ea - va Sw ARiates o at 3 NS i i ™~ FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 5.601 (44,7)) GENERAL GUIDE > TO THE EXHIBITION HALLS _ EDITED BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS: EDITION OF 1921 gL ee ee —— ne S| ane es The American Museum of Natural History BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND SCIENTIFIC STAFF AS OF DECEMBER, 1920 BOARD OF TRUSTEES President HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN First Vice President CLEVELAND H. DopGE Treasurer HeNry P. DAvison Second Vice President J. P. MorGan Secretary ADRIAN ISELIN THE MAyor OF THE City OF NEw YORK THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CiTy OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS GEORGE F. BAKER FREDERICK F'. BREWSTER THOMAS DEWITT CUYLER WALTER DOUGLAS CHILDS FRICK MADISON GRANT WILLIAM AVERELL HARRIMAN ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES WALTER B. JAMES OcGpEN MILLS Prercy R. PYNE THEODORE ROOSEVELT JOHN B. TREVOR FELIX M. WARBURG CHARLES LANIER ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS Director FREDERIO A. LUCAS Assistant Treasurer THE UNITED STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW Assistant Secretary GEORGE H. SHERWOOD YORK SCIENTIFIC STAFF FREDERIC A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology EpMuUND O7TIs Hovey, Ph.D., Curator CHESTER A. REEDS, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Invertebrate Palzontology Mineralogy HERBERT P. WHITLOCK, C.E., Curator Woods and Forestry M. C. Dickerson, B.S., Curator Invertebrate Zoology HENRY E. CRAMPTON, Ph.D., Curator Roy W. MINER, A.B., Associate Curator of Lower Invertebrates FRANK E. LUTZ, Insects A. J. MuTCHLER, Assistant in Coleoptera WILLARD G. VAN NAME, Ph.D., Assistant in Lower Invertebrates FRANK E. Watson, B.S., Assistant in Lepidoptera JOSEPH BEQUAERT, Ph.D., Assistant in Congo Zoodlogy Ph.D., Associate Curator of Ichthyology BASHFORD DEAN, Ph.D., Honorary Curator JouHnN T. Nicnous, A.B., Associate Curator of Recent Fishes Herpetology M. C. Dickerson, B.S., Curator G. K. Nosuxr, A.M., Assistant Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians Ornithology FRANK M. OHAPMAN, Sc.D., Curator W. DEW. MILuER, Associate Curator JAMES P. CHAPIN, A.M., Assistant Curator LupLow GrRiscoM, M.A., Assistant WILLIAM PeERcY, Field Associate Mammalogy J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Curator Roy C. ANpREws, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of the Eastern Hemisphere H. E. ANTHONY, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of the Western Hemisphere HERBERT LANG, Assistant Curator Vertebrate Paleontology HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, LL.D., D.Sc., Honorary Curator W. D. MatrHEew, Ph.D., Curator WALTER GRANGER, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals BARNUM Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Fos- sil Reptiles WILLIAM K. GREGORY, Ph.D., Associate in Paleontology Anthropology CLARK WISSLER, Ph.D., Curator Puiny E. GoppArRD, Ph.D., Curator of Ethnology RoBert H. Lowtg, Ph.D., Associate Curator HERBERT J. SPINDEN, Ph.D., Assistant Curator N. C. Newson, M.L., Assistant Curator CHARLES W. MEAD, Assistant Curator Louis R. Suuuivan, A.M., Assistant Curator Anatomy and Physiology RALPH W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator Public Health CHARLES-EDWARD A. WINSLOW, Curator MAY, DPE, Public Education GEORGE H. SHERWOOD, A.M., Curator G. CLYDE FISHER, Ph.D., Associate Curator RutTH E. Crossy, B.A., Assistant Curator Library and Publications RALPH W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator IpA RICHARDSON Hoop, A.B., Asst. Librarian Preparation LAURENCE V. COLEMAN, M.A., Chief Research Associates M. D. C. CRAwrForD, Textiles, Anthropology ALESSANDRO FABBRI, Physiology GEORGE F. Kunz, Ph.D., Mineralogy CHARLES W. LENG, B.S., Coleoptera J. HowarRD McGREGOR, Ph.D., Anthropology ROBERT CUSHMAN MurpPHuyY, A.M., Ornithology FRANK J. Myers, Rotifera RAYMOND C. OSBURN, Ph.D., Bryozoa A. L. TREADWELL, Ph.D., Annulata WILLIAM M. WHEELER, Ph.D., Social Insects j ‘SPIZS‘61E'GS JS09 [B07 oY} puB ‘so10v UO} UBY} O1OUI ST aANgons4s quosoid oy} JO Bore OO] [vJO} OT, “YAv [eajyuoy Suryuosay yey} oq 07 AT[Banyooyzyoas yuvqroduar ysour oy} “SuoT yoos OTL “JuUesord oy oy! “oq OF SI OpRdvy yoo put ‘pouurd sv wmosnyy oy} JO paryy-ou0 ynoqe st poyojduroo uorsod oy, ‘sexo, WIOIy yaed puv vIyO9g BVAON WoL Javed ‘oyrUBIs por SI SurpyIng ay} JO [BlUoywU OY, “PLST Ul yuBLy [Boudry Aq prey sem ‘orenbg uvyyeyUeyY Jo [we Adnooo 09 papuoyzur st YOryM “UMasNyT OY} JO OUOSIOULOD OUT, yoo} YYUIAOS-AYUIADG SuloVy ‘opvdey YINog AUOLSIH TVHOLVN JO WOASOW NVOIEENV FHL 2 oininenecedhatins Nn eee Coen eee rE ee GENERAL GUIDE AMO 0) SO ey EXHIBITION HALLS OF LEE. AMERICAN MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Director Assisted by Members of the Museum Staff SA science SF DUCTION A = pee EDITION OF 1921 New York Published by the Museum February, 1921 HOW TO REACH THE MUSEUM The Museum is located at 77th Street and Central Park West, and can be reached by the 8th and 9th Avenue surface cars, the 6th or 9th Avenue elevated to 81st Street station, or by the subway to 72d or 79th Street station. ‘The Museum is open free every day in the year; on week days, including holidays, from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., on Sundays from 1 to 5 P.M. 2Y- 54309 - May. uy From the Grand Central Station take Broadway surface car to 77th Street, or subway shuttle to Times Square and local to 79th Street. From the Pennsylvania Station take the 8th Avenue surface cars, or the subway local to 79th Street. 4 CONTENTS Page BOAR DIORMURUSTE ES Haws ener heh Soiclexe ayia arsine oops ersfe Stratis Aiea a4 1 Sie TITSIG STUNTS od daw 'o,d OS Old OO Ot OID ST OO ean GL Cn IS ee iene eee 1 Elo yeTOR DHA GHeNEE VUUSHUM tye isritisiy scutes Riese vieicnt oc gas Wet votes 2c) coe teeievs 4 PN DEXSORSEMHUBITIO NUEVAS cro vcisie ess 9 cfs see aus A oe Fis /seeni gs Saco Sates toe Gee wise a First Fioor: RUISTROTSMeLUOOMMEL Eee en ota rrr ote et si PN oe Me Reet RAM, 8 cu sons 9 Memonialgtalll(Southweawillom) eres +c oeeeatts ea aneusre erat et aicrs say foe 11 LY IIDOMUES S57 atolls 218 Bs. Stoke Blo Reem cay aie cn CS Cy Oren et i nee ee ea 11 Indians of North Pacific Coast (South Central Wing)................. 18 MiuraleDecorations: (south Central) Wing)ine ....se doce s-6..-. 2025 acs: 15 Biskimor@ollectionsi(@NorthiCorridon)pe wea ed ave 15 Auditoriums Centraleeaviliom) sans sec nme cide or. ae cles see oe al 15 Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing).....................+.--: U/ Indiansiofthe elamsa(Southwestueaviliom)m os sss.dsqsa0sseaceece..s- 20 Indisnstofi:the Southwest (West Wine)... .eeeeece-scssceaer secs. oe 22 RolarVapst(easte Cordon) rice cain crete etie iets dec iseen sree ois 27 Hood Heonomics)(Southeastewing) acti eaacscs cis sce cee see se ac ae 229 Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing).......... 27 Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion)...................... 30 Srconp Fioor: Ainphibianswieptiles: (Southyeavilion))..4an6osnescs sense yes eee > 37 Mexicanwlextiless (Souths C Ordon) kivcun cioire te eieie enie: aus erie eto cis & tyenelen oe 41 OCA ILGSHAWiestl COLLIGON) acl a creche cctools hehehe nese teareldue.g oc bovstvete 42 Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America (Southwest Wing).. 43 Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion).... 47 CollectionsiizomAtnica QWiest Wing) lence sce ces core scisite + cere otscian 48 Birdsvolpune vworlda(Southi@entral\Wine).... scores coe eee see cn. css 49 Recent Fishes (Corridor of Central Pavilion).......................-- 55 Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing).....................--. 58 Preparation of Elephant Group (Southeast Pavilion)................... 67 Turrp FLoor: Memberswoomdasti©origon)paeceeciane ie cans sce ees cee ecmoe 69 Monkeys, Apes and Bats (South Pavilion). . eee OO Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South Central Wing). een re 73 Public Health: Water Supply, Insects and Disease (West Corridor)... .. 80 ANIC TbOnianan Vesti CORTIGOD) penta cise chen Ge carcino ine ton ce ons 86 Indians of South America (Southwest Wing)...................:....-- 87 Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion)................. 91 SirelisaQWiestmvviina c) Pacrctamcstetcone te ieferanc aerials ac vokciorete A cesta sievarcicin sumusishen ane 92 Mammals of the World, Their Families and Evolution (Southeast Wing). 93 Hallvotelnsectaluite! (Southeast) Ravilion)h. yssesseh a ncec sles dele oc to 95 FourtH Foor: Horeyoraonehossilavertebratesenci eit anno nanan se dimes seeige tee 99 HOssiliseaeptilesn( mast Conmldon)peeee oe eens cen see enenie. « 100 Early Man, Mastodons and Mammoths (South Pavilion)............... 100 Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing).................... 103 Fossil Reptiles and Fishes (Southeast Pavilion)....................... 107 Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology (South Central Wing).......... 113 Gems/and) Precious’ Stones (West Corridor))..................----+-+--- 118 Mineralsn(Southwestaywine sass icra acters ie msan favo srcbis ered 119 Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southwest Pavilion)............... 120 Collections from the Philippines (West Wing).....................---. 122 Firta Fioor: mm etyraty ak OLMCCS repre Mer Taeimrs ae on on isla heh tomins oe oat cos gud oad 123 HISTORYZAND WORK OF THE} MUSEUM... soos cyciete oe 0 + eeveeieeis reg ue ecco eve 124 IMs lGyaal Ov GEL oN ony oA ars erect rues og THEY Ol SRR CoE 133 V5.0 (Ooi 5 Sey Side, OGL Oo EAE Okie EO ree tcr ois ICI aC RRC CHOI OCR TE Oe aCrESe eea 134 EricernstoteLopularbublicatlonse cesarean meena ite: eer: 136 PREFATORY NOTE It is frequently necessary to rearrange the exhibits in order to provide space for new material or to put into effect advanced ideas regarding methods of exhibition, and as these changes are taking place all the time, it unavoidably happens that now and then discrepancies will be found between the actual arrangement of the specimens and that noted in the GuipE. In some cases further information may be obtained from the GuIpDE LEAFLETS which describe exhibits of special interest. See list of Popular Publications. WEST CENTRAL CENTRAL WING | PAVILION ee. i a a ‘ SN feoeocies 1 noo ! 1 ' H ; SOUTH EAST ‘ae ' aa oun Ler WEST H COURT Fue | CENTRAL ' ——— ' WING H a WING ' HALL 1 we ! ial WING { Vere p Wee ee SSS Ses Sse Y H : ! iP ‘ 1 il SOUTHWEST = SOUTH SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST WING cS) SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION = PAVILION D = fs) =) a oe ° v b a < wo l PAVILION FLOOR PLAN OF THE MUSEUM Showing the location of the halls and the names by which they are designated in this Guide. See Key to Exhibition Halls on opposite page. The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum building, which will consist of four long facades, facing east, west, north and south respectively, each connected with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts. Thus the hall at the eastern end of the south facade (the only facade completed) becomes the “‘southeast pavilion.” Administrative Offices. . Africa, Collections from Asia, Collections from Auditorium... mae Auduboniana Birds, Local KEY TO EXHIBITION HALLS See Floor Plan on Opposite Page Birds of North America (Habitat Groups).. Birds of the World Caves. Central America China Eskimo Colletion . Fishes, Recent Food Economics Engine Room......... Forestry, North American........ Fossil Sea Reptiles. ... . Fossil Invertebrates Fossil Mammals (Mastodons) Fossil Mammals (Horses, Camels, etc.) . Fossil Reptiles and Fishes. , Gems and Pre ious Stones Geology, Historival....... Horse, Evolution of Indians of the Woodlands. ....... Information Bureau Insets Man, Early Memorial Hall Meteorites Meteorites Mexico Peru Members’ Room.............. Indians of South America Monkeys, Apes and Rodents. Pacific Islands Collections Philippine Collections. ....... Polar Expeditions Prehistoric Man in Europe Prehistoric Man of North America Public Health Reptiles and Amphibians Location .. Fifth Floor, Se-ond Floor, ... Third Floor, ..First Floor, Third Floor, .. Second Floor, _. Third Floor, Second Floor, . Fourth Flocr, Second Floor, .Third Floor, .First Floor, .Fourth Floor, _First Floor, _. .First Floor, ..Second Floor, First Floor. .. First Floor, .. Fourth Floor, .. Fourth Floor, .. Fourth Floor, Fourth Floor, ..Fourth Floor, .Fourth Floor, Fourth Floor, . .Fourth Floor, . Third Floor, _.First Floor, First Floor, . First Floor, First Floor, _. First Floor, .. Third Floor, .. First Floor, .Fifth Floor, .. Second Floor, Third Floor. Second Floor, .. Third Floor, First Floor, First Floor, First Floor, .. Second Floor, .Fourth Floor, .Third Floor, _..Fourth Floor, .Third Floor, .Fourth Floor, . First Floor, .. Second Floor, .. Second Floor, .. Third Floor, ..Second Floor, .. Third Floor, ..First Floor, Third Floor, First Floor, in Museum South Pavilion. West Wings.) 5.1 Southwest Pavilion Central Pavilion. . West Corridor. . West Corridor...... South Central Wing. South Central Wing. . South Central Wing. Southwest Wing... . Southwest Pavilion . Southeast Pavilion. . Southeast Pavilion... West Central Wing North Corridor. . Centra] Pavilion. . Southeast Wing. Southeast Wing Fast Corridor South Central Wing South Pavilion... Southeast Wing. . Southeast Pavilion. . West Corridor..... South Central Wing Southeast Wing. . Southwest Wing... oa South Central Wing. Southwest Pavilion West Wing...... Southwest Wing.. Left of Entrance. . Southeast Pavilion... Southeast Pavilion... . West Corridor... .. Southeast Wing. . Southeast Wing Southwest Pavilion......_. East Corridor...... South Pavilion. . . South Pavilion... North Corridor. Southwest Wing. Southwest Wing . South Pavilion.... Southwest Pavilion . Southwest Wing. West Wing..... Fast Corridor. .... Southwest Pavilion Southwest Pavilion West Corridor . South Pavilion . West Wing..... Right of Entrance. Southeast Wing. Southeast Wing. . The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum building, which will consist of four long facades facing east, west, north and south respectively, each connected with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts. at the eastern end of the south facade (the only facade completed) becomes the Thus the hall “southeast pavilion.”’ MEMORIAL STATUE OF MORRIS K. JESUP Mr. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural History for more than a quarter of a century, was a staunch supporter of the institution’s two aims: to be a great educational institu- tion for the people and also a center for activity in scientific research. g NORIA 1. Elevators ENGINE aN AUDITORIUM E 3. Information Bureau Qn & 3. Visitors’ Room Le) 4. Academy Room Baits laa Y 5. West Assembly Room zy in = <-> zuur = y America. The Eastern Apache lived in buffalo-skin tipis. They went far out on the plains in search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, if possible, the plains tribes, but fighting them with vigor when necessary. In dress and outward life they resemble the Plains Indians, but in their myths and ceremonies they are like their southwestern relatives and neighbors. The baskets of the Apache are shown in the large end case, which is in contrast with the corresponding case of pottery on the other side of the hall. Not the environment but social habits caused one people to develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not easily breakable baskets. [See Handbook No. 2, Indians of the Southwest. | Return to the Jesup Statue. MAGNOLIA IN THE FORESTRY HALL Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately reproduced from life. Most noteworthy among them is the magnolia shown here. 26 NORTH AMERICAN WOODS 27 East CoRRIDOR POLAR MAPS Leaving the statue on the left and ‘Willamette’? meteorite on the right, and going-east, the visitor enters the corridor where the elevators are located (Hast Corridor). Here will be found maps of the north and Polar south polar regions showing the routes of explorers. On Expeditions the wall are sledges used by Admiral Peary in his last three expeditions in search of the North Pole. The Morris K. Jesup Peary sledge, which the Admiral used in his successful polar Sledges expedition, is the one nearest the entrance. The various sledges in their differences of style show the persistent effort made by Ad- miral Peary to bring the sledge up to its greatest possible usefulness. That he was successful on his last trip was in part due to the final modification. On the opposite side of the map is one of the sledges used by Amund- Amundsen — sen on his journey to the South Pole. Sledge In a room at the north end of this corridor is the large Mainka seismograph for recording the occurrence of earthquakes. This was given to the New York Academy of Sciences by Emerson McMillin, and by the Academy deposited in the Museum. SouTHEAST WING JESUP COLLECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN WOODS To the east of the elevators is the Hall of North American Forestry, containing a nearly complete collection of the native trees north of Jesup Mexico, presented by Morris K. Jesup. On the right is Collection of a bronze tablet, by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J. J. Clancy, North depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite wood ae at Lenox, Mass., and, still farther to the right is the bust of Charles Sprague Sargent under whose direction the collection was brought together. On the opposite side is a bust of John Muir, by Malvina Hoffman, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. The exhibit illustrating food needs and food conservation is provision- ally installed in this hall. To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen feet in diameter and 1341 years old. [See Guide Leaflet No. 42.] It began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thousand years old before America was even discovered. The specimens show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of the wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the specimens give the distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its economic uses. The trees are grouped : by families and the location of each family will be found on the floor “YswaH oqngd jo yueujaeded ‘y1qiyxs] poo ayy Jo 4aBg SadoOOd ATAISSOd , 8% Bows Ay SCOPE OF THE FOOD EXHIBIT 29 plan at the entrance of the hall. The reproductions of the flowers, leaves and fruits in natural size are instructive. This work is done in the Museum laboratories. FOOD NEEDS AND FOOD ECONOMICS The Food Exhibit presents in graphic form the needs of the human body and shows how these needs can most economically be met. Special Scope of emphasis is laid on the need for mineral salts and for the Food mysterious food elements called vitamines, and models Exhibit illustrate the contribution made by the commoner foods to the daily need of energy, protein, iron, lime and phosphorus. The composition of certain common foods as regards protein, carbohy- drate, fat, mineral salts, water and refuse, is graphically illustrated. A special series of models shows the size of 100 calorie portions of the more important foodstuffs, classified by costs. Two cases are devoted to the problems of the world’s food supply, its World production and distribution. The importance of the rice, Problem wheat and other grain crops is emphasized and the rela- of Food tion of cereal production to national prosperity is brought Supply out by models and diagrams. Special data are presented in regard to the cost of food distribution, particularly as related to New York City, with suggestions as to the art of economical marketing. In order to make the exhibit as practical as possible, adequate daily dietaries are exhibited for an individual, based on a moderate and on a : restricted income, with specimens and models illustrating Practical 1 Let ana : Dataforthe % Complete weekly ood supply for a family of five persons, Housewife 80 adjusted as to meet all essential physiological needs at aminimum cost. Special cases are devoted to the methods of conserving wheat, meats, fats and sugar. An interesting feature of this section of the exhibit is a series of models illustrating the daily diet of a soldier of the Revolutionary War compared with the ideal ration supplied to our Expeditionary Forces in 1918. Since so many New Yorkers purchase a large portion of their food already prepared and cooked, the data obtained by Professor Graham Lusk in regard to the food served at Childs’ restaurants have been presented to show the calorie value, protein value, and cost of certain common dishes as purchased at a restaurant. Finally there are shown specimens and models to illustrate the im- portance of certain valuable foods which would be of material value in 30 INVERTEBRATES. PROTOZOA our diet and should come into far more general use. The soy bean which is the staple protein food of China, and the dasheen, introduced Exhibit of with success from the West Indies, are here exhibited Unutilized with a series of valuable vegetable oils, potential food Foods flours, edible mushrooms, and unutilized foods of our sea-coast, such as whale meat, shark meat, mussels and seaweed. SOUTHEAST PAVILION INVERTEBRATES At the extreme east is the Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the invertebrate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to groups illustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by William Couper, presented by the New York Synoptic Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin Series centenary in 1909. Passing around the hall from left to right the progression is from the lowest forms of animal life, the one- celled Protozoa, to the highest and most complex forms of animal life, the Primates, including man. The distinctive characteristics of each group are fully described on the alcove and case labels. Many of the minute forms are represented by skilfully prepared models in glass and wax showing the animal many times enlarged. Thus the visitor may obtain an idea of the form and structure of these animals which in spite of their small size have in so many instances such a vital influence on the life of man. This aleove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single- celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and Alcove I stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea, Protozoa while the ocean bottom in many localities is covered with them. The exhibits in this aleove are mainly models, some of which represent Protozoa enlarged more than a thousand diameters. Sponges are principally of two kinds—those with skeletons or sup- Alcove 2 porting structures of silica (i. e., flint) and those with Sponges skeletons of horny fiber. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the dry specimens exhibited the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Many of the ‘‘olass’”’? sponges are very beautiful in design. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic ‘“Neptune’s goblets” found in the eastern seas. This alcove con- tains certain specimens whose tissue is represented in wax tinted to show the natural coloring of sponges, which varies from the INVERTEBRATES. CORALS 31 bleached yellowish color commonly seen to deep brown or black, or yellow and red, in varying shades. In Aleove 3 are shown coral animals and their relatives: plantlike hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss, but which really are a series of polyps living in a colony; Jellyfishes with their umbrella- Alcove 3 shaped bodies and long, streaming tentacles; brilliantly Polyps colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the magenta colored organ-pipe coral, the stony corals, and the precious coral of commerce. Coral polyps, mistakenly called ‘coral insects,” are the animals that build up the coral reefs. In front of the window is a life-size model in glass of the beautiful Portuguese Man-of-War. This organism is really a colony of many polyp individuals attached to one another, and specialized for various functions. The best known species in this group include the tapeworms, whose Alcove 4 development and structure are shown by models in the Flatworms central case and in the third section of the left-hand alcove case. These are parasitic Flatworms. The less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and fresh water, are shown on an enlarged scale by models in the right-hand alcove case and illustrate well the great diversity of color and detail in this group. The Roundworms are also parasitic, since they live in the digestive Alcove 5 canal of mammals. The most familiar is the common Roundworms roundworm or stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an en- larged scale model is exhibited, showing the internal structure. [Note for teachers and students—Some of the models in each alcove are anatomical, i. e., so constructed as to show the internal organs of typical members of each group. In such cases, arbitrary colors chosen to designate the various systems of organs are adhered to consistently throughout the series. For example, the digestive system is shown in yellow, heart and blood-vessels in red, organs of excretion (kidneys) in green, reproductive system in gray, and the brain and other parts of the nervous system in black or neutral color.| The minute wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque Alcove 6 forms, some of which construct tubes of gelatinous sub- Rotifers stance, sand-grains, ete. A few of the species are parasites, but most of them live a free, active life. They are aquatic and found mainly in fresh water. The sea-mats in Aleove 7 are plantlike animals which lead the Alcove 7 colonial form of life. The majority of the species are Sea-Mats and marine, although a few occur in fresh water. The lamp- Lamp-Shells shells shown in this alcove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related to the worms and starfishes. ve) i) VARIATION. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE Aleove 8 is occupied by the sea-stars, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers cores and sea-lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the oyster beds, Sea-Stars where it feeds on oysters and destroys them in large and Their numbers. The brittle stars are so called because of their Relatives habit of dropping off one or more arms when handled or attacked. These, however, are later renewed. The Annulates, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worms whose bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhabitants Alcove 9 of both fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud Annulates and sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. The marine annulates are often very beautiful in color and greatly diversified in form and habits, as illustrated by the models, many of which are greatly enlarged. The “houses” that these annulates build are often very beautiful and interesting. In the window is a group showing a section of mud flat on the New England coast, with the variety of worm-life found in what to the casual observer seems to be an unin- habited area, and illustrating some of their habits. Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, insects and their relatives. The number of existing species in this group is greater Alcove 10 than that of all the rest of the animal and vegetable king- Arthropods doms together. No other group comprises so many species useful or harmful to man. In the case in the center of the alcove is a model showing the anatomy of the common lobster, also enlarged models showing heads of various species of insects. On the wall are the two Crustaceans largest specimens of lobster that have ever been taken. andInsects They weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty-four pounds respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten feet. The main exhibit of insects is displayed on the third floor. The Mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the vast number and diversity of forms which it embraces, including marine, fresh-water and land animals. All mollusks have soft caries bodies, but nearly all of them secrete a shell which in many species is of pearly material (mother-of-pearl). Well-known Models of examples of this group are the common clam and oyster, an hiae and enlarged models in the center case show the anatomy of this species. A large collection of mollusks is shown on the third floor. Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelli- gent of animals. This group culminates in man, who still bears witness to his chordate ancestry in the retention of a chorda (cartilaginous spine), and gill clefts during embryonic life. Among these ances- INVERTEBRATES. CRUSTACEANS AND INSECTS 33 tral forms are the Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged model of Alcove 12 which is shown in the central case, while others are Chordates seen among the animals on the wharf-piles in the win- Including dow group. Other models in the central case show the Vertebrates development of the egg of typical vertebrates. In the circular tower alcove in the southeast corner of the hall is a comprehensive synoptic series of stony corals. Central cases in this tower and at its entrance show unusually large speci- mens, while a magnificent example of madrepore coral six feet in diameter is shown to the rear of the bust of Darwin. The associa- tions of marine life found in the Bahamas are represented by several small groups in the center of the hall. Here also four large models show the mosquito, which is the active Models of agent in the spread of malaria. These models represent the Malaria the insect enlarged seventy-five diameters or in volume Mosquito four hundred thousand times the natural size. The mos- quito in its development undergoes a metamorphosis. The model at the left shows the aquatic larval stage; the larvee are the “wigglers”’ of our rain-water barrels. The next model is the pupal stage, also aquatic. The third model is of the adult male mosquito, which is harmless, since it never bites man. The fourth model shows the adult female mosquito in the attitude of biting. It is so arranged as to show the internal organs, thus illustrating a typical insect anatomy. In another case is a series of models showing the life cycle of the malaria germ in the blood of man and in the mosquito. In several of the aleove windows are habitat groups of inverte- Window brates illustrating the natural history of the commoner Groups and more typical animals. In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm Group, reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural surroundings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. The harbor and the distant view of Woods Hole village with the U. S. Fish Commission buildings are shown in the background, represented by a colored photographic transparency. In the foreground the shallow water of the harbor near Marine Worm the shore is represented in section to expose the animal Group life found on muddy bottoms among the eel-grass, as well as the chimneys of various worm-burrows. In the lower part of the group a section of the sea bottom exposes the worms within the burrows. Several species of these are represented. In the Mollusk Alcove window is shown the natural history of a sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the shore mollusks and their associates. The entrance of the harbor Corals A PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS 39 is seen in the distance. In the foreground at the edge of the sand- Shore spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the receding tide over which Mollusk fiddler-crabs are swarming into their burrows. Beneath Group the water surface an oyster is being attacked by a starfish, while crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing their usual activities. The window group in the Vertebrate Alcove shows the piles of an o'd wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass. Below the low-tide mark the Wharf Pile submerged piles are covered with flower-like colonies of Group invertebrate animals. Among these are sea-anemones, tube-building worms, hydroids, mussels, sea-mats and several kinds of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are primitive members of the Chordate group which includes the vertebrates. Like the embryo of man, they possess during their larval period a chorda or carti- laginous spine. At first they are free-swimming but later in life many of their organs degenerate and they become fitted to a stationary mode of life. In the northeast corner of the Hall, a window group shows the animals and plants of a rock tide-pool, the “Agassiz Cave,” at Nahant, Mass. Rock Under a natural bridge below a 60-foot cliff the falling Tide-Pool tide leaves a pool in a rocky basin, sheltered within Group which is a community of sea-anemones, sea-stars, corals, sponges, hydroids and other animals living in the midst of a gorgeous sea-garden of marine plants such as are common on the northern New England coast. Through the arch of the natural bridge may be seen a curious rock formation known as ‘‘ Pulpit Rock.” The latest group is one showing a bit of the sea bottom one and one quarter inches square as it would appear under a microscope. Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin and those who came after him. On the left facing the entrance, variation Variation under domestication is illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and Under domesticated fowls, the wild species from which they have Domestication been derived being shown in company with some of the more striking breeds derived from them. On the right, various exhibits will show variation in nature. An Variation example of this is the variation among the finches of In Nature the genus Geospiza in the Galapagos Islands. Other examples show by means of a series of mollusks the range of color variation within a single species of West Indian Sun Shell, variation of sculpture within a single genus of land snail, and variations about the normal type of the common scallop. 36 HEREDITY The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur- Struggle for rounded by its many enemies and yet continuing to main- Existence tain an existence by virtue of its great birth-rate. The simpler features of the laws of Heredity as elucidated by Mendel and his followers are illustrated by the inheritance of Heredity ‘ : seed-coat color in the common pea, the color of sweet peas, and the coat-color of rats. Return to the elevators and ascend to the second floor. ENLARGED MODEL OF A RADIOLARIAN NORTH ES oy LABORATORIESS) GALLERY Tr c OF PREPARATION lie 3 RECEN 0 = O° _ ud ~ 2s5 a5 - = EAS WEST Lo- a a a -, 0 See ats ° oD i i } | L ul PRGA STOR “TANCIENT MONUMENTS MAMMALS Moe ENTRAL AMER RTH AMERICA og1e) ° 1c MERCIA & CENTRAL AMERICA 7 H P\o seo 55 2 SOUTH 1. Elevators. 2. Copies of Maya Monuments. 3. Local Birds. SECOND FLOOR SoutTH PAVILION REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS This hall illustrates a phase of Museum progress, the temporary dis- order that precedes an ultimate change for the better. At present the hall contains a mixed assemblage of animals brought hither from other halls in process of rearrangement. The group of king penguins from South Georgia Islands, one of four devoted to the bird life of South America, is provisionally installed, awaiting the construction of the Hall of Ocean Life. Across the hall is a group of Sea Elephants from Guadelupe Island Sea Elephant off the coast of Lower California, where a small colony Group still existed in 1913, a pitiful remnant of the vast herds once found there and exterminated for their oil. Here, awaiting the construction of a new wing, is exhibited the collec- tion of reptiles and amphibians. Because of the difficulty of preserving Reptiles and the natural covering of many of these animals they are Amphibians usually exhibited in jars of alcohol. In the specimens on exhibition here the perishable parts have been cast in wax from life; for example, in the star tortoise the original ‘shells’? of the specimens are used, while the head, neck and legs are restored in wax. The mount- ing not only brings out the principal features of the species exhibited, but in many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of the animals; 37 8& “Aydanyy uBuysng joqoy Aq peyooijoo sv dno1s sty} 1OJ [VUo}VVUL a1OYM ‘UBEDG) OTURTPW YINOG ot} Ul ‘gIZ10r) YING UO saLWB[H svoN’T sMoys ‘y40dQ oq Aq poyured ‘punoisyorq dL, ‘“ULYS esooy JO [Jor B YBIM pozooyord JoYyZANJ St Ft etoyM ‘Qaay S}I UO Bsa ayy Seoe]d palq oy} ‘oyRqnour OF :uAN} UT quoied yora Aq popaens st Sdo 9]5UTS OL ‘SPURIST O1JOIBJUBQNS SHOWA WO Spoetq 4] pet0]0o AYSiaq ysour oy} st yt pue ‘sunsueg [[B Jo ‘uordovxe ou0 YIM qsoSivy oy} SI UINSUEg SUL OY], VIDUOAD HLAOS WOU SNINONAd ONIN c dO peng, nm lai LE de ‘steno REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 39 for instance, the common newt, one of the salamanders, is represented by a series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding the skin; Pickering’s hyla or the “‘spring peeper”’ is shown with vocal sacs inflated ; and so on. The classification of these animals is shown in the upright cases; the groups in the center of the hall represent various reptiles as they appear in their natural haunts. They include the tuberculated iguana, the water moccasin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, the Texas rattle. snake, the copperhead, the Gila monster, the pine snake, the box tortoise and the common painted turtle. One of the most interesting of the groups is a Jungle scene in India showing a water monitor, one of the largest of living lizards, the poisonous Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra. the last with hood distended and poised ready to strike. The cobra is said to be the cause of a large proportion of the 20,000 deaths which annually occur in India from snake-bite. Examine care- fully the group of the copperhead snake or “‘red-eye,’’ one of the two Copperhead species of poisonous snakes to be found in the vicinity Snake Group of New York, and also the group contrasting the harmless watersnake with the poisonous water moccasin of southern cypress swamps. Two groups are devoted to rattlesnakes, which are easily recognized by the string of rattles at the end of the tail, by means of which they give warning before they strike. There are comparatively few species of poisonous snakes in the United States—about sixteen in all—comprising rattlesnakes, the moccasin, copperhead and two kinds of coral snake. All other species are harmless and in spite of the almost universal prejudice against them are very useful allies of man, since they live chiefly on rats, mice and insects injurious to crops. Entering the darkened room nearby we find a group of unusual in- terest, showing the common Bullfrog of North America. This group is Bullfrog a study of the bullfrog undisturbed in its typical haunt. Group It illustrates the changes from the tadpole to the adult frog and shows many of the activities of the frog—its molting, swim- ming, breathing under water and in air, croaking and “lying low” before an enemy; also its food habits in relation to small mammals, to birds, snakes, insects, snails, to small fish and turtles. Another group is the Great Salamander or Hellbender, best known in the creeks of western Pennsylvania. The group pictures them at breeding time, and shows their characteristic stages and habits: thus Great one of the salamanders is pictured molting, another, a Salamander male, is brooding a great mass of eggs; and the group explains many details of their manner of living. Cobra Group OF ‘pudssuMOT, “FLO “AC Lopun 'TLGT Jo ,, Woutpodxsy ssoaryeqyy,, oy} Aq poxoo]joo sva dnoas sry} 104 [BLOPVUT OY], “VIUAOJTPLH AOMOTT JO YSvod oY} YO SpURISI JAoSop ]]wUIS oY} JO oUO Jo of] quEld puL peUTTUT oISIIOJOVAYS oY} SuIMOYY dNOUSD GUVZIT VINHOAITVO HAMOT REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 4] This depicts the spring life of a little pond in southern New England. In the water may be seen the egg masses and tadpoles of various toads and frogs, while in and about the pool are the young and full-grown in characteristic poses, including some with vocal sacs distended in the act of ‘‘singing.” Lower In striking contrast with these water-loving animals is California 4 group showing one of the desert islands off the coast of Lizards = [ower California where reptiles must go without water for long periods. Page 40. Latest, largest, and finest of the groups is that showing the semi-tropical life of Southern Florida, on one side a stretch of cypress swamp, on the other the sandy lowlands, each with its characteristic life, alligators, turtles and snakes. There are nearly 200 animals in this group and while they would not all be found together at any time yet all might be found in such a spot at some time. Toad Group Florida Group SoutH CoRRIDOR MAYA SCULPTURES MEXICAN TEXTILES Here are casts of a number of important examples of Maya art, for which room could not be provided elsewhere, and a series of Mexican textiles, illustrating the effects of Spanish culture on Indian Art. MASK PANEL OVER DOORWAY AT XKICHMOOK, YUCATAN {2 LOCAL BIRDS THE AMERICAN ROBIN—FIRST OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS West CORRIDOR LOCAL BIRDS Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor, which contains the collections of local birds. In this room are specimens of all the species of birds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible each species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall-case next the windows on the visitor’s left is the Seasonal Collection containing the birds which may be expected to occur in this region during a part or the whole of the current month; in its left-hand two panels are the permanent residents, which are never changed, and in the right-hand two are the migrants, which are changed as necessary about the first of MAYA ART 43 each month. In the next case on the left comes the General Collection of all birds found within this area, arranged according to the current American system of classification, beginning with the Grebes and continuing around the hall to end with the Thrushes by the southwest window. Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of species known to nest within fifty miles of the City, there are down the middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their nests. These, the forerunners of our ‘‘Habitat Groups,’ were the first of their kind made for the Museum. At the head of the stairs, on one side is a map of the country within fifty miles; on the other, a case of accidental visitors—stragglers from other parts of the country and from other countries which have been taken within our limits. At the other end of the room, between the windows, are exhibits which explain what is meant by a subspecies, and through what changes of plumage a bird passes from the time of hatching; and a bust of John Burroughs, by C. 8. Pietro. SouTHWEST WING ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Continuing west past the collection of local birds we enter the south- west wing, devoted to the ancient civilizations of Mexico nad Central America. In the first hall the casts of large upright stones, completely covered by sculpture, represent the art of the Maya civilization in Guatemala and Honduras. Nearly all carry deciph- erable dates in a strange system of counting time. At the left of the entrance on the south side of the hall is the extensive Costa Rican exhibit of Mr. Minor C. Keith. Thisincludesstone sculpture and a great variety of pottery interesting in form and design. To this collection also belong the gold and jade arranged in the cases in the center of the hall. See page 46. On the south wall is a copy of the. painted sculptures of the Temple of the Jaguars at Chichen Itza. Here are shown warriors in procession who seem to be coming to worship a serpent god. Prayers are repre- sented as coming from their lips. This sculpture, while Maya, shows strong evidence of Mexican influence in certain of its details. In the table cases on this side of the hall are facsimile reproductions of native books or codices, which were painted free-hand on strips of Maya Art THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘The Serpent- skirted One,” is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century. The head, which is the same on front and,back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes. The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and hearts with a death’s head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods. 44 AZTECS AND MAYAS 45 deerskin, paper and cloth. Several original documents are also exhibited. The Spaniards, in their zeal to destroy the native religion, burned hundreds of these books, which recorded ceremonial rites and historical events by means of pictures and hieroglyphs. Nearby is a replica of the Calendar Stone, which is a graphic repre- sentation of the four creations and destructions of the world, as well as a symbol of the sun and a record of the divisions of the year. In the aisle near the end of the hall stands a copy of the great sacri- ficial stone, or Stone of Tizoc, on which is a record of the principal conquests made by the Aztecs before 1487. The statue of Coatlicue, the mother of the two principal Aztec gods, is a curious figure, made up of serpents. See page 44. These three sculptures were originally in the Great Temple enclosure at Tenochtitlan, the native name of Mexico City before its conquest by Cortez. They were buried in the destruction of that city and uncovered in 1798. The originals are now in the Mexican National Museum. The archzology of Mexico covers many centuries, and relics are found deposited in three distinct layers, one above the other. These three stages of ancient history are represented on the north side of the hall beginning at the western end. The lowest of all is that of the Archaic Period characterized by crude figurines of pottery and stone. Next came the Maya-Toltec horizon of culture, an extended period during which great pyramids were constructed and beautiful works of art were produced. Lastly came the Aztec period beginning about 1100 A.D. The Aztecs were not nearly so highly civilized as the Mayas had been before them. They were much given to human sacrifice. The Zapotecs in southern Mexico are famous for elaborate funeral urns, and for the temple ruins at Mitla. The Mayas were perhaps the most highly civilized people in the New World. They built many cities of stone and erected many fine pillar- like stelae to which attention was called on entering the hall. The sculp- tures on these monuments represent priest-like beings who carry serpents and other ceremonial objects in their hands. There are also on them long hieroglyphic inscriptions containing dates in the wonderful Maya calendar. Maya history contains two brilliant periods. That of the south, extending from 160 A.D. to 600 A.D., was chiefly remarkable for its sculptures. The principal cities were Copan, Quirigua, Tikal, Yaxchilan and Palenque. The second period fell between 950 A.D. and 1250 A.D., and centered in northern Yucatan. The chief cities were Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Labna, and the finest works of art were architectural. (See Handbook No. 3, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America.) < 12) — o < ee na (eo) 12) = ie) oe] Ge 2) 12) = = ise] (eo) =) 4 e) io) BR a & al 1) a < Keith Collection In the Minor C. NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN AT SOUTHWEST PAVILION EVOLUTION OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion, given over to a demonstration of the chronological development of the principal human Cave Man arts and industries initiated before the days of written and the history, the era of the Cave Man and the Lake Dweller. Lake Dweller The section of the hall to the left, or south of the center aisle, is devoted to the Old World, while the section to the right is given to the New World. There are four rows of table cases in the hall and each row or tier constitutes a unit, or part of a unit, and should be examined in order, beginning next the entrance and going towards the opposite west wall. The first table case on the left gives a key exhibit for the Old World. Here is shown the order of development of several of the most common TheEvolu- tools, weapons, utensils and ornaments, ranging, as in tion of the case of the ax, from crude “eoliths” many thousands of Cultures years old up to the metallic forms more or less like those in use at the present time. The various stages of improvements are arranged in levels and new forms of tools, with correspondingly new arts and industries, will be seen to make their appearance in each of the successive levels, as the case is viewed from front to back, beginning at the left end. The succeeding cases in this row take up all the different levels here indicated, treating each one as fully as the available arche- ological material permits. The adjoining row of cases on the left, next the windows, gives the stratigraphically determined order of cultural development for several separate localities in the Old World, such as France, the Baltic region, Switzerland and Egypt. Here are shown the fragmentary, but strictly scientific, details of the story told in simplified form in the first row of cases. The northern half of the hall, and the wall cases devoted to America, will when completed be arranged on the same general plan. The circular, or tower room, in the southwest corner will ultimately house an exhibit for the racial history of man. In the left wall case near TheEvolu- the entrance to this room is an exhibit showing the import- tion of ant face and head differences in modern man and also the Races instruments and methods for measuring faces and heads. On the opposite wall is a similar demonstration for body measurements. The adjoining cases on either side of the entrance to the tower contain the skulls and bones (casts) of fossil men, the ancestors of modern man. West WING COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals. The Forest Hogs, the rare Okapi and the so-called white Rhinoceros are particularly noteworthy, and three cases are devoted to Antelopes, characteristic of Africa. The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of African mammals, including elephants. The installation is roughly geographical, i. e., as the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the tribes that: would be found in passing from south to north of Africa, and the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the east wall. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hotten- tots, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with them. At the south end of the Hall the wall is decorated with reproductions of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive of African natives. Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the Hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products, such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the Hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Cloth- 48 BIRDS OF THE WORLD 49 ing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manu- facture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the northeastern section of the Hall, while looms and the completed gar- ments are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo ethnology. The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the “pile cloths’ of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative pattern by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings bear witness to the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel other primitive races in their love for music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northern section of the Hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine- men. Return to Central Pavilion. SouTH CENTRAL WING BIRDS OF THE WORLD Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of birds. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 known species Birds of are represented by typical examples of the principal groups the World arranged according to what is believed to be their natural relationship. The series begins with the Ostriches, the ‘‘lowest’’ birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian ancestors), and goes up to those which show the highest type of develop- ment, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens are grouped according to the great faunal regions, the Antarctic, South American Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, Arctic, Eurasian, Indo-Malay, African and Australian realms. These cases in connection with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a comparative study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their natural groups to the best of our present knowledge. 50 EXTINT BIRDS THE DODO Restored from Old Dutch paintings. This gigantic, monstrous pigeon was abund- ant in Mauritius when the island was discovered, but was quickly exterminated by the early Dutch navigators. Down the middle of the hall near the entrance are several cases contain- ing birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island shores, became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and the Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that vast Extinct Birds EXTINCT BIRDS I THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER One of a series of four small groups showing the bird’s seasonal changes of colors brought about by molting and feather growth. numbers were slaughtered with ease, but the last individual died in captivity Sept. 1, 1914. The Heath Hen formerly had a wide range on our Atlantic seaboard, but as a game bird it was so continually perse- cuted, in and out of the breeding season, that it is now extinct except for a colony under protection on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. Specimens of all of these birds are shown here, the Dodo being repre- sented by an incomplete skeleton and by a life-size reproduction copied from an old Dutch painting. Others of our splendid game birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not quite, gone, and more, like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon follow them if a reasonably close season and limited bag be not rigidly enforced. Still others—the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example—have already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for their plumage for millinery purposes. Also down the center of the hall, and in certain alcoves as well, are several cases designed to illustrate the general natural history of birds. 52 BIRDS OF PARADISE f a” 4 ~ nnn ag ae Fores sf > LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT I’rom the Group in the American Museum The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all three) often worn by one species will be found illustrated in the General Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard Orioles, Topics Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The relationship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, wings, tail, etc., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. Other cases show instances of albinism, hybridism and other abnor- malities; the excessive individual variation in a bird called the Ruff; birds of prey used by man in hunting; a few domesticated birds (an ex- tensive collection of which will be found in Darwin Hall); the growth of the embryo and the structure of the adult bird; Archzopteryx, the oldest fossil bird; and a map-exhibit of migration. In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic Collection of Eggs, which shows the variation in the number in a set, E size, shell-texture, markings, shape, ete., and tells some- g : : és 5 thing of the laws governing these things. The succeeding cases contain the general exhibition collection of nests and eggs, princi- pally those of North American and of European birds. Near the center of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the Birds of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This family of birds Birds of is confined to New Guinea, Australia and some neighbor- Paradise ing islands. Their feet and bills show their close relation- ship to the Crows and Jays, which they resemble in nesting habits as well. Their chief characteristic is of course their gorgeous plumes, wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers BIRDS OF PARADISE Ys) that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is already believed to be. More Birds of Paradise have been sold at a single London auction (23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world. In this hall, too, are a number of groups of local and other birds which are placed here only temporarily. In fact, much of the arrangement of the hall will be changed as soon as circumstances permit. Finback Suspended from the ceiling is the skeleton of a Finback Whale Whale, sixty-two feet in length. \ Nes THE WHOOPING CRANE A bird almost extinct. Shown in the ‘‘ Habitat Groups”’ SMUVHS dNTa AO ATINVA V oe - is Hi res RECENT FISHES 55 CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION RECENT FISHES The exhibit of fishes occupies the center of the north end of the hall of the birds of the world and the corridor beyond the door leading to the gallery of the Auditorium. The exhibit includes typical examples of the various groups of back- boned animals popularly comprised in the term “fishes,” and is arranged in progressive order. The visitor should first examine the case of hag- fishes and lampreys facing the large window, near the end of the corri- dor. These rank among the most primitive “fishes.” They are with- A PORTION OF THE PADDLEFISH GROUP out scales, without true teeth, without paired limbs, and their backbone consists of but a rod of cartilage. One of the models shows the way Hag-fishes in which a newly caught hag-fish secretes slime, forming and around it a great mass of jelly. In the same case are Lampreys lampreys, and one of them is represented attached to a fish, which it fatally wounds. The nest-building habit of lampreys is illustrated in a neighboring floor case; here the spawners are prepar- ing a pit-like nest and carrying away stones, which they seize with their sucker-like mouths. Next to be visited are the silver sharks or Chimaeroids, shown on the other side of the shark group. They are now known to be highly modified sharks: their scales have failed to develop, and their 56 WINDOW GROUPS heavy ‘‘teeth’’ appear to represent many teeth fused together. These fishes are now very rare and, with few exceptions, occur in the deep sea. The present models show the characteristic forms. Between these ex- hibits is a group showing the blue shark with its young. The visitor should then inspect the cases of sharks which are situ- ated on the south side of the corridor. These include various forms of sharks and rays, selected as typical members of this ancient group—for the sharks have numerous characters which put them in the ancestral line of all the other groups of fishes. An adjacent case pictures the three types of surviving lungfishes, and the models are arranged to indicate the life habits of these interest- ing forms. Thus they are shown going to the surface of the water to breathe; and their poses indicate that they use their paired fins just as a salamander uses its arms and legs. In fact, there is reason to believe that the land-living vertebrates are descended from forms closely related to lungfishes. One sees in this case also a ‘‘cocoon,”’ in which the African lungfish passes the months when the streams are dried up and during which time it breathes only by its lungs. Returning again to the cases of sharks, one sees on a panel above them two huge sturgeons and two large garpikes. These are examples of the group known as Ganoids—fishes that represent, as it were, a halfway station between lungfishes and sharks on the one hand, and the great tribe of bony fishes on the other—such as perches, basses, cod, etc. A further glimpse of the Ganoids may now be had by viewing the spoonbill sturgeon (paddlefish) group, on the side opposite. In this group a number of these eccentric fishes are shown side by side with gar- pikes and other characteristic forms from the lower Mississippi. This group was secured through the Dodge Fund. In the window are groups Window showing the shovel-nosed sturgeon, and the spawning habits of Groups’ the bowfin and of the slender-nosed garpike,—all Ganoids. Passing now through the door leading to the Bird Hall, we are con- fronted by a case containing additional examples of the Ganoids. Here one sees garpikes, sturgeons, the mudfish (Ama), together with the African Bichir, a curious Ganoid encased in bony scales and retain- ing structures which bring it close to the ancestral sharks. The remaining cases in the center of the bird hall give characteristic examples of the various groups of modern “bony fishes,” or Teleosts. There are fourteen cases of them in all, but they offer little space in which to illustrate the 10,500 species. For these are the fishes which are dominant in the present age, contributing over nine-tenths of all existing forms and including nearly all food and game fishes such as bass, cod, eel and herring. Sharks Lungfishes Teleosts DEEP-SEA FISHES 57 The eases should be examined in the order in which they are arranged ; and one may pass in review the catfishes, carps, eels, trout, salmon, pike, mullets, mackerel, basses, wrasses, drumfishes, sculpins, cods, flat- fishes and anglers. The end case exhibits the grotesque fishes from deep water, in which they occur to the surprising depth of over 3,000 fathoms, or more than Deep-Sea 344 miles. They are usually soft in substance, with huge Fishes heads and dwarfish bodies, and are often provided with illuminating organs like little electric bulbs, which can be “shunted”’ off or on by the fish, and enable the fishes either to see their neighbors or to attract their prey. A group representing a number of these fishes as they are supposed to appear in the gloom of the profound depths, lit up only by their luminous organs, is shown in an enclosure next to the Paddlefish Group mentioned above. Before the visitor has completed his view of the hall, he should examine the two wall cases, on either side of the doorway, which explain the characteristic structures of fishes of different groups, and the way in which the groups are related to one another. In one of these wall cases various kinds of fishes have been arranged in a genealogical tree, and the lines and labels give an idea of their evolution. Above the cases hangs a reproduction of the Giant Ray or “‘devil- fish”? over sixteen feet across, taken by Mr. Coles, with whom Colonel Roosevelt made the expedition described in Scribner’s for October, 1917. Return to the Elevators. CHIMERA, A DEEP SEA “ SILVER SHARK ” 58 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS SS FG THE VIRGINIA DEER—A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL Line drawing from the mounted specimen, This Virginia doe stands as the first example in the museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902. SouTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall devoted to North American mammals. Something like 2,000 kinds or species and subspecies of mammals have been described from North America, and the purpose of the exhibits is to show those that are pe- culiar to that region or characteristic of it, the more important, or more striking, being displayed in groups that tell something of their home life or of the region in which they live. The individual specimens give some idea of the variety of species found in North America and their range in size and color. The appearance and arrangement of the hall is impaired by the Boreal Mammals placed here in order to provide room in the adjoining hall for work on the great group of African Elephants and other mammals. The first mammal to catch the eye is the Giant Moose of Alaska. Back of this is a group of Moose from New Brunswick, and beyond Moose this the American Bison; these groups, mounted years Bison ago, are still among the finest as well as the largest examples of their kind. See Reprint “The Story of Museum Groups.” NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 59 Immediately at the left of the entrance are the Grizzly and Alaska Brown Bears, the latter the largest members of the family. The larger groups in their order are the Virginia Deer, Timber Wolf, Beaver, Roose- velt Elk, Mountain Sheep, Pronghorn Antelope and Peccary. The habitat groups proper show the animals in some characteristic occu- pation and, whenever possible, ina family group. The smaller groups, BISON COW AND CALF The big game of North America is described in Guide Leaflet No. 5, North American Ruminants. mostly shown in floor cases, include a number of species “found within fifty miles of New York.’”’ Among them are the Skunk and Opossum, Gray Fox and Brown Bat, Weasels, summer and winter pelage; Otter and Mink, Coney and Say’s Chipmunk, Pack Rat and Jack Rabbit, Red Fox, Woodchuck, Chipmunk and Flying Squirrel, Rabbit, Hare and Red Squirrel, Coyote and Wild Cat. The Opossum, noted for its cunning and tenacity of life, is the sole representative in the United States of the Marsupials, or pouched Opossum mammals. The skunk is a useful, though much abused and Skunk = animal, now valuable for fur which is sold under the euphonistic name of Alaska Sable. While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its principal food consists of injurious insects 09 “UOLaLIP SIY JopuN pojnvoxs pu s[oYyoIN Javqgoy Aq pousisop dno) OGVUOTOO NI SHATIOM UAAWIL ‘TIVUL AHL NO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 61 and field mice. Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this fluid to a considerable distance. THE WEASEL IN WINTER One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City. The others of the series show opossum, raccoon, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some “fur-bearing”’ species; weasel fur is often used instead of ermine. The Virginia, or white-tailed deer, found over a large part of North Virginia America, is shown in its summer coat; other species of Deer our deer are displayed in the adjoining cases and some beautiful albinos may be found in the hall above. Weasel, The weasel, in summer and winter dress, the otter and Otter the mink are three important fur-bearing animals still and Mink found near the towns and cities. Weasel fur is often used in place of ermine. o9 : ‘dfoY UMOYS SB puRl UO UIOTy yonaysuo0d uojjo Aoy} poysoepour you ore AY} a1oYAr Jnq “19}7VM OY} UL SesNoYy MEY} pling AyBs1oues SIOAvOG “UTYIIA SIOABO 9]}41] 94} MOYS 03 AVA UI0} YIed YIM asnoy & SIpUNOIBIOJ oY} UT ‘sosnoy puvsuep Supp 10J puv poo; OJ sooty BuryyNo ov SIOAvAq PO 9YJ, “IaAVEq OY} JO OFT] OUIOY pUv YOM oY} SMOYS SIyT, UGAVAG NVOIYANV AHL MAMMALS OF THE NORTH 63 One of the most beautiful and at the same time simplest groups in Timber the Museum is that showing part of a pack of timber Wolf wolves following the tracks of deer. See page 60. A muskrat group is in course of preparation. In the meantime, this species is represented by a small group across the hall. Owing to its wide distribution, the rapidity with which it breeds, and Muskrat i : Sid a Ae “eens the growing scarcity and increasing demand for furs, the muskrat has become one of the most important of fur-bearing animals and its skins are sold literally by the millions. PART OF PRONGHORN ANTELOPE GROUP This animal is peculiar to North America and is the only hollow-horned ruminant in which the horn sheaths are shed yearly. The cats, wolves and foxes, and the host of small creatures like bats, moles, squirrels, rats and mice, are represented by numerous character- Cats, Wolves istic examples. Here are the jaguar, the largest of the and Foxes American cats, the puma, the well known coyote or prairie wolf and the little-known white Arctic wolf from the extreme north of Greenland. Here too is the Arctic fox in its two color phases, the valuable 64 MUSKOX blue and the more common white, the one bringing as much as $140 for fur, the other worth only $12 to $60. The beaver, formerly the most important from a commercial stand- point of North American mammals, and one intimately connected with the early history and exploration of the continent, is represented actively at work. At the end of this hall is a group of Roosevelt elk found in the Coast Beaver Roasevelt Range from British Columbia to Northern California. Elk and Once abundant, they have become much reduced in Mountain numbers, though an effort is now being made to preserve Sheep them. On the opposite side of the hall are the mountain sheep or bighorns, Nearby is a group of Atlantic walrus, a huge relative of the seal, once found in vast herds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and still fairly abundant along the shores of Greenland. The seal and walrus are the animals which play such an important part in the life of the Eskimo. From these animals come the principal food supply, skins for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear, boat covers, and harnesses for dog teams; from bones and tusks are made knives, harpoons, and other hunting and cooking utensils. Pronghorn The handsome pronghorn antelope, peculiar to North Antelope America, once found in vast numbers on the western plains, is now verging on extinction. The peccary, one of two species of the pig family peculiar to America, is really an intruder from South America. Though naturally vicious, it is readily tamed. Walrus Peccary Boreal Placed here for lack of room elsewhere are the Polar Mammals Bear and other ‘‘ boreal mammals.” The fur seal group belongs in the projected Hall of Ocean Life. It shows a small harem, or family, of these animals which furnish the valuable sealskin coats, the stages in the preparation of the skin being shown nearby. These valuable animals were threatened with commercial extermination through pelagic sealing, but since this has been stopped, the herds have increased until there were in 1918 about 500,000 on the Pribilof Islands. The polar bears obtained by Peary belong with the boreal mammals as do the muskoxen which inhabit the Arctic barrens, living mainly on Polar Bear _willow leaves which they paw up from beneath the snow. Muskox An effort is being made to protect and domesticate these animals, not only for their flesh but for their long wool. Several species of caribou or reindeer are shown: Grant’s caribou from western Alaska, the fine woodland caribou which inhabits Newfoundland, Fur Seal LABELS 65 and Peary’s caribou, the smallest and northernmost of the group. Although fourteen species of caribou occur in North Caribou : : : America, none has been domesticated, though the species PART OF FUR SEAL GROUP brought from Siberia by our Government to furnish food and transporta- tion has increased rapidly. Note the various devices in the way of labels introduced to make the exhibits interesting and instructive. At the entrance attention is called to the principal causes influencing the distribution of mammals; just within is a plan giving the location of the various animals shown therein; there are numerous large labels indicating the distribution of the families to which the animals belong, telling something of their characters or habits and giving the number of species and races, while on many of the labels are maps showing the range of individual species, and near the group of mountain sheep is a label including a map and miniature models illustrating the species of North American mountain sheep and their range. 99 : “UBJ, JO o0vI MO],, B ayo oy} ‘ody jo odAy , YsIY,, B SMOYS OUD ‘dnoiy suvi(d oy} 0} ooo1d Surjyseayuo0o Vy SHINDAd NVOINAV aAtyruttd 0 “ee NEED FOR A NEW BUILDING 67 Owing to lack of an appropriation, no additions have been made to the Museum building for the past ten years, and although a new wing was authorized and the excavation for the basement actually made, work was stopped in 1912. Due to this fact, and the continued work of the Museum expedi- tions, all space in the Museum, and especially the storage rooms and work rooms, have become badly congested. When Mr. Akeley began the preparation of the group of African Elephants, intended as the central piece for the projected African Hall, it was necessary to clear out the Southeast Pavilion in order to provide necessary space; when the collections were received from the Congo Expedition, the collection of fishes was removed from the Central Corridor to the Bird Hall to furnish a little storage room. The beautiful Reptile Groups are installed in temporary quarters in the Central Pavilion, Second Floor, while nothing can be done toward exhibiting the collection of Mammals of the Sea, and the African Hall—the most beautiful and comprehensive museum exhibit yet devised—is still im the future. Return to the Elevators and ascend to the Third Floor. THE PROJECTED AFRICAN HALL The plans for the future extension of the Museum include a hall with gallery, devoted to Africa, in which the characteristic mammals will be shown in groups amid their natural surroundings; in the center of the hall will be placed a monumental group of African Elephants. This hall both from an educational and artistic viewpoint will be the greatest and most instructive exhibit ever planned, the object being to give and preserve a comprehensive view of the wonderful mammalian life of Africa, which for numbers, variety and size of individuals sur- passes all other portions of the world combined. The plans for this hall as well as for the groups have been drawn by Mr. Carl E. Akeley, and include many new features in the way of con- struction, arrangement and lighting. This great undertaking will naturally require many years for its completion, and in view of this fact, although no appropriation has as yet been made for the building, the preparation of the groups hasbeen commenced. As the work progresses, ‘examples of the animals to be included in these groups will be tempo- -rarily displayed, commencing with the elephants. ‘sasod oNsleypoRiBy Moyy UT SAayUOUT o1eI OSoY} SULMOYS “][V}{ SoyvUIg oy} UT Sdnois Mou Byy JO BUG SATMNOW Cau NVOIBAV 89 WEST NORTH PUBLIC EDUCATION i uw [= z z a 4 5] > 4 <= m, LIBRARY EADING 1. Elevators _ 2. Director's Office Firru FLoor The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library which con- tains some 70,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel. The library now contains over 15,000 volumes on zoédlogy, com- prising many of the extremely rare and interesting monographs in ornithology; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in entomology, including many of the rare classics, and a 2,000 volume collection in conchology containing the standard works of Kuster, Reeve and Binney. There is also a well selected collection of 2,500 volumes in anthropology, including many of the older works relating to the North American Indian; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in geology enriched by the library of the late Professor Jules Marcou; a collection of 5,000 volumes in paleontology, to a large extent included in the Osborn Library of Vertebrate Paleontology located in the southeast wing; also an unusually complete collection of more than 25,000 volumes of natural science periodicals. The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and, with the exception of Sundays and_ holidays, is open free daily, from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the current issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more general works of reference, while other volumes will, upon application to the librarian, be furnished to those who wish to consult them. On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of invertebrates. These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the public. 123 124 ADMINISTRATION THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM incorporated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowledge of kindred subjects, and to that end of furnishing popular instruction. For eight years its temporary home was in the Arsenal in Central Park during which time many important collec- tions were secured. The cornerstone of the present building in Manhattan Square was laid in 1874 by President U. S. Grant; in 1877 the first section (South Central Wing) was completed, and on December 22, 1877, the Museum was formally opened by President R. B. Hayes. The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the City, and has cost approximately $5,000,000. The South Fagade is 710 feet in length; the total area of the floor is 470,789 square feet, or about 10 acres, of which 271,886 square feet are open to the public. The building when completed is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square. The building is erected and largely maintained by the City, through the Department of Parks. Building funds are provided for by issues Administration of Corporate Stock, which have been made at intervals and Support = since 1871. The annual appropriation, known as the Maintenance Fund, is devoted to the heating, lighting, repair and supervision of the building and care of the collections. The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees, which has the entire direction of all its activities as well as the guardianship of all the collections and exhibits. The Trustees give their services without remuneration. The funds which enable the Trustees to purchase specimens, to carry on explorations and various forms of scientific work, to prepare and publish scientific papers and to enlarge the library are raised by contri- butions from the Trustees and other friends. These contributions come from three sources—namely, (1) the Endowment Fund, (2) Member- ship Fund, (3) voluntary subscriptions. The interest of the Endowment Fund, which includes the magnificent bequest of Mrs. Jesup, may be used for additions to the collections, research, and for publication. It cannot be used for the care or repair of the building, construction of cases or other maintenance work that is properly the province of the City to provide for. Tin American Museum of Natural History was founded and History PURPOSES OF MUSEUMS 125 The Membership Fund, derived from the subscriptions of Members, may be devoted to any purpose and is of particular importance in the educational work of the Museum. Voluntary contributions may be used for general purposes or for such special object as the donor may designate; some of the most valuable and important collections have been obtained by such gifts, as for example the Morgan collection of gems and the Juilliard collection of ancient Peruvian pottery and textiles. There are at present about 5,400 members. Annual Members con- tribute $10 a year for the support of the Museum; Life Members make a single contribution of $100. Member- ship fees are of great service in promoting the growth of the institution. In the last edition of the Century Dictionary a museum is defined as: “A collection of natural objects, or of those made or used by man, Definition of placed where they may be seen, preserved, and studied. a Museum Neither the objects themselves, nor the place where they are shown, constitute a museum; this results from the com- bination of objects, place, and purpose, display being an essential feature. The objects, or specimens, may be shown for general purposes only, or for the illustration of some subject or idea, the tendency of modern museums being, by the display of objects and the manner in which they are arranged and labeled, to illustrate some fact in nature or in the history of mankind.” And E. Ray Lankester as Director of the British Museum of Natural History stated that: “The purposes of a great national museum of natural history are: (1) To procure by its own explorers or by the voluntary assistance Purposesof of independent naturalists the actual specimens upon Museums which accurate knowledge of the animals, plants, and minerals of the earth’s surface, and more especially of the national territory, is based; to preserve and arrange these collections for study by all expert naturalists, and to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the publication (in the form of catalogues or monographs) of the knowledge so obtained—with a view to its utilization, not only in the progress of science, but in the service of the State. (2) To exhibit in the best possible way for the edification of the public, at whose charges these collections are made and maintained, such specimens as are fitted for exposure in public galleries, with a view to the intelligent and willing participation of the people in the maintenance of the Museum.” As the Museum is emphatically “‘for the people,” special attention is given to making the exhibits attractive and interesting as well as instructive. Membership 126 PURPOSES OF MUSEUMS While the American Museum of Natural History cannot claim to have originated the idea of displaying animals amid their natural sur- roundings, it was the first large museum in this country to adopt this method which it has since carried out on a large scale in (see Reprint “The Story of Museum Groups”’) the well-known habitat groups. How it has been developed the visitor may judge by comparing the group of Robins with the great Florida Group and the Hopi Group. In the Museum were also developed the methods of preparing and mounting the skeletons of extinct animals that have resulted in such mounts as Brontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, and the series showing the development of the horse, so that they might be something more than an assemblage of uninteresting bones. The Museum not only maintains exhibits “for the edification of the public,” but supplements the educational work performed by these How These and their accompanying labels by lectures and publications Purposes Are of a popular nature. A course of evening lectures is given Carried Out .yery Spring and Fall for the Members, to which admission is to be had by ticket; also courses of Science Stories are given on Saturday mornings for the children of members. Another series of lectures, free to the public, is given in con- junction with the Board of Education on Tuesday and Saturday evenings. Still another series, under the direction of the Museum’s Department of Public Education, is given for the children in the Public Schools, and there are special lectures for the blind provided for by the Jonathan Thorne Memorial Fund. The educational work of the Museum is carried still farther by means of its circulating collections for illustrating nature study which are sent free to the schools of Greater New York. The extent to which these collections are used is shown by the following statistics for the last five years: Lectures | | 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Number of Collections in JSCiiccachatce eE | 671 704 712 629 668 Number of Schools in Greater New York Supplied. vadeaeee 473 439 446 | 419 385 Number of Pupils Study-| ing Collections........ .| 1,238,581 | 1,118,322 | 1,075,076 | 790,346 | 860,992 In 1916 the work of the Museum was extended by the establishment of local lecture centers, or courses of lectures given by members of the Museum staff in certain of the public schools. a THE SLIDE LIBRARY Public School teachers selecting slides for class-room use. 128 STUDY COLLECTIONS Arrangements were also made by which the large series of lantern slides, numbering more than 25,000, were loaned to teachers for use in class rooms. The scientific side of the work of the Museum is based upon its explorations and study collections. The Study Collections, as the name implies, are not only for the Study benefit of students but preserve a record of our vanishing Collections animal life and of the life and customs of our own and other primitive peoples. In the case of Natural History the vast majority of the specimens are in the study series, not only because they would ultimately be ruined by exposure to light but because the display of all material would only con- fuse the visitor. Moreover, no museum has room to show everything, and a careful selection is made of objects of the greatest educational value and these are so displayed as to enhance their interest and attrac- tiveness. The Study Collections are, briefly, as follows: Anthropology—Ethnology.—On the attic floor of the west wing and the northwest pavilion there are thirty-three fire-proof storerooms con- taining the ethnological study collections of more than 100,000 catalogue numbers, comprising extensive series of the Philippine Islands, Siberia, China, Africa, South Africa and the various culture areas in North America. The human skeleton material is chiefly from western States and South America. About two thousand crania have been classified and made available for study. Archeology.—In archeology there is a large type series of stone objects from the various States of the Union. Full collections from excavated sites in British Columbia, Washington State, New York State, Kentucky, Arizona and New Mexico are here, together with a special series from the Trenton Valley. There is much material from Mexico, Peru and Bolivia. Geology.—The study collections comprise, among other things, the Hitcheock series of rocks illustrating thirteen geological sections across the States of Vermont and New Hampshire; a complete set of duplicate specimens from the United States geological survey of the Fortieth Parallel; a series illustrating the early geological survey of Pennsylvania; a complete typical series of rocks and microscopic thin sections illus- trating Rosenbusch’s manual of petrography; large series of American rocks; a complete series typifying the rocks encountered in driving the Simplon tunnel, Switzerland; many ores and economic specimens. S tS cane . aa ee 3 REET | + t ; i ~* aes < HOW SPECIMENS ARE CARED FOR One of the fire-proof storerooms of the Department of Anthropology. 129 130 STUDY COLLECTIONS Invertebrate Palewontology—Great numbers of fossil invertebrates, too numerous and varied to particularize, but representing many of the important groups and including a large number of types. Foremost among these is the James Hall collection comprising about 7,000 types of New York State fossils, though most important additions have been made, especially during 1917. Ichthyology—tThe collection of fishes comprises about 7,000 cata- logued specimens, preserved in alcohol and kept in tanks and jars. The fossil fish collection is one of the largest, if not the largest, in America, comprising about 10,000 catalogued specimens; it includes the Newberry, the Cope and several smaller collections. Herpetology—The collection of frogs, salamanders and_ reptiles numbers about 15,000 specimens. Invertebrate Zodlogy—General Invertebrates—About 60,000 speci- mens of protozoans, sponges, polyps, starfishes, sea-urchins, worms, crustaceans, spiders, myriapods and chordates. Insects.—(a) Local collection comprising insects within fifty miles of New York City. (b) General collection including more than 500,000 specimens, among them the types of many species. Shells—The Molluscan collections of the Museum, exclusive of fossils, include about 15,000 species, comprised for the most part in the Jay and Haines collections. Mammalogy.—The study collection of mammals contains about 35,000 skins, skulls and skeletons exclusive of the material obtained by the Congo Expedition which has not yet been fully catalogued, but comprises about 5,800 mammals, 6,200 birds, 4,800 reptiles and 6,000 fishes, besides 3,800 ethnographical specimens and more than 100,000 invertebrates, the results of six years’ work. The Museum is especially rich in South American forms. Mexico and the Arctic are well represented; from the latter region there is a large and unique series of the beautiful white Peary’s caribou and of the Greenland muskox, comprising about 150 specimens. The collection of whales is one of the finest in the world. Ornithology.—The study collection of birds consists of approximately 150,000 skins and mounted birds, about nine-tenths of which are from the Western Hemisphere, and several thousand nests and eggs. South America is represented by a large collection from Matto Grosso, Brazil, and very extensive collections from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela and Trinidad. From North America, there are important collections from Mexico, Nicaragua, California, Texas, Arizona and the Middle Atlantic States— the Rocky Mountain region being most poorly represented. Of special PUBLICATIONS 131 collections, the George N. Lawrence and Maximilian collections are of special importance from the hundreds of type specimens which they contain. Mineralogy.—Most of the mineral specimens are on exhibition, but the overflow from the public cases forms a study series of no mean propor- tion. Public Health—Living bacteria are maintained and distributed free to recognized laboratories. Vertebrate Palewontology—The study collections comprise about 15,000 catalogued specimens of fossil mammals, 6,000 fossil reptiles and amphibians and a few hundred fossil birds. Most of these are from the western United States. The collections of fossil horses, Eocene mam- mals and Cretaceous dinosaurs are unrivaled. The fossil rhinoceroses, camels, oreodonts, carnivora, Fayum, Pampean and Patagonian mam- mals, Jurassic dinosaurs, Permian reptiles, turtles, etc., are likewise of the first rank. They include more than nine hundred type specimens of fossil mammals and several hundred type specimens of fossil reptiles and amphibians. The Museum Library, located on the fifth floor, contains about 70,000 volumes on various branches of natural history (save botany), anthro- pology and travel. It is particularly strong in vertebrate paleontology and scientific periodicals. Like other museum libraries, it is of necessity a reference library, but, except on Sundays and holidays, may be freely used by the public during the hours when the Museum is open. The Osborn Library, founded by President Osborn, is also on the fifth floor and contains works on vertebrate palzeontology and related subjects. The publications of the Museum, aside from the Annual Report, fall naturally into two groups: scientific and popular. The former, compris- Puplications ing the Memoirs, Anthropological Papers and Bulletin, contain information gathered by the various expeditions, or derived from the study of material collected; they are from the nature of their subjects mainly of a technical character. The Memoirs consist of the larger, more important papers, or those that call for unusually large illustrations. These are issued from time to time as occasion may demand. The Bulletin comprises the shorter papers, those that contain information that it is desirable to issue promptly, and a volume of about 400 pages is issued annually. The scientific papers are distributed, largely in exchange, to museums and libraries throughout the world. The popular publications include the Journal, Leaflets, Guides and Handbooks, and are intended for the information of the general public. Library 132 STUDY COLLECTIONS The Journal, now Natural History, begun in 1900, is the means of promptly informing the Museum members of the work of the institution, giving the results of the many expeditions, telling of the collections made, or more important information gathered. It also describes at length interesting or noteworthy installations, and notes the accessions to the various departments, changes in the personnel of the Museum, and elections to Membership. The illustrated Guide Leaflets deal with ex- hibits of particular interest or importance, such as the Habitat Groups of Birds, the Evolution of the Horse, Meteorites, the Indians of Manhattan, ealling attention to important objects on exhibition and giving informa- tion in regard to them. The Handbooks, eight of which have been issued, deal with subjects or topics rather than objects. Thus the Plains Indians Handbook, by Dr. Wissler, is not merely a guide to the exhibition hall, but tells of the life and customs of these Indians, their language, political organizations, religious beliefs and ceremonies. The distribution of these popular publications is a part of the educa- tional work of the Museum, as are exhibits and lectures, and so far they have been necessarily sold below the cost of publication, as is done by other museums. (See list at end of this Guide.) An important part of the Museum, not seen by the public, is the workshops, located in the basement and provided with machinery of the most improved pattern. Here, among other things, are constructed the various types of cases used in the Museum, including the light, metal-frame case, devised in the institution. Still other rooms, which, of necessity, are not open to the public, are the laboratories, wherein is carried on the varied work of preparing exhibits, work which calls for the services of a very considerable number of artists and artisans. Here are cast, modelled or mounted the figures for the many groups from Man to Myxine; here leaves are made to grow and flowers tobloom as accessories for beasts,* birds and fishes, to say nothing of reptiles and amphibians, and here, with painstaking care, are slowly created in glass and wax the magnified copies of invertebrates. From all this may be gathered that a museum is a very busy place, much more so than the casual visitor is apt to imagine. In fact, a very good museum man has said that a museum is much like an iceberg, seven- eighths of it under water and invisible. *See Guide Leaflet No. 34. Workshops MEMBERSHIP For the purchase or collection of specimens and their preparation, for research, publication, and additions to the library, the Museum is dependent on its endowment fund and its friends. The latter contribute either by direct subscriptions or through the fund derived from the dues of Members, and this Membership Fund is of particular importance from the fact that it may be devoted to such purpose as the Trustees may deem most important. There are now more than four thousand Mem- bers of the Museum who are contributing to this work. If you believe that the Musewm is doing a useful service to science and.to education, the Trustees invite you to lend your support by becoming a Member. The various Classes of Resident Membership are as follows: Annual Member ee ere es ee ee (ATU Ally) $10 Bustamine Member... . < . :; . . . £4(annually) 25 Life Member EET eae. OF A! Mek eS A 100 Rol Ginen eerte ye EE a ee 500 Pattony =. fe so: SO) Eo Sg otal ange 1,000 Wesociane Benefactor = 9. & =4 . ;- « 4» «= » . « 10,000 Pecocme houmader = (:) . . wf « « . «©. . . ., /26,000 Benefactor .. te ees od ek 100000 They have the following privileges: An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. Complimentary tickets to the Members’ Room for their friends. Services of the Instructor for guidance through the Museum. Two course tickets to Spring and Autumn Lectures. Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets on request. Complimentary copies of the American Museum Journal, NaTurat History. The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP In order that those not living in New York City may be associated with the Museum and its work, the class of Associate Members, whose annual dues are $3, was established in 1916. These Members have the following privileges: Current issues of Natura History. The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. This large room on the third floor is given over exclusively to Members, and is equipped with every comfort for rest, reading and correspondence. Two complimentary tickets admitting to the Members’ Room for distribution by Members to their friends. The services of an Instructor for guidance when visiting the Museum. 133 INDEX Page numbers of illustrations are set in heavy face type. Administrative Offices 123 African collections 48 “Ahnighito”’ meteorite 11 Albinos 93 Allosaurus 109 Amphibians 37-41 Amundsen Sledge 27 Annulates 32 Antelope Group 63 Apache Group 24 Arapaho Dancer 19 Archeology, Mexico and Central America 43, of North America 47 Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 78 Arthropods 33 Assembly Halls 9 Auditorium 15 Auduboniana 86 Auk 50 Aztecs 44, 45 Bacteria 81 Baskets: African 49; Chinese 91; Indian 13, 17, 19, 21- 25; Pacific Islands 122 Bat, Fruit 70, 71 Bears 59, 64 Beaver Group 62, 64 Bement Collection 119 Bench Mark 9 “ Big Tree”’ of California 27 Bird Feeding Group 52 Bird Groups 42, 51-53, 72-80 Bird Rock Group 79 Birds, Local 42 Birds of paradise 52 Birds of the world 49 Birds, Seasonal collection 42 Bison Group 58, 59 Blankets, Chilkat 12, 13; Navajo 25 Blind, work with 126 Booby and Man-of-War Group 78 Brandt’s Cormorant Group 77 Brontosaurus 109 Bronzes from Benin 49; from China 91 Brown Pelican Group 75, 76 Bubonic Plague 81 Building Stones 15 Bullfrog Group 39 Bust of Bickmore 15; of Darwin 30; American Men of Science 11; Pasteur 80; Sargent 27; Burroughs 43 Butterflies 96 Calendar Stone 45 Canoe, Haida 13 Caribou 65 Catlin Paintings 20 Cave Man 47 Cave, Copper Queen 117; Weyer’s 116 Chichen Itza 43 Chilkat blankets 12, 13 Chimeroids 55, 56, 57, 113 Chinese collections 91 Cicada 97 Clam and Oyster, Models 32 Cobb’s Island Group 74 Cobra Group 39 Codices 43 Condor Group 77 Congo Collections 48, 49, 130 Copperhead Snake Group 39 Copper Queen Cave 117; Mine 115 Corals 33 Crane Group 53, 75, 78 Crustaceans 32 Crystal Ball 118 Darwin, Bust 30 Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 30 Deer 61 Demuth Collection of Pipes 16 Devilfish 57 134 Dinosaurs: Allosaurus 109; Brontosaurus 109; Diplodocus 109; Duck-billed 107, 109, 110; Horned 106; Mummied 110; Trachodon 107, 109; Tyrannosaurus 108, 110 Dodo 50 Dog Feast 20 Dogs 35 Duck Hawk 73, 74 Earth Goddess 44 Eggs 43, 52 Egret Group 75, 77 Elephant Group 67 Elephant ‘‘Tip’’ 37 Elk 64 Eohippus 105 Eskimo collection 15; Woman Cooking 14; Fish- ing 15 Extermination 51 Feather Cape 121 Fire Walker 120 Fishes, Bony 56; Deep Sea 57; Fossil 111; Groups 54, 55; Luminous 57; Recent 55-57 Flamingo Group 77 Flatworms 31 Flea, Model 82 Flea and Bubonic Plague 81 Florida Group 41, 78 Fly, Model of 84; and disease 85 Food 28, 29 Forestry, Hall of North American 26, 27 Fossil Aquarium 112 Fossils: : Age of 90; Fishes 111,112, 113; Formation of 99; Invertebrate 113; Man 100; Reptiles 107; Sea Reptiles 100; Sharks 111, 113; South American 101; Tertiary 101; Tree Stump 115 Fowls 35 Fur Seal Group 64, 65 Ganoids, Fossil 113; Recent 56 Gar Pike 56 Gems and Precious stones 118 7 Geology 113, 114; biologic 114; historical 114; of Manhattan Island 15 Glacial grooves 9 Glacial Pothole 9 Gold and silver work 46, 88 Golden Eagle Group 78 Goose (Wild) Group 79 Grand Canyon 114 Grebe Group 79 Ground Sloth Group 101 Groups: Birds 42, 50-53; Fishes 54-57; Insects 95-97; Mammals 58-65, 68-71; Man 13-25, 66, 120; Marine Invertebrates 30-36; Reptiles and Amphibians 39-41 Habitat Groups 73 Hackensack Meadow Group 74 Haida Canoe 13 - Heron Group (Florida Blue) 75; (Snowy) 75, 77 Hopi Group 23 Horse, Evolution of the 103, 104 Horses, Skeletons of modern 101 Incas 87-90 Indians: Alaskan 13; Apache 24, 25; Arapaho 19, 20; Blackfoot 21; British Columbia 13; Chilkat 13; Cree 17; Dakota 21; Delaware 17; Haida 13; Hopi 22; Iroquois 17, 18, 19; Man- hattan 17-19; Menomini 18; Navajo 23; New York 17; Penobscot 17; Pima 23; Plains 20, 21; Pueblo 22; Seminole 19; Tlingit 13; Woodlands 17; Zuni 22 Information Bureau 9 ; Insects 95-98; importance 95; local collection 98 Insects and disease 81, 83 ae Invertebrates, Fossil 113; Recent 30-36, 130 ro,uois Warrior 18 INDEX Jade Boulder 11 Jesup Collection of North American Woods 25 Jesup Memorial Statue, 8, 11 Jesup Tablet 27 Keith Collection 43, 46 Killer Whale, 93, 94 Klamath Lake Group 78 Labels 65 Labrador Duck 52 Lampreys 55 Lectures 15, 126 Library 123, 127, 131 Lizard Group 40 Lobsters, record 32 Loon Group 79 Magnolia 26 Malaria 33, 82, 83 Mammals, Groups 58-65, 93; of Africa 48; of North America 58-65; of the Polar regions 58, 64, 65; of the World 93 Mammoth 101 Man, Evolution of 47: Early 47, 100; Natural History of 47 Manta 57 Maori Heads 121 Marine Invertebrates 30-36 Masks, Melanesian 121; Tlingit 14 Mastodons and Mammoths 101, 102 Mayas 41, 43, 45 Medicine pipe 21 Melanos 93 Membership 125, 133 Members’ Room 69 Memorial Hall 10, 11 Meteorites 11, 15, 16 Mexican Archeology 43-45; Textiles 41 Military Hygiene 85 Minerals 119 Mink 61 Moccasin Snake 39 Mollusks 32, 35, 92 Monkeys 68, 69, 71 Moose Group 58 Morgan Tablet 118 Mosquito models 33, 81 Mosquitoes and malaria 83 Mummy bundles 88; cloths 87; Chilean Copper 90; dinosaur 110 Mural paintings by Knight 102; by Stokes 15; by Taylor 12, 15 Museum building 2; administration 124; admis- sion to 4; definition of 125; history 124; loca- tion 4; membership 125, 133; purposes of 125; support 124 Musk Ox 64 Muskrat 63 Naosaurus 110 Navajo blankets 23, 25 Nazca Pottery 89 North Pacifie Hall 13 Opossum 59 Orang Utan Group 71 Otter 61 Orizaba Group 72, 74 Pacifie Islands Collections 120-122 Paddlefish Group 5 Peary Bust 11 Peary Sledges 27 Pelican Groups 75, 76, 78 Penguin Group 38 Peruvian Collections 87-90 Philippine Collections 122 Pigs, Giant Fossil 105 Pioneers of American Science 11 Pipe Bags 21 Pipes, Demuth Collection 16 Plans of Halls 6, 9, 37, 69, 99, 123 Polar Expeditions 27 Polar Maps 27 Polyodon Group 55 Polyps 31 135 Pothole, Glacial 9 Pottery: Chinese 91; Inca 89; Indian 19, 22, 23; Maya 43; Philippine 122 Power Room 16 Prairie Chicken Group 79 Prehistoric Man of Europe and North America 47 Proboscis Monkey 71 Protozoa 30 Ptarmigan 61 Publications 131 Public Health, Hall 80 Pueblo Indians 22 Pygmy Group 66, 69 Quipus 90 Reptiles 37-41; Fossil 100, 107-111 Robin Group 42 Roosevelt Elk 59, 64 Rotifers 31 Roundworms 31 Sage Grouse Group 78 Salamander Group 39 Sandhill Crane Group 75 San Joaquin Valley Group 77 School Collections 126, 127 Sea-Mats 31 Sea Stars 32 Seismograph 27 Sewage 81 Shark, Giant Fossil 111 Shark Group 54 Sharks 56 Shells 31-33, 92 Siberian collections 91 Skunk 59 Sledge, Amundsen’s 27; Peary’s 27 Sponges 30 Squirrels 59 Staff, Scientific 1 Starfish 32 Stele 43-45 Struggle for Existence 35 Study Collections 128-131 Sun dance 21 Swan Group 78 Synoptic Series of Animals 30-36; of Mammals 93 Tahitians 120 Tertiary Vertebrates 101-103; Textiles, African 49; Chinese 91; Haida 13, 14; Mexican 41; Navajo 25; Pacific Islands 120. 122; Peruvian 87-90 Thorne Tablet 69 Tipi 21 Toad Group 41 Totem poles 13 Trachodon 107, 109, 110 Trephined skulls 89, 90 Triceratops 106 Trustees, Board of 1 Turkey Vulture Group 77 Tyrannosaurus 108, 110 Variation 35 Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 33 Virginia deer 58, 61 Visitors’ Room 9 Walrus 64 Wampum 17 Warren Mastodon 101 Water Supply 80 Water Turkey Group 75 Weasel Group 61 Whale, finback 53; sulphur-bottom 93; killer 94 Whales 93 Wharf Pile Group 34, 35 Whooping Crane Group 53, 78 Wild Turkey Group 74 ““Willamette’’ meteorite 11 Wolf Group 60, 63 Woodchuck 59 Woods, North American 27 Workshops 132 Publications Relating to the Exhibits or to the Work of the Museum These are plainly written accounts of the exhibits or of the subjects illustrated by the exhibits and are intended to give much more information than could be put on labels. These puklications are issued at or below cost, hence the prices are net; postage is extra, and there are no discounts either to dealers or when the leaflets are purchased in quantities. They may be purchased of the Attendants or from the Librarian. A partial list is given below. HANDBOOKS These deal with subjects illustrated by the collections, rather than with the objects themselves. No. 1. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE PLAINS. By Crarx WissLEr, Ph.D., Curator of Anthropology. 145 pages, maps and illustrations. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, 75 cents. No. 3. THE ANCIENT PEOPLES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. By Herpert J. SPINDEN, Ph D., Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology. 238 pages, 75 illustrations. Cloth, 75 cents. No. 4. ANIMALS OF THE PAST. By Freperic A. Lucas, Se.D., Director of the Museum. 250 pages with 41 illustrations by Charles R. Knight and Joseph Gleeson. Paper, 50 cents. No. 5. DINOSAURS. By W. D. Matruew, Ph.D., Curator of Vertebrate Pale- ontology. 102 pages, 49 illustrations. Paper, 25 cents. No. 7. FISHES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By J, T. Nicxots, A.B., Assistant Curator of Recent Fishes. 122 pages, 60 illustrations and frontispiece in color, octavo. Cloth, 75 cents. No.8 PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES. By A. L. Krorser, Ph. D., Profes- sor of Anthropology, University of California. December, 1919, 224 pages, maps and illustrations. Cloth, 75 cents. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE LEAFLETS These describe some exhibit, or series of exhibits, of special interest or import- ance, or may deal with the contents of an entire hall. No. 5. NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS. By J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. Revised edition, 29 pages, 19 illustra- tions. Price, 10 cents. No. 28. THE HABITAT GROUPS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By FranK M. CHapMAn, Se.D., Curator of Ornithology. Second edition, 64 pages, 36 illustrations. Price, 25 cents. No. 36. THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE IN NATURE AND UNDER DOMESTICATION. By W. D. Marruew, Ph.D., Curator Depart- ment of Vertebrate Paleontology, andS. H. Coups. 64 pages, 39 illus- trations. Price, 30 cents. No. 39. HOW TO COLLECT AND PRESERVEINSECTS. ByF.E. Lutz, Ph.D., Associate Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zoology. Third edition, 21 pages, 12 cuts. Price, 10 cents. No. 41. THE INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY. By ALANSON SKINNER, formerly Assistant Curator, Department of Anthro- pology. New edition, 54 pages, 27 illustrations. Price, 20 cents. No. 42. THE BIG TREE AND ITS STORY. By Grorce H. SHerwoop, A.M., Curator, Department of Public Education. New edition, 23 pages, 9 illustrations. Price, 15 cents. No. 43. MAMMOTHS AND MASTODONS. By W. D. MartrueEw, Ph.D., Curator Department of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 pages, 12 illustrations. Price, 15 cents. No. 46. PERUVIAN ART A Help forStudents of Design. By Cuartes W. Mean, Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology. 16 pages, 6 full-page plates. Price, 10 cents. No. 49. GUIDETO THE MINERALCOLLECTION. By Herserrt P. WuitLock, C.E., Curator of Mineralogy. 32 pages, 17 illustrations. Price 15 cents. No. 50. INDIAN BEADWORK. By CrarK WissterR, Ph.D., Curator of Anthro- pology. 32 pages, 27-illustrations. Price, 15 cents. No. 51 AFIRSTCHAPTERIN NATURALHISTORY. By Freperic A. Lucas, Se. D., Director of the Museum. April, 1920, 20 pages. Price, 10 cents. AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDUCATION | FOR SCIENCE > . << Ts te = a lam, CE pa aya a ‘—_ 4 - 7 s ) 4 F . 4 ; . . ‘ S ; ; ' Ps , ) y 3 4 ¢ y a . es i ' ‘ 2 o » ; s rE ’ oe * ° . A ‘ vt r ’ “*) “3 |e fei) TAL ee Ph ~f y gogpa-tz (TL°#L)LO"S “WOFT EAP OUT OF SPENY