AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
GENERAL GUIDE
| EXHIBITION HALLS
Guide Leaflet Series, No. 40
New York, November, 1914
Published by the Museum
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First Fioor:
Visitors’ - Room. sr Sei ea ee ey ko soe 19
Memorial Hall (South Pavia) 3322335 Fe wee ie es os See pee 19
Moteorites. iii .6o iS sce ae ee hs 2 i an tial oe See 20
Indians of North Pacific Coast (South Central Wing)................. 20
Eskimo Collections (South Central Wing)..................20-.0000: 23
Mural Decorations (South Central Wing)..............-......00000: 23
Auditormm : (Central: Pavilion) .o< 3 2.3. ii a ss mere eee ee 24
Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing)......................50- 26
Indians of the Plains (Southwest Pavilion)................0202eeee08 29
Indians of the Southwest (West ‘Wing) .. 2.02. 65244 .2e ecu ee eee 32
Polar ‘Maps (ast :Corridot) 3.222 6. 55. vee enna ae toned ae eee eee 35
Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing).......... 35
Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion).................... 37
SEcoND FLoor:
Amphibians, Reptiles. (South: Pavilion) «3:22.45 04 oak «ag 2 se eee 44
Local Birds (Weal Corrisory 65 Ss Sie ee ee Lee 49
Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America (Southwest Wing). . 51
Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion)... . 54
Collections from-Africa CWest Wing): . 0.62). ee cic os eet 55
Birds of the World: (South Central: Wing). ....0: 02. 22 cae nn eb eae eee 56
Recent Fishes (Corridor of Central Pavilion)...........5............. 59
Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing)....................... 65
Preparation of Elephant Greup (Southeast Pavilion).................. 70
TuHIRD FLOoR:
Members’ Room (Mast Corridor) <5...) 5. ohana bs ee eee 71
Monkeys, Apes, Rodents and Bats (South Pavilion)................... 71
Right Whale Skeleton (South Pavilion). 3%... ooo. 5 )
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WILD PLUM IN THE FORESTRY HALL
Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk
five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens
are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately reproduced from life
36
INVERTEBRATES. SPONGES 37
covered, The specimens show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of
the wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the specimens give the
distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its economic
uses. The trees are grouped by families and the location of each family
will be found on the floor plan at the entrance of the hall. The reproduc-
tions of the flowers, leaves and fruits in natural size are instructive. This
work is done in the Museum laboratories. Note the character of forests
as shown by the transparencies. [For fuller information in regard to this
hall see Guide Leaflet No. 32.|
SOUTHEAST PAVILION
INVERTEBRATES
At the extreme east is the Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the inverte-
brate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to groups il-
lustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of
Darwin by Wm. Couper presented by the New York Academy
of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin centenary in 1909.
Passing around the hall from left to right, the progression is
from the lowest forms of animal life, the one-celled Protozoa, to the highest
and most complex
forms of animal life,
Synoptic
Series
the Primates, in-
cluding man. The
distinctive charac-
teristics of each
group are fully de-
scribed on the al-
cove and case labels.
Many of the minute
forms are repre-
sented by skilfully
prepared models in
glass and wax show-
ing the animal many
times enlarged.
European commercial sponge comparable with the Florida ye
low sponge or “‘Hardhead.’’ The sponge industry in both the
obtain an idea of the Mediterranean and the Bahama region is almost destroyed by
careless methods, and conservation must be practiced here as in
other of the world’s resources
Thus the visitor may
form and _ structure
of these animals
which in spite of their small size have in so many instances such a vital
influence on the life of man.
A PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP
INVERTEBRATES, SPONGES. 39
ase ip ire te
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Marine Habitat Group. A community of starfishes, sea anemones, sea urchins, corals and
sponges as seen below the edge of a coral reef in the Bahamas
This alcove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single-
celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and
stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea while the ocean
bottom in many localities is covered with them. The specimens
exhibited in this alcove are mainly models, some of which are
enlarged more than a thousand diameters.
Sponges are principally of two kinds — those with skeletons or sup-
porting structures of silica (i. e. flint) and those with skeletons of horn.
The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the specimens
exhibited the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been
removed. Many of the “glass” sponges are very beautiful in
Alcove2 design. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New
Sponges England coast to the gigantic “Neptune’s goblets” found in the
eastern seas. This alcove contains certain specimens whose tis-
sue is represented in wax tinted to show the natural coloring of sponges,
which varies from the bleached yellowish color commonly seen to deep
brown or black, or yellow and red, in varying shades.
Alcove 1
Protozoa
40 INVERTEBRATES. POLYPS, WORMS
In Alcove 3 are shown coral animals and their relatives: plant-like
hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss, but which
really are a series of polyps living in a colony; jellyfishes
with their umbrella-shaped bodies and long streaming
tentacles; brilliant colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the
magenta colored organ-pipe coral, the stony corals, and the precious coral
of commerce. Coral polyps mistakenly called “coral insects” are the
animals that build up the coral reefs. In front of the window is a life-sized
model in glass of the beautiful Portuguese Man-of-War. ‘This organism
is really a colony of many polyp individuals attached to one another, and
specialized for various functions.
The best known species in this group is the tapeworm, whose develop-
ment and structure are accurately shown by the models in
Alcove 3
Polyps
inetiny 4 the central case. As will be seen, its structure is more com-
atworms : :
plex than that of preceding forms.
These are for the most part parasitic, living in the diges-
Alcove 5 ; BT ag
tive canals of mammals. The most familiar is the common
Roundworms
roundworm or intestine worm, Ascaris, an enlarged model of
which is exhibited.
The minute wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque
forms, some of which construct tubes of gelatinous substance,
sand-grains, etc. A few of the species are parasites, but
most of them live a free, active life. They are aquatic and
mainly found in fresh water.
The sea-mats in Alcove 7 are plant-like animals which lead the colonial
form of life. The majority of the species are marine, al-
though a few occur in fresh water. The lamp shells shown
in this aleove superficially resemble clams, but by structure
are more closely related to the worms and starfishes.
Alcove 8 is occupied by the starfishes, the sea urchins, sea cucumbers
and sea lilies. The starfish is the pest of the oyster beds
where it feeds on oysters and destroys them in large numbers.
The brittle stars when handled or attacked are able to drop
off an arm and later regenerate another. Sea urchins are an important
article of food in Europe and the West Indies.
The annelids, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worms whose
Alcove 6
Rotifers
Alcove 7
Sea-mats
Alcove 8
Starfish
bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhab-
itants of both fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the
mud and sand of the shore while others bore into wood and
shells. The “houses”? that these annelids build are often very beautiful
and interesting. In the window is a group showing a section of a mud flat
on the New England coast with the variety of worm life found in what to
Alcove 9
Annelids
the casual observer seems to be an uninhabited area.
INVERTEBRATES. MOSQUITO 4]
Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, insects and their rela-
tives. The number of existing species in this group is
Alcove 10
iiasdsalle greater than that of all the rest of the animal and vegetable
kingdoms together. No other group comprises so many
species useful or harmful to man. In the case in the center of the alcove
is a model showing the anatomy of the common lobster,
Crustaceans
BE Binncin also enlarged models showing heads of various species of
insects. On the wall are two of the largest specimens of
lobsters that have ever been taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one
and thirty-four pounds respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the
giant crab of Japan, some of which, like that placed on the wall, have a
spread of about ten feet.
The mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the vast
number and diversity of forms which it embraces, including marine, fresh
water and land animals. All mollusks have soft bodies but nearly all of
ae them secrete a shell which in many species is of pearly mate-
Mollusks rial (mother-of-pearl). Well-known examples of this group
are the common clam and oyster and enlarged models in the
telat center case show the anatomy of these species. The largest
Clam and oe es i ¢
Oyster species is the huge © bear’s paw”’ or furbelowed clam of the
eastern seas.
Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelligent of
animals. This group culminates in man who still bears
witness to his chordate ancestry in the retention of a chorda
(cartilaginous spine), and gill clefts during embryonic life.
Among these ancestral forms are the Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged
model of which is shown in the central case, while others are shown among
the animals on the wharf-piles in the window group. The models in the
central case show the development of the egg of typical vertebrates.
An exceptionally large specimen of beautiful madrepore coral is in the
case near the entrance, and the associations of marine life that may be
found among the coral reefs of the Bahamas are represented
by several small groups in the center of the hall. Certain
of the groups in this section of the hall illustrate various biological principles
associated with the name of Darwin. The variation in form, size and
color of the snail and the variation of the shell of the common scallop are
graphically shown.
Four large models in the center of the hall show the mosquito which is
the agent in the spread of malaria. These models represent
Alcove 12
Vertebrates
Coral
meee gf the insect enlarged seventy-five diameters or in volume
the Malarial 5
Mosquito four hundred thousand times the natural size. The mos-
quito in its development undergoes a metamorphosis. ‘The
model at the left shows the aquatic larval stage; the larve are the “wrig-
glers”’ of our rain water barrels. The next model is the pupal stage, also
A PORTION OF THE BULLFROG GROUP
Two frogs are engrossed in a chickadee on the birch branch above. The smaller frog seems likely to fall
a prey to a black snake ready to strike from the white azalea near.
The scene is typical of Southern New England in July. The frogs and the reptiles are wax casts from
life. The various activities of bullfrog life are set forth, with their relation to birds and small mammals,
fish, snakes, turtles, insects and snails. The metamorphosis from the tadpole is also shown
42
INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS 45
aquatic. The third model is of the adult male mosquito which is harmless
since it never bites man. ‘The fourth model shows the adult female mos-
quito in the attitude of biting. In another case is a series of models showing
the life eyele of the malarial germ in the blood of man and in the mosquito.
In several of the alcove windows are habitat groups of invertebrates
illustrating the natural history of the commoner and more
Window
typical animals.
Groups ven i
In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm
Group reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural
surroundings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. The harbor
and the distant view of Woods Hole village with the U. S. Fish Commission
buildings are shown in the background, represented by an enlarged colored
photographie transparency. In the foreground the shallow
water of the harbor near the shore is represented in section
to expose the animal life found on muddy bottoms among
the eel-grass, as well as the chimneys of various worm-burrows. In the
lower part of the group a section of the sea bottom exposes the worms
within the burrows. Several species of these are represented. [See Reprint.|
In the Mollusk Aleove window is shown the natural history of a sand-
spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the shore
mollusks and their associates. The entrance of the harbor
Marine Worm
Group
Ee is seen in the distance. In the foreground at the edge of
Mollusk " : , . :
Group the sand-spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the receding tide
over which fiddler-crabs are swarming into their burrows.
Beneath the water surface an oyster is being attacked by a star-fish, while
crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing their usual activities.
The window group in the Vertebrate Alcove shows the piles of an old
wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass. Below the low-tide
mark the submerged piles are covered with flower-like
colonies of invertebrate animals. Among these are sea-
anemones, tube building worms, hydroids, mussels, sea mats and several
kind of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are primitive members of the
Chordate group which includes the vertebrates. Like the embryo of man,
they possess during their larval period a chorda or cartilaginous spine. At
first they are free swimming but later in life many of their organs degenerate
and they become fitted to a stationary mode of life. [See Reprint.|
Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin. On the
right and left of the entrance variation under domestication is
Wharf Pile
Group
aise illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and domesticated fowls, the wild
Domestication SPecies from which they have been derived being shown in com-
pany with some of the more striking breeds derived from them.
The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur-
Struggle for rounded by its many enemies and yet continuing to main-
Existence tain an existence by virtue of its great birth rate,
[Return to the elevators.|
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MAN OF
NORTH PENTEL AWEREER NORTH AMERICA
AMERICA
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SOUTH
1. Elevators
SECOND FLOOR
SOUTH PAVILION
This hall illustrates a phase of Museum progress, the temporary dis-
order that precedes an ultimate change for the better. At present the hall
contains a mixed assemblage of animals brought hither from other halls
in process of re-arrangement; later it is hoped that it will contain a series
of groups of birds from various parts of the world.
The Asiatic elephant is the famous “Tip” brought to this country in
1881, and for seven years one of the attractions of Fore-
paugh’s circus. He was given to the City of New York by
Mr. Forepaugh and lived in the Central Park Menagerie
until 1894, when because of his treacherous disposition it was found neces-
sary to kill him. He is said to have caused the death of several of his
keepers, and was twenty-three years old when killed.
Here, awaiting the construction of a new wing is exhibited the collection
of reptiles and amphibians. Because of the difficulty of
preserving the natural covering of many of these animals
they are usually exhibited in jars of alcohol. In the speci-
mens on exhibition here, the perishable parts have been cast in wax from
44
Elephant
“Tip?
Reptiles and
Amphibians
East
|
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 45
life; for example in the star tortoise the original “shells’’ of the specimens
are used, while the head, neck and legs are restored in wax. ‘The mounting
not only brings out the principal features of the species exhibited, but in
many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of the animals; for
instance the common newt, one of the salamanders, is represented by a
series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding the skin; Picker-
‘
ing’s hyla or the “spring peeper” is shown with vocal sacs inflated; the
poisonous bushmaster is represented with its eggs, and so on.
The classification of these animals is shown in the upright cases; the
groups in the center of the hall represent various reptiles as they appear in
their natural haunts. They include the tuberculated iguana, the water moc-
easin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, the Texas rattlesnake, the copper-
head, the Gila monster, the pine snake, the box tortoise and the common
painted turtle.
One of the most interesting of the groups is a jungle scene in India
showing a water monitor, which is the largest of living lizards,
the poisonous Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra,
the last with hood distended and body poised ready to strike. The cobra is
said to be the cause of a large proportion of the 20,000 deaths which annu-
ally occur in India from snake bite. Examine carefully the group of the
copperhead snake or “red-eye,” one of the two species of
poisonous snakes to be found in the vicinity of New York
and also the group contrasting the harmless water snake with
the poisonous water moccasin of southern cypress swamps. ‘Two groups
are devoted to rattlesnakes, which are easily recognized by the string of rat-
tles at the end of the tail, by means of which they give warning before they
strike. There are comparatively few species of poisonous snakes in the
United States, about sixteen in all, comprising rattlesnakes, the moccasin,
copperhead and two kinds of coral snake. All other species are harmless and
in spite of the almost universal prejudice against them, are a very useful
ally of man since they live chiefly on rats, mice and insects injurious to crops.
Entering the darkened gallery nearby, we find a series of four large
groups which show what can be done in reproducing reptiles and amphibians
in wax, making them seem alive and in action. The groups reproduce
accurately also the natural haunts of the animals and with a beauty of com-
position, color and lighting which gives them decided art value. As to
educational value, the reptile groups give to the children of New York City
(nearly a million in number) opportunities which they might not otherwise
have to see “the country,” to get acquainted with animals in which they
are always peculiarly interested, and to learn more about them in a half
hour’s observation than they could discover in years of study in the field —
thus forming the basis for both interest and trained observation when op-
portunity for rural life may come to them later.
Cobra Group
Copperhead
Snake Group
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LOWER CALIFORNIA LIZARD GROUP
Showing the characteristic animal and plant life of one of the small desert islands off the coast of Lower California.
by the ‘‘ Albatross”” Expedition of 1912 under Dr. CG. H. Townsend
The material for this group was collected
46
——
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 47
The giant salamander or hellbender best known in the streams of western
Pennsylvania has its breeding season in autumn. [The
Giant Sala-
scene shows blue asters and ripening grapes along the river.
mander Group ‘ ¢ I 8 eral 8
Note that the hellbenders are wholly aquatic, no one of them
being shown even partially out of water. The river is represented as
flowing directly toward the observer to expose the nests and eggs which are
under the rocks on the down stream side out of the current. At each nest a
salamander (the male) is on guard over the eggs, and there are young sala-
manders one year old and two years old. Also various habits of the sala-
manders are shown, for instance, one is molting its skin, and others are
eating crayfish caught from the rocks, or small fish. The animals of the giant
salamander group are cast from the salamanders themselves, soft, jelly-like
animals when taken out of water and which therefore had to be posed under
oil so that their natural form would be kept while the plaster molds were
being made.
The scene is a typical lily pond and this giant of North American amphi-
bians is shown living both under the water and above on the
land. The group illustrates the changes from the tadpole to
the adult frog and shows many of the activities of the frog —
its molting, swimming, breathing under water and in air, croaking and
“lying low”’ before an enemy; also food habits in relation to small mammals,
to birds, snakes, insects, small fish and turtles. The plant life of the group
affords study of ecological arrangement from the delicate under-water forms,
through the floating duckweed and near-shore water lilies and_pickerel
weeds to water-loving shrubs such as willow, swamp alder and white azalea.
The group has a transparent background, the lights in front balanced by
other lights behind the painted canvas.
The lizard group pictures a Lower California island. The brilliant hot
sunshine, the sand, cacti and voleanic rock with the various
kinds of lizards fitted to endure desert life make a striking
contrast with adjoining groups. The larger specimens of the
group, the iguanas and chuckwallas as well as the horned toads are mounted
skins. The smaller specimens, such as the zebra-tails (at the center of the
group) and collared lizards (running at rear left), are wax casts. The group
had an interesting method of construction. All the ground work, the rocky
slopes enclosing sandy gulleys leading down to the sea, was modeled life
size in clay and then cast as a whole in plaster, so that the completion of the
group meant merely the addition of plants and animals as planned and the
final perfecting of all with color, papier-maché and wax.
The toad group might well be given some more descriptive name. It
presents a New England scene in early May and seems the personification
of spring, filled with the exuberance of new life and suggest-
ing everywhere motion and sound. Birds are just at the
Bullfrog
Group
California
Lizard Group
Toad Group
48 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
moment of flitting; toads and “tree toads” are calling, their resonating
throat pouches looking like great bubbles. The colors of May are soft
yet brilliant in the new leaves of oak and maple, hornbeam, shadbush and
tall blueberry, and everywhere can be seen the gleam of water drops from
a recent rainfall. Stand far back at the extreme right and observe the
croup; also at the left, and note how the foreground leads into and is
carried on by the background. It is as though we could walk far into the
woods that stretch before us shining in the sun. The group shows the fol-
lowing species together with eggs and larve as they are in early May:
two species of toads, the American at the left and Fowler’s at the right;
three kinds of frogs, the spotted pickerel frogs, the green frogs and the
little brown wood frogs; two kinds of tree frogs, the spring peeper at the
left, the common “tree toad” at the right; two of salamanders, spotted
amblystomas and American newts, besides some snakes and turtles common
at this season. Two of the most frequent questions asked by those who
visit the country and are interested in its small animal life are “ What is the
difference between a toad and a frog?”’ and “ How ean I tell frog’s eggs from
toad’s eggs and from salamander’s eggs?”’ ‘These questions are answered
definitely by the group, which is the first attempt to reproduce in permanent
form the gelatinous egg masses and developing tadpoles at different stages.
The plant life is typical of early May in New England. A wild apple tree
is in blossom over a tumble-down stone wall. Wild flowers are so per-
fectly made that although set close before the eyes of the observer and in
the most brilliant light, yet it is difficult to see that they are not real —
yellow marsh marigolds, blue violets, Jack-in-the-pulpits, white anemones,
star flowers and trilliums and red columbines. The group emphasizes in its
fine detailed technique the expert character of the Museum’s artists working
in wax and glass.
THE AMERICAN ROBIN — ONE OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS
WEST CORRIDOR
LocaL Brrps
Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor which contains the
collections of local birds.
In this room are specimens of all the varieties of birds which have been
known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible
each species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall cases nearest
the entrance on both sides is the General Collection of all birds likely to be
seen within this area, arranged according to the current American system
of classification. Near the windows are cases containing the Seasonal
Collection, one section containing the permanent residents while others
have their contents changed each month so that they may show always
the birds present at the time. In another section are the stragglers from
other parts of the country and from other countries which have been taken
within our limits.
Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of
species known to nest within fifty miles of the City and the collection of
49
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MAYA ART 51
photographs showing many of them in nature, there are down the middle
of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their nests. These
the forerunners of our “ Habitat Groups,” were the first of their kind made
for the Museum. [See Guide Leaflet No. 22.
SOUTHWEST WING
ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
Continuing west, past the collection of local birds we enter the Southwest
Wing, devoted to ancient monuments of Mexico and Central America. The
reproductions illustrate chiefly the sculptures of the Maya and Nahua Indians
made before the time of Columbus and are the gift of the Duke of Loubat.
At the left of the entrance are cases of pottery, jade and heavy stone
work from Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. For skill in free hand
modeling and painting the pottery ranks high.
Opposite this exhibit are examples of original stone sculptures of the
Maya, mostly excavated at Copan in western Honduras.
Beautiful pottery and finely wrought jades are also shown
from other sites. The Maya were perhaps the most highly civilized people
in the New World. They built many cities of stone and erected many fine
pillar-like sculptures which are called stele. The subject-matter on these
monuments deals with priest-like beings who carry serpents and other
ceremonial objects in their hands. There are also long hieroglyphic in-
scriptions containing dates in the wonderful Maya calendar. Maya
history contains two brilliant periods. That of the south, extending from
160 A.D. to 600 A.D., was chiefly remarkable for its sculptures. The
principal cities were Copan, Quirigua, Tikal, Yaxchilan and Palenque.
The second period fell between 950 A.D., and 1250 A.D., and centered in
northern Yucatan. The chief cities were Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Labna,
and the finest works of art were architectural.
Passing to the end of the hall and then returning toward the east en-
trance, we see, on either side of the aisle, reproductions of
the stele and altars of Copan arranged in order from the
oldest and crudest forms to the latest and finest examples of carving, cover-
ing a stretch of nearly 300 years. The early stele have hieroglyphs carved
in very low relief and with sharp corners, while the hieroglyphs on the
later monuments are cut deeper and in more rounded relief. In the early
stele human figures are carved in an awkward block-like manner, with
protruding eyes and angular limbs. The two lofty stele in the center are
from Quirigua and date from about 550 A.D. From this city also comes
Maya Art
Copan
THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH
,
The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘‘the Serpent-skirted One,’
is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the
year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan,
the Aztec capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century.
The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting
face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows
close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes.
The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and
hearts with a death’s head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old
woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods
Ko
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AZTECS 03
the elaborately sculptured boulder that may have served as an altar. It
represents a two-headed monster overlaid with several layers of ornament.
Sculpture from Palenque and other cities is also shown.
The second or architectural period of Maya art is exemplified in the
piikien tice copy of the painted sculptures of the Temple of the Jaguars
at Chichen Itza. Here are shown warriors in procession
who seem to be coming to worship a serpent god. Prayers are represented
as coming from their lips. This sculpture shows strong evidence of Mexican
influence in certain of its details.
Next in order is the Nahua culture represented in the alcove cases by
ancient pottery, musical instruments, copper objects and ornaments of
obsidian and jade. One case contains facsimile reproductions of native
books, or codices, which were painted free hand on strips of deerskin, paper
or cloth. Several original documents are also exhibited. The Spaniards,
in their zeal to destroy the native religion, burned hundreds of these books
which recorded ceremonial rites and historical events by means of pictures
and hieroglyphs. The Nahua culture extended through many centuries
leaving remains, such as pottery, which are found deposited in distinct
layers, one above the other. In the valley of Mexico there are three so-
called culture horizons, the last being that of the Aztecs. There is no good
reason to believe that any connection in art or religion existed between
Mexico and any part of the Old World.
The Aztecs founded their capital city, called Tenochtitan (Mexico
City), in the year 1325, and had a short but brilliant history.
Before the arrival of Cortez, in 1519, they had reduced most
of the provinces of central Mexico. ‘The sacrificial stone, or Stone of Tizoc,
is a record of some of their principal conquests made before 1487. The
Calendar Stone is a graphic representation of the four prehistoric creations
and destructions of the world as well as symbol of the sun and a record of
the divisions of the year. The statue of Coatlicue, the mother of the two
principal Aztec gods, is a curious figure, made up of serpents.
All three sculptures were originally in the Great Temple
enclosure and are now in the Mexican National Museum.
The funeral urns of this region are highly conventionalized figures.
A cruciform tomb at Guiaroo, near the ruins of Mitla, is shown by a model
at this end of the room.
Aztecs
Calendar Stone
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THE HEAD OF THE AZTEC EARTH GODDESS
Head of a rattlesnake, rattlesnake as shown in Aztec carvings, outline of head of Earth Goddess.
In the real snake the fangs do not show unless the mouth is open. In the Aztec figure two fangs are
shown, one of these being a reserve fang that comes forward to take the place of the fang in use should
that be lost
54 PREHISTORIC MAN
SOUTHWEST PAVILION
PREHISTORIC MAN OF NortrH AMERICA
Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion likewise given
over to archeology, in this instance that of North America. Here are
examples of ancient pottery, arrow-heads, stone axes and other imple-
ments of stone and bone, mostly from burial mounds. The most important
of these are the rude implements and fragments of human bones from the
Trenton gravels, as these are the oldest indubitable evidences of man on
this continent. Notice that the arrangement of the hall is geographical
and by states. In addition there is a special exhibit of Mississippi Valley
pottery in the wall cases and the Douglass type specimen series in the cases
to the left near the center.
In the tower room adjoining are the stone implements and rude carv-
ings of the primitive men who inhabited the caves of South-
riche ern Europe at a time when England was a peninsula, the
Rurope north of Europe buried deep under the ice of a glacial epoch
and the reindeer and the hairy mammoth roamed through
Southern France.
Around the room are copies of paintings — for primitive man was an
artist as well as a hunter — on the walls of the caves of Altamira, Font de
Gaume, and others, showing the bison, wrongly called aurochs, the mam-
moth and the horse of that day, the contemporaries of the Neanderthal man.
In the table cases are selected series of stone and bone implements ar-
ranged according to the accepted chronological periods of paleolithic times.
In an adjoining case may be seen casts of the Heidelberg jaw and other
ancient skeletal remains.
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WEST WING
CoLLECTIONS From AFRICA
Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is
the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides
ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals.
The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of African
mammals, including elephants. The installation is geographical, i. e., as
the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the
tribes that would be found in passing from south to north in Africa, and
the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the
east wall.
_ There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hottentot,
and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced
by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with them.
At the south end of the Hall the wall is decorated with reproductions
of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive
of African natives. ‘These works of art are remarkable for their realism,
and should be compared with the reproductions of old European cave
paintings in the tower of the adjoining hall.
Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest
of the Hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools.
The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group near
the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products, such as knives,
axes, and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge
of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally from the American
Indian, the Oceanian, and the Australian.
All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling,
while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Clothing
is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manufacture
55
56 EXTINCT BIRDS
of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to the left
of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the northeastern
section of the Hall; while looms and the completed garments are shown in
the large central rectangle devoted to Congo ethnology. The most beauti-
ful of the last-mentioned products are the “pile cloths” of the Bakuba,
woven by the men and supplied with decorative patterns by the women. Very
fine wooden goblets and other carvings bear witness to the high artistic
sense of the African natives, who also excel other primitive races in their
love of music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments.
A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northwestern section
of the Hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a
process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is
doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native.
The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches
and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Cere-
monial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicinemen.
[Return to Central Pavilion.|
SOUTH CENTRAL WING
BrrDs OF THE WoRLD
Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of birds.
In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 known
species are represented by typical examples of the principal
groups arranged according to what is believed to be their
natural relationships. The series begins with the Ostriches, the “lowest”
birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian
ancestors) and goes up to those which show the highest type of develop-
ment, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. The
remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the
geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens
are grouped according to their great faunal regions, the South American
Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, Arctic Eura-
sian, Indo-Malay, African and Australian realms. These cases in connec-
Birds of
the World
tion with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a comparative
study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In each region, as
in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their natural groups
to the best of our present knowledge.
Down the middle of the hall near the entrance are several cases con-
taining birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The
Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island
shores, became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and the
Extinct Birds
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THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER
One of a series of four small groups showing this bird’s seasonal changes of color as brought about
by molting and feather growth
Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small islands
and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger Pigeon
of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that vast num-
bers were slaughtered with ease, so that now (1914) the only individual
left alive is an aged female in the Cincinnati Zodlogical Gardens.* The
Heath Hen formerly had a good range on our Atlantic seaboard, but as a
game bird, it was so continually persecuted, in and out of the breeding
season, that it is now extinct except for a few which survive under protec-
tion on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. Others of our splendid game
birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not
quite gone, and more like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon
follow them if a reasonable close season and limited bag be not rigidly
enforced. Still others — the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example
— have already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for
their plumage for millinery purposes.
The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all
___ three) often worn by one species will be found illustrated
General Topics . ‘ ; : ae
in the Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard
Orioles, Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The relation-
* Died September 1, 1914.
58 BIRDS OF PARADISE
LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT
From the Group in the American Museum
ship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, wings, tail,
etc., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in other cases,
particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds.
In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic
Collection of Eggs which shows the variation in the number
in a set, size, shell texture, markings, shape, etc., and tells
something of the laws governing these things. The succeeding cases con-
tain the general exhibition collection of nests and eggs, principally those of
North American and of European birds.
At the north end of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the Birds
of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This
family of birds is confined to New Guinea, Australia and
some neighboring islands. Their feet and bills show their
close relationship to the Crows and Jays, which they resemble in nesting
habits as well. Their chief characteristic is of course their gorgeous plumes,
wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For these
plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers that unless the
demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be exterminated, as
the Great Bird of Paradise is believed to be already. More Birds of Para-
dise have been sold at a single London auction (23,000 in two sales) than
are contained in all the museums of the world.
Also in this hall are a number of groups of local and other birds which
are placed here only temporarily. In fact, much of the arrangement of
the hall will be changed as soon as circumstances permit.
Suspended from the ceiling is the skeleton of a Finback
Whale, sixty-two feet in length.
Eggs
Birds of
Paradise
Finback Whale
LAMPREYS 59
CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION
Recent FIsHEs
The doorway at the north end of the hall of the birds of the world
leading to the rear of the bird of paradise case opens into the gallery of
the Auditorium and to the corridor devoted to the general collection of
recent fishes.
The exhibit includes typical examples of the various groups of back-
boned animals popularly comprised in the term “fishes” and is arranged
in progressive order. The visitor should first examine the case of hag-
A PORTION OF THE PADDLEFISH GROUP
fishes and lampreys facing the large window. These rank among the
most primitive “fishes.” They are without scales, without true teeth,
without paired limbs, and their backbone consists of but a rod of cartilage.
One of the models shows the way in which a newly caught
Hag-fishes hieechaks lj f . ane f
aes ag-fish secretes slime, forming around it a great mass o
Lampreys jelly. In the same case are lampreys, and one of them is
represented attached to a fish, which it fatally wounds.
The nest-building habit of lampreys is illustrated in a neighboring floor
case: here the spawners are preparing a pit-like nest and carrying away
stones, which they seize with their sucker-like mouths.
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DEEP SEA FISHES 61
The visitor should next inspect the cases of sharks which are situated
near the entrance hall on the south side. These include
Sharks 3 ; , .
various forms of sharks and rays, selected as typical members
of this ancient group — for the sharks have numerous characters which
put them in the ancestral line of all other groups of fishes.
Next to be visited are the silver sharks or Chimaroids, which are ex-
hibited by the side of the lamprey case. They are now known to be highly
modified sharks: their scales have failed to develop, and their heavy “ teeth ”’
appear to represent many teeth fused together. These fishes are now very
rare and, with few exceptions, occur in the deep sea. The present models
show the characteristic forms.
The adjacent case (at the left) pictures the three types of surviving
lungfishes, and the models are arranged to indicate the life
habits of these interesting forms. Thus, they are shown
going to the surface of the water to breathe; and their poses indicate that
they use their paired fins just as a salamander uses its arms and legs. In
fact there is reason to believe that the land-living vertebrates are descended
from forms closely related to lungfishes. One sees in this case also a “co-
coon,” in which the African lungfish passes the months when the streams
are dried up and during which time it breathes only by its lungs.
One now passes into the north aisle of the fish gallery and stops at the
first case on the left. Here appear all types of existing
Ganoids. These are fishes that represent, as it were, a
half-way station between lungfishes and sharks on the one hand, and the
great tribe of bony fishes on the other — such as perches, basses, cod, ete.
In this case one sees gar pikes, sturgeons, the mudfish (Ama), together
with the African Bichir, a curious Ganoid encased in bony scales and re-
taining structures which bring it close to the ancestral sharks. A further
glimpse of the Ganoids may now be had by returning near the entrance of
the fish hall and viewing the spoonbill sturgeon (paddlefish) group, in
which a number of these eccentric fishes are shown side by side with gar
pikes and other characteristic forms from the Lower Mississippi. This
group was secured through the Dodge Fund.
Returning then to the north wing of the gallery the remaining cases
give characteristic examples of the various groups of modern
“bony fishes,’ or Teleosts. There are twenty-six cases of
them in all, but they offer little space in which to illustrate the 10,500
species. For these are the fishes which are dominant in the present age,
contributing over nine-tenths of all existing forms and including nearly all
food and game fishes, such as bass, cod, eel and herring. One
of the cases of the Teleosts exhibits the grotesque fishes from
deep water, in which they occur to the surprising depth of
over 3,000 fathoms, or more than 35 miles. They are usually soft in sub-
Lungfish
Ganoids
Bony Fishes
Deep Sea
Fishes
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DEEP SEA FISHES 63
stance, with huge heads and dwarfish bodies, and are often provided with
“ce
illuminating organs like little electric bulbs, which can be “shunted off or
on” by the fish, and enable the fishes either to see their neighbors or to
attract their prey. A group representing a number of these fishes as they
are supposed to appear in the gloom of the profound depths, lit up only by
their luminous organs, is shown in an enclosure next to the Paddlefish
Group mentioned above.
The cases should be examined in the order numbered (beginning with
14); and one may pass in review the catfishes, carps, eels, trout, salmon,
pike, mullets, mackerel, basses, wrasses, drumfish, sculpins, cods, flatfishes
and anglers.
Before the visitor has completed his review of the gallery, he should
examine the three wall-cases which explain the characteristic structures
of fishes of different groups, and the way in which the groups are related
to one another. In one of these wall-cases various kinds of fishes have
been arranged in a genealogical tree, and the lines and labels give an idea
of their evolution.
Among the conspicuous exhibits of the gallery one notices a sun-fish
(Mola), which is the largest example of which we have any
exact record (it is 10 ft. 2 in. from tip to tip); also a 12 ft.
9 in. thresher shark, and a gar pike, 7 ft. 4 in. long.
In the window are groups showing the shovel-nosed sturgeon, and
Window the spawning habits of the bowfin and of the slender-nosed
Groups garpike.
An exhibit of fossil fishes is to be found on the fourth floor.
Ocean Sunfish
[Return to the elevators.|
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THE VIRGINIA DEER — A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL
Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia doe stands as the first example in the
Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted
and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902
SOUTHEAST WING
MamMatis oF NortH AMERICA
Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall con-
taining specimens of North American mammals, the first
to catch the eye being the giant moose of Alaska. In the
cases on the west wall are groups illustrating the mammals found within
fifty miles of New York City. The first of these groups shows the opossum,
the sole representative in the United States of the marsupial
or pouched mammals. With what appear to be the head
and ears of a pig and the prehensile tail of a monkey, with a strange pouch
for the transportation of the young, and with proverbial cunning and
remarkable tenacity of life, the opossum is one of the quaintest and most
interesting of North American mammals. This is the animal so famous in
the negro songs of the South.
Next in order is the raccoon, more commonly known as
the “coon.” It is nocturnal in habit and makes its nest
in hollow trees. Two species of fox are shown, the red fox
and the gray fox, both of which are justly famous for their sly cunning.
65
Alaskan Moose
Opossum
Raccoon
Foxes
99
STVaS Unda NVASVIV
NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 67
The common skunk is a very useful although greatly abused animal.
While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its
principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice.
Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands
situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this fluid
Skunk
THE WEASEL GROUP
One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City.
The others of the series show opossum, raccoon, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat,
woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some ‘‘fur-bearing”’’ species; weasel fur is often
used instead of ermine
to a considerable distance. Its skin makes a valuable fur known as
“ Alaskan sable.”’
Two other fur-bearing animals shown are the mink and the
weasel, the latter in both its summer dress of dull brown and its
winter coat of white. Weasel fur is oftenused in place of ermine.
Another fur-bearing animal shown is the muskrat. In the group are
seen its summer home, usually a burrow in the bank of a
stream or pond, and its winter mound, constructed of swamp
grass and roots mixed with mud. Muskrats are extensively trapped for
their fur and in 1913 no less than 4,500,000 were sold in London.
Mink and
Weasel
Muskrat
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MOOSE AND BISON 69
The woodchuck or ground hog is a vegetable feeder but does very
little harm to crops. It hibernates for a large part of the
year usually from September to April. The old legend
says that the ground hog comes out of his hole on the second of February
and if it is bright and he sees his shadow, he goes back into
his hole for six weeks longer and we may expect more cold
weather. Other groups represent the varying hare and the
common species of squirrels.
In the central section of the hall is a group of moose. It represents an
early autumn scene in a second growth forest in New Bruns-
wick, and illustrates one of the favorite feeding grounds of
Woodchuck
Hares and
Squirrels
Moose Group
the moose.
BISON COW AND CALF
The big game of North America is described in Guide Leaflet No. 5, North American Ruminants
The buffalo group gives a typical bit of the prairie traversed by buffalo
trails, while the members of the herd represent different
stages of growth of the buffalo. This is the animal which
formerly roamed in countless numbers over the western plains but which
is now reduced to a few insignificant herds.
Alaskan On the north side of the hall is a pair of the huge brown
Brown Bear bears of Alaska, a family of fur seals from the Pribilof
Fur Seals Islands and a family of Rocky Mountain Goats.
Bison Group
70 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
At the end of the hall is a group of Roosevelt Elk found in the Coast
Roosevelt Elk Range from British Columbia to northern California. Once
abundant, they have become much reduced in numbers,
though an effort is now being made to preserve them.
Near by is a group of that interesting animal, the Beaver, perhaps the
phe most important of North American mammals and one
intimately connected with the early history and explora-
tion of this country
On the south side of the hall are displayed the cloven-hoofed animals
of North America. ‘These include sheep, musk ox, caribou,
collared peccary and various species of deer. In one of
the cases is a group of antelope showing the manner in
which they wander across the plains.
Here too are, for the time being, shown the mammals of the polar
regions, placed in the North American hall in order that the Southeast
Pavilion, which once harbored them, may be used as a workroom for the
preparation of a group of African Elephants and other mammals from the
dark continent. Though the room is closed to the public yet much of the
interesting work of preparing these groups may be seen from the gallery
above, and later on visitors will be admitted on certain days.
Grant’s caribou inhabit the barren ground of the ex-
treme western end of the Alaskan peninsula. The type
specimen of this species is in the Museum.
Near by is a group of the Atlantic walrus. These huge mammals
are relatives of the seals, inhabit the waters of the far north
and are still fairly abundant along the shores of Greenland.
The seal and walrus are the animals which play such an important part in
the life of the Eskimo. From these animals come the principal food supply,
skins for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear, boat covers, and harnesses
for dog teams; from bones and tusks are made knives, bows, harpoons, and
Antelope
Group
Grant’s
Caribou Group
Walrus Group
other hunting and cooking utensils.
The specimens in the musk ox group were collected for the Museum
by Admiral Peary in 1896. Musk oxen inhabit the snow-
Peary Musk : De ‘
: covered wastes of the Arctic barrens, living mainly upon
Ox Group f
willow leaves, dug up from under the snow.
Note the various devices in the way of labels introduced to make the
exhibits interesting and instructive. At the entrance attention is called to the
principal causes influencing the distribution of mammals; on many of the
labels are maps showing the range of the species shown, and near the group
of Mountain Sheep is a label including a map and miniature models illus-
trating the species of North American mountain sheep and their range.
SOUTHEAST PAVILION
Being used as a workroom; see paragraph above.
WEST
NORTH
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1. Elevators 2. Members’ Room
THIRD FLOOR
EAST CORRIDOR
To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the
Members’ ae
ee use of honorary or subscribing members of the Museum,
where they may leave their wraps, rest, write letters or
meet their friends. Near by is a bronze tablet in memory of Jonathan
Thorne, whose bequest provides for lectures and objects for
Thorne Tablet ; ; . :
the instruction of the blind.
SOUTH PAVILION
Monkeys, APES, RopENTs, Bats
This is one of the halls in course of rearrangement and, in the final
plan, is intended to include primitive man as well as the other members
of the order Primates.
The family of orang-utans, on the south side, was one of the first groups
of large animals to be mounted in this country, and was considered a daring
innovation. Near by are examples of the gorilla, the largest and most
powerful of the great apes and the chimpanzee, which is the most like man
in proportions and structure. ‘‘Mr. Crowley,” one of the few full grown
apes that have endured captivity, lived for some time in the Central Park
Zoo. Skeletons of man and the large apes illustrate the similarities and
difference in structures between them.
The bats, the only mammals that really fly, and rodents, the most
numerous and widely distributed of mammals are provisionally placed
in this hall pending other arrangements.
71
EAST
DUCK{HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON
Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the “Habitat Bird Groups,’ and they
present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment
The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of the
order and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World,
are represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan,
Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands, and
be very destructive to bananas and other fruits.
Suspended from the ceiling in the center of the hall is the skeleton of
a medium sized North Atlantic right whale, a species once common on
our coast, but now all but exterminated in the North Atlantic.
Fruit Bats
SOUTH CENTRAL WING
Brrp Groups
Here are the “Habitat Groups” of North American Birds. This
unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds
in their natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the immedi-
ate direction of Frank M. Chapman, Curator of Ornithology, who collected
most of the specimens and made practically all of the field studies necessary
for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, he traveled more
than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities,
painted from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the
naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all
72
ORIZABA GROUP 73
sections of the country are represented, thus the series not only depicts char-
acteristic bird life of North America but characteristic American scenery as
well. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles
J. Hittell, J. Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes.
The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from
material collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described
in the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflets No. 28 and No. 22.|
Beginning with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the
right around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence:
i
AR
poe
White pelican from Klamath Lake Group, Oregon. One young bird is illustrating its amusing
method of procuring food from its parent’s throat
The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is
limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama
north to Greenland there are zones of bird life correspond-
ing to the zones of temperature. This condition is illus-
trated in the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in
traveling from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow clad peak the
naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in travel-
ing north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group so far as the distri-
bution of life is concerned is an epitome of all the groups in the hall.
Among our most beautiful and graceful shore birds are the terns and
gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so cease-
lessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes that
now in their breeding places there are only hundreds where
formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an
island off the Virginia coast where the birds are now protected by law.
Orizaba
Group
Cobb’s Island
Group
eqezug, yaNOYY OF ‘Jseso} [eoIdor, ayy JOAO ‘HOUR OL EYT JO Ad]TBA oY} SSO1OB Furyoo, si s9AIesqO at],
dnouwo VaVvZINo AHL
_ Duck Hawk
™
Wl
DUCK HAWK
The duck hawk may be found
nesting on the Palisades of the
Hudson almost within the limits
of New York City. It builds
nests on the ledges
of the towering
cliffs. This hawk is
a near relative of the faleon which
was so much used for hunting in
the Middle Ages.
In August and September the
meadows and marshlands in the vi-
cinity of Hackensack, New Jersey, are
teeming with bird life. In the group
showing these Hackensack
Group
Peas meadows are swallows prepar-
eadow
Group ing to migrate southward, bo-
bolinks or rice birds in fall plumage,
red-winged blackbirds, rails and the wood duck.
The wild turkey is a native of America and was
once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern
portion of the United States, but is now very rare. It
differs in color from the Mexican bird, the
ancestor of our common barnyard turkey,
which was introduced from Mexico into Europe
about 1530 and was brought by the colonists to America.
Wild Turkey
Group
Terns
(Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) Cobb's Island Group
The great blue heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with its
neck curved back on its body and because of this habit can
readily be distinguished from the crane with which it is
frequently confounded. (Reproduced from studies near St.
Lucie, Florida.)
In the “bonnets” or yellow pond lily swamps with cypresses and cab-
ate bage palmettoes, the shy water turkey builds its nest. It
Turkey or receives the name “turkey” from its turkey-like tail and the
“Snake-bird” title “snake-bird” from its habit of swimming with only the
Groep long slender neck above water. (Reproduced from studies
near St. Lucie, Florida.)
Florida Great
Blue Heron
Group
76 SNOWY EGRET
The sandhill crane builds its nest of reeds in the water. Unlike the
eee herons in this respect, it differs also in its manner of flight,
Gist always stretching its neck well out when on the wing.
(Reproduced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of
Florida.)
Pelican Island on the Indian
River of Florida has been made
a reservation by the United
States Govern-
Brown Pelican t 1 4
Group ment and these
grotesque birds
may now breed there undis-
turbed. The view shows a sec-
tion of the island at the height
of the nesting season. Not-
withstanding the hundreds of
young birds that are clamoring
for food, observation has shown
that the parent bird can pick
out its own offspring with un-
failing accuracy. (Reproduced
from studies at Pelican Island,
Florida.)
This beautiful bird has been
brought to the
verge of extinc-
tion in this coun-
try through the
use of its “aigrette plumes”
for millinery purposes, and is
now confined to a few pro-
tected rookeries of the South.
The birds have these plumes
only during the nesting season,
at which time the death of the
parent means the starvation A PORTION OF THE EGRET GROUP
ofthe: young. (Heproduced ra mmc poo tae eee
from studies in a rookery of | slow starvation of the young
South Carolina.)
The turkey vulture or buzzard is one of the best known birds of the
South where it performs a valuable service in acting as the
scavenger of the streets. On this account it is protected
by law and by public sentiment and has become both abun-
Snowy Heron
or Egret
Group
Turkey Vulture
Group
CALIFORNIA CONDOR 77
dant and tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in the
Potomac River, near Washington.
The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North
Lay American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the
California
Santor’ Gran Andes but has a slightly greater spread of wing, eight and
one-half to eleven feet. In the group the visitor is sup-
posed to be standing in the interior of the cave where the bird has its
nest and is looking down on the river of the cafon which is more than
five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cajon,
California.)
The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is painted
in the background. The young birds are feeding and it
Brandt's will be noticed that one fledgeling is reaching well down the
Cormorant ; :
Beinn mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced
from studies at Monterey, California.)
Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird
fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and
aquatic bird life abounds. This group is a good illustration
of the influence of man on the bird life of a region.
In the breeding season the flamingos congregate in great numbers in
their rookeries. There were estimated to be two thousand
nests in this colony. ‘The flamingos construct their nests
by scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down
by means of bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve
or fourteen inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to
high water. Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born
covered with down like a young duck and is fed by the mother on
predigested food. The brilliant plumage of the adult is not acquired
until the fifth or sixth moult. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama
Islands.)
San Joaquin
Valley Group
Flamingo
Group
In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which
cel aah three thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds
Man-of-War . :
Bird Group were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the sea
grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama
Islands.)
The abundance of bird life in one of these rookeries is quite astound-
é ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets,
Retnces American egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ibises,
Group cormorants and water turkeys. Because of the great in-
accessibility of this island it has been one of the last places
to escape the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from
studies in the Everglades of Florida.)
The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In
82
19}@M JO OSId
Zunp poeioe}oud sny} pue ‘seyour uee}INOJ OF TYFI@ WOIZ posted ore S}sou PNU oY], “Spslq JO PPIOM OY} UI YSIS o[qeyseuIEI Ysour oY) S! Sprig Osoy. JO ,,AID,, V
SVANVHVd AHL NI ANOTOO OONINVTA V
GOLDEN EAGLE 79
North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies to
the Pacific coast, although it is found as far east as Maine.
Golden Eagle
Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the eagle never
Group
attacks man even though the nest is approached.
Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally
sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.)
The abundance of bird life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta,
which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. Here is an
example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird may be
Klamath Lake
Groen changed by its being driven into a different locality. In
the group are white pelicans which usually make a nest of
pebbles, Caspian terns which commonly build their nests on sand, and
cormorants that nest on rocks, all nesting together here on the tule or
rush islets of the lake. (Reproduced from studies at Klamath Lake,
Oregon.)
The scene represented in this group is above timber line on the crest
of the Canadian Rockies — 8,000 feet above the sea. Al-
though these mountains are in the temperate region the
altitude gives climatic conditions that would be found in
the far north, and the bird life is arctic in character. Here
are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and pipits. (Re-
produced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.)
This group shows a stretch of western plateau covered with sage bush.
In this bush is seen the male sage grouse strutting and wooing
mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine Bow,
Wyoming.)
The prairie chickens are akin to the common grouse. The group
represents a typical scene during the mating season. The
Arctic-Alpine
Bird Life
Group
Sage Grouse
Group
aes male birds go through most surprising antics in their efforts
Group to attract the females. They inflate the orange-colored sacs
on the sides of their necks, dancing and strutting about and
uttering a loud, resonant, booming note. (Reproduced from studies near
Halsey, Nebraska.)
The wild goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring.
It nests in the lakes of Canada even before the ice is melted.
To secure the young birds for this group it was necessary
to hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen, so difficult
is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane
Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.)
The grebe is another of our aquatic birds which builds its nest near the
water. During the incubation period the parent bird
Grebe Group usually covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving
the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebe was the
Wild Goose
Group
SO PUBLIC HEALTH
redhead duck, which lays from
fifteen to twenty eggs. (Repro-
duced from studies made at
Crane Lake, Saskatchewan,
Canada.)
The loon is justly famed for its
skill as a diver,
and can swim
with great speed under water.
Its weird call is a familiar sound
on the northern New England
lakes. Many loons pass the
winter at sea fifty miles or more
from land. (Reproduced from
studies at Lake Umbagog, New
Hampshire.)
This rocky island thirty
miles from shore
Bird Rock . a
in the Gulf of St. ; a
Group Love making of the prairie chicken. In this position
Lawrence affords and with orange-like air sacks inflated, he produces a
Ps 4 booming sound which may carry a distance of two
some protection to the sea birds miles
which still nest in great numbers
on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere shadow of what it was
even fifty years ago. Seven species are shown nesting in the group.
Namely the razor-billed auk, petrel, gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, com-
mon murre and Brunnich’s murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird
Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.) This was the first habitat group.
Loon Group
[Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys.|
WEST CORRIDOR
Pusiic HEALTH
Returning to the South Pavilion where the monkeys are, and passing
to the right, we enter the West Corridor containing the exhibits of the
Department of Public Health.
The Hall of Public Health is dominated by a bronze bust of Louis
Pasteur, the founder of scientific bacteriology and preventive medicine,
which was presented to the Museum through the courtesy of the Pasteur
Institute of Paris. Near the head of the stairway is a reading table where
pamphlets bearing on insect borne disease and other public health problems
may be consulted.
WATER SUPPLY Sl
The first section of the exhibit deals with the natural history of water
supply as it affects the life and health of man. Large photo-
Water Supply graphs at the entrance to the corridor on the left illustrate
the primary source of water supply, the clouds, and the
secondary sources, the rivers and lakes. Diagrams, models and a relief
map show the variations in rainfall at different points in the United States.
Relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts, before and after
the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water-supply of Boston,
show the way in which surface water supplies are collected by impounding
streams, and a model of a well sunk through impervious to water-bearing
strata shows how ground-water supplies are obtained. A series of samples
and models illustrate the variations in composition which occur in natural
waters, from the swamps of Virginia to the deep wells of Iowa and the
turbid rivers of the Ohio valley.
Some of the principal micro-organisms, Alge and Protozoa, which
grow in reservoirs and impart tastes and odors to water are represented
by a series of glass models. The effect produced by the pollution of water
by disease germs is illustrated by relief maps and diagrams showing the
course of famous typhoid and cholera epidemics. Models are displayed
which illustrate the purification of water by storage, filtration and disin-
fection, the filter model being an elaborate representation of the plant at
Little Falls, N. J. Diagrams and models indicate the results of water
purification as measured both in dollars and cents and in the saving of
human life. Finally a series of five large relief maps shows the growth
and development of the water supply of New York City.
Following the water-supply exhibit is a series of models illustrating
the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes
of the city and how they may be avoided. Actual points
of danger in the neighborhood of New York are shown
where polluted harbor waters, bathing places and shell-fish beds are a
menace to health. The modern methods for the treatment of sewage on
scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedimenta-
tion tanks and filter beds of various types.
The cases near the window are devoted to the group of Bacteria, espe-
cially in their relation to human life. Glass models show the
various shapes and relative sizes of these minute forms and
in particular of the principal types which cause disease. In a nearby case
are displayed actual colonies of a number of species of bacteria including
some which produce disease and others which are beneficial to man by their
effect upon soil fertility or the fact that they may be utilized in the pro-
duction of substances useful as foods or in the arts. A group of trans-
parencies at the window shows some of the more important disease bacteria
as they appear under the microscope.
Disposal of
City Wastes
Bacteria
siete
9
£*
<2 ateNs es th ‘ee
i\
THE HOUSE FLY OR TYPHOID FLY
Model 64000 times the bulk of a fly. By Ignaz Matausch from his original studies
INSECTS AND DISEASE &3
Another series of exhibits deals with the transmission of disease by in-
sects, notably by the fly and flea. ‘The most striking feature
ame of these is a model of the fly, alittle over a foot in length, and
Witkin having the bulk of 64,000 flies. This, the finest model of the
kind ever made, was prepared by Ignaz Matausch from his
original studies, and required nearly a year of constant, exacting labor.
The egg, larva and pupa of the insect are also shown modeled on the
same scale.
Models in the wall case deal with the life history of the fly showing its
various stages in their natural size and actual habitat and illustrate the large
numbers of flies which may breed in a single pound of manure and the
enormous progeny which may spring from a single pair and their descendants
during the breeding season.
The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by
a representation of two companies of soldiers, showing the
eth 4 comparative mortality from flies and bullets during the
Fly Spanish-American war. One company confronted by a
cannon, suffers the loss of one man wounded; another facing
a tube of typhoid germs — distributed by flies — has one dead and thirteen
in the hospital.
Wall drawings near by show how the fly may carry typhoid bacilli on its.
foot, with the number of bacteria found on flies in sanitary and unsanitary
surroundings; and illustrate the allied species, the stable fly, which it is
thought may carry infant paralysis and other diseases.
Nearby are two models showing unsanitary and sanitary conditions
on a small farm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure
heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and flies,
while the open doors and windows give these insects free access to the house.
In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the windows
screened, the shallow dug well replaced by a driven well; the conditions
are sanitary and health and prosperity replace sickness and poverty.
Various types of traps for larvae and adult flies are shown with models
illustrating how fly breeding may be prevented and how human wastes may
be protected from their access.
The relation of the flea and the rat to the terrible disease bubonic plague
is illustrated in considerable detail. Wall charts illustrate
ees a. the spread of the great historic epidemics of this disease and
Plasus reproductions of sixteenth and seventeenth century drawings
show with what terror the Black Death was regarded in
pre-scientific days. The chief carrier of the disease, the flea, is shown in
a remarkable model 120 times the length of the actual insect and having
the bulk of 1,728,000 fleas, prepared by Ignaz Matausch.
Specimens of some of the principal animals which harbor the plague germ
and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man (the black,
84 INSECTS AND DISEASE
brown and roof rats, the wood rat and the California ground squirrel) are
shown and the manner in which the disease is disseminated is illustrated by
a copy of a corner of a rat infested house in California. The original from
which this was copied as well as many of the rats and squirrels were obtained
through the courtesy of the U. 5. Public Health service of Washington.
Preventive measures against the plague are illustrated by models of a farm
with buildings rat-proofed and of a ship at a dock equipped with guards to
prevent the access of rats to the shore.
In a window case are shown various stages of the common mosquito,
Culex, as well as of Anopheles, the carrier of malaria and,
Mosquitoes = Aedes, which is responsible for the spread of yellow fever.
Se ae In the same case are specimens of other insect carriers such
of Diccauie as the flea, the bedbug and the louse. Small cases flanking
the windows contain specimens of the Glossinas which trans-
mit sleeping sickness and the Nagana disease in Africa and of the ticks
which spread Texas fever of cattle and relapsing fever, African fever and
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever of man. Nearby are shown maps indicating
the area affected by the principal tick fever in the United States and a model
of a dipping vat used in freeing animals from tick infestation.
A series of models and diagrams is devoted to the life history of the
Anopheles mosquito and its relation to malaria. A relief
map of the State of Arkansas illustrates the coincidence
between low swampy lands and the prevalence of malaria and
another shows the heavy incidence of malaria in the vicinity of marsh-lands
near Boston. A full size model and a small relief map indicate the type and
arrangement of drains used for lowering the water level and eliminating
mosquito breeding pools and diagrams illustrate the progress made in mos-
quito control in New Jersey and the financial return which has resulted.
Two tree trunks, one normal and the other infested with fungi as a
result of mechanical injury illustrate the important fact
that the normal plant or animal is able to resist disease
while anything which tends to lower vital resistance may
open the way for the invasion of pathogenic germs.
[See Guide Leaflet No. 33.)
Mosquitoes
and Malaria
Vital
Resistance
and Disease
The collection of Auduboniana, or objects relating to the life and works
of John J. Audubon, presented to the Museum by his grand-
daughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, occupies the
stairway hall. It includes original sketches and paintings by Audubon and
his sons, illustrations in various stages from the Quadrupeds of North Amer-
ica, and some of the copper plates of the Birds of North America. The
most important piece is a large painting of a covey of “English” pheasants,
flushed by a dog recently presented by Miss M. Eliza Audubon. Of more
personal interest is the gun carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions
Auduboniana
and a favorite buckskin hunting coat.
INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA SO
SOUTHWEST WING
INDIANS OF SoutH AMERICA
Passing through the west corridor, where the exhibit of the Depart-
ment of Public Health is installed, and on into the adjoining hall to the
west, we find the collections from South America. The greater part of
the hall is filled with archeological material illustrating the
eneivns ot various forms of culture existing in Colombia, Ecuador,
South z ayo ay ; : A ae 2
Pact Peru, Bolivia and Chile in prehistoric times. The remains
found in Peru, in parts of Central America, and in Mexico
show a degree of culture far in advance of that attained in any other part
Pe eee)
——
;
| a wy i
ha | "4 ‘iyi
: Be , 1
PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES
The prehistoric Peruvians were familiar with modern weaves including the finest gobelins and
produced highly decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition of woven-in designs.
The Museum’s collection of mummy cloths is one of the largest in the world, and is much used by
teachers and students of art
SO THE INCAS
of this continent in prehistoric times. Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico
and Central America the Peruvians had no written language. They were
tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, quinua, beans, coca and
cotton. The Incas domesticated the llama, which was used as a beast of
burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pottery vessels,
in metalwork, and in textile fabrics. In the case directly in front of the
entrance are displayed gold and silver objects such as beads,
Gold and
Silver cups, pins and ear ornaments which show the high degree
1
of skill attained in the beating, soldering and casting of
metals. In weaving they were perhaps preeminent among prehistoric
Textiles peoples, many of their specimens exhibited here being un-
surpassed at the present day. The materials used were
cotton and the wool of the llama, alpaca and vicuna. In the first cases
on the right are examples of these textiles with looms and_ shuttles.
[The musical instruments of ancient Peru are discussed in Guide Leaflet
No. ti]
rly . . . .
The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from
smiths
VA
ARS
—
;
PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY
The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabrics of fine cotton and wool, then covering with
a sack of strong cloth. The mummy “bundle” thus produced was often given a “false head”’ of cloth
filled with cotton or vegetable fibre. Climatic conditions in Peru have preserved these mummies and
their wrappings during many centuries
TREPHINED SKULLS 87
the north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of
the continent. In the wall cases extending across the entire western end
of the hall will be found a remarkable collection from Nazca, Peru, The
prehistoric people of Nazca excelled as colorists, particularly in the decora-
tion of their pottery vessels which are certainly the most beautiful so far
discovered in South America.
The special exhibits in the gallery rail cases include quipus used to
AN EXAMPLE OF NAZCA POTTERY
keep accounts, charms and medicines, coca which was chewed with lime,
and shells that were found in mummy-bundles and in the graves. A num-
ber of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the cases.
In the first case to the left (south side) is a collection of skulls showing
Trcphined many examples of trephining, artificial deformation and
Skulls pathological conditions, together with a number of normal
Peruvian skulls for comparison.
The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles and
various objects showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no part
of America are found so many and so extensive burial places
as in the coast region of Peru. Here were interred countless
thousands of the ancient dead. In the hwacos or graves,
with the bodies, were placed such articles as had been most useful and
highly prized during life, and such as it was. considered would be most
serviceable in a future life.
To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge, of
the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and
Mummy
Bundles
rrr Pre ya
SAAVUN NVIANYAd OIMOLSINAAd WOU STTOAS GANTHdAAL
88
CHINA AND SIBERIA 89
graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating
their civilization have been obtained. The wonderful state of preserva-
tion shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials from the
coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the nitrous
character of the soil. [See Guide Leaflet No. 24.]
The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found in a
copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of
an Indian miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks and
earth while engaged in getting out the copper ore (atacamite)
Chilean
Mummy
used by the Indians in making implements and ornaments in prehistoric
times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by copper salts with
which it is impregnated. The implements he was using at the time of his
death are shown beside him in the case.
On the south side of the hall are the ethnological collections from Brazil,
British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements, basketry,
featherwork and musical instruments etc. are arranged in these cases.
SOUTHWEST PAVILION
CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS
If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we
find collections from east-
ern and northern Asia.
The arrangement is geo-
graphical. Read carefully the label at
the entrance to the hall. Specimens
illustrating the culture, industries, re-
ligion and manufactures of China are on
the left; others showing the mode of liv-
ing, the costumes and the war imple-
ments of Siberia are on the right. The
furwork, costumes and rugs of the people
of East Siberia reveal remarkable skill in
workmanship. Two models show re-
spectively summer and winter scenes in
Siberia. A small model in one of the
cases to the left shows the manner of
making pottery. A series of frames in
the rear contain pieces of various kinds
of fabrics and patterns illustrating
weaving and woodwork ornaments.
ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZE The collections deal mainly with
Collections
From Asia
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BLACK HELMET OR CAMEO SHELL
From the Morgan Collection. This species, found in the West Indies is the one mest
commonly used for cutting cameos
90
SHELLS 91
the everyday life of the Modern Chinese and have a special value as they
were made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place.
These abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used; for
example, the series of weapons and objects showing the tests to which a
soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete
by the introduction of modern weapons and tactics. Bamboo, porcelain,
basketry, inlaid work, cloisonne enamel, agricultural implements, carvings
in wood, ivory and stone, and embroidery are exhibited.
A special collection of great value is found in the ancient bronzes shown
in the adjoining tower room.
WEST WING
SHELLS
The collection of shells installed in the West Wing contains altogether
about 100,000 specimens representative of nearly 15,000 species. These
show extraordinary range of color and ornamentation. The arrangement
of the collection is as follows: first, in the south wall cases a series showing
briefly the classification of mollusks; second, in the eight table cases at the
north and south ends of the hall the collections of land shells; third, in the
upright railing cases the bivalves or mollusks which like the common clam
have two shells; fourth, in the sloping cases the univalves, mollusks which
have only one valve or shell like the snails; fifth, special exhibits of shells
in the north wall cases. Other cases contain exhibits illustrating the ana-
tomy and habits of mollusks; colored transparencies show them in their
habitats.
Short descriptive group labels will be found in the cases, and on the
walls, picture labels of important families of shells, together with small
maps of distribution defining the occurrence of the same throughout the
world and a large map showing the regional distribution of marine shells.
An interesting collection of deformed shells is seen in the north case,
and a series illustrating the ornamental uses of shells. Cases of especial
beauty in their shell contents are those holding Murex, Fusus, Voluta,
Conus, Oliva, Strombus, Cypraea, Nistra.
[Return to the South Pavilion, containing the apes and monkeys.]
92 SULPHUR-BOTTOM WHALE
SOUTHEAST WING
MAMMALS OF THE WORLD
Proceeding east from the hall where are the apes and monkeys, we
pass the elevators, to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly
to the Principal Families of Mammals and their Evolution in Past Ages.
The exhibits read like the pages of a book from left to right, being arranged
to bring out the phylogeny or past history and development
of the chief divisions of mammals. The specimens are
arranged not on shelves but close against the background
of the case on small projecting supports and from each a cord has been
stretched down along the background to a diagrammatic representation
of the geological periods. In this way are indicated the relationships of
the various animals to one another as well as the geological age in which
each animal probably originated. Circling the hall above the cases is a
mural frieze representing marine scenes, which serves as a background for
groups of porpoises, dolphins and other small members of the whale family.
The most striking object in the hall is the life-size model of a sulphur-
bottom whale, seventy-nine feet in length. ‘The original of this specimen
was captured in Newfoundland and the model is accurately
Mammals of
the World
Model of reproduced from careful measurements. ‘This huge creature
Sulphur- ; ae :
RES, is not only the largest of living animals, but, so far as we
Whale know, the largest animal that has ever lived: A specimen
of this size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, about twice as
much as Brontosaurus. As can be seen by examining the models of a whale’s
head attached to the pillar, the whalebone which takes the place of teeth
hangs in great plates from the inside of the upper jaw. This whalebone
acts as a strainer in the mouth of the whale and extracts the small animals
from the sea water which the whale takes into his mouth when feeding.
The food consists mostly of tiny crustaceans less than an inch in length.
Although whales and porpoises live in the water they are not fishes, but
are warm-blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. The whale
must come to the surface to breathe and the so-called “spouting” is merely
the result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs when he breathes.
A whale does not spout water as is commonly supposed. Models to scale
of the other whalebone whales, and the toothed sperm whale, and skeletons
of the smaller whales are hung near for comparison.
The plans for the next addition to the Museum building include a large
hall to contain whales and other marine animals.
In the railing cases are exhibits which aim to give the visitor a general
view of the enormous Class of Insects. This series is, at present, being
rearranged and improved. When finished, it will include representatives
INSECTS 95
of all the principal families, exotic as well as native. A special exhibit of
the common Butterflies near New York City and another of the “ Moths
of the Limberlost”’ has been installed. ‘There is also one showing butter-
flies found in North Temperate America. There are nearly half a million
species of insects in the world so that, even when finished, this series can
contain only a small part of the total. Furthermore many of the species
would fade rapidly if exposed to the light. The general study collection of
insects is on the fifth floor and while it is not on exhibition, the curators
are glad to show it to visitors who can make use of it. See the Southeast
Pavilion for the study collection of local insects.
SOUTHEAST PAVILION
Hau or Insect LIFE
Still going east, we enter the Insect Hall. The installations in this
hall point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects
to each other and to the other members of the Animal Kingdom, espe-
cially to man. The exhibits are arranged in a continuous
series and are numbered so that we can easily follow the
plan beginning at the pillar farthest to the left.
First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the impor-
tance of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species
compared with other animals [there are more species of
insects than of all other animals put together] and (b) by
their great influence on human interests. In the United States, the eco-
nomic loss by insects is more than five times as great as by fire and there are
more than twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases as from
railroad-accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and all beautiful
flowers are largely dependent upon pollination by insects.
Following this are a number of sections showing the relationships of
insects to other animals, explaining the terms used in the
classification of insects and exhibiting typical examples of
the principal families.
There is then given a summary of the principles underlying evolution
as illustrated by insects. This series concludes with a dis-
cussion of the Mendelian Law of Inheritance which has
been so greatly elaborated by experiments on the common
Insect Life
Importance of
Insects
Classification of
Insects
Evolution as
Illustrated by
Insects ; :
fruit fly, Drosophila ampelophila.
Insect life in its various phases follows, leading up to the economic
relations between insects and man. The latter topic is
Insects and : : : : 3 : F :
Man introduced by a consideration of insects’ enemies, including
man, and then certain insects are shown as enemies of man.
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GROUP OF MIGRATORY BUTTERFLIES
94
INSECTS, LOCAL COLLECTION 95
It concludes with exhibits of silk worms and honey bees — insects whose
products are commercial commodities. In connection with the honey bee,
other social insects are exhibited.
There is then a series of sections devoted to insects in art and literature,
concluding with photographs of prominent entomologists and instructions
concerning the collection and preservation of insects. [See Guide , Leaflet
No. 39.|
PART OF THE CICADA GROUP
Visitors desirous of studying the local insects more in detail are cordially
invited to do so by consulting the nearly complete collection
to be found in this hall under the custody of the New York
Entomological Society which holds its meetings in an
adjoining room.
It is primarily intended to bean aid in the identification of specimens
and is not a part of the general exhibition series.
Local
Collection
(Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor.)
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FOSSIL
EPTILES
DINOSAUR 5)
MINERALS
ISLANDS
1. Elevators
2. Fossil Fishes
FOURTH FLOOR
FOREWORD ON FossiL VERTEBRATES
In the East Corridor, and the South Pavilion at the left, as well as in
the East Wing and Southeast Pavilion at the right are displayed fossil
mammals, reptiles and fishes.
In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals
that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. In many instances
we have not the objects themselves but only their casts or impressions in
the rocks. This is particularly the case with shells. Sometimes, as with
the bones of the great Irish elk the objects have been buried in swamps or
bogs, and in a few rare instances as with the mammoth and woolly rhinoce-
ros, entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years in ice or
frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead animals or
plants have gradually been buried under layers of sediment to such a depth
that they come in contact with the mineral waters of the earth and finally
become petrified. Later through subsequent upheaval and erosion they
are again brought to or near the surface of the earth. Petrifaction is the
slow replacement of animal or vegetable material by such minerals as car-
bonate of lime or silica. The process is very slow and for this reason flesh
is never petrified. Fossil beds are found in every continent. In our own
country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, and the Bad Lands of South Dakota
are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest
fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities.
As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumu-
late over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the study of
fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important aid in de-
termining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. Many
of the skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from
30,000 to 20,090,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for exhibition the
96
MASTODONS AND MAMMOTHS 97
matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped away and the
missing parts restored in cement and plaster. ‘The bones are then assembled
as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored parts differ in color
from the original parts of the skeleton and can readily be distinguished.
As a whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed
to be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely num-
bers, but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation and
exhibition. The collections illustrating the evolution of the horse are
probably equal to those of all other institutions combined. The collections
of Permian reptiles, of Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurs, of turtles, of
North American Tertiary mammals, and of extinct mammals of South
America, are likewise of the first rank. There are more than seventy com-
plete skeletons on exhibition, several hundred skulls and nearly two thou-
sand jaws or other parts of various species. About ten times this number
are in storage, reserved for study and research, or not yet prepared for
exhibition.
EAST CORRIDOR
Fosstt FISHLIKE LIzARDS
Directly in front of the elevator is a wall case in which the most recently
acquired specimens are placed. ‘The cases attached to the wall near the
stairway contain specimens of huge marine fishlike lizards, which show the
tremendous pressure to which fossils are often subjected and the frag-
mentary condition in which they are found.
SOUTH PAVILION
Mastropons AND MAMMOTHS
The visitor should first enter the South Pavilion in which are shown
the skeletons of mammoths and mastodons, the prehistoric relatives of
the modern elephants, and of the curious and extraordinary extinct animals
which inhabited South America in prehistoric times, 30,000 to 100,000 years
ago. On the left is a series of modern skeletons illustrating the evolution
of the horse under the hand of man. Here are such extremes as the Shet-
land pony, only two feet ten inches high, and the rough-boned draught
Skeletons horse, which stands six feet one inch in height. Contrast
of Modern these with the slender-limbed “Sysonby”’ the famous race
Horses horse, and the Arabian stallion “Nimr.”’ Man by his intel-
ligence has modified the form of the horse to meet his needs and has
accomplished in a small degree but rapidly, what nature has done in an exten-
sive way during long ages —as will be seen from the fossil horses in the next
hall. The similarity in structure of the skeletons of horse and man is brought
out in the exhibit of a rearing horse being controlled by man. A comparison
of these two skeletons will show that with some modification the bones of the
ae if
al
THE GROUP OF GIANT GROUND SLOTHS
Fossil mammals from South America adapted for digging about the roots of trees for the purpose of
pulling them down to feed on the leaves and twigs
(See Reprint, Tae Grounp Storrs Group, for a full description and Reprint the Ancestry
of the Edentates for classification)
WARREN MASTODON 99
one correspond with the bones of the other. ‘The horse lover will also be
interested in the osteological collections in the wall cases which show how to
tell the age of horses through the growth and development of the teeth.
Beyond the Horse exhibit on the left are fossils from South America,
the most striking of which is the group of giant ground
et pas sloths. There are also good examples of the Glyptodon,
ammals 0
South a gigantic relative of the armadillo, of the camel-like Ma-
anata crauchenia, the rhinoceros-like Toxodon, and other strange
extinct animals which evolved in South America during the
Age of Mammals, when it was an island continent, as Australia is to-day.
Here too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the host of northern animals
that invaded the southern continent upon its union with the northern
world, and swept before them to extinction most of its ancient inhabitants.
The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths
and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the ele-
phants. The “Warren Mastodon” is a classic specimen.
al It was found near Newburg, N. Y. in 1846, and is the finest
specimen of its kind that has ever been discovered. There
is some confusion in the mind of the layman between the mammoth and
mastodon; in a general way they are both elephants, the main distinction
Tooth of Mastodon and Mammoth
between them being in the character of the teeth. While modern elephants
are confined to portions of Asia and Africa, fossil remains of elephants and
mastodons show that at one time or another in the past, they were found
over the greater part of the northern hemisphere.
Skeletons of the Asiatic and African elephants are shown for compari-
son with their extinct relatives and among these, is the
once famous Jumbo, whose name has been embodied in the
English language as a term for anything unusually large.
[See Handbook No. 4, Animals of the Past.|
Jumbo
SOUTHEAST WING
Fosstt MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD
Return to the East Corridor and continue into the Southeast Wing or
Tertiary Hall which contains the Fossil Mammals of the Tertiary Period.
100 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE
The geological age to which all the fossils shown in this hall belong,
covers a period of from 100,000 to 3,000,000 years. At each side of the
entrance are charts indicating the successive periods of time from the
Triassic to the Tertiary, and the animal life which pertained to each.
Careful guides and exhaustive cards of explanation, photographs, and
window transparencies combine to make the entire exhibit illuminative
and interesting.
Restoration of Eohippus, the four-toed horse. This ancestor of the modern horse, scarcely larger
than the red fox, lived some three millions of years ago. It comes from the Lower Eocene of
Wyoming and New Mexico
The particular feature of this hall is the wonderful series in the cases
by the entrance and in the first aleoves on the right showing the evolution
of the horse in nature. The Museum is justly proud of this
Paation collection. Not only is it the largest and finest series of
of the ’ ; rele!
thease fossil horse skeletons in the world, but it is larger than the
combined collections of all other institutioris, and it con-
tains the earliest known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed Eohippus,
which was no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered over Tertiary
rocks. As will be seen by an examination of the skeletons of the horse
and man in the Quaternary Hall, the modern horse walks on the tip of his
middle finger and toe. The front hoof bone corresponds to the last joint
of the third finger in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg corre-
spond bone for bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of man.
In the modern horse the remaining fingers or toes of the fore and hind foot
CAMELS. RHINOCEROS 101
Eohippus Orohippus Mesohippus
have entirely disappeared, or remain only as vestiges, the so-called “splint
bones.” The structure of the modern horse shows that it developed from
a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry has been traced back to the four-toed
stage. [See Guide Leaflet No. 36. The Evolution of the Horse.|
In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the
evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological age in which
each stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find the skeleton
of Eohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that
has been discovered. ‘This specimen is from the Wind River beds of
Wyoming and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. It is interesting to
note that while there were no horses found in this country by the white
settlers, America is the original home of the horse.
Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place
in the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit
is made more lifelike by plaster restorations of the animals and by water-
color sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These
paintings and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the later types of
the three-toed stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function
of support and are gradually becoming vestiges. The three-toed horse in
the center of the alcove is one of the most complete and finest examples
that has ever been unearthed.
Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall, are series of speci-
mens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and other cloven-hoofed
animals. These animals like the cow of to-day walked on the tips of the
third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or reduction to useless
vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced as in the horse series.
The large blocks showing groups of skeletons of early camels, skulls
and bones of primitive ruminants in their natural position
in the rock, show how these specimens are sometimes found
Giant Pigs and raise questions as to how they got there, more easily
Sere aii asked than answered. The giant pigs, or elotheres, and
the pygmy hippopotamus will repay examination.
The primitive rhinoceros-like animals are shown near the center of
the hall on the right. It seems hard to believe that our
vast western country and indeed all North America, was
Camels
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BRONTOSAURUS LOS
once the home of the rhinoceros. As here indicated great herds roamed
over the fields in the Tertiary Period and their fossil remains are found
imbedded in the sandstones and clays of the badland formations. Oppo-
site these are shown the ancestors of the dogs, cats and other carnivores
and the Creodonts or Primitive Carnivores of the early Tertiary. Next
to these are the small mammals — the insectivores, rodents and marsupials;
and the fossil lemurs and monkeys, fragmentary but interesting because
of their bearing on the ancestry of man.
On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the
left of uintatheres, huge extinct, horned animals peculiar to North America .
Restoration of Brontosaurus. One of the largest of the amphibious dinosaurs, cold-blooded, slow-
moving, unintelligent creatures that grew to large size (65 ft. in length) in the rich vegetation of the
Reptilian era
SOUTHEAST PAVILION
Fosstt REPTILES AND FISHES
The visitor now enters the Southeast Pavilion containing the dinosaurs
and other fossil reptiles and also fishes. These animals belong to a more
ancient period than the specimens just examined. They lived from
3,000,000 to 10,000,000 years ago. They include the well-
The Dinosaur known dinosaurs of which the Museum has a large collection.
Diplodocus In the wall case on the left is a portion of the skeleton of
the dinosaur Diplodocus; this was the first of these speci-
TRACHODONS OR DUCK-BILLED DINOSAURS
Fossil reptiles, fifteen to sixteen feet high and thirty feet long, with spreading webbed feet, compressed
tail and duck-like bill, all of which indicate a more or less aquatic existence
104
GREAT DINOSAURS 105
mens to be unearthed by the Museum, while on the right is a nearly com-
plete skeleton of a related species mounted as it lay when ten million years
ago it settled to the bottom of a western lake where it was gradually covered
with sand and mud and slowly turned into stone.
The gigantic skeleton in the center of the hall is the huge extinct rep-
tile, the dinosaur Brontosaurus, found in the Jurassic beds
of Wyoming. It is the only mounted specimen of its kind
in the world and more than two-thirds of the skeleton is the original pet-
rified bone. It is sixty-six feet eight inches in length, sixteen feet in height
and is estimated to have weighed when alive thirty-five tons. Bronto-
Brontosaurus
TYRANNOSAURUS AND MAN
A man would have been but a mouthful for this the latest and largest of flesh-eating dinosaur
Skeletons of two of these monsters are now being mounted for exhibition
saurus is one of the largest giant reptiles and as is indicated by its teeth
was herbivorous, probably living on the rank water weeds of the nearly
sea-level marshes of Wyoming. Contrasted with the herbivorous Bronto-
saurus, is the carnivorous dinosaur Allosaurus, mounted to
represent the animal feeding on the fallen carcass of a Bronto-
saurus, upon which it preyed. This is not a fanciful mounting for these
very skeletons were found in close proximity to each other in the Jurassic
beds of Wyoming, and the skeleton of the fallen Brontosaurus shows gouges
made by the teeth of Allosaurus as it tore the flesh from its victim.
Near the Allosaurus group is a portion of a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus
the last and most powerful of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Like Allosaurus
it has enormous three-toed hind legs, armed with sharp
claws, and smaller forelegs. Tyrannosaurus is from Mon-
tana and the matrix in which it was found is as hard as flint.
Allosaurus
Tyranno-
saurus
RESTORATION OF THE JAWS OF A FOSSIL SHARK
This largest and most formidable fish, living or extinct, of which we have any record fre-
quented the Coast of South Carolina in Tertiary time. The jaws measure nine feet across;
estimated length of fish, eighty feet, as large as a sulphur-bottom whale
106
MUMMIED DINOSAUR 107
To the left of Brontosaurus are two complete specimens of the duck-
billed dinosaur T'rachodon. One shows the animal erect
Trachodon : ; d ae
and standing on guard, while the other is shown feeding on
shellfish and plants of the Cretaceous swamps of Montana.
Mummied Most wonderful, perhaps of all the specimens shown
Dinosaur here is a “mummy” of TZrachodon in which the texture
of the skin is preserved.
The animal is lying on its back and, in spite of its crushed condition,
its ferm is easily distinguishable. It probably died on a sand bank or
near a shoal where the hot winds dried up the flesh until the skin adhered
to the bones like a close-fitting glove, and was subsequently buried by a
flood.
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Section of the skin of Trachodon showing the small scutes with which the animal was covered.
About natural size
Other specimens shown in the hall include the smaller carnivorous
dinosaurs, the horned dinosaurs with, in one instance at least, a skull
seven feet in length, and giant birds possessed of teeth. There is also the
finback lizard, one of the most ancient of fossil reptiles; Diadectes, a reptile
with a solid-boned skull and Eryops, a primitive amphibian. ‘The finest
collection of fossil turtles in the world will be found on the south side of the
hall.
In the Tower of the Southeast Pavilion are displayed the fossil fishes
which belong to a much earlier period than the mammals
and reptiles, some of them having lived twenty to fifty
millions of years ago. Many of these forerunners of back-
boned animals are quite unlike any living fishes and are probably only very
indirectly related to them; some were small, curiously encased in shells;
Fossil Fishes
108 GIANT FOSSIL SHARK
others, shown in the three cases in front of the visitor, attained large size and
were evidently formidable creatures. One of them in fact, Dinichthys,
shown in the middle of the gallery, was probably among the most destruc-
tive creatures that ever lived in the sea. Its jaws were so strong that it
could crush a plate of bone as thick as one’s hand. Such an actual speci-
men, fractured in life and showing the marks of “teeth” is shown in a
neighboring case.
RESTORATION OF NAOSAURUS
One of Nature’s jokes. Professor Cope, who was also a joker, suggested that the high fin served
as a sail, by means of which Naosaurus sailed over the lakes near which it lived
The collection is so arranged that he who makes the tour can see the
principal kinds of fossil fishes and is able, in a measure, to outline the
history and pedigree of the entire group. He can trace the rise and fall
of the early plate-covered fishes; the era of the sharks which on the one
hand supplanted the earliest fishes and were in time replaced by the more
efficient lungfishes and ganoids; the age of ganoids when the waters were
filled with these enamel-scaled fishes; finally the age of the bony-fishes,
or teleosts, the multitudinous forms of to-day, the herrings, cods, perches,
whose methods of swimming, feeding and breeding are far more efficient
than those of any of their predecessors.
Above the entrance are the jaws (models), spreading nine feet, of a
huge fossil shark in which the actual teeth are arranged as
aa . in the sharks of to-day, in the usual banks or rows — the
Giant Fossil : d ‘ :
Clare teeth in the hinder rows serving to replace those in front, .
nature having dealt more kindly in the matter of teeth
with sharks than with man. Sucha shark probably measured from seventy
to ninety feet and its race may well have become extinct, when for various
FOSSIL AQUARIUM 109
reasons the enormous volume of food necessary to support it could not be
maintained within its range of sea.
: In the first alcove to the left, by the window, is a “ fossil
Fossil
; aquarium” in which a number of models of these earliest
Aquarium
fishes are arranged in a group, as though alive in the sea,
In the next alcove are the early fossil sharks which superseded the
tribe of plated fishes just mentioned. These sharks had soft skeletons,
simple fins and a number of other primitive features which
lead to the belief that all of the higher fishes, and the higher
back-boned animals therefore as well, were descended from them, their
simpler structures becoming more complicated in many directions. In
one of the early sharks here exhibited, impressions of soft parts such as
muscles and gill filaments have been preserved.
In the third alcove appear rare fossils of silver sharks or Chimeeroids,
which appear to have been developed from a primitive race
of sharks. Curiously enough fossil egg capsules of these
forms are sometimes preserved, and examples are here present. In neigh-
boring cases are shown ancient lungfishes and ganoids — groups from
which all land-living quadrupeds are believed to be descended.
In the fourth alcove are shown the ganoid fishes which dominated the
waters during the Age of Reptiles. They were of many
kinds and sizes, most of them with lozenge-shaped scales
of bone, with enamelled surface. One of the few survivors (Ama) of this
ancient group is here shown living (in a window aquarium), to give the
visitor a clearer idea of the fishes of the “ Middle Ages”’ of the world.
In the fifth alcove are the petrified fishes of the Age of Mammals. By
this time nearly all of the primitive fishes, like sharks, lung-
fishes and ganoids, had become extinct; and the common
forms were bony-fishes, or teleosts, closely related to our herrings, perches,
mackerels and daces.
[Return to the South Pavilion or Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths.|
Sharks
Chimzroids —
Ganoids
Teleosts
SOUTH CENTRAL WING
GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY
Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing
the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing
of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palzeon-
tology. Owing to important changes in progress in the arrangement of
this hall, but a portion of the collections are at present on exhibition, though
all are available for study.
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METEORITES 111
At the entrance of the hall is the general collection of meteorites, which
: is one of the largest and most representative in this country,
Meteorites Sr ; : ; ; s
containing as it does specimens from about five hundred of
the seven hundred falls and finds that are known throughout the world.
Some of the principal features of our collection are:
Two thousand or more individual masses from the “stone shower”’ that
fell near Holbrook, Arizona, in 1912. These have been arranged in a case
by themselves in the middle of the collection.
The whole mass of Ysleta, a newly discovered (1914) iron meteorite,
weighing 310 pounds from near the ancient village of Ysleta, New Mexico.
A series of polished and etched large slices of iron meteorites, including
an entire section of the new Mt. Edith, Australia, mass, showing the Wid-
manstitten lines in great perfection, and polished slabs from several large
stone meteorites. ‘These are in a case by themselves which likewise con-
tains several comparatively large entire single masses of some famous falls.
An exhibit of meteoritic masses, decomposition products, and country
rock showing unaltered material and that which was melted and otherwise
altered by the impact of the Canyon Diablo meteorite at the spot now
known as Meteor Crater, Arizona. This exhibit has been loaned to the
Museum by Princeton University.
The desk case in the first aleove to the left as one enters the hall con-
3 tains a series of rock specimens showing the geology of
‘sane Manhattan Island. This is arranged geographically and
Teland illustrates all the most prominent features of immediately
local geology from south to north.
Going northward in the hall the next large exhibit to attract the atten-
tion of the visitor is the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an
anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pa. Millions of years
ago, in the geological period known as the Carboniferous,
this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of
decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal.
The stump was left in the roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for
commercial and domestic uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery
had been abandoned and was discovered only through the chance visit of
a miner.
Fossilized
Tree Stump
Next the visitor will see an exhibit illustrating some of the results of an
expedition which the Museum sent to Martinique and St. Vincent during
the great volcanic eruptions of 1902-1903 that devastated those islands of
the Lesser Antilles chain. A set of four relief maps shows the
island of Martinique and its famous volcano, Mont Pelée,
at three important stages of the eruptions, while the nearby cases and pedes-
tals contain relics of the ruined city of St. Pierre and the dust, stones and
bread-crust bombs that were thrown out in a white hot or molten condition
Mont Pelée
112 COPPER QUEEN MINE
by this volcano and by the Soufriére of St. Vincent. Nearly 30,000 people
were killed by these outbreaks. Important geological facts were learned
from the observation and subsequent study of the series of events.
An attractive case is that containing some marvelously beautiful speci-
mens of calcite, aragonite and gypsum from the famous
silver-and-lead mines near Santa Eulalia in the vicinity of
Chihuahua, Mexico. These specimens are remarkable for
the perfection of their crystalline form or the delicacy of their fibrous devel-
opments and for their colors.
The northeastern corner of the hall is devoted to the Copper Queen
Mine Model and a series of ores and other specimens from
Copper Queen the famous Bisbee-Warren copper district in southern Ari-
Mine Model PP
and Exhibit 20na. ‘Two models have been prepared as a result of several
years of extremely painstaking and skillful work. A large
model, some 18 by 12 feet in dimensions shows on a scale of twenty-four
feet to the inch all the surface features and mine and other buildings over
four of the principal mines (Holbrook, Spray, Gardner and Lowell) belong-
ing to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, while a painted
background represents the surrounding mountains and the town of Bisbee.
The sides of the model give vertical sections to a depth of about 1200 feet
illustrating the geology of the area and showing the general manner of get-
ing out the ore and hunting for new deposits. There have been produced
in about 30 years (1880-1912) from the mines at Bisbee belonging to this
company 7,729,922 tons of copper ore of an average copper content of
7.16%. The metal production in this period was
Copper — 1,106,605,774 pounds (553,303 tons)
Gold — 104,775 ounces Troy (8,731 pounds)
Silver — 6,107,421 ounces Troy (508,952 pounds).
Chihuahua
Cave Material
Near the large general model there has been installed a small model on
a scale of six feet to the inch showing the usual methods of extracting the
ore by “stoping.” Drilling, picking, timbering, filling old cavities, trans-
porting, raising ore to the surface and other operations are illustrated as
well as is practicable on the scale adopted. The shaft is equipped with its
cages, which are arranged so that they go up and down by means of auto-
matic machinery.
Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent
country illustrate the geology of the region. Chief of these specimens are
velvet malachites that were taken from the original “Queen” mine, the
Open Cut, in the early eighty’s and a great block of malachite and azurite
weighing about four tons taken from the Mine in 1892 and exhibited in the
Arizona mining exhibit at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. Enlarged
photographic transparencies give details of scenery and mining, supple-
CAVES 113
menting what is shown by the models. The work of treating the ores at
the smelter in Douglas near Bisbee is demonstrated in a neighboring case.
The northwest corner of the hall contains a display of caves and cave
Mee material the most important feature of which is the repro-
duction of part of a beautiful cave that was discovered early
in 1910 in mining operations at the Copper Queen mine. ‘The cave was
formed by the dissolving action of water traversing joints in limestone, and
its walls, roof and bottom were afterward coated with calcite (cale spar)
incrustations, stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are dazzling white
while others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese
compounds.
Alongside the Copper Queen cave a reproduction of a chamber in Weyer’s
Cave, Virginia, is being installed. Weyer’s Cave is in a region of much
heavier rainfall than Bisbee, which is probably the principal factor in pro-
ducing a greater wealth of regular stalactite and stalagmite growth than
adorns the Copper Queen cave.
The cases along both sides and down the middle of the hall contain
geological and paleontological specimens. Paleontology is the science
of the ancient life of the earth; its field is the study of the fossilized shells
and other hard parts and the various kinds of imprints left by the animals
formerly inhabiting the seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which
now form our stratified rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of
strata are more recent than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of
life forms in the earth’s crust and thus are of the highest value and interest
to the student of historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only
a small proportion of the animals living at a given period are permanently
preserved in the marine, river, lake and subaérial deposits of that period,
the geological record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inas-
much as invertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than the
vertebrate forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the geologi-
cal age of a bed of rock, even when remains of both kinds are found together.
Invertebrate life, too, appeared on the globe far earlier than vertebrate, and
remains of certain species are abundant in the lowest (oldest) of our stratified
rocks.
The specimens in the cases on the west side of the hall are being arranged
to illustrate historical geology, beginning at the south (en-
trance) with the Archean rocks, which are the lowest and
oldest of all and contain no fossils, advancing regularly
through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,
Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary. Most of the specimens on ex-
hibition are from American localities, but a synoptic series of European
fossils is exhibited in the northwest quarter of the hall. The desk cases
in the middle of the hall contain overflow material from the sides. Under
Historical
Geology
114 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
the historical sub-division the species are arranged according to their posi-
tion in the scale of life — that is, following a biological classification, the
lower or simpler forms being placed first. The diamond-shaped bits of
emerald green paper attached to some of the specimens indicate those, more
than 8,000 in number, known as “types” or “ figured specimens,”’ used by
James Hall, R. P. Whitfield and others in the original description and
naming of species or in their elucidation.
The upper shelves and the ends of the upright cases contain particularly
large or striking specimens of fossils, or blocks of rock illustrating the geolo-
gical features of the horizons in which the fossils occur.
Attention may be called also to the collection of Michigan copper ores,
orbicular granites and diorites from several parts of the world, fossil crinoids
from Waldron and Crawfordsville, Indiana, fossil corals from the Devonian
reefs near Louisville, Kentucky, fossil crinoids and an immense clamlike
shell from the Cretaceous of Nebraska, fossil plants from Tertiary beds at
Florissant, Colorado. The windows contain some colored transparencies
from photographs of interesting scenery in the West.
[Return to the Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths and turning to the right
enter the West Corridor or Gem Hall.]
CRYSTAL BALL IN THE MORGAN COLLECTION
WEST CORRIDOR
GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES
The West Corridor contains the Morgan gem collection. This valuable
series of gems and precious stones was presented tothe
eee Museum by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, one of the founders
Sioags and a trustee of the institution. It comprises a representa-
tive assemblage of cut and uncut gems, many of the former
of remarkable size and some of great purity of color. The installation aims
to bring into juxtaposition, the cut and uncut material, the former is ar-
ranged around the latter, in the center of the cases, and the visitor may
thus observe the brilliancy of effect produced in the natural mineral by
skillful artificial treatment (cutting).
115
A PORTION OF THE GEM HALL
In the wall cases are many fine examples of quartz, calcite, malachite, azurite and amethyst.
In
the desk cases are cut and uncut diamonds, sapphires, topaz and other gems. The collection, pre-
sented to the Museum by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, includes many large and rare forms which
could not be duplicated
116
tEMS. MINERALS 117
A partial gradation in importance and value is obtained by the arrange-
ment of the gems, beginning with Diamond at the extreme south and pass-
ing north, case by case (through Corundum (Sapphire), Beryl, (Emerald),
Topaz, Tourmaline, Chrysolite, Spinel, Zircon (//yacinth), Chrysolite
(Peridot), Adularia (Moonstone), Opal, Amethyst, Kunzite, Amber, Pearls.)
In one case a varied collection of semi precious or ornamental stones is
shown, many of which are experimental efforts to use mineral material
which can never have any very extended use, viz., prehnite, titanite, sphal-
erite, hematite, cyanite, etc., ete.
Handsome wall case specimens of large size line the sides of the Gem
room, among which the Azurite, Malachite, Quartz, Amethyst, Gypsum
and Tourmaline are pre-eminent for size or beauty.
SOUTHWEST WING
MINERALS
Next beyond the Gem Hall is the Southwest Wing or Hall of Minerals.
At the entrance to the hall is a case in which recent acquisitions are placed.
The general collection of minerals consists chiefly of the
a. well-known Bement Collection which contains specimens
of Minerals TePresenting species of the known minerals of the world.
Not only is the collection noted for its numbers, but in many
instances the beauty and size of the individual specimens are quite unsur-
passed in other collections.
The more attractive specimens are displayed in cases arranged down
the center of the room. ‘The remainder of the collection is arranged ac-
cording to the classification of minerals. In the first cases on the right or
left are models of the six systems of crystals and other introductory illustra-
tions of the physical and optical properties of minerals. Each mineral has
a characteristic form of crystallization which is one of the means of identify-
ing it. The distribution of the more important minerals is indicated on
maps.
SOUTHWEST PAVILION
COLLECTIONS FROM THE Pacrric ISLANDS
Entering the Southwest Pavilion beyond the Hall of Minerals the visitor
will find specimens pertaining to the natives of the Pacific Islands. The
wall cases contain examples of war implements, tapa or bark cloth, sacred
masks, boomerangs and armor.
TAHITIAN FIRE-WALKER
In the fire-walking ceremony the priest and his followers walk barefoot over a row of heated
boulders of basalt
118
HAWAIIAN FEATHER CLOAK
The central figure in this hall is a Tahitian priest represented as taking
part in the fire-walking ceremony, in which the participants
walk over heated boulders of lava. On either side are
groups engaged in grating cocoanut, making kava, weaving
mats for houses.
In the box case behind the Tahitian fire-walker there is exhibited a
striking series of Melanesian masks, a few fashioned from the facial portion
of human skulls, the majority carved of wood. These masks are worn by
dancers during festivals in honor of the dead. Near the window there is
a case of sacred Melanesian carvings topped by a totem pole that bears a
superficial resemblance to the totem poles of the North Pacific coast of
America.
The cases in the center contain kava bowls, head rests, shell and ebony
armlets and other ornaments, betel spatulas, ceremonial paddles, hats,
mats and baskets. These people follow the custom of tattooing themselves.
Their occupations as here detailed are peaceful rather than warlike. The
swinging picture-frames on the left of the entrance midway down the
room give some idea of the dress, customs, and pastimes of the South Sea
Tahitian
Fire-walker
Islanders.
A noteworthy object is the cloak from the Hawaiian Islands, made
of red and yellow feathers. Such cloaks were worn by
chiefs — and as each bird furnished but few feathers and,
considering the value put upon them and the time required for making a
cloak, the one shown represents a very high value.
The entrance to the Maori Tower is flanked by two wall-cases with
Feather Cape
119
O 2 .
2 OFFICES & LA BOJRATORIES
< ADMINISTRATIVE OF THE
ae Bata ee DEPARTMENTS
vet
air
Elevators
Office of the Director
Ne
oe
FIFTH FLOOR
The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices
and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library which con-
tains some 70,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel.
The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and,
with the exception of Sundays and holidays, is open free daily, from 9 A. M.
to 5 P. M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the current
issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more general works
of reference, while other volumes will, upon application to the librarian, be
furnished to those who wish to consult them.
On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Vertebrate
Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and
mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of in-
vertebrates.
These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the
public.
INDEX
Page numbers of illustrations in heavy face type.
Administrative Offices 122
African collections 55
““Ahnighito”’ meteorite 21
Allosaurus 105
Altar stone 53
Amia Group 60, 61
Amphibians 42, 44, 47, 48
Amundsen Sledge 35
Annelids 40
Antelope Group 64, 70
Archeology, Mexico and Central America 50, 51,
53; of North America 54
Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 79
Arthropods 41
Asia, Collections from 89
Assembly Halls 19
Auditorium 24
Auduboniana 84
Auk 56
Aztecs 53
Bacteria 81
Baskets, 32, 34
Bats 72
Beaver Group 68, 70
Bement Collection 117
Bench Mark 17
“Big Tree” of California 35
Birch Bark kettle 26
Bird Feeding Group 58
Bird Groups 49, 57, 72, 74-80
Bird Rock Group 80
Birds, Local 49
Birds of paradise 58
Birds of the world 56
Birds, Seasonal collection 49
Bison Group 69
Blankets, Chilkat 23, 24; Navajo 33, 34
Booby and Man-of-War Group 77
Brandt’s Cormorant Group 77
Brontosaurus 103, 105
Bronzes from Benin 56; from China 89
Brown Pelican Group 76
Bubonic Plague 83
Buffalo 6
Building Stones 25
Bullfrog Group 42, 47
ushmen 55
Bust of Bickmore 25; of Darwin 37; American
Men of Science 19; Pasteur 80
Butterflies 93, 94
Calendar Stone 53
California Condor Group 77
California Lizard Group 46, 47
Camels 101
Caribou 70
Catlin Paintings 29
Cave Man 54; Paintings 54
Cave, Copper Queen 113, Weyers 113
Chichen Itza 53
Chilkat blankets 23, 24
Chimezorids 61, 109
Chinese Bronzes 89
Chinese collections 89
Cicada 95
Clam and Oyster, Models 41
Cobb’s Island Group 73
Cobra Group 45
Codices 53
Congo collections 55
Copan 51
Copperhead Snake Group 45
Copper Queen Cave 113; Mine 112
Coral 40, 41
Creodonts 103
Crustaceans 41
Darwin, Bust 37
Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 37
Demuth Collection of Pipes 26
Diagrams of Halls 9, 19, 44, 71, 122
Dinosaurs 97, Allosaurus 105; Brontosaurus 103,
105; Diplodocus 103; Duck-billed 104, 107;
Mummied 107; Trachodon 104, 107; Tyran-
nosaurus 105
Dodo 57
Dogs 41
Duck Hawk 72, 75
Eagle Group 79
Egret Group 76
Eggs 58
Elephant Group 70
Elephant Head 55
Elephant *‘ Tip” 44
Elk 70
Eohippus 100, 101
Eskimo collection 24; Woman Cooking 25; Fish-
ing 25
False Faces 27, 28
False Face Societies 28
Feather Cape 119
Fire Walker 118
Fishes, Bony 61; Deep Sea 61, 62, 63; Evolution
of 63; Fossil 107; Groups 59, 60, 63; Recent
59-63
Flamingo Group 77, 78
Flatworms 40
Flea Model 83
Florida Rookery Group 77
Fly, Model of 82, 83
Forestry, Hall of North American 33
Fossil Aquarium 109, 110
Fossils:
Age of 96; Fishes 107; Fishlike Lizards 97;
Formation of 96; Invertebrate 109, 113; Sharks
106, 109; South American 98; Tertiary 99; Tree
Stump 111
Fowls 43
Fur Seal Group 66, 69
Ganoids; Fossil 109; Recent 61
Gar Pike 61
Gem Hall 116
Gems and Precious stones 115
Goioes 109; historical 113; of Manhattan Island
1
Glacial grooves 17
Glacial Pothole 17
Goddess of the Earth 52
Gold and silver work 86
Golden Eagle Group 79
Goose (Wild) Group 79
Grant’s Caribou 70
- Grebe Group 79
Ground Sloth Group 98
Groups:
Birds 49, 57, 58, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
80: Fishes 59, 60, 63; Insects 94,95; Ma-
rine Invertebrates 38, 39, 43; Mammals 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72; Man 22, 23, 25, 26,
27, 30, 119, 121; Reptiles 42, 45, 46, 47, 48
Habitat Groups 72
Hackensack Meadow Group 75
Hag-fishes 59
Haida Canoe 22, 23
Heron Group (Florida Great Blue) 75
History of Museum 10
Horse, Evolution of the 100, 102
Horse and Man 97
Horses, Skeletons of modern 97
Incas 86
Indians of Manhattan 28; of the North Pacific
Coast 21-24; of the Plains 29-31; of South
America 85-89; of the Southwest 32-34; of
the Woodlands 26-29
Tribes illustrated by exhibits
Alaskan 31; Apache 32, 39; Arapaho 31;
Blackfoot 30, 31; Cayuga 26; Cherokee 28;
Cheyenne 29; Chilkat 23; Cree 28, 29; Crow
29; Dakota 29; Delaware 28; Haida 22, 23;
Hopi 32; Iroquois 26; Kiowa 29; Mandan 29;
123
124
Manhattan 28; Maya 51; Menomini 28;
Navajo 32, 34; New Tack ’28; Ojibway 28;
Oneida 26: Onondaga 26; Osage 29; Papago
32; Pawnee 29; Penobscot 28; Pima 32, 33;
Potawatomi 28; Sauk and Fox: 28; Saulteaux
28; Seminole 28: Seneca 26; Tuscarora 20;
Winnebago 28; Yuchi 28; Zuni 32
Information Bureau 19
Insects, Groups 94, 95; importance 93;
local collection 95
Insects and disease 83; and Man 93
Invertebrate Paleontology 109
Invertebrates, Fossil 114; Recent 37-43; 93-95
Jade Boulder 121
Jesup Collection of North American Woods 35
Jesup Memorial Statue 18, 19
Jesup Tablet 35
Jumbo’s Skeleton 99
Klamath Lake Group 73, 79
Labrador Duck 58
Lampreys
Lectures 11, 24, 25
Library 15, 122
Lobsters, record 41
Loon Group 77
life 93;
Mammals, Groups 65-70; of North America 65; of
the Polar region 70; of the World 92
Mammoth 99
Maori Heads 121; Warrior 121
Marine Invertebrates 38-41; Groups 38, 39
Masks, Iroquois 27; story of 27; Tlingit 23
Mastodons and Mammoths 97, 99
Mayas 51
Medicine Man 31
Medicine pipe 31
Membership 11
Members’ Room 71
Memorial Hall 19
Meteorites 21, 111
Mexican Archeology 50, 51, 53; Earth Goddess 52
Minerals 117
Mink 67
Mitla 53
Moccasin (Gros Ventre) 31
Moccasin Snake 45
Mollusks 91
Monkeys 71
Moose Group 69
Mosquito models 41
Mosquitoes and malaria 84
Mummy bundles 86, 87; cloths 85; Chilean Copper
89; dinosaur 107
Mural paintings by Stokes 24; by Taylor 24
Museum building 4; administration 10; admission
to 10; definition of 11; history 10; location 10;
membership 11; purposes of 11; support 10
Musk Ox 70
Muskrat 67
Naosaurus 108
Navajo blankets 33, 34
Nazca Pottery 87
North Pacific Hall 20, 22
Opossum 65
Orang Utan Group 71
Orizaba Group 74
Pacific Islands Collections 117
Paddlefish Group 59
Peary, Bust of 21
Peary Sledges 35
Pelée, Mount, paintings of 26; eruption 111
Pelican Groups 73, 76, 79
Peruvian Collections 85-89
Philippine Collections 120, 121
Pigs, Giant Fossil 101
Pioneers of American Science 20, 21
Pipes, Demuth Collection 25
Plum, Wild 36
Polar Expeditions 35
Polar Maps 33
Polyodon Group 59
Polyps 39
Portuguese Man-of- War 40
INDEX
Potlatch Ceremony 23
Pothole, Glacial 17
Pottery, Indian, a 32, 33, 34; Chinese 89;
Nasca, Nazca, 8 7; Peruvian 87
Power Room 26
Prairie Chicken Group 79, 80
Prehistoric Man of Europe and North America 54
Pronghorn Antelope 64
Protozoa 39
Ptarmigan 57, 79
Publications 15, 125
Public Health, Hall 80-84
Pueblo Indians 32, 33
Quipus 87
Raccoon 65
Religious ceremonies 23, 31, 32, 53, 56
Reptiles 44-48
Rhinoceros 101
Robin Group 49
Rodents 71
Roosevelt Elk 70
Rotifers 40
Roundworms 40
Sage Grouse Group 79
Sandhill Crane Group 76
San Joaquin Valley Group 77
School Collections 12
Sea-mats 40
Seismograph 35
Sewage S81
Sharks 61; fossil 108; great fossil 106
Shells 91
Siberian eas 89, 90
Skunk
Soexctsen: Indian 28, 31, 37
Sledge, Amundsen’s 35
Sledge, Peary’s 35
Sponges 37, 39
Squirrels, 69
Staff, Scientific 2
Starfish, 40
Stele 50, 51
Study Collections 12-15
Sun dance 31
Sunfish, Ocean 63
Synoptic Series of Animals 37-41; of Mammals 92
Tahitians 118, 119
Teleosts, Fossil 109; Recent 61
Tertiary Vertebrates 99
Textiles, Haida 23; Inca 85; Navajo 33, 34
Thorne Tablet 71
Tipi 30
Toad Group 48
Totem poles 23
Trachodon 104, 107
Trenton Man 54
Trephined skulls 87, 88
Trustees, Board of 1
Turkey Vulture Group 76
Tyrannosaurus 105
Uintatheres 103
Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 41
Virginia deer 65
Visitors’ Room 19, 20
Volcanic bombs 111
Walrus 70
Wampum 26, 27
Warren Mastodon 99
Water Pollution 81
Water Supply 81
Water Turkey Group 75
Weasel Group 67
Whale, finback 75; North Atlantic right 72; sul.
hur-bottom 92
Wharf Pile Group 38
Work of Museum 12
Workshops 16
Worm Group 43
Wild Turkey Group 75
‘*Willamette”’’ meteorite 20
Woodchuck 69
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
HANDBOOKS
These deal with subjects illustrated by the collections rather than with
the objects themselves.
No. 1— NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE PLAINS. By Cuarx
Wisster, Ph.D., Curator of Anthropology. October, 1912, 145 pages,
maps and illustrations. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents.
This gives an account of the Material Culture, Social Organization,
Religion, Ceremonies, Arts and Languages of the Plains Indians of
North America.
No. 2.— INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. By Puiny Ear.e Gopparp, Ph.D.,
Curator of Ethnology. March, 1913, 190 pages, maps and many illus-
trations. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents.
A résumé of our present knowledge of these interesting Indians.
Among the subjects treated are the Spanish Conquest, Cliff Dwellings,
Native Weaving, the Potter’s Art and the Hopi Snake-Dance.
No. 3— THE ANCIENT PEOPLES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
By Herpert J. SprnpEN, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Department of
Anthropology. In preparation.
No. 4.— ANIMALS OF THE PAST. A popular account of some of the Creatures
of the Ancient World. By FrepErRic A. Lucas, Se.D., Director of
the Museum. 250 pages with 41 illustrations by Charles R. Knight
and Joseph Gleeson. Paper, 35 cents.
This, now revised as one of the series of Museum Handbooks, tells
of mammoth and mastodon, of the giants among birds, the sea lizards
and the huge dinosaurs.
ILLUSTRATED GUIDE LEAFLETS
These describe some exhibit, or series of exhibits, of special interest
or importance, or may deal with the contents of an entire hall.
Many of the earlier leaflets are out of print, but new editions of
those most in demand are in course of preparation.
THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS. By Louis P. Gratacap, A.M.,
Curator of Mineralogy. February, 1902. Price, 5 cents.
The minerals have been moved since this leaflet was issued, but
it contains much information about the collection and a number of
figures of interesting specimens.
NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS. By J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Cura-
tor of Mammalogy and Ornithology. Revised edition, February, 1904.
Price, 10 cents.
Describes the rapidly disappearing large game of North America,
such as the Bison, Elk and Mountain Sheep.
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH.
By Grorce H. Pepper, Assistant in Anthropology. April, 1902.
Second edition, May, 1909. Price, 10 cents.
125
126 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS
PRIMITIVE ART. July, 1904. Price, 15 cents.
THE BATRACHIANS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY.
By Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator of Reptiles, New York Zodlogical
Park. October, 1905. Price, 15 cents.
THE BIRDS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By Frank
M. Cuapman, Curator of Ornithology. April-July, 1906. Price, 15
cents.
PERUVIAN MUMMIES. By CuHarites W. Mean, Assistant Curator,
Department of Anthropology. March, 1907. Price, 10 cents.
THE METEORITES IN THE FOYER OF THE AMERICAN
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. By Epmunp Otts Hovey,
Ph.D., Curator, Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palzon-
tology. December, 1907. Price, 10 cents.
The collection, which represents about 500 falls, numbering
some 2,000 specimens, includes the great ‘‘Ahnighito’’ meteorite,
weighing 363 tons, brought from Greenland by Peary, the strange
‘““Willamette’’ meteorite and the ‘‘Canyon Diablo” which contains
minute diamonds.
THE HABITAT GROUPS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By
FRANK M. CHapMANn, Curator of Ornithology. February, 1909. Price,
15 cents.
These celebrated groups are designed to illustrate not only the
habits but also the haunts, or habitats, of the species shown. The
backgrounds are careful studies from nature and each represents
tea ree locality. Twenty-two of these groups are shown in
this leafiet.
THE INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY. By
ALANSON SKINNER, Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology.
New Edition in Preparation.
BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. March, 1910.
Pricd, 10 cents.
A summary of the Exploration of Antarctic Regions, from the
voyage of Captain Cook in 1768-1777 down to Shackleton’s expedi-
tion in 1908.
TREES AND FORESTRY. By Mary Cyntara Dickerson, B.S.,
Curator of Woods and Forestry. September, 1910. Out of print.
A new edition in course of preparation.
This leaflet, based on the Jesup Collection of North American
Woods, describes tree structure and growth, includes a key for the
identification of trees in winter and considers forest industries and
their management for profit.
No. 33.— THE PROTECTION OF RIVER AND HARBOR WATERS FROM
MUNICIPAL WASTES. By CxHarLes-Epwarp AMoRY WINSLOW,
M.S8., Curator, Department of Public Health. April, 1911, 25 pages,
13 illustrations. Price, 10 cents.
A discussion of the nature of city sewage, the reasons for its purifi-
cation, and the various devices for rendering it harmless.
No. 34.— PLANT FORMS IN WAX. By E. C. B. Fasserr. November, 1911.
Price, 10 cents.
Tells how reproductions of foliage and flowers, such as are used
in the bird groups, are made.
No. 36.— THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. By W. D. Martruew, Ph.D.,
Curator, Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology. Jn press. 63
pages, 39 illustrations. Price, 20 cents.
The past geologic history of the Horse affords the most complete
and convincing illustration of evolution among mammals. This leaf-
let, based upon material in this Museum, describes the successive
stages in its evolution from the four-toed ‘‘Hohippus no bigger than
a fox’’ to the single-toed horse of to-day.
AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 127
OUR COMMON BUTTERFLIES. By Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D. Assis-
tant Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy. June, 1914.
Price, 15 cents.
Describes and figures natural size the common species (31 in all) of
the eastern United States.
HOW TO COLLECT AND PRESERVE INSECTS. By Frank E.
Lurz, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy.
Illustrated, 21 pages. Price, 10 cents.
REPRINTS
of Important Articles in the American Museum Journal.
THE GROUND SLOTH GROUP. By W..D. Martruew. April, 1911.
Describes the structure and habits of these giant relatives of our sloths
and anteaters. 8 pages, 4 illustrations. Price, 5 cents.
METHODS AND RESULTS IN HERPETOLOGY. By Mary C.
Dickerson. October, 1911. Describes the methods used in mount-
ing or reproducing Reptiles and Amphibians, 12 pages, 19 illustrations.
Price, 5 cents.
THE WHARF PILE GROUP. By Roy W. Miner. March, 1913.
Illustrating specialization to an inactive life as shown by sponges, hy-
droids, and sea anemones. 8 pages, 4 illustrations. Price, 5 cents.
THE SEA WORM GROUP. By Roy W. Miner. November, 1912.
Deals with the marine worms of the Atlantic Coast and the battle of
life that must be waged by all living creatures. 16 pages, 18 illustra-
tions. Price, 10 cents.
THE ANCESTRY OF THE EDENTATES. By W. D. Martruew,
December, 1912. 8 pages, 4 illustrations. Price, 5 cents.
GUIDE TO THE COLLECTIONS
ILLUSTRATED
New Edition issued 1914, 127 pages, 65 illus-
trations, many full page. Price 25 cents.
KEY TO THE COLLECTIONS
Contains plans of the different floors, notes the chief objects of
interest in the various halls, and describes briefly the study collections.
Price 5 cents.
POST CARDS
Colored Post Cards showing some of the interesting objects in the
Museum may be had at the rate of two for five cents, or a series of
fifteen for 25 cents. Plain post cards three for five cents.
These publications may be purchased in the Visitors’ Room, near the
entrance, from the Attendants or from the Librarian.
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