1 FLOR^ GENERA AMERICiE BOREALI-ORIENTALIS ILLUSTRATA. THE GENERA OF THE PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES AND ANALYSES FROM NATURE, By ISAAC SPRAGUE, MEMBER OF THE BOSTON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. SUPERINTENDED, AND WITH DESCRIPTIONS, &c., By ASA GRAY, M. D., FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IX HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL BAVARIAN ACADEMY, MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATl R.i: CURIOSORUM ; OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF RATISBON, &C., &r. VOL. I. PLATES ] — m. NEW YORK: GEORGE P. PUTNAM. LONDON: PUTNAM'S AMERICAN AGENCY. 1 849. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by Asa Gray, in the Clerk's Office of the District Co'.irt of the District of Massachusetts. SCIENCE QK 110 G7.3 I CAMBRIDGE. M E T C A L F AND COMPANY, PRINTERS TO THK UNIVERSITY. TO FRANCIS BOOTT, M. D., F. L. S., THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED, IN TOKEN OF THE SINCERE REGARD AND ESTEEM OF HIS FRIEND, ASA GRAY. ERRATA. Page II, line 27, dele " Hamadryas." " " " 35, afier " Ficana" add " Hamad njas." " 20, " 14, dele " (reversed)." PREFACE. The design of this work" is to illustrate the Botany of the United States by figures, with full analyses, of one or more species of each genus, accompanied by descriptive generic characters and critical observations. The figures fn all cases are drawn directly from nature, by Mr. Sprague, and from the living plant whenever that is practicable. In almost every instance, the whole plant, or a branch or smaller portion, in flower and often also in fruit, is delineated of the natural size ; and the microscopical analyses, as numerous as the compass of an octavo page will allow, are so chosen as to display the principal floral characters of the genus, from the aestivation of the flower-bud to the fruit, the seed, and the embryo. When need- ful, on account of size or of subgeneric diversity, two plates are de- voted to the illustration of a single genus. On the other hand, char- acters which are uniform or nearly so throughout a whole order are not repeated upon every plate. The illustrations are not drawn from various orders and classes at random or convenience ; but the natural families are taken up in regular sequence, according to the arrangement now most prevalent among botanists (following very nearly, though not implicitly, the order adopted in the Flora of North America by Dr. Torrey and myself), and all our genera of each family are published together, in their proper places ; thus rendering the volumes systematically complete, as they appear. This plan, which has never been carried out, so far as I am aware, in any extensive publication of the kind, while it should increase the immediate usefulness and value of the work, at the same time renders still more onerous what is at best a 6 PREFACE. formidable undertaking. Tlie plan and nature of this publication are obviously such as to preclude all expectation of emolument. It is our determination, however, to carry on the work to its com- pletion (in about ten volumes like the present), if the patronage re- ceived shall warrant the hope of a moderate remuneration to the artist. The ample and rapidly accumulating materials at my dis- posal, both of specimens in the Herbarium, and of living North American plants in the Botanic Garden under my charge, and the prompt assistance offered by a large number of zealous correspond- ents, while they afford unusual advantages for the purpose, render me increasingly desirous to turn them to useful account by prosecut- ing an undertaking which may serve to facilitate the more thorough study of Botany in this country, and perhaps contribute in some de- gree to the general advancement of th#science. The higher character of the later as compared with the earlier executed analyses, as well as the further improvement which will be manifest to the experienced botanist in the second volume, — now in an advanced state of preparation, — is attributable to the increasing botanical knowledge of the self-taught artist who is associated with me in the work. And, although I am alone responsible for the text, I must in justice add, that whatever of original value these illustra- tions may be found to possess is largely owing to the scientific in- sight and the careful investigations of Mr. Sprague, as well as to his skill and accuracy in delineation. The plates are engraved upon stone, in a style (capable of further improvement) well adapted to this class of subjects, by Mr. Joseph Prestele, a worthy artist, formerly of Munich, but now and for sev- eral years past resident at Ebenezer, near Buffalo, New York. As to geographical extent, this work is intended to comprise all the genera which have indigenous representatives within the States of the Federal Union as now constituted. It therefore includes Texas, but not the country west of the organized States of Arkansas and Missouri. ASA GRAY. Cambridge, April 20, 1848. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Ord. Ranunculace^, Page 9. Atragene, Page 13, Plate 1. Trollius, 33, Plate 11. Clematis, 15, 2. Isopyrum, 35, 12. Pulsatilla, 17, 3. Coptis, 37, 13. Anemone, 19, 4. Aquilegia, 39, 14. Hepatica, 21, 5. Delphinium, 41, 15. Thalictrum, 23, 6. Aconitura, 43, 16. Trautvetteria, 25, 7. Zanthorhiza, 45, 17. Myosurus, 27, 8. Hydrastis, 47, 18. Ranunculus, 29, 9. Actaea, 49, 19. Caltha, 31, 10. Cimicifuga, 51, 20. Ord. Magnoliace.e, 53. Illicium, ^ 55, 21. Magnolia, 59, 23, 24. Schizandra, ' 57, 22. Liriodendron, 63, 25. Ord. Anonacej:, 65. Asimina, 67, 26, 27. Ord. Menispermaceje, 69. Cocculus, 71, 28. Calycocarpum, 75, 30. Menispermum, 73, 29. Ord. Berberidace^, 77, Berberis, 79, 31. Jeffersonia, 85, 34. Leontice,Caulophyllum,81, 32. Podophyllum, 87, 35,36. Diphylleia, 83, 33. Croomia, 89, 37. Ord. Cabombace^, 91. Cabomba, 93, 38. Brasenia, 95, 39. Ord. Nelumbiace.e, 97. Nelumbium, ■ 97, 40,41. Ord. NYMPH^ACEiE, 99. Nymphaea, 101, 42, 43. Nuphar, 103, 44. Ord. Sarraceniacej:, 105. Sarraeenia, 107, 45, 46. 8 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Ord. Papaverace^, Page 109. Argemone, Page 111, Plate 47. Sanguinaria, 115, Plate 49. Stylophorum, 113, 48. Ord. FuMARiACEi, 117. Dicentra, 119, 50. Corydalis, 123, 52. Adlumia, 121, 51. Ord. Cruciferj:, 125. Nasturtium, 131, 53. Sisymbrium, 151, 64. lodanthus, 133, 54. Stanleya, 153, 65. Cardamine, 135, 55. Warea, 155, 66. Dentaria, 137, 56. Selenia, 157, 67. Leaven worthia, 139, 57. Draba, 159, 68, 69. Arabis, 141, 58. Vesicaria, 161, 70. Turritis, 143, 59. Subularia, 163, 71. Streptanthus, 145, 60, 61. Senebiera, 165, 72. Barbarea, 147, 62. Lepidium, 167, 73. Erysimum, 149, 63. Cakile, 169, 74. Ord. Capparidace-e, 171. Cleomella, 173, 75. Gynandropsis, 179, 78. Cleome, 175, 76. Polanisia, 181, 79. CristateDa, 177, 77. Ord. YiOLACE^, 183. Viola, 185, 80. lonidium, 169, 82. Solea, 187, 81. Ord. Droseracej:, 191. Drosera, 193, 83. Pamassia, 199, 86. Dionaea, 195, 84, 85. Ord. CISTACE.E, 201. Helianthemum, 203, 87. Hudsonia, 207, 90. Lechea, 205, 88, 89. Ord. Hypericace^, 209. Ascyrum, 211, 91. Elodea, 215, 94. Hypericum, 213, 92, 93. Ord. Elatinacej:, 217. Elatine, 219, 95,96. Ord. Portilacace.?:, 221. Cla}nonia,- 223, 97. Portulaca. 227, 99. Talinum, 225, 98. Sesu\-ium, 229, 100. Oed. RANUNCULACEtE. Herbae vel sufFrutices (succo aqueo acridi) exstipulatae, plerumque dissectifoliae, dicotyledoneas, polypetalee seu mo- nochlamydeas, hypogynae, polyandrse ; carpellis discretis (in- definitis vel paucis, raro solitariis) ; seminibus exarillatis ; embryone in basi albuminis corneo-carnosi minimo. Ranunculace-k, Juss. DC. Syst. 1, p. 127. Endl. Gen. p. 843. The Crowfoot Family presents so many gradations and diversities of form and character, that it cannot readily be defined, although there is no question as to its boundaries, nor any other hypogynous and polyandrous family with which any of the genera are likely to be confounded. The prin- cipal diversities it presents are brought sufficiently into view in the subjoined conspectus of our genera, arranged under their proper tribes. It should be mentioned, as exceptional to the ordinal character, that Zanthorhiza has few and definite stamens, which is also the case, although less constantly, in sev- eral other genera : and in Nigella the ovaries are more or less united. An acrid principle, which is mostly dissipated in drying or by heat, per- vades the whole order; so that the fresh herbage, roots, &c., are poison- ous. Many have showy flowers, and are cultivated for ornament. While engaged in preparing the drawings for these illustrations, during the spring and summer of 1846, Mr. Sprague directed my attention to the fact, that in all our Ranunculaceas with a solitary suspended ovule, the raphe is dorsal, or external, that is, on the side next the dorsal suture of the car- pel, and not on the si4je of the ovulum which is next the placenta, where it properly belongs, according to the general rule long since laid down by Mr. Brown.* I find that this anomaly has been noticed by S Macrotys ; or subulate with the acute style, which is mi- nutely stigmatose unilaterally, commonly stipitate. Ovules numerous, horizontal, in two series on the whole length of the ventral suture, anatropous ; the raphes ventral. Follicles in <§> Macrotys ovoid, turgid, sessile, and filled with numerous depressed-flattened (horizontal) smooth seeds, as in ActaBa ; or else compressed and membranaceous, with fewer and laterally compressed (vertical) seeds ; their testa thickly clothed all over with slender squamulose projections. Embryo minute, next the hilum, at the base of firm albumen. Herbs, with tall stems from matted and knotty rootstocks, ample bi - triternate leaves much as in Actaea, and virgate ra- cemes, either simple or panicled. Flowers white, the odor unpleasant. Etymology and Properties. Name from cimex, a bug-, and fugOj to drive away ; the Siberian species being employed as a bug-bane. The sen- sible properties are much as in Actasa, but with more bitterness. The Black Snake-root is a famous Indian antidote against the bite of venomous snakes. ' Geographical Distribution. A genus of few species, natives of the cooler parts of the northern temperate zone, chiefly in Asia and N. America. Note. Macrotys should probably rank as a genus ; but Actinospora ap- pears not to be distinguished by characters of equal importance. PLATE 20. Fig. 1-13. Cimicifuga (Macrotys) racemosa, Ell.; — a lateral raceme, &c. (Botanic Garden, Cambridge.) 1. A flower-bud, somewhat enlarged. * 2. An outer, and 3, an inner, sepal, enlarged ; inside view. 4. A petal or staminodium, enlarged. 5. A stamen, enlarged, inside view ; and 6, an outside view of the same. 7. Pistil and receptacle, magnified. 8. Vertical section of the same. 9. An ovule, magnified, the upper face presented to the eye. 10. A portion of the raceme in fruit ; natural size. 11. Transverse and vertical section of a pod, showing the seeds. 12. A seed, magnified. 13. Section of the same, showing the minute embryo. 14. Enlarged flower of Cimicifuga Americana, Michx. (from the Allegha- nies) ; — most of the stamens and the petals except one removed. 15. The five long-stalked follicles of the same ; natural size. 16. A dehiscent follicle and seeds, enlarged. 17. A seed, more magnified. 18. Transverse section of the same. 19. Vertical section of the same, showing the minute embryo. CIMICIPUGA Ord. MAGNOLIACEiE. Arbores vel arbusculae (acri-amarae et aromaticae) simplici- foliae, dicotyl^oneae, hypogynae, symmetricas, polyandrae seu monadelphas ; perianthio concolori plemmque trimero tri - pluriserali, cestivatione imbricato, mox deciduo ; carpellis dis- cretis vel in syncarpiiim imbricato-coadunatis ; seminihus ex- arillatis ; embryone in basi alhuminis homogenei minimo. MAGNOLiiE, Juss. Gen. p. 280. Magnoliacejs & WiNTEREjE, R. Br. ex DC. Syst. 1. p. 548. Magnoliace^ & ScHizANDRACE^, Blume, Fl. Jav. Endl. Lindl. The Magnolia Family, which comprises some of our most ornamental trees, belongs almost exclusively to the eastern side of both continents, and chiefly to the warmer portion of Eastern North America and to the corre- sponding part of Asia. It has no representatives in Europe or in Africa, and none in Western North America. There are some tropical species, on both sides of the equator ; and two genera are extratropical in the southern hemisphere, namely, in South America and in New Zealand and Southern Australia ; but one of them, the Drimys, or Winter's Bark, has a surpris- ingly extensive range ; the same species, according to Dr. J. D. Hooker, extending through 86 degrees of latitude, from near the southern limit of phaenogamous vegetation to New Grenada and even to Mexico ! The family, enlarged as here proposed, so as to include the Schizandreae as well as Wintereae, need be compared only with the order Dilleniaceae of the southern hemisphere, on the one hand, and with the Anonaceae, on the other. From the former it is absolutely distinguished only by its exarillate seeds, but generally by the trimerous floral envelopes and caducous calyx also. From the latter it is separated by the solid and homogeneous (not ru- minated or lamellar) albumen, and by the imbricated aestivation of the corolla. An aromatic principle, due to a pungent ethereal oil and its resin, pervades the family. This is most abundant and pure in the Wintereae ; but is also manifest in Schizandra, at least in the fruit and seeds, and not less so in the Magnolieae, although covered by a bitter principle. It is likewise indicat- ed by the minute pellucid dots of the leaves, or at least of the petals, &c. ; and by the " glandular dots or disks " on the woody tissue, which, although comparatively few and minute in Magnolia and Liriodendron, are beautifully marked in Schizandra, — quite as much so, indeed, as in Ulicium and Drimys. 64 MAGNOLIACEiE. While the Wintereae, long since separated by Brown, are now generally reunited to Magnoliaceae, the Schizandreae of Blume have been admitted al- most without question as a distinct order, and have even been arranged by Lindley in a different alliance. Yet the latter are at least as nearly related to the Wintereae as these are to the true INIagnolia Family ; and the only absolute character which distinguishes them (namely, the capitate or spiked, instead of simply verticillate or single, carpels) is one in which they accord with Magnoliaceae proper. The stamens are not always monadelphous in Schizandreae, nor are the flowers always diclinous, if Hortonia belongs to the group ; while, on the other hand, one of the four Winteraceous genera is polygamous. It appears evident, therefore, either that^he Wintered of Brown should be extended so as to embrace the Schizandreae, and be ordi- nally distinguished by the total absence of stipules, or else that the whole should be united in one family. Remembering that a few Dilleniaceae have stipules hke those of Magnolia, while the rest are exstipulate, and convinced that the sensible properties as well as the floral characters of the plants in question invite the union, I propose to a(iopt the latter alternative, and to arrange under the order ^lagnoliaceae these three suborders, as follows. SuBORD. I. WINTERED. (Ord. Wintered:, R. Br. 1818.) Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamo-dicecious. Pistils simply verti- cillate, or reduced to one. Stamens distinct. — Stipules none. Lelves fre- quently verticillate-crowded or opposite, sempen-irent, rarely serrate. Bark, seeds, &;c., pungent-aromatic. (Dlicieae, DC. Prodr. 1825.) Illicium. (Plate 21.) Follicles numerous, stellate, 1-seeded. SuBORD. 11. SCHIZ ANDREW. (Ord. ScmzANDREic, Blume.) Flowers monoecious or dicecious. Pistils imbricated-spicate or capitate. Stamens in a cluster, monadelphous or distinct (in Schizandra definite) ..|||- Stipules none. Leaves entire or toothed. Stems often sarmentose. Muci- laginous, the seeds aromatic. — Sphcerostemma, Kadsura, and Schizandra.' (Plate 22.) Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 5-lobed disk. SuBORD. IIL MAGNOLIE^, DC, Endl. Flowers perfect, large. Pistils imbricated-spicate on an elongated gyno- phore. Stamens distinct. Seeds in the dehiscent species baccate, and at length hanging by an extensile cord of spiral vessels. Stipules conspicu- ous, forming the teguments of the bud, successively involving the condupli- cate leaves in vernation, deciduous after their expansion, leaving annular scars on the terete branches. Bitter-aromatic. Magnolia. (Plates 22, 23.) Carpels coriaceous-baccate, adherent to the receptacle, dehiscent by the dorsal suture. Anthers introrse. LiRiODENDRON. (Plate 24.) Carpels samaraeform, indehiscent, decidu- ous from the receptacle at maturity. Anthers extrorse. MAGNOLIACEiE, WINTERE^E. 55 Plate 21. ILLICIUM, L. Flores hermaphroditi. Sepala 3 vel 6. Petala 9 - 30, tri - pluriseriata. Stamina indefinita : antherae introrsum adnatae. Folliculi plurimi, drupacei, circa columnam brevis- simam arete verticillati, stellato-pERentes, denique bivalves, monospermi. — Arbusculae sempervirentes, Anisum spirantes. Illicium, Linn. Gen. 611. Ellis, in Phil. Trans. 60. p. 524. Gaertn. Fr. t. 69. Lam. HI. t. 493. DC. Syst. 1. p. 440. Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. 1. p. 5. t. 1. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 42. Endl. Gen. 4743. Star-Auise. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 3 or 6 petaloid sepals, im- bricated in aestivation, caducous. Petals 9 to 30, imbri- cated in aestivation in 3 or several series, the inner succes- sively narrower, hypogynous, spreading, deciduous. Sta- mens indefinite (12 to 40) in several series, hypogynous, spreading : filaments short and fleshy : anthers adnate, in- trorse ; the two oblong cells contiguous or nearly so, opening longitudinally. Pistils 6 to 18, compressed, crowded in a circle, closely sessile, and broadly inserted around a central short and conical prolongation of the receptacle : ovary one- celled, one-ovuled : style subulate, recurved, stigmatose down the inner edge. Ovule ascending from some part of the ventral suture, anatropous, the raphe ventral. Fruit a whorl of distinct drupaceous follicles, stellately divaricate, compressed, woody-crustaceous at maturity, when the thin sarcocarp dries up, dehiscent by the whole length of the ventral suture, at length two-valved. Seed ascend- ing from the base of the cell, which it fills, obovate, com- pressed-lenticular, the hilum lunulate ; the crustaceous testa very smooth and shining, brittle (loosely adhering to the ob- scurely sculptured surface of the spongy-membranaceous in- 56 MAGNOLIACE^, WINTERED. ner integument). Embryo very minute, at the base of the fleshy and oily, homogeneous albumen. Shrubs or low trees, entirely glabrous, spicy-aromatic ; the evergreen leaves alternate or irregularly crowded and oppo- site, petioled, oblong, entire, coriaceous, minutely pellucid- dotted under a lens. Stipules entirely absent. Peduncles from axillary or terminal buds, one-flowered. Flower dark red-purple in I. Floridanum, in the others yellowish. ft Etymology. From illicio, to entice; — perhaps from the properties of the Anisette de Bordeaux, which is flavored by the fruit of the Chinese I. ani- satum, the Star-Anise of the shops. Properties. Spicy- aromatic and carminative, especially the bark, leaves, and fruit. The latter yields a fragrant oil like that of Anise, for which it is substituted. The foliage of the Japanese I. religiosum is said to be poison- ous ; and I. parviflorum has the same reputation in Alabama (where it is called " Poison Bay"), probably without good reason. Geographical Distribution. Of the four known species, two are na- tives of China and Japan, and two of the southeastern extremity of the Unit- ed States. Note. The buds of I. religiosum, according to the figure and description by Zuccarini, are perulate, and the ovule rises from the very base of the cell. The leaf-buds of I. Floridanum are perfectly naked, green, and acute ; and the ovule is attached to the inner angle of the cell above the base. PLATE 21. Illicium Floridanum, Ellis; — a flowering branch, natu- ral size ; from a plant cultivated in the Cambridge Botanic Garden. 1. A sepal, detached. 2-6. Petals of the several series, beginning with the exterior and broader. 7. A stamen, magnified, viewed from within or above. 8. A grain of pollen, highly magnified, showing a triple band. 9. Vertical section through the receptacle and whorl of the pistils, laying open one of the ovaries, and displaying the ovule ; enlarged. 10. The mature fruit ; natural size. 11. Seed, of the natural size. 12. The same, magnified, with the testa partly broken away, to show the uneven surface of the inner integument. 13. Vertical section of the same, through the albumen, showing the minute embryo. ILLTCIUM • MAGNOLIACEiE, SCHIZANDREiE. 57 Plate 22. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. Flores monoici, saepius pentameri ! nempe : Sepala 5. Petala 5. Stamina 5, brevissima, dilatata, in orbem 5-lobum monadelpha : antherse loculis connectivum latissimum cu- neiforme marginantibus valde sejunctis. Carpella plurima, 2-ovulata, imbricato-capitata ; fructifera baccata, supra gyno- phorum denique elongatum pedunculiforme laxe spicata. — Frutex sarmentosus, foliis deciduis. ScHizANDRA, Michx. Fl. 2 p. 18. t. 47. Bot. Mag. t. 1413. DC. Syst. l.p. 544. Bart. Fl. N.Am. l.t. 13. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 46, 662. Endl. Gen. 4733. Flowers moncEcious; the floral envelopes, &c., of the sterile and fertile flowers alike. Sepals usually 5, quincmi- cially imbricated in aestivation, sometimes 6, rotund-ovate, concave, membranaceous with rather scarious margins, some- what colored (greenish -white, above sometimes tinged with red), deciduous ; the two exterior smaller. Petals 5, quin- cuncially imbricated in aestivation (rarely 6, when they are imbricated in two series), hypogynous, oblong-obovate, spread- ing, rather fleshy, abruptly thickened at the contracted base, crimson, copiously sprinkled with pellucid dots, deciduous. Ster. Fl. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, their short and broad filaments monadelphous, so as to form a circular and flat 5-cleft disk, occupying the whole centre of the flower : anthers with their two cells adnate to the margins of the dilated-cuneiform connective, much smaller than it, thus widely disjoined, and those of adjacent anthers brought into contact, but not at all connate, neither extrorse nor introrse, opening longitudinally (toward the cleft). Fert. Fl. Pis- tils indefinite, closely imbricated-capitate on the oblong receptacle, distinct : ovary ovoid, sessile, one-celled, two- 5 58 MAGNOLIACE.E, SCHIZANDRE.E. OTuled, obliquely narrowed into a short beak, which is stig- matose for the whole length down the inner side. Ovules collateral, inserted on the ventral suture above the base, just opposite the lower termination of the decurrent stigma, glob- ular, nearly amphitropous. Fruit of several (6 to 12, the rest abortive) globular bac- cate carpels, loosely spicate on the much elongated gyno- phore, 1-2-seeded. Seeds superposed when both ripen, hori- zontal, reniform, with a very short raphe in the sinus ; the testa crustaceous. Albumen fleshy and oily, homogeneous. Embryo minute, next the hilum : cotyledons very short. Shrub sarmentose ; with ash-colored bark ; the leaves alternate, ovate, pointed, long-petioled, entire or sparingly denticulate, the teeth glandular-tipped, veiny, thin and mem- branaceous, beautifully pimctate with pellucid dots under a lens, deciduous. Stipules none. Buds small, scaly. Pe- duncles filiform, solitary in the axils of the lower leaves of the branch of the season, naked, one-flowered. Flowers small (half an inch in diameter), crimson. Berries red ; the fructiferous receptacle elongating to 2 or 3 inches in length. Etymology. From (tx^C^, io cut, and avijp, for anther ; the disk formed of the united stamens being cleft, as it were, between the anthers. Properties. Mucilaginous, the fruit and seeds rather pungent-aromatic. Geographical Distribution. South Carolina to Texas, in damp woods. Note. The two exterior sepals might be taken for bractlets, and then, when there is a sixth petal, the floral envelopes would be trimerous : but the stamens appear to be uniformly five. PLATE 22. ScHiZANDRA cocciNEA, Michx. ; — portion of a stem, natural size, with both kinds of flowers. (Louisiana, Dr. Hale.) 1. Diagram of a staminate flower. 2. A sepal, and 3, a petal, enlarged ; inside view. 4. The disk of united stamens, enlarged. 5. One of the stamens, separated. 6. Head of pistils, enlarged; and 7, vertical section of the same. 8. Vertical section of a pistil, more magnified, showing the ovules, &c. 9. Elongated receptacle and carpels in fruit. 10. Section of one of the baccate carpels. 11. A seed, enlarged ; and 12, a section of the same, displaying the embryo. 13. Embryo, detached, and more magnified. 29, MAGNOLIACE.E. 59 Plate 23, 24. MAGNOLIA, L. Sepala 3. Petala G-12. Antherae introrsum adnatae. Carpella indefiiiita, imbricato-spicata, 2-ovulata ; fructifera coriaceo-baccata, in gynophoro elongate persistentia, sutura dorsali dehiscentia. — Arbores speciosae, gemmis stipularibus teretis; stipulis membranaceis, vernatione folia conduplica- tiva recta invicem claudentes. Magnolia, Linn. Gen. 690. Gaertn. Fr. t. 70. Michx. f. Arb. 3. t. 1-7. DC. Syst. 1. p. 449. Torr & Gr. Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 42. Zuccar. PI. Nov. (in Act. Acad. Monac.) fasc. 2. p. 65. t. 3, 4. Endl. Gen. 4737. Sepals 3, colored and more or less resembling the petals, spreading or reflexed, early deciduous. Petals 6 to 12, in two to four series, imbricated in asstivation (disposed, along with the sepals, in a regular spiral § order), hypogynous, con- cave, erect-converging, or a little spreading, early deciduous. Stamens indefinite, imbricated in many series upon the stipitiform base of the prolonged receptacle, short, cadu- cous : FILAMENTS propcr very short, continued into a linear fleshy connective which is produced beyond the anther into a blunt point : anther adnate to its inner face (in- trorse), two-celled; the cells linear, opening longitudinally. Pistils indefinite, densely imbricated on the upper part of the receptacle (the gynophore) : ovaries fleshy, one-celled, pointed with a short recurved style, which is stigmatose on the inner face. Ovules 2, collateral (rarely 3), borne at the inner angle of the cell, horizontal, anatropous ; the broad raphes face to face : primine thick and fleshy ; the secundine thinner. Fruit (syncarpium) in the form of a fleshy strobile or cone ; the more or less coalescent imbricated carpels becom- ing baccate, and the endocarp at length ligneo-coriaceous, • 5* 60 MAGNOLIACE.E. firmly persistent on the elongated receptacle, at length de- hiscent down the back, two-seeded. Seeds hanging by a delicate, extensile cord of unrolled spiral vessels (contained in the short and fleshy funiculus and placenta), large, glob- ular, drupaceous ; the fleshy testa very thick and at length pulpy (scarlet or bright red) ; the tegmen bony-crustaceous, widely grooved on the inner side and at the summit (corre- sponding with the broad, impressed raphe and chalaza). Ejebrto minute, at the base of the fleshy and oily homo- geneous albumen ; the short and thick radicle next the hilum : cotyledons short. Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with very showy and usu- ally large blossoms and foliage ; the leaves entire, or merely auriculate at the base, feather-veined, deciduous, or some- times persistent through the winter, when thin often indis- tinctly pellucid-punctate, alternate, or by approximation often appearing as if whorled, on stout petioles, which, separating by a distinct articulation, leave broad scars on the otherwise smooth and terete branches. Flowers solitary, terminal, white or greenish-yellow, rarely purplish. Buds terete, acute ; their integuments formed entirely of the ample mem- branaceous stipules : these are adnate to the base of the peti- ole, and involute, with their opposite edges united ; each pair thus inclosing the succeeding conduplicate leaf w^ith the rest of the bud to which it is longitudinally appressed. de- ciduous as the leaves sucessively unfold, leaving their scars upon the branch in the form of narrow rings. Cone of fruit usually red or rose-color at matm'ity. Etymology. This superb genus is dedicated to Magnol, Professor of Bot- any at Montpellier at the close of the seventeenth century, and who first indi- cated natural families in botany. — The name was originally given by Plu- mier to a West Indian tree of the order, the type of the genus Talauma, Juss., and which was confounded by Linnasus with the allied plants which now bear the name. Properties. Bitter and slightly aromatic, with some acridity ; the bark, especially of the root, and also the cones and seeds, have been employed as a stimulant tonic. The flowers of some species are highly fragrant. MAGNOLIACEiE. 61 Geographical Distribution. Natives of Eastern Nortli America, and of Eastern Asia, namely of Japan, China, and Nepaul. The seven species of the United States are confmcd to the vicinity of the Alleghany Mountains, and to the country eastward and southward of them, crossinfr the Mississippi only near the seaboard. The small Magnolia (M. glauca) occurs along the Atlantic border plentifully as far north as New Jersey, and is also found on Cape Ann, Massachusetts, lat. 42^°; while the Cucumber Tree (M. acumi- nata), an inland species, reaches the southern shore of Lake Ontario, which is the northern limit of the genus (a little above lat. 43°). The splendid and fragrant M. grandiflora, belongs exclusively to the low country of the Southern States. The Umbrella Tree (M. Umbrella), which extends northward to Pennsylvania, and the allied M. Fraseri, chiefly belong to moist and wooded valleys along and near the mountains ; while M. cordata and M. macrophylla very sparingly occur in the middle country of the South- ern States. There are, besides, at least two Mexican species. Note. Our illustrations clearly demonstrate that the baccate exterior in- tegument of the seed is formed of the priraine of the ovule ; and therefore is not an arillus ; as so excellent a botanist as my friend, Professor Zuccarini, has endeavoured to maintain,* and as is assumed by Lindley,f and by Endlicher.J PLATE 23. Magnolia glauca. Linn.; — a branch in flower of the Northern variety, from Gloucester, Massachusetts ; of the natural size. 1. Diagram of the aestivation of the calyx and corolla (the ninth petal wanting, as is not uncommonly the case). 2. Vertical section through the whole receptacle, stamens, and pistils ; enlarged. 3. A stamen, detached and magnified ; inside view, showing the introrsely adnate anther. 4. Vertical section of two pistils, magnified. The lower exhibits both ovules ; their raphes face to face : in the upper cell, the anterior ovule has been cut away. 5. An ovule seen laterally, more magnified. 6. The same, with the raphe towards the eye. 7. Vertical section of the same, through the raphe ; showing some of its spiral vessels, the true position of the chalaza, the thick and fleshy primine, which becomes the baccate integument of the seed, &c. * Plantarum Kov. vel minus Cogn. Hort. Bot. et Herb. Rear. Monac. fasc. 2. p. 63-70. t Vegetable Kingdom^ 417. X At least in Endiiridion Botanicum^ p. 427, 428. 62 MAGNOLIACE^. PLATE 24. Magnolia Umbrella, Lam, (Botanic Garden, Cambridge.) 1. Cone of ripe fruit, of the natural size ; some of the carpels dehiscent; one of the seeds hanging by its cord of spiral vessels. 2. Longitudinal section of the same. 3. A detached dehiscent carpel (the exterior fleshy portion dried up). 4. Transverse section of a seed, placed with the raphe towards the eye. 5. Vertical section of the same, passing, as in fig. 4, through the exte- rior baccate integument, the less thick and bony inner integument, and the albumen ; showing also the embryo next the hilum. 6. Embryo, much magnified. 7. Summit of a branch terminated by a bud, in autumn; the outermost pair of stipules removed, to exhibit one of the longitudinally folded leaves. 8. The outer pair of stipules, detached from the bud, fig. 7. 9. Transverse section of the bud, cutting across the stipular envelopes, the conduplicate leaves, and the parts of the flower which they surround. • 24 MAGNOLIACEiE. 03 Plate 25. LIRIODENDRON, L. Sepala 3, deflexa. Petala 6, campanulato-conniventia. Antherae extrorsum adnatae. Carpella indefinita, 2-ovulata, samaraeformia, stylis plano-compressis, in strobilum conico- cylindricum dense imbricata, sicca, indehiscentia, denique ab gynophoro gracili lignoso persistente decidua. — Arbor eximia ; foliis sinuato-quadrilobis truncatis, vernatione Mag- noliae, sed recurvato-inversis atque gemma complanata. LiRioDENDRON, Linn. Gen. 689. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 147. Gasrtn. Fr. t. 178. Bigel. Med. Bot. t. 31. Endl. Gen. 4740. TcLiPiFERA, Herm. Hort. Lugd. p. 612. Adans. Fam. 2. p. 365. Tulip-tree. Sepals 3, colored (greenish-white or yellowish), imbricate in aestivation, reflexed, early deciduous. Petals 6, imbri- cated in two series in asstivation, very broad, nearly erect, so as to form a somewhat bell-shaped corolla, hypogynous, deciduous. StaxMens indefinite, hypogynous in several se- ries, nearly as long as the petals, deciduous : filaments fili- form : ANTHERS elongated-linear, adnate to the outer face of the connective {extrorse)^ two-celled ; the cells contiguous, opening longitudinally. Pistils very numerous, closely im- bricated upon the prolonged receptacle (gynophore) into a fusiform column as long as the petals : ovary sessile by a broad insertion, one-celled, two-ovuled : style laterally winged (or flattened anteriorly and posteriorly), entirely ap- pressed : the stigma unilateral at its summit, cristate, recurv- ed. Ovules collateral, pendulous from near the middle of the ventral suture, anatropous, their raphes face to face. Fruit a fusiform cone or strobile, composed of the closely imbricated samaraeform carpels, which at maturity fall away from the elongated and bodkin-shaped persistent woody axis : 64 MAGNOLIACE^. these are dry and indehiscentj lanceolate, somewhat ligne- ous, consisting of a small, laterally compressed pericarp, which is strongly 4-ribbed ; the ventral and dorsal ribs form- ing the axis, and the lateral ones confluent into the margins, of the large and wing-like obcompressed style. Seeds 2, or by abortion solitary, pendulous ; the thin testa dry and cori- aceous, marked with a narrow salient raphe. Albumen fleshy. Embryo minute, next the hilnm ; the radicle superior. A Tree of large size and elegant aspect ; with the smooth leaves alternate, long-petioled, feather- veined, deciduous, an- gulate-four-lobed, and appearing as if truncate at the apex by a broad and shallow notch. Flowers solit^^-ry and termi- nal, very large (greenish-yellow marked with orange), in the bud inclosed by the last pair of stipules in the form of a two- valved caducous spathe. Yernation as in Magnolia, except that the oval stipular buds are compressed and very obtuse, and the leaves are bent down on the petiole so that their summits are brought to the base of the bud. Stipules nearly flat, oblong, obtuse, free from the petiole, deciduous. Etymology. Name compounded of Xlpiov, a Uhj or tulip, and hevhpov, tree ; from the tulip-like flowers. Properties. Same as of Magnolia; but the bitter, tonic bark is less aromatic. The light, fine-grained wood is largely used by cabinet-makers, &c., under the name of White-ivood, or White and Yellow Poplar. Geographical Distribution. Nearly throughout the United States proper, in rich soil, attaining the greatest size in Ohio, Kentucky, &c. PLATE 25. LiRioDENDRON TuLiPiFERA, imn. ; — branch in flower ; also with an unfolding leaf-bud : natural size. 1 . Diagram of the aestivation of the calyx and corolla. 2. Longitudinal section through the receptacle, pistils, &c. ; natural size. 3. A detached pistil, natural size. 4. Summit of the same, magnified; showing the stigma. 5. Vertical section of the ovary, magnified ; showing the ovules. 6. 7. Ovules, magnified. 8. Ripe cone of fruit ; natural size ; the lowest carpels fallen. 9. One of the separated carpels. 10. Vertical section of the pericarp, through one of the seeds; magnified. Ord. ANONACEtE. Arbores (subacri-aromaticae) simplicifoliae, exstipulatae, fo- liis alternis integerrimis penninerviis : dicotyledoneae, hypo- gynse, regulares, hermaphroditae, polyandrae ; perianthio tri- mero triseriali, nempe ; calyce trisepalo, corolla hexapetala duplici serie, (Bstivatione valvata; carpellis indefinitis, raro paucisj discretis vel in syncarpium confluentibus ; embryone in basi alhufninis ruminati minimo. Anone^, Juss. Gen. p. 283. Batsch, Tab. 118. Anonace^, Dunal, Monogr. DC. Syst. 1. p. 463. Blume, Fl. Jav. fasc. 7, 8. Alph. DC. Anon, in Mem. Soc. Genev. 5. p. 177. Endl. Gen. p. 830. Mart. Fl. Bras. fasc. 2. The Custard-Apple Family is altogether intertropical, with the re- markable exception of the North American Papaw, which extends even to the southern shore of Lake Erie, and the three allied species indigenous to the Southern Atlantic States. The order very clos#ly accords in general structure, as well as in the ternary triple perianth, with IMagnoliaceas ; from which the valvate aestivation and the ruminated albumen essentially distin- guish it. The sensible qualities, also, are much the same ; but Anonaceas have usually less tonic, and more acrid and nauseous properties. The bruis- ed bark and foliage of our Papaw-trees exhale a heavy, disagreeable or fetid odor ; as is likewise said to be the case with the tropical plants of the family which yield a bland esculent fruit. The presence of an arillus appears % have been first noticed in the order by Prof. Alphonse De Candolle, who proposed to consider its presence as a character of generic value ; and accordingly employed it in distinguishing his Habzelia from Unona, &c. ; also remarking that this organ was not known to exist in any Asiatic Anonaceous plant.* Recently, Yon ^lartius has shown that Uvaria Brasiliensis, the only South American species of which the fruit has been examined, is likewise furnished with arillate seeds. f Finally, the examination, last autumn, of fresh fruits of Asimina triloba, en- * Mem. Anonac. I. c. p. 8-13, &c. \ Flora Brasiliensis ; Anonac. p. 39, t, 13. f 2. 66 ANONACE^. m abled us to detect a thin and fleshy arillus which completely incloses the ripe seeds ; and a dried fruit of A . parviflora exhibits manifest traces of a similar integument. Our Papaws, therefore, offer an exception to De CandoUe's remark, that those Anonaceae which have arillate seeds along with a smooth pericarp are always highly aromatic. I possess no means for determining whether the Asiatic original species of Uvaria are really destitute of such an arillus, which, confounded with the surrounding pulp, might have escaped detection as readily in these as it has in the American species. But, without laying stress upon the more or less imbricated aestivation of the corolla in A. triloba and A. par- viflora (which is not very distinct in the young flower-bud, and is likely to occur in other cases where the petals are broadly ovate or rounded*), it appears on every ground probable that our species are not congeneric with those of tropical Asia, and therefore that the genus Asimina should be re- stored. To avoid ambiguity, I have drawn its character entirely from our United States species, and principally from A. triloba and A. parviflora (of which alone I have seen the fruit) ; leaving it for future investigation to de- termine whether it is to embrace the few allied South American species, or whether these should be referred to Porcelia, Ruiz df Pav., with which they all apparently agree in having their inner petals larger than the outer ; while in ours the exterior petals are much larger than the interior. The popular name of Papaw was doubtless given to the fruit of Asimina triloba from a fancied resemblance in the appearance or taste of the fruit to the true Papaw of tropical America (the fruit of Carica Papaya) . Asiminier, from which Asimina formed, is the name by which the fruit was known among the old French colonists. * As, for instance, in Uvaria Narum, Wight^ III. Ind, Bot. t. 5. ANONACEiE. 67 Plate 26, 27. ASIMINA, Adans. Petala exteriora patentia, interioribus majora. Stamina innumera, receptaculum sphaeroideum pauci-pistilligerum te- gentia. Baccae abortu 1-3, subsessiles, oblongae ; oligo- pleiospermae. Semina horizontalia, depressa, plerumque bi- seriata, arillo membranacei-succoso inclusa. AsiMiNA, Adans. Fam. 2. p. 365. Dunal, Anonac. p. 81. DC. Syst. 1. c. Annona: Sp., Catesb. Car. 2. t. 85. Linn. 1. c. Schkuhr, Handb. t, 149. Orchidocarpum, ]Michx. Fl. 1. p. 329. PoRCELi^ Sp., Pers. Syn. 2. p. 95. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2. p. 383. UvARiiE Sp., Bluine. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 44. Papaw. (Asiminier.) Calyx of 3 ovate sepals, much smaller than the corolla, valvate in aestivation, deciduous. Petals 6, in two series, each set rather imbricated than truly valvate in aestivation (at least the margins, especially of the exterior, overlap more or less), hypogynous ; the three exterior widely spreading ; the three inner (opposite the sepals) much smaller and nearly erect ; all rather fleshy, veiny and rugulose, roundish, ovate, or obovate-oblong, closely sessile, enlarging considerably after expansion, deciduous. Stamens innumerable, densely packed together and covering the spheroidal receptacle : filaments extremely short, thick : anthers extrorsely ad- nate to the fleshy connective, which is much longer than the proper filament, and is terminated by a broad and dilat- ed-truncate glandular tip; the cells oblong or linear, sepa- rate, opening longitudinally. Pollen of spheroidal grains lightly united in fours. Pistils 3 to 15, sessile on the summit of the receptacle, protruding from the centre of the globose mass of stamens, distinct : ovary one-celled : style short or none : stigxMa unilateral at the tip. Ovules 4 to 20, horizontal in two series on the ventral suture, anatropous ; the raphes towards the suture. 68 ANONACE^. Fruit baccate, only one to three of the carpels ripening, sessile or slightly stipitate, thick, oval or oblong, smooth and even, or indistinctly torulose. Seeds horizontal, depressed, in A. triloba occupying two regular series (4 to 9 in each), in A. parviflora also several and more or less biseriate (in A. pygmasa and A. grandiflora from the paucity of the ovules undoubtedly very few or solitary), at maturity entirely in- closed in a pulpy-membranaceous arillus ! nestling in the soft flesh of the fruit : testa crustaceo-coriaceous, smooth and even : inner integument rather fleshy, adhering to the testa, its numerous folds or membranous appendages projecting transversely into the corneous albumen nearly to the axis, dividing it into lamellae (i. e. albumen ruminated). Embryo minute, next the hilum, to which the cylindrical radicle is directed: cotyledons short. Shrubs or small trees ; with alternate and entire feather- veined leaves, conduplicate in vernation ; and solitary (ver- nal) dingy-colored flowers from separate axillary buds, nod- ding, on a short peduncle. Stipules none. Bud-scales mi- nute and caducous. Pubescence rusty-color, caducous. PLATE 26. AsiMiNA triloba, Dunal ; — vernal branch in flower; nat- ural size. (From Ohio, Sullivant, and Pennsylvania, Prof. Baird.) 1. Diagram of the floral envelopes (of the expanded flower). 2. A sepal ; 3, an outer, and 4, an inner petal, natural size. 5. A stamen, enlarged, seen from within ; and 6, from the outside. 7. Stamens and pistils ; the calyx and corolla only removed. 8. Enlarged vertical section, through the receptacle. 9. Transverse section of a magnified ovary ; 10, a vertical section. 11. An ovule, more magnified. PLATE 27. The fruit and seeds (fresh specimens from Prof. Baird). 1. Peduncle and receptacle bearing 3 ripe carpels ; natural size. 2. Longitudinal section of a ripe carpel. 3. Transverse section, showing two of the seeds in place ; one of them divided, showing the embryo at the base of the albumen (the lamel- lae of which plainly extend nearly to the centre in the dried seeds). 4. Detached seed, enveloped in its closed pulpy arillus. 5. Same, with the arillus cut open and extended. 6. Embryo, magnified. ASILIINA. Ord. MENISPERMACEiE. SarmentossD exstipulatae, alternifolise (foliis palmatiiier- viis) : dicotyledoneae, hypogynae ; floribus parvulis unisexiia- libus ; perianthio concolori plerumqiie trimero bi - octo-seriali, SBstivatione alternatim imbricato ; staminibus oppositipetalis vel subindefinitis ; carpellis paucis uniovulatis ; fmctu dru- paceo ; embryone majusculo in albumine parco, cum semine fructuque inciirvato. M ENispERMA, Juss. Gcii. p. 234. Menispermoide,e, Vent. Tabl. 3. p. 78. Menisperme^ verae, DC. Syst. 1. p. 508. excl. § 1. Menispermace^:, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 95 (excl. Trib. 1 & 3). Endl. Gen. p. 825. excl. Subord. 2. The Moonseed Family is a small group, of about sixteen recognized genera and tAvo hundred species, belonging principally to the intertropical regions of Asia and America. There are only three species known in the United States, or, indeed, in all extratropical North America ; and these pertain to as many distinct genera. One of them extends northward to Canada; the others are confined to the warmer part of the country. They are all climbing or twining vines, with woody stems, at least at the base (although our Moonseed dies down nearly to the ground at the north) ; bearing alternate, palmately- veined and usually lobed or angled, often pel- tate leaves, on slender petioles, destitute of stipules; and with small, dioe- cious or polygamous flowers, borne in axillary racemes or panicles. Their commonly trimerous floral envelopes, of more than two series, w'hich in many cases are not readily distinguishable into calyx and corolla, and the tendency towards indefinite stamens, and more than one pistil, are characters which show the near alliance of Menispermaceae with the foregoing orders, and especially with Anonaceae, some of which have few stamens and pistils ; while the position of the stamens when definite before the petals, with the imbricated pluriseriate arrangement of the floral envelopes, indicates their affinity with Berberidaceae. They are at once distinguished from both these families by their habit, unisexual flowers, and especially by their large em- bryo in sparing albumen, and the peculiar incun'ation of the drupaceous 70 MENISPERMACE^. fruit. The aestivation of the corolla is not valvate, as in the former, nor do the anthers open by valves, as in the latter order. The nature of the change in form which the ripening ovary undergoes was indicated by Colebrooke, in the Transactions of the LinncBan Society, Vol. 13, p. 51 ; and, subsequently, by Auguste St. Hilaire, in his Flora Brasiliensis Meridionalis . The structure of the wood, which is either zoneless, or destitute of annual layers, is admirably elucidated by Decaisne {Mem. Lardizab. in Archives du Museum). Menispermaceae afford both bitter tonic and narcotic principles ; the former principally in the root, of which the officinal Columbo-root furnishes the most important example : the latter prevail in the fruit ; as in the well- known Cocculus-Indicus berries (the fruit of Anamirta Cocculus), employed for poisoning fish and beer. These contain two venomous principles, name- ly, the deadly picrotoxine in the seed, and menispermine in the pericarp. Conspectus of the United States Genera. Cocculus. (Plate 28.) Stamens 6, distinct. Sepals and petals each 6. Ovaries 3-6. Drupe campylotropous : putamen bony. Menispermum. (Plate 29.) Stamens in ster. fl. 12 - 24, distinct. Se- pals 4-8. Petals 6-8. Ovaries 2-4. Drupe campylotropous: putamen compressed, round-reniform, bony. Embryo slender, hippo- crepiform ; the linear-filiform cotyledons contiguous. Calycocarpum. (Plate 30.) Stamens in ster. fl. 12, distinct. Sepals 6, consimilar. Proper petals none. Ovaries 3, not incurved from the apex in ripening. Drupe deeply hollowed on the inner face, the section crescent-shaped. Putamen crustaceous. Embryo thin and flat, cordate-2-lobed ; the broad cotyledons divergent. MENISPERMACEiE. 71 Plate 28. COCCULUS {Pluk.), DC. Calyx 1-3-bracteolatus, G-sepalus. Petala 6 (raro nulla). Stamina 6, discreta. Drupae campylotropae ; putamine osseo, reniformi, annulari-arcuato, vel hippocrepico. CoccuLus, Pluk. Mant. p. 52. DC. Syst. 1. p. 515 (excl. spec. & syn. Bauli.) Colebr. in Linn. Trans. 13. p. 57 (excl. C. crispo, etc.). Wight & Am. Fl. Pen. Ind. Or. p. 11 (excl. spec.) Wight, 111. Ind. Bot. 1. t. 7. Abuta, Barr. Aubl. Guian. p. 618. t. 250.? (ex St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 47.) Chondodendron, Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. Fl. Per. & Chil. p. 132 (1794). Baumgartia, McEnch, Meth. p. 650 (1794. pi. ster.) Androphylax, Wendl. Hort. Herr. 3. t. 16. Wendlandia, Willd. Spec. 2. p. 275 (1799. pi. fert.) Pursh, Fl. 1. p. 252. Flowers dioecious or dicEcio-polygamous. Ster. Fl. Se- pals 6, imbricated in aestivation in two series of three each, ovate or roundish, petaloid, at least the inner series, 1-3- bracteolate externally, deciduous. Petals 6, smaller than the calyx, placed three of them opposite the outer and three opposite the inner sepals, thickish, sessile, ovate or obovate, more or less cucullate or incurved around the filaments, de- ciduous. Stamens 6, opposite the petals ; the filaments and 4-celled anthers as in Menispermum (Plate 29). Pis- tils none. Fert. Fl. Calyx, corolla, (fcc, nearly as in the sterile plant. Ster. stamens hypogynOus, with more or less dilated filaments, bearing abortive anthers. Pistils 3 to 6, sessile in a whorl, not raised on a gynophore : ovary semiovate, one-celled, subulate with a short recurved style which is narrowly stigmatose down the inner edge. Ovule amphitropous, borne on the middle of the ventral suture ; the micropyle superior. Drupes (one or usually 2 to 5 ripening) sessile, baccate : the putamen, seed, and embryo, in our species (and the more nearly allied exotic ones) just as in Menispermum. 72 MENISPERMACE.^. Frutescent or woody vines ; with usually twining stems ; the leaves alternate, peticled, exstipulate, palmately 3-7- veined, rounded, entire or obscurely lobed. Flowers small, greenish-white or purplish, in axillary or supra-axillary race- mose panicles. Bracts minute. Etymology. From the Cocculus Indicus of the shops, an old name (form- ed from coccuniy a berry) adopted by Bauhin. But the plant that yields the officinal fruit which gave its name to the genus, as now received, has unfor- tunately been excluded from it, and forms the genus Anamirta. Observations. The essential character given above has been made to conform to the genus as received by Colebrooke. The English description is dravv-n wholly from our own plant ; which seems, however, to be truly congeneric with several Indian species, as it probably is with South Ameri- can ones : but I have not seen the illustration of Chondodendron convolvula- ceum, P'dpp. It is a pity that the name of Cocpulus was not kept for the plant yielding the officinal fruit so called ; in which case, one of the names applied to American species, cited above, would have taken due precedence for the present genus, whether it were found to embrace the bulk of those of the Old World or not. At all events, it wiU doubtless comprise none which present the character " cotyledones distantes," assigned b}' De Candolle ; although apparently it should include C. sepium, Colebr., with foliaceous cotyledons, as well as C. Plukenetii, DC, with fleshy and semicylindrical ones. PLATE 28. Cocculus Carolinus, DC; — branch of the sterile plant, natural size, from the Botanic Garden, Cambridge. 1. Diagram of the aestivation of the staminate flower. 2. Staminate flower, enlarged. 3. An outer sepal, and 4, an inner sepal, from the same. 5. A petal, and 6. a stamen, from the same. 7. A petal, with the stamen, enlarged ; anther dehiscent. 8. Stamen, enlarged; the anther divided transversely before dehiscence. 9. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 10. A pistil, magnified ; the ovary divided longitudinally. 11. Drupes from a single flower, with a lobed leaf, &c. ; natural size. 12. Vertical section of a drupe and the inclosed seed and embryo ; enlarged. 13. Putamen (the sarcocarp removed), enlarged. 14. Seed extracted, enlarged. 15. Embryo extracted, enlarged ; showing the slender cotyledons, &c. COCCULTJS. MENISPERMACEiE. 73 Plate 29. MENISPERMUM, Tourn, Calyx 4-S-sepaliis. Petala 6-S. Stamina 12-24, dis- creta; antheris quadrilocellatis. Stigmata explanato-dilatata. Drupae campylotropae ; putamine compresso, orbiculato-reni- formi, osseo. Embryo in albumine putamini conformi gra- cilis, hippocrepicus ; cotyledonibus contiguis radiculaque an- guste linearibus. Menispermum, Tourn. in Mem. Acad. Par. 1705. p. 237. Linn. (excl. sp.) Lam. 111. t. 824. Moench, Meth. p. 277. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 337. DC. Syst. 1. p. 539. Torn. & Gr. Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 47. excl. § 2. Moonseed. Flowers dioecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals 5 to 8, petaloid, thin and membranaceous, imbricated in aestivation, spatulate- oblong ; the two exterior narrower, and rather to be counted as bractlets ; all early deciduous. Petals 6 to S (most com- monly 7), shorter than the sepals, somewhat fleshy, orbicu- lar-dilated from a short claw, cucullate-incurved, deciduous. Stamens 12 to 24, much longer than the petals : fila^ients filiform, gradually thickened above : anthers innate, of 4 globular cells before dehiscence, when the two proper didy- mous cells are confluent at the longitudinal suture. Pistils entirely wanting. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4 to 6, broader and shorter than in the sterile flowers. Petals as in the sterile, hypogynous, with about as many abortive stamens, at the base of the thickish cylindrical-oblong gynophore. Pistils 2 to 4, sessile on the apex of the gynophore, distinct : ovary semiovate, one-celled, one-ovuled : stigma sessile, thickened, fleshy, dilated, crenate-papillose, recurved. Ovule borne on the middle of the ventral sutiure, amphitropous, oblong ; the micropyle superior (directed to the apex of the cell). Drupe baccate (one, or sometimes two or tliree, ripening 6 74 MEN I SPERM ACE^. from each flower), somewhat stipitate, globular, excentric, marked by the vestige of the stigma near the base ; the real apex of the pericarp being incurved or bent down upon itself dming growth, like a campylotropous seed : the bony pu- tamen accordingly annular-reniform, laterally compressed, smooth and as if excavated on each side, longitudinally two- grooved and transversely rugose-tuberculate round the cir- cumference. Seed reniform, conformed to the cavity of the putamen : testa membranaceous. E>ibryo slender, terete, curved into rather more than a semicircle, or nearly in the form of a horseshoe, occupying the axis of the fleshy albu- men, and almost of equal length : the long and slender radi- cle pointing to the organic apex of the fruit : cotyledons very slender, incumbently contiguous. SuFFRUTicosE viucs ; the zoneless wood with few and very broad medullary rays. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, rounded, palmately veined and angulate-lobed, long-petioled, peltate near the cordate sinus. Flowers small, white, in small panicles. Peduncles more or less supra-axillary. Etymology. From firjvr], the moon, and airepfxa, seed. Properties. The fruit is probably noxious, and the root tonic-demulcent. Geographical Distribution, &c. The original species is common throughout the United States and Southern Canada ; and the second, which very closely resembles ours, is Siberian. My specimens of the latter are not apetalous (as is said in Terr. <5f Gray, Flora N. Amer. I. c). PLATE 29. Menispermum Canadense, Linn.; — flowering branch of the sterile plant ; natural size. 1. Diagram of the aestivation of the floral envelopes. 2. Staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A sepal ; 4, a petal, and 5, a stamen, enlarged. 6. Transverse section of an anther, enlarged. 7. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Pistils, more magnified ; with 2 sterile stamens. 9. Vertical section of a pistil, magnified. 10. A drupe, and receptacle ; natural size. 11. Same, enlarged ; upper part of the sarcocarp cut away. 12. Putamen ; the upper part removed, showing two sections of the embryo. 13. Vertical section of the drupe and seed : embryo seen in place. 14. Seed detached ; 15, embryo, detached ; — all the latter magnified. MEIMI2PERMUM. MENISPERMACEiE. 75 Plate 30. CALYCOCAIIPUM, Nutt. Sepala 6. Petala nulla. Stamina 12, discreta : antherae biloculares introrsum adnatae. Ovaria 3 : stigma umbilica- tum, radiato-multifidum. Drupa ovoidea, stigmate terminali notata : putamen laeve, tenui-crustaceum, ventre profunde excavatum cymbiforme. Embryo lamellaeformis, in albu- mine tenui leviter incurvus ; cotyledonibus foliaceis per mar- gines ad medium connatis, deinde divergentibus, late cordi- formis ; radicula brevissima supera. Calycocarpum (Sect. Menispermi), Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 48. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minutely one-bracteolate at the base, of 6 equal and similar petaloid oblong-obovate sepals, in two series, imbricated in aestivation, spreading, deciduous. Petals wanting. Ster. Fl. Stamens 12, distinct, occu- pying the centre of the flower : filamexNts slender, slightly flattened and dilated upwards : anthers introrsely adnate, strictly two-celled, the oval cells opening longitudinally down the inner face. Fert. Fl. Abortive stamens 6, short, with small and imperfect anthers. Pistils 3, sessile, one-ovuled : ovary fusiform, straight, terminated by an um- bilicate and radiately laciniate dilated stigma. Ovule . . . Drupe oval, tipped by the vestige of the terminal stigma ; the sarcocarp thin : putamen smooth, crustaceous, broadly convex on the back, very deeply and broadly excavated on the ventral face, so as to become cup-shaped or boat-shaped (the transverse section between crescent-shaped and horse- shoe form, the vertical section also crescent-shaped), lightly marked by dorsal and ventral sutures, which incline to open, and by which it may readily be separated into 2 half-carpels ; the continuous cell very wide and shallow. Seed pendu- 6* 76 MENISPERMACEiE. lous from the upper part of the ventral suture, conformed to the cell, cymbiform ; the hilum a little below the micropyle. Embryo in the axis and about two thirds the length of the fleshy albumen, which it almost separates into two thin plates, very thin and foliaceous, concave so as to conform to the shape of the albumen, slightly pointed at the radicular apex, which is also flat, divergently two-lobed at the other extremity, thus heart-sh'aped. Its peculiar form is evidently due to the lateral junction by their contiguous edges of the cotyledons, which were laterally separated like those of Ana- mirta Cocculus. Vine woody, climbing or twining ; with alternate and ex- stipulate palmately-veined and 3 - 5-lobed membranaceous leaves (the lobes acuminate, sometimes wavy-toothed), cor- date at the base, on long petioles. Flowers small, greenish- white, in racemose panicles: peduncles supra-axillary, slender. Etymology. From koKv^, a husk, or covering, or flower-cup, and Kapivos, fruit ; a name evidently meant to designate the cup-shaped shell of the fruit. Geographical Distribution. The single known species belongs to the Southern States west of the Alleghanies. Note. A genus manifestly allied to Anamirta, and also to Cocculus crispus, DC, judging from the analyses given by Colebrooke. PLATE 30. Calycocarpum Lyoni ; — leaf, panicle, &c., of a sterile plant (from Texas, Mr. Charles Wright) ; natural size. 1. A staminate flower, enlarged. 2. Bracteole ; and 3, a sepal, enlarged. 4. A stamen, enlarged; inside view. 5. A pistillate flower, enlarged. {Herb. Torrey ; as also the following.) 6. A pistil, more magnified. 7. Drupe, natural size ; and 8, same, divided transversely. 9. The putamen ; the excavated inner face turned to the eye. 10. Section of the same through the sutures, cutting the seed and emlTryo. 11. A transverse section of the putamen a little below the middle, passing through the two cotyledons lying separately in the thin albumen. 12. Embryo, of the natural size, spread out nearly flat. ZALYCOCARPUM. Ord. BERBERIDACEiE. Friitices ligno fiavo, vel herbae, foliis plerumque composi- tis alternis : dicotyledoneae, hypogynas, polypetalse, herma- phroditae, symmetricae ; sepalis petalisque trimeris, aut 2-4- meris, tripli -multiplici serie aestivatione alternatim imbri- catis ; staminibus oppositipetalis ; antheras loculis valvula siirsum revoluta dehiscentibus ; ovario unico monocarpellari pauci-multiovulato ; fmctu baccato, rarius capsular! ; em- bryone in albumine carnoso vel corneo. Berberides, Juss. Gen. p. 286. Berberide-k, Vent. R. Br. in Tuckey, Voy. p. 411. Endl. Gen. p. 851. BERBERiPEiE & PoDOPHYLLACE^, Trib. 1, DC. Syst. & Prodr. 1. c. Berberace^e & PoDOPHYLLE^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. BERBERiDACEiE, Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 49. The Barberry Family, well marked as it is by the imbricative arrange- ment of the floral envelopes, and the stamens in a ternary, or sometimes bi- nary or quaternary order in two series of each set, so that the petals taken together stand opposite as many sepals, and the stamens likewise opposite these, — and also by the valvular dehiscence of the anthers, and the single pistil, — yet presents the following exceptions, in plants which, nevertheless, certainly belong to this order. 1. The anther-cells open by a longitudinal line in Nandina, and also in Podophyllum. 2. In Podophyllum peltatum (but not in P. hexandrum) the stamens are twice the number of the petals. 3. In Achlys the stamens are indefinite, the ovule solitary, and the floral envelopes altogether wanting (just as in Trochodendron, Zucc, among Magnoliaceaa Wintereae). 4. In Jeffersonia, the sepals (4 or 5 in number) form a single series, and are fewer than the petals. The position of the petals and definite stamens in Menispermaceae is, of course, to be explained in the same manner as in the Barberry Family; and this arrangement is not to be confounded with the different case of Vitaceas, &c., where a single series of stamens is opposed to a simple whorl of petals.* * The difference has been pointed out by Adr. de Jussieu, Conrs Eltm. Bol. § 386, 794. 78 BERBERIDACE^. The close alliance of the Berberidaceae to the preceding orders is admitted by all botanists, perhaps, except Dr. Lindley, who has at length proposed a widely different arrangement, which is evidently based upon peculiar grounds, by no means compatible with ordinary views of botanical affinity.* The family consists of about 12 genera, all of few or single species, ex- cepting Berberis itself, distributed over the northern temperate zone, chiefly in the cooler parts, and extending southward along mountain ranges only. In America the genus Berberis is also represented at the southern extremity of the continent. The berries are usually acid and edible or harmless ; the foliage is often acid ; the bark and roots of the woody species are astringent, and the roots of one or two are drastic. The compact wood of Berberis trifoliolata exhibits very broad medullary rays, much wider, towards the circumference of old stems, than the woody wedges themselves, which fork sparingly, after the manner of some Aristo- lochias. The annual layers are indistinct. Young stems of Nandina exhibit a similar structure. Conspectus of the United States Genera. * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Shrubs. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen : cotyledons foliaceous. Berberis. (Plate 31.) Stamens and petals 6. Stigma umbilicate. Berry one - few-seeded. — Leaves or leaflets spinulose-toothed. H — i~- Herbs. Embryo small or minute : cotyledons thick. Leontice § Caulophyllum. (Plate 32.) Stamens and petals 6. Ovary 2-ovuled, bursting and evanescent after fertilization. Seeds drupa- ceous. — Leaves 3-ternate. DiPHYLLEiA. (Plate 33.) Stamens and petals 6. Berry few-seeded. — Flowers cymose. Cauline leaves 2, peltate, deeply 2-cleft, 7 - 9-lobed. Jeffersonia. (Plate 34.) Stamens and petals 8. Pod opening trans- versely half round, many-seeded. Seeds with a lateral arillus. — Scape naked, 1-flowered. Leaves 2-parted. * * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Podophyllum. (Plates 35, 36.) Petals 6-9: the stamens twice their number (in Amer. species). Berry large, many-seeded. Seeds on a very thick lateral placenta, inclosed in a pulpy arillus. — Flower sol- itary, in the fork of the two peltate palmately-lobed leaves. Croomia. (Plate 37.) Genus of doubtful affinity. * Veg.Kingd. p. 432-445. — In his Berberal alHance, Dr. Lindley com- bines, as the nearest allies of Berberidacea, the Droseracece, Fumariacece^ Vita- ceoB^ CyrillacecB^ &c. He excludes, however, from the Barberry Family the ge- nus Podophyllum, " which some botanists fancy should stand here " ; — a fancy which originated with Mr. Brown, and which does not appear extraordinary when that genus (and especially its hexandrous species) is compared with Jef- fersonia and Diphyileia. BERBERIDACEiE. 79 Plate 31. BERBERIS, L. Calyx 6-sepalus, extus 3 - 2-bracteolatus. Petala 6, con- cava, intus pi. m. biglandulosa. Stamina 6. Stigma pelta- tum, umbilicatum. Bacca oligosperma, seminibus erectis. Embryo magnus, cotyledonibus subfoliaceis ellipticis. — Fru- ticeSj foliolis saepe spinulosis ; floribus racemosis. Berberis, Bauhin. Linn. Gen. 442. Gtertn. Fr. t. 42. Hook. Fl. Bor.- Anj.l.p. 28. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 49. Endl. Gen. 4814. Berberis & Mahonia, Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 210. DC. Syst. 2. p. 18. * Odostemon, Raf in Anier. Month. Mag. 1819. p. 192. Barberry. Calyx calyculate with 3 or sometimes 2 close-pressed bractlets : proper sepals 6, in two series, alternatively im- bricated in ssstivation, orbicular or obovate, concave-spread- ing, more or less petaloid, deciduous. Petals 6, opposite the 6 sepals, imbricated in aestivation in two series, hypogy- nous, obovate, concave-connivent, unguiculate or sessile, marked with two thickened glands, or more or less conspicu- ous glandular spots, at the base of the lamina inside, decidu- ous. Stamens 6, hypogynous, opposite the petals and short- er than they : filaments thick, articulated with the recep- tacle, spreading under the petals in the expanded flower, starting forward towards the pistil with a sudden jerk when touched with a point next the base on the inner side (thus projecting the pollen upon the stigma) : anthers two-celled ; the cells somewhat extrorsely adnate to the thick connec- tive, nearly the whole face separating as a valve which is lightly hinged at the apex. Ovary ovoid, one-celled," mark- ed with a projecting placental line inside (toward the axis) : style short and thick or none : stigma orbicular and peltate, umbilicate, entire. Ovules 2 to 9, erect from the base of the placental line, towards which the raphes are all turned. 80 BERBERIDACE^. Berry oblong or globular. Seeds 1 to 9, erect, oblong, with a crustaceous testa and a narrow raphe. Embryo in the axis and occupying nearly the whole length of corneous- fleshy albumen, straight or nearly so : radicle slender, infe- rior : COTYLEDONS elliptical, flat and nearly foliaceous, parallel with the raphe, shorter than or equalling the radicle in length. Shrl^bs, with yellow wood and inner bark, deciduous or persistent 1 - many-foliolate alternate leaves ; their petioles dilated at the base. Stipules adnate, commonly minute, caducous. Leaflets articulated, veiny, usually spinulose- toothed or ciliate-serrate. Flowers yellow, racemose. Etymology. From the Arabic name of the berries of the Barberry. Properties. These well-known berries are pleasantly acid and astrin- gent. The yellow bark and wood furnishes a dye, and is astringent, and seems also, with the root, to contain a principle (berberine) which is cathartic. Division. To the two recognized subgenera, I may here add a third. ^ 1. Berberis proper. — Filaments usually inappendiculate. Primary leaves mostly converted into triple, quintuple, or simple prickly spines ; the secondary fascicled in the axils of these, unifoliolate (articulated above the scale-like base which represents the real petiole), subsessile. §2. Trilicina. — Filaments inappendiculate. Unarmed: leaves all evo- lute, digitately 3-foliolate : leaflets sessile on the apex of the common petiole. (B. trifoliolata, Moric.) §3. Mahonia, NutL — Filaments appendiculate with two salient teeth at the apex. Unarmed : leaves all evolute, pinnately 5 - 17-foliolate. PLATE 31. Berberis Canadensis, Pursh; — part of flowering stem, natural size, from the Cambridge Botanic Garden. 1. Diagram of the flower (the upper side belongs next the axis). 2. A flower, enlarged. • 3. An outer sepal; 4, an inner sepal, enlarged. 5. A petal, enlarged ; inside view. 6, 7. Stamens, enlarged ; the latter with the anther dehiscent. 8. Ovary transversely, and 9, vertically divided, magnified. 10. Berries, from a wild specimen. (Mountains of North Carohna.) 11. Vertical section»of a berry, enlarged. 12. Magnified section of the seed and embryo. 13. Magnified embryo, turned flatwise, to show the broad cotyledons. BERBERIDACEiE. 81 Plate 32. LEONTICE, L. Calyx 6-sepalus, petaloideus, interdiim bracteolis calycula- tus. Petala 6, nectariformia, dilatato-cucullata, sepalis multo minora. Stamina 6. Ovarimn e basi 2 - 4-ovulatum. Pe- ricarpium tenui-membranaceum inflatum, indehiscens, vel, — Subgen. Caulophyllum, grossificatione seminmn longe ante maturitatem ruptum, evanescens. Semina itaque nuda, drupacea. — Folium triternatum. Leontices Sp., Linn. R. Br. in Linn. Trans. 12. p. 143. t. 7. DC. Syst. 2. p. 23. Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. t. 12. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 52. Endl. Gen. 4810. Caulophyllum, Michx. FI. 1. p. 204. t. 21. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 210. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root. Calyx calyculate witTi 3 close-pressed bractlets : sepals 6, consimilar, imbricated in aestivation in two separate series, petaloid, ovate-oblong, flat, widely spreading or revolute, early deciduous. Petals 6, hypogynous, one at the base of each sepal and very much shorter than it, fleshy and gland-like, viscid, unguiculate, cuneiform-dilated, the very broad and rounded summit involute, deciduous. Sta.mens 6, hypogynous, opposite the petals and rather shorter than they : anthers rather shorter than the filaments : the two oblong cells somewhat extrorsely adnate to the thickish con- nective ; the greater part of the face separating in dehiscence as an uplifted valve. Ovary ovoid-oblong, one-celled, taper- ing into a subulate oblique style, which is minutely stigma- tose from the apex down the inner side. Ovules 2, collat- eral, erect from the base of the cell, raised and as if articu- lated on short fleshy fmiiculi, anatropous. Pericarp very thin, ruptured soon after the floral envel- opes fall by the pressure of the growing seeds, and then 82 BERBERIDACEJE. shrivelling away. Seeds (one or both maturing) therefore naked, stipitate on their thickened funiculi, spherical, large, with a fleshy at length baccate testa, appearing like drupes ! Albumen corneous, deeply umbilicate at the hilum, its verti- cal section deeply reniform. Embryo minute, partly received into a sort of cup formed by the folding of the tegmen in the axis of the umbilicate basal depression, cylindrical : radicle short, inferior, about the length of the thick cotyledons. Herbaceous ; the fleshy rootstock sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, bearing near the summit a triternately compound leaf destitute of a common petiole, and often a smaller and similar leaf at the very base of the ter- minal raceme or panicle. Leaflets 2-5-cleft at the apex, glaucous, as also the blue drupaceous seeds. (Characters from the North American species orfly.) Etymology, &c. Leontice is a name abbreviated by Linnaeus from the Leontopetalum of Tournefort. Caulophyllum, which may very probably re- sume its generic rank, is formed of icavXo?, stem^ and (f)vkXov, leaf; the stem seeming to form^ stalk for the single, large and compound leaf. Properties. The root is an " Indian medicine," but its real qualities are unsettled. The albumen of the seed has been proposed as a substitute for coffee. PLATE 32. Leontice (Caulophyllum) thalictroides, Linn.; — sum- mit of stem, natural size when coming into flower. (Botanic Gar- den, Cambridge ; May : from Western New York.) 1. Back view of a flower-bud, showing the 3 bractlets (sepals of authors). 2. Diagram of the aestivation, &c. 3. Enlarged flower, seen from above. 4. A bractlet ; 5 and 6, sepals, enlarged. 7. Enlarged petal, from the outside ; 8, inside view of the same. 9, 10. Magnified stamens, seen from the outside. 11, 12. Same, seen from the inner side. 13. Pistil, enlarged. 14, 15. Same, transversely and vertically divided. 16. Pistil, a week after the floral envelopes have fallen, enlarged. 17, 18. Same, still later ; the pericarp ruptured by the growing seeds. 19. The two full-grown seeds on their funiculi ; natural size. 20. Vertical section of one of them. 21. Embryo, detached, and highly magnified. L E O N T I C E ( G A TJ L 0 P H TL IrJM ) BERBERIDACE^. 83 Plate 33. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Sepala 6, caducissima. Petala 6, ovalia, plana. Stamina 6. Bacca gibbosa, basin versus 2 - 4-sperma. Embryo majuscu- la. — Caulis alternatim diphyllus ; foliis maximis, peltatis, bifidis, ambitu lobatis. Cyma terminalis. DiPHYLLEiA, Michx. Fl. 1. p. 203. t. 19, 20. Bot. Mag. t. 1666. DC. Syst. 2. p. 39. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 52. Endl. Gen. 4808. Gray, in Sill. Jour. 42. p. 23. Calyx of 6 thin and membranaceous roundish-oval sepals, imbricated in two series in aestivation, caducous when the corolla opens. Petals 6, alternatively imbricated in aestiva- tion, hypogynous, consimilar, larger than the sepals, round- ish-obovate, sessile, not glandular, plane, spreading, early deciduous. Stamens 6, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, shorter than they: anthers oblong, longer than the terete filament ; the cells somewhat extrorsely adnate to the con- nective, their face (except an inner margin) separating in dehiscence as an uplifted valve. Ovary oblong-ovoid, one- celled, nearly straight : style very short : stigma terminal, circular, depressed, slightly grooved across the middle. Ovules 5 or 6, borne in two series near the base of the pla- cental line which marks the inner side of the cell, ascend- ing, globular, anatropous. Berry globular, somewhat gibbous, apiculate with the nearly sessile stigma, unilaterally 2 - 4-seeded ; the flesh thin. Seeds 2 to 4, ascending from near the base of the cell on the ventral side, oblong, gibbous, slightly curved ; the testa fleshy-coriaceous. Albumen fleshy, or corneous when dried. ExMBRYO in the axis of the albumen, extending from the base nearly to the middle, slightly curved to correspond with the curvature of the seed : radicle inferior, slender ; the coty- ledons nearly of its length, oblong, pretty thin, parallel with the raphe. 84 BERBERIDACEiE. Herb of striking appearance, with much the habit of Po- dophyllum : the thickened and creeping rhizoma formed of distinct annual increments, sending up a stout alternately two-leaved flowering stem (terminated by a cyme of white blossoms), which separates at the base in autumn by a marked articulation, leaving a broad excavated scar, in the manner of the rootstocks of a Solomon's Seal. Leaves very large (1 to 2 feet broad when full grown), thin, palmately veined, reticulated, of dilated reniform or orbicular circum- scription, deeply two-cleft, and the margins cut-lobed and toothed ; the cauline excentrically, the radical centrally, pel- tate on long and stout petioles. Berries blue, glaucous. Etymology, rrom bis, twice, or double, and (f)vXXov, leaf. Properties. Unknown : probably much like those of Podophyllum. Geographical Distribution. Restricted to shaded springy places, or the margin of mountain brooks, in rich and deep alluvial soil, along the Al- leghanies from Virginia to Georgia. It flowers in May, while the leaves are yet but half grown. PLATE 33. Diphylleia cymosa, Michx. ; — flowering stem and rhizo- ma, from plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, and dried specimens, from the mountains of North Carolina: lower leaf cut away, the upper thrown back and reduced in size. 1. A magnified stamen, with the anther dehiscent ; outside view. 2. A similar stamen, seen from the inner side. 3. A magnified pistil. 4. A vertical section of the same, showing the ovules. 5. An ovule, more magnified. 6. Transverse section of the ovary made towards the base. 7. A berry ; and 8, a vertical section of the same, showing the seeds. 9. A seed, magnified ; lateral view. 10. Vertical section of the same, displaying the embryo, &c. difht: BKRBERIDACEiE. 85 Plate 34. JEFFERSONIA, Bart. Sepala 4, caduca. Petala 8, plana. Stamina 8. Capsula coriacea, obovata, polysperma, sub apice rima horizontali operculatim dehiscens. Semina pluriseriata, arillo lateral! laciniato. — Scapus unifloms nudus. Folia radicalia, bipar- tita, segmentis semicordatis. Jeffersonia, Barton, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3. p. 334. Michx. Fl. 1. p. 236. DC.Syst.2.p. 34. Endl. Gen. 4807. Torr. &Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 53. Twin-leaf. Calyx of 4 (sometimes 3 or 5) linear-oblong petaloid SEPALS, imbricated in aestivation in a single series, caducous. Petals 8, imbricated in aestivation in two series, hypo- gynous, oblong, sessile, plane, spreading, early deciduous. Stamens S, hypogynous, one before each petal : anthers oblong, shorter than the filiform filaments, scarcely if at all extrorse ; nearly the whole face of each cell separating as an uplifted valve. Ovary ovoid, slightly stipitate, one-celled, marked by a horizontal line around the back above the mid- dle, tapering at the summit into a short style : the stigma terminal, somewhat dilated and two-lobed. Ovules indefi- nite, borne in several rows on nearly the whole length of the broad ventral suture, somewhat ascending, anatropous. Fruit a coriaceous obovate pod, transversely dehiscent half-way round on the back, near the summit, by a revolute persistent lid, forming a broad lunate chink. Seeds numer- ous in several series on the broad placenta, somewhat as- cending, arillate ; the arillus unilateral at the base of the raphe, fleshy, laciniate : testa coriaceous. Embryo minute at the base of the fleshy albumen : cotyledons short : radi- cle next the hilum. Herb low, with matted fibrous roots, sending up, in early 86 BERBERIDACE^. spring, a tuft of two-parted peltately-veined radical leaves, on long petioles, and naked scapes terminated by a single white flower. Etymology. Dedicated by Professor Barton to Thomas Jefferson. Properties. The plant has a popular reputation in Ohio, under the name of Rheumatism-root, as a stimulant, diaphoretic, &c. {Riddell, Synop- sis.) The seeds have an acrid taste, which is very persistent. Geographical Distribution. The single species inhabits rich and cool woods, from Northern New York southward through the Alleghany Moun- tains, and in the Western States. PLATE 34. Jeffersonia diphylla, Pers.; — natural size in flower. (Botanic Garden, Cambridge.) 1. Diagram of the flower. 2. A stamen, magnified. 3. A stamen, more enlarged ; the valves of the anther opening. 4. Same ; the anther divided transversely before dehiscence ; then 4-celled. 5. Pistil, magnified ; dorsal view. 6. Same, seen from the inner or placental side. 7. Same, transversely divided, showing the 4-ranked ovules. 8. An ovule, more magnified. 9. A growing seed, with the arUlus just appearing ; enlarged. 10. The mature, dehiscent pod ; natural size. 11. Same, with the seeds removed, and the back cut away to show the placenta. 12. A seed, with its arillus, magnified. 13. Vertical section of the same, showing the minute embryo at the base of the albumen. JEPFERS G^11A_, BKRBERIDACEiE. 87 Plate 35, 36. PODOPHYLLUM, L. Sepala 6, caducissima. Petala 6-9. Stamina petalis nu- mero sequalia vel dupla ; antheris longitudinaliter dehiscen- tibiis. Bacca polysperma ; seminibus in arillo pulposo nidu- lantibus. — Caulis apice uniflorus, diphyllus ; foliis peltatis 5-9-fidis. Podophyllum, Linn. Gen. 643. DC. Syst. 2. t. 233. Bigel. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 35. Jacquem. Voy. t. 9. Endl. Gen. 43Uti. May-Apple. Mandrake. Calyx (calyculate by 3 green bractlets which are cadu- cous before anthesis) formed of 6 very thin and membrana- ceous obovate sepals, imbricated in two series in aestivation, caducous from the bud without expanding. Petals 6 or 9, in two or three series, alternatively imbricated and slightly crumpled in aestivation, hypogynous, dilated-obovate, large, spreading, deciduous. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them in the Himalayan species, twice as many in the North American, hypogynous : filaments very short : ANTHERS oblong-linear, adnate ; the cells opening longitudi- nally by a single extrorse line, as it were by a laterally hinged valve. Ovary ovoid, sessile, one-celled, crowned by a large and thick peltate and imdulate-crested stigma. Ovules very numerous, covering the broad ventral placenta which occupies the whole length of the cell, crowded in about 5 rows, horizontal, nearly amphitropous. Fruit a large ovate fleshy berry ; the cell filled by the lateral placenta and the mass of pulpy arilli developed from its whole surface, inclosing the indefinite obovate seeds. Embryo small, at the base of fleshy albumen. Herbs, with thick fibrous roots from creeping rootstocks, which send up in spring sterile stalks terminated by a single orbicular centrally peltate leaf, or two-leaved stems termi- 88 BERBERIDACE^. nated by a single large (white) flower, nodding on a short peduncle. Cauline leaves excentrically peltate, palmately 5 - 9-ribbed and deeply cleft ; the lobes incised and toothed. Etymology. Name formed of ttovs, a footj and (pvXXop, leaf; from a fancied resemblance of the leaves to the feet of a web-footed bird. Properties. The mawkish fruit of the May-Apple is edible, and is said by Dr. Griffith to resemble that of Passiflora edulis in taste as well as in ap- pearance : the herbage is poisonous : the root is a drastic cathartic. Geographical Distribution. Out species (from which the above de- tailed character is drawn) is indigenous nearly throughout the United States : and there is another (P. hexandrum) in the mountains of Xepaul. Note. The arillus was detected by Prof. Torrey several years ago, and is noticed in his elaborate Flora of the State of New York, 1. p. 35. The floral envelopes are first correctly described in my Manual of the Botany of the Northern States, in the Errata, p. 4. A singular discrepancy in respect to the size and shape of the embryo is shoAvn on the annexed plate. As the fruit does not ripen in Eastern New England, we have been unable to mul- tiply observations upon this point. PLATE 35. Podophyllum peltatum. Linn.; — one leaf cut away. 1. Early flower-bud, the green bractlets expanded; natural size. 2. Flower-bud just before expansion, after the bractlets have fallen ; the sepals separating from the base. 3. Diagram of the whole floral envelopes in the bud : the three outermost lines represent the bractlets ; the six inner and wavy ones, the petals. 4. 5, 6. Stamens enlarged ; the latter with the anther dehiscent. 7. Cross-section of the last. 8. Pistil, enlarged. 9. Vertical section of the same, through the placenta. 10. Same, with the back cut away ; and 11, cross-section in the same position. 12. An ovule, magnified. PLATE 36. Fruit with dissections ; natural size. 1. Ripe fruit : 2, a transverse section ; and 3, a vertical section. 4. The pericarp cut away, showing the surface of the arillate mass. 5. Same, with the arilli and placenta transversely divided. 6. Magnified arillus divided, to show the included seed. 7. Magnified seed, taken from a New Jersey specimen. 8. Same, divided, showing the minute embryo. 9. This cordate embryo detached and more magnified. 10, 11. Magnified seed and its section, from Philadelphian specimens. 12. This much larger and longer embryo detached, and more magnified. 35 ODD PHTLLUM. BERBERIDACEiE. 89 Plate 37. CROOMIA, Torr, Petala 4, persistentia. Petala nulla. Stamina 4, antheris introrsis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium 3 - 6-ovu- latum ; ovulis apice placentae unilateralis e summo loculo pendulis. Pericarpium coriaceum demum bivalve. Semina 1-2, arillo criniformi obtecta. Embryo minimus. — Herba gracilis ; foliis tenuibfls, cordato-oblongis, integerrimis, 5-9- costatis, in apice caulis approximatis ; pedunculis 2 - 3-floris. Croosiia, Torr, in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. (Suppl.) p. 663. Calyx of 4 broadly oval and nearly herbaceous sepals, imbricated in two series in aestivation (two exterior and two interior), persistent. Petals none. Stamens 4, hypogy- nous, one opposite each sepal : filaments stout : anthers shorter than the filament, obliquely introrse, fixed by the middle, the oval or oblong cells opening by a longitudinal line down the inner side. Ovary ovate-globose, one-celled, tipped with a depressed and entire sessile stigma. Ovules 3 to 6, attached to the apex of a filiform placenta which is adherent to one side of the cell for the whole length, thus suspended, anatropous. Fruit globose-ovate, apiculate ; the dry pericarp coria- ceous, tardily two-valved from the apex ; the valves parallel with the inner sepals. Seeds mostly 2, suspended each by a short filiform funiculus, globose-oval, marked with a slen- der raphe terminating in a broad apical chalaza, covered, ex- cept the chalazal end, with a wig-shaped arillus composed of copious slender and fleshy threads. Embryo next the hilum in fleshy albumen, minute, globose-ovoid, obscurely two- lobed (if we mistake not) at the cotyledonar extremity. Herb low and slender, from a horizontal creeping rhizo- ma. Stem simple, provided with two or three alternate 7 90 BERBERIDACE^. sheaths at the base, then naked to the summit where it bears 4 to 6 alternate and approximate or irregularly fascicled leaves, on slender petioles, and filiform peduncles in their axils. Leaves thin and membranaceous, cordate at the base, ovate-oblong, acuminate, entire, 5 - 9-ribbed, the ribs con- verging to the apex, and connected by copious transverse re- ticulated veinlets, as in Smilax or Dioscorea. Flowers 2 to 3, ver}" small, greenish-white or tinged with purple. Pedi- cels subtended by small alternate bracts, slender, articulated above the middle ; the summit becoming thickened in fruit. Etymology, The genus consists of a single species, dedicated by Pro- fessor Torrey to the memory of his friend, the late Hardy B. CrooJii, Esq., the discoverer, who was also the author of a Monograph of Sarracenia, and of other botanical papers. Geographical Distribution. The plant grows in woods in Middle Florida, where it has been gathered by Dr. Chapman, as well as by the la- mented botanist whose name and services to science it commemorates. Mr. Buckley has also detected it in Alabama. Note. For our knowledge of the ripe fruit, discovered since the first volume of the FIo7-a of North America was published, we are indebted to Dr. Chapman and ]\Ir. Buckley. Our analyses are taken partly from sketch- es made by Dr. Torrey, and kindly furnished for our use. We discovered the minute embryo m a single seed only, and are not certain whether it is dicotyledonous or not. In either case, the aflinity of the genus remains ob- scure. PLATE" 37. Croomia pauciflora, Torr. ; — from a small specimen. 1. Diagram of the flower. 2. A flower, just expanding, enlarged. 3. A flower, taken at a later period. (From a sketch by Dr. Torrey.) 4. 5. Stamens, taken from fig. 2 ; back and front views. 6. Pistil, magnified. 7. Vertical section of the same, showing the suspended ovules (but not so delineated as to exhibit the adnate placental cord, from the partly free apex of which they hang). 8. Pod, enlarged. 9. A dehiscent pod, enlarged. {Herb. Torr.) 10. Vertical section of a pod, magnified, showing the two seeds. 11. A seed, with its comose aiillus, more magnified. 12. Vertical section of the same, showing the minute embryo. 13. Detached embryo, more magnified (inverted, the hilar end down.) CRO OMIA. \ Ord. CABOMBACEiE. Herbae aquaticse foliis peltatis : dicotyledoneae, polypetalae, hypogynae ; sepalis, petalis, staminibns, pistillisque discretis definitis, ordine saspissime ternario ; acstivatione imbricativo ; carpellis sutura dorsali 2 - 3-ovuliferis ; seminibus atque em- bryone Nymphaeacearum. Cabombe^, Rich. Anal. Fr. (1808) & in Ann. Mus. 17. p. 230. t. 5. Endl. Gen. p. 412. Cabombace-s:, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 54. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 412. PoDOPHVLLACEiE, THb. HvDROPELTiDE.5;, DC. Syst. 2. p. 36. Nymph^ace^, Subord. Hydropeltide^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. HYDROPELTiDEiE, Meisn. Gen. p. 6. Schleid. in Wiegm. Arch. 5. p. 230. Ranunculace^, Trib. Cabombe^, Gardner, in Hook. Ic. PI. 641. The Water-shield Family, which it is most convenient to regard as a separate order, is nevertheless only a simplified form of Nymphasaceae, as has always been maintained by Mr. Brown,* — the pistils of Brasenia being to that of N>Tnphaea just what those of Platystemon, Benth., are to that of a Poppy. Viewed as distinct, it should stand between Ranunculaceae and Nelumbiaceae ; but it is only from an overestimate of the external charac- ters that it has been proposed to merge it in the former instead of the latter order. The seed and embryo exhibit precisely the peculiar structure of those of the Water-LiUes, as our illustrations clearly show. The figure copied by Lindley ( Veget. Kingd. p. 412) is either taken from an unripe seed of Cabomba aquatica, in which the cotyledons are not fall- grown, and the walls of the inclosing sac are vastly thicker than afterwards ; or else, which is more likely, the cotyledons have been mistaken for the sac, and the plumule for the entire embryo. In the accompanying section of the carpels, after Turpin, the ovules are placed on the wrong suture. The anomalous attachment of the ovules to the dorsal suture of the ovary, first noticed by Mr. Brown in Brasenia, and recorded in his notes made upoa the living plant in New Holland, which he had the kindness to show me, * General Remarks in Flinders, Voy. p. 598; and in Horsefield's PlanUB Javan. Rar. p. 108. 7# 92 CABOMBACE^. is also explicitly mentioned by Salisbury, in 1806,* and by Nuttall, in 1818. The last-named author has also well described the circularly disposed air- lubes, &c., of the stalks of Brasenia ; which, however, are constructed near- ly as in the stems of most aquatics ; except that they are said by Schleiden and Lindley to be entirely destitute of spiral vessels. The two genera of which the group consists are both represented in the United States, to which and to Eastern New Holland ! Brasenia is confined ; while Cabomba is divided between the Southeastern United States and the eastern side of South America near the equator. The roots and herbage of these plants are mucilaginous, with some as- trmgency. They are entirely destitute of acridity and of any noxious qualities. * In Konig and Sims, Annals of Botany, 2. p. 74. CAHOMBACEiE. 93 Plate 38. CABOMBA, Aubl. Sepala 3. Petala 3, breviter imguiculata, 2-auriculata. Stamina 6, antheris extrorsis. Ovaria 3, raro 2 v. 4 : styli stigmate depresso terminati. — Folia submersa capillaceo- multipartita ; emersa integra. Cabomba, Aublet, Guian. 1. p. 321. 1. 124. Rich. 1. c. Juss. Gen. p. 46, DC. Syst. 2. p. 36. Gray, in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 4. p. 46. Torr.&Gray, Fl.l.p.34. Endl. Gen. 5024. Gardn. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 641, 642. Nectris, Schreb. Gen. 610. Pursh, Fl. 1. p. 239. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 230. Sepals 3, oval or obovate, petaloid, imbricated in aestiva- tion, persistent. Petals 3, hypogynous, alternate with the sepals and similar to them, but more or less imguiculatej with the base of the lamina auriculate on each side, imbri- cated in aestivation, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, shorter than the floral envelopes and inserted opposite them, hypo- gynous : filaments subulate : anthers oval or oblong, the cells opening extrorsely lengthwise. Pistils 3, sometimes 2 or 4, sessile : ovary ovoid-oblong, one-celled : style short, subulate : stigma terminal, depressed. Ovules usually 3, and inserted one on the ventral suture, one on the dorsal, and the third on some part of the wall of the cell near one or the other suture, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit (one or two carpels ripening) indehiscent, coria- ceous, pointed with the persistent style, 1-3-seeded. Seeds pendulous, ovoid or globose ; the crustaceous testa cristate- ribbed or echinate-roughened by the projecting ends of the innumerable cells of which it is composed ; a mamillaeform portion at the hilum separates at maturity in the form of a minute cap (doubtless serving to facilitate the protrusion of the radicle in germination) : inner integument thin aiid membranaceous. Albumen farinaceous, filling the cavity of 94 CABOMBACE^. the seed, except the hilar extremity, where it is depressed to make room for the lenticular sac (vitellus, sac of the amnios) which incloses the embryo, perforated by a central canal (the vestige of the extension of the sac in the ovule to the chalaza). Embryo small, lenticular, conformed to the sac, which it fills : radicle nearly obsolete, superior : the coty- ledons very thick and fleshy, much thicker than long, in- closing an oblong fleshy plumule. Herbs growing in ponds and slow streams, with slender stems, furnished under water with chiefly opposite palmately or peltately and filiformly many -parted leaves ; the upper- most leaves floating, entire or emarginate, centrally peltate on long petioles. Flowers solitary on long axillary pedun- cles, white or yellowish. Etymology. Apparently an aboriginal name. Geographical Distribution. There are two species in Brazil and Guiana, and one in the Southern United States. PLATE 38. Cabomba Caroliniana, Gray; — summit, of the natural size. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. A sepal, enlarged. 3. A petal, equally enlarged ; inside view. 4. A magnified stamen ; seen from the outside. 5. Same, seen from the inner side. 6. The pistils, magnified. 7. A magnified pistil, the ovary divided longitudinally. 8. Fruiting pistil, with an infertile one ; enlarged. 9. A magnified seed, with the hilar operculum, 10, detached. 11. Vertical section of the same, showing the embryonic sac at the extrem- ity of the albumen. 12. A portion (the hilar end) of the same section, more magnified (and re- versed), displaying the embryo, surrounded by the sac, which is seen in section, at the base of the albumen. 13. The embryo, detached, with the cotyledons separated, to show the plumule. CAB OMBA 95 Plate 39. BRASENIA, Schreb, Sepala 3. Petala 3, sessilia, linearia, sepalis consimilia. Stamina 12-18 (vel 18-36?), antheris levissime introrsis. Ovaria 6 - 18 : stigma unilaterale sessile. — Folia omnia na- tantia, integerrima, centro peltata. Brasenia, Schreber, Gen. 938 (1789). Null. Gen. 2. p. 23. Torr. &c Gray, 1. c. p. 55. Endl. Gen. 5025. Gray, Bot. N. U. S. p. 22. Hydropeltis, Michx. Fl. 1. p. 324. t. 29 (1803). Rich. 1. c. Salisb. in Ann. Bot. 2. p. 74. DC. Syst. 2. p. 37. Water-shield. Sepals 3, or sometimes 4, narrowly oblong, imbricated in aestivation, herbaceous, colored inside, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them, hypogynous, linear-oblong, sessile, not appendiculate, persistent. Stamens 12 to 18, or sometimes more numerous, hypogynous : fila- ments filiform : anthers linear-oblong, innate, the cells opening longitudinally by a slightly introrse line. Pistils 4 to 18, capitate-crowded, sessile : ovary oblong, one-celled, terminated by an oblong and brush-shaped introrse stigma of almost its own length. Ovules 2, superposed on the dorsal suture, pendulous, anatropous ; the raphe towards the suture. Fruit (few or several of the carpels maturing) indehis- cent, coriaceous, pointed with the persistent stigma, oblong or obovoid, usually only one (the upper) seed ripening. Seed ovoid, large ; the crustaceous testa nearly smooth. Albumen farinaceous, marked by a central canal, as in Ca- bomba. Embryo depressed-globular, filling the membrana- ceous sac which occupies and is partly imbedded in the hilar extremity of the albumen : radicle a mere papilla at the junction of the two very thick and fleshy cotyledons, which lie parallel with the raphe (or anterior and posterior), and in- close an oblong two-lobed plumule. 56 CABOMBACE^. Herb growing in ponds and pools, sending up, from a fleshy prostrate rhizoma, long and forking stems bearing above alternate oval and entire centrally peltate leaves, invo- lute in vernation, brought by the elongation of the petioles to the surface of the water, on which they float. Peduncles axillary, equally elongated, bringing the solitary dull purple flower to the surface, where it expands only in anthesis. The stalks and other submersed parts are covered, especially when young, with a thick coating of transparent jelly. Etymology. Brasenia is unexplained ; perhaps it was designed to com- memorate some obscure German botanist. Hydropeltis, which, being un- fortunately the later name, must give precedence to that imposed by Schre- ber, is the Greek equivalent of Water-shield. Geographical Distribution. The single species is abundant through- out the United States and Upper Canada. It is most remarkable that what appears to be the same species is also a native of Eastern New Holland, where it was long ago detected by Mr, Brown ! Note. The jelly by which the stalks, &c., are thickly coated, I find to arise from the rapid formation and rupturing of successive epithelial cells, in the same way that mucilage is formed on the surface of animal mucous membranes. The rhizoma of Brasenia contains oblong and transversely an- nulated starch-grains of unusual size, the larger being of an inch in length. PLATE 39. Brasenia peltata, Pursh; — of the natural size. 1. Diagram of the sepals and petals (in the bud each set is imbricated). 2. Vertical section of a flower-bud, enlarged. 3. A magnified anther, seen obliquely from the outside. 4. The same ; inside view, showing the slightly introrse dehiscence. 5. A magnified pistil, seen laterally; and 6, posteriorly. 7. Same, the ovary divided vertically, showing the dorsally inserted ovules ! 8. An ovule, more magnified. 9. Fruit, with the persistent perianth ; of the natural size. 10. A ripe carpel, enlarged. 11. Vertical section of the same, and of the ripe seed and embryo in its sac. 12. Vertical section of the hilar end of the seed (much more magnified) made at right angles to that in fig. 11, parallel to the cotyledons, one of which is cut away, and through the included 2-lobed plumule. 13. Similar section, cutting the cotyledons at right angles to fig. 12 ; or 'same as fig. 11, reversed and more magnified. 14. Embryo, magnified ; the cotyledons opened, showing the plumule. Ord. NELUMBIACE^. Herbae aquaticae insignes, Nymph aeoideae ; at ovariis intra alveoles tori obconici segregatis, uniovulatis, fructu nucifor- mibus; embryone exalbuminoso, plumula maxime evoluta. Plate 40, 41. NELUMBIUM, Juss, Character ut ordinis monotypici. Nelumbium, Juss. Gen. p. 68. Turp. in Ann. Mus. 7. p. 210. 1. 11. Rich. Ibid. 17. p. 249. t. 9. DC. Syst. 2. p. 43. Wight, 111. Ind. Bot t. 9. Hook. Bot. M^. t. 3753. Endl. Gen. 5026. Nelumbo, Tourn. Inst. 261. Adans. Fam. 2. p. 76. Gaertn. Fr. t. 19. Cyamus, Salisb. in Ann. Bot. 2. p. 75. Smith, Exot. Bot. 1. p. 59. t. 31, 32. Barton, Fl. N. Am. t 63. Nelumbo. Sacred Bean. Water Chinquepin. Calyx and corolla confounded, consisting of numerous SEPALS (the exterior) and petals imbricated in 5 or 6 series in aestivation, oblong or oval, the exterior shorter and less colored, early deciduous. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous in several series below the enlarged torus, very deciduous : FILAMENTS short and slender : anthers linear, elongated, in- trorsely adnate to the connective, which is prolonged at the apex into a conspicuous appendage ; the cells contiguous, opening longitudinally. Torus much enlarged above the stamens, obconical. Ovaries numerous (12 to 25), separate- ly immersed in hollows of the flat upper surface of the dilat- ed torus, ovoid, one-celled, one-ovuled (1-2-ovuled, Endl.), marked with a dorsal gibbosity : style a short and thick neck : stigma peltate, umbilicate. Ovule suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous ; the raphe dorsal. 98 NELUMBIACEiE. Fruit consisting of 12 to 25 acorn-like nuts immersed in the hollows of the dry, top-shaped torus, tipped with the persistent stigma : the pericarp coriaceo-crustaceous. Seed suspended, soon loose in the cell, globular : testa membrana- ceous. Albumen none. Embryo filling the seed: radicle extremely short, superior : cotyledons thick, fleshy, hemi- spherical, hollowed within, the two joined by their edges form a globose, albumen-like body, inclosing a highly de- veloped green plumule, which is covered by an extremely delicate membranous sheath, and consists of 2 or 3 ready- formed leaves with their petioles inflexed. Herbs growing in water ; with very large and orbicular entire centrally peltate leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers, floating on the surface or raised above it, arising from a prostrate tuberous rhizoma. Vernation involute. Etymology. Nelumbo, the CeyloneSfe name of the Oriental species. Properties and Affinity. Same as of Nymphaeaceae ; of which Nelum- bium is only a peculiar apocarpous form, with the embryo in a further de- veloped, or as it were germinating, state, at the expense of the albumen. — The seeds and the farinaceous rootstocks are edible. Geographical Distribution. Of this genus, so remarkable for the great size of the leaves and flowers, there are perhaps two species indigenous to the warmer parts of Asia, and one in the United States, and also in Jamaica. PLATE 40, 41. Nelumbium luteum, Willd. ; — from specimens from the Delaware River, communicated by Miss Dix and Miss Mor7-is. 1. A leaf ; a small one, and considerably reduced. 2. Flower-bud and peduncle ; of the natural size. 3. Flower of the natural size, showing the summit of the torus, &c. 4. Vertical section of the torus and receptacle, dividing one of the ovaries. 5. A stamen, enlarged ; inside view. 6. A detached pistil, enlarged; and 7, same, with the ovary divided. 8.. The top-shaped torus in ripe fruit ; natural size. 9. A fruit, with the pericarp divided, showing the contained seed. 10. Same, with the seed, cotyledons, and the contained plumule, divided. 1 1 . Embryo detached and reversed ; the cotyledons opened to show the plumule in its transparent delicate sac. 12. Plumule, with the sac removed. 13. The same, magnified, spread out ; the lower leaf cut across. 40. 41 i I Ord. NYMPH^ACE^. HerboD aquaticae, foliis plerumque peltatis floribiisque po- lymeris natantibus : dicotyledoneae, polypetala) ; petalis et staminibus indefinitis, toro hypogyno crasso vel ovario pluri- loculari multiovulato imbricatim insertis ; ovulis parietibus dissepimentorum insertis ; bacca polysperma ; embryone in- tra sacculum proprium incluso, albuminis fovea superficiali basilari applicito ; cotyledonibus carnosis plumulam inclu- dentibus. Nymph^aceje, Salisb. in Ann. Bot. 2. p. 69. (excl. gen.) DC. Prop. Med. ed. 2. & Syst. 2. p. 39. Bartl. Ord. p. 88. Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 10. Endl. Gen. p. 898. The Water-Lily Family is the first of the series which exhibits a truly compound pistil, formed by the union of a whorl of carpels into one syncar- pous ovary. It also furnishes instances of the partial cohesion of the floral envelopes with each other, and especially with the surface of the compound ovary. It likewise affords the finest examples of the gradual transition of sepals into petals, and of petals into stamens ; as in the White Water-Lily, in which every intermediate gradation may be traced between the naked pe- tals and perfect stamens of the ordinary structure and appearance. Both the petals and stamens are numerous, or indefinite, and imbricated in several series. The pistil consists of several (six to fifteen or more) cells ; that is, of as many carpels, verticillate and coalescent in a solid mass around a cen- tral axis. A remarkable characteristic of this family is found in the insertion of the ovules. These are scattered over the whole face of the dissepiments, that is to say, " the whole internal surface of the carpels is equally ovuliferous," instead of the inner angle or suture only, as in all ordinary cases. Indeed, the inner angle of the cells in Nymphaea and Nuphar is the only part of the surface which is not ovuliferous, or scarcely so. The tendency to produce ovules is greatest towards the middle and posterior part of the parieties, and (in Nuphar) at or near the dorsal angle itself. This fact, viewed in con- nection with the circumstance already mentioned under Cabomba (p. 93), namely, that one of its ovules is often found attached to the wall of the cell 100 NYMPHiEACEiE. at some distance from either suture, affords the completest confirmation of Mr. Brown's remark upon this subject.* Our ar^^lyses clearly demonstrate that the embryo in Nymphaeaceas and in Cabombaceae is just that of Nelumbium on a smaller scale : the difference being that the albumen has been absorbed into the latter, which has taken a further development ; and that the amniotic sac has disappeared, or become confluent with the coats of the seed, unless, indeed, it may be identified with the diaphanous membrane which surrounds the plumule. The state of our fresh specimens of Nelumbium, transmitted to us at midsummer from a great distance, forbade an investigation of this and other points, which a botanist who has the growing plant before him might prosecute with success. Besides Nymphasa and Nuphar, the order comprises three exclusively tropical genera, namely, Barclaya of Pegu, Euryale of Northern India, and the superb Victoria of Guiana and Northern Brazil, the most gigantic of water-plants, its orbicular peltate leaves being from six to eight feet, and its fragrant blossoms often fifteen inches, in diameter ! f These plants are destitute of noxious, or any active properties, excepting a moderate astringency. The stalks are also mucilaginous ; and the farina- ceous seeds are edible, as likewise are the thickened rootstocks of some spe- cies, when cooked. * " A case of this kind is found in a portion of one of those families in which the whole surface is generally ovuliferous, namely, in Hydropeltidese, which I have always regarded as a mere section of NymphaeaceEe ; and from the nature of these differences in placentation, which are more apparent than real, an ar- gument might even be adduced in favor of that opinion." R. Br. in Horsef. PL Jav. Rar., note, p. 108. t The latest and fullest account of this Titanic Water-Lily is that given by Hooker in the Botanical Magazine for January, 1847. NYMPHiEACEiE. 101 Plate 42, 43. NYMPHiEA, Tourn. Petala et stamina indefinita, ovario (mediante toro) pluri- seriatim inserta, exteriora sepalis 4 liberis gequil^ga et con- formia. Stigmata linearia^ circa glandulam in centro globo- sam radiata. Semina indefinita arillo inclusa. — Flores sae- pius suaveolentes, nunquam flavi. Nymphjea, Tourn. Linn. (excl. spec.) Neck. Elem. 1828. Smith, Prodr. Fl. Graec. 1. p. 36L Schkuhr, Handb. 1. 142. (excl. spec.) DC. Syst. 2. p. 49. Endl. Gen. 5020. Leuconymph^a, Boerh. Hort. Lugd. p. 364. Castalia, Salisb. in Kon. & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2. p. 71. Water-L.ily. L.otus" (Egyptian). Calyx of 4 oblong sepals, green outside and colored within, imbricated in aestivation, free, tardily deciduous. Petals numerous, distinct, imbricated in several series in aestivation, inserted by means of the thin adnate torus over the whole exterior surface of the ovary, upon which their persistent vestiges remain in fruit ; the exterior as large as the sepals and similar in form ; the inner series passing by gradual transition into stamens. Stamens indefinite, insert- ed on the ovary above the petals : filaments petaloid, or the innermost linear-filiform : anthers introrsely adnate, the cells opening longitudinally. Compound ovary many- 12 - 24-) celled, crowned with as many linear stigmas radiating around its broadly umbilicate summit, which bears a globu- lar knob in the centre. Ovules very numerous, inserted over the whole face of the dissepiments except at the inner angle of the cells, anatropous, pendulous ; the raphe external (the micropyle next the wall of the carpel) ? Fruit baccate, globular, covered with the scaly vestiges of the sepals, pulpy or gelatinous internally, many-celled, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous, each inclosed in a mem- 102 NYMPH^ACEiE. branaceous cellular arillus, which is open at the extremity : testa crustaceous, marked with a narrow raphe ; the inner integument membranaceous. Albumen farinaceous, perforat- ed with a central canal leading to the membranaceous clos- ed sac, immersed in a depression at its hilar extremity, which is filled by the globular embryo. Radicle very mi- nute, next Jjie hilum : cotyledons fleshy, rounded, excavat- ed internally to contain the two-lobed plumule. Herbs, growing in quiet water, with rounded peltate leaves and solitary showy (white, purple or blue) flowers, raised to the surface on long petioles and peduncles, which spring from a fleshy prostrate lactescent rootstock. Yerna- tion involute. Blossom closing in the afternoon, usually sweet-scented. Fruit ripening under water. Etymology. Nv^Kpala, dedicated to the Water-Nymphs. Geographical Distribution. Natives of the northern temperate and subtropical regions. Our single United States species is one of the finest of these beautiful plants. Note. The arillus in N. alba is pretty well figured by Schkuhr (1791). PLATE 42,43. Nymph^a odorata, Ait.; — flower-bud, flower, and a small leaf ; natural size. 1. Diagram of the aestivation and position of the parts of the flower. 2. An outer petal, natural size. 3. An inner petal, showing the rudiment of an anther at its tip. 4. 5. Exterior petaloid stamens, natural size; inside view. 6. An inner stamen, seen from within. 7. Pistil, &c. ; the floral envelopes and all the stamens but one removed. 8. Vertical, and 9, transverse section of the pistil ; magnified. 10. An ovule, more magnified. 11. Fruit, covered with the scaly bases of the persistent petals ; nat. size. 12. Vertical section of the same, showing the seeds on the partitions. 13. Magnified seed in the arillus ; and 14, with the arillus divided. 15. Longitudinal section of a magnified seed, dividing the albumen, and the sac, and cutting aw^ay one cotyledon, so as to show the plumule. 16. Transverse section of the base of a seed, cutting through the sac and embryo. (Shows that the cotyledons are parallel with the raphe.) 17. Embryo, magnified ; the cotyledons opened, showing the plumule. INTTMPHiV.A NYMPH.£ACE.4i. 103 Plate 44. NUPHAR, Smith. Petala 10-20, glandulaeformia, cum staminibus appresso- imbricata, toro hypogyno sen perigyno inserta, sepalis 5-6 liberis et stigmate peltato radiatim 12 - 20-striato breviora. Semina indefinita, exarillata. — Flores lutei. NuPHAR, Smith, Prodr. Fl. Graec. 1. p. 361. DC. Syst. 2. p. 59. Deless. Ic. 2. t. 6. Endl. Gen. 5021. Trecul, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3. ser. 2. p. 286. t. 10-13. Nymphje^ Sp., Tourn. Linn. Gaertn. Sclikuhr, 1. c. Nymphjea, Boerh. 1. c. p. 363. Salisb. in Kon. & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2. p. 71. Nymphosanthus, Rich. Anal. Fr. p. 68 & Ann. Mus. 17. p. 230. t. 9. ITellow Pond-L.ily. Spatterdock. Calyx of 5 or 6 roundish and concave coriaceous sepals, imbricated in asstivation, green at the base, yellow above and inside, free, persistent. Petals 10 to 20, small, usually thick and glandular or stamen-like, imbricated, inserted into a thickened (hypogynous or barely perigynous) torus or disk at the base of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, short, insert- ed on the torus within the petals in many series, closely im- bricated and appressed to the pistil, at length elastically re- curved, persistent : filaments very short, stout, continued into a similar linear glandular-truncate connective : anther adnate to its inner face (introrse); the linear cells parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinally. Ovary columnar, na- ked, many-striate, 10 - 25-celled, crowned with a circular and convex 10 -25-creiiulate and 10-25-rayed peltate sessile stigma, umbilicate in the centre. Ovules as in Nymph aga, but rather fewer. Fruit baccate with a firm rind, naked, ovoid or oblong, terminated by the concave-truncate persistent radiated stig- ma, pulpy inside, many-celled, many-seeded ; the pulpy en- docarps capable of being detached entire from the firmer axis 104 NYMPHJEACE.E. and rind. Arillus wanting. Seeds smooth, and with the ALBUMEN, EMBRYO, (fcc, of essontially the same conformation as in Nymphsea. Cotyledons parallel with the raphe, or rarely at right angles to it. Herbs, growing in quiet or stagnant water ; the floating or frequently emersed and erect leaves cordate, sagittate, or reniform, thickish, entire, involute in vernation, fixed at the sinus to the long and stout petioles, which with the one- flowered peduncles spring from a prostrate rhizoma, as in Nymphaea. Flowers dull yellow, not showy. Etymology. A name used by Dioscorides, said to be of Arabic origin. Geographical Distribution. Natives of the cooler parts of the north- ern hemisphere : a genus of five or six species, of which there are three in the United States. PLATE 44. NuPHAR advena, Ait. (From spontaneous specimens.) 1. A flower-bud, of the natural size. 2. An expanded flower ; natural size. 3. Diagram of the aestivation of the sepals (in two series). 4. Vertical section of an unexpanded flower ; natural size. 5. Enlarged petal, outside view ; and 6, lateral view of the same. 7. A stamen, enlarged, seen from the inside. 8. Same, as seen from the outside ; and 9, seen laterally. 10. Half of a transverse section of an ovary, moderately magnified. 11. An ovule, more magnified. 12. Fruit, of the natural size, with remains of stamens, &c., at the base. 13. Vertical section of a fruit with the receptacle, dividing one of the cells. 14. A pulpy cell or carpel, detached entire from the adjacent side of fig. 13. 15. A seed, enlarged. 16. Vertical section of the hilar end of a seed, magnified, cutting through the fleshy sac, removing one cotyledon, and showing the plumule. 17. The sac removed entire ; enlarged. 18. Same, cut through, showing the embryo (edgewise) entire. 19. Embryo, more magnified, the cotyledons opened to show the plumule. Ord. SARRACENIACEiE. Herbae paludosae acaulescentes, foliis coloratis, petiolo tu- baeformi seu amphoraeformi : dicotyledoneae, hypogynae, poly- apetalae, polyandrae ; asstivatione imbricativo ; ovario 3-5- loculari, placentis axi exsertis multiovulatis ; capsula poly- sperma loculicida ; embryone parvo in basi albuminis car- nosi incluso. Sarracenie^, Pylaie, in Ann. Soc. Lin. Par. 6. p. 388. t. 13. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 33. Sarraceniace^e, Dumort. Anal. p. 53. Terr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 58, 664. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 429. This group consists of two genera of American Pitcher-plants ; namely, Sarracenia of the United States and Canada, of which five or six species have long been familiarly known ; and Heliamphora, Benth. , founded on a plant which Mr. Schomburgk gathered on the mountain of Roraima, in Brit- ish Guiana. The latter differs from the type of the family in bearing several flowers in a raceme on the bracteate scape, in the total absence of the caly- culus, of petals, and of the peculiar umbrella-shaped summit of the style which is so remarkable in Sarracenia, and also in having the seeds sur- rounded by a wing. Unfortunately, this accession does not appear to throw any new light upon the affinities of Sarracenia, which are still obscure, notwithstanding that Dr. Planchon * has recently pointed out some striking points of resemblance be- tween this genus and Pyrola, which in his mind leave no doubt of their im- mediate affinity. The pitcher or open tube of the leaves evidently belongs to the petiole, which is also simply winged or margined along the inner side ; while the blade is represented by the hood, or rounded appendage at the apex, which cannot be called a lid, as it never closes the orifice, nor is it so much incurv- ed as at all to cover it, except in two speices. This proper lamina is rudi- mentary in Heliamphora, and very small in proportion to the ample orifice, which extends some way down the inner side : and thence a double wing- like border extends to the base, appearing just as if the two margins of an In London Journal of Botany j 5. p. 252. 8 106 SARRACENIACEiE. infolded leaf were united by a seam, so as to leave the free edges outside. In Sarracenia this wing or margin is simple and entire. The pitchers, espe- cially those of S. purpurea, are generally found partly filled with water and dead flies with other small insects. Whether the water is secreted by the leaf itself, or caught from the rain, is still undetermined. The point might readily be ascertained by proper observations, made especially upon S. psit- tacina, the pitchers of which are so protected by the hood that the fluid they contain (if any) can hardly be supposed to have entered by the orifice. That the water in the open pitchers of S. purpurea is not secreted by the internal hairs, as Dr. Lindley and Mr. Bentham suppose,* would appear from the fact, that the younger leaves are empty, and that during the spring and summer it is those of the previous season, from which these hairs (in this species very long and delicate) have mostly disappeared, which alone or principally are found to contain water. But, however derived, this water serves to drown the flies and other in- sects, which these leaves are admirably adapted to catch and retain. Ac- cording to Elliott and others, there is a saccharine exudation at the throat of the Southern species which attracts insects ; but this is not noticeable in S . purpurea. Immediately below the surface it is very smooth and polished, and still lower it is beset with sharp hairs, in most species long and slender, or else like those of the hood (in S. Drummondii extremely short and close), but in all pointing directly downwards so as to allow insects to descend, but eflfectually to obstruct their return. The inner surface of the hood is like- wise lined with stiff and sharp retrorse bristles, which subserve a similar purpose, except in S. flava, which is smooth; but in that species this ap- pendage is erect, with its sides turned away from the mouth of the tube, which thus it bears no part in guarding. An anatomical investigation of the leaves is still a desideratum. The six described species of Sarracenia are all restricted to the Atlantic border of the United States, from Virginia southward ; except S. purpurea, the range of which extends from Florida to Newfoundland, and northwest to Ohio. * Bentham, in Linn. Trans. 18. p. 429. SARRACENIACEiE. 107 Plate 45, 46. SARRACENIA, Tourn. Calyx 3-bracteolatiis, 5-sepalus. Petala 5. Stylus um- braculifer, persistens. Capsula 5-locularis. — Scapus ebrac- teatus, uniflorus. Sarracena, Tourn. Inst. p. 657. t. 476. Sarracenia, Linn. Gen. 885. Mill. Ic. t. 241. Bart. Elem. Bot. t. L Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 10. Croom, in Ann. Lyc. New York, 4. p. 98. t. 6. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 58. Endl. Gen. 5023. CoiLOPHYLLUM, Morison, Hist. p. 533. BucANAPHYLLUM, Plulc. Amalth. t. 376. f. 5, 6. Side-saddle Flower. Trumpets. Calyx calyculate at the base by three small coriaceous bractlets, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation : sepals 5, ovate, coriaceous, colored (dull purple or yellowish), spread- ing, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, alternate with the sepals, broadly unguiculate, the obovate lamina concave- connivent over the pistil, imbricated in aestivation, decidu- ous. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous in several series, de- ciduous : FILAMENTS filiform or subulate : anthers oval, fix- ed by the middle, introrse ; the chartaceous cells opening longitudinally down the inner face : pollen simple. Ovary globular, five-lobed, five-celled (the cells opposite the se- pals): the style columnar from its umbilicate summit, ex- panded at the apex into a very large and petaloid five-lobed and five-rayed umbrella-shaped body which covers the ovary and stamens, the five slender rays terminating in the emargi- nate lobes (alternate with the petal§), and stigmatose at their inflexed apex underneath. Ovules very numerous, covering the dilated placenta which projects from the axis into each cell, anatropous. Capsule protected below by the persistent calyx and above by the umbrella-shaped persistent style, globular, cori- aceous, umbilicate, five-lobed, five-celled, loculicidally dehis- 8* 108 SARRACENIACE.E. cent, the five valves cohering by the dissepiments with the axis. Seeds very numerous, covering the projecting axile placentae, horizontal, anatropous, with a dilated raphe : testa crustaceous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo very small in the axis next the hilum, cylindrical : cotyledons short. Herbs of singular aspect, growing in bogs and marshes ; with fibrous roots from a short perennial rootstock, produc- ing trumpet-shaped or pitcher-shaped coriaceous colored and reticulated leaves, and a naked scape terminated by a large (yellow or purple) nodding flower. Etymology. Dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec, who sent the north- ern species to Tournefort. The origin of the popular name, Side-saddle Flower, is not evident. From the shape of the leaves, the common species is called Huntsman'' s Cup; and the tubular leaves of S. flava, &c., are call- ed Trumpets in the South. PLATE 45. Sarracenia purpurea, Linn.; — with rather small leaves ; one of them cut across. 1. Flower-bud, showing the calyculate bractlets. 2. Diagram of the aestivation, &c., including an enlarged transverse sec- tion of the ovary (the cells alternate with the petals). PLATE 46. Analyses of the flower and fruit. 1. A sepal ; and 2, a petal ; inside view, natural size. 3. Outside, and 4, inside view of a stamen, magnified. 5. Pistil, with two stamens left on the receptacle ; natural size. 6. Umbrella of the style, seen from above. 7. Same, seen from underneath, showing the stigmas. 8. Vertical section of the whole pistil, enlarged (showing two stigmas). 9. Magnified view of the apex of one of the lobes, showing the stigma. 10. An ovule, magnified. 11. Capsule dehiscing ; part of the calyx and umbrella torn away. 12. Capsule (with the persistent style) divided transversely. 13. A seed, magnified. 14. Longitudinal section of the same parallel with the wing-like raphe, showing the embryo in the albumen. 15. Embryo, detached and more magnified. Ord. PAPAVERACEiE. Herbae (succo lacteo vel croceo) exstipulatag : dicotyle- doneae, hypogynae, polyandrsBj hermaphroditae ; sepalis peta- lisque di - trimeris regularibus caducis ; ovario uniloculari, placentis 2-20 parietalibus pauci-multiovulatis ; ovulis ana- tropis ; embryone in basi albuminis oleoso-carnosi parvo. Papaverace^, Juss. Gen. p. 236. DC. Syst. 2 p. 67. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 60. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 430. PAPAVERACEiE, Subord. 1, Bernh. in Linnsea, 8. p. 4#1 & 12. p. 651. Endl. Gen. p. 854. The Poppy Family is usually known, among the hypogynous polyan- drous and polypetalous orders, by its milky or colored, and narcotic or acrid juice ; the usually alternate and lobed or divided leaves without stipules ; the caducous calyx of only two or three sepals ; the early deciduous petals of twice, thrice, or some higher multiple of the same number, imbricated and commonly crumpled in aestivation, and by the one-celled compound ovary, composed of from two to twenty carpels, with as many parietal placentae, which usually separate from the edges of the valves of the capsule in dehis- cence. The anatropous seeds are frequently crested at the raphe ; and the embryo is small or minute at the base of the copious fleshy and usually oily albumen. They are principally annuals. One genus, Dendromecon of Cal- ifornia, alone is shrubby : and a most remarkable anomaly is presented by another Californian genus (Platystemon, Benth.), which has a cluster or whorl of apocarpous pistils I The family consists of about 19 genera, none of which is numerous in species except Papaver itself. Much the larger part of the order belongs to the South of Europe and the adjacent portion of Asia. Another focus is found in a country of very similar climate, namely in California, to which, and to %e regions adjacent, seven or eight of the genera are pecuhar. One or two perennial Poppies alone are arctic, and constitute the only represent- atives of the typical genus in the New World. Chelidonium, the Celan- dine, is a common weed around dwellings, but has been introduced from Europe. It is remarkable that, among our numerous weeds, imported with grain, &c., the Corn-Poppies of the Old World have not found a place, ex- cept in one or two local instances. 110 PAPAVERACEiE. The well-known narcotic properties of the Poppy pervade the order, ex- isting in the milky or colored juice ; which, however, is extremely acrid rath- er than narcotic in some genera, as in the Celandine. The oily seeds of the Poppy are bland and wholesome : but those of the Prickly Poppy are said to be acrid and noxious. Most Papaveraceae have shov^y flowers, and many are cultivated for orna- ment ; particularly the Poppy itself, and Eschscholtzia. The three genera which alone are indigenous within the United States proper, namely, Argemone, Stylophorum, and Sanguinaria^ scarcely require a conspectus. I'APAVERACK^. Ill Plate 47. ARGEMONE, Tourn. Sepala2-3, muricata. Petala 4 vel 6. Stigmata 4 - 7, subsessilia, discreta. Capsula oblonga, saepius muricata, apice 4 - 7-valvis ; placentis intervalvularibus filiformibus, intus baud productis, polyspermis. Semina scrobiculata, raphe nuda. — Herba setosa, succo flavo ; foliis sessilibus inciso-pinnatifidisj dentibus spinulosis. Alabastra erecta. Argemone, Tourn. Inst. p. 229. t. 121. Linn. Gen. 649. Gaertn. Fr. t. 60. Lam. 111. t. 452. DC. Syst. 2. p. 85. Endl. Gen. 4821. Prickly Poppy. Calyx of 2 or 3 concave herbaceous sepals, nearly valvate in aestivation, prickly outside, horned at the apex, caducous. Petals twice as many as the sepals, imbricated in two series and more or less crumpled in SBStivation, hypogynous, dilat- ed obovate-cuneiform, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, hy- pogynous : FILAMENTS filiform : anthers innate, oblong, the cells opening longitudinally by a slightly extrorse line. Ovary oblong, clothed with bristly prickles, strictly one- celled, with 4 to 7 parietal placentae which do not project into the cell : stigmas nearly sessile, as many as the placen- tae and placed directly over them, distinct, oval, disciform, radiant. Ovules numerous in several rows on each placen- ta, ascending, anatropous ; the raphe superior. Capsule oblong or ovoid, usually prickly, many-seeded, 4 - 7-valved at the apex, leaving a replum of as many fili- form intervalvular placentae which remain united by the stigmas. Seeds horizontal, obovate-spherical, with a salient smooth and naked raphe ; the crustaceous testa deeply re- ticulated-scrobiculate. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen, and two thirds its length ! cotyledons as long as the radicle. 112 PAPAVERACE^. Herbs of a glaucous appearance, with annual, biennial, or rarely perennial roots, branching stems beset with prickly bristles and abounding with a yellow juice, and alternate pinnatifid-incised sessile leaves, which are often mottled with white along the midrib ; the lobes and teeth spinulose- pointed. Flowers terminal and solitary, short-peduncled or subsessile, not drooping in the bud (as in the Poppy and most of the allied genera) : petals yellow or white. Etymology and Properties. Name said to be derived from dpyefia, a disease of the eye ; the acrid juice being a native ophthalmic medicine. The seeds share in the active properties of the plant ; and are employed in the West Indies as a substitute for Ipecacuanha, and in South America as a purgative. Geographical Distribution. The few species are natives of tropical America and, apparently, of the southern border of the United States ; but A. Mexicana has been from an early period widely diffused over the world. PLATE 47. Argemone Mexicana, Linn. ; — summit of a stem, with a flower-bud, flower, and unripe pod ; natural size. 1. A sepal, detached ; seen from the inner side. 2. A magnified stamen, outside view ; and 3, seen obliquely edgewise. 4. Pistil enlarged ; the ovary divided longitudinally. 5. Transverse section of the same. 6. An ovule, more magnified. 7. A capsule, dehiscent ; natural size. 8. A seed, enlarged. 9. Longitudinal section of the same ; showing the embryo, which is re- markably large for this family. fai'avlhack/f:. 113 Plate 48. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt, Sepala 2, pilosa. Petala 4, orbicularia. Stylus columna- ris, longus : stigma 3 - 4-lobum. Capsula ovoidea, setulosa, polysperma, 3 - 4-valvis, placentis intervalvularibus filiformi- bus intus baud productis. Semina cristata. — Folia petio- lata, 1 - 2-pinnatifida. Alabastra nutantia. Succus flavus. Stvlophorum, Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 7. Bernh. in Linnaea, 8. p. 461. Meisn. Gen. p. 7. Endl. Gen. 4820. Meconopsis, Sect. Stylophorum, DC. Syst. 2. p. 87. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 61. Celandine Poppy. Calyx of 2 rounded and very concave herbaceous sepals, hairy outside, their margins slightly overlapping in aestiva- tion, caducous. Petals 4, hypogynous, nearly orbicular, imbricated two and two and slightly crumpled in aestivation, spreading, early deciduous. Stamens indefinite (20 or more), hypogynous : filaments filiform : anthers oblong, the cells opening longitudinally by a slightly extrorse line. Ovary ovoid, strictly one-celled, with 3 or 4 parietal placentae which do not project into the cell : style columnar, slen- der : stigma 3 - 4-lobed, spreading (the lobes alternate with the placentae). Ovules numerous, horizontal, in two or three rows on each placenta, anatropous. Capsule ovoid, herbaceo-coriaceous, beset with weak bris- tles, many-seeded, 3 - 4-valved to the base, leaving a replum of as many filiform intervalvular placentae united by the style. Seeds globular, with a conspicuously crested raphe : testa crustaceous, minutely scrobiculate-reticulated. Em- bryo minute and short at the base of the fleshy albumen. Hei^bs with perennial roots, yellow juice, and somewhat hispid or setose stems ; the leaves alternate (or the floral op- posite), petioled. 1 -2-pinnatifid. Flowers showy (yellow 114 PAPAVERACE.^. or brick-red), somewhat corymbose or umbellate, on slender naked peduncles ] the buds and pods drooping. Etymology. From arvkos, a style, and <^epoo, to bear; the conspicuous style being one of the characteristics of the genus. Properties. The juice is acrid, much like that of the Celandine. Geographical Distribution. A genus of two species, one of which belongs to the Northwestern United States ; the other to the Himalayan Mountains. — Our species bears very showy yellow flowers, and continues to blossom through the summer. PLATE 48. Stylophorum diphyllum, Nutt. ; — a vernal specimen ; natural size. (Botanic Garden, Cambridge ; from Ohio, Dr. Short.) 1 . Diagram of the aestivation and parts of the flower, in a cross section. 2. A sepal, of the natural size ; inside view. 3. A petal, natural size. 4. A magnified stamen ; outside view. 5. Pistil, magnified. 6. A transverse section of the same. 7. A magnified ovule, after fertilization, showing the incipient crest, which grows from the raphe. 8. A capsule, of the natural size (rather small). 9. A capsule, dehiscent to the base by 4 valves, and seeds. 10. The persistent inter valvular placentae and style of the same. 11. A magnified seed ; the crested raphe towards the eye. 12. Longitudinal section of the same through the raphe, and the embryo. 13. Embryo, detached and more magnified. PHORTIM. PAPAVERACEiE. 115 Plate 49. SANGUINARIA, Dill Sepala 2. Petala 8 - 12, oblonga vel spathulata, sestiva- tione baud corrugata. Stamina 24. Stylus brevis, stigmate bisulco. Capsula oblonga, 2-valvis ; placentis 2 intervalvu- laribus polyspermis. Semina cristata. — Scapus unifloms et folium unicum palmatilobum, vernatione florem involvens, e gemina bivalvi rhizomate crasso enata, primo vere orientes. Sanguinaria, Dillen. Hort. Elth. p. 334. t. 252. Linn. Gen. 645. Lam. 111. t. 449. DC. Syst. 2. p. 88. Bigel. Med. Bot. 1 . p. 75. t. 7. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 62. Endl. Gen. 4818. Blood-root. Calyx of 2 ovate sepals, slightly imbricated in aestivation, caducous. Petals 8 to 12, obovate-oblong or spatulate, im- bricated in two or three series, hypogynous, spreading, the innermost often narrower, early deciduous. Stamens about 24, hypogynous, much shorter than the petals : filaments filiform, short : anthers oblong-linear, innate, the cells opening longitudinally by a marginal and obscurely extrorse line. Ovary oblong, one-celled, with two parietal placentas : STYLE short, columnar : stigma broad, sulcate - two-lobed, the lobes alternate with the placentas. Ovules very numerous, horizontal in several rows on the two placentas, anatropous. Capsule oblong, somewhat compressed, herbaceo-coria- ceous, many-seeded, pointed by the short persistent style, two-valved ; the valves separating from the replum formed of the two intervalvular filiform placentae. Seeds horizon- tal, obovoid, with a smooth crustaceous testa, the raphe strongly crested. E>ebryo minute at the base of the fleshy albumen, cordate. Herb with a large branching tuberous rhizoma, surcharg- ed with orange-red juice, sending up in earliest spring, from 116 PAPAVERACE^. terminal 3 - 3-valved buds, a long-petioled leaf and a naked one-flowered scape. Leaf roundish, palmately 5 - 9-ribbed and obtusely 5 - 9-lobed, reticulated-veiny, wrapped around the flower-bud when it rises from the ground, much en- larged after expansion and becoming reniform. Flower large for the size of the plant, handsome : petals white. Etymology. Name from sanguis, blood, in allusion to the color of the juice, which flows copiously from the rootstock or petioles when wounded. Properties. An acrid narcotic, the former quality prevailing ; of con- siderable importance and promise in the materia medica. The active prop- erties appear to be principally due to a peculiar, extremely acrid alkaloid principle, called sanguinarina. The juice was used by the aborigines as a paint or dye ; and hence, like several other tinctorial plants, it was called Puccoon. Geographical Distribution. Common, in rich woods, throughout the United States and Canada. PLATE 49. Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linn. ; — vernal plant, of the natural size. 1. A sepal, enlarged, seen from the inside. 2. A petal, equally enlarged. 3. An enlarged stamen, seen from the inner side. 4. Same, seen obliquely from the outer side. 5. Pistil, enlarged ; and 6, same, divided transversely. 7. An ovule, magnified. 8. A pod, of the natural size. 9. Same, the valves cut away ; the seeds removed from the placentae above. 10. A seed, enlarged, with its large, crested raphe. 11. Section of the same, showing the embryo at the base of the albumen. 12. Embryo, detached and more magnified. 49. SANGUIN A.Ki A. Ord. FUMARIACE^. Herbae tenerae (succo aqueo innocuo), dissectifoliae, exsti- pulatae : dicotyledoneae, hypogynae, hermaphroditae, dimerae ; petalis 4 cruciatis irregularibus ; staminibus 6 diadelphis dimorphis ; ovario uniloculari, placentis 2 parietalibus ; ovu- lis amphitropis ; embryone in basi albuminis subcurvati minimo. FuMARiACE^, DC. Syst. 2. p. 105, & Prodr. 1. p. 125. Meisn. Gen. p. 8, Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 435. Papaveraceje, Subord. Fumariace.«, Bernh. in Linnaea, 8. p. 401, 473. Endl. Gen. p. 858. The Fumitory Family accords so nearly with Papaveraceas in the struc- ture of the fruit and seeds, that these plants were included in that order by Jussieu, and are still regarded by eminent botanists as forming merely a di- vision of it with irregular flowers. Indeed, of the botanists who receive the family as distinct, some admit Hypecoum and its allies to form a component part of it (as does Lindley, notwithstanding his removing the family to another alliance than that which contains the Poppy Family), while others exclude them. According to the latter view, which is manifestly to be adopt- ed when (from considerations of convenience chiefly) the family is kept dis- tinct, Fumariaceae are to be characterized by the irregular 1 - 2-spurred or saccate corolla, the four connivent petals of which, or at least the two inner, are more or less coherent ; and by the diadelphous stamens, placed three in each set before the exterior petals, with dimorphous anthers ; the central one of each set being two-celled, while the lateral are only one-celled and but half the size. The anthers with the stigma remain inclosed in the little^ cavity formed by the cohesion of the spoon-shaped tips of the two inner petals, which never open. The bitterish or slightly acid and watery (instead of colored or milky) juice is not diagnostic : for it is quite the same in Esch- scholtzia and other undoubted Papaveraceae, which apparently are equally destitute of any narcotic quality. To account for the nature and position of the four stamens with one-celled anthers, De Candolle suggested that these result from the fission of the two stamens of the inner series which (in the regular symmetry of the binary flower) should stand before the inner petals; — a view which was reproduced 118 FUMARIACEiE. by Lindley (Introd. to Nat. System, ed. 1, etc.). On the other hand, M. Gay has recently maintained,* that these are the four normal stamens of a complete inner verticel, while two of those of the outer verticel (with 2-cell- ed anthers) are wanting, and that the flower is therefore really hexandrous and with the same arrangement as in Cruciferae. The objection to this view is, that it presupposes a truly quaternary, instead of a binary, plan of the flower. Taking a still different view, I presume that the lateral stamens in this case will be found to arise by the process called ' ' didoubhment ' ' by the French botanists (happily translated deduplication by j\Ir. Henfrey) ; — a mode of increase in the number of parts, particularly of the stamens, which must be allowed to occur in analogous cases, if the observations of Duchatre were accurately made, and which is not at all incompatible with received morphological views ; for a single phyton may as readily give rise to a clus- ter of stamens as to the several leaflets of a digitate leaf. The two sepals are anterior and posterior and the carpels lateral (right and left as respects the axis), just as in Cruciferae ; but, by the torsion of the pedicel in flower, the carpels, with the outer petals to which they corre- spond, appear to be anterior and posterior. As to sensible qualities, Fumariaceas are sHghtly bitter and astringent, or with the tubers, &c., a little acrid ; but of no especial importance. This small order, with the exception of two species indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope, belongs entirely to the temperate zone, and chiefly to the Old \Yorld. One species of the genus Fumaria (which gives its name to the order, although it is a greatly simplified form, as to the fruit, which is reduced to a one-seeded nutlet) is sparingly naturalized around old gar- dens and dwellings in the Northern States. The indigenous representatives of the family in North America, scarcely a dozen in number, are restricted to three genera ; namely, Dkentra and Adlumia, with both of the exterior petals gibbous or saccate at the base, and Corydalis, in which only one of them is saccate or spurred. In Ann. Sci. A at. ser. 2. (Oct. 1842.) 2. p. 216. FUMARIACEiE. 119 Plate 50. DICENTRA, Borkh, Corolla aequaliter 2-calcarata vel 2-saccata, saepius decidua ; petalis distinctis. Capsula siliquosaj seminibus cristatis. DicENTRA, Borkh. in Rom. Arch. 2. p. 46 (err. typogr. Diclytra). Bernh. in Linnaea, 8, p. 468. Meisn. Gen. p. 10. Endl. Gen. 4836. Diclytra, DC. Syst. 2. p. 107, & Prodr. 1. p. 125. DiELYTRA, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 35. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 66. Fdmarije Sp., Linn. Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 395. Michx. Fl. 2. p. 51. CoRYDALis Sp., Neck. Pers. Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 85. Cdcullaria, Raf. in Med. Rep. 2. p. 350, & Desv. Jour. Bot. 2. p. 151). Perizomanthus, Pursh. Fl. 2. p. 462 (sub Corydali), excl. spec. Breeches-Flower. Squirrel-corn. Ca£.yx of 2 very small petaloid or scarious sepals, resem- bling bractlets, never inclosing the flower-bud. Corolla cordate, or two-spurred at the base, compressed, hypogynous, of 4 connivent but distinct petals in two series ; the two exterior larger, alternate with the sepals, similar, saccate or calcarate at the base, appressed, inclosing the inner pair ex- cept their midribs and apex, contracted above, and with short and spreading hooded tips : the two interior opposite the sepals, unguiculate, spoon-shaped or excavate-hooded at the apex, where the two lightly but permanently cohere over the anthers and stigma, their prominent midrib dilated at the sum- mit to form a salient crest : all deciduous, or else scarious-per- sistent around the base of the pod. Stamens 6, in two sets of three each, one set opposite each outer petal and lightly cohering with its insertion and with a linear (or sometimes nearly obsolete) gland that descends into the spur or sac : FILAMENTS subulatc-filiform, distinct, or the three slightly united, especially about the middle : anthers more or less extrorse, fixed by the base, that of the middle stamen two- celled, those of the lateral one-celled ; the cells opening lon- gitudinally. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal placentae 120 FliMARIACEiE. pla^d opposite the inner sepals : style subulate or filiform : STIGMA crest-like, flattened contrary to the placentae, 2-4- lobed or horned. Ovules numerous, horizontal in two rows on each placenta, between amphitropous and anatropous. Capsule siliquaeform, lanceolate or oblong, membrana- ceous ; the two valves separa*)le from the filiform interval- vular placentae, which remain with the persistent style. Seeds several, globulai^reniform, with a shining crustaceous testa, conspicuously crested at the hilum. E^ibryo minute, at the narrowed base of the fleshy albumen next the hilum. Herbs low and acaulescent ; the slender rootstocks tuber- iferous or granuliferous, sending up slender petioles support- ing a ternately-compound leaf with pinnately multifid divis- ions, and scapes, bearing a simple raceme or else cymulose clusters of handsome (white, purple, or cream-colored) flow- ers. Pedicels bracteate and bibracteolate, nodding. Etymology. From Si'y, double, and Kevrpov, spur. A slip or typograph- ical error by Borkhausen (who however gave the derivation correctly) gave rise to much confusion respecting the name, as the synonymy shows. Geographical Distribution and Division. A genus of a few North American and two Siberian species. (D. chrysantha, Hook, df Am., from Cahfornia, will probably be found not to belong to the genus.) — Our species form two sections, to be characterized differently from Bernhardi, as follows. § 1. CucuLLARiA, Raf. — Flow^ers simply racemose, vernal (either 2-gib- bous or 2-spurred). Gland at the base of the stamens spur-like. Calyx and corolla early deciduous. (D. CucuUaria and D. Canadensis.) § 2. Capnorchis, Borkh. ex Endl. (Eucapnos, Bernh.) — Raceme com- pound ; the flowers cymulose-fascicled, produced through the summer. Glands obsolete. Floral envelopes marcescent ! (D. formosa & D. eximia.) PLATE 50. Fig. 1-5. Dicentra Canadensis, DC. (under Diclytra). 1. Dissected flower, enlarged; with 2, the inner petals, removed. 3. Upper part of one set of stamens, more magnified. 4. Enlarged pistil, the ovary cut across to show the ovulation. 5. A fertilized ovule, magnified ; the crest appearing from the raphe above. 6. Ripe pod, with the persistent floral envelopes, of D. eximia. 7. Same, with the valves detached from the replum, and seeds fallen. 8. A seed, from the same, and 9, a section through the crest ; magnified. 10. The embryo taken from the last, and highly magnified. 50 DICEFTRA. (DIELYTiLA.) FUMARJACKiT:. 121 Plate 51. ADLUMIA, Raf. Corolla e petalis 4 coalitis, basi 2-saccata, marcescenti- persistens, capsulam siliquosam includens. Semina ecrista- ta. — Herba scandens, petiolis cirrhiformibus. . Adlumia, Raf. in N. Y. Med. Repos. (hex. 2.) 5. p. 350, &in Desv. Jour. Bot. 2. p. 169. DC. Syst. 2. p. 111. Bernh. in Linnsea, 1. c. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 68. Endl. Gen. 4837. CoRVDALis Sp., Vent. Choix. t. 19. Calyx of 2 small and scarious sepals, deciduous. Co- rolla as in Dicentra, but the petals all firmly coalescent into an ovate-cordate body, which is marcescent-persistent and perfectly incloses the mature pod. Stamens as in Di- centra, except that the filaments of each set are united nearly to the top into a lanceolate scarious synema. Ovary linear-lanceolate, one-celled, with two parietal placentae : style subulate : stigma flattened and dilated contrary to the placentae, two-lobed. Ovules 4 to 6 on each placenta, alter- nately inserted in a single series, horizontal, nearly anatro- pous ; the raphe superior. Capsule siliquaeform, lanceolate, tipped with the persist- ent style and stigma, always covered by the marcescent corolla, inclosed within the inner petals and the stamineal sheath, two-valved, the intervalvular filiform placentae form- ing a replum. Seeds 8 to 12, alternately inserted on each placenta in a single series, horizontal, obovoid-i^niform, na- ked (not crested at the raphe or hilum) ; the black crusta- ceous testa smooth and shining. Albumen fleshy, reniform- incurved. Embryo small, cylindrical, in the hilar curvature of the albumen. Herb biennial, with elongated branching stems, climbing gracefully by its tendril-like young petioles; the leaves al- ternate, 3 - 4-ternately or pinnately decompound, with a 9 122 FUMARIACE^. very short general petiole, but with elongated secondary di- visions : leaflets delicate, 3 — 5-lobed. Flowers in axillary cymulose panicles, drooping on slender pedicels, white, tmg- ed with fose-color. ^ Etymology. Dedicated to the late Major Adlum, an amateur botanist and cultivator. Geographical Distribution. A genus of a single species, native of damp ^copses, &c., in the Northern United States, and often cultivated to form light and delicate bowers in shady places. PLATE 51. Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf.; — branch with a single leaf and - panicle, natural size. (Cambridge Botanic Garden.) 1. An enlarged persistent flower divided vertically, showing the stamens, with the anthers withdrawn from the cavity at the tip of the inner petals, and the included capsule, one of the placentae towards the eye. 2. A flower, at an earlier stage, with the sepals still present, cut across towards the summit, enlarged. 3. Diagram of the flower ; the two exterior lines representing the sepals ; the next the outer, the others the inner pair of petals, as they would appear in a cross section at their free summits : the inclosed rounded figures represent the anthers, three in each set, and the central figure is a section of the ovary. 4. Anthers of one set, magnified ; seen from the outside. 5. Vertical section of the ovary, magnified, showing the ovules. 6. Transverse section of the same, in the same position. ^ 7. The replum, enlarged, with two seeds attached. 8. A seed, magnified. 9. Vertical section of the same, showing the albumen and the embryo. 10. Embryo, detached, and more magnified. AIjL ITMIA. FUMARIACEiE. 123 Plate 52. CORYDALIS, Vent., Bernh. Corolla unicalcarata, ringens, decidiia. Capsula siliquosa, • polysperma, 'stylo persistente. Semina crista concava saepe conchiformi strophiolata. — Caulis ramosus e radice subsim- plici. CoRYDALis, Vent, ex DC. Bernh. in Linnaea, 7. p. 604. (non Neck.) CoRYDALis, Sect. Capnoides, DC. Syst. 2. p. 122. excl. C. Capnoides. CoRYDALis, Sect. Capnites, Endl. Gen. 4839. non DC. FuMARi^ Sp., Linn. Juss. Lam. Calyx of 2 very small sepals resembling bractlets, decid- uous. Corolla of 4 hypogynous petals, deciduous, irregu- lar, ringent at the summit, where the two exterior are alike, the larger (and in the full-grown flower becoming the upper) one alone calcarate or saccate at the base : the two interior opposite the sepals, similar, much smaller than the exte- rior which inclose them, unguiculate, spoon-shaped, their concave tips cohering over the stigma and anthers, their keel enlarging into a salient dorsal crest at the summit. Stamens 6, diadelphous, hypogynous, one set inserted opposite each outer petal ; the filaments united nearly to the tip into a di- lated membranaceous synema: the middle anther of each set two-celled, the lateral one-celled (as in Dicentra, &c.). A hypogynous gland or spur just under the insertion of the corresponding synema projects into the spur or sac of the upper petal. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal placentas opposite the inner petals : style subulate : stigma flattened and two-lobed contrary to the placentae. Ovules indefinite, horizontal, alternately inserted in a single row upon each placenta, nearly amphitropous ; the raphe superior. Capsule siliquaeform, one-celled, tipped with the persist- ent style and stigma, several - many-seeded, two-valved ; the valves separating from the replum formed of the persist- 9* 124 FUMARIACE^. ent filiform intervalvular placentae. Seeds globular-reni- form, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa, partly covered by a concave or shell-shaped hilar crest. EarBRYO minute, at the smaller curved extremity of the fleshy albu- men, next the hilum : cotyledons as long as the radicle, foliaceous and lanceolate in germination. Herbs with slender or simple roots (no tuberous caudex), often biennial or annual ; the stem more or less branching, and with ternately or pinnately compound or dissected leaves. Racemes terminal, or becoming opposite the leaves, bracte- ate, often yellow or purple. Etymology. An ancient name for the "crested lark," and for some plant of the Fumitory family, which probably took the name from the spur of the flower, somewhat like that of the Larkspur. Geographical Distribution, &c. Natives of the northern temperate zone, much the greater part Siberian. The two species in the United States, with one on the Pacific coast, belong to the genus as restricted by Bernhardi, whose view it is therefore most convenient to adopt. PLATE 52. CoRYDALis aurea, Willd. ; — summit of a stem in flower and fruit; natural size. (Botanic Garden, Cambridge ; from Ver- mont, Oahes.) 1. A flow^er (with a bractlet), enlarged. 2. Diagram of the disposition of its parts. 3. A dissected flower, more enlarged ; with 4, its pair of inner petals. 5. Pistil, more enlarged, its base cut away, showing a section of the ovary. 6. Vertical section of the lower part, showing the ovules. 7. An ovule, more magnified (the incipient crest forming from the raphe). 8. Enlarged replum of a pod, and seeds ; the valves fallen away. 9. A seed, with its crest, more magnified. 10. Vertical section of the same ; showing the minute embryo in place. 11. Embryo, detached and more magnified. C 0 RTL AL I ^ Ord. CRUCIFER^. Herbae exstipulatae, alternifoliae (succo aqueo pungente) : dicotyledoneae, hypogynae, hermaphroditae, tetramerae ; sepa- lis et petalis 4 cruciformibus ; staminihus tetradynamis ; siliqua septo membranaceo inter placentas 2 parietales saepis- sime biloculari ; ovulis campylotropis vel amphitropis ; semi- nibus exalbuminosisj cotyledonibus radiculae accumbentibus vel incumbentibus. Cruciformes, Tourn. Inst. p. 210. Tetradynam^:, Linn. Gen. p. 329. SiLiQ,uosiE, Linn. Praelect. ed. Giesek. p. 48L CRUciFERiE, Adans. Fam. 2. p. 409. Juss. Gen. p. 237. DC. Syst. 2. p. 139, & Prodr. 1. p. 131. Endl. Gen. p. 861. Brassicacejs, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 58, & Veg. Kingd. p. 351. The Mustard or Cress Family, one of the most strictly natural and homogeneous which the vegetable kingdom affords, is at once distinguished by its regular cruciform flower, tetradynamous stamens, and by that sort of pod termed a silique, or, when very short, a silicle. The flowers are formed on the quaternary plan. There are always four sepals, of which the f^o exterior in the bud are situated one anterior and the other posterior, while the two interior, which are often the larger, are lateral, or right and left, as respects the axis of inflorescence. Although the edges of the outer pair cover those of the inner in the bud (except in the few instances where the aestivation is valvate), yet the plan of the flower is not binary, like that of Fumariaceae (p. 117), but the four sepals constitute a single verticel ; for the four petals are alternate with them, instead of being opposed to them, as would necessarily be the case on the former supposi- tion. The laminae of the four petals, spreading opposite each other in pairs, produce the cruciform shape which gives the name to the order. In aestiva- tion, the petals are imbricated with usually one exterior, two half exterior and half interior, and the fourth wholly interior, or else they are regularly convolute ; the latter mode being only a slight deviation from the former. Both the calyx and the corolla are deciduous in all the family, or at least in all ordinary cases. 126 CRUCIFER^. The peculiarity of the stamens gave the name and character to the class, Tetr adynamia ^ which in his Artificial System Linnaeus framed for the recep- tion of these plants. Of the six stamens, two are shorter and inserted one opposite each lateral sepal ; while the four longer, which are commonly in- serted a little higher on the receptacle or hypogynous disk, are placed one pair before the posterior, and the other before the anterior sepal. This brings them partly before the four petals respectively ; which has not unnat- urally been taken to be their normal position by several botanists, as by Kunth,* and Gay,f who thus view them as forming the complete imier stamineal verticel, and consequently suppose that half of the exterior vertical (namely, the two stamens which should stand before the anterior and poste- rior sepals respectively) has been suppressed. But it is plain, as our dia- grams (Plates 53, 54, 63, &c.) show, that these four stamens are not oppo- site the petals. As already remarked, they stand in pairs before the anterior and posterior sepals, or alternate with the two upper and two lower petals, that is to say, just in the places which should be occupied by single stamens to complete the synmietry of the tetramerous flower. In other words, the anterior and posterior stamens of the simply verticel are doubled, just as the two stamens of Fumariaceae are trebled, by deduplication. This explanation, as applied to Fumariaceae, was in t}^e, as it now stands (on page 118), when, just in the nick of time, I received the London Jour- nal of Botany, for January, 1848, containing a beautiful elucidation of the Structure of Omciferous Flowers, by Prof. Moquin-Tandon and my friend P. Barker Webb, in which this view is brought forward and enforced in a much more thorough and convincing manner than I could have hoped to do it. J To the instances cited by them in which one or both of these stamens * Uber die Blidhen- und Fruchtbildung der Cruciferen, in Ahhandl. KOnigl. Mad. Wissensch. Berl 1832. t In Ann. Sci. ^'at. Oct. 1842. p. 218. t " De Candolle, himself, has shown in his Memoir on Cruciferae, that each pair of geminate stamens has really only the value of a single organ, and con- sequently that the andrceceum in Cruciferee may, like^e corolla and calyx, be reduced to the quaternary type." " This theory of the didoublement of the two longer stamens in this group is confirmed by numerous facts, both normal and anomalous. 1. In many Cru- ciferae, and more particularly in the Clypeola cyclodontea, Del., the filaments of the solitary stamen are furnished with two teeth, one on each side, whilst those of the double stamens have but one on their outer side ; if we join these two stamens together, so that they form but one, a bidentate filament will result en- tirely similar to those of the solitary stamens. " 2. In other Cruciferae a longer or shorter portion of the filament remains simple. Thus, in the Sterigma tomentosum, DC, the division takes place as far as the middle; in the Anchonium Billardieri, DC, in a third part only of the upper portion of the filament. Here the position of the longer stamens, double only in their upper portion, is exactly the same as that of the solitary stamens. "3. In the Vella pseudocytisus, Linn., we find, in the place of the double sta- mens, a single one : its filament being frequently rather broader, sometimes di- vided only at its summit, sometimes entirely undivided, but bearing in that case an anther, wholly or partially geminate. "4. Many Cruciferae become tetrandrous by pelorization, others are normally so. In either case, the four stamens are then equal. • CRUCIFERiE. 127 habitually or frequently remain undivided belovr, we may add the genus ^ Streptanthus (Plate 61, fitr. 4). Although these able botanists do not allude to the analogous case of Fumariaceae, yet it is perfectly evident that they would apply the same princii)le to the explanation of the anomaly in that family. The six anthers are all alike and two-celled. The gynsBcium consists of two united carpels, which stand right and left as respects the axis of inflorescence, or one before each of the lateral sepals. The peculiarity of the silique consists in its being two-celled, while the pla- centae are strictly parietal. The explanation of this long since indicated by Brown, and by Lestiboudois, is doubtless the true one ; namely, that the false dissepiment is an extension of the parieties of the carpels, or, so to say, of the epicarp of each, stretching inwards beyond their ovuliferous edges, so as to form, sometimes a narrow border, as in Selenia (Plate 67), &c , but commonly a perfect partition by their union in the centre. The line of junction is frequently indicated by a median nerve (Plates 53, 55, 57, 64). This partition, however thin, is separable into its two component la- mellae, composed apparently of a single stratum of compressed cells, which are of different forms in different plants. Besides this areolation, the par- tition is sometimes veiny, or traversed, more or less copiously, by " tubes having the appearance and ramification of the veins of a leaf." These dif- ferences were pointed out by Mr. Brown, and turned to account in distin- guishing genera.* We have endeavoured to figure the principal forms of areolation which are presented by the species we have illustrated ; but are not prepared to offer any opinion respecting the value of this character. In several Cruciferae, this partition is altogether wanting, especially in the Isatideae, where the pod is indehiscent and only 1-2-seeded, and in Cakile (Plate 74) and its allies, in which the pod is transversely divided and joint- ed. In the dehiscent genera, the two valves always separate from the fili- form placentae, wliich form the frame (replum) for the partition, and bear the persistent style or stigma. The styles, if any, are always consolidated into one. The two stigmas are either combined, or more or less distinct (2-lobed) ; and the lobes are anterior and posterior, or are placed over the parietal placentas, and not over the cells ; just as happens in most Papaveraceae, and in many other cases of parietal placentation. This, along with the abnormal partition and dehis- cence, gave rise to some ingenious hypotheses respecting the structure of the Cruciferous fruit, which need not be here recounted, since their foundations 5. Finally, certain Cruciferae, instead of returning to the quaternary type, recede from it. Their single stamens undergo a change analogous or very sim- ilar to that of the double pair. One of us has observed flowers of Matthiola in- cana, in which the single stamens were cleft throughout their entire length, each portion being provided with half an anther and half a filament. M. Lesti- boudois speaks of a Cheiranthus Cheiri in which these stamens were completely geminated, not laterally as the longer pair, but fi-om without inwards. 31. Se- ringe met with a flower of the same species (var. grandiflora) which had the lower stamens didoubUes eiracteinent comme les sup6rieures.' " — Moq.-Tand. & Webb, in 1. c. p. 5, and p. 6, 7. * Obscrc. PL Oudneij^ Dcnliam^ «^ Clapperton, p. 12. et seq. 1826. 128 CRUCIFER^. have been entirely swept away by Mr. Brown's masterly exposition of the * real nature and composition of the stigma, as well as of the placenta.* In this family the two half-stigmas of different carpels are combined over the placentas, just as those placentae are themselves formed by the junction of the contiguous edges of two different carpellary leaves, that is, of the two half-placentae of different carpels. As applied to Cruciferas, this view has just been very satisfactorily reproduced by Moquin-Tandon and Webb, in the article before cited, and entirely de novo on their part, as they were un- acquainted with Mr. Brown's exposition of this subject until after their arti- cle was prepared for the press. The structure of the flower and fruit in this strictly natural family is so uniform, that it is unnecessary to repeat continually, in our detailed descrip- tions, the characters which are common to the whole, or to which there are few if any exceptions ; such, for instance, as the alternate leaves (to which Dentaria offers the only exception) ; the indefinite racemose inflorescence ; the absence of bracts and bractlets (of which the exceptions are noted where they occur) ; the introrse 2-celled anthers ; the aestivation of the calyx and corolla, which as to the former is imbricated with the anterior and posterior sepals outside, as already mentioned, in all our genera ; and, as to the lat- ter, the same genus or even the same individual exhibits both the imbri- cated-convolute and the truly convolute modes. As at present known, this family comprises at least 1600 species, under about 180 genera. Cruciferous plants are found in every part of the world, but are most abundant by far in the northern temperate zone. There is a larger proportion in the Old World than in the New. The sensible properties of the order are exemplified by its familiar escu- lent and officinal representatives, such as the Mustard, Horseradish, Radish, Cabbage, Turnip, Scurvy-Grass, &c. All have more or less of the volatile acrid principle upon which their stimulant, rubefacient, and antiscorbutic qualities, as w*ell as the pungent flavor, depend. Diffused among abundance of saccharine and farinaceous or mucilaginous matter, this acridity serves as a wholesome natural condiment. Some Cruciferae, like the Rape, are culti- vated for the fixed oil that abounds in the embryo of the exalbuminous seeds. Many are prized for the beauty or fragrance of their flowers ; as the Wall- flower, Stock, &c. In a local Flora, it is most convenient to characterize the primary divisions from the fruit, whether dehiscent, indehiscent and nucamentaceous, or lo- mentaceous. In a general system, some characters taken from the seed and embryo should doubtless have precedence ; but it is still uncertain which should take the lead. For the present purpose it will suffice to dispose our comparatively few genera according to the following conspectus. * In PlantcB Javanicce Rariores, part 2. 1840. p. 106-112, note. For an exposi- tion of this view, see Gray's Botanical Text-Booh, ed. 1. p. 144 (1842), and ed.2. p. 238 (1845). CRUCIFERiE. 129 Conspectus of the Genera of the United States. Ser. I. SiLictuosjE. — Silique 2-valved, jointless. (Cotyle- dons plane, in N. Amer. species. ) Tribe I. ARABIDE^. — Cotyledons plane, parallel with the parti- tion, accumbent (o=), one edge lying against the ascending radicle, which occupies the side remote from the placenta. (Embryo straight in Leaven- worthia.) Silique elongated or sometimes short, many-seeded. * Silique terete or slightly compressed ; the valves nerveless or nearly so. Nasturtium. (Plate 53.) Silique short, often a silicle. Seeds numer- ous, two-ranked in each cell, very small, punctate, on capillary fu- niculi. Calyx spreading : petals sometimes wanting. ^ loDANTHus. (Plate 54.) Silique linear. Seeds one-ranked in each cell, marginless, as broad as the septum. Calyx erect. * * Silique compressed ; the valves flat and nerveless. (Seeds 1-ianked.) Cardamine. (Plate 55.) Silique linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on filiform funiculi. Dentaria. (Plate 56.) Silique lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on dilated and flattened funiculi. Leavenworthia. (Plate 57.) Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Em- bryo straight ! * * * Silique compressed, or somew^hat quadrangular; the valves 1-nerved. Arabis. (Plate 58.) Silique linear, elongated ; the valves nearly flat, 1-nerved. Seeds 1-ranked in each cell. Petals somewhat unguicu- late or sessile, the claw plane. Turritis. (Plate 59.) Silique, &c., as in Arabis. Seeds 2-ranked in each cell. Streptanthus. (Plates 60, 61.) Silique linear, elongated ; the valves flat or flattish, 1-nerved. Seeds 1-ranked in each cell. Claw of the petals canaliculate or involute, commonly twisted. Barbarea. (Plate 62.) Silique linear, nearly quadrangular from the carinate - 1-nerved valves. Seeds 1-ranked. Flowers yellow. Tribe II. SISYMBRIE^. — Cotyledons plane, placed with their edges to the partition, incumbent (o||), the back of one of them lying against the ascending radicle, which occupies the side remote from the placenta, sometimes oblique, so as to become partly accumbent. Silique mostly linear and elongated, many-seeded. * Silique not stipitate. Erysimum. (Plate 63.) Silique linear, quadrangular, the valves acute- ly carinate - 1-nerved. Calyx erect. Sisymbrium. (Plate 64.) Silique linear or oblong, terete or 4-6-an- gular ; the valves convex, 1 - 3-nerved. Calyx equal, usually open. * * Silique long-stipitate, linear. Petals with long claws. 130 CRUCIFER^. Stanleya. (Plate 65.) Claws of the petals connivent into a tube ; the linear sepals spreading. Silique nearly terete or quadrangular. Flowers yellow or greenish. Warea. (Plate 66.) Claws of the (white or rose-purple) petals spread- ing. Silique compressed, the valves nearly flat, 1-nerved. Ser. II. SiLicuLos^. — Silicle (rounded, or not much long- er than broad) opening by valves. Cotyledons plane, not longitudinally plicate nor spirally convolute. Tribe HI. ALYSSINE^. — Silicle with a broad partition (or rarely none) which is parallel with the flat or convex valves. Cotyledons broad, accumbent against the ascending radicle (o=), parallel with the partition. • * Silicle compressed. Seeds on free funiculi. Selenia. (Plate 67.) Silicle oval, flat, subulate with the long style, manj-seeded. Seeds orbicular, surrounded by a wing. Draea. (Plates 68, 69.) Silicle elliptical, oval, or linear-oblong, com- pressed, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. * # Silicle globose-inflated. Funiculi partly adnate. Vesicaria. (Plate 70.) Valves of the several-seeded silicle hemispherical. Tribe IV. SUBULARIE^. — Silicle oval, turgid, with a rather broad partition, the cells several-seeded. Cotyledons bent transversely be- low the middle and incumbent on the ascending radicle. Subularia. (Plate 71.) Silicle somewhat flattened contrary to the par- tition, the convex valves rather boat-shaped. Leaves all radical, subulate. Tribe V. SENEBIEREJE. — Silicle compressed contrary to the very narrow partition, didymous ; the globular-ventricose valves closed or nearly so, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in Tribe IV. Senebiera. (Plate 72.) Cells of the silicle rugose-reticulated, separat- ing entire. Flowers minute. Tribe VI. LEPIDINE^. — Silicle compressed contrary to the very narrow partition ; the valves strongly boat-shaped or carinate. Cotyledons plane, incumbent (rarely accumbent) on the ascending radicle. Lepidium. (Plate 73.) Seeds solitary in each cell : funiculi free. Ser. XXL Lomentace^. — Silique or silicle transversely 2 - several-celled, and articulated. Tribe VII. CAKILINE^. Cotyledons plane, accumbent. Cakile. (Plate 74.) Silicle 2-jointed ; the joints l-ceUed, 1-seeded. Seed suspended in the lower, erect in the upper cell. CRUClFERiE. 131 Plate 53. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Siliqua abbreviata vel silicula teretiuscula, valvis turgidis enerviis. Semina in loculis biseriata, numerosissima, parva, immarginata ; funiculis capillaribus. Cotyledones plana? ac- cumbentes. — Calyx patens. Petala flava vel alba, interdum abortiva. Nasturtium, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2. 4. p. 109. DC. Syst. 2. p. 187. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 72. Endl. Gen. 4850. SisYMBRii Sp., Linn. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 187. excl. spec. Armoracia, Rupp. Fl. Jen. Koch, Fl. Germ. p. 66. Water-Cress. Calyx spreading, somewhat colored ; the sepals imbricat- ed in aestivation, equal at the base. Petals spreading, obo- vate or cuneiform, sometimes obsolete. Filaments subulate or filiform, toothless : anthers oval or sagittate. HypoGY- Nous GLANDS 4 or 6. OvARY ovoid, oblong, or linear, some- times one-celled from the incompletion of the partition : style short or none, rarely slender : stigma capitate or de- pressed, obscurely two-lobed. Ovules numerous, irregu- larly crowded in several rows on each placenta (in two or more ranks in each cell), nearly horizontal. SiLiQUE or silicle varying from linear or oblong to ellip- tical or even globose-ovoid, terete or slightly compressed parallel with the partition, two-valved ; the turgid or strong- ly convex valves destitute of keel or midnerve ; the partition nerveless or one-nerved in the middle. Seeds indefinite and usually very numerous, occupying two io\vm in each cell, on irregularly crowded capillary free funiculi, more or less pendulous, flattish, rounded, impressed-punctate. Radicle ascending on the side towards the axis (remote from the pla- centa) ; the COTYLEDONS accumbent, plane, parallel with the partition. 132 CRUCIFER^. Herbs growing in water or wet places, smooth or simply- hirsute ; with annual, biennial, or perennial roots, and branch- ing stems which are frequently rooting below. Leaves usu- ally lyrately toothed or pinnatifid, or pinnately parted ; the petioles often auriculate-dilated at the base. Flowers small or minute, yellow or white ; tfie racemes prolonged in fruit. Etymology. An old name for several pungent Cruciferous plants, said to be compounded of nasus and tortus, from their effect upon the nostrils. Geographical Distribution, &c. A cosmopolite genus, the species of which are of difficult extrication, especially those of the section Brachylo- Bos, DC, which have for the most part yellow or yellowish flowers. The Water-Cress is the type of a peculiar section of the genus (Cardaminum, DC). While many species bear linear siliques, others by gradual transi- tion have oblong, elliptical, ovoid, or even globular silicles, some of which C. A. Meyer therefore refers to Cochlearia ^ Armor acia. Indeed, the white- flowered N. lacustre, Gray, ined.,* is so exactly an Armoracia as to con- vince me that that group, if it can be detached from Cochlearia, will have to be appended to the present genus ; — which, taken as a whole, would be more naturally placed among Alyssineas than in Arabideae. — The Ameri- can N. palustre (which usually has shorter pods than the European plant) sometimes exhibits 3 - 4-carpellary and completely 3 - 4-celled ovaries. PLATE 53. Nasturtium sessiliflorum, Nutt.; — a small specimen (from St. Louis, Engelmann) ; natural size. (Excl. fig. 1 - 5.) L Diagram of the flower of N. palustre, the common North American plant so called. 2. An enlarged flower of the same. * 3. Stamens and pistil ; and 4, inside view of a stamen, more enlarged. 5. Pistil and receptacle, more magnified. 6. Silique of N. sessiliflorum, enlarged; one valve and most of the seeds detached. 7. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 8. A seed ; and 9, section across the accumbent cotyledons and radicle ; magnified. # * The Nasturtium natans, Hook. Fl. Bor.'Am., Torr. Gr. Fl, &c. (N. na- tans ^. Americanum, Gray, in Ann. Lyc. JV. Y.) Its flowers are much larger than in N. natans, DC. (which is the Cochlearia amphibia, (i. Meyer) ; the white petals are twice the length of the calyx, and there is no partition to the pod, except a narrow border. N"ASTURTIUM, CRUCIFERiE. 133 Plate 54. lODANTHUS, Torr. ^ Gr. Siliqua linearis, teres, valvis convexis fere enerviis. Se- mina in loculis uniserialia, immarginata. Cotyledones planae accumbentes. — Calyx erectus, unguibus petalorum brevior. loDANTHUs, Torr. «fc Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 72 (sub Cheirantho). Gray, Man. Bot. N. U. S. p. 33. Hesperidis Sp., Michx. Fl. 2. p. 31. Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 69. DC. 1. c. False RocUet. Calyx erect, imbricated in aestivation : the lateral sepals slightly gibbous at the base, in the bud furnished with a cornute process next the apex. Petals spreading, spatu- late-obovate, tapering into a narrow claw which is longer than the sepals, entire, imbricated-convolute in aestivation. Stamens strongly tetradynamous : filaments subulate-fili- form, toothless : anthers sagittate. Glands 4. Ovary linear-oblong : style short and thick : stigma hemispheri- cal. Ovules numerous, alternately inserted and forming only one row in each cell. SiLiquE linear, terete, rather fleshy, somewhat torulose when dry, tipped with the short style, two-valved ; the con- vex valves not carinate or nerved on the back (or with an obscure midnerve when dry) : the partition nerveless, com- posed of linear-oblong longitudinal areolae, bounded by nearly straight lines. Seeds several in each cell, forming a single series, occupying the whole breadth of the partition, oval, pendulous on short and free ascending funiculi which are geniculate-inflexed at the apex, not margined. Radicle ascending on the side farthest from its placenta ; the coty- ledons parallel with the partition, plane, accumbent. Herb with a branching stem from a perennial fibrous root, and oblong-ovate and acuminate leaves, which are sharply and irregularly toothed ; the lower lyrate, with small lateral 134 CRUCIFER^. divisions, the margined petiole auriculate-sagittate at the base. Racemes loose, elongated, somewhat panicled, ebrac- teate : the rather large and showy flowers violet-purple. Etymology. From Mrjs, violet-colored, and avOos , flower , in alliision to the color of the petals. Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus of a single species, indi- genous to the Western United States, removed, on account of its accumbent cotyledons, from Hesperis, with which genus in all other respects it seems substantially to accord. PLATE 54. loDANTHus HESPERiDOiDEs, Torr. df Gr.; — a small speci- men (from Ohio, Sullivant), the stem shortened. 1 . Diagram of the flower. 2. A flower, enlarged. 3. One of the lateral sepals ; and 4, a petal, enlarged. 5. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. ^ 6. A silique, of the natural size. 7. The upper end of a silique, enlarged ; seen edgewdse. 8. Lower part of the same, with a portion of the valves above cut away. 9. Base of an enlarged pod, the valves removed, showing three seeds ; the lower one cut in two, so as to display a section of the accumbent cotyledons and radicle. 10. Tissue of the partition, highly magnified. IL Embryo, detached entire ; enlarged. 0 I 0 ]] A T K U ? crucifer^. 135 Plate 55. CARDAMINE, Tourn. Siliqua linearis, compressa ; valvis planis enerviis (elastice saepius disilientibus), placentis dorso non alato-marginatis. Semina in loculis uniserialia, e funiculis filiformibus liberis pendula, immarginata. Cotyledones planae accumbentes. — Calyx basi aequalis. Petala alba vel purpurea. Cardamine, Tourn. Linn. Gen. 812. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 187. DC- Syst. 2. p. 245. C. A. Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 32. Endl. Gen. 4859. Bitter Cress. Calyx erect or rather open ; the sepals equal at the base. Petals obovate, with the lamina spreading, or sometimes narrow and erect. Filaments subulate or filiform : anthers cordate or sagittate at the base. Glands 4 or 6, variously disposed. Ovary oblong or linear : style usually short : stigma capitate or depressed, entire or two-lobed. Ovules pendulous and alternately inserted, forming only one row in each cell. SiLictuE linear ^r linear-lanceolate, compressed (the pla- centae not bordered and projecting), two-valved, for the most part elastically dehiscent from the base upwards ; the valves flat, nerveless : partition with, or commonly without, a mid- nerve ; the areolae short and roundish or amorphous, bound- ed by even lines. Seeds several or numerous in a single row in each cell, pendulous on filiform free funiculi, or- bicular or oblong, compressed, wingless, smooth. Radicle ascending, remote from the placentas : cotyledons plane, parallel with the partition, accumbent. Herbs with fibrous or granulate roots, or rarely with tu- berous rootstocks, sending up radical scapes, or more com- monly simple or branching stems, bearing alternate and sim- ple or pinnately divided leaves, and terminal racemes of 136 CRUCIFER^. white or rarely purple ebracteate flowers. Petioles of the lowest leaves elongated, usually not dilated at the base. Etymology. From Kdpbafxov, an ancient name for Cress. Geographical Distribution. A pretty large, cosmopolite genus, most abundant in the cooler temperate zones and on mountains, extending into the arctic and antarctic regions. Note. The genus is not yet well divided into natural sections. The species here figured is one of those which approach Dentaria. PLATE 55. Cardamine rhomboidea, DC; — a small specimen. 1. A sepal, enlarged, seen from the inner side. 2. A petal, equally enlarged. 3. Stamens and pistil, with the glands of the receptacle; enlarged. 4. Magnified pistil, seen sidewise, showing three of the four crescent- shaped hypog3^uous glands. 5. Same, with the ovary transversely divided. 6. An ovule, more magnified. 7. A silique, of the natural size. 8. A dehiscent silique, magnified, showing part of the seeds of one cell, the partition, &c. 9. Portion of the tissue of the partition, highly magnified. 10. Magnified seed, divided transversely, through the accumbent cotyledons. CARD AMHIE CRUClFERiE. 137 Plate 56. DENTARIA, Tourn. Siliqua lanceolata. Funiculi seminum plani seu alato- dilatati. Cotyledones crassae. — Caulis e rhizomate carnoso horizontali dentato vel moniliformi simplicissimus, medio paucifolius ; foliis verticillatis alternisve, compositis. Caetera fere omnia Cardamines. Dentaria, Tourn. Inst. p. 225. t. 111. Linn. Gen. 811. Lam. 111. t. 562. Schkuhr, Handb. 1. 183. DC. Syst. 2. p. 271. C.A.Mey- er, 1. c. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 86. End). Gen. 4861. Cardamines Sp., R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2. 4. p. 101. Tootliwort. Peppcrroot. Calyx equal at the base, the sepals erect. Petals much larger than the sepals, obovate, spreading, more or less un- guiculate. Stamens and Pistil as in Cardamine. SiLiQ,uE lanceolate, compressed, subulate with the style, elastically two-valved from the base ; the valves flat, nerve- less ; placentae not wing-margined : partition nerveless or nearly so ; the areolation nearly quadrate and uniform (as in Cardamine). Seeds several in each cell forming a single row, round-oval, turgid, smooth, pendulous on broad and flat free funiculi. Radicle ascending on the side remote from the placenta : cotyledons accumbent, parallel with the par- tition, very thick and fleshy, sometimes unequal. Herbs with a horizontal and fleshy toothed or moniliform- tuberous rhizoma, which sends up in spring an erect and simple flowering stem, bearing near the middle two or three (or rarely more) verticillate or alternate 3 - 7-f oliolate leaves on naked petioles, and terminated by a corymbose raceme of handsome white or rose-purple flowers. Radical leaves sometimes wanting. 10 138 CRUCIFER.E. Etymology, &c Name from dens, a tooth ; in allusion to the rhizoma, which is beset with tooth-like processes (the rudiments or vestiges of leaf- stalks) in most species : these are very strongly marked in our D. diphylla ; which is commonly called Pepperroot, from the pungent taste (much like that of Water-cresses) of its coral-like rootstock. The proper English pop- ular name is Toothwort. Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus (scarcely distinct from Cardamine) of about twenty known species, natives of the northern temper- ate zone. Five species belong to the United States ; two of which are widely diffused, while the others are local or rare. — The species chosen for our illustration is the least known of all. Mr. Nuttall described it from un- usually luxuriant specimens, which he found " in the western parts of the State of New York and Pennsylvania." It has since been gathered only at Watertown, New York, by the lamented Dr. Craw^e (in whose untimely death by drowning, since our drawing was made, Botany has lost a most as- siduous devotee) : but none of the specimens are so tall and leafy as Nuttall describes, nor do they deserve the name of D. maxima. PLATE 56. Dentaria maxima, Nutt. ; — in fruit, of the natural size. (Sj)ecimen from Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe.) 1 . A flower, of the natural size. 2. Upper part of a silique, from which the valves have fallen, magnified ; showing two of the seeds, the lower one transversely divided. 3. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 4. The fleshy embryo detached, magnified. 5. A transverse section of the same, showing the unequal accumbent cotyledons. CRUCIFER.E. 139 Plate 57. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Siliqiia oblonga, compresso-plana, valvis enerviis. Semi- na uniseriata, plana, alata. Embryo recta ! — HerbaR pusillsc, foliis omnibus radicalibus lyratis, scapis rmdis 1 - 8-floris. Leavenworthia, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 3. p. 87. 1. 5. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 89. Endl. Gen. 4862. Calyx equal at the base ; the sepals nearly erect. Petals spatulate-cuneiform, emarginate or truncate, spreading, much longer than the calyx, tapering gradually into a short claw. Stamens strongly tetradynamous : filaments filiform, tooth- less : ANTHERS linear-oblong. Ovary linear, tipped with a short STYLE, and a capitate stigma. Ovules several in each cell, alternately inserted on each placenta, pendulous on free funiculi. SiLiquE oblong-linear or oblong, compressed, often some- what torulose, two-valved ; the valves nearly flat, minutely veiny, destitute of a midnerve : partition thin, marked with a midnerve, the areolae oblong-linear, straight and transverse. Seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, forming a single series, pendulous on slender free funiculi, orbicular, flat, with a broad winged margin, often overlapping each other. Embryo small in pro- portion to the size of the seed, straight ! or with the orbicu- lar flat COTYLEDONS sHghtly inclined accumbently ; the radi- cle short and thick, straight, obliquely ascending on the side remote from the placenta. Herbs of small size, chiefly acaulescent ; with biennial or annual roots, lyrate-pinnatifid radical leaves and one- flowered radical peduncles, or 3 - 8-flowered scapes which often bear a single leaf below. Pedicels elongated. Petals yellow. 10* 140 CRUCIFER^. Etymology and Geographical Distribution. Dedicated to Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer of one species, if, indeed, L. aurea is distinct from L. iNIichauxii, the Cardamine uniflora, Michx. These little plants grow on wet rocks, &c., in Eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama : also in Arkansas. Note. The embryo in this genus exhibits a remarkable " arrest of de- velopment,"' of which there is no other example in the family. In the fully ripe seeds, the cotyledons remain straight, in the same line with the radicle, just as in the half-grown embryos of other Cruciferae, or else (in L. Mi- chauxii, Torr.) the cotyledons are slightly inclined to one side, so as to manifest barely a disposition to become accumbent. PLATE 57. Leavenworthia aurea, Torr. ; — specimen from Tennes- see, Mr. Buckley ; of the natural size. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. A sepal, more enlarged ; inside view. 3. A petal, equally magnified. 4. Stamens and pistil, magnified. 5. An enlarged silique, the valves removed, showing the seeds, &c. (From an Arkansan specimen, gathered hy Dr. Leavenworth.) 6. Tissue of the partition, highly magnified. 7. Magnified seed, divided transversely through the cotyledons. 8. Embryo, detached. L E AYEI WO KTIIA CRUCIFERi*:. 141 Plate 58. ARABIS, L. Siliqua elongata, linearis, compressa, valvis planiusculis uninerviis. Semina in loculis plurima, uniserialia. Cotyle- dones planse accumbentes. — Calyx erectus. Petala (alba seu rosea) sessilia vel breviter unguiculata, ungue piano. Arabis, Linn. Gen. 818. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. 1. c. p. 104. DC. Syst. 2. p. 218. Deless. Ic. 2. t. 24 - 28. C. A. Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 15. Endl. Gen. 4854. Rock-Cress. Calyx erect : sepals equal, or the two lateral saccate at the base. Petals obovate, spatulate, or oblong, sessile or usually with a short and flat claw. Filaments filiform or subulate, toothless : anthers oblong. Glands 4 to 8. Ova- ry oblong or linear : style usually short or none : stigma truncate or capitate. Ovules numerous on both placentae, pendulous. SiLiquE linear, elongated, compressed, not stipitate, two- valved ; the valves flat or flattish, marked with a prominent midnerve, the sides sometimes minutely veiny : partition destitute of a midnerve ; the areolae oblong or amorphous, and bounded by more or less sinuous or sometimes (in A. Canadensis, laevigata, ^c.) exceedingly contorted lines. Seeds numerous, pendulous on filiform and mostly free funiculi, forming a single row in each cell, compressed or flat, with or without a winged margin. Cotyledons flat, parallel with the partition, accumbent against the ascending RADICLE, which is remote from the placenta. Herbs, with annual, biennial, or perennial roots, and leafy stems ; the radical leaves usually petioled, sometimes lyrate or pinnatifid ; the cauline usually sessile and undi- vided, often sagittate or auriculate at th base. Raceme at 142 CRUCIFER^. length elongated, ebracteate. Corolla white, rarely rose- color or purplish. Etymology. An old name, said by Linnaeus to be derived from the country, Arabia. Geographical Distribution. A genus of over seventy species, widely scattered over the northern temperate zone, and partly subarctic or alpine. Note. The arrangement of the species is not yet well settled. The North American A. Canadensis and A. laevigata, with the Siberian A. pen- dula (Sect. Catolobus, C. A. Meyer, or Lomaspora, DC. excl. sp.), have winged seeds, with their funiculi partly adnate to the partition, the elongat- ed areolae of which are bounded by exceedingly tortuous lines (just as in Plate 59, fig. 6), the petals small, the style very short or none, and the ovules biseriate in each cell ; and certainly ought not to be separated from Turritis. PLATE 58. Arabis patens, Sulliv. ; — of the natural size (the stem shortened) ; from Ohio, Sullivant. 1. A lateral sepal ; and 2, a petal ; enlarged. 3. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. 4. A ripe silique, of the natural size. 5. Same, cut across, near the base, and magnified. 6. The replum, from the upper part, with the seeds, magnified ; two of the seeds transversely divided, showing the accumbent cotyledons. 7. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 8. A magnified seed of A. Canadensis, Linn., transversely divided. ARAB IS CRUCIFER^. 143 Plate 59. ^ • TURRITIS, Tourn., Dill. . Semina in loculis biserialia. Caetera omnia Arabidis. TuRRiTis, Tourn. (excl. spec.) Dillen. Nov. Gen. p. 120. t. 6. Gaertn. Fr. t. 143. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. 1. c. (excl. spec.) DC. Syst. 2. p. 213. (excl. spec.) C. A. Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 13. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 40. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 78. Endl. Gen. 4853. Tower-Iflustard. Calyx loosely erect ; the sepals equal at the base, or the lateral gibbous. Petals spatulate*linear-oblong, or obovate, the claw plane. Filaments filiform, toothless : anthers oblong-linear or sagittate. Ovary linear : style very short or none : stigma capitate. Ovules very numerous, forming two rows in each cell. SiLi^uE linear, elongated, not stipitate, flattened or com- pressed-quadrangular, two-valved ; the valves one-nerved in the middle, nearly flat or somewhat carinate : partition des- titute of a midnerve, formed of oblong-linear and irregular areolae bounded by exceedingly tortuous lines. Seeds very numerous on both placentae, forming two rows in each cell, pendulous on filiform free funiculi, smooth, oval, compress- ed, marginless, or surrounded by a winged margin. Em- bryo, &c., as in Arabis. Herbs, chiefly with biennial or annual roots, and virgate leafy stems ; the radical leaves spatulate and often toothed ; the cauline sessile or partly clasping by a sagittate or auricu- late base, lanceolate or oblong, chiefly entire. Raceme elon- gated in fruit, ebracteate. Petals white (the calyx yellow- ish) or purple. Etymology. An early name, from iurris, a tower, of uncertain application. Geographical Distribution, &c. This g-enus, as now received, con- 144 CRUCIFERvE. tains a single European and North Asiatic species (T. glabra, Linn.), which is also found in the northern parts of this country, to which several, chiefly more boreal, American species have recently been added. It should, perhaps, form only a section of Arabis, and comprise A. Canadensis, A. lae- vigata, and A. pendula. , PLATE 59. Tdrritis stricta, Graham; — summit of a flowering, and of a fruit-bearing stem ; of the natural size ; from Watertown , New York. 1. A sepal ; and 2, a petal ; enlarged. 3. Pistil, magnified ; the base cut away ; showing the two ranks of ovules in each cell. 4. Silique transversely divided below, magnified, showing the two ranks of seeds in each cell. Replum from the upper end of a silique, with the seeds in place ; mag- nified. 6. Tissue from the^artition, fllghly magnified. 7. Magnified seed, divided transversely. CRUCIFERiE. 145 Plate 60, 61. STREPTANTHUS, Nutt. Siliqua et semina fere Arabidis. Calyx coloratus. Petala (saepius purpurea) ungue canaliculate plerumque torto. Streptanthus, Nult. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 5. p. 134. t. 7. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3317, 3516, & Ic. PI. t. 40, 44. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 75. Endl. Gen. 4852. Calyx colored (purple or purplish) : the sepals erect, the lateral or all four sometimes gibbous or saccate at the base. Petals conspicuously unguiculate ; the claw canaliculate, often twisted; the lamina dilated and obovate, or narrow and linear-oblong or lanceolate. Filaments subulate, those of the longer pair of stamens frequently united into one ! ANTHERS linear-sagittate. Ovary linear or oblong : style short or none : stigma truncate or two-lobed. SiLiQ,UE linear, usually much elongated, not stipitate, or scarcely so, compressed ; the valves flat or sometimes con- vex, strongly one-nerved in the middle ; the partifion desti- tute of a rnidnerve (areolation various). Seeds numerous in a single row in each cell, pendulous on filiform free funiculi, oval, compressed, usually wing-margined and as broad as the partition. Cotyledons flat, parallel with the partition, ac- cumbent against the ascending radicle which is remote from the placenta. Herbs, chiefly annual or biennial, with undivided leaves, or the lowest lyrate-pinnatifid, the cauline sessile or clasp- ing, and virgate racemes of usually showy purple (rarely greenish-yellow) flowers. Limb of the petals frequently rose-color, with a deep purple spot in the centre. Pedicels ebracteate, except in S. bracteatus, Plate 60! Etymology. Name composed of orpeTrroy, twisted, and av6os, flower ; from the contorted claws of the petals. 146 CRUCIFER.E. Geographical Distribution and Division. A genus of a dozen or more known species, natives of the drier and nearly unwooded portions of temperate North America west of the Mississippi, from Arkansas to Cali- fornia. Two well-marked sections have been recognized, namely, — §1. EusTREPTANTHUS. — Pctals with a broad dilated lamina. Calyx loosely erect. ^ 2. EucLisiA, Nutt. — Limb of the petals narrow (often linear) and un- dulate as well as the claw. Calyx erect, often inflated-connivent. Note. The areolation in S. bracteatus and S. obtusifolius consists of vertical linear or oblong cells bounded by even lines ; that of S. heterophyl- lus? {PI. Coult.) is similar, except that the cells are nearly quadrate ; S. glandulosus exhibits long and very irregular curved cells, bounded by sinu- ous lines of uniform strength ; while, in S. hyacinthoides, the lines are of very unequal strength, some of them appearing like veins, and branching so as to form minute amorphous reticulations, as shown in Plate 61, fig. 8. PLATE 60. Streptanthus bracteatus, n. sp. (Texas, Linclheimer) ; — a branch, with a cauline leaf, of the natural size. 1. A sepal, inside view ; and 2, a petal, enlarged. 3. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. 4. A mature silique of S. obtusifolius, Nutt. (Arkansas, Herb. Torr.) ; of the natural size. 5. Base of an enlarged silique, transversely divided. 6. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 7. A magnified seed, divided transversely. 8. Embryo detached entire, and enlarged. PLATE 61. Streptanthus (Euclisia) hyacinthoides, Hook.; — from Texas ; the flowering summit, of the natural size. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. A sepal; and 3, a petal, more enlarged. 4. Stamens (one of the larger pairs united), and pistil, enlarged. 5. A silique, of the natural size. 6. Summit of a silique, enlarged, showing a transverse section. 7. Base of a replum, with three seeds, enlarged, two of them cut across. 8. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified (the stronger lines are rep- resented somewhat too continuous and direct). S TTIEPTAITTITUS. S TP_EPTA1TTHUS. fETJCLISTA.) CRUCIFER/E. 147 Plate 62. BARBAREA, R. Br. Siliqua tetragono-anceps, valvis carinatis. Semina pluri- ma, in loculis uniserialia, immarginata. Cotyledones planse accumbentes. — Flores flavi. Calyx erectus. Folia lyrato- pinnatifida, petiolis auriculato-amplexicaulibus. Barbarea, R. Brown, in Ait. Kew. ed. 2. 4. p. 109. DC. Syst. 2. p. 205. Deless. Ic. 2. t. 19. C. A. xAIeyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 9. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 75. Endl. Gen. 4851. Erysimi & SisYMBRii Sp , Linn. Winter-Cress. Yellow Rocket. Calyx almost equal at the base (yellowish) ; the lateral SEPALS more or less gibbous at the base, often with a cor- nute appendage near the apex. Petals unguiculate with a broad and plane claw, the lamina rounded. Stamens strong- ly tetradynamous : filaments subulate, toothless. Glands 6, two of them larger and very prominent, one at the base of each pair of long stamens. Ovary linear : style short : stigma two-lobed. Ovules pendulous, forming a single se- ries in each cell. SiLiQUE linear, slightly compressed, but quadrangular, the cross section rhombic, two-valved ; the valves prominently carkiate-one-nerved, the placentae or edges of the replum also a little salient : partition nerveless ; the areolas oblong and very irregular, bounded by sinuous lines. Seeds nu- merous, pendulous on free filiform funiculi, forming a single row in each cell, nearly or quite as broad as the partition, oval, a little compressed, not margined ; the testa minutely punctate. Cotyledons plane, thickish, parallel with the partition, accumbent against the radicle, which ascends on the side remote from the placenta. Herbs with biennial or perennial roots, erect and branch- ing leafy stems, and lyrate-pinnatifid leaves, mostly auricu- 148 CRUCIFER.^. late-clasping at the base ; glabrous throughout. Racemes elongated in fruit, ebracteate. Flowers rather large, yellow. Etymology. The Herb of Santa Barbara; an early popular name. Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus of few species, natives of Europe and the colder parts of North America. B. vulgaris is widely nat- uralized, and B. praecox sparingly so, in the United States, but not truly in- digenous, except, perhaps, on our northern frontier. Besides the popular names given above, they are sometimes called Scurvy- Grass, an appellation which properly belongs to Cochlearia officinalis. PLATE 62. Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br.; — summit of a stem, of the natural size (from the naturalized plant). 1. A sepal ; and 2, a petal ; enlarged. 3. Stamens and pistil, with the hypogynous glands ; enlarged. (The pistil is wrongly turned flatwise, instead of edgewise, to the eye.) 4.. A pistil, more magnified. 5. An ovule, much magnified. 6. Silique, enlarged, and transversely divided. 7. Same, dehiscent, showing the seeds. 8. Portion of the replum and partition from the base of the pod, with the seeds, more enlarged. 9. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 10. A magnified seed, cut across, showing the thick accumbent cotyledons. 11. Detached embryo, magnified. B AP.E AREA CRUCIFERiE. 149 Plate 63. ERYSIMUM, L. Siliqua tetragona, valvis uninerviis placentisque acute ca- rinatis. Cotyledones oblongse, planae, incumbentes. — Calyx erectus. Petala flava vel aurea. Folia angusta, integra, haud amplexicaulia. Erysimum, Linn. Gen. 814. (excl. spec.) Geertn. Fr. t. 143. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. 1. c. p. 115. DC. Syst. 2. p. 491. (excl. § 1.) C. A. Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 147. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 97. Endl. Gen. 4908. Treacle-JTIustard. False Wall-Flower. Calyx erect ; the sepals equal, or the lateral ones gibbous at the base, and sometimes appendiculate or cornute at the apex. Petals unguiculate, the slender claw erect, the di- lated oblong or roundish lamina spreading. Glands 4. Fil- aments subulate or filiform, toothless : anthers linear-oblong or elliptical, often sagittate. Ovary linear, not stipitate ; style mostly short and thick : stigma capitate or two-lobed. Ovules numerous, forming a single row in each cell. SiLi^uE linear, usually long and slender, and exactly four- sided (the cross section square or rhombic), with four sharp and nearly similar angles, two of them the projecting placen- tae, the others formed by the strong nerve which occupies the middle of each carinate (and rather coriaceous) valve : partition nerveless. Seeds numerous, pendulous on fili- form or setaceous free funiculi, forming a single row in each cell, oblong, turgid or somewhat three-sided, not margined. Cotyledons plane, oblong, thickish, parallel with the pla- centas and incumbent on the ascending radicle, which oc- cupies the side remote from the placenta and is sometimes oblique. Herbs, chiefly biennials, more or less scabrous with closely appressed rigid hairs, which are two-parted (appear- 150 CRUCIFER^. ing like a single bristle fixed by the middle), or stellately 3 - 5-parted ; the stems virgate, leafy. Cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or merely toothed, sessile or short-peti- oled, never dilated and auriculate or clasping at the base ; the radical sometimes runcinate-pinnatifid. Raceme elon- gated in fruit, ebracteate. Flowers yellow, often showy. Etymology. *Epv(rifiov, an ancient name, thought to come from epvco, to draw blisters^ in allusion to the acrid properties. Geographical Distribution. A pretty large European, and especially North Asiatic genus, of which there are several Western N. American species, but only two or three this side of the Rocky Mountains (excepting E. cheiranthoides, which was doubtless introduced from Europe). The species here illustrated alone crosses the Mississippi, Mr. Sullivant having long since detected it in Central Ohio. Note. The areolation appears to vary considerably in different species. In E. Arkansanuni, the uniform amorphous areolae are bounded by very tor- tuous lines, much as in Turritis. In this species and its near allies, also, the radicle is often oblique, or the cotyledons, in part, almost accumbent. PLATE 63. Erysimum Arkansanum, Nuil. ; — summit of a flowering stem ; natural size. (From Ohio, Sullivant.) 1. Diagram of the flower. 2. Diagram of the aestivation of the petals at an earlier period (more deeply convolute). 3. A flower-bud, enlarged. 4. A lateral, and 5, an anterior sepal, enlarged. 6. A petal, equally enlarged. 7. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. 8. A silique, of the natural size. 9. Transverse section of the base of a pod, magnified. 10. Replum, with style and stigma, and three seeds in place, enlarged ; two of these cut across to show the cotyledons, which in the lower seed are almost accumbent. 11. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. CRUClFERiE. 151 Plate 64. SISYMBRIUM, I.., R. Br. Siliqua haud stipitata, hexagono-teretiuscula vel compres- so-teretiuscula, valvis convexis, 1 - 3-nerviis. Cotyledones lineari-oblongaB, planae, incumbentes. — Calyx laxus. Flores albij interdum flavi. Sisymbrium, Linn. Gen. 813. Allioni, Fl. Piedm. 1. p. 274. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. 1. c. C. A. Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 122. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 91. Endl. Gen. 4906. Erysimum, Tourn. Inst. p. 228. t. 111. non Linn. Hedg^e-Mustard. Calyx loosely erect ; the sepals equal at the, base. Pe- tals obovate or oblong, more or less unguiculate. Fila- ments filiform or subulate-setaceous, toothless : anthers oblong or oval. Glands various. Ovary sessile on the receptacle, oblong or linear : style usually very short or none : stigma subcapitate, mostly undivided. Ovules nu- merous in one or two rows in each cell. SiLiQUE not stipitate, cylindrical or tapering-subulate, linear, or rarely oblong, mostly elongated, obscurely six- sided, the convex valves being marked with three nerves, or rarely somewhat four-sided, the lateral nerves being in- conspicuous or obsolete, sometimes more flattened, two- celled ; th^ partitions 1-2-nervedin the middle, or nerve- less ; the areolae of various forms (in S. canescens nearly as in Barbarea, Plate 62, fig. 9, but the lines more descending and scarcely tortuous). Seeds numerous, pendulous on fili- form free funiculi, in one row, or irregularly in two rows in each cell, oblong, not margined, smooth. Cotyledons linear-oblong, plane, parallel with the placentas, incumbent (sometimes obliquely) on the outer side of the ascending RADICLE. Herbs, either smooth, or with simple or branched pubes- 152 CRUCIFER.E. cence, with simple or 2 - 3-pinnately dissected leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Racemes elongated in fruit, ebrac- teate, or rarely with the flowers subtended with leaf-like bracts. Etymology. 2io-u/x/3piov, an ancient name for some plants of this family. Geographical Distribution, &c. A pretty large genus, widely dis- tributed over the world, comprising some heterogeneous forms. S. offici- nale, the Hedge-Mustard, an introduced plant with us, represents a section which may perhaps be taken as the type of the genus. Our figure illus- trates only the section Irio, D C. PLATE 64. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. ; — a small plant ; natural size. (Texas, Lindheimer.) 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. A sepal, and 3, a petal, more enlarged. 4. Stamens and pistil. 5. A ripe silique, enlarged. 6. The same, divided transversely near the base. 7. Portion of the replum, with seeds, more magnified. 8. A magnified seed, divided, showing the incumbent cotyledons. 9. Hairs from the foliage, magnified. CISTMBRIUM. CRUCIFERiE. 153 Plate 65. STANLEYA, Nutt, Siliqua longe stipitata, gracilis, tetragono-teretiuscula, val- vis carinato-uninerviis. Semina in loculis uniserialia. Co- tyledones lineares incumbentes. — Herbae perennes. Sepala patentia, ligulata. Petala angusta, lutea, unguibus prselon- gis conniventibus. Stanleya, Nutl. Gen. 2. p. 21. DC. Syst. 2. p. 511. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 97. Endl. Gen. 4916. PoDOLOBus, Raf. in Amer. Month. Mag. 6. p. 194. Calyx loosely spreading, colored (yellow) : sepals equal, or the lateral ones somewhat gibbous at the base, linear-lig- ulate, elongated, slightly imbricated in aestivation. Petals scarcely exceeding the calyx, with very long claws, which are connivent, and in S. pinnatifida slightly coherent by the pubescence of their margins into a slender quadrangular tube, in S. integrifolia the glabrous and distinct claws are dilated at the base ; the short and spreading lamina linear or spatu- late, entire. Stamens tetradynamous ; the filaments but little unequal, filiform, elongated and exserted, toothless : anthers linear, spirally re volute when dry. Torus dilated, bearing 2 to 4 large glands. Ovary oblong-linear or linear, raised from the torus on a stipe (gynophore) much longer than itself, two-celled, somewhat flattened contrary to the cells : stigma sessile or nearly so, entire. Ovules numerous, pendulous, forming a single row in each cell. SiLiQ,uE linear, slender, long-stipitate (the stipe exceeding the pedicel), between terete and quadrangular, the valves carinate with a midnerve : partition nerveless, the areolae (in S. pinnatifida) narrowly linear and elongated, vertical, bounded by even lines. Seeds pendulous, forming a single row in each cell, on filiform free funiculi, oblong or linear- 11 ]54 CRUCIFER.E. oblong, somewhat flattened parallel with the partition, not margined, smooth. Cotyledons linear, almost terete, par- allel with the placentae, a little longer than the radicle against which they are incumbent (on the side next the placenta). Herbs with perennial roots, leafy stems, and glaucous smooth foliage ; the leaves pinnately divided or entire. Flowers golden-yellow or greenish-yellow, pretty large, in more or less elongated racemes, ebracteate. Flower-buds linear-clavate. Etymology. Dedicated by Mr. Nuttall to Lord Stanley ^ who was dis- tinguished as an ornithologist and patron of natural history. Properties. These plants differ from the rest of the family, and resem- ble Capparidaceas (to which they approach somewhat in structure) in their nauseous and emetic qualities. (Vide Nutiall, I. c.) Geographical Distribution. The genus was established on S. pinna- tifida (the Cleome pinnatifida, Pursh, first gathered on the Upper Missouri by Bradbury), of which Mr. Nuttall gave an admirable description ; a sec- ond species from the base of the Rocky Mountains was detected by Dr. James, and two others were subsequently found in the same region by Nut- tall himself. The genus is restricted to the Rocky Mountains, except as to the original species, which descends the Missouri for a great distance. PLATE 65. Stanleya pinnatifida, Nvit.; — summit of a young flow- ering stem, collected on the Missouri by Mr. Sprague ; of the nat- ural size. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. An anterior sepal ; and 3, a petal, enlarged. 4. Pistil, with the stipe and receptacle, enlarged. 5. A ripe dehiscent silique, enlarged ; from an original specimen of Brad- bury, in Herb. Lambert. 6. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 7. Seed, magnified. (From specimens gathered by Mr. Sprague.) 8. The same, transversely divided. 9. Embryo detached entire, equally magnified. S TATTLE YA CRUCIFERiE. 155 Plate 66. WAREA, Nutt. Siliqua longe stipitata, gracilis, compressa, valvis planius- culis dorso uninerviis. Semina in loculis uniserialia. Coty- ledones oblongas, planae, oblique incumbentes, radicula ad apicem ssepe rimali. — Herbse annuae. Sepala erectiuscula. Petala patentia, longe unguiculata, lamina dilatata, purpurea seu alba. Racemi umbelliformes. Warea, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 7. p. 83. t. 10. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 98. Endl. Gen. 4917. Cleomes Sp., Muhl. Cat. p. 64. Stanleys Sp., Nutt. in Sill. Jour. 5. p. 297. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 200. Calyx equal, colored (purplish or greenish-white); the SEPALS linear or spatulate, soon spreading. Petals un- guiculate, the elongated claws exceeding the calyx, loosely spreading, bearing a dilated cuneiform-spatulate or nearly orbicular lamina, often with minutely erose-undulate mar- gins, in aestivation either convolute, or with one petal entire- ly external. Stamens rather slightly tetradynamous : fila- ments almost capillary, much exserted : anthers linear- oblong, spirally revolute when dry. Glands of the dilated torus 4, conspicuous in pairs in front of the shorter stamens. Ovary oblong-linear, two-celled, raised above the torus on a filiform stipe (gynophore) which is usually longer than the ovary : stigma sessile, emarginate. Ovules numerous, in a single row in each cell. SiLi^uE narrowly linear, conspicuously stipitate, falcate- curved, compressed parallel with the partition, two-celled ; the flattish valves one-nerved in the middle and minutely veiny ; the delicate partition nerveless, composed of slender longitudinal areolae of various outline, many of them bound- ed by sinuous lines. Seeds very numerous, pendulous on 156 CRUCIFERiE. filiform free funiculi, forming a single row in each cell, as broad as the partition, oblong, somewhat compressed, not margined. Cotyledons narrowly oblong, thickish, plane, sometimes parallel with the placentee and incumbent on the ascending radicle, which rests on the middle of one of them, or is exactly dorsal, sometimes oblique and at the upper part parallel with the partition, so as there to be nearly or quite accumbent. Herbs, entirely glabrous, Avith annual fibrous roots, and slender upright and branching stems, bearing numerous spat- ulate-oblong or ovate-oblong entire leaves, which are nearly sessile or partly clasping, and handsome rose-purple or white flowers in abbreviated umbel-like racemes, the rachis of which scarcely elongates in fruit ; the slender pods recurved- spreading or pendulous. Bracts none. Etymology. Dedicated by Nuttall to Mr. N. A. Ware, who collected one species in Florida. Geographical Distribution. A genus of two closely allied species of Georgia and Florida, allied to Stanleya, and especially to Thelypodium, Endl. (Pachypodium, Nutt.), with which, as our figures show, it frequently ac- cords in having the cotyledons oblique, so as to become almost accumbent. PLATE 66. Warea cuneifolia, Nutt.; — summit of a stem in flower and in young fruit; of the natural size. (Georgia, Dr. Wray.) 1. Diagram of a flower ; the petals convolute in aestivation. 2. Estivation of the corolla of a different flower ; one petal external. 3. A flower, enlarged. 4. A sepal, inside view ; and 5, a petal, enlarged. 6. Stamens, pistil, and receptacle, equally enlarged. 7. A silique, transversely divided above the base, with its stipe, torus, and part of the pedicel ; enlarged. 8. Replum, from the base of the silique, enlarged ; the two lower seeds cut across, showing the cotyledons accumbent at the section in the lowest, and very oblique in the middle one. 9. Tissue from the edge of the partition, highly magnified. 10. A magnified seed thrice divided, to show the position of the radicle and the cotyledons at various points ; namely, the radicle dorsal where it joins the cotyledons, and rimal at the summit. WIRE A CIIUCIFER^. 157 Plate 67. SELENIA, Nutt. Siliciila ovalis, compressissima, vix stipitata, stylo longe subulata ; valvis fere planis septo lato (saepe incompleto) parallelis. • Semina plurima, plana, alata, funiculis filiformi- bus liberis. Cotyledones planse accumbentes ; radicula brevi placentae remota. — Flores flavi, in racemis folioso- bracteatis ; foliis pinnatifidis. Selenia, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 5. p. 132. I. 6. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 99. Endl. Gen. 4884. Calyx nearly equal at the base, colored (yellow) ; the SEPALS loose or spreading, oblong-linear. Petals spatulate, spreading, tapering into a claw nearly as long as the calyx. Stamens shorter than the petals : filaments filiform, tooth- less : ANTHERS oblong, emarginate at both ends. Glands 10, yellow, of which 8 form an outer series, one before each sepal and petal, and two thicker ones stand one before each of the shorter stamens (opposite the valves of the pod). Ovary oblong, turgid, contracted at the base but scarcely stipitate, two-celled, or only one-celled, the partition being imperfect : style filiform, much longer than the ovary : STIGMA depressed-capitate, entire. Ovules several (6 to 10) on each placenta, horizontal, on long and filiform free fu- niculi, forming two rows in each cell. SiLicLE broadly oval, much compressed parallel with the very broad partition, slightly margined, abruptly subulate with the long persistent style, contracted into a slightly stipitiform base ; the valves membranaceous, flattened, or when young slightly turgid, minutely veiny, nerveless ; the broad partition very thin, complete or fenestrate, sometimes reduced to a mere border not wider than the filiform or ca- pillary free funiculi ; the areolae irregular and bounded by 158 CRUCIFER^. nearly even lines. Seeds 4 to 8 on each placenta, horizon- tal, or toward the summit pendulous, forming two rows in each cell, orbicular, flat, surrounded by a firm and rather broad wing, the cavity extended into a kind of pouch or cascum next the hilum on the lower or placental side, into which the embryo does not extend. Cotyledons orbicular, » flat, parallel with the partition, accumbent against the radi- cle, which is very short and ascending, or nearly horizon- tal, on the side remote from the placenta. Herb annual or biennial, low, smooth, branching from the base, leafy, terminated by racemes of pretty large, yellow flowers ; the leaves runcinate-pinnatifid : the filiform pedicels subtended by foliaceous bracts like the leaves. Etymology. From creXrivr), the moon ; a name chosen to express the near relationship of the genus to Lunaria. Geographical Distribution. Only one species is known (unless the form with the partition obsolete should prove distinct) , which grows in damp prairies of Arkansas and the adjacent part of Texas. Note. The areolae of the partition are said to be linear and transverse by Torrey, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Neiv York, 3. p. 94, and in the Flora of North America^ 1. c. (which would be like those of Lunaria rediviva) ; but in our specimens, which, however, all belong to the variety with an incom- plete partition to the pod, they are seldom more than oblong, and in great part oblique or vertical, as represented at fig. 7. The singular pouch just below the hilum gives to the seed so exactly the appearance of being resu- pinate, as in Cremolobus, that it w^as thus described in the Flora of North America, 1. c, and a distinct tribe accordingly established for its reception. But the radicle lies on the other side, as shown in our analyses ; and the genus therefore belongs to Alyssineae, next to Lunaria. PLATE 67. Selenia aurea, Nutt. ; — var. with the partition of the pod incomplete, natural size ; from Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth. 1. A sepal ; and 2, a petal, enlarged. 3. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. 4. Pistil, more magnified (the glands not well represented). 5. Silicle, of the natural size, transversely divided. 6. The replum and seeds, enlarged. 7. Tissue from the imperfect partition, highly magnified. 8. A seed, enlarged. 9. Same, with the integuments cut away to show^ the embryo in place. 10. An enlarged seed, transversely divided. 11. The embryo detached entire, enlarged. CRUCIFER.*:. 159 Plate 68, 69. DRABA, L, Silicula oblonga v. ovalis, plano-compressa, polysperma, valvis septo lato parallelis complanatis. Semina compressi- uscula immarginata. Cotyledones planse accumbentes. Fi- lamenta edentula, saepius complanata. Draba, Linn. Gen. 800. (excl. spec.) Schkuhr, Handb. t. 179. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2. 4. p. 91. Torr. Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 103. Draba & Erophila, DC. Syst. 2. p. 331, 356. (excl. spec.) C. A. Mey- -er, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 69. Endl. Gen. 4880, 4881. Wbitlow-Orass. Calyx equal at the base ; the sepals erect or a httle spreading. Petals somewhat unguiculate ; the lamina di- lated, entire, emarginate, or (in Sect. Erophila) two-lobed. Stamens moderately tetradynamous : filajients mostly flat- tened and more or less dilated towards the base, not toothed nor with membranaceous appendages : anthers roundish or oval. Ovary two-celled : style short or elongated : stigma capitate or depressed, usually entire. Ovules 6 to 30 in each cell in two series. SiLicLE varying from oval to linear-oblong, not stipitate, sometimes twisted, compressed parallel to the broad and mostly 1 - 2-nerved partition ; the valves flat with incurved edges, one-nerved, or sometimes three-nerved, and minutely veiny (areolae of the partition much as in Arabis). Seeds 6 to 30 in each cell, pendulous in two rows, on slender free funiculi, oval or oblong, more or less compressed, not mar- gined, smooth. Cotyledons parallel with the partition, oval, rather thick, accumbent ; the radicle ascending on the side remote from the placenta. Herbs low, of various aspect, with entire or toothed leaves, the radical mostly rosulate, the cauline when present sessile. Flowers yellow or white, in ebracteate racemes. 160 CRUCIFER^. Etymology. Name from dpa^rj, acrid; in allusion to the pungent taste. Geographical Distribution and Division. A genus of 70 or 80 de- scribed species, the greater part natives of the colder, and especially of the arctic and alpine, regions of the northern hemisphere. There are 22 South American species, of which three belong to Patagonia and the Falkland Isl- ands, and the rest to the Andes. The species (of which there are very few in the United States) are grouped under several sections, and divided by De CandoUe into two genera, namely, — §1. Draba, DC. — Petals entire or merely emarginate. Silicle ellipti- cal, oblong, or linear. § 2. Erophila, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. Silicle oval or elliptical. PLATE 68. Draba arabisans, Michx. ; — specimen in fruit, of the nat- ural size, from St. Lawrence county, New York. 1. A flow^er, enlarged. 2. A sepal ; and 3, a petal, more enlarged. 4. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. 5. A silicle, enlarged. 6. Portion of the replum, with the seeds, more enlarged. 7. Magnified seed, divided, to show the accumbent cotyledons. PLATE 69. Draba (Erophila) verna, Linn. ; — of the natural size. 1. A magnified flower. 2. A sepal ; and 3, a petal, more magnified. 4. A stamen, equally magnified. 5. A magnified sihcle, transversely divided. 6. The replum with the seeds, more magnified. 7. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 8. A magnified seed, divided, showing the accumbent cotyledons. DRAB A. (EROPHILA.) CRUClFERiE. 161 • Plate 70. VESICARIA, Lam. Silicula inflata, globosa ; valvis hsemisphericis aut valde convexis : septo lato orbiculari. Semina plura, funiculis basi septo adnatis. Cotyledones planse accumbentes. Filamen- ta edentula. — Herbae pilis stellatis plerumque canescentes. Flores flavi. Vesicaria, Lam. 111. t. 559. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2. 4. p. 97. Desv. in Jour. Bot. 3. p. 171. DC. Syst. 2. p. 295. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 101 (excl. § 3). Endl. Gen. 4869. Alyssi Sp., Linn. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 181. Calyx equal at the base ; the sepals loose, oblong. Pe- tals obovate or cuneiform-spatulate, entire or barely emar- ginate, more or less unguiculate, spreading, in aestivation either entirely convolute, or one of them exterior. Fila- ments filiform or subulate, toothless, commonly more or less thickened at the base : anthers oblong. Glands (in V. Engelmannii) two more or less united at the base of each short stamen. Ovary globular or ovoid, usually raised on a very short thick stipe : style filiform, elongated : stigma capitate. Ovules numerous, horizontal or pendulous in two rows in each cell ; the funiculi adnate more or less to the partition. Silicle globose-inflated, sessile on the receptacle, or some- what stipitate : the valves hemispherical and membrana- ceous, or strongly convex and nearly coriaceous, nerveless : partition (rarely imperfect) broad, orbicular or broadly obo- vate ; the areolae (in Y. Engelm. ) oblong or linear, sinftous, directed towards the axis. Seeds 4 to 12 in each cell, in two rows, on filiform funiculi which are adnate to the parti- tion for a part of their length, orbicular, compressed, often margined. Cotyledons flat, parallel with the septum, ac- cumbent : the radicle ascending on the side remote from the placenta. 162 CRUCIFER^. Herbs low and spreading or tufted ; with entire or repand, rarely pinnatifid, narrow leaves, usually canescent or hoary with close stellate pubescence ; the showy yftlow flowers in ebracteate terminal racemes. Etymology. Name from vesica, a bladder ; in allusion to the inflated or bladder-like silicles. Geographical Distribution. A genus of a very few South European species, of one subarctic American, and about a dozen other known species (several of which are yet undescribed) belonging chiefly to the region be- tween the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, the greater portion Texan Only one species (V. Shortii, Torr. <^ Gr.) is found east of the Mississippi. Note. The section Physaria, Nuth in Torr. df Gray, Fl. 1. c, found- ed on V. didymocarpa, Hook., now confirmed by a second species (V. Gey- eri, Hook.), must surely be raised to the rank of a genus, distinguished from Vesicaria, and diflfering from the character of Alyssineae, by the strongly di- dymous siUcle with a narrow partition. (P. didymocarpa and P. Geyeri.) PLATE 70. Vesicaria Engelmannii, n. sp. ; — a small specimen of the natural size (the sinuate-toothed radical leaves wanting), from Texas, Lindheimer. 1. Apex of a sepal, magnified, to show the stellate pubescence. 2. One of the stellate hairs, more magnified. 3. Diagram of the flower, in a cross section. 4. A flower, enlarged. 5. A sepal (inside view) ; and 6, a petal, more enlarged. 7. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. (In the living plant the filaments are thicker at the base than is represented.) 8. A stamen (wanting the base of the filament), more enlarged. 9. Enlarged replum, with the style, &c., and one seed. 10. Tissue from the partition, highly magnified. 11. Transverse section of an enlarged silicic, and of the seeds. 12. A magnified seed. 13. Magnified embryo, detached entire. YE SIC ARIA. CRUCIFEK^E. 163 Plate 71. SUBULARIA, L. Silicula globoso-ovalisj mutica, septo elliptico contrarie compressiuscula ; valvis ventricosis. Semina plura. Coty-' ledones incumbentes, lineares, bicrures. — Herba parva, foliis omnibus radicalibus elongato-subulatis cellulosis, scapo pau- cifloro, floribus minimis albis. SuBULARiA, Linn. Gen. 799. Fl. Dan. t 35. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. 1. c. p. 91 . DC. Syst. 2. p. 697. Hook. Fl. Lond. 1. 135. C. A. Mey- er, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 218. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 113. Endl. Gen. 4977. Awlwort. Calyx equal, spreading ; the sepals oval, caducous. Pe- tals spatulate or narrowly oblong, entire, spreading, scarcely exceeding the calyx, caducous. Stamens slightly but dis- tinctly tetradynamous : filaments subulate, toothless : an- thers roundish, somewhat cordate. Ovary globular, two- celled, somewhat compressed contrary to the partition : style none : stigma obscurely two-lobed. Ovules numerous, forming two rows in each cell. SiLicLE. somewhat pyriform-oval, turgid, slightly com- pressed contrary to the elliptical nerveless partition, raised at the base on a short or obscure stipe, abrupt at the point- less apex, membranaceous ; the valves convex-ventricose, 1 - 3-nerved : areolas of the partition oblong-linear, sinuous or curved. Seeds elliptical, somewhat compressed parallel with the partition, not margined, smooth, 4 to 6 in each qell, pendulous on setaceous funiculi which are slightly adnate to the partition at their base. Cotyledons linear, thickish, parallel with the placentae, thrice the length of the short ascending radicle against which they are incumbent at their upper portion, their base forming half of the radicu- lar (inner) side of the embryo; that is, the cotyledons are 164 CRUClFERiE. transversely folded upon themselves, instead of being up- wardly bent upon the radicle at their very base. Herb small, aquatic, with a tuft of armual fibrous roots, from. which rise clustered terete and elongated-subulate loosely cellular leaves, and naked scapes, bearing a raceme of few and minute white flowers. Etymology. Name formed from suhula, an awl ; in allusion to the shape of the leaves. Geographical Distribution. A genus of a single species, indigenous to the colder parts of the northern temperate zone, growing on the gravelly- margins of lakes and pools, where it is ordinarily covered with water. In the United States this little plant has as yet been detected only in the State of Maine, where it was gathered long ago by Nuttall, and recently by Tuck- erman and by Oakes. Probably it is not local, however, but has escaped notice in the North from its size and the place of growth as much as from its rarity. PLATE 71. SuBULARiA AQUATicA, Linn.; — in flower and fruit, of the natural size ; from fresh specimens gathered in Maine and sent by Mr. Oakes. 1. A magnified leaf, cut across at the base, to show the air-cells. 2. A flower, magnified. 3. A sepal ; and 4, a petal, more magnified. 5. A magnified stamen, back view ; and 6, inside view of the same. 7. Pistil, magnified. 8. A transverse section of the same, showing the ovules, &c. 9. An ovule, much magnified. 10. A silicle, magnified. 11. Same, dehiscent, showing the seeds. 12. A detached valve of the same, seen obliquely from the inside. 13. Replum and seeds, with the partition towards the eye ; magnified. 14. A seed, more magnified. 15. Same, showing two transverse sections of the embryo at different heights. 16. Magnified embryo, detached entire. S UBUL ARIA. CRUC1FER.E. 1G5 Plate 72. SENEBIERA, Poir, Silicula didyma, septo angiistissimo contrarie compressi- uscula, 2-locularis ; loculis indehiscentibus, reticulato-fugosis vel cristatis, monospermis. Cotyledones incumbentes, line- ares, bicmres. — Herbas multicaules ramosse, foliis incisis vel 1 - 2-pinnatifidis, floribus minimis albidis. Senebiera, Poir. Diet. 7. p. 75. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 185. DC. Syst. 2. p. 521. Deless. Ic. 2. t. 71. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 114. Endl. Gen. 4975. CoRONOPus, Hall. Helv. 1. p. 217. Gaertn. Fr. t. 242. R. Br. in Ait. Kew. I. c. p. 76. Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 64. non Tourn. CocHLEARi-a: & Lepidii Sp., Linn. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 181. Nasturtiolum & Carara, Medik. Gen. 1. p. 33. t. 1, 2. Wart-Cress. Calyx equal at the base, spreading ; the sepals oval, cadu- cous. Petals small, spatulate or linear, or abortive. Sta- mens 6 and tetradynamous, or 4 (the shorter abortive), or 2, one opposite each placenta, that is, occupying the position of the longer pairs : filaments subulate : anthers didymous. Ovary globular, and compressed contrary to the narrow par- tition : STYLE none : stigma entire. Ovule single in each cell, pendulous from near its summit. SiLicLE strongly didymous, compressed contrary to the very narrow partition, the closed valves or cells globular or ovoid, indehiscent, nut-like, rugose-reticulated, or crested on the back, one-seeded. Seed suspended, obliquely obovate, somewhat compressed contrary to the partition, smooth. Cotyledons linear, thickish, bent transversely below the middle, so that the upper part is incumbent against the as- cending RADICLE. Herbs with annual or biennial roots ; the stems branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, the leaves incisely ser- rate, or 1 - 2-pinnately parted. Racemes opposite the leaves, often abbreviated, ebracteate ; the flowers minute, white. 166 CRUCIFER.*:. Etymology. Dedicated to Senehier, a well-known vegetable physiolo- gist of the last century. Geographical Distribution. A genus of a few, chiefly tropical spe- cies : one, however, is a native of Europe, and is very sparingly introduced into this country ; while another, which extends northward to Virginia, has also been widely diffused over the Old World. PLATE 72. Senebiera pinnatifida, DC; — a branch, natural size. 1. A flower, magnified. (Diandrous, the two stamens occupying the place of the longer pairs : the two subulate bodies by the side of each, resembling sterile filaments, from their position are probably abortive petals.) 2. A magnified sepal, separate. 3. A stamen, more magnified, inside view. 4. Silicle, magnified. 5. Vertical section of the same, showing the seeds. 6. Tissue, from the partition, highly magnified. 7. Transverse section of a magnified seed near the lower end, dividing the cotyledons twice. 8. Magnified embryo, detached entire. 2ENEEIERA. CRUCIFER^. 1G7 Plate 73. LEPIDIUM, L., R. Br. Silicula ovalis v. obcordata, septo angustissimo contrarie complanata ; loculis monosj^hiis, valvis navicularibus. Co- tyledones planae, incumbentes, raro accumbentes. — Petala equalia, interdum nulla. Lepidium, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2. 4. p. 83. Gasrtn. Fr. t. 141. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 180. DC. Syst. 2. p. 527. Deless. Ic. 2. t. 72, 73. C. A. Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3. p. 182. Torr. &, Gray, Fl N. Am. 1. p. 115. Lepidium & Nasturtium, Medik. Gen. 1. p. 80, 84. Lepipii, Cochleari^, & Thlaspeos Sp., Linn. Lepidium & Cynocardamum, Webb & Berthel. Fl. Canar. Endl. Gen. 4888, 4932. Pepperwort. Peppergrass. Calyx equal at the base ; the sepals spreading. Petals equal, entire, spatulate or obovate. Stamens commonly 6 and slightly tetradynamous, rarely 4, or else only 2 (replac- ing the longer pairs) filaments subulate, toothless : an- thers didymous or cordate. Ovary sessile on the recepta- cle, globular, compressed contrary to the narrow partition, two-celled, two-ovuled : style short or slender : stigma de- pressed-capitate, usually entire. Ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous from near the summit. SiLicLE much flattened contrary to the very narrow parti- tion, oval or orbicular and nearly entire or emarginate at the apex, or obcordate, two-celled, two-seeded, two-valved ; the valves laterally compressed, navicular-carinate, wingless, or often winged at the apex : areolae of the partition (in L. Yir- ginicum and L. ruderale) quadrate or roundish, irregular. Seeds pendulous from near the summit of the cell, com- pressed contrary to the partition, wingless, sometimes sur- rounded by a narrow margin. Cotyledons plane, oblong- linear, parallel with the partition and incumbent on the 168 CRUCIFERiE. ascending radicle, or rarely (in Cynocardamum) broader, contrary to the partition, and accumbent. Herbs, rarely suffruticose ; with branching stems and ebracteate racemes of very small white flowers, which ar© sometimes apetalous. Leaves entire, toothed, incised, or variously pinnately dissected ; the cauline sessile or clasping. Etymology. From Xenlbiov, a little scale, alluding to the small and fl2ft scale-like pod. Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus widely diffused over the world, especially in the warmer portions of the northern temperate zone. In the Old World the focus of the genus is in the eastern Mediterranean region : in the New, in California. Within the proper United States, we have only L. Virginicum, which is, perhaps, indigenous at the South, but at the North apparently naturalized, as it is in widely remote parts of the world ; and L. ruderale, which is sparingly found on our northern frontier. PLATE 73. Lepidium (Cynocardamum, Webb 4" Berthel.) Virginicum, Linn. ; — summit of a stem in flower and fruit. 1. A magnified flower (diandrous). 2. A petal, more magnified. 3. A stamen, equally magnified. 4. Pistil, magnified ; and 5, section of the same, showing the ovules. 6. Silicle, enlarged, one valve separated. 7. Transverse section of the magnified seed, showing the accumbent co- tyledons. 8. Enlarged silicle of Lepidium ruderale, Linn. ; from British America. 9. Same, with one valve separated. 10. Transverse section of the magnified seed, showing the incumbent coty- ledons. LE PIDIUM CRUClFERiE. 169 Plate 74. CAKILE, Tourn. Silicula lomentacea biarticulata ; articulis crassis unilo- cularibus monospermis ; semine lociili inferioris suspense, superioris erecto. Cotyledones planae (nunc oblique) accum- bentes. — Herbse littorales, carnosse. Cakile, Tourn. Inst. p. 49. t. 483. Adans. Fam. 2. p. 423. Gaertn. Fr. t. 141. R. Br. 1. c. (excl. spec.) DC. Syst. 2. p. 427. Deless. Ic. 2. t. 57. Torr. «& Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 119. Endl. Gen. 4899. BuNiADis Sp., Linn. etc. . Sea-Rocket. Calyx nearly erect ; the sepals, especially the lateral, somewhat gibbous at the base. Petals oblong-spatulate or obovate, unguiculate, entire. Stamens moderately tetrady- namous : filaments filiform or subulate, toothless. Ovary oblong or linear, constricted below the middle into two su- perposed uniovulate cells : stigma sessile, capitate. Ovules of the two cells turned in opposite directions. SiLicLE thick and fleshy and when dry corky in texture, lomentaceous, two-jointed, the lower joint obovoid or turbi- nate, truncately two-toothed at the junction with the upper one, which is ovate and quadrangular when dry or ensiform ; the joints one-celled, one-seeded. Seed erect from the base of the upper cell, suspended from the summit of the lower one, oblong or oval, somewhat compressed, marginless, smooth. Cotyledons plane, thickish, accumbent ; the rad- icle inferior in the upper seed and more or less oblique (or even incumbent?), superior in the lower seed. Herbs growing on the sea-coast, annual, smooth, with much branched fleshy stems, and toothed or pinnatifid fleshy leaves. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, ebracteate, or leafy below ; the flowers white or purple. 12 iro CRUCIFER.E. Etymology. An old Arabic name, of uncertain meaning. Geographical Distribution. A genus of a few maritime plants, be- longing to the Atlantic shores of the northern hemisphere. Our northern species is also found along the Great Lakes. There is a second species on our Southern coast. PLATE 74. Cakile Americana, Nutt. ; — a branch in fruit and flower, of the natural size ; from the shore of Massachusetts. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. A sepal ; and 3, a petal, enlarged. 4. Stamens and pistil, enlarged. 5. Magnified pistil with the receptacle, seen edgewise. 6. The same, seen laterally. 7. Vertical section of the last, showing the cells apd ovules. 8. Enlarged silicle, in a dry state, the joints separated. 9. Transverse section of the upper joint and seed. 10. Vertical section of a fresh pod, magnified, the two seeds transversely divided, showing the cotyledons. 11. Enlarged seed, from the upper cell, entire. 12. The same, thrice divided, showing that the radicle is rather oblique. C Ord. CAPPARIDACE^. Herbae, vel in subtropicis arbores (succo aqueo acridi), foliis alternis, stipulis nullis aut spinescentibus ; dicotyle- doneae, poly-apetalas, hypogynae, hexa-polyandrae (nec tetra- dynamse) ; floribus subregularibus ; ovario uniloculari mo- nostylo; placentis parietalibus interval vularibus 2 vel 4-10 ; ovulis amphitropis sen campylotropis ; seminibus exalbumi- nosis reniformibus vel condiiplicatis ; cotyledonibus arcuato- incnmbentibus sen convolutis. Capparides, Juss. Gen. p. 242, & in Ann. Mus. 18. p. 474. CAPPARiDEiE, Vent. Tab. 3. p. 118. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 237. R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp. Voy. p. 220. Endl. Gen. p. 889. Capparidace^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 61, & Veg. Kingd. p. 357. The Caper Family is nearly related to Cruciferae on the one hand, and to Resedaceae on the other. It resembles the former in sensible qualities, as well as in the usually cruciform flowers, and in the structure of the ovary (of which even the spurious partition connecting the parietal placentae is sometimes met with) ; and likewise in the dehiscence of the pod in all the capsular genera, in which the two valves separate more or less completely from the intervening filiform placenta3, just as in Fumariaceae. The sta- mens, also, are commonly six in the CleomecB^ that is, in all the capsular- fruited Capparidaceas, but are not tetradynamous. In the CapparecB, or proper Caper Tribe, with baccate fruit, the stamens are often indefinite, and the placentae sometimes several in number. Several genera of this tribe are apetalous. The pungency and stimulant qualities of the Caper Family are owing to an acrid principle, much like that of Cruciferae, which gives the flavor to the well-known condiment, the capers of compierce, which are the pickled flower- buds of Capparis spinosa. This pungent principle is often so concentrated as to be dangerous ; and is accompanied with other active, or even narcotic qualities, which render many species more or less poisonous or medicinal. Capparidaceae are chiefly found in the tropics, and the countries bordering on them. The common Caper, however, inhabits the European shore of the Mediterranean, and, in the New World, one or more West Indian spe- 12* 172 CAPPARIDACE^. cies of the genus have barely reached the eastern coast of the peninsula of Florida, or the adjacent " Keys," which have a proper West Indian and tropical vegetation. The few species of extra-tropical North America be- long to four or five genera of the Tribe Cleomeae, DC, and are all Southern and Western, with the exception of Polanisia graveolens, which extends northward and eastward to the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. Gynan- dropsis pentaphylla has most probably been introduced by the negroes into the Southern States ; so that the genus does not properly deserve a place in this work. Conspectus of the Genera of the United States. Cleomella. (Plate 75.) Pod siliculaeform, rhomboidal, compressed contrary to the placentae, 4 - 6-seeded, stipitate on a very long gy- nophore and a short torus. Petals nearly sessile, regular, entire. Stamens 6. Cleome. (Plate 76.) Pod siliquaeform, several - many-seeded, long- stipitate or sessile. Stamens 6, rarely 4, distinct and free on a glob- ular or hemispherical torus. Petals entire. Cristatella. (Plate 77.) Pod siliquseform, many-seeded, stipitate on a short gynophore. Torus minute, bearing a tubular gland as long as the ovary, placed between it and the upper sepal. Petals unequal, unguiculate, palmatifid. Stamens 6 - 14. Gynandropsis. (Plate 78.) Pod siliquaeform, many-seeded, stipitate on a prolonged gynophore, to which the filaments of the 6 stamens are adnate as far as the middle. Petals long-unguiculate, undivided. Polanisia. (Plate 79.) Pod siliquaeform, sessile or short-stipitate. Sta- mens 8-32, unequal, free on a very short torus. Petals entire or emarginate, unguiculate. CAPPARIDACEiE. 173 Plate 75. CLEOMELLA, DC. Petala fere sessilia, agqualia. Stamina 6, toro brevi colum- nari imposita. Capsula siliculaeformis, longissime stipitata, dilatato-rhomboidea, obcompressa ; valvis navicularibus cassi- daeformibus. Semina 4-6, conduplicata. — Herba annua, trifoliolata ; racemis virgatis foliosis ; floribus flavis. Cleomella, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 237. Torr. in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 2. p. 157. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 28. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 120. Endl. Gen. 4983. Calyx small, a little spreading; the sepals 4, distinct, ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, erose-serrate, imbricated in early aestivation, deciduous. Petals 4, imbricated in aesti- vation, equal or nearly so, spreading, oval or oblong, entire, narrowed at the base but scarcely unguiculate, hypogynous at the base of the torus, deciduous. Torus short-columnar, rather shorter than the calyx, destitute of any glandular ap- pendage. Stamens 6, equal, inserted on the summit of the torus, longer than the petals, deciduous : filaments filiform, free : anthers linear-oblong, fixed by the base, the cells in- trorsely dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, raised from the centre of the truncate torus on a long filiform stipe (gy- nophore), one-celled, with two parietal placentae (anterior and posterior) : stigma nearly sessile, undivided, obtuse. Ovules 2 or 4 upon each placenta, usually a single pair from above the middle of each, nearly horizontal, amphitropous, soon campylotropous. Capsule silicle-like, dilated-rhomboidal, compressed ante- riorly and posteriorly, that is, contrary to the deeply navicu- lar or helmet-shaped valves, stipitate on a filiform gynophore (of twice its length or more) which surmounts the oblong columnar torus, strictly one-celled, two-valved ; the minutely 174 CAPPARIDACEiE. reticulated valves separating frorn the filiform placentae, which persist as an elliptical replum. Seeds 2 or 3, usually a single collateral pair, upon each placenta, pendulous on short funiculi, conduplicate-campylotropous ; the crustaceous testa minutely rugose. Albumen none. Embryo arcuate-condu- plicate ; the thickened cotyledons incumbent upon the as- cending radicle on the placental side. Herb annual, glabrous, with a virgate stem, usually branching above, bearing alternate and exstipulate trifoliolate leaves on short petioles, and terminated by a leafy raceme which is elongated in fruit. Leaflets linear, entire, slightly petiolulate, the upper floral ones, or bracts, simple and sessile, gradually reduced to about the length of the pedicel. Flow- ers small, yellow. Etymology. The name is a diminutive of Cleome, Geographical Distribution. This very distinct genus was founded on a single species, indigenous to Northern Mexico, Texas, and Western Arkansas. PLATE 75. Cleomella Mexicana, DC; — summit of a plant, of the natural size, in fruit and flower; from Texas, Lindheimer {PL Lindheim. No. 10). 1. A flower, magnified. 2. A petal ; and 3, a sepal, more magnified. 4. Vertical section of a magnified flower, through the torus, cutting away half the stamens, petals, and sepals. 5. Transverse section of a magnified ovary, showing the ovules. 6. A pod, enlarged, with its stipe, torus, and apex of the receptacle. 7. The replum of the same, with the funicuh of the seeds. 8. A seed, magnified. 9. Vertical section of the same, cutting through the embryo. CLE OIVTELL CAPPARIDACEiE. 175 Plate 76. CLEOME, i., DC, Petala subsequalia, integerrima. Stamina 6, raro 4, saepis- sime inaequalia, declinata, toro brevissimo (nonnunquam glandula appendiculata) imposita ; filamentis filiformibus. Capsula siliquaeformis. Cleome, Linn. (excl. spec.) Schkuhr, Handb. I. 189. DC. Prodr. 1, p. 238. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 121. Endl. Gen. 4985. SiNAPiSTRUM, Mosnch. Meth. p. 250. Atalanta, Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 73. non Corr. Peritoma, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 237. Nutt. in Joiir. Acad. Philad. 7. p. 14. Calyx four-cleft or four-parted, or the sepals nearly dis- tinct, somewhat persistent or deciduous (in C. serrulata and C. integrifolia usually separating round the base and at length hanging loose on the pedicel of the fruit). Petals 4, hypogynous, equal or unequal, often turned to one side, entire, unguiculate or nearly sessile, imbricated-convolute in aestivation (as in Cruciferae), deciduous. Torus above the petals short, usually globular or hemispherical, inappendicu- late, or sometimes bearing a gland or glandular scale between the pistil and the upper sepal. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), borne on the summit of the torus, free and distinct : filaments filiform, more or less declined, longer than the petals : an- thers fixed by the base, the cells opening introrsely and longitudinally. Ovary stipitate or nearly sessile, one-celled, with two parietal (anterior and posterior) placentae : style short or none : stigma obtuse. Ovules numerous and usu- ally in two series on each placenta, horizontal, amphitropous. Capsule silique-shaped, linear or oblong, more or less terete, often torulose, stipitate by the gynophore, or almost sessile, one-celled^ two-valved ; the membranaceous valves separating from the replum formed of the persistent and fili- form interval vular placentae. Seeds several or numerous on 176 CAPPARIDACEiE. each placenta, pendulous on short funiculi, campylotropous, reniform or conduplicate-incurved, exalbuminous. Embryo conformed to the seed ; the cotyledons incumbently incurv- ed upon the ascending radicle. Herbs, rarely suffruticose, with alternate palmately 3-7- foliolate or rarely simple leaves, without stipules ; and yel- low, purple, or white flowers in terminal leafy racemes ; the upper bracts simple. Etymology. An early name, said to come from AcXeto), to dose. Geographical Distribution, &c. A somewhat polymorphous genus of numerous species, belonging to the warmer parts of the world. One spe- cies is found in Portugal, and two or three extend northward to about the s ame latitude in North America west of the Mississippi. Note. In C. integrifolia, a species scarcely distinct from C. serrulata (the type of Atalanta, Nutt., or Peritoma, DC), of which I have no speci- mens, the somewhat dilated summit of the torus is produced posteriorly into a lanceolate and flat entire or 3-toothed appendage, which is longer than the calyx ! Whether this, taken in connection with the separation of the mar- cescent calyx from the base, will serve to characterize a section or subgenus, I am unable to pronounce. In the place of this appendage, C. lutea. Hook., bears a short gland, like some other species. PLATE 76. Cleome (Peritoma) integrifolia, Torr. djr Gray; — sum- mit of flowering and fruiting plant ; from Upper Missouri. 1. A flower-bud, enlarged. 2. Diagram of the flower ; the posterior side (marked by the appendage of the torus) turned to the right. 3. Calyx laid open and enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged, passing through the appendage of the torus. 5. This appendage, as seen from the inside, enlarged. 6. Placentae and seeds, of the natural size. 7. A magnified seed. 8. Section of the same, displaying the embryo. CLE OME CAPPARIDACEiE. • 177 Plate 77. CRISTATELLA, Nutt. Petala longe unguiculata, flabelliformia, dimorpha ; postica eroso-fimbriata anticis palmatopartitis multo majora. Sta- mina 6 - 14, declinata, toro piano, postice appendicem vagi- nae formem ore truncatam exserenti, inserta. Capsula, etc., lit Cleomes. Cristatella, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 7. p. 85. t. 11. Torr. Sc Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 123. Cyrbasium, Endl. Gen. 4989. Calyx herbaceous, of 4 lanceolate sepals a little united at the base, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, of two forms, conspicuously unguiculate, dilated-cuneiform or flabelliform ; the two posterior laciniate-fimbriate or incised at the dilated summit ; the two anterior much smaller, with the lamina palmately parted or dissected into 5 to 9 narrowly linear lobes, which are emarginate or 2 - 3-cleft at the apex. Torus between the petals and the stamens obsolete or mi- nute, bearing, on the posterior side of the pistil, a conspicu- ous and tubular sheath-like appendage as long as the anterior petals, with a truncate or somewhat toothed open orifice at the summit, and which in fruit persists at the base of the stipe. Stamens 6 to 14, inserted with the petals or nearly so, distinct: filaments filiform, unequal when more than six, declined : anthers cordate or somewhat sagittate, fixed by the base, apiculate ; the cells introrsely dehiscent. Ova- ry oblong-linear or lanceolate, declined with the stamens, more or less stipitate, one-celled with two parietal placentae : STYLE filiform, short : stigma obtuse. Ovules very numer- ous on each placenta. Capsule silique-shaped, linear-lanceolate, nearly terete, stipitate on a short gynophore, one-celled, two-valved ; the valves membranaceous, reticulated, separating from the fili- 178 CAPPARIDACE^. form persistent placentaB, as in Cleome. Seeds numerous on both placentas, round-reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo conformed to the seed : cotyledons short, incumbently in- curved ; the RAj)icLE superior. Herbs minutely viscid-glandular, with annual roots and slender branching stems, bearing alternate and palmately tri- foliolate leaves on short petioles, without stipules, and small flowers (white or yellowish) in leafy racemes. Leaflets linear, entire. Etymology. The name is a diminutive of crista, a crest; in allusion to the fringed petals. Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus of two species (not yet well discriminated), natives of Northern Texas and the adjacent parts of Arkansas and Louisiana. PLATE 77. Cristatella Jamesii, Torr. 4 Gray; — the summit of a flowering and fruiting plant, of the natural size ; from Texas, Mr. Wright. 1. Calyx, laid open, enlarged. 2. An upper petal, magnified. 3. A lower petal, magnified. 4. A magnified flovrer, with part of the calyx and two petals, &c., cut away, displaying the singular appendage of the torus, &c. 5. A pod in dehiscence, showing the replum, &c., enlarged. 6. A seed, magnified. 7. Section of the same, and of the contained embryo. TATELLA CAPPARIDACEiE. 179 ' • Plate 78. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. Petala unguiculata, sestivatione imbricata vel (in Gymno- gonia) aperta. Stamina 6, filamentis ad medium usque gy- nophori longissimi adnatis. Castera omnia Cleomes. Gynandropsis, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 237. Wight & Am. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Or. 1. p. 21. Deless. Ic. 3. t. 1. Torr. &. Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 121. Endl. Gen. 4984. Cleomes Sp., Linn. etc. Cleomes Sect. Gynandropsis & Gymnogonia, R. Br. in Denham & Clapp. Narr. Calyx of 4 somewhat spreading sepals, deciduous. Pe- tals 4, hypogynous, entire or minutely erose-crenulate, obo- vate or roundish, on slender claws, nearly equal, imbricated in aestivation, or else open from the first. Torus depressed- hemispherical, the petals inserted around its base, the long gynophore springing from its centre. Stamens 6 ; the fila- ments monadelphous-adnate to the very long gynophore for half its length or more, then free and distinct, filiform, nearly equal : anthers oblong or linear, fixed near the base, introrse, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary, &c., as in Cleome. Capsule silique-shaped, linear, terete, ascending on a very long stipe (gynophore) which is marked as if by an articu- lation in the middle at the point from which the filaments have fallen ; its structure, and also the seeds and embryo, as in Cleome. Herbs, either smooth or glandular, with alternate and palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves, and white or purplish flow- ers in a leafy raceme. Etymology. So named from the attachment of the stamens to the s^alk of the pistil, as if gynandrous. 180 CAPPARIDACE^. Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus of several tropical or sub- tropical species, some of which belong to Equinoctial America (Gynan- DROPSis proper, R. Br.) and have the petals imbricated in aestiva^on ; while the others, with the aestivation of the corolla open, as in Reseda, which form the section or genus Gymnogonia, R. Br.^ are probably all exclusively na- tives of the Old World, as Mr. Brown supposes. G. pentaphylla, therefore, although spontaneous in the Southern United States, as in the West Indies, was most likely introduced by the negroes, "who use it both as a potherb and in medicine," and therefore should not have been included in this work. Note. Our figure, made from poor dried specimens, erroneously repre- sents the flower-buds as if with closed petals, which is the case with the truly indigenous American species only. PLATE 78. Gynandropsis (Gymnogonia, R. Br.) pentaphylla, DC; — from Georgia ; the summit of a stem in fruit and flower, of the natural size. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. Magnified vertical section through the torus, gynophore, and pistil. 3. A magnified seed. 4. Section of the same, and of the embryo. (jYNAEDP.OPSIS. CAPPARIDACEjE. 181 Plate 79. POLANISIA, Raf. Petala longe unguiculata, emarginata vel obcordata, con- formia. Stamina 8 - 32, inaequalia ; filamentis filiformibus. Torus depressus, postice glandulam tmncatam gerens. Gy- nophorum nullum aut brevissimum. Stylus filiformis. Cap- sula siliquaeformis, turgida. — Folia trifoliolata. PoLANisiA, Raf. in Jour. Phys. 89. (1819.) p. 98. DC. Prodr. 1. p.* 242. (excl. spec, gerontogaeis, ex not. R. Br.) Torr. «& Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 122, 669. Jacksonia, Raf. in New York Med. Rep. hex. 5. 2. p. 350. Cleomes Sp., Michx., Pursh, etc. Calyx of 4 herbaceous or purplish spreading sepals, im- bricated in aestivation, deciduous. Petals hypogynous, nearly equal, somewhat turned to the upper side, obcordate or obovate and emarginate, on slender or filiform claws, im- bricated in aestivation, deciduous. Torus inconspicuous, convex, produced on the upper side into a thickened gland. Stamens 9 to 32 (usually 12 to 24) : filaments filiform or capillary, declined (purple), inserted on the depressed torus, the anterior ones usually shorter : anthers oval, fixed by the base ; the cells opening introrsely by a longitudinal line. Ovary oblong, glandular-viscid, sessile or nearly so, one- celled, with two parietal placentae : style filiform : stigma depressed-capitate. Ovules very numerous, in two series upon each placenta, horizontal, amphitropous. Capsule silique-shaped, linear-oblong, turgid, nearly terete, sessile or very short-stipitate, two-valved; the reticulated- veiny valves separating from the filiform placentae ; the style deciduous. Seeds numerous, reniform-conduplicate, exal- buminous. Embryo conformed to the seed : cotyledons incumbently incurved upon the ascending radicle. Herbs annual, viscid-gleindular with a heavy odor, leafy ; 182 CAPPARIDACE^. the leaves trifoliolate and petioled, or the upper floral simple. Flowers in a terminal leafy raceme. Etymology. Name formed of ttoKvs, many, and avta-osj unequal ; from the number and inequality of the stamens. Geographical Distribution, &c. The genuine species of the genus, founded by Rafinesque on Cleome dodecandra, Michx., belong to the warmer parts of North America, of which P. graveolens alone is diffused northward to the Great Lakes. — The species chosen for illustration is the P. trachy- sperma, Torr.