5 by
1.5 cm. to 9 by 2 cm. All agree in having stalked pinnae
of thin texture with very unequal base (except that the
lower pinnae often have the base almost equally cuneate)
and veins rather widely separated, and all except the largest
fronds have strongly crenulate edges to the pinnae. Elmer’s
no. 18353 has fronds 40 cm. long, the pinnae almost entire
on the Buitenzorg sheet but crenulate on the sheet in Cope-
land’s herbarium, pinna stalks up to 4 mm. long, and a
shorter fertile frond with pinnae up to 5.4 em. long by
7 mm. wide. One of Copeland’s specimens from Mt.
Maquiling has a complete fertile frond 21 cm. long (includ-
ing the stipe) and 9 cm. wide, the pinnae to 4.5 cm. by 7 mm.
Specimens seen.
PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Rizal Prov., Loher 14809
(HM), 14786 (HM, HCal); Los Banos (Mt. Maquiling),
Laguna Prov., Elmer 18353 (HB, HC); Copland s.n.
Oct. 1911 (HC). Mindanao: San Ramon, 1400 ft., Cope-
land s.n., Mar. 1905 (HC).
DISCUSSION.
1. Stenochlaena.
The distinctions between this and the other two genera
are: spores without perispore, pinnae with glands at the
base, venation with narrow subcostal areolae from which
the other veins spring, and the vascular anatomy of the
rhizome radially symmetrical and exceedingly complex.
Two of the species have the margins of the pinnae reflexed
as in Pteris. Now all these characters are found in the
genus Acrostichum. The spores of Acrostichum aureum
have no perispore, it has a gland on the upper side of the
base of each pinna, it has long narrow subcostal areolae
from which the other veins spring, and it has a very com-
plex vascular anatomy of rhizome and petiole. I do not
here discuss in detail the anatomy of Acrostichum aureum
and its possible relation to that of Stenochlaena, partly
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 305
because I have not at present access to previous literature,
and partly because I have no material of S. lawrifolia and
S. areolaris for dissection and microscopic examination.
The problem is a very complex one, and would need elabor-
ate treatment for satisfactory results to be obtained; from
my limited observations I can only suggest that a similarity
between the vascular anatomy of the petioles of Acrosti-
chum aureum and Stenochlaena palustris appears possible.
It is an interesting fact that S. laurifolia, which has pinnae
not articulate (a relatively primitive character not normally
shared by the other two species) has the largest stem and
the most complex anatomy; further, that this species has
the edges of the spinnae refiexed, as in the pteroid ferns
and in Acrostichum praestantissimum (see Bower, Vol. III
p. 58). All these facts taken together are strong evidence
in favour of a relationship between Stenochlaena and Acros-
tichum, and hence point to a pteroid origin for Stenochlaena.
It may be urged that in its subcostal areolae Stenchlaena
also closely resembles Blechnum. But in Blechnum the
subcostal areolae originate in connection with the sori and
only occur in fertile fronds, whereas in Pteris and its
allies they occur quite independently of the sori and are
found equally in both sterile and fertile fronds. In vascular
anatomy also Blechnum is relatively simple and offers no
indication of a relationship to the complex structure of
Stenochlaena. The indications seem to me therefore to
point much more strongly to a relationship of Stenochlaena
with the Pteroid stock than with Blechnum. Copeland’s
suggestion of a relationship to Asplenium was evidently
based chiefly on the evidence of dissected bathyphyils, which
are not found in Stenochlaena; I shall give evidence that
even Teratophyllum, which does have dissected bathyphylls,
is not nearly related to Asplenium.
The anatomy of the fertile pinnae of S. palustris and
S. laurifolia is interesting ; but comparable vascular arrange-
ments are found in other groups of acrostichoid ferns, and
it is evident that such anatomical adaptations are accom-
paniments of the acrostichoid state and can no more be
called in evidence of relationship than can the acrostichoid
condition itself, except within a narrow range of allience.
2. Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum.
These two genera are evidently closely allied, and must
be considered together. In view of Christ’s reiterated
opinion that the bathyphylls of Teratophyllum indicate an
origin from Asplenium, I have examined carefully a series
of specimens of A. epiphyticwm Copel. collected near Los
Banos by Dr..G. A. C. Herklots. I have also examined all
the specimens of this species in the Manila Herbarium. A.
epiphyticum, when mature, has simple leaves on a slender
Vol. V. (1932).
306 R. E. HoLttTuM.
climbing rhizome. Young plants have bipinnate bathyphylls
similar to those of Teratophyllum Williamsti, but even
more lax in their branching. There are transition leaves
showing a long subentire terminal pinna with lateral
dissected pinnae below it. In successively higher leaves
these lateral pinnae gradually disappear. This is a mode
of development quite different from that found in either
Teratophyllum or Lomariopsis. When a detailed exami-
nation of form and structure is made, A. epiphyticum is
found to be quite distinct also in other respects from those
two genera.
The bathyphylls of A. epiphyticum differ from those of
Teratophyllum (1) in their much more lax habit, (2) in
having pinnae not articulated, (8) in their scales (on
veins beneath) which have the lateral walls of their cells
much thickened and the superficial walls (and contents)
colourless, a type of scale not found in either Teratophyllum
or Lomariopsis. The bathyphylls of A. epiphyticum agree
with those of Teratophyllum in having their lowest segments
refiexed to cover the rhizome.
The rhizome of the mature plant of A. epiphyticum is
quite different in appearance from a Teratophyllum rhizome.
It is not dorsiventral; roots and leaves appear on all sides
of it. A series of transverse sections shows this very
clearly. Such sections (fig. 29—30) show a ring of several
vascular bundles, with leaf gaps between them; the bundles
on either side of a gap each give off a small branch for the
leaf trace, and apparently also any bundle may give rise to
a root. The stipe contains only two bundles (as usual in
Asplenium). This is quite a different vascular arrange-
ment from that of all species of Teratophyllum and
Lomariopsis, which have dorsiventral rhizomes, rooting on .
one side only, and a ring of several separate bundles in the
stipe. All the Asplenium species I have examined possess
a radially symmetrical rhizome anatomy similar to that of
A. epiphyticum.
From the above comparison, particularly as regards
the rhizome, I conclude that Teratophyllum and Loma-
rlopsis present important differences from Asplenium, and
that we must look elsewhere to find nearer allies. The
strong common characters of the two genera are the dor-
siventral rhizome and the vascular anatomy of rhizome and
stipes. These characters are remarkably uniform within
each genus; the two differ constantly in that Teratophyllum
has only two rows of leaves on the dorsal side of the rhizome
and Lomariopsis several rows. The two differ more
markedly in their mode of development and form of leaves.
They agree in having similar spores. In searching for their
nearest allies, it appears to me that one must look first
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 307
for ferns with creeping rhizome of similar anatomy and
similar anatomy of stipes, and secondly for such as combine
such vascular anatomy with comparable leaf form and
similar spores. In Campium we have such a group of ferns
(limiting that genus as in Christensen 1931, pp. 290—291)}.
The species of Campium have creeping rhizomes with dor-
siventral structure and vascular anatomy of both stipe and
rhizome essentially similar to those features in Lomariopsis
and Teratophylium, and among them are types of leaf deve-
lopment comparable with both Lomariopsis and Terato-
phyllum; their spores also are closely similar to the spores
of Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum.
The development character of Lomariopsis is as
follows; first simple fronds, larger and larger up to a
limit, beyond which lateral pinnae appear below the large
simple lamina, later fronds having successively more and
more lateral pinnae, all of which are articulate while the
persistent apical lamina is not. The development of Tera-
tophyllum differs from the very beginning: first come lobed
fronds, the lowest lobes early separating as distinct articu-
late pinnae, successively more and more lobes being cut off
from the apical region of the fronds, which apical region
never resembles a simple pinna (this condition is seen in
the normal bathyphylis); and finally, if my hypothesis is
correct, the apex of the frond disappears; thus the pinnae
of the adult frond are descended directly from the lateral
lobes of the early leaves and are not additions below a
matured large apical lamina as in Lomariopsis. Campium
subsimplex (Fée) Copel. is almost identical with Loma-
riopsis in its development, the only difference being that
the lateral pinnae are not articulate. Campium quoyanum
(Gaud.) Copel. on the other hand has no definite terminal
pinna, and from an early stage its fronds have distinct
lateral lobes, more and more of which become separate
pnnae. Admittedly the distinction between these two
species is not so striking as that between Lomariopsis and
Teratophyllum; but it seems to me reasonable to suggest
that Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum represent extreme
specialised conditions of the two types of development,
which coexist, less sharply distinguished, in the less specia-
lised genus Campium. The above similarities, added to the
fact that Campium has already developed the acrostichoid
condition, are good evidence for the hypothesis that Loma-
riopsis and ‘Teratophyllum have been derived from
Campium, or from the same stock as Campium.
Christensen is of opinion that the species of Campium
are acrostichoid derivatives of the Dryopterideae. It is
interesting to note that both the types of leaf development
above described are found in Dryopteris and also in Aspi-
dium; A. polymorphum Wall. and D. cuspidata (Wall.) Chr.
Vol. V. (1982).
308 R. E. HoOLttTum.
represent the one type, A. malayense Chr. and most species
of Dryopteris the other. The dorsiventral rhizome of
Campium must have come as a distinct change from the
radially symmetrical rnizomes usual in Dryopteris and
Aspidium. The rhizome of even such a long-creeping species
as Dryopteris unita (L.) O. Ktze has a perfectly radial
vascular arrangement, and its leaves and roots are produced
on all sides; indeed, among Malayan species of Dryopteris
and Aspidium I have not met with any possessing a creep-
ing rhizome of the definite dorsiventral structure found in
Campium, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. But the stipes
of Aspidium and Dryopteris have an open ring of several
separate vascular bundles, as also do the stipes of Campium;
this is an important point of resemblance of all of them to
Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum, and one in which all these
genera differ from Asplenium and Blechnum.
I suggest then that Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum
have arisen, independently, from Campium, or from the
same stock as Campium, both becoming specialised in having
high-climbing rhizomes and articulate pinnae, but differing
in that Teratophyllum possesses only two rows of leaves
and Lomariopsis several rows, and differing also more
specially in their mode of development; I suggest that this
latter difference goes back to their separate origins at
different points in the Campium stock. Teratophyllum is
more specialised than Lomariopsis in various points. It
has retained in a specialised and persistent form an early
developmental stage of its leaves, bearing these special leaves
in the lowest stratum of the forest; they may also serve the
plant by superficial absorption of water. Its adult leaves
have all the pinnae articulate, the apex being possibly
aborted. The fertile pinnae are much reduced in width
(except in T. rotundifoliatum), and have a peculiar vascular
system adjusted to their form. The fact of the pecularity
of T. rotundifoliatum is a definite indication that the form
of the fertile pinnae is one of the most easily variable
characters, and of much less importance in judging broad
questions of relationship than rhizome characters; the
venation of fertile pinnae goes hand in hand with their
form and is equally subject to variation even between
closely allied species. We have seen examples of this also
in Stenochlaena.
There are other ferns which seem to me to be also
allied to Campium; these are the genus Lomagramma,
Polybotrya Wilkesiana Brack. and P. articulata J. Sm.
(the last named I have not seen) and Lomariopsis
Balansae Fourn. Lomagramma species have rhizomes and
stipes which to the eye are hardly distinguishable from
those of Lomariopsis, and they have exactly the same
internal structure; their scales however are different, having
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 309
thickened lateral walls to the cells and clear lumina so as
to produce a latticed effect, the edge being ciliate much as
in Lomariopsis. The fronds of young plants of the lowland
species of Lomagramma in the Malay Peninsula are very
strikingly similar to fronds of Egenolfia (which is very
closely allied to Campium). Their pinnae are articulate
(this is probably connected with the high-climbing habit as
in Lomariopsis) and have a reticulate venation of a peculiar
kind, without free veinlets. It appears to me likely that
Lomagramma has been derived directly from a free-veined
ancestor, not through one with anastomosing veins, and I
suggest that it originated from, or is of common origin with,
Egenolfia. The spores of all species of Lomagramma which
I have examined have very thin walls, and no perispore,
whereas the spores of Egenolfia have a perispore similar
to those of Campium. This spore question is one that similar
further investigation. I have at present little material of
Lomagramma, and find that it rarely produces fertile
fronds. L. perakensis, which is common in some parts of
the Main Range of the Peninsula, grows in small deep shady
mountain valleys, starting life on the rocks beside the little
streams in the valley bottoms and gradually finding its way
to neighbouring tall trees up which it can climb. Recently,
after long search, I found sporelings of this species. It is
possible that the thin walled spores are related to the pecu-
liarly moist and shady conditions in which this plant always
produces its prothallia.
Polybotrya Wilkesiana is different from Lomagramma
in many respects, and though Copeland included it in
Lomagramma he remarked that perhaps it should form
a separate genus, with P. articulata; with this opinion
I agree, and would include with them Lomariopsis
Balansae, though I have not yet seen its bathyphylls. P.
Wilkesiana has adult sterile fronds which are quite indis-
tinguishable from those of Teratophyllum, having free veins
and all the pinnae articulated. Moreover, it has bathyphylls
which grow to a very large size (30 cm. or more in length),
and are bipinnate with the pinnules articulate. Its rhizome
is slender like that of Teratophyllum, but has additional
bundles in it. I suggest that it is most probable that P.
Wilkesiana has arisen from Teratophyllum; but it presents
such points of difference that it should be placed in a
separate genus. I have not at present adequate material to
characterise the genus definitely.
SUMMARY.
1. The term bathyphyll is proposed for leaves of a
distinctive character borne by a plant in the lowest stratum
of the forest.
Vol. V. (1932).
310 R. E. HOLTTUM.
2. A historical survey is given of the treatment of
the genera Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum ~
in botanical literature. The three genera have been con-
fused because of a similarity of climbing habit and adult
leaf form (both sterile and fertile), and because some collec-
tors have associated the bathyphylls of species of Terato-
phyllum with adult leaves of species of Lomariopsis and
Stenochlaena.
3. The species of the three genera within the Malayan
region and the Pacific are described, including two new
species and two new varieties.
4. Teratophyllum luzoncum and T. Koordersii are
described as new species; 7. aculeatum var. montanum and
Lomartopsis Kingw var. petiolulata as new varieties. The
following new combinations are made: Lomariopsis inter-
media, L. Ractborsku, L. Kingu, L. subtrifoliata, L. Set-
chellu; Teratophyllum gracile, T. Williamsii, T. rotundi-
foliatum, T. ludens, T. arthropteroides.
A full account of all stages of development of Terato-
phyllum ludens and T. rotundifoliatum is given for the first
time.
5. Teratophyllum alone produces bathyphylls; these
are borne not only by young plants but also by branches
from the bases of old plants. The distinctive characters of
the bathyphylls of the various species are established.
Biological notes are given concerning the species native in
the Malay Peninsula, particularly as regards early develop-
ment and the way in which the bathyphylls are borne.
6. A comparative account is given of the morphologi-
cal, anatomical and developmental characters of the three
genera. The genus Stenochlaena differs markedly from
the other two genera in its spores, anatomy and venation.
These differences are considered to indicate a quite distinct
origin for this genus. The genera Lomariopsis and Tera-
tophyllum agree closely together on many points, but differ
very constantly in early developmental stages and in the
articulation of the terminal pinnae; a separation of the
genera is made on these grounds.
7. It is suggested that Stenochlaena originated from
the Pteroid stock and points of relationship with Acrosti-
chum aureum are noted.
8. Christ’s suggestion of a close relationship between
Teratophyllum and species of Asplenium which produce
dissected bathyphylls is discussed. An account of the deve-
lopmental history and anatomy of Aspleniwm epiphyticum
is given, and important differences between this species and
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 311
Teratophyllum are pointed out. It is concluded that Tera-
tophyllum is not nearly related to Asplenium, the supposed
relationship resting only on a superficial resemblance of
bathyphylls.
9. The differences of developmental history between
Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum are discussed, and it is
suggested that both are of common origin with Campium,
which has similar spores and anatomical characters and in
which both forms of developmental history occur. It is
further suggested that Lomagramma is an allied genus,
possibly originating from Egenolfia, and that the three
species Lomariopsis Balansae Fourn., Polybotrya Wilkesiana
Brack. and P. articulatum J. Sm. probably constitute a
distinct genus, derived from Teratophyllum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BEDDOME, R. H. Ferns of British India, t.CCIX, CCX.
BOWER, F. O. The Ferns, Vol. III, pp. 175-177.
CHRIST, H. 1896. Zur Farn-flora der Sunda-Inseln. Ann.
Buitenz. 13, 90-93.
1897. Die Farnkrauter der Erde, 39-41.
1905. Filices borneenses. Ann. Buitenz. Ser. 2, 5, 113-119.
5. 43-119:
1906. (1). Biologische und systematische Bedeutung des
Dimorphismus und der Missbildung bei epiphytis-
chen Farnkrautern, besonders Stenochlaena. Ver-
handl. der Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges. in St. Gallen.
Reprinted 1907, pp. 1-11 and 12 plates.
1906. (2). Filices Insularum Philippinarum. Bull. Herb.
Boiss. Ser. II, 6, 998.
1907. Spiciligium filicum philippinensium. Phil. Journ. Sci.
2, (166.
CHRISTENSEN, C. 1931. Asiatic Pteridophyta collected
-by Joseph F. Rock, 1920-1924. Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26, 290-291.
COPELAND, E. B. 1906. New Philippine Ferns, I. Phil.
Journ. Sci. 1, Suppl. 152.
1907. Notes on the Steere collection of Philippine ferns.
Phil. Journ, Sci. 2 C, 406.
1911. Papuan ferns collected by the Rev. C. King. Phil.
. Journ. Sci. 6 C, 80.
1912. New Papuan Ferns. Phil. Journ. Sci. 7 C, 67.
1913. On Phyllitis in Malaya and the supposed genera
Diplora and Triphlebia. Phil. Journ. Sci. 8 OC,
147-153.
Vol. V. (1932),
54 bye R. E. HOLTTUM.
1929. (1). The oriental genera of Polypodiaceae. Univ.
Cal. Publ. Bot. 16, 75.
1929. (2). Ferns of Fiji. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin
59.
DIELS, L. 1902. Engler & Prantl, Die Nat. Pflanzenfam.
1, 4, 251-252.
FEE, A. C. A. 1845. Mémoires sur la famille des Fou-
géres: 2, Histoire des Acrostichées.
HARRINGTON, M. V. 1877. The tropical ferns collected
by Prof. Steere in the years 1870-1875. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 16, 28.
HOLTTUM, R. E. 1927. Notes on Malayan ferns. Gard.
Bull. S. 8S. 4, 59-61.
HOOKER, W. J. 1846. Species Filicum, Vol. 1, p. 195, t.
56 D.
1864. Species Filicum, Vol. 5, pp. 152, 241-243, 249-250.
HOOKER, W. J. & J. G. BAKER, 1868. Synopsis Filicum,
p. 412
HOSE, Bishop G. F. 1899. A catalogue of the ferns of
Borneo and some of the adjacent islands. Journ.
S. Br. R. Asiatic Soc. 32, 80.
KARSTEN, G. 1895. Morphologische und _ biologische
Untersuchungen tber einige Epiphytenformen der
Molukken. Ann. Buitenz. 12, 143-153.
KUHN, M. 1869. Filices, in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4, 294,
296.
RACIBORSKI, M. 1898. Die Pteridophyten der Flora
von Buitenzorg. 53-54.
ROSENBURG, van Alderwerelt van. 1908. Malayan Ferns,
718-722, 833.
1916. Malayan Ferns & Fern-allies, Suppl. I, 427-430.
SMITH, J. 1841. (1). Enumeratio filicum Philippinarum,
J. Bot. 3, 401-402.
1841. (2). Arrangement and definition of the genera of
ferns. J. Bot. 4, 149.
UNDERWOOD, L. M. 1906. The genus Stenochlaena.
Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 33, 35.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Stenochlaena, Lomariopsis and Teratophyllum. 3138
9
INDEX.
Synonyms are printed in italics.
are printed in heavy type.
New species and new combinations
References to figures are indicated by
an asterisk,
Acrostichum gracile—291
A. Smithui—272
A. spectabile—270
Asplenium epiphyticum—249,
278*, 305, 306
Cafraria—253
Davallia achilleaefolia—284
Gymnogramme subtrifoliata—2T5
Lomagramma—280, 308
Lomaria aculeata—384
L. gracilis—291
L. limonif olia—298
L. spectabilis—270
L. spondizfolia—266
Lomariopsis—247, 250, 264, 305
L. Balansae—308, 309
L. Brackenridgei—276
L. cochinchinensis—252*, 260*,
266
- intermedia—270
. Kingii—273
. leptocarpa—252*, 270
. ludens—298
. nove-caledoniz—274
. oleandrifolia—275
Raciborskii—272
. Seemannii—275
. Setchellii—276
. Smithii—269
. spectabilis—270
. spinescens—284
. subtrifoliata—274
Polybotrya articulata—308, 309
P. Wilkesiana—308, 309
Stenochlena—247, 250, 251, 304
S. abrupta—266
S. aculeata—284
S. aculeata v. crassior—294
S
S
et
mS
Sil ail oil ail ail ail all oll =
. areolaris—252*, 256*, 262
. arthropteroides—303
S. Brackenridgei—276
Vol. V. (1932).
ae
= Cae |
BAH HAHH
ANNRNANNNNARNRANNN
HARNNnNRHADYA
. cochinchinensis—266
. dubia—250
. fraxinifolia—253
. gracilis—291
gracilis v. Williamsii—292
. ntermedia—270
. juglandifolia—253
Kingii—273
laurifolia—252*, 259, 260*
leptocarpa—270
. limonifolia—298
. longif olia—269
novx-caledonix—274
. oleandrif olia—275
palustris—252*, 254, 256*,
25'T*
. Raciborskii—272
. rotundifoliata—294
. Setchellii—276
. spondicif olia—266
. subtrifoliata—274
tenuifolia—253 |
Warneckei—252*
Williamsii—292
eratophyllum—248, 250, 277,
305
. aculeatum—279*, 284, 285*,
288*, Pl. 2,.3
- aculeatum v. montanum—
285*, 288*, 289, Pl. 1, 4
. aculeatum v. inermis—277,
298
. arthropteroides—303, Pl. 12
- gracile—252*, 285*, 291, Pl. 5
Koordersii—301, 302*, Pl. 11
- ludens—252*, 278*, 279%,
285*, 288*, 298, Pl. 10
. luzonicum—297, Pl. 9
. rotundifoliatum—285*, 294,
296*, Pl. 7, 8
. Williamsii—285*, 292, Pl, 6
314
Rainfall 1931.
At the Botanic Gardeas, Singipore. Readings taken daily at 9 a.m. and credited
to the previous day.
Date | Jan. | Feb. |March]} April | May | June | July | Aug. |Sépt. )) Oct sigs
ee | | | | | | | | _______ | | eee
| ‘47 1101 py | 85 35) foe 63 = "05 | trace | °02
J Mags |< . | trace ‘01 ‘351 242 .70 oP Pe. “43 16
3 “49 | 1:90.) trace | > “22 traces nid eee ?
< : {Ts mh
, 9 = ria
a Py » on, a
ef Tig
oe one
So, oO. =. Go or wm cw “hee lH
rm wo wo NY FY §|-& =—& FY SF ee Ee
Co. ho, een Ge 8S OO aI SS. CN ke = =O Ne oe OO
Jan.
1°97
"02
‘60
12
03
Feb.
‘17
03
March] April
——_—_ | -——s —— —
1°22
O07
"23
03
‘09
02
1°60
315
Rainfall 1931.
At the Waterfall Gardens, Penang Readings taken daily at 8 a.m. and credited to
the previous day.
May
21
June
“42
‘16
‘78
PAZ
117
120
191
:
|
} :
(oy)
1°16
1°32
| | ——_
—_—_— | | |
Vol. V. (1932,
—<———___._ j —_____
05
16
03
316
Summary of Rainfall 1931.
SINGAPORE. PENANG.
Sige Amount of Kain. | Longest Wa He Amount of Rain. | Longest
rainy spell rainy |. 7 fea spell
days | Inches. mm. rey days. | Inches. mim. han
Jan. 21 1160} 295| 6 days! 14 402| 102] 11days
Feb. $.) 27a < Ce 8 1:43 36 | 12,
Mar. 17. | oe7e 196| 6 ,, 12 4°61 117. | 4a
April 17 738 4 Agr! 2 2OSR gag 822; 2090) 9 aaa
May 16 9°07 230°) as 23 | 1480 | S76lnreee
June 13 8°98 998 | ue 20 | “718.\> > age
July 11 | 708 $96.) oe 18 6°74 | 1 See
Aug. 12 6°21 158): ez 16 721 | 1987) joa
Sept. 18 | 10°93 2781.8 ., | 25 | 012-08 “Bog aeaae
Oct. 14 6.89 175 | 35, — 26 |*a778 2 aes
Nov. 18 | 13°26) -.3a7| 2 3.) 22 || 9-395 5 See
Dec. 23 | 10°86). 276] 2 ,, | <6 120-76) 2aea eee
Total. | 188 | 104:74 (20674) 286t| 2661 992 114-22 | 2901
Greatest amount in 24 hours 2°61” 8°15 inches or 207 mm.
or 66 mm.
Greatest amount in 48 hours 3°63” 8°28 inches or 210 mm.
or 92 mm.
Greatest amount in 72 hours 4°28” 9°11 inches or 231 mm.
or 109 mim.
Periods in which more than 5 ins. fell 4 (May, June, Sept., Oct.,)
in 72 hours. Nil.
Periods in which less than ‘02 ins. fell 8 | (Jan., (2), . Feb (3); dub,
in 120 hours 6 (Jan., Feb., (2), Mar., July, [| Aug., Dec.)
Aug.)
Note.—Rainy days are days on which at least ‘01 in. of rain falls.
PLATE 5. Teratophyllum gracile: transition bathyphylls and adult
sterile leaves,
Smee ea Ae omnia ae a page ame ma amg oe at nae en mm me a
PLATE 6. Teratophyllum Williamsii: transition bathyphylls (some
with webbed lamina and some completely dissected), adult
sterile and fertile leaves,
MALAY PENINSULA.
STATE OF JoHoRE.
FT Het,
Collector.
ht corey
ee ha eae em
pale
tie
:
PLATE 7. Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum: small normal bathyphylls
(left) and transition bathyphylls.
PLATE 8. Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum: adult sterile frond.
m= ha
a ‘
ee
ee
‘7,
APAYAO SUUPROVINCL
LUZON
Cell fb FENIX : y rors
PLATE 9. Teratophyllum luzonicum: type specimen.
PLATE 10. Teratophyllum ludens: adult sterile and fertile fronds.
vk v2 ® te an
HIVES SSPE el eee ee ail
. } : lg? i pel i& i. ?
: )
Ae,
ion
PLATE 11. Teratophyllum Koordersii: type specimen,
PLATE 12. Teratophyllum arthropteroides: adult sterile and fertile
fronds.
PLATES 2—12 about 34 natural size.
ApbetBe. The same list appears at intery ie ‘
Government Gazette. |
available. . Its price is fifty cents for each ute
or in advance for every volume of twelve ‘numb
free :— atin oe
Nine and a half rupees in Taal and Ceylon. #
A
Thirteen shillings in ‘Europe.
NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.
Volume V no. 12 completes Vol. V of the Gardens’
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Volume VI, consisting of three parts and dealing with
native medicine in the Malay Peninsula, was issued con-
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Subscriptions to Volume VII are now due. The sub-
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s’ Bulletin
ie AP AYZ- 5
>
June 20th, 1932. No. 12, |
CONTENTS.
wy
Page
|
|
|
4a Pets 54 Yate |
THE IDEN} 1 E BROWN-ROOT =
Bag ee at
Jotanic Gardens, Singapore. — ‘
. = >. ae .
at the
er ao ky Fae é bh ¥
. _ Price 50 cents. |
ine ‘ ap a
pt RS Pi:
,
*
dead
growing on a
swamp-forest, Sedili River, Johore, 1931.
Some large fruit-bodies of Fomes lamaensis
standing trunk in
a
ee ee Te || ee
ee oe eee eee Aes
THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
Vol. V June 20th., 1932. No. 12.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE BROWN-ROOT
FUNGUS
"By E. J. H. Corner, M.A.
Two species have been called Fomes lamaensis (Murr.)
Sace. et Trott. The one which rightly bears the name is
a harmless saprophyte; the other, which I propose to call
F.. noxius, is a facultative parasite and it is the cause of
the Brown-root disease of rubber-trees and tea-bushes and,
as it seems, of the stem-rot of oil-palms which Thompson
has recently described (9). The confusion arose through
an error of Lloyd’s in referring to F’. lamaensis specimens
of the Brown-root fungus which Petch had sent from
Ceylon, and his identification is now current in the phyto-
pathological literature (8). The two species are extremely
close; in mycelial characters and in the general construction
of the fruit-body they are indistinguishable; and there is
evidence that they may hybridise. But they differ in
certain microscopic details of the fruit-body and once these
are understood they cannot be mistaken. Only after the
- minutest investigation, however, has it been possible to
state these distinctions clearly. The results show too well
how misleading may be the attempts to recognise polypores
from their macroscopic characters, not merely because in
the tropics there are so many radically different species
which are superficially alike, but fundamentally because the
fruit-bodies are made of hyphae and. in ignorance of the
hyphal properties the species cannot be defined. The first
part of this paper is therefore anatomical. In the second
part I have compared the three species—F’. lamaensis,
F. noxius and F.. pachyphloeus—in this detailed aspect, and
lastly I have drawn up a description of each for reference.
F. pachyphloeus I have included, advisedly, because its
fruit-bodies have essentially the same construction and are
much the easiest to examine and, also, because F’. noxius
resembles it in certain respects rather than F’.. lamaensis,
and as both may be parasitic, they too can be mistaken.
318 E. J. H. CoRNER.
The presence of two kinds of hyphae in the fruit-body
of fF’. lamaensis has been. held to be distinctive, there being
stout, thick-walled, dark brown hyphae and slender, thin-
walled, more or less colourless hyphae, but I have shown
that this is a common feature in the genus (8). I have
called it the dimitic type of construction, with thick-walled
unbranched skeletal hyphae and thin-walled branching
generative hyphae, in F’. levigatus and F. senex which are
typical. But there is good evidence for believing that the
thick-walled elements in F’. lamaensis and its allies are
not homologous with those of F.. levigatus and its allies,
so that by stating the case differently and with greater
precision, the hyphal construction of FF’. lamaensis is found
to be distinctive. The thick-walled elements in F’. lamaensis
and its allies I shall call therefore extrahymenial setae, in
order to distinguish them from the hymenial setae, and not
skeletal hyphae, and briefly for these reasons, though the
full explanation must be deferred until a later paper,
when the structure of other species has been described.
In true dimity the skeletal hyphae far outnumber the
generative hyphae, which le concealed among them, and
they build the stroma. In F’. lamaensis and is allies, the
thick-walled elements play little or no part in the formation
and strengthening of the fruit-body: the generative hyphae
build the stroma, and the hard agglutinated tissue on the
upperside and round the tubes provides the support: the
thick-walled elements are merely scattered throughout in
inferior numbers and they are always of very limited
growth, rarely exceeding half a millimeter in length: in
F. pachyphloeus, they may appear as seldom as needles
strewn in a haystack, the straws of which would be the
generative hyphae. Moreover, there are in the dissepiments
elements intermediate between the hymenial and extra-
hymenial setae which do not exist in cases of true dimity;
and there is a species which Lloyd called F. oroniger :
(?—F. melanodermus Pat.), which has both incipient #
skeletals in the flesh like Polyporus gilvus and extra-
hymenial setae in the dissepiments like F. pachyphloeus
without there being intermediate states.
Anatomy
Firstly the process of agglutination must be explained
because it takes place extensively in the fruit-bodies of
F.. lamaensis and F. noxius. By agglutination is meant the
conversion of the primary filamentous tissue into a hard
compact mass devoid of air-spaces. Agglutination is often
preceded by the development of numerous narrow inter- |
weaving hyphae in the tissue but the process really begins —
with the thickening of the hyphal walls. Then, through
some chemical or physical alteration of the surface, the
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Ji AN et
a8 Per TF eee eet
a. Se
Brown-root Fungus. 819
walls become sticky and fuse together to form a continuous
tenacious ground-substance which is riddled by the lumina
of the hyphae. As the hyphae gradually adhere, so the
air between them is expelled and, in extreme cases, their
lumina also disappear and a leathery or stony, structureless
substance results. In polypores in which the hyphal walls
become yellow-brown in thickening, the ground-substance
is also yellow-brown, though macroscopically black, and it
acquires a characteristic resinaceous or carbonaceous
consistency. Thus, in #’. lamaensis and F. noxius, the
dissepiments are very dark brown or black, hard, stony
or carbonaceous, and exceedingly difficult to section on
account of the agglutination of their tissue: and, in all
three species, a stony black crust develops on the upperside
of the fruit-body through the agglutination of the super-
ficial hyphae. The nature of the ground-substance I have
not been able to determine: like the yellow-brown substance
in the hyphal walls, of which it must be a modification,
it is turned very dark brown by potash or soda: it is
insoluble in weak acids, in weak or strong potash whether
hot or cold, in chloroform, ether, xylol, absolute alcohol,
and the celiulose-solvents as Schweitzer’s reagent and zinc
chloride in hydrochloric acid, but it blackens and dissolves
siowly in hot conc. sulphuric acid and it disappears rapidly
in hot conc. nitric acid: it appears to be impervious to water
and once set the hyphae cannot be freed without breaking.
The formation of the fruit-body, the partition of
growth at the surface and the direction of the hyphae are
exactly as in F’.. levigatus (8), with the distinction that the
fruit-bodies are monomitic, 2.e. are built of equivalent
branching generative hyphae. A radial section of the fiesh
shows the generative hyphae arranged longitudinally with
the extrahymenial setae scattered among them, Text-Fig. 1.
Most branches of the generative hyphae grow radially but
some are interwoven and function as binding hyphae, more
especially in F’. pachyphloeus.
The extrahymenial setae arise terminally from the
generative hyphae at the margin of the bracket. The apex
of a hypha which is about to form a seta expands gradually
or rather suddenly to the specific width of the seta and
then in this thin-walled distended state grows on for a
variable distance, in some cases for barely 100u, but never
for more than 600u, and as growth declines so the apex
contracts again to some extent. The wall of the distended
part may begin to thicken acropetally while apical growth
continues, or simultaneously all over on cessation of growth,
exactly as in the development of the hymenial setae. The
wall is colourless at first but becomes yellow-brown on
thickening and finally dark ferruginous, and the lumen is
reduced to a line or obliterated. The mediate portions
connecting the setae with the generative hyphae vary much
Vol. V. (1932).
Text-Fig. 1.
E. J. H. CoRNER.
Radial sections of the flesh of F. lamaensis (above)
F, noxius and F. pachyphloeus (below), at ca. 2 ecm.
from the margin: the sections of F. lamaensis and F.
‘noxius include one of the dark zones in the flesh, caused
by the development and agglutination of numerous
interweaving hyphae: x 500.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Brown-root Fungus. 321
—_—
e Text-Fig. 2. Stages in the development of an extrahymenial seta
at the margin of the pileus of F’. pachyphloeus, and the
% proximal and mediate portions of other setae from the
flesh: x 500.
s Vol. V. (1932).
322 E. J. H. CORNER.
in length, from 30—400u, according as the formation has
been gradual or abrupt; they also become slightly thick-
walled and occasionally bear a rudimentary branch. In
Text-Fig. 2 are shown successive stages in the development
of a short extrahymenial seta of F. pachyphloeus and the
mediate portions of other setae. Thus, on account of their
limited growth, the extrahymenial setae are soon immersed
in the tissue of the flesh although they must arise at the
surface in the growing regions. Their dark brown rod-like
appearance and their pointed ends make them striking
objects in longitudinal sections.
In F. lamaensis and F. noxius dark zones, .3-.8 mm.
apart, develop in the flesh behind the margin. They stretch
as arcs from the tubes to the upper surface and are convex
towards the margin. They arise through the rhythmical
multiplication of the narrow interweaving hyphae which
compact the fibrillar stroma in these limited regions and
then become more or less agglutinated. (It seems that the
rhythm follows a simple diurnal variation in marginal
growth, which is at a maximum in the early hours of the
morning when the air is saturated with water-vapour).
In these two species also, the hyphae of the flesh become
agglutinated in irregular plates and layers extending from
the base toward the margin. In radial section the layers
are seen as black crustaceous intersecting lines and in some
fruit-bodies of F’.. lamaensis they are so numerous that they
form. a close network at the base: in extreme cases the base
of the flesh becomes wholly agglutinated and carbonaceous.
The black crust on the upperside of the fruit-body is
preceded by a characteristic formation of the hyphae. In
F’. lamaensis there is initially a pile which is composed of
the ends of the generative hyphae and of the extrahymenial ;
setae which have dropped behind the margin and have been
deflected more or less perpendicularly towards the upper
surface, Text-Fig. 3. It is like the pile of F. senex only
closer; hence the velvety margin. But it deepens since the
hyphae continue to grow out for a short distance behind
the margin, and it is compacted at the same time through
the intrusion of narrow interweaving hyphae from the flesh
which bind together the hyphae of the pile at its base and
send up laterals between them. But the outgrowth is soon
arrested and the crust develops. At a distance of 1-2 cm.
from the margin in young fruit-bodies and 2-5 mm. in the
older ones, agglutination starts where the hyphae of the
pile emerge from the flesh, at a depth of .2-.5 mm. from
the surface, that is to say, and it proceeds outwards towards
the surface of the pile and to some extent inwards into the ~
flesh. Thus the crust develops internally from a thin ~
blackish layer just below the upper surface and it grows
by extension of the agglutination above and below to form —
eventually a kind of carbonaceous rind. Macroscopically,
2
Gardens Bulletin, SS.
Brown-root Fungus. 323
the rich brown subtomentose zone near the golden-yellow
velvety margin gives place to a dull black glabrous surface
with the leaden aspect of asphalt.
Text-Fig. 3. Sections of the upper surface of the pileus of F’. noxius
(above) and F. lamaensis (below), at 4 mm. behind the
margin of young actively growing fruit-bodies: x 500.
In the other two species the crust develops in essentially
the same way but the preliminary pile is indistinct because
the generative hyphae are wider and, as they are crowded
together behind the margin, they are compacted to form a
pseudoprosenchymatous tissue, Text-Fig. 3: the cells, also,
which are cut off by the outgrowing generative hyphae in
Vol. V. (1932).
324 E. J. H. CORNER.
the pile are short and scarcely filamentous. Agglutination
begins at an early stage and very much nearer to the
surface, often only 20-30u below the ends of the hyphae,
but the outgrowth of these ends lasts longer and thus the
crust is thickened. The extrahymenial setae often project
further than in F’. lamaensis, up to 350u in a variety of
F’. pachyphloeus, but they are overgrown eventually by the
generative hyphae in most cases, just as in F. levigatus:
(it is probable that, as in that species too, the more salient
setae in F. pachyphloeus are secondary and derived from
the excrescent generative hyphae). Macroscopically there-
fore, the surface of the pileus just behind the margin tends
to be coarsely velvety or minutely hispid in these two species
and it is more rapidly glabrescent. The section, drawn in
Text-Fig. 3, would serve as well for F’. pachyphloeus, except
for the lesser width of the extrahymenial setae.
The mature crust in all three species has the same
appearance. In thin sections it is a yellow-brown homo-
geneous resinaceous layer in which occasionally the vestiges
of the hyphal lumina can be seen as a faint mottling, or
the darker blurrs of the agglutinated setae.
a fi "i
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Text-Fig. 4. A longitudinal section through the growing end of a
dissepiment of F’. lamaensis: X 500.
The dissepiments, except that they are built from
generative hyphae, like the flesh, arise in the same way
as in F. levigatus. But in F’. lamaensis and F. nowxius the
tissue on the lower side of the pileus becomes agglutinated
Gardens. Bulletin, S.S.
a
Brown-root Fungus. 325
at a distance of 1-4 mm. from the margin, before the pores
are delimited. The excrescent hyphae of the pore-field, that
is, become agglutinated exactly as those on the upperside
of the pileus-in F. noxius: in fact, if the upper figure in
Text-Fig. 3 were inverted it would serve for the pore-field
of F’. noxius, or F’.. lamaensis, were the hyphae narrower.
Agglutination begins about 50u above the ends of the down-
growing hyphae, but soon approaches within 20-40u. A
thin crust, ca. 70u thick, thus forms internally in the pore-
field above the thin-walled hyphal ends and from the crust
will depend the tubes. Partition of growth in the pore-field
gives rise to the dissepiments, and the downgrowing hyphae
of the dissepiments continue to become agglutinated about
20-40u above their ends so that only the terminal cells
are really free. The subterminal cells which are cut off
are short, also, and about 10—30u long, as on the upperside
of the pileus in F’. noxius. How rapidly the tissue is con-
solidated can be gathered from Text-Fig. 4. In these two
species, therefore, the dissepiments are darkly coloured,
hard and carbonaceous, brittle to the razor, and this pro-
perty distinguishes them at once from F.. pachyphloeus in
which the hyphae are not, or only very slightly, agglutinated
in the dissepiments, these having the same light fibrillar
texture as the flesh, Text-Fig. 6. It is remarkable, indeed,
that the downgrowing hyphal ends in F’.. lamaensis and F.
noxius can obtain any nourishment through such a mass
of agglutinated tissue, for the dissepiments may reach
several millimetres in length.
The hymenium is developed sympodially from the ends
of the hyphae which are arrested in growth and lie along
the flanks of the dissepiments. On the free side of their
ends the wall is bulged out at right angles into the tube
and the bulge develops into a cystidium or, in some cases,
a seta. This primary bulge is cut off by a septum and
basidia and setae develop from below by sympodial branch-
ing. The subhymenium is only 1-2 cells thick and the cells
are 6-10u long by 2—3u wide. The hymenium, thus built
up, is compact but ephemeral. The cystidia very soon
collapse, being found only near the pores, and the hymenium
itself is fertile only for a distance of 1-83 mm. from the
pores in F. pachyphloeus and F. noxius, and for barely
5 mm. in F. lamaensis. When exhausted, the hymenium
is replaced by a ‘false hymenium.’ The basidia, being thin-
walled, collapse on to the subhymenial hyphae which develop
slightly thickened, slightly agglutinated, pale yellowish
walls, and the obtruncated ends of the subhymenial hyphae
persist as an ‘epithelium’ or ‘false hymenium’ with a
peculiar pavement-like appearance, Text-Fig. 6. It covers
all but the extremities of the dissepiments and would be
mistaken for the true hymenium, were its nature not proven
developmentally.
Vol. V. (1932).
326 E. J. H. CORNER.
The extrahymenial setae in the dissepiments arise
among the free ends of the downgrowing hyphae, like those
of the flesh at the margin of the pileus: they do not develop
subterminally in the tissue though subsequently on account
of their limited growth they are embedded. Characteristi-
cally, in all three, they are much more limited than in the
flesh, Text-Fig. 5. In F’. pachyphloeus they may reach 300n
in length; in the other two they do not exceed 100u. This
limitation results merely from the fact that the generative
hyphae have shorter cells on the average in the dissepiments
than in the flesh, and the extreme limitation in F’. lamaensis
and F.. noxius is the outcome of agglutination. The extra-
hymenial setae are only apical cells bodily modified. They
are not special hyphae, 7.e. elements of unlimited growth,
and their lengths correspond exactly with those of the apical
cells. In the flesh the cells of the generative hyphae vary
80—400u in length: the apical cells are roughly twice as long
and so are the extrahymenial setae with their mediate
portions. In the dissepiments of F’. pachyphloeus the cells
of the generative hyphae vary 40-180u long; in F. noxtus
and F’. lamaensis they are 10—40u long, for when the hyphae
are agglutinated close to their growing points their apical
cells divide much more frequently and their constituent
cells are therefore much shorter: the extrahymenial setae
in the dissepiments of these two species are therefore very
limited. (This metrical agreement between the extra-
hymenial setae and the single cells of the generative hyphae
is one of the most cogent reasons for distinguishing them
from the skeletal hyphae of F. levigatus, which are essen-
tially elements of unlimited growth).
The hymenial setae develop as in F.. levigatus. Their
primordia sre subclavate cells indistinguishable from the
voung basidia, but the free ends of the primordia soon begin
to protrude in a blunt process which narrows as it extends
and thus, on cessation of growth, gives the acute apex to
the seta. On reaching full-size the wall thickens simul-
taneously all over or with a slight acropetal tendancy from
the base. The hymenial and extrahymenial setae both
develop in the same way as modified apical cells. They
are homologous. But the hymenial setae are very short
because with all the other cells of the hymenium they are
of very limited growth and, like those cells also, they are
directed at right angles to the longitudinal extrahymenial
setae.
The cystidia develop like the setae but they never
become thick-walled. They appear to be setae which are
limited not merely in growth but in differentiation. The
development of both can be seen in Text-Fig. 4.
Elements intermediate between hymenial and extra-
hymenial setae are naturally to be expected. When the
hyphal end which is about to form a thick-walled element
Gardens Bulletin, S.S._
:
s
5
4
Brown-root Fungus. Sat
Text-Fig. 5. Extrahymenial setae of maximum and minimum sizes:
a, b from the flesh and g, h, o from the dissepiments
of F. pachyphloeus: c, d from the flesh and m, n from
the dissepiments of F’. noxius: e, f from the flesh and
k, | from the dissepiments of F, lamaensis; x 500.
Vol. V. (1982).
328 KE. J. H. CoRNER.
is situated at the edge of the dissepiment neither on the
flank nor yet at the apex, the resulting seta is short and
subventricose and it projects obliquely into the tube: in
length, shape and direction it is intermediate. Such
elements are common in F. pachyphloeus (Text-Fig. 8),
but rare in F’. lamaensis and absent from F’. noxius which
has no hymenial setae, this being its prime condition. The
two kinds of seta in F’. pachyphloeus and F’. lamaensis show
very clearly how intricate are the factors which govern the ©
behaviour of the hyphae in the fruit-body. Some hyphal
apices have a propensity for becoming setae, t.e. thick-walled
cells; the kind of seta which they will become depends in
the dissepiments on whether they lie within or without the
influence of the form-factors of the hymenium, which may
be a matter of a space of 4 or 5u or less.
A conspicuous feature, though one by no means peculiar
since it is found in many other species of Fomes and
Ganoderma, is the presence of white floccose strands
radiating from the base to the margin in the flesh of old
fruit-bodies. They are incursions from the mycelium and
they are composed of two kinds of hyphae. There are many
narrow, much branched, lobed and interwoven hyphae, 2-6
wide, which become slightly thick-walled, and a few large
thin-walled radiating hyphae with inflated cells, 6—-18u wide,
which appear as storage elements. At first the narrow
hyphae grow in singly between the hyphae of the flesh
around which they apply themselves very closely and then
gradually corrode away their thickened walls. The narrow
hyphae thus lead the way, softening and eating out the
tissue, and only later do the white strands develop in tunnels
so excavated. The narrow hyphae penetrate also into the
tubes where they form a white or pale yellowish wadding,
as in F. levigatus. They apply themselves closely to the
remains of the subhymenium and round the ends of the ;
setae the walls of which are also very slowly dissolved. But :
the carbonaceous tissue of the dissepiments and the crust ‘
on the pileus are too dense to be affected.
Just as in the starved fruit-bodies of Polystictus
xanthopus (2), the walls of the hyphae are corroded from
the outside towards the lumen, (which suggests that it may
have been the generative hyphae which ate away the
skeletals in P. xanthopus too). The hyphae of the flesh
are rendered very thin-walled and tenuous and ultimately
they disintegrate. The generative hyphae naturally dis-
appear first and the extrahymenial setae more slowly. So,
in an intermediate stage, the extrahymenial setae lie free
in the loose mass of intrusive hyphae in the disintegrated
stroma and they can easily be teased apart under the
microscope, especially in F. pachyphloeus; in fact, this half-
digested tissue is the most suitable for studying the ~
extrahymenial setae. ~
Gardens Bulletin, SS.
a
———~s
77° =
lh i i
~~
> | a we
fd
«
ti
3
3
.
Brown-root Fungus. 329
The process is a kind of autodigestion, but to what end
it is difficult to discover, unless the narrow hyphae which
penetrate deeply into the fruit-body can carry the products
of digestion to the growing hyphae at the margin and at
the ends of the dissepiments. It seriously interferes with
the enlargement of the fruit-body on the original stroma,
which is the Fomes-mechanism, because the flesh may be
changed completely into a loose felt and the fruit-body,
thus deprived in great measure of its support, may drop
off: the flesh may be consumed to such an extent that the
crust is detached for a distance of several centimetres from
the base. It seems, however, that the fungus cannot prevent
these cannibalistic excursions from the mycelium.
In F’. lamaensis many of the white strands are enclosed
in black crustaceous tubes, suggesting that the hyphae of
the flesh immediately surrounding the strands become
agglutinated to stop any further intrusion. These crusta-
ceous layers are very seldom formed in the flesh of
F. pachyphloeus and its fruit-bodies suffer the more.
Specific Comparison
The three species agree in the following respects :—
Habitat: lignicolous, tropical.
Mycelial characters: forming brown or blackish inter-
secting lines in the infected wood, often as an irregular
network.
Fruit - bodies: typically sessile, applanate, perennial
brackets; upperside suleate, brown and velutinate at the
margin, becoming glabrous and dull black; margin obtuse;
flesh thick, yellow-brown, with a thick black stony crust
on the upperside and ultimately traversed by white mycelial
strands increscent from the base; tubes unlimited; pores
minute, round, ca. 100u wide; dissepiments 40—100u thick.
Hyphal structure of the fruit-body: monomitic with
extrahymenial setae, not exceeding 600u long, having thick
yellow brown walls and pointed ends; generative hyphae
unclamped. |
Spores: white, broadly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled,
1-guttate, ca. 4 & 3u.
Basidia: ca. 10 « 4u, with 4 sterigmata ca. 2u long.
Cystidia: thin-walled, hyaline, subventricose, 1.5—4u
wide.
Hymenium: ephemeral.
Yol. V. (1932).
330
BE. J. H. CoRNER.
They differ in the following respects :—
F. lamaensis.
Fruit - bodies often
effuso - reflexed,
rarely resupinate;
pilei applanate.
Upperside _ initially
deep rich brown.
Growing margin
pale fulvous-
ochraceous.
Growing pores um-
ber with a grey
bloom.
Flesh hard, dense,
woody; 2.5-10 mm.
thick at the base,
rarely up to 5 cm.
thick, with dark
brown, narrow
zones and nume-
rous' intersecting
black crustaceous
layers.
Tubes in the first
season up to 10
mm, long, finally
up to 26 mm. long.
Dissepiments carbo-
naceous with ag-
glutinated hyphae.
Pores 110-1301 wide.
Extrahymenial setae
in the flesh 3-5y
wide.
Extr. setae in the
dissep. up to 100u
long X 5-Tyu wide,
abundant.
Hyphae of the flesh
2-3.5 u wide,
F. noxius.
Effuso - reflexed,
often resupinate;
pilei applanate.
As F. lamaensis.
White or cream-
colour.
As F. lamaensis.
As F. lamaensis.
Up to 5 mm. and 11
mm. respectively.
As F. lamaensis.
80-1101."
4-10 y1.*
Up to 100 x 9-16 u,*
much less abun-
dant.
2.5-5 u.*
Gardens Bulletin, S.S._
F.. pachyphloeus.
Rarely effuso-re-
flexed; pilei be-
coming ungulate.
Initially light ful-
vous.
Light fulvous.
Light fulvous-cinna-
mon.
Very thick, light,
fibrous-woody; 12-
1830 mm. at the
base; without
zones and rarely
with a few crus-
taceous layers.
Up to 24 mm. and
17e mma tee
pectively.
Fibrous with the
hyphae not, or
only slightly, ag-
glutinated.
55-100.
8-17 1.
Up to 300 Xx
abundant.
9-1 Tbs
1.5-5u-
oa
Brown-root Fungus. 331
Table of Differences.—contd.
ne
F. lamaensis. F. noxius. F. pachyphloeus.
Hymenial setae very Absent. Abundant, 4-10u.
abundant, 5 — 8u
wide.
The pile on the up- Soon agglutinated. As F. nowius.
perside long per-
sistent.
Spores 3-3.5 xX 2.5- | 3.5-4.5 x 3-3.5u.* 4-6 X 3.5-4.5y.
3 U-
Mycelium forming As F. lamaensis. ?
superficial brown
felts.
Saprophytie. Frequently para- As F. noxius.
Siiic:”
Some of these points are worth expounding.
The fruit-bodies of Ff. noxius are the least typical of
the genus. They are degenerate and tend to the resupinate
condition of Poria. A resupinate patch is always developed
before the pilei project horizontally; even on _ vertical
surfaces, patches up to 12 cm. in extent precede the pilei.
Those of F’. lamaensis and F. pachyphloeus, on the other
hand, are typically sessile brackets. On vertical surfaces
their primordia are hemispherical knobs, as compact as can
be, and they grow directly into the brackets, like those of
F. levigatus: subsequently, in F. lamaensis, a_ small
resupinate ‘ foot’ is usually developed by a limited spreading
of the lower margin of the primordium. Only when the
primordia of F. lamaensis arise on the underside of
branches do they form extensive resupinate patches like
those of F’. noxvus, and when the margins of these patches
begin to ascend the sides of the branch they grow out into
flange-like pilei. I have found very few fruit-bodies of
F. pachyphloeus of this effuso-refliexed form, which is so
common among sessile polypores, probably because it grows
mostly on upright trunks, living or dead: however, it
certainly has not the spreading Poria-tendancy of the other
two.
The fruit-bodies of F. lamaensis and F. pachyphloeus
may reach a large size, one of F’. pachyphloeus being among
the largest recorded for the polypores. But while those of
Vol. V. (1982).
332 E. J. H. CORNER.
F. lamaensis are always relatively thin, those of F. pachy-
phleous thicken and become more or less ungulate, as
massive tube-layers develop each season with the minimum
of sterile tissue at the margin. In F. lamaensis, the
hymenium is extended perennially by the marginal growth
of the pileus rather than by the downgrowth of the
dissepiments; in F’. pachyphloeus, by downgrowth of the
dissepiments rather than by marginal growth of the pileus.
The difference can be referred directly to the structure.
The agglutination of the dissepiments in F’. lamaensis must
interfere with the food-supply to the downgrowing hyphal
ends; they cannot deflect the food from the mycelium so
strongly as those in F’. pachyphloeus which are not impeded
by agglutination. Therefore, the food goes mostly to the
margin in F. lamaensis. In F. pachyphloeus the food,
travelling radially, can be drained away vigorously all along
into the dissepiments and little will arrive at the margin,
which is consequently stunted.
The fruit-bodies of F’. noxius are much smaller and this
is doubtless due to the fact that it frequents opener places
where growth is more likely to be interrupted by spells of
dry weather. Apart from cultivation, I have found
F’. noxius only in secondary jungle or in clearings in the
forest, and the largest specimen I gathered in an overgrown
thicket at the edge of a ricefield near Kuala Pilah, Negri
Sembilan. I have never found F’. lamaensis in the open,
but seldom in secondary jungle, nearly always and always
most luxuriantly in the damp riverside forests on the well-
rotted tree-trunks. F’. pachyphloeus, in the same way,
seems to develop best when parasitic on the big trees in’
the high forest.
The different texture of the flesh is due to the
differences in size and relative abundance of the two kinds
of tissue-elements, which can be seen in Text-Fig. 1. The
tissue is densest in F’. lamaensis because the elements are
the narrowest and the extrahymenial setae are relatively
most abundant. It is lightest in fF’. pachyphloeus because
the relations are inverted, the extrahymenial setae being
relatively the least numerous and the generative hyphae the
widest. F. noxius is intermediate.
The chief points in which F. noxius is intermediate
between the other species are indicated in the Table of
Differences by an asterisk. They relate to the width of the
tissue-elements, but it is unwise to suppose that F’. noxius
is phylogenetically a link between them. The similar struc-
ture of the upper surface in F’. noxius and F’. pachyphloeus,
which is suggestive at first sight, is probably only an out-
come of the greater width and preponderance of the
generative hyphae accompanied with early agglutination, —
as.in the pore-field also of F’. lamaensis, as well as in F,
noxius. As already mentioned, F’. lamaensis and F. noxius
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
A ist
eee ee
rea ee eee ee
Brown-root Fungus. 3338
are easily distinguishable from F’. pachyphloeus by the
agglutinated tissue of their dissepiments.
The surest way to distinguish F. lamaensis from
I’. noxius is by a longitudinal section of the dissepiments;
it is most unsafe to reiy on macroscopic characters. In the
section from F’. lamaensis, numbers of hymenial setae will
be seen projecting perpendicularly into the tubes besides the
ends of the extrahymenial setae which lie obliquely near the
surface, Text-Fig. 6. In F.. noxius there are only the ends
of the oblique extrahymenial setae, which are two or three
times as wide as those of F. lamaensis and far less
numerous, Text-Fig. 6: one may need to search in several
tubes, indeed, before finding any, whereas the least
fragment of F’. lamaensis from which a section can be cut
will discover both kinds. But, to be quite clear, let me
repeat the characters of the hymenial setae. They are thick-
walled apical cells in the hymenium; their long axes are
therefore at right angles to those of the hyphae in the
dissepiments; they are more or less conical, subventricose
below, with acute apex, and they rarely exceed 40w long.
in ail the fruit-bodies of F’. noxius which I have examined,
1 have seen nothing of the kind.
The alternative distinction in the width of the hyphae
is not as certain, although it holds in most cases. I have
a few collections in which the hyphae are about as wide as
in F. noxius, but I prefer to regard them as a variety of
F. lamaensis, as will be explained later. They do not upset
the identification of the Brown-root fungus because they are
not parasitic.
Specific Descriptions
Fomes lamaensis (Murr.) Sacc. et Trott. Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8.
Syn. Pyropolyporus lamaensis Murr. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
34, 479, 1907.
Pyropolyporus Williamsii Murr. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
34, 479, 1907.
Fomes Williamsii (Murr.) Sacc. et Trott. Sacc. Syli.
Fung. 8, 289.
Fomes Wiiliamsiu (Murr.) Bres. Hedw. 538, 59, 1912,
Fomes lamaoensis auctt.
? Fomes (Poria) cacao Pat.
? Fomes sublamaensis Lloyd
Effuso-reflexed, or sessile, bracket-shaped with a more or less
distinct resupinate foot, rarely wholly resupinate: pilei dimidiate,
applanate, often subspathulate and lobed in large specimens, ascend-
ing, sometimes imbricate, up to 28.5 cm. in radius, 43 cm. wide: effuso-
reflexed specimens with the resupinate part spreading up to 30 cm.
wide, and the pilei fusing into horizontal flanges.
Upperside concentrically sulcate with narrow crowded zones or
broad distant zones, more or less velutinate, sometimes matt, deep
Vol. V. (1982).
E. J. H. CORNER.
oo4
PB
‘001 X ‘isnaozydhyond *y ‘a Ssnixou “y ‘q /sisuapucD)
‘4 ‘@ ‘squewrdesstp oy} jo suoljoes [eUIpnyduoyT “9g ‘BILy-3xe]
~3
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
y
: si
S ‘a/
2
=
SS wt
a
Brown-root Fungus. 335
rich brown, tawny-bay, becoming glabrous and blackish brown from
the centre outwards, often with narrow darker zones, finally wholly
giabrous and dull pitch-black: margin obtuse, becoming lobed in large
spec.mens, subvertical and shortly stepped in perennial forms, pale
tawny-ochraceous, darker when dry.
Flesh mostly rather thin 2.5-10 mm. thick at the base and .5-8
mm. thick at 5 mm. from the margin, occasionally up to 5 cm. thick
at the base and 10-19 mm. at 5 mm. from the margin, .5—2 mm. thick
in the resupinate part, woody, dense, rigid, rather sappy when young,
varying bright tawny-ockraceous to dark cinnamon-ferruginous with
narrow crowded darker zones, developing a carbonaceous black crust,
.O-2.5 mm. thick, on the upperside and black radiating carbonaceous
plates and lines, .5-1.5 mm. thick, in the tissue, often intersecting to
form a network: finally with white floccose mycelial strands radiating
from the base.
Tubes rather short, in the first season up to 10 mm. long at the
base and .3-2 mm, at 5 mm. from the margin, in perennial specimens
with several layers each 1-10 mm. thick and often separated by a thin
layer of flesh .8-1 mm. thick, giving a total thickness up to 26 mm.,
stony or carbonaceous, umber, drying datebrown or fuscous: pores
umber with a grey. bloom, drying date-brown, round, minute, 110-
130u wide. with dissepiments entire, 40-100u thick.
Spores 3-8.5 X 2.5-3u, white, broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled, with
ore small gutta, .5-ly wide.
Basidia 8-11 x 3.5-4 uy subclavate, with 4 sterigmata, 1.5-2u long.
Cystidia 16-1380 x 1.5-44 wide below and 1-1.5y4 wide above,
ventricose, apex gradually tapered, thin-walled, colourless, vacuolate,
evanescent.
Hymenial setae 20-45 x 5-8u, conical or subventricose, apex
acuic, rarely obtuse, straight or slightly curved, very thick-walled,
more or less solid, dark ferruginous, smooth, very abundant.
Extrahymenial setae up to 600u long xX 3-5y wide in the flesh,
up to 100u long X 5-Tyu wide in the dissepiments, abundant.
Generative hyphae 2-3.5u wide.
Hab. in damp forest, saprophytic on tree-trunks.
EXSICCATI EXAMINED:—
Tyne-collection of F.. lamaensis, Lamao R., Luzon, P. I., Nov.
1904, R. S. Williams.
Type-collection of F. Williamsu, Lamao R., Luzon, P. I., Dec.
1903, R. S. Williams.
Bur. Sci. Man. No. 50131, P. I., 1931, C. J. Humphrey.
Bur. Sci. Man. No. 50132, P. I., 1929, C. J. Humphrey.
Sing. Field No. 5094, Singapore, 1919, T. F. Chipp.
Sing. Field No. 5377, Singapore, 1919, T. F. Chipp.
Sing. Field No. 5876, Singapore, 1920, T. F. Chipp.
Sing. Field No. 5878, Singapore, 1920, T. F. Chipp, named
F. senex Mont. by C. G. Lloyd.
Sing. Field No. 9462, Johore, 1922, R. E. Holttum.
Sing. Field No. 9507, Johore, 1922, R. E. Holttum.
Sing. Field No. 9510, Johore, 1922, R. E. Holttum.
Sing. Field No. 10950, Johore, 1923, R. E. Holttum, named
F. extensus Lev. by C. G. Lloyd.
Sing. Field No. 23712, Negri Sembilan, 1930, E. J. H. Corner.
Sing. Field No. 24490, Negri Sembilan, 1930, E. J. H. Corner.
Vol. V. (1982).
336 E. J. H. CORNER.
Sing. Field No. 24487, Pahang, 1930, E. J. H. Corner.
Sing. Field No. 24488, Pahang, 1930, E. J. H. Corner. -
Sing. Field No. 12190, Kelantan, 1924, M. Nur.
Sing. Field No. 19014, Borneo, 1927, C. Boden-Kloss.
Sing. Field No. 19192, Borneo, 1927, C. Boden-Kloss.
Sing. Field No. 14589, Sumatra, 1924, C. Boden-Kloss.
C. F. Baker No, 5408, Singapore, 1917, named Fomes (Poria)
cacao Pat. by N. Patouillard. ? co-type.
That it is the true F’. lamaensis and that F’. Williamsii
is a synonym, as Bresadola first noted, I have checked by
microscopic examination of the types. Both types are in
the herbarium at the New York Botanic Gardens and were
collected by R. S. Williams on the Lamao River, P.I. They
were described by Murrill in the same paper and on the
same page in terms that are almost identical, though
Murrill seems not to have noticed any similarity, and in
the next year he assigned F’. Williamsu to F. endothejus
Berk. (7), which, as Bresadola and Lloyd have remarked,
is utterly false since F’. endothejus is a species with brown
spores and without setae. The description of F’. lamaensis
came first and this name therefore has priority. Bresadola
substituted the name ‘ Williamsii,’ in which he was followed
by Patouillard, apparently on the ground that the fruit-
bodies in the type-collection of F. Williamsi being larger
than those in the type-collection of F’. lamaensis represented
what he called the ‘ status adultus,’ those of F’. lamaensis
being the ‘ status juvenilis’ of the species. But this notion
seems to have arisen from a remarkable misunderstanding.
In the first place, the term ‘adult’ cannot be applied to
fruit-bodies of the Fomes-kind which are virtually of
unlimited growth and which continue to produce basidio-
spores from a very early stage, unless it is reserved for
those fructifications which do produce basidiospores and so
must then be applied to every state but the primordial knob,
in which case the terms ‘mature’ and ‘immature’ seem
more appropriate. But the fruit-bodies in the type-
collections of both species are all mature, though in neither
can they be regarded as full-grown since the fruit-bodies
are perennial and much larger ones are easy to find else-
where. In the second place, it seems that the terms ‘ status
juvenilis’ and ‘status adultus’ (which can mean only
immature and mature) were confused with the terms
‘imperfect state’ and ‘ perfect state’ in their mycological
sense and thus the rule of procedure for the radically
different proposition when a fungus imperfectus is joined
with an ascomycete or basidiomycete was applied here also.
It is important that this point should be clear or it may
become lawful to substitute many other names for the
singular reason that they were given to bigger specimens
of the same species.
The species name, taken from the place of discovery,
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Ee
re
Brown-root Fungus. 337
Lloyd changed to ‘lamaoensis,’ which etymologically may
be the more correct, and he has been followed by others.
But one must keep to the original spelling as it is clearly
no misprint. The origin of the name ‘ Lamao’ is, moreover,
uncertain. Is it a native word, or is it derived from the
spanish ‘lama’ meaning ‘mud’ or ‘flat swampy land’
(latin, lama-ae), or, as seems most likely, from ‘la majo,’
meaning the hand, which has suffered contraction and
fusion into ‘lamao,’ for there is also a Point Lamao?
Lloyd has explained the late discovery of this species
which is so common in the East (6). It was mistaken for
F. igniarius. In the herbarium at Leiden he found many
collections which had been sent from Java nearly a hundred
years ago and thus referred.
The collection named Fomes cacao Pat., listed above,
may be part of the type but I have not access to the original
description and cannot be certain if the name is a synonym.
Baker wrote on the packet in the Singapore herbarium
‘Fomes (Poria) cacao Pat. n. sp.’ and it is evidently a
collection which he made in the Singapore Botanic Gardens
and sent to Patouillard for identification. It is merely an
ill-developed resupinate form of F’. lamaensis; the conditions
in the Botanic Gardens are now too dry for the growth of
this, species.
There is no reliable evidence that this species is ever
parasitic. It is acommon saprophyte in the Malayan forests
from sea-level to an altitude of 4,000 ft. (Fraser’s Hill) ;
whether it occurs on the highest mountains cannot yet be
said, for they have not been explored mycologically.
The shape of the fruit-body is characteristic. Common-
ly marginal growth is so strongly ascending that a rather
thin, rigid bracket with strongly concave upper surface and
convex under surface is produced and such fruit-bodies,
seated like wall-basins on the tree-trunks, can easily be
recognised from afar, as shown in the Plate.
Spores are few because the hymenium is limited to a
distance of 500u at most from the pores and it is not very
active. In spite of many attempts I have not obtained a
spore-print, though microscopic examination has after-
wards revealed fertile basidia scattered through the
hymenium. If the spores are so scarce, why is this species
so abundant? Like those of F. levigatus, and of F. noxtus
and F. pachyphloeus also, the fruit-bodies cannot survive
even a few days desiccation once detached from the substra-
tum; they merely become very mouldy on soaking out again.
“ven when attached to the substratum, they will spore again
after desiccation only when new hyphae have grown out
from the margin and dissepiments and formed a new
hymenium; they have no means of interstitial growth in
the old hymenium and are thus in striking contrast to the
Polystictus-type.
Vol, V. (1932).
338 E. J. H. CORNER.
In two respects the fruit-bodies are so variable that
it might seem advisable to distinguish varieties. Most
obvious are differences in the appearance of the upper
surface, which may be velvety or tomentose for a distance
of several centimetres from the margin or only finely
velutinate or matt, initially, and rapidly glabrescent: and
there are many intermediate states. But specimens of any
one collection from the same piece of wood, and therefore
developing, presumably, from the same mycelium, always
agree in their state of velvetiness, which must be hereditary.
But what is meant by this velvetiness? It is a macroscopic
character which signifies a palisade of free hvphal ends at
the surface. what I have called the pile on the upverside.
Now the pile has two obvious properties, the one of height,
the other of extent, both of which effect the macroscopic
velvetiness. Take, first, the height. It is determined
primarily by the outgrowth of the hyphae after thev have
quitted the margin, which, if long continued, results in a
tall pile and a velvety surface and, if soon arrested, a low
pile and a matt surface. But it is also determined by the
depth below the surface at which the crust develops, 7.e.
the distance between the ends of the hyphae on the upper
surface and the level in the flesh where their stalks begin
to be agglutinated, for this distance being the free length
of the hyphae is the height of the pile. The distance is
generally 100—200u, but in some cases only 50u and in others
as much as 500u, which is a range easily sufficient to cover
the terms matt to tomentose as they are used in mycology.
The height of the pile is thus the result of two independant
processes and different combinations of the two may have
the same effect. For example, a thicklv velvety surface may
result from a long-continued outgrowth and a crust begin-
ning at a medium depth of 200u, or from an early arrest
of outgrowth and a crust beginning at the greatest depth
of 500u: similarly, a matt surface will result when the crust
begins at a shallow depth whether or not the outgrowth is
long-continued. In practice, however, it is often exceedingly
difficult to determine how these processes have been com-
bined because there is no base-line of reference in the
fruit-body. Some simple cases are shown in Text-Fig. 7.
Specimens a and d both have the outgrowth on the upper
surface long-continued, as can be told in the radial section
from the descent of the upperside toward the margin, c.f.
the ascent of the pores on the underside. But in specimen
a the crust develops deeply so that the surface is tomentose,
and in specimen d it develops very near to the upper surface
which is matt. Contrast, then, snecimens b and e. The
outgrowth in both is soon arrested. since the line of the
upperside runs parallel with the direction of marginal
growth, which is ascending. but specimen ) is tomentose
because the crust develops deeply and specimen e is only
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
4
Brown-root Fungus. 339
velutinate because the crust develops nearer to the surface.
Thus specimens a and b are both tomentose but for different
reasons and specimens d and e are both matt, also, for
different reasons (the crust develops much nearer to the
surface in d than in e). Specimen c is rather a freak, but
it shows how important is the level of inception of the crust.
Take now the extent of the pile. How much of the
upper surface behind the margin will be velvety? It
depends upon the rate at which the pile is effaced through
the development of the crust and, also, upon the rate of
marginal growth. The rate at which the pile is effaced
depends in turn on three factors, at least :—
a. on the rate of agglutination in the tissue: (it may
proceed at lu an hour, or double or treble or half this rate,
for who knows?) : if low, the pile will remain free for a
long time and the surface will tend to be widely velvety.
6b. on the rate of outgrowth of the pile: if a high rate
is maintained for a long time, then it will be longer before
the crust reaches the surface than if the rate were low or
the time were short, and the surface will tend to be widely
velvety.
c. on the level of inception of the crust: if deep, then
the crust will take longer to reach the surface than if
shallow, and the surface will tend to be widely velvety.
There are no data on these points and they will be
exceedingly difficult to obtain, yet without them one cannct
analyse completely the state of the upper surface from mere
inspection. As for the rate of marginal growth, it is obvious
that when it is high there will ke a wider zone occupied
by the pile between the margin and the mature encrusted
surface than when the rate is low. The rate is highest in
young fruit-bodies and declines as the fruit-bodies grow
older. Small fruit-bodies, which are young, tend therefore
to have a widely velvety surface and large ones, being old,
tend to have only a narrow velvety zone, 1-2 mm. wide,
near the margin. But not all fruit-bodies are small because
they are young. Many are small because they are stunted
through lack of food or lack of moisture, or because they
have developed in rather dry surroundings which have
reduced the rate of growth continuously or intermittently
in spells of dry weather, and the macroscopic appearance
of the upper surface varies accordingly. So the extent of
the pile is determined by many independant factors different
combinations of which give the same effect, just as in the
case of the height of the pile.
Evidently ‘ velvetiness’ is no simple character which
can be used as an element in classification but a most com-
plicated one derived from the interaction of environmental
factors as well as numerous internal form-factors. A
variety ‘tomentosus’ would mean an unnatural assemblage
of young or stunted fruit-bodies, some with deeply conceived
Vol. V. (1932).
340 EK. J. H. CORNER.
aon uo
UTA {ULL itt
Text-Fig. 7. Radial sections through the margins of actively growing
pilei of F’. lamaensis: the thick line below the upper
surface represents the crust: x 5.
crust, some with long-continued outgrowth of the pile, some
with slow agglutination and so on. Velvetiness is a
phenotypic character. The hereditary genotypic characters
are the states of the form-factors and on them varieties
should be based: but I have refrained because it is too
difficult to determine them.
In the second place there is the colour of the flesh,
which is generally bright tawny-ochraceous, in some cases
lurid ochraceous, but in others dark ferruginous; in some
it is the colour of turmeric, in others the hue of mahogany:
and there are all intermediate states. The difference in
Gardens Bulletin, S.S. —
Brown-root Fungus. 341
some cases is merely one of age, the colour darkening as
agglutination proceeds in the old fruit-bodies. In other
cases it appears to be hereditary, like the states of velveti-
ness, some fruit-bodies having the darkly coloured flesh
from the first. Such fruit-bodies with dark flesh Lloyd
made into a new species, F’. sublamaensis (5). Now the
colour of the flesh depends upon the thickness of the hyphal
walls, the size of the hyphae, the abundance of the extra-
hymenial setae, the closeness of the tissue, the degree of
agglutination, the intensity of the pigment on the wall, in
the wall and in the lumen, and on the amount of moisture
present, to cite but a few possibilities. These are indepen-
dant factors, different combinations of which may have the
same macroscopic effect and these effects are also exceeding-
ly difficult to analyse in practice. What ‘good can come of
confusing them by basing a variety or a species on the
character ‘ brownness,’ which unqualified has no mycological
significance? What is it that is brown? ‘Add to which the
induction that a very slight, imperceptible variation in one
determining factor in the individual hypha may make an
appreciable difference macroscopically when thousands are
viewed together in the mass. The shade of the flesh may
be determined by differences which are trifling in the living
units. Furthermore, fruit-bodies with the flesh of one shade
may have matt or tomentose surfaces: the colour of the flesh
and the velvetiness of the surface do not vary together.
How can one classify the combinations of these two
characters, let alone analysing each in its causal aspect?
Confusion surely must result from using such macroscopic
characters in mycological systematy, unless they indicate
unmistakeable hyphal properties.
I have gone into these variations at length because they
offer in the extreme such striking differences, or some will
affirm that I have confounded several species as F’.
lamaensis. Velvetiness and colour of the flesh are favourite
diagnostic characters, but as they mean so much they are
useless till qualified microscopically. Almost all the muddles
and mistakes—and many there are too—in the systematy
of polypores have arisen through this reliance on macros-
copic characters without analysing them, and the micros-
copical elements have been overlooked from which one can
identify with certainty. It must be right to deal at first
with hyphae, not hairs or down, or velvet or tomentum,
which are compound.
Fomes lamaensis var. secedens var. nov.
A forma typica differt setis extrahymenialibus paulo crassioribus,
in carne 4-8, latis, in dissepimentis 5-91 latis, et hyphis generantibus
2-4.5u latis.
Type:—Sing. Field No. 24489, Pahang (Padang Piol), 1930.
Vol. V. (1982).
342 E. J. H. Corner.
EXSICCATI EXAMINED:—
Sing. Field No. 11354 Pahang, 1922, named F. lamaensis by
C. G. Lloyd. Clemens 4552, Philippine Fungi, Luzon, 1924, named
F.. lamaensis by C. J. Humphrey.
The fruit-bodies are effuso-reflexed. They are super-
ficially indistinguishable from small specimens of F.
lamaensis and from typical specimens of F. noxius. The
skeletals of the flesh are about the same size as those of
F’.. noxius but there are abundant hymenial setae in the
tubes, just like those of F.. lamaensis. It is thus inter-
mediate in these characters and, as one might expect from
the width of the hyphae, the structure of the upper surface
is more like that of F’. noxius. They are perhaps the issue
of a hybrid mycelium, but until this is proven and since
they give the ‘lamaensis-appearance’ in the diagnostic
section of the tubes, it is better to make them a variety
of F’. lamaensis. All the collections were saprophytic.
Fomes noxius sp. n.
F’. lamaensi persimilis, sed distinguitur his modis: pilei superficie
rapidius glabrescenti; margine in vivo albo, cremeo vel pallide
ochraceo; tubulis brevioribus, usque 11 mm. longis; poris minusculis,
80-1104 latis; sporis majusculis, 3.5-4.5 « 3-3.5u; setis hymenialibus
nullis; setis extrahymenialibus multo crassioribus, in carne 4-10u
latis, in dissepimentis 9-164 latis; hyphis generantibus 2.5-5u latis ;
mycelio saepe parasitico.
Effuso-reflexed, pilei applanate, dimidiate, slightly ascending,
up to 13.5 em. radius, 25 em. wide; resupinate part spreading up to
35 cm. wide.
Upperside as in F. lamaensis, rapidly glabrescent; growing
margin white, creamy white or pale ochraceous.
Flesh 6-19 mm. thick at the base, rarely up to 5 em. thick, 1.5—
12 mm. at 5 mm. from the margin, .5—-2 mm. in the resupinate part,
texture and colour as in F. lamaensis; crust .5-1 mm. thick; black
crustaceous lines and mycelial strands as in F’. lamaensis.
Tubes short, in the first season 2-5 mm. long at the base, .3—-1.5
mm. at 5 mm. from the margin, developing 2—5 layers each 1-3 mm.
thick, with a thin intervening layer of flesh .5-1 mm. thick, with a
total thickness up to 11 mm., carbonaceous, concolorous with F.
lamaensis; pores as in F. lamaensis, rather smaller, 80-110u wide,
dissepiments 40-1001 thick.
Spores as in F. lamaensis, rather larger, 3.5-4.5 x 3-3.5, with .
one gutta 1-2.5y wide.
Basidia and cystidia as in F’. lamaensis, cystidia sparse.
Hymenial setae none.
Extrahymenial setae in the flesh up to 600u long x 4-104 wide,
in the dissepiments up to 100u long x 9-16u wide.
Generative hyphae 2.5-5y wide.
Hab. saprophytic or parasitic at the base of trees, in clearings,
estates or secondary jungle.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Brown-root Fungus. 343
Type:—Sing. Field No. 25750 on Delonix regia, Singapore, 1932.
EXSICCATI EXAMINED:—
Sing. Field No. 5756, Singapore, 1920, T. F. Chipp.
Sing. Field No. 8391, Singapore, 1922, named F’. lamaens’s by
C. G. Lloyd.
Sing. Field No. 23168, Singapore, 1930, E. J. H. Corner.
Sing. Field No. 23741, Negri Sembilan, 1930, E. J. H. Corner.
Sing. Field No. 24486, Pahang, 1930, E. J. H. Corner.
Sing. Field No. 24851, Pahang, 1931, E. J. H. Corner.
C. F. Baker No. 5423, Singapore, 1917, named Polyporus
Williiamsii Murr. by N. Patouillard.
Elmer No. 7556, Luzon, P.I., 1905, named Pyropolyporus
Williiamsii ? by W. A. Murrill.
Peradeniya Herb. No. 5412, named F’.. lamaoensis by C. G. Lloyd.
That this species is the cause of the Brown-root of
rubber trees, I have proved by examining specimens of
the fungus from diseased trees in Malaya, as well as one
of the collections from Ceylon which Petch sent to Lloyd
for determination. I presume that it causes the Brown-root
of tea-bushes too, though I have not had the opportunity
of examining specimens. It is also the suspected cause of
the stem-rot of the oil-palm (Hlaeis guineensis) in the East
Indies. I examined several specimens from diseased palms,
which Thompson submitted for identification, and it is the
species referred to in his paper as ‘ Fomes sp. resembling
F’.. pachyphloeus Pat.’: (1 was first struck by the large size
of the extrahymenial setae in the dissepiments, which are
like those of F. pachyphloeus rather than F. lamaensis).
Lately I have examined other specimens from diseased oil-
palms in Sumatra and found them to be the same species.
It is probably a wide-spread parasite both in Africa and
the East since I have little doubt that the diseases which
have been attributed recently to F’. lamaensis will be found
to have been caused by F. noxius (12). The only other
case which I have met with is that of a Flame of the Forest
tree, Delonix regia, in the Singapore Botanic Gardens; the
fungus, which had evidently entered by the roots, developed
fruit-bodies at the collar of the tree and caused the branches
to die-back to such an extent that the tree had to be cut
down. I have not found it parasitic in the forest.
I made several observations on the rate of development
of the fruit-bodies as they came up on some logs in the
Botanic Gardens: I had the logs put in a shady place and
well watered except in rainy weather.
The primordium appears on the surface of the wood
as a minute, creamy white, villose speck, .5-1 mm. wide.
It does not develop straightaway into the hemispherical
primordium of the pileus even on vertical surfaces but it
grows at the periphery over the surface of the wood to
form a circular, or irregular, resupinate patch about .5 mm.
thick. The rate of marginal growth of this patch, 7.e. the
Vol. V. (1982).
344 E. J. H. CORNER.
rate of increase in radius, varies considerably according to
the supply of water, the humidity of the air and the age
of the patch. The maximum rate which I obtained was
2mm. per diem (24 hours). If conditions are favourable,
it appears that a rate of 1-1.5 mm. per diem is soon reached
and may be maintained until the patch is 10 ecm. wide and
possibly more. But if the air is dry, growth is much
impeded and the rate falls to .1—.3 mm. per diem; in several
cases, even though the logs were watered heavily twice
daily, growth ceased altogether in sunny rainless weather.
When the resupinate patches are 10-16 mm. wide, pores
develop over the centre and a pore-field travels centrifugally
at a distance of 2-3 mm. from the margin. On vertical
surfaces pilei do not develop until the patches are 2—4 cm.
wide and in some cases not until they are 12 cm. wide. If
the resupinate patches developed on the underside of the log,
then no pilei were formed, of course, until the margin of
the resupinate part had spread on to an ascending surface.
The pileus arises as a short horizontal ridge, 2-12 mm.
long, from some part of the resupinate patch through the
proliferation of the hyphae of the dissepiments, occasionally
at the margin. The rate of marginal growth, i.e. the
increase in the radius from the centre of attachment to the
free margin of the bracket, corresponds with that of the
resupinate part. The maximum rate which I observed was
1.6 mm. per diem. The growing margin of the pileus is as
susceptible to dry air as that of the resupinate part, being
very easily checked by a rainless day or two, though
similarly under favourable conditions it appears that a rate
of 1-1.5 mm. per diem is soon attained. I did not succeed
in growing pilei larger than 3.5 cm. in radius and 6.8 cm.
wide, but one of these had a rate of marginal growth of
1.6 mm. per diem when 3.2 cm. in radius. Doubtless in
large specimens the rate declines even under the most
favourable conditions, as in F’. levigatus.
When marginal growth is arrested for several days,
the surface of the fruit-body blackens owing to the agglu-
tination of the hyphal ends, and the fruit-bodies may remain
in this state for any length of time up to 3 months, at least,
and still be able to revive on the return of wet weather.
In reviving, lateral hyphae sprout from the margin and
underside, sometimes from the upperside also, and cover
the fruit-body with a fresh, creamy white down: then the
radial growth of the limb and the downgrowth of the tubes
continue. These successive additions can easily be recog-
nised in the structure of the fruit-bodies since a thin
crustaceous line extends through the flesh from the upper
surface to the tubes where marginal growth has been
arrested, and there are often thin layers of flesh between
the successive layers of tubes.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Brown-root Fungus. 345
These observations on the rate of growth are
confirmed by Thompson’s on the development of the fruit-
bodies on the trunks of oil-palms. A bracket, 5 cm. in
radius, took two months to develop, that is to say, at an
average rate of marginal growth of .8 mm. per diem. On
account of the slow growth and the extreme susceptibility
to dryness, the fruit-bodies which develop under estate-
conditions, like those of Ganoderma pseudoferreum (1), are
usually stunted and small, often abortive and mostly
resupinate, and have several short layers of tubes. The
resupinate -state might easily be mistaken for a Poria, as
Patouillard mistook a similar state of F’. lamaensis, and the
species may have been described previously as a Poria. And
as Petch has shown, the superficial sterile mycelium, which
has projecting extrahymenial setae, was put originally in
Hymenochaete with the nomen nudum, H. noxia Berk.
Fomes pachyphloeus Pat.
Sessile, bracket-shaped, horizontal, usually thick, applanate, often
becoming subungulate, sometimes with a small resupinate foot, rarely
in small specimens effuso-reflexed; up to 24 cm. in radius, 45 cm.
wide, with the vertical margin up to 10 cm. high.
Upperside distantly sulcate, occasionally rugulose or coarsely
tuberculate, finely velutinate or matt, light fulvous or dull brown,
becoming glabrous and dull black from the centre outwards, often
cracking irregularly into small areas on drying; margin very thick,
obtuse, finally often stepped, light fulvous.
Flesh usually thick, 1.2-13 cm. at the base, 2-14 mm. at 5 mm.
from the margin, sappy-woody drying light and fibrous, fulvous or
light cinnammon-fawn, with white mycelial strands radiating from
the base and a hard carbonaceous black crust, 1-2.5 mm. thick, at
the surface; without carbonaceous lines in the tissue or very occasion-
ally with one or two thin lines at the base.
Tubes long, in the first season 12-24 mm. long at the base,
.5-3.5 mm. at 5 mm. from the margin, developing indistinct layers
each 3-20 mm. thick in perennial speeimens and reaching a total
thickness of 17.5 cm., without intervening layers of flesh or with
very thin layers less than .5 mm. thick, slightly darker brown than
the flesh, of similar texture; pores minute, round, 55-1004 wide,
dissepiments 40-110, thick, pale cimnammon-fawn drying darker.
Spores as in F’. lamaensis, 4-6 3.5-4.54 with one gutta, 5-24
wide; the old spores in the tubes with pale yellow walls.
Basidia subclavate, 9-11 x 4-64 with 4 sterigmata 2-2.5y long.
Cystidia as in F. lamaensis, sparse, 12-25 x 2-4.
Hymenial setae abundant, often in small groups, conical and more
or less ventricose, very variable in shape, often curved or arcuate,
with thick dark brown walls, narrow lumen and pale acute straight
or hooked apex, sometimes 2—3-fid at the base, 138-35 x 4-10 u.
Extrahymenial setae up to 6004 long xX 8-174 wide in the flesh,
40-300 xX 9-17y in the dissepiments.
Generative hyphae 1.5-5y wide.
Hab. saprophytic or parasitic on tree-trunks in forest.
EXSICCATI EXAMINED:—
Sing. Field No. 5563, Selangor, 1920.
Sing. Field No. 23169, Perlis, 1929.
Vol. V. (1932).
346 E. J. H. CORNER.
Sing. Field No. 23698, Selangor, 1930.
Sing. Field No. 23710, Negri Sembilan, 1930.
Sing. Field No. 24197, Pahang, 1930.
Sing. Field No. 24491, Johore, 1931.
Bur. Sci. Man, 'No.'-45813. PE
Bur. Sci. Man. No. 50128, P.I.
Bur. Sci. Man. No. '50129;° PL
Bur. Sci. Man. No. 50130, P.I.
This species is common and widely distributed in
Malaysia. it appears to be common also in Africa (10)
and it has been reported from the West Indies (11). Asa
parasite, in Malaya, it seems to prefer leguminous trees.
{ have found it on several occasions on species of Dialium,
which are large timber-trees of the top storey in the forest,
and there are collections from the Angsana (Pterocarpus
indicus) and the Rain-tree (Pithecolobiwm saman) in the
Singapore Herbarium. It has not been reported from
estates. Saprophytically, it seems, like many other ligni-
colous fungi, to prefer fig-trunks, doubtless because the wood
is soft and easily decayed. In the mountains its piace seems
to be taken by F.. melanodermus Pat., which is a distinct
species though of similar construction, as I shall show in
a subsequent paper.
The largest single pileus ever reported among the
Polyporaceae belongs to this species. Lloyd found a speci-
men from Java in the herbarium at Leiden which was a
subungulate bracket 150 cm. wide (probably 80 cm. in
radius), though the details are not certain for on an earlier
page he remarks that it was 250 cm. wide (4)! In Malaya
fruit-bodies 12-20 cm. in radius and 20-30 cm. wide are
frequent but I have not found them larger than recorded
in the description. Those of F’. setulosus and Ganoderma
fusco-pallens (Bres.) Humphr. are often larger and much
denser.
Macroscopically the fruit-bodies are almost as variable
as those of F’. lamaensis. The thickness of the flesh differs
greatly and depends primarily on the size reached by the
primordium before the margin of the pileus develops. A
specimen in Peradeniya Herb. No. 4946 is a hemispherical
primordium, 13 cm. wide x 9.7 cm. in radius, without a
trace of tubes or crust. In other cases the primordium may
be only 6-10 mm. in radius when marginal growth of the
pileus begins. The upper surface may be extensively veluti-
nate or rapidly glabrescent; it is never as velvety as in
F. lamaensis because the crust always develops close to the
surface. The upper surface may also be hispid, especially
near the margin, owing to the projecting extrahymenial
setae, and I have made a new variety on the extreme
development of this character. Some fruit-bodies, too, are
persistently applanate and others become ungulate as new
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
Brown-root Fungus. 347
layers of tubes are added. The shapes which the large
fruit-bodies assume when they have been growing seasonally
depend chiefly on the direction of marginal growth and on
the part of the marginal zone where the hyphae break out
_at the beginning of each season: the point must be developed
subsequently.
Microscopically fruit-bodies differ in the abundance of
the hymenial setae for they may occur thickly in clusters
in some and be so rare in others that they can easily be
-overlooked: when the setae are abundant the transitions to
the extrahymenial setae are also abundant, Text-Fig. 8. In
some collections also most of the hyphae are 3—5u wide;
in others they are mostly narrow, 1.5-3.5u wide. It is
unprofitable, however, to make varieties in most cases even
though the variations are hereditary, because they can be
combined in so many different ways.
In all the descriptions of this species, published
hitherto, the spores are given as pale yellow. The case is
the same as that of F. senex (3). The old spores caught up
in the tubes have pale yellow walls but the fresh spore-print
is white: the fresh spores, like those of F’. lamaensis and F’.
noxius, have colourless, hyaline walls. In the same way
the subhymenial hyphae are colourless when living, but as
they collapse and become agglutinated their walls also
become pale yellow.
There are no records on the rate of growth, but some
inferences can be drawn from specimens which I found
round Tembeling in Pahang in November, 1930. In Decem-
ber, 1926, at the end of the rainy season, a great many
trees in the riverside forest were killed by the disastrous
flood of the Pahang River and its tributaries. On visiting
‘the damaged areas some 4 years after, numerous fruit-
bodies of F’. pachyphloeus were found on the fallen trunks.
The largest were 18 cm. in radius and 34 cm. wide, with
the tubes 4.5 cm. long. They could not have been more
than 3144 years old, allowing, that is, a few months for
vegetation before the primordia emerged. Growth is there-
fore rapid as one would expect from the light texture and
the searcity of thick-walled hyphae.
As mentioned previously, the detached fruit-bodies are
unable to survive desiccation.
F. pachyphloeus var. hispidus var. nov.
A forma typica differt setis extrahymenialibus e superficie pilei
usque 3504 excrescentibus, ergo pilei superficie minute et dense
hispida.
Type:—Sing. Field No. 24500, Negri Sembilan (Jelebu), 1930.
The hymenial setae are very sparse and the generative
hyphae narrow, 1.5-3.5u wide. The fruit-bodies were
saprophytic.
Vol. V. (1932).
348 E. J. H. CORNER.
Text-Fig. 8. Hymenial setae of F. pachyphloeus in the upper row.
and transitions to the extrahymenial setae of the
dissepiments below and on the extreme right and left:
the longitudinal portions of the intermediate forms are
subhymenial: x 1000.
Since writing this account of the malayan material, a
general history of the species has been provided by
Humphrey, together with a redescription chiefly from
Philippine material (13). There are no important discre-
pancies and the species is now established beyond doubt.
Humphrey states that the extrahymenial setae do not exceed
264u long but the measurements may have been taken only
from the dissepiments; and the spores are said to vary from
colourless to nearly snuff-brown, which doubtless refers to
those from dried specimens which have been mounted in
potash.
Humphrey has also redescribed F’. magnosporus Lloyd.
It differs from F’. pachyphloeus chiefly in the larger spores
(6.5—-8.5u, globose) and the absence of hymenial setae. In
this second respect it recalls F’. noxius but the tissue of the
dissepiments is presumably not agglutinated and the extra-
hymenial setae are scarce.
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
:
:
}
4
:
;
y
Brown-root Fungus. | 349
Summary
The fungus causing the Brown-root of rubber-trees and
tea-bushes is not F’. lamaensis (Murr.). It is a distinct
species which is called F. noxius sp. n. It is also the
suspected cause of the stem-rot of Elaeis in the East.
F. noxius differs from F’. lamaensis morphologically in
the wider hyphae, in the absence of hymenial setae and in
the structure of the upper surface, and biologically in being
a facultative parasite and in growing in open situations,
rarely, if ‘ever, in the deep forest. F. lamaensis is a
saprophyte in the forest and is very rarely found under
estate conditions in Malaya.
The structure of the fruit-body in F. nozxius, F.
lamaensis and F.. pachyphloeus is compared in detail. The
fruit-bodies are characterised by being sessile and mono-
mitic with white uniguttate spores, extrahymenial setae
and a thick crust on the upperside. The differences are
contrasted in detail. F. lamaensis and F. noxius are dis-
tinguished from F.. pachyphloeus primarily by having the
hyphae in the dissepiments agglutinated. A description of
each species is drawn up from malayan material.
F. Williams (Murr.) is synonymous with F.
lamaensis: so, probably, are F. (Poria) cacao Pat. and F.
sublamaensis Lloyd.
Two new varieties are proposed, namely F’. lamaensis
var. secedens and F. pachyphloeus var. hispidus.
The mycological meaning of the variable characters
‘ velvetiness of the upper surface’ and ‘ colour of the flesh’
in F. lamaensis is analysed in detail. It is concluded that
they have no systematic worth in the present state of
knowledge.
Under favourable conditions the bracket-shaped fruit-
bodies of F. noxius grow in radius at a rate of 1-1.6 mm.
per 24 hours: marginal growth is greatly retarded or in-
hibited when the relative humidity is much below saturation.
The fruit-bodies are degenerate and are preceded even on
vertical surfaces by a resupinate ‘ Poria-stage’ of varying
extent.
The fruit-bodies of F. pachyphloeus evidently grow
much more rapidly. On vertical surfaces those of F.
pachyphloeus and F. lamaensis are preceded by a typical
primordial knob without a ‘ Poria-stage.’
In none of the three can detached fruit-bodies survive
desiccation, even if only for a few days.
Though a facultative parasite, F. pachyphloeus has not
been found to cause any disease in estates in Malaya.
In conclusion I must offer my sincere thanks to those
who so willingly lent herbarium-material at my request,
and without whose co-operation this problem could not have
Vol. V. (1932).
350 BE. J. H. CORNER.
been solved: to the Director of the New York Botanic
Gardens for the types of F’. lamaensis and F. Williamsii:
to the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya:
to the Director of the Experimental Station of the
A.V.R.O.S., Medan, Sumatra: to Dr. C. J. Humphrey for
material from the Philippine Islands: and most especially
to Mr. A. Thompson who first brought the problem to my
notice, and to Miss EK. M. Wakefield and Mr. A. Sharples
for their expert assistance in matters systematic and
pathological. ;
References
Corner, E. J. H. The identity of the fungus causing Wet-root
rot of rubber-trees in Malaya.
Rubber Res. Inst. Mal. Jo. Vol. 3 No. 2, 1981.
2. —————————._ T he fruit body of Polystictus xanthopus.
Ann, Bot: 46,772; 9932,
3 A Fomes with two systems of hyphae.
Trans. Brit. Myc. Soe. 17, 1932.
A:s Dioyd; LG. Myce. Notes No. 36, Polyporoid issue.
5, ————————-_ Myye. Notes No. 66, 1128, | 1922:
6.
7
8
9
js
—__————_—_———._ Mye. Notes No. 71, 1248, 1924.
Murrill, W. A. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35, 412, 1908.
Petch, T. The diseases of the tea-bush, 1923.
Thompson, A. Stem-rot of the oil-palm in Malaya.
Dept. Agr. S.S. & F.M.S., Sci. Ser. No. 6, 1951.
10. Wakefield, E. M. Kew Bull. 1914, p. 256.
11. Weir, J. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1880, 1926.
12. Rev. Appl. Myc. 1930.
13. Humphrey, C.J. Studies and illustrations in the Polyporaceac,
II. Phil. Jo. Sci; 47, 5386,‘ 1932:
Gardens Bulletin, S.S.
GARDENS’ BULLETIN, S.S.
Index to Volume V.
Names of new species, and new names and combinations are
printed in bold faced type. For species listed as additions to the
peninsular flora generic references only are given. For indexes of
species and synonyms in Carr’s papers cn Orchids see pp. 41 and 159,
and in Holttum’s paper on ferns of the Stenochlaena group see p. 318.
Abdominea minimifiora, 20 Brassica, key to specis, 101
Additions to the flora of the Malay
Peninsula, 93
Aeschynanthus, 96
Agrostophyllum, index 159
Allomorphia, 94
Alpinia, 96
Amyris simplicifolia, 214, 216
Anamba Islands, the “padang”
flora of Jemaja in, 234
Aor(pulau), notes on the flora
of, 82
Ardisia, 95
Argostemma, 94
Artanema angustifolium, 100
Ascochilopsis Carr, 21
Ascochilopsis myosurus (Ridl.)
Car, 21. °pl..X fe, A
Ascochilus, index 41
Aspidium Barberi, 209
A Bryanti, 207
‘i heterosorum, 207
es irregulare, 209
Aspidium Maingayi (Baker)
Holttum, 207, 210. fig. 1-9.
Aspidium subdecurrens, 207
a vastum, 207
Atlantia, an enumeration of
Malayan species, 215
Atalantia caudata, 217
g cuspidata, 213
+ hispida, 214
¥ kwangtungensis, 216
es missionis, 213
* monophylla, 214, 215,
216
iy polyandra, 219
Roxburghiana, 216, 219
Roxburghii, 216
simplicifolia, 216
spinosa, 215, 216
trimera, 213
Bathyphyll, use of the term, 246
Begonia, 94
Beilschmiedia, 97
Blainvillea, Cass., 123
latifolia, 123
rhomboidea, 123
”
”
alba, 111
albo-glabra, 99, 102
arvensis, 103
Besseriana, 104, 108,
113
campestris, 99, 100, 103,
107, 114, 115
campestris-chinensis,
100, 101, 107, 114,
116 .
campestris-chinensis Vv.
brassicaia, 99, 101,
116
campestris-chinensis Vv.
pekinensis, 99, 101,
116
campestris-napus, 101,
114
campestris-napus Vv.
dichotoma, 99, 114
campestris-rapa, 107
earinata, 105, 109, 112
cernua, 112, 113, 114
cernua v. carinata, 112,
113
cernua v. chirimenna,
iti, 124
cernua v. timoriann, 112
chinensis, 100, 101, 107,
108, 114, 115, 116, 117
chinensis v. brassicata,
99, 116
chinensis v. pekinensis,
99, 116
dentata, 105, 110, 112,
113
Dillenii, 105, 109, 114
integrifolia, 112, 113
integrifolia v. carinata,
112; “Li3
integrifolia v. timoriana,
112,, 143
japonica, 111
juncea, 99, 100, 102,
104, 112, 113, 115
juncea-eujuncea, 112,
113
Brassica juncea, history and
synomyms of, 103-114
By juncea-integrifolia, 112
% juncea-rugosa, 112
Bs juncea-rugosa v. olei-
fera, 112
“fi juncea-urbaniana, 112
& juncea, variety groups,
113
6 juncea v. agrestis, 113
ms juncea v. chirimenna,
114
ie juncea v. crispifolia,
113,414
a juncea v. japonica, 111,
113, 114
FS juncea v. multisecta,
112, 113
a juncea v. oleifera, 112,
113
bs juncea v. rugosa, 99,
103
laevigata, 107, 110
lanceolata, 105, 110, 1138
ie napus, 99, 114
napus v. dichotoma, 99
nigra, 99, 108
nigra v. japonica, 111,
114
ps nipposinica, 111
oleracea, 100, 101
oleracea v. acephala,
99, 102
orientalis, 107
parachinensis, 117
a rapa, 107
Richerii, 110
rugosa v. oleifera, 112,
113
a saruna, 116
Tournefortii, 107, 108,
111
urbaniana, 105, 112
urbaniana, history of,
110
violacea, 106
Willdenowii, 105, 110
Brown-root fungus, 317
Buchanania, 229
Bulbophyllum, index 41, 159
Bulbophyllum apiferum, Carr,
133, 157.> phi A
fig. 3
* biseriale, Carr, 131,
156 pl. II fig. 2
foetidolens, Carr, 135,
157 pl. III fig. 2
geminatum, Carr, 12,
pl. VI
Z
Bulbophyllum ignevenosum, Carr,
130, 155 pl. I fig. 6
rs minimibulbum, Carr,
10, pl. VII fig. 8
ae mobilifilum, Carr, 7,
pl. IV fig. 6 :
ie papillosofilum, Carr,
10, pl. VII fig. A,
137
* sect. Aeschynanthoi-
des, Carr, 137
. tahanense, Carr, 142,
157 pl. IH aes
, tekuense, Carr, 132,
155 pl. I fig. 7
3 tristriatum, Carr, 128,
156 pl. II fig. I
5s vaginulosum, Carr,
140, 158 pl. IV
fig. 1
BURKILL,I.H An enumeration
of the species of
Paramignya, At-
alantia and Cit-
rus fcund in
Malaya, 212
r Blainvillea, Cass.,
123
Cedrela in_ the
Malay Peninsula,
120
a Chinese Mustards
in the Malay
Peninsula, 99
de Cosmos in the
East, 118
" Eryothropsis co-
lorata, Burkill,
comb. nov., 231
4 Herpestis mon-
niera HBK as
pa-chi-tien, 231
3 Notes on Gluta
in Malaya, 224
i, & D. PRAIN, see
Prain & Burkill
Buxus, 97
Calanthe, index 159
Calanthe pusilla, Carr, 147, 158
pl. IV fig. 3
Calanthe rigida, Carr, 147, 158
pi IV fee
Campylogramme Trollii, 207
Carex, 98
CARR, C. E. Some Malayan Or-
chids 1, 124; detail-
ed indexes to the
above, 41, 159
Cedrela calantas, 121
» tebrifuga, 121, 122
» in the Malay Peninsula,
12
3 setrata, 121, 122
» sinensis, 121
» sureni, 121, 122
» toona, 120, 121, 122
toona v. pilistaminea, 121
Chamaeanthus flavus, Carr, 32,
pl. XVIII fig. B
5 laciniatus, Carr,
31, pl. XVIII
fig. A
Ceratostylis, 16, 145
Chinese mustards in the Malay
Peninsula, 99
Chroniochilus, index 41
Citrus angulata, 214
» aurantifolia, 222
» aurantium, 223
» Cavaleriei, 220
» decumana, 222
Citrus glauca (Benth.) Burkill,
218
Citrus grandis, 222
» hystrix, 220
» ichangensis, 220
> Camon, 221
5x Mmonia, 222
-y, Mmacroptera, 220
» Malaccensis, 218
» Maxima, 222
» Medica, 221
» Medica v. limau kadangsa,
222
» medica v. limau kasturi,
222
» Medica v. limau nipis, 222
» Medica v. limau susu, 221
» Medica v. sarcodactylis,
» Microcarpa, 222
» Citrus mitis, 223
» nobilis, a
paradisi, 22
Citrus polyandra (Ridley) Burkill,
219
Citrus retusa, 222
» scandens, 214
» sinensis, 223
» species in Malaya, an
enumeration of, 217
Coelogyne tiomanensis, Hend., 80
Conringia orientalis, 107
Coreopsis artemisaefolia, 118
parviflorus, 118
CORNER, cf J. H. On the identi-
fication of the
Brown-root
fungus, 317
3
Cosmos bipinnatus, 118
, caudatus, 118, 119, 120
* in the East, 118
is parviflorus, 118
2 sulphureus, 118
Cymbidium, index 159
Dendrobium, indexes 41, 159
Dendrobium Hosei var. Pelor,
Carr, 125, 154 pl.
I fig. 5
* pahangense, Carr,
to,- 35a Sl, «1
fig. 3
” quadrangulare, Pa-
rish ex Carr, 8
pl.
J quadrilobatum, Carr,
4, pl. IV fig. A;
125
Dendrochilum, index 159
Dendrocolla, index 41
Dictyopteris heterosora, 207
Didissandra, 96
Didymocarpus, 79, 96
Didymocarpus densifolia, 79
Dioscorea alata, 51, 54
ne brevipetiolata, 52
es Fordii, 52
53 gibbiflora, 51
z Hamiltonii, 54
i kratica, 52
e myriantha, 51, 52, 57
P= opposita, 52
sa Owenii, 98
os persimilis, 54
raishaensis, 54
Dipterocarpus, 94
Dischidia, 96
Drepananthus, 93
Dryopteris crassifolia, 58
a cuspidata, 209
va salicifolia, 209
‘ urophylla, 209
Elaeocarpus tahanensis, Hend. 74
Eremocitrus, 218
Eria, index 41, 159
Eria atrovinosa, Carr, 14 pl. VII
fig. B
Erythropsis (Roxb.)
Burkill, 231
Erythropsis, fulgens, 231
colorata
o history of the genus,
231
es Roxburghiana,
Schott & Endl.,
231
Eugenia, 94
Eupatorium, 95
Fagraea, 96
Flora of Jemaja, in the Anamba
Islands, 224
Flora of Pulau Tioman, notes on,
80
Flowering, periodic, of trees in
Singapore, 173
Fomes Cacao, 333
» lamaensis, 3233, 317 plate
Fomes lamaensis var. secedens,
Corner, 341
Fomes levigatus, 318
» Magnosporus, 348
Fomes noxius, Corner, 342
Fomes pachyphloeus, 345
Fomes pachyphloeus var. hispi-
dus Corner, 347
Fomes sublamaensis, 333
» Williamsii, 333
Fortunella, the genus, 218
~ Swinglei, 219
Galearia, 97
Garcinia, 97
Gastrodia, index 41
Gastredia Holttumii,
XVII, 38
Gluta cambodiana, 229
» coarctata; 225
elegans, 227
elegans var. Curtisii, Bur-
kill, 228
Gluta elegans v. Helferi, 228
, in Malaya, Notes on, 224
. lanceolata, 228
» Yrenghas, 224, 225, 226, 229,
230
,» Yrenghas v. turtur, 230
, tavoyana, 228, 229
» velutina, 225, 226, 229, 230
» virosa, 226
»» . Wvrayi, 226,- 227, 220
Goniothalamus, 93
Gonocitrus angulata, 214
Gymnogramme Maingayi, 207
Gymnostachyum, 96
Halophila ovata, 240
< spinulosa, 240
Hedvchium, 98
Helicteres, 94
HENDERSON, M. R. Halophila
Spinulosa (R.Br.)
Aschers. 240
List of addition
to the flora of the
Malay Peninsula
93
New snecies from
the Malay Penin-
sula 72
Carr, pl.
Gluta
4
HENDERSON, Notes on the flora
of Pulau Tioman
and neighbouring
islands 80
‘p The “ Padang ”
flora of Jemaja in
the Anamba_ Is-
lands, N.E.I. 234
Hemigraphis, 96
Hemionitis Maingayi, 207
Herpestis, 96, 231
Herpestis monniera as _ Pa-chi-
tien, 231
HOLTTUM; RR. E:. Aspidiim
Maingayi (Baker)
Holtt., 207
oe Genus Lindsaya in
the Malaya Penin-
sula, 58
On periodic leaf-
change and flower-
ing of trees “im
Singapore, 173
uf On Stenochlaena, Lo-
mariopsis & Tera-
tophyllum in_ the
Malayan region, 245
Hydnocarpus, 93
Hyptis, 96, 100
Hyptis brevipes, 100
Ilex, 94
Tlysanthes antipoda, 100
Impatiens, 72, 94
Impatiens tipusensis, Henderson
72, 73 figs. 1-4
Indexes to Orchids 41, 159; to
Ferns 313
Jasminum, 96
Jemaja, the “padang” flora of,
234
Justicia, 96
Kopsia alba, Rid]. ex Henderson,
78
Lactuca indica, 100
Leaf-change and flowering of
trees in Singapore, 173
Limonia monophylla, 215
Lindsaya, genus, in the Malaya
Peninsula, 58, 59
Lindsaya borneensis, 65
= concinna, 71
Lindsaya cultrata var. parvula,
Holttum, 61, 68, fig. 3
Lindsaya davallioides, 69, 68
fig. 7 .
ca decomposita, 66, 68
fig. 5
x gracilis, 71
Lindsaya iMleetas Holttum, 67, 68
g. 6
Lindsaya hymenophylloides, 64
a lancea, 62
.. Lobbiana, 61
Lindsaya malayensis, Holttum, 69,
68 fig. 8
Lindsaya napaea, 66
f orbiculata, 64
é parallelogramma, 70, 68
fig. 9
. pectinata, 62, 68 fig. 4
¥ plumula, 62, 68 fig. 1
& 2
s: propria, 61
* recurvata, 66
. repens, 63
a rigida, 65
2 scandens, 62, 63
= subalpina, 71
tenera, 64
tenera v. gigantea
(Hk.) Holttum, 65
Lindsaya trapezoidea, 66
Sy triplosora, 65
Liparis, index 41, 159
Liparis tembelingensis Carr, 2,
pt fig. B
List of additions to the Flora of
the Peninsula, 93
Lemariopsis, index 313
Lomariopsis intermedia (Copel.)
Holttum, 270
‘a Kingii (Copel.)
Holttum, 273
Kingii v. petiolu-
lata Rosenst. ex.
Holttum, 273
. Raciborskii (C. Chr.)
Holttum, 272
os Setchellii (Maxon)
Holttum, 276
‘i subtrifoliata (Copel.)
Holttum, 274
Loranthus, 97
Loxocarpus, 96
Madhuca, 95
Malaya, Gluta in, 224
= Paramignya, ‘Atalantia
& Citrus in, 212
Malayan Orchids, Some, 1; 124
Malay Peninsula, Cedrela in the,
120-122
Chinese Mus-
tards in the, 99
genus Lindsaya
in the, 58
list of additions
to the flora of
the, 93
Lindsaya
5
new species
from the, 72
Malay Peninsula,
Mangifera, 226
Melanochyla, 226
Melanorrhea, 227, 229
Merope angulata, 214
Merrillia claoxylon, 218
MOHAMED HANIFF, obtuary
notice & photograph, 161
Mustards, Chinese, in the Malay
Peninsula, 99
Nasturtium indicum, 100
Nepenthes, 97
Oberonia, index 41, 159
Oberenia suborbicularis, Carr, 1,
pl. I fig. A
tiomanensis, Hend., 79
Obituary of Mohamed Haniff, 161
Orchids, 1; 79; 124
m detailed indexes to Carr’s
papers, 41, 159
f with periodic flowering,
183
Pachylarnax, 93
Padang flora of Jemaja, 234
Palaquium, 95
Pamburus, 213
Paraboea, 79, 96
Paraboea densifolia (Ridl.) Hen-
derson, 79
Paramignya, on enumeration of
Malayan species, 213
Paramignya angulata
Burkill, 214
Paramignya cuspidata (Ridley)
Burkill, 213
Paramignya Griffithii, 214
Paramignya lobata, Burkill nom.
nov., 214
Paramignya longispina, 214
Faramignya missionis (Oliv.)
Burkill, 213
Paramignya monophylla, 212
Paramignya Ridleyi, Burkill, nom
nov., 214
Paramignya scandens, 214
Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Bur-
kill, 213
Pasania Macphailii,
76
Payena, 95
Penang rainfall, 1928, 164; 1929,
168; 1930, 242; 1931, 315
Penang rainfall summary, 1928,
170; 1929, 171; 1930, 243; 1931,
316
Pennilabium struthio, Carr, 151,
158 pl. IV fig. 4
( Willd.)
Henderson,
Periodic flowering of orchids, 183
3 leaf change & flowering
of trees in Singapore,
7
1
Phalaenopsis appendiculata, Carr,
16, pl. VIII
Phegopteris subdecurrens, 207
Pollinia, 98
Polygonum, 96
Polypodium heterosorum, 207
a Maingayi, 207
Pomazota, 95
PRAIN, BD) Qiks BURKILL.
On Dioscorea gibbiflora, 51
Pulau _— notes on the flora of,
» Tioman, notes on the flora
of, 80, 84
Rainfall, mean monthly of Singa-
pore, 175; 1923-1929,
176
ie Penang, 1928, 164; 1929,
168; 1930, 242; 1931,
315
- Singapore, 1928, 162;
1929, 166; 1930, 241;
1931, 314
= Summary, Penang and
Singapore, 1928, 170;
1929, 171; 1930, 243;
1931, 316
Rivina, 96
Saccolabium, index 41, 159
Saccolabium Hendersonii, Carr,
19
Sarcanthus Holtumii, Carr, 17,
pl. XIV fig. B
Sarchochilus, index 41
Sarcochilus fasciculatus, Carr, 28,
pl. XIV fig. A
i maculatus, Carr, 26,
pl. XII fig. A
bs mentakabensis, Carr,
29, pl. XII fig. B
siamensis (Ridl.) Carr,
31, pl. XI fig. B
tembelingensis, Carr,
25, pl. XI fig. A
tjidadapensis (J.J.Sm.)
Carr, 24
Sarcostoma, index 41
Sarcostoma linearis (Ridl.) Carr,
16
Sauropus, 97
Sclerostylis Roxburghii, 216
spinosa, 215, 216
Selliguea Maingayi,
Semecarpus 227, 229
6
Sinapis brassicata, 107, 116
ss brassicata, history of, 115
Jy campestris, 104, 108, 113
“ cernua, 104, 107, 111, 113
= chinensis, 104, 107, 108,
110, 111; 113
¥ chinensis v. integrifolia,
104, 108, 113
a chinensis v. karasi, 111
“J chinensis v. takana, 111
s ey er: 105, 109, 112,
3
3 integrifolia, 104, 105, 108,
110-113
= japonica, 107, 111 :
» juncea, 104, 106, 108, 110,
113
i laevigata, 107, 110
fc lanceolata, 105, 109, 110,
112, 118
» patens, 105, 109, 112, 113
by een 107, 115, 116,
7
»» Yamosa, 104, 108, 112, 113
e rugosa, 103, 105, 109, 112,
113
» sinensis, 106, 110
a tenella, 110
mt timoriana, 105, 109, 112,
113
Singapore, periodic leaf-change
and flowering of trees in, 173
Singapore Rainfall, see Rainfall
SMITH, J. J., Vanda x Bouman-
niaé J. J. S., 232
Sonerila, 94
Stagmaria verniciflua, 224
Stenochlaena, index 313
Sterculia, 94, 231
Sterculia colorata, 231
Swietenia sureni, 121
Swintonia, 229
Synedrella nodiflora, 123
Syndesmis coarctata, 225
oA elegans, 227
Talauma, 93
Teratophyllum, index 313
Teratophyllum aculeatum v. mon-
tanum, Holttum,
287, pl. I & IV
ip arthropteroides
(Christ) Holtt.,
308, pl. XII
” Koordersii, Holt-
tum, 301, pl. II
” ludens (Fée) Holt-
tum, 298 pl. 10.
9 luzonicum, Holt-
tum, 297 pl. 9
7
Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum Thrixspermum __ rubrocallosum,
(Bonap.) Holtt., Carr, 37 pl. XVI
294, pl. 7 & 8 5s tahanense, Carr,
a Williamsii (Under- 149, 158 pl. IV
wood) Holttum, fig. 5
; 292, pl. 6 Tioman, notes on the flora of, 80
Thrixspermum, index 41, 161 Toona calantas, 121
Thrixspermum album. (Ridl.) Carr, Trichilia spinosa, 216
37 ‘ant
‘ - Trigonostemon, 97
g ore an ah Turraea virens, 216
Pe et - oe "2B Vanda x Boumaniae, J.J.Sm., 232
S pardalis (Ridl.) Vanda insignis, 232
Carr, 37 » limbata, 232, 233
recurvum (Hkf.) Vatica, 94
Carr, 151 Vitex, 96
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