HE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ' | GENERAL GUIDE | EXHIBITION HALLS ’ i EDITED BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS Revised by Members of the Staff FIFTEENTH EDITION 1930 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Scientific Staff for 1930 Henry Farrrienp Osnorn, D.Sc., LL.D., President Grorce H. Suerwoop, A.M., Ep.D., Director and Executive Secretary James L. Ciark, Assistant Director, Preparation Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B., Assistant to the Director I. DIVISION OF MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, AND ASTRONOMY Henry Fairrietp Ossorn, LL.D., Curator-in-Chief D.Sc., Astronomy Ciype Fisuer, Pa.D., LL.D., Curator Minerals and Gems Henrpert P. Wuittock, C.E., Curator George F. Kunz, Px.D., Research Associate in Gems Fossil Vertebrates Henry Farrrietp Ossorn, D-Sc., LL.D., Honorary Curator-in-Chief Water GRANGER, Curator of Fossil Mammals Barnum Brown, Fossil Reptiles Georce G. Simpson, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palwontology Cuarves C. Mook, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Geology and Paleontology WituiaM K. Grecory, Px.D., Research Associate in Paleontology Cuiips Frick, B.S., Research Associate in Paleontology Watrter W. Homes, Field Associate in Palxontology A.B., Curator of Geology and Fossil Invertebrates Cuester A. Reeps, Pu.D., Curator lI. DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY FRANK MicHLerR CHAPMAN, Se.D., N.A.S., Curator-in-Chief Marine Life Roy Watpo Mrner, Pu.D., Sc.D., Curator Wittarp G. Van Name, Pu.D., Associate Curator FranK J. Myprs, B.A., Research Asso- ciate in Rotifera Horace W. Srunkarp, Pu.D., Re- search Associate in Parasitology A. L. TReapweL., Px.D., Research Associate in Annulata Insect Life Frank E. Lutz, Pu.D., Curator A. J. Murcuter, Associate Curator of CH. Cras, M -H. Curran, M.A., Assistant Curato: FRANK E. Watson, B.S., Staff AGRistant in Lepidoptera Witt1ram M. WuHeEeE.er, Pu.D., Re- search Associate in Social Insects Cuartes W. Lena, B.S., Research Associate in Coleoptera HersBert F. Scuwarz, A.M., Research Associate in Hymenoptera Fishes Witiiam K. Grecory, Pa.D., Curator Joun T. Nicnous, A.B., Curator of Recent Fishes E. W. Gupcer, Px.D., Bibliographer and Associate Francesca R. LaMonre, A.B., Assist- ant Curator CHartes H. Townsenp, Sc.D., Re- search Associate C. M. Breper, Jr., Research Associate Lovis Hussakor, Pu.D., Research Associate in Devonian Fishes Van Campen HeiLNer, M.Sc., Field Representative Amphibians and Reptiles, and Experimental Biology G. Kines.tey Nose, Px.D., Curator Cuirrorp H. Popr, B.A., Assistant Curator i Cuartes E. Burt, M.S., Assistant Curator Bertram G. Smuiru, Px.D., Research Associate A. B. Dawson, PuH.D., Research Asso- ciate Witi1am DovGtas BurpEN, A.M., Re- search Associate Birds FranK M. Cuapman, Sc.D., Curator- in-Chief Ropert CusHMAN Murpuy, D.Sc., Curator of Oceanic Birds ; James P. CuHapin, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Birds of the Eastern Hemisphere Eusir M. B. NavumBure, Associate Mammals of the World H. E. Anruony, M.A., Curator Roserr T. Harr, A.M., Assistant Curator Georce G. Goopwin, Assistant Curator Witutram J. Morven, Pu.B., Field Associate Research Comparative and Human Anatomy Wuu1am K. Grecory, Px.D., Curator H. C. Raven, Associate Curator S. H. Cuuss, Associate Curator MAaRrceE.LeE RoIGneAu, Staff Assistant J. Howarp McGrecor, Pu.D., Re- search Associate in Human Anatomy Dupiey J. Morton, M.D., Research Associate Ill. DIVISION OF ANTHRO- POLOGY CuarK Wisster, Px.D., LL.D., Curator-in-Chief Science of Man CiarK WissLer, Pu.D., Curator-in- Chief N. C. Netson, M.L., Curator of Pre- historic Archeology Georce C. VarILLant, Pa.D., Associate Curator of Mexican Archeology Harry L. SsHaprro, Px.D., Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology MarGaret Meap, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Ethnology Science of Man (continued) Ronatp L. Ouvson Pu.D., Assistant Curator of South American Archm- ology WiiiiaAM K. Grecory, Pu.D , Associate in Physical Anthropology CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate in Mexican and Central American Archeology Mito Hetiman, D.D.S.,Research Asso- ciate in Physical Anthropology Grorce E. Brewer, M.D., Research Associate in Somatic Anthropology IV. DIVISION OF ASIATIC EX- PLORATION AND RESEARCH Roy CwHapMAN ANDREWS, Sc.D., Curator-in-Chief Water GRANGER, Curator in Pale- ontology CuHarves P. Berkey, Pr.D. [Columbia University], Research Associate in Geology Amapeus W.GraBavu,S.D. [Geological Survey of China], Research Associate V. DIVISION OF EDUCATION AND PUBLICATION GrorGce H. SHerwoop, A.M., Ep.D., Curator-in-Chief Education and Public Health GerorGe H. SHerwoop, A.M., Ep.D., Curator-in-Chief Cryper FisHer, Px.D., LL.D., Curator of Visual Instruction Grace FisHer Ramsey, Curator Wiiiiam H. Carr, Assistant Curator Nancy True, A.B., Staff Assistant EvizaBeTH A. Eckers, Pu.B., Staff Assistant Paut B. Mann, A.M., Associate in Education Frank E. Lutz, Pxu.D., Research Asso- ciate in Outdoor Education CHARLES-EDWARD AMORY WINSLOW, D.P.H., Honorary Curator of Public Health Associate Inabrary and Publications Ipa RicHarpson Hoop, A.B., Acting Curator Haze Gay, Assistant Librarian Jannerre May Lucas, B.S., Assistant Librarian—Osborn Library Printing and Publishing HawtTuHorne Danie, Curator, Editor of Natural History A. KATHERINE BERGER, Editor of Natural History Eruet J. Timonter, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications Associate Public Information Gerorce N. Prnpar, Chairman Grorce H.Suprwoop, A.M., Ep.D WituraM K. Grecory, Pu.D. Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B. Cuark Wisster, Pu.D. HAWTHORNE DANIEL Advisory Committee on Natural History Magazine Criark Wiss.er, Pa.D PRANK M. Cnapman, Sc.D. FRANK E. Lutz, Pu.D. HAWTHORNE Danie, Chairman A. KATHERINE BERGER Henry Farrrietp Osporn, D.Sc., LL.D. Grorce N,. PInDarR Gerorce H. SuHerwo op, A.M., Ep.D., ex-officio "YIOK MON JO 97BYg oY) Aq paqdod “[BLIOUIATA, Y[BAQSOOY ayy OpNOU! [IM Yor 4soAy FLV [BIJUOD Furuody yey} oq OF AT[BAN4da4rYoIe JUBJLOdUIT ysouT oY} ‘BUOT 4905 OTL “ueserd oy} oH ‘Aq 07 sI apwdey yove pus ‘pouugld se unoesnyy 94} JO pairyy-ouo0 ynoqe st pojajdui0s uoys10d ayy, [BL19} VU YT, ‘SBxXa], MOI; JAGd puB BIZODG BAON WI; 4red ‘a4y1UBI9 pal st Surpymq ay} jo ‘PL8T Ul quBIN yuopIsorg Aq prey sem ‘orenbg uvyyQeYyURyY JO [ew Adnooo 0} popusyzur st YOY ‘uINESNy, oY} JO BU0YSIOMIOD oq, qoo1}G YJUSAeS-APUBAVG Suv] ‘apede,y yyNog AYOLSIH TWUNLYN 40 WNASNAW NVOIMANY AHL GENERAL GUIDE EXHIBITION HALLS AM ERICAN “MUSEUM - NATURAL HISTORY BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS Revised by Members of the Museum Staff FIFTEENTH EDITION 1930 _———uwuwWH~ New York Published by the Museum Je -llb 4 } hoch Lb HOW TO REACH THE MUSEUM The Museum is located at 77th Street and Central Park West, and can be reached by the 8th and 9th Avenue surface cars, the 6th or 9th Avenue elvated to 81st Street station, or by the subway to 72nd or 79th Street station. The Museum is open free every day in the year; on weekdays, including holidays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., on Sundays from 1 to 5 P.M. From Grand Central Station take Broadway surface car to 77th Street, or subway shuttle to Times Square and local to 79th Street. From the Pennsylvania Station take the 8th Avenue surface cars, or the subway local to 79th Street. CONTENTS Boarp OF TRUSTEES. Screntiric STAFF.. Ae ea eee How To Reacu THE ‘Museum. Bi Oe teal aie INDEX OF EXHIBITION HALLS...... ........ First Foor: Visitors’ Room.. Spee eam Be Wea aS, Memorial Hall | (South I Pavilion). MG, Aid ae rae pyle eae Meteorites. . oie TERE Ie SR ony OEE WN EA ere Dae PASHIROMONM Ye ersieerreus ee Gir ae ais he ele urea ss Lee SON etre lol TEREICI ng hilo Gy Wee aby ci eG ta ie Indians of North Pacific Coast: (South C Central Wi ing). Eskimo Collections (North Corridor). . ROS PIPE Fo tA. pce or BUCMmOMUMe (CNA AVION). oo) ee cece \saae.cccekocarewuaness Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing)...................0-0000: Indians of the Plains (Southwest Pavilion).......................--20ee-- Indians of the Southwest (West Wing)......... Ee, ints Ces A RO RODE MEICODOMIGS Heretic een rene hea eee. Ata ck olsckce Gl plovameaat yw atéaetnee Sie Bich C SOME al eee errant etre ee a RT Ee eS Sa a TRICE ONE TONGUES. cere f cigto oles boc ene Ocoe Che Te nee eRe ee Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast VAAL AY) ps caine hoe eee Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion)....................... Wihnlestan dRROLpOISeS asst rrr one oa et ree oe bav Suk baie Public Health, Water Supply—(Education Hall)...................... Shells—(Hall of Ocean hie) atc eve ase Siler Ee Srconp FLoor Local Birds (West Corridor)... Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central ‘Amer rica 1 (Southw est W ing) Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion) . Collections from Africa (West Wing).. 5 Goa TAERene ere eG ee ae eee Birds of the World (South Central Wing) oer te) Speer a rae ee ee Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing)........................ Tuirp Foor: Membersmirooma ast Goreldon sees ssescse cite tin. ad eee eke en MonkevsianadbApest (south Pavilion). -sc.cc aces Gabe oe leis cee owes oe Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South Central Wing)..... ae ANWGKelorarer ED, (\nesin (Clay nte ye) ean den Bes Ans ane es Indians of South America (Southwest Wing).. Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion). RRS 2 Mammals of the World, Their Families and Evolution (Southeast Wing). . Hall of Insect Life (Southeast IPaVILON) eRe Taare ee ee oe HalifofiReptledniex (Hast Wint)se-ss.tsecs. sr sss soe se ene - «60s. FourtH Foor: Hore word oneHossiluvertebratesaeses cere ae eh dome cls sale se cee «= « Early Man, Mastodons and M .mmoths (South Pavilion)......... Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing)................ Hall of Dinosaurs (East Wing).. Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology ‘(South Central Wi ing). Minerals and Gems (Southwest W ing)... BN re heck se Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southw est Pav ilion).. S Aree er Horse under Domestication (West Corridor)......................200- Collect*’ons from the Pacific Islands (Southwest Pavilion)............. Collections from the Philippines (West Wing)............ Pirru Foor: Library. Offices... History anp WorK OF THE Museum... Membership. . Indexseyeeceeee PaG 11-12 PREFATORY NOTE It is frequently necessary to rearrange the exhibits in order to provide space for new material or to put into effect advanced ideas re- garding methods of exhibition, and as these changes are taking place all the time, it unavoidably happens that now and then discrepancies will be found between the actual arrangement of the specimens and that noted in the GurpE. In some cases further information may be obtained from the Gurpe LEAFLETS which describe exhibits of special interest. See list of Popular Publications. 7 Paiste peraeeisiees 15 14 WING | PAVILION ae fi} 4 a 8 12 9 WEST SCHOOL SOUTH HALL OF EAST WING CENTRAL OCEAN LIFE WING aR SERVICE U WING 3 2 i? Y ! ais 10 i SOUTHWEST SOUTH SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST WING SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION PAVILION PAVILION ee FLOOR PLAN OF THE MUSEUM WEST CORRIDOR | EAGT CORRIDOR Norr.—The names and numbers of the halls are to aid the visitor to locate the hall he desires to visit: they are not those officially applied to the various sections. See Key to Exhibition Halls on opposite page. PERUTITITAIBER ALLY CLO LICE sisi scecelakese: cuetstavelc acciavaie e's pee Fifth Floor, South Pavilion.......... Atrium COMECHONA TOM. . «rc can ce co smrtccasatnes Second Floor, West Wing.............-++.- Apes and Monkeys.. Aon ... Third Floor, South Pavilion.......... Asia, Gallections f from. ..Third Floor, Southwest Pavilion.......... Auditorium.. irate ..First Floor, North Corridor.......... Auduboniana.. +..-...-.Lhird Floor, West Corridor........:...< PRERRAEILIOGEL Ts ied, ce Secis Cmccscca Crm etern @iareala tk vb Gina anecw a Second Floor, West Corridor............. Birds of North America (Habitat Groups) Sevres Third Floor, South Central Wing HSITCRTOLI EMER VOEIO a esac claeione s cisininin gue accuse tala sie Second Floor, South Central Wing Caves.. eee eeinenisencie 1s OUurth wloormsouth Central Wig... GentraluAmericas ec 6s. .cccsdedecaaekaheee tes Second Floor, Southwest Wing............. China. . 35 ..Third Floor, Southwest Pavilion.......... Darwin Hall. First Floor, Southeast Pavilion eee ORG RIO ler ona weet eae) para vaincete re nne are Fourth Floor, East Wing.. Foes Recent.. Food Economics..........-.....................First Floor, Education Hall... ....... IUOBSTEFINVOrCODIALESS ce can tie cis cle cicveiels sais cis eisisieye Fourth Floor, South Central Wing Fossil Mammals (Mastodon). . Fossil Mammals (Horses, GemaandiPreclous Stones. csc icc-r= sole soe cise sisi eve ie Fourth Floor, Southwest Wing.. GeolonyMrlistorical ea cerc ct oo si owincisiene se Fourth Floor, South Central Wing. ETOTRE SME VOMIGAON Ol onic nie inrciaiese) avayalete Dicreiasefa/aisve sve reys © Fourth Floor, Southeast Wing............. Horse, under Domestication. . Secor eeee OULL Dn Oor: IWViestiG@ormdorn cree. -i-.cie a’ UNCaNE OL SOUtHUAMEFICH. sa xscces save ware ms 6. s:c aren ac Third Floor, Southwest Wing............. Indians of the North Pacific ie Conet, olaenatuaieven eis tein First Floor, South Central Wi ing. Indians of the Plains... .sseeeeeeeee-- First Floor, Southwest Pavilion.......... Indians of the Southwest. . Indians of the Woodlands... Information Bureau........ First Floor, Insects. . Ser rene, niet ...Third Floor, Southeast Pavilion....... Invertebrates... ...First Floor, Southeast Pavilion....... Library. . eerie eee nub MlOOny m Wiest COormdOrunstercceecnics Mammals fofsNorthvAmerical sss 4044 ose tee Second Floor, Southeast Wing............. MammalsioftheuwW orld ssc co cree. cna clevsie's sxerwicrele Third Floor, Southeast Wing............. Man, Early.. SEE een nieaniaeen eit ene SHOUTED loor SOUuthveaVviIONs «2c... Worn bors BROOM ee ee adie eo Third Floor, East Corridor.............. BVPern Oxaelnes QUAN Sate hn rasa ce sic simiarere, Sleels suatei avers First Floor, South Pavilion.......... WESLGOKILES naan castveietsays afar NG auaietaetoes Bahues First Floor, South Pavilion.......... IVEGLEOLICES eer ilactsts leis ele tiaih aieyeisi a acta lne etree First Floor, North Corridor.......... IVT Gaye OM ene ny vor ava Te lesvate! clove via eich eve'e wale wade serene Second Floor, Southwest Wing............. Minerals. . eer ee oii cee me OULD HIOOL SOUCD West WADR tee ces cccicie « MW ERI GO hace octal cytraprre cranes c rine tetahale er arecornete vis iere.enea Second Floor, Southwest Wing............. Minerals. . ..Fourth Floor, Southwest Wing.... Pacific Islands Collections... Peru.. Philippine Collections.. Prehistoric Man. ; Public Health. . Reptiles and Amphibians. . SIGUE: 0.5780 0.8 GnIg COE eran OUTER OOM oe First Floor, East Wing.. Ror enaevsices Visitors’ Room Retest cee enursh hoor, | Right.of Entrance....... Wihialeguenecn deren nl ere hae acest es oaeciene First Floor, Hall of Ocean Life......... Woods of North America.......................--.-First Floor, Southeast Wing............. KEY TO EXHIBITION HALLS See Floor Plan on Opposite Page Location in Museum First Floor, North Corridor.. . .First Floor, -Fourth Floor, Southeast Wing.. Camels, eto eee hens First Floor, . .First Floor, West Wing. . Southwest Wing.. ...Third Floor,’ Southwest Wing.. ..Fourth Floor, West Wing.. :. .Second Floor, Southwest Pavilion. Si eae Education Hall.......... ... First Floor, ..Third Floor, East Wing.. PIASENVY Mgr hala tees ..Fourth Floor, South Pavilion.......... Memorial Lt eae ia Wak XS -.;.Fourth Floor, Southwest Pavilion......... ; The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum building, which will consist of four long facades facing east, west, north and south respectively, each connected with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts. at the eastern end of the south facade (the only facade completed) becomes the ‘southeast pavilion.” Thus the hall STATUE OF MORRIS K. JESUP IN MEMORIAL HALL Mr. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural History for more than a quarter of a century, was a staunch supporter of the institution’s two aims: to be a great educational institution for the people and also a center for activity in scientific research SoutH PAVILION MEMORIAL HALL Before entering the Museum one notices the ‘‘ Bench Mark”’ estab- lished by the U. 8. Geological Survey in 1911 on which is inscribed the latitude and longitude, 40° 46’ 47.17” N., 73° 58’ 41” W., and height above sea level, 86 feet. On the right is a “‘pothole”’ from Russell, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., formed by an eddy in the waters of a stream beneath the melting ice Glacial of the glacier that covered northern New York. The stream Pothole = carried pebbles that, whirled around by the eddy, cut and ground this hole, which is two feet across and four feet deep. Bench Mark On the left is a large slab of fossiliferous limestone from Kelley Island in Lake Erie near Sandusky, whose surface has been smoothed, Glacial grooved and scratched by the stones and sand in the bottom Grooves _ of the vast moving ice sheet or glacier that covered the north- eastern part of North America during the Glacial Epoch. Just at the right of the entrance is The Visitors Room and Informa- tion Bureau where post cards, guide leaflets and other museum publica- tions are for sale and where visitors may arrange to meet their friends; the sales booth also opens on Memorial Hall. Wraps and packages may be checked at the desk on the left, near the office of the Superintendent, and wheel chairs for children and adults may be obtained free of charge. From the lobby the visitor enters Memorial Hall and faces the statue of Morris K. Jesup, a founder, trustee and benefactor of the Museum, and for twenty-seven years its President. In niches around the wall are busts of noteworthy pioneers of Science in America and circling the hall is a portion of the collection of meteorites, comprising the larger examples, among them Ahnighito, weighing 36.5 tons, the largest meteorite in the world, brought from Greenland by Peary in 1897, and Willamette, weight 15 tons, the largest meteorite found in the United States, and the most curious. There is also the second largest boulder of jadeite yet discovered. Here too are sledges that with Peary and Amundsen respectively reached the North and South Poles. ASTRONOMY Directly adjoining Memorial Hall on the west, or left, is the Pro. Astronomice Hall containing among other exhibits the paintings by Howard Russell Butler of the eclipses of 1918, 1923 and 1925 and strik- ing illustrations of the solar prominences, Bickmore Memorial Corridor, 9 "9061 ‘eSpog “W WeNTIM “SIPl JO 49RD potaaoosip JoA SUIYSe19,UT SOUL VY} PUB S9}BIG poyIUL) OY} UI PUNO] Ie} OS O4L10a}OUI 4SaDIB] OY], ALIYOALAN ALLANVTIIM AHL FOOD EXHIBIT 11 named in honor of Prof. Albert S. Bickmore who inaugurated the work of the Museum with the schools, leads to the School Service Wing which contains the exhibits, offices and classrooms of the Department of Education and Public Health. First FLoor EDUCATION HALL Opening from the west Corridor and North Pacific Hall, is Educa- tion Hall used for important temporary exhibitions and special meetings, and also containing the exhibits of Food and Public Health. FOOD NEEDS AND FOOD ECONOMICS The Food Exhibit presents in graphic form the needs of the human body and shows how these needs can most economically be met. The Scope of _ first case on the right shows the composition of the human Food body as represented by a man weighing 154 pounds. Special Exhibit emphasis is laid on the need for mineral salts and for the indispensable elements called vitamines, and models illustrate the con- tribution made by the commoner foods to the daily need of energy, protein, iron, lime and phosphorus. The composition of certain common foods as regards protein, car- bohydrate, fat, mineral salts, water and refuse, is graphically illustrated. A special series of models shows the size of 100 calorie portions of the more important foodstuffs, classified by costs. Two cases are devoted to the problems of the world’s food supply, its production and distribution. The importance of the rice, wheat and World other grain crops is emphasized and the relation of cereal Problem production to national prosperity is brought out by models of Food and diagrams. Special data are presented in regard to the cost Supply of food distribution, particularly as related to New York City, with suggestions as to the art of economical marketing. In order to make the exhibit as practical as possible, an adequate daily dietary for an individual is exhibited, based on a moderate income, Practical also specimens and models illustrating a complete weekly Dataforthe food supply for a family of five persons, so adjusted as to Housewife — meet all essential physiological needs at a minimum cost. A special set of models illustrates the relative importance of the cost of food as a factor in the family budget. 12 PUBLIC HEALTH Finally there are shown specimens and models to illustrate the im- portance of certain valuable foods which would be of material value in Exhibit of our diet and should come into far more general use. The Unutilized soy bean, which is the staple protein food of China, and Foods the dasheen, introduced with success from the West Indies, are here exhibited with a series of valuable vegetable oils, potential food flours, edible mushrooms, and unutilized foods of our sea-coast, such as whale meat, shark meat, mussels and seaweed. Aside from food the exhibits of the Department of Public Health fall in three main divisions. ScHOOL SERVICE WING PUBLIC HEALTH Commencing at the west, or farther end, the first section of the exhibit deals with the natural history of water supply as it affects the life and health of man. The large painting illustrates the primary source of water supply, the sea, which by way of the clouds supplies the secondary sources, rivers and lakes. Diagrams, models and a relief map show the variations in rainfall at different points in the United States. Relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts, before and after the construction of the Wachu- sett Reservoir for the water supply of Boston, show the way in which surface water supplies are collected by impounding streams, and, near by, a model of a well sunk through impervious clay or rock down to water-bearing strata shows how ground-water supplies are obtained. Samples and models illustrate the variations in composition which occur in natural waters, from the swamps of Virginia to the deep wells of lowa and the turbid rivers of the Ohio Valley. Some of the principal micro-organisms, Algzee and Protozoa, which grow in reservoirs and impart tastes and odors to water, are represented by a series of glass models. Models are displayed which illustrate the purification of water by storage, filtration and disinfection, the filter models being elaborate representations of the plants at Little Falls, N. J., and Albany, N. Y. A series of relief maps shows the growth and develop- ment of the water supply of New York City, the location of the reservoirs and the course of the new Catskill aqueduct. Following the water-supply exhibit is a series of models illustrating the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes of the city Disposal of | and how they may be avoided. Actual points of danger City Wastes jin the neighborhood of New York are shown where polluted harbor waters, bathing-places, and shellfish beds constitute a Water Supply BACTERIA 13 menace to health. Modern methods for the treatment of sewage on scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedimenta- tion tanks, and filter beds of various types. Cases are devoted to the group of Bacteria, especially in their relation to human life. Glass models show the various shapes and rela- tive sizes of these minute forms, and in particular of the Bacteria ae 2 : principal types which cause disease. A group of trans- parencies shows some of the more important disease bacteria as they appear under the microscope. THE FLEA One of the enlarged models made by the late Ignaz Matausch from his original studies and now shown in a ease devoted to Insect Carriers of Disease. Another series of exhibits deals with the transmission of disease by insects, notably by the fly and flea and by the mosquito. The Insects most striking features are greatly enlarged models of the and Disease fly, the flea, the louse and the yellow-fever mosquito. Each of these, the finest model of the kind ever made, required a year or more of constant, exacting labor. The relation of the flea and the rat to the terrible disease bubonic plague is illustrated in considerable detail. Wall charts picture the The Flea spread of the great historic epidemics of this disease, and and Bubonic reproductions of sixteenth and seventeenth century Plague drawings show with what terror the Black Death was re- garded in prescientific days. 14 MALARIA Specimens of some of the principal animals which harbor the plague- germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man (the black, brown and roof rats, the wood rat and the California ground squirrel) are shown, and the manner in which the disease is disseminated is illustrated by a copy of a corner of a rat-infested house in California. The original from which this was copied, as well as many of the rats and squirrels, were obtained through the courtesy of the U. 8. Public Health Service of Washington. A habitat group shows a typical family of ground squirrels on a rocky hillside in central California, THE YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO during the breeding season in May. Preventive measures used against the plague are illustrated by models of a farm with buildings rat-proofed, of a rat-killing squad, equipped for work in San Francisco, of a ship at dock with rat-guards to prevent the access of rats to the shore, and by specimens of various types of rat traps. A wall case devoted to the natural history of the mosquito illustrates the world distribution and seasonal prevalence of malaria and yellow Malaria and _ fever in relation to the habits of their mosquito hosts, the Yellow Fever breeding-places of mosquitoes, the life history (shown by specimens) and the money cost of malaria to the United States. Here are also shown some of the practical methods of control by ditching, oiling, stocking with fish, and encouraging enemies such as the bat, bite cures, and repellents. MALARIA 15 A second mosquito case contains a series of small-scale models, attractively worked out by Otto Block, illustrating some of the methods and results of tropical sanitation as applied particularly to yellow fever, Gantrallof A hospital at Panama is shown as it was during the Mosquito- French régime, with mosquito-breeding pools all about borne Disease = and with the legs of the beds and the flower pots set in dishes of water to keep off the ants. In contrast there is illustrated a modern hospital with all stagnant water removed, and wards screened and ventilated. Other models show the sanitary squads on the Isthmus which fought the yellow-fever mosquito in the town by fumigation, and the malaria mosquito in the country by ditching and oiling. Photo- graphs of the four American Army Officers, Reed, Carroll, Lazear and Agramonte, to whose researches this advance is due, are hung upon the wall near by. A relief map of the State of Arkansas illustrates the coincidence between low swampy lands and the prevalence of malaria, and another Mosquitoes shows the heavy incidence of malaria in the vicinity of and Malaria marshlands near Boston. A small relief map indicates the type and arrangements of drains used for lowering the water level and eliminating mosquito-bearing pools, and diagrams illustrate the progress made in mosquito control in New Jersey and the financial return which has resulted. An adjoining case is devoted to certain insect carriers of disease of special importance in tropical and semi-tropical countries. Scenes Typhusand during the Serbian epidemic of typhus fever are illustrated Sleeping by photographs and models of the disinfecting train Sickness used by the American Mission in the destruction of the lice which are responsible for the spread of this disease. Below are shown specimens of the Glossinas which transmit sleeping sickness and the nagana disease in Africa and of the ticks which spread Texas fever of cattle and relapsing fever, African tick fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever of man. Photographs and models illustrate the ravages wrought by this disease and the methods used for the control of sleeping sickness in Africa by the cutting of the brush along the banks of swamps where the Glossinas breed, by the destruction of infected villages and the isolation of infected persons in concentration camps. Models in the next case deal with the life history of the fly, show- ing its various stages in their natural size and actual habitat, and illus- trate the large numbers of flies which may breed in a single pound of manure and the enormous progeny which may spring from a single pair and their descendants during the breeding season. THE HOUSE OR TYPHOID FLY Enlarged model by Ignaz Matausch. MILITARY HYGIENE 17 The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by graphic presentations of typhoid statistics of the Spanish-American War and of the relation between flies and “summer disease”’ of children, as worked out by the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor in New York City. Near by (Floor Case) are two models showing unsanitary and sani- tary conditions on a small farm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and flies, whlie the open doors and windows give these insects free access to the house. In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the windows screened, the shallow-dug well replaced by a driven well; the conditions are sanitary, and health and prosperity re- place sickness and poverty. Various types of traps for larve and adult flies are shown with models illustrating how fly-breeding may be prevented, how human wastes may be protected from their access, and how manure may be cared for so as not to be a medium for breeding flies. Wall case 10 shows a group of the natural enemies of the fly: the cock, phebe, swift, the bat, spiders and centipeds,in characteristic surroundings as they may be seen in the corner of a New York State farm on a late August afternoon. Adjoining this case is a series of re- markable colored drawings of fifteen of the principal species of flies found in eastern North America. Wall case 11 is devoted to the subject of military hygiene, which has become of such immediate moment and was, on the whole, so Military successfully solved during the Great War. Diagrams illus- Hygiene trate the relative deadliness of disease germs and bullets in earlier wars; and their lesson is reinforced by a representation of the relative importance of injuries received in action and of the results of typhoid fever during the Spanish War. One company, confronted by a cannon, suffers the loss of one man wounded, while the other, facing a tube of typhoid germs, has one dead and thirteen in the hospital. Other models show how camp wastes are disposed of, and how water supply is sterilized, and still others, how the soldier’s tent is protected against mosquitoes and how a field hospital is equipped. The field ration of the soldier and the preparation of anti-typhoid vaccine are illustrated by specimens and models, 18 INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST Totem pole at Wran- gel, Alaska. At the bottom is a beaver with a frog under his chin; above is a raven; and above the raven a frog, which is surmounted by a human head. SoutH CENTRAL WING INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST As the visitor passes through Memorial Hall he sees directly behind the Jesup statue a large canoe filled with a group of men. This stands in the entrance of a hall devoted to the Indians of the Northwest Coast. They are especially noted for their totem poles, grotesquely carved and painted. A double row of these lines either side of the central aisle and others are on the side walls. These carvings fall into three main classes: totem poles proper which in some cases were sixty feet high, towering over the villages; house posts, four of which were the main supports of the house roofs; and grave monuments taking various forms. In the center aisle will be found a model of a Kwakiutl village showing the type of construc- tion of the house and the arrangement of the houses in the village, and an industrial group illustrating the household activities of the men and women. On the walls are murals done by Will S. Taylor which illustrate both the industrial and the social and religious life of the Indians of this region. The exhibits are arranged in the same order in which the tribes are encountered in passing from the south toward the north along the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. On the left are the collections from the Nootka living on the west coast of Vancouver Island. They are noted as hunters of whales, a hazardous occupation, especially when done with- out the aid of large boats. Next are the Kwakiutl, who live in the northern portion of Vancouver Island, subsisting mainly on fish and the smaller sea mammals. The devices for taking fish vary not only for each kind of fish, but in the case of salmon they are also especially adapted to the particular location in which the fish are taken. The Kwakiutl formerly devoted much of the winter WEAVING A CHILKAT BLANKET One of the Mural Paintings by Will 8. Taylor. 20 INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST to dramatic ceremonies in which grotesque masks were worn. Examples of these will be found near the middle of the west side of the hall. At the further end the art of the Tlingit Indians of Alaska is shown in considerable detail. They are especially expert in carving in stone, bone, ivory and wood. One of the tribes of the Tlingit, the Chilkat, make blankets from the wool of the mountain goat. The end wall case is entirely devoted to the basketry of the Tlingit. ESKIMO HOME SCENE There are some instructive groups in the corridor near the entrance to the Audi- torium. In one, a home scene within a snow house or “‘igloo,’”’ an Eskimo woman is cooking blubber over the flame from a seal-oil lamp; another represents an Eskimo woman fishing through the ice and a man about to strike a seal under the ice. AUDITORIUM 21 The wall case directly opposite contains carved and painted boxes and chests selected to illustrate this phase of Northwest Coast art. Following down the east side of the hall the following peoples are represented: Haida, Tsimshian, Bella Coola, Coast Salish, Shuswap and Thompson. The two last mentioned are not Northwest Coast in culture. They live in'the interior of British Columbia. Their baskets are of especial interest. NortH CorriIpor The Eskimo collections will be found in the adjoining hallway and corridor. Near the entrance is an Eskimo woman fishing through the The ice. She has formed a windbreak with blocks of ice. The Eskimo fish rod and hook and the long ladle are made of bone and with this latter she keeps the water in the hole from freezing over while she is fishing. Just back of her stands a man about to strike a seal under the ice. In another case will be found an Eskimo woman cooking in the interior of a snow hut or igloo lined with sealskin. She is using a stone lamp filled with seal oil, which feeds the flame over which the meal is being prepared. In this section will be found collections obtained by the Stefansson-Anderson expedition from the Eskimo of Coronation Gulf, some of whom had never seen a white man. In other cases are shown the clothing of the Eskimo, the many ingeniously made implements, and many finely carved and engraved ivory objects from the collections made by Peary, Comer and MacMillan. The Auditorium, opening from the corridor, has a seating capacity of 1400, and is equipped with two screens, 25 feet square, for stereop- ticons. Free public lectures are given here Tuesday and Saturday evenings from October to May under the auspices of the Board of Education. There are also special lectures for Members of the Museum as well as lectures for school children. The further portion of the corridor is occupied by the collection of building stones, a series of rocks illustrating the geology of Manhattan Building Island and some large specimens of interest in general Stones geology. The center of the corridor is occupied by the general collection of meteorites, one of the largest and most representa- tive in this country, containing as it does specimens from about 500 of the 700 falls and finds that are known through- out the world. Some of the principal features of our collection are 2000 or more individual masses from the stone shower which occurred when a large meteorite exploded near Holbrook, Arizona, in 1912: these have been arranged in a case by themselves to illustrate a concentration of the shower. Auditorium Meteorites to ~) METEORITES The entire mass of “‘ Ysleta,’’ an iron meteorite weighing 310 pounds which was found near the ancient village of Ysleta, New Mexico, in 1914. The largest mass, 20 pounds in weight, of the stone meteorite which exploded and fell near Richardton, North Dakota, on the 10th of June, 1918. The largest mass, about 5 pounds in weight, of the stone meteorite, which burst and fell near Cumberland Falls, Kentucky, on the 9th of April, 1919. THE STRUCTURE OF METEORITES A section of Brenham, siderite (nickel iron) on the left passing into siderolite (iron and stone) on the right. Note the broad Widmanstitten lines A series of polished and large etched slices of iron meteorites. includ- ing an entire section of the Mt. Edith, Australia, mass, showing the Widmanstatten lines in great perfection, and polished slabs from several large stone meteorites: these are in a case by themselves which like- wise contains several comparatively large entire single masses of some famous falls. teturn to Jesup Statue. INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 23 SouTHWEsST WING INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS Opening from the west corridor are three halls containing collections from the North American Indians which together with the hall in the Indians of the south central wing present the nine great culture areas Woodlands of North America. (See map on the right of the entrance.) The hall you now enter represents three of these culture areas. Filling the greater part of the hall are the tribes of the Eastern Woodlands who occupied the middle portion of the North American continent east of the Mississippi. In the first of two wall cases is a comparative ex- hibit in miniature of the houses, methods of cooking, transportation, and dress of the various tribes of North America. Midway of the hall on the right side are represented the peoples of the Southeast. Near the entrance of the hall will be found the remains of our local Indians. On the left are some specimens of pottery vessels and many small objects of stone and bone recovered from the Island of Man- hattan and the neighboring territory of Staten Island, Long Island and Westchester. Nearby on the same side of the hall are collections obtained from living Indians of the coast region north and south of New York. These are the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of Maine, the Micmac and Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada, and a few but rare objects from the Delaware who once occupied the vicinity of New York City and the State of New Jersey. The age and historical relations of these cultures are shown in a large label at the left of the entrance. A family group of Miemae Indians, in a birch bark wigwam, is shown half way down the hall. On the opposite side, the north, are the Iroquois whose league comprised the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and later the Tuscarora. They dominated New York and much adjoining terri- tory. The exhibitis represent particularly the agriculture of the Kast, which was carried on with rude tools by the women. In acase in the aisle are exhibited wampum belts which were highly esteemed in this region. They served as credentials for messengers and as records of treaties and other important events. Later, wampum beads came to have a definite value as currency, especially in trade between the white men and the Indians. In the farther end of the hall, on the left, are the collections from the Ojibway, Hiawatha’s people, who lived mainly north of the Great Lakes. They had but little agriculture, living chiefly by hunting and 24 INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS AN IROQUOIS WARRIOR From the Group in the Woodland Indian Hall. fishing. Beyond the Ojibway are the Cree, who live still farther north. Here is to be seen the rabbit skin clothing of our childhood rhymes. Opposite the Ojibway are the great Central Algonkian tribes, the Menomini and Sauk and Fox, who lived south and west of the Great Lakes. They gathered wild rice and hunted and fished, practising also INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 25 A DANCER OF THE DOG SOCIETY Arapaho Indian some agriculture. In one of the Menomini cases are some skin bags beautifully worked in porcupine quills. These bags were used in the Midewin, the secret society of the shamans. Visitors interested in the designing art will find the cases of this hall full of bead, quill and textile designs of a high order. (See Guide Leaflets, ‘Indian Bead Work,”’ Indian Costumes, and “Indians of Manhattan.’’) The dwellings are of several forms, among which may be mentioned the long rectangular houses of the Iroquois covered with oak bark; the 26 INDIANS OF THE PLAINS dome-shaped huts of Long Island and vicinity which were covered with mats and bundles of grass, and the familiar conical wigwam of the Ojib- way covered with birchbark. The utensils are of pottery, wood or birch- bark. Pottery was not made by all the Eastern tribes and seems to be associated with the practice of agriculture. The designs are incised, never painted. Bowls, trays, and spoons are made of wood and often decorated with animal carvings. The use of birchbark in the construc- tion of light, portable household vessels is a particular trait of our Eastern Indians. In the southeastern portion of the United States agriculture was highly developed. These tribes are represented by the Cherokee and Yuchi who made pottery, and by the Choctaw and Chitimacha who have interesting baskets made of cane. The Seminoles of Florida have main- tained an independent existence in the Everglades for nearly a century. Their picturesque costumes are shown. Their prehistoric arts are illus- trated in the table case; they excelled in polishing stones and working shell. SouTHWEST PAVILION INDIANS OF THE PLAINS The collections from the Indians of the Plains will be found in the hall adjoining. These Indians comprised the tribes living west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains as far south as the valley of the Rio Grande and as far north as the Saskatchewan. (See map on south wall.) On the left side of the entrance, against the wall, is a special exhibit of life casts and photographs of typical Plains Indians, with tables and charts explaining their chief racial characteristics. Occupying the greater part of the hall beginning on the left are the buffalo-hunting tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota, Crow, Blackfoot, Indians of | Gros Ventre, Arapaho and Cheyenne. These tribes did the Plains —not practise agriculture but depended almost entirely on the buffalo; buffalo flesh was their chief food, and of buffalo skin they made their garments. In some cases a buffalo paunch was used for cook- ing, and buffalo horns were made into various implements of industry and war. The spirit of the buffalo was considered a powerful ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward off evil, and to give aid in the hunt. Whenever the buffalo herds led the way, the more nomadie Plains tribes moved their tents and followed. With the extermination of the buffalo the entire life of the Plains Indians was revolutionized. INDIANS OF THE PLAINS 27 On the right, near the entrance, are the village tribes of the Plains; the Mandan with whom Lewis and Clark passed the winter of 1804-1805, the Hidatsa who now live with them, and the Omaha, Kansa, lowa and Pawnee. All these tribes raised corn and lived in earth-covered houses of considerable size. A small model of one of these houses stands near the exhibits. In the center of this hall isa Blackfoot Indian tipi with paintings of otters on the sides, representing a vision of the owner. This tipi has Blackfoot been fitted up to show the home life of a typical buffalo- Tipi hunting Indian. A DOG FEAST OF THE SIOUX Given in honor of Mr. Sanford, Pierre Choteau and Catlin. From the Catlin Collection of paintings. There were numerous soldier societies among the Plains Indians which included practically all the adult males. Each society had a special dance and special costumes. (See the Arapaho cases for costume dances.) There were other dances connected with tribal religious ceremonials, the best known and most important of which is the sun dance, illustrated by a model at the left of the tipi. The sun dance was held annually in the early summer in fulfilment of a vow made during the preceding winter by some member of the tribe who wished a sick relative to recover. The dance involved self-torture, great physical endurance and a fast lasting three days, during which time the dancers neither ate nor drank Societies Sun Dance 28 PUEBLO INDIANS In the center of the hall is a genuine medicine pipe, held in awe by the Indians and dearly parted with; also the contents of a medicine, Medicine pipe bundle. The contents of another medicine bundle, Pipe belonging to a leading man of the Blackfoot tribe (medicine- man), together with the headdress which he wore in ceremonies, are in a case near the tower. Other remarkable bundles, particularly the skull bundle, are in the Pawnee case, on the north wall. The Plains Indians are noted for their picture writing on skins and for their quillwork, which has now been superseded by beadwork. They have a highly developed decorative art in which simple geometric designs are the elements of composition, this being one of the most interesting features of their art. (See Dakota case and Guide Leaflet No. 50.) [See Handbook No. 1, North American Indians of the Plains.] West WING INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST On the left are collections from the sedentary Indians who occupy the pueblos of the Rio Grande and of Hopi, Acoma and Zuni; and also Pueblo the objects recovered from the prehistoric pueblos, caves Indians _and cliff-dwellings. On the right are the nomadic Indians —the Eastern and Western Apache, the Navajo, the Pima and the Papago. The sedentary Indians live in large community houses, often with several receding stories, built of stone or adobe. They depend chiefly upon agriculture for their food, make a great variety of pottery, and have many elaborate religious ceremonies. The nomadic peoples live in tipis or small brush and thatched houses which are moved or deserted when they are forced to seek the wild game and wild vegetable products which furnish much of their food. They make baskets for household purposes which are more easily transported than vessels of clay. There are models in the hall of the pueblos of Taos and Acoma, of prehistoric cliff-dwellings and of the houses used by the Navajo. In the first alcove on the left are shown the pottery of the villages along the Rio Grande, the principal art of the region, skin clothing, household utensils and ceremonial objects. The upright cases of the next alcove are filled with wonderful pre- historic pottery. That in the wall case is from Pueblo Bonito. Similar black and white ware with very elaborate and splendidly executed designs, in an adjoining case, is from Rio Tularosa, one of the upper PIMA 29 tributaries of the Gila, where a vanished agricultural people once lived in pueblos and cliff-dwellings. A third case has material gathered by the Museum expedition which explored Galisteo Valley, New Mexico. In the table case and in a case standing in the aisle is shown the wonder- ful art work in turquoise, shell, stone and wood of the former inhabit- ants of Chaco Cafion. These objects, as well as the pottery from Pueblo Bonito mentioned above, were secured by the Hyde expedition. In the next alcove, devoted to the Hopi, are the costumes, masks, images, and plaques used in their ceremonies. Besides the well-known snake dance, the various Hopi villages have many interesting ceremonies, a number of which are concerned with the rainfall and the crops. In the large wall case and in the table case of the next alcove will be found pottery, objects of stone, shell and wood from the Aztec ruin. This collection was secured during the excavations of the ruin continuing from 1916 to 1921. A model to scale of the ruin itself will be found in the center of the main aisle. The northern upright case of this aleove con- tains objects from Utah illustrating the life of the earliest known people of the Southwest, the Basket Makers. The inhabitants of Zufi are believed to be the descendants of the first people seen by the Spanish in 1540. Their former villages, many of which now are in ruins, were probably the “‘Seven Cities of Cibola,” for which Coronado was searching at that time. Although they had missionaries among them for about three centuries, they have retained many of their own religious ceremonies. Many objects pertaining to these ceremonies as well as to everyday life are shown in this alcove. In the last case on this side of the hall are examples of Zuni and Acoma pottery. At the north end of the hall opposite the Zufii, space is given to an exhibit from the tribes of California. In the large end wall case the baskets of the region are arranged so as to show the various types. The Pima, east side of the hall, practised irrigation, raising by its aid the corn and beans on which they relied for food and the cotton which they used for their scanty garments. The Papago, with whom they are closely associated, occupied the more arid portions of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, securing their living from such desert products as the giant cactus, the century plant, the yucca and the mesquite, and small game. Examples of their food, basketry, pottery, and ceremonial articles are shown. From the aisle near the Pima-Papago section one catches a glimpse of the home of the Hopi. This large group represents the First Mesa with the village of Walpi. The canvas was paintd by Howard McCor- mick and the figures were modeled by Mahonri Young. Pima 30 NAVAJO The Navajo, a large and widely scattered tribe, inhabit much of the country drained by the San Juan and Little Colorado rivers. During ; the winter they occupy log houses, but in milder weather Navajo : ern : : camp with the slight shelter of a cliff or a windbreak and shade made of brush. They live by raising corn in the moist valleys, and on the flesh of their numerous flocks of sheep. An attractive Navajo blanket from the Museum’s valuable collection. The Navajo Indians of the Southwest are a wealthy, pastoral people, and the best Indian blanket makers of North America. They are the present-day blanket makers of North America. They make use of the wool of the sheep they raise, carding, spinning and weay- ing it by means of the simplest implements and looms. This art is believed to have arisen since the coming of the Spanish and it is known to have passed through several stages in the last sixty years. The older types of blankets here shown contain yarn which was obtained by cutting or ravelling from imported flannels, called in Spanish “bayeta,” from which the blankets of this sort receive their name. These are either bright red or old rose in color, resulting from cochineal dye. Several blankets are made of yarn bought ready dyed from the traders and are 1g ast] Ajiep jo syinsand Arr 0 9} Ul poseSus UMOYS O18 SUBIPUT OY} PUB “IOUIUINS SI OUITY OY} /BUOZIIY ‘IOAIY SO[IBD UBY oY} JO Ad[][BA OY UL PIB] SI oU99S aq], dNOUD AHOVdY AHL 32 APACHE called Germantowns. The greater number, however, contain yarn of native spinning, dyed with native vegetable and mineral dyes. The Navajo are also expert silversmiths. Their tools and samples of workmanship are displayed in a case in the center of the hall. The large group in the middle of this side of the hall represents the Navajo ceremony of the Night Chant. Men wearing masks and dressed as gods are seen in the center. In the foreground is a family waiting for the cooking of a meal. The background gives a view of Cafion de Chelly, Arizona, in a cave in the walls of which White House, a well known ruin, is seen. The Western Apache live along the upper portion of the Gila and Salt rivers, where they practise agriculture, gather the wild products and hunt. People, related to these, under Geronimo, raided the settlements of southern Arizona and northern Mexico and evaded our troops for years. They live in grass-thatched houses or in the open under the shade of flat-topped, opensided shelters. In an adjoining alcove is an industrial group with painted background showing the well-watered San Carlos valley occupied by the Apache for many generations. IJt7is shown on page 31. The Eastern Apache lived in buffalo-skin tipis. They went far out on the plains in search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, if possible, the plains tribes, but fighting them with vigor when necessary. In dress and outward life they resemble the Plains Indians, but in their myths and ceremonies they are like their southwestern relatives and neighbors The baskets of the Apache are shown in the large end case, which is in contrast with the corresponding case of pottery on the other side of the hall. Not the environment, but social habits, caused one people to develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not easily breakable baskets. [See Handbook No. 2, Indians of the Southwest. ] Apache Return to the Jesup Statue. East CorriIpor Leaving the statue on the left and ‘‘ Willamette’’ meteorite on the right, and going east, the visitor enters the corridor where the elevators are located (Hast Corridor). This corridor is used from time to time for small temporary exhibits of special interest, such for example, as photographs and objects illustra- tive of the Ellsworth-Amundsen trans-polar flight. MAGNOLIA IN THE FORESTRY HALL Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens are accompanied by reproductions of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately copied from life in the Museum laboratories. Most noteworthy among them is the magnolia shown here, but there are many beautiful examples of spring flowers and autumn foliage. 34 NORTH AMERICAN TREES In a room at the north end of this corridor is the large Mainka seismograph for recording the occurrence of earth quakes. This was Sain given to the New York Academy of Sciences by Emer- son McMillan, and by the Academy deposited in the Museum. The Elevators start at intervals from the East Corridor, at the entrance to the hall of Trees of North America. The visitor may either take an elevator to the fourth floor and visit the halls as he descends, or choose his hall from the Guide or from the Directory opposite the elevators. Elevators SouTHEAST WING JESUP COLLECTION OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA To the east of the elevators is the Hall of Trees of North America, containing a nearly complete collection of the native trees north of Mexico, presented by Morris K. Jesup. On the right is ee a bronze tablet, by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J. J. Clancy, of North depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite wood American at Lenox, Mass., and in front a bust of Charles Sprague Woods Sargent under whose direction the collection was brought together. At the farther end is a bust of John Muir, by Malvina Hoffman, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. In the center of the hall is the trunk of a fossil tree 45 feet long and several million years old. To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen feet in diameter and 1341 years old. [See Guide Leaflet No. 42]. It began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thousand years old before America was even discovered. The long label, illustrating the conclusions reached by Ellsworth Huntington as the result of long study, shows how the climate of the past is recorded by the trees, and how great historical events are related to great changes in climate. The specimens show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of the wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the specimens give the distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its eco- nomic uses. The trees are grouped by families and the location of each family will be found on the floor plan in the first case on either side of the hall. The reproductions of the flowers, leaves and fruits are instruc- tive; this work is done in the Museum laboratories. FAMILY TREE OF ANIMALS 35 SOUTHEAST PAVILION INVERTEBRATES At the extreme east is Darwin Hall of Evolution, devoted chiefly to the invertebrate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to groups illustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by William Couper, presented by the New York Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin centenary in 1909. In the first upright case at the left is a Family Tree of the Animal Kingdom each class being at present represented by a color sketch, the branches showing the relationships of the various classes. Family Tree of Animals The exhibits in the succeeding upright cases comprise examples of the various groups or orders included in the Classes shown on the Synoptic Family Tree. Passing around the hall from left to right Series progress is from the lowest forms, the Protozoa—to the high- est, the Primates, which includes man. The distinctive characteristics of each group are fully described on the alcove and case labels. Many of the minute forms are represented by skilfully prepared models in glass and wax showing the animal many times enlarged. This alcove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single- celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and Alcove 1 stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea, while Protozoa’ the ocean bottom in many localities is covered with them. The exhibits in this aleove are mainly models, some of which represent Protozoa enlarged more than a thousand diameters. Sponges are principally of two kinds—those with skeletons or sup- porting structures of silica (i.e., flint) and those with skeletons of horny Alcove 2. fiber. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. Sponges _[n the dry specimens exhibited the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic ‘‘ Neptune’s goblets” found in the eastern seas. In Alcove 3 are shown coral animals and their relatives: among them plantlike hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss, but which Alcove 3 really are a series of polyps living in a colony; jellyfishes Polyps with their umbrella-shaped bodies and long, streaming ten- tacles; brilliantly colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the magenta colored organ-pipe coral, the stony corals, the the precious coral of commerce. Coral polyps, mistakenly called ‘coral insects,’ are the animals that build up the coral reefs. Especially noteworthy is a 36 INVERTEBRATES, FLATWORMS reproduction in glass of a Portuguese Man-of-War, which is really a colony of many animals attached to one another and specialized for various functions. The best known species in this group include the tapeworms, whose development and structure are shown by models in the left-hand alcove Alcove 4 case. The less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit Flatworms both salt and fresh water, are shown on an enlarged scale by models. The Roundworms are parasitic, since they live in the digestive Alcove 5 canal of mammals. The most familiar is the common Roundworms roundworm or stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an en- larged scale model is exhibited, showing the internal structure. [Note for teachers and students.—Some of the models in each alcove are anatomical, i.e., so constructed as to show the internal organs of typical members of each group. In such cases, arbitrary colors chosen to designate the various systems of organs are adhered to consistently throughout the series. The minute wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of which construct tubes of gelatinous sub- Alcove 6 stance, sand-grains, etc. A few of the species are parasites, Rotifers but most of them live a free, active life. They are aquatic and found mainly in fresh water. See window group. The sea-mats are minute, colonial animals of plant-like growth, Alena often occurring as encrustations on shells and seaweed. Sea-Mats and A few species also occur in fresh water. The lamp- Lamp-shells shells shown in this alcove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related to the worms and starfishes. Alcove 8 is occupied by the sea-stars, brittle stars, sea-urchins, sea- Alcove 8 Cucumbers and sea-lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the Sea-Stars oyster beds, where it feeds on oysters and destroys them and Their jin large numbers. The brittle stars are so called because Relatives of their habit of dropping off one or more arms when handled or attacked. These, however, are later renewed. The Annulates, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worms whose bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhabitants of both Alcove 9 fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud and Annulates sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. The “houses” that these annulates build are often very beautiful and interesting. INVERTEBRATES, ARTHROPODS 37 Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, myriopods, insects, spiders and their relatives. The number of existing species in this Alcove10 group is greater than that of all the rest of the animal Arthropods kingdom. No other group comprises so many species useful or harmful to man. On the wall are the two largest specimens of lobster that have ever been taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one Crustaceans and thirty-four pounds, respectively. The largest of the and Insects arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten feet. The main exhibit of insects is on the third floor. The Mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the vast number of diversity and forms which it embraces, including marine, Alcove 11 fresh-water and land animals. All mollusks have soft Mollusks bodies, but nearly all of them secrete a shell which in many species is of pearly material (mother-of-pearl). Well-known examples Models of Of this group are the common clam and oyster, and en- Clam and__larged models in the center case show the anatomy of Oyster this species. A large collection of mollusks is shown in the Hall of Ocean Life. Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelli- gent of animals, the group culminating in man. Among the ancestral Ricace 12 forms are the Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged model Chordates of which is shown in the central case, while others are seen Including among the animals on the wharf-piles in the window group. Vertebrates (ther models in the central case show the development of the egg of typical vertebrates. In the circular tower alcove in the southeast corner of the hall is a comprehensive synoptic series of stony corals. The associa- tions of marine life found in the Bahamas are represented by several small groups in the center of the hall. Corals Here also four large models show the mosquito, which is the active Models of agent in the spread of malaria and stages in its develop- the Malaria ment enlarged seventy-five diameters or in volume four Mosquito hundred thousand times the natural size. In several of the aleove windows are habitat groups of inverte- brates illustrating the natural history of the commoner and more Window _ typical, and showing how the kinds or species of animals Groups _— found in any locality vary with the character of the bottom or of the surroundings, known as ‘‘the relation of animals to their environment.” & PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP WINDOW GROUPS. VARIATION 39 In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm Group, reproduc- ing these animals with their associates in their natural surroundings, as Marine Worm seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. In the fore- Group ground the shallow water of the harbor near the shore is represented in section to expose the animal life found on muddy bottoms among the eel-grass, as well as the chimneys of various worm-burrows. In the lower part of the group a section of the sea bottom exposes the worms within the burrows. Several species of these are represented. In the Mollusk Alcove window is shown the natural history of a sand-pit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the Stare shore mollusks and their associates. In the foreground at the Mollusk edge of the sand-spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the receding Group tide over which fiddler-crabs are swarming into their burrows. Beneath the water surface an oyster is being attacked by a starfish, while crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing their usual activities. The window group in the Vertebrate Aleove shows the submerged piles of an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass., covered with flower- Wharf Pile like colonies of invertebrate animals. Among these are Group sea-anemones, tube-building worms, hydroids, mussels, sea-mats and several kinds of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are primitive members of the Chordate group which includes the verte- brates. In the southeast corner of the hall, a window group shows the animals and plants of a rock tide-pool, the ‘‘ Agassiz Cave,” at Nahant, Rock Mass. The falling tide has left a pool in a rocky basin, Tide-Pool sheltered within which is a community of sea-anemones, Group sea-stars, corals, sponges, hydroids and other animals living in the midst of a gorgeous sea-garden of marine plants such as are com- mon on the northern New England coast. Through the arch of the natural bridge may be seen a curious rock formation known as ‘ Pulpit Rock.” At the end of the Arthropod Alcove, a group shows an incident in the struggle for existence among Crustacea in their natural surroundings on Sound the sandy bottom of Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. Here Bottom is a den of lobsters in a crevice beneath the seaweed-covered Group granite boulders forming the reef known as the Devil’s Bridge. In the sand near by the Lady Crabs are accustomed to burrow to escape their lobster enemies. An unwary crab has ventured out to hunt for shrimp and is immediately pounced upon by one of the vigilant and voracious lobsters. 40 BRYOZOA GROUP Another group represents two square inches of sea bottom as though enlarged under a microscope to an area five feet square. The front of the Bryozoa case is built to represent a huge magnifying glass, through Group which the visitor sees marine plants magnified to tree-like proportions, encrusted with colonies of bryozoa or ‘‘sea-mats,’’ com- posed of thousands of individuals, each of which builds a “house” or shell of graceful, vase-like form; hydroids, giving rise to tiny ‘‘medu- se’’ or jelly-fish; and even protozoa are brought within the range of vision. Associated animals, such as the flower-like, tube-building worms and sea spiders, are enlarged to grotesque proportions. This group illus- trates well the prolific and varied jungle worlds, found even in the smallest areas of the sea-bottom, the existence of which, because of their microscopic size, is not suspected by casual observers. A companion exhibit represents one half inch of a fresh water pond bottom enlarged to an area of 50 inches, thus made large enough to intro- Rotifer duce the minute forms of life invisible to the unaided eye. Group The group centers about a spray of bladder-wort which is provided with purse-like traps for the capture of insect larvae, protozoans, vater fleas, rotifers, and other minute forms of animal life. ae 7 > Ma” ‘* Se SS A PART OF THE SEA WORM GROUP INVERTEBRATES, VARIATIONS 41 Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin and those who came after him. On the left facing the entrance, variation Wasiation under domestication is illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and Under domesticated fowls, the wild species from which they Domestication have been derived being shown in company with some of the more striking breeds derived from them. On the right, various exhibits will show variation in nature. An Variation example of this is the variation among the finches of in Nature’ the genus Geospiza in the Galapagos Islands. Other examples show by means of a series of mollusks the range of color variation within a single species of West Indian Sun Shell, variation of sculpture within a single genus of land snail, and variations about the normal type of the common scallop. The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur- Struggle for rounded by its many enemies and yet continuing to main- Existence tain an existence by virtue of its great birth rate. The simpler features of the laws of Heredity as elucidated by Mendel and his followers are illustrated by the inheritance of seed- coat color in the common pea, the color of sweet peas, and the coast-color of rats. Heredity East WING HALL OF FISHES On entering from the south one faces a group of large sharks, sweep- ing down upon a helpless loggerhead turtle. The large decorative panel The Sea on the right illustrates the principal grand divisions of Rovers fish life and their history in geologic time. The decorative panel on the left of the shark group suggests the appearance of the ocean depths: especially the fading out of the light below the surface and the different kinds of fish inhabiting the various levels. The includes a representative series of fishes from the lowly Systematic “cartilage fishes’’ including the sharks and rays, to the Exhibit highest or most complexly constructed bony fishes. Note- worthy in this series are the “Fishes with Limbs and Lungs,”’ the terrible hag fishes, the graceful skates and rays, the hammerhead shark, and the thresher shark. Then follow a series of mounted groups of “ganoids,”’ including the sturgeons, spoonbills, bony gars, bowfins, all of exceptional scientific interest, since they are ‘‘living fossils,’ or descendants of the fossil fishes of earlier geologic times. In the alcoves and wall cases on the 42 DEEP SEA FISHES right, or east side the visitor will find many curious forms, such as the giant catfishes, the handsome rooster fish, the brilliant parrot wrasses, and butterfly fishes. At the north end of the Fish Hall is the exhibit of Big Game Fishes, including many of great size taken with rod and line by Zane Grey. Big Game The huge ocean sunfish, caught by him with harpoon and gaff, Fishes weighed nearly a ton. The centerpiece of the exhibit is the mounted sailfish, shown in the act of leaping from the water in a desperate effort to shake the hook from its jaws. The giant Manta or devil fish is mounted in the central enclosure of the hall. It is 17 ft. 3 inches across the “‘ wings.” The Deep form a special exhibit in an inner room. Here in the semi Sea Fishes darkness we view some of the hobgoblins of the ocean depths—many of them covered with jewels of phosphorescent light. On either side of the entrance to the inner enclosure is the Biological One case considers the fish as a machine: its stream-line Exhibit form; its main principles of construction; its locomotor machinery and the mechanism of its jaws. Another case considers the fish as a living organism, how it grows from a single fertilized egg; inter- esting cases of nest building; parental care of the young, and allied topics. A DWELLER IN THE DEEP SEA OCEAN LIFE 43 First FLoor HALL OF OCEAN LIFE Opening from the Hall of Fishes in the Hall of Ocean Life wherein are displayed whales, porpoises, seals and other marine animals, including shells. SHELLS The collection of shells containing about 150,000 specimens, repre- sentative of nearly 20,000 species, one of the finest on public exhibition. The specimens are selected for their unusual size and perfection and show an extraordinary range of color and ornamentation. The arrangement is as follows: Immediately facing the entrance is a huge shell of the Giant Clam, Tridacna, measuring 43 by 27 inches, and weighing 579 pounds, one of the largest examples on record. Hanging from the ceiling is a life size model of the Giant Squid, a huge cephalopod mollusk found in the deeper waters of the oceans. This species is said to do battle with the sperm whale, and fragments of its jaws and tentacles have often been found in the stomach of that great sea mammal. On the right hand side of the entrance, a wall case contains a series illustrative of commercial uses of shells. On the left hand side a similar case is filled with specimens selected for their unusual size and beauty. Otherwise the wall cases contain the bivalves, or mollusks which have two shells, like the common clam, while the A-shaped cases are devoted to the sea snails or univalves, so-called because they have but one valve or shell. The large table cases at the two ends of the hall, hold the land shells. In the north-east corner, a series of specimens and colored photographs illustrates the pearl button industry of the United States. Short descriptive group labels will be found in the cases, together with picture labels of important families of shells. The cases which exhibit shells of especial beauty are those holding the genera Murez, Fusus, Pecten, Spondylus, Voluta, Conus, Oliva, Strombus and Cyprea. WHALES AND PORPOISES On the right and left are the fierce Killer and the stupid Blackfish. Farther to the right the skeleton of a big Sperm Whale, sixty-five feet long and above it the reproduction of a giant squid, which forms an important part of the food of this whale, also his nearest relative, the little Kogia which is not as long as a baby sperm whale. tt OCEAN LIFE STELLERS SEA LION The most striking figure in the Sea Lion Group, Hall of Ocean Life The large skeleton at the end is of a Right Whale, so called, because it was the right whale to get in distinction to the fin-back and others. This whale once common off the coast of Long Island, has been commer- cially, perhaps completely, exterminated in the North Atlantic. At the very end is the Narwhal whose long tusk formerly did duty for the horn of the Unicorn. On the left are the skeletons of a sixty-five foot Finback Whale and of the California Gray Whale and nearer the railing a series of reproductions of the small Cetaceans, known as por- poises, among them the Bottle Nose Porpoise and common Dolphin, the species most often seen by travelers. Under the gallery are the first of a series of groups of marine mammals, the Elephant Seal, Fur Seal, and Sea Lion, the last including some unusually large and fine examples of this animal. At the end of the Hall is being assembled a reproduction of a section of a coral reef with its varied and colorful life. Return to elevator and proceed to second floor. SCHOOL SERVICE i SOUTHEAST PAVILION 10 SOUTHEAST WING SER Re \ PAVILION b=: = 1 Birds of the World—Groups. 2 Ancient Monuments of Mexico. 3 Prehistoric Man. 4 Africa. 8 Birds in Flight. 10 Mammals of North America. SOUTHWEST PAVILION SOUTHWEST WING Tl WEST CORRIDOR} EAST CORRIDOR Sreconp FLOOR SoutH PAVILION This hall, now in process of reconstruction, will later be devoted to a series of “habitat groups” of Birds of the World the first of which showing the bird life of Barro Colorado Island, in the Panama Canal, has recently been placed on exhibition. West CORRIDOR LOCAL BIRDS Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor, which contains the collections of local birds. In this room are specimens of all the species of birds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible each species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall- case next the windows on the visitor’s left is the Seasonal Collection containing the birds which may be expected to occur in this region during a part or the whole of the current month; in its left-hand two panels are the permanent residents, which are never changed, and in the right-hand two are the migrants, which are changed as necessary about the first of each month. In the next case on the left comes the General Collection of all birds found within this area, arranged according to the current American system of classification, beginning with the Grebes and continuing around the hall to end with the Thrushes by the southwest window. Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of species known to nest within fifty miles of the City, there are down the middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their 45 46 LOCAL BIRDS THE AMERICAN ROBIN—FIRST OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS nests. These, the forerunners of our ‘Habitat Groups,” were the first of their kind made for the Museum. At the head of the stairs, on one side, is a map of the country within fifty miles; on the other, a case of accidental visitors—stragglers from other parts of the country and from other countries which have been taken within our limits. At the other end of the room, between the windows, are exhibits which explain what is meant by a subspecies, and through what changes of plumage a bird passes from the time of hatching; and a bust of John Burroughs, by C.S. Pietro, the gift of Henry Ford. SouTHWEST WING ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Continuing west past the collection of local birds we enter the south- west wing devoted to the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. The visitor, in passing through this hall, will notice that the THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH PREHISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘“‘The Serpent-skirted One,” is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the Aztee capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century. The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes. The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and hearts with a death’s head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods. 47 48 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA civilizations represented here are more or less similar to one another and have perhaps a New World common origin, but they are quite differ- ent, however, from the civilizations of Egypt, Greece, or China. Foremost of the peoples whose objects are exhibited in this hall were the Maya, of Honduras, Guatemala, and Yucatan. Examples of their sculpture will be found in the wall case at the right of the entrance. Casts of their monuments are ranged along the center of the hall. These are carved with inscriptions giving dates which can be read. In this way we learn that the Maya erected monuments as early as 98 B.C., and that they had two great periods, one in the south from 160 to 600 A.D., and one in the north between 950 and 1250 A.D. Examples of the architec- ture of the Maya are to be seen in the models at the right of the hall and in the cast of the great serpent column from Chichen Itza, Yucatan, at the left. Distinctive features are the absence of the true arch, the profuse use of decoration, the thick walls, and the high foundation plat- forms. Pottery and other objects are shown in the adjoining cases. More ancient than any of the specimens in the hall are the little figurines in clay which were made by the “Archaic’’ people of Central Mexico and are exhibited in the first table case at the right of the hall. Farther along to the right beyond the temple models one finds objects representative of the highly civilized Toltees whose remains lie above the “Archaic” stratum, when the two are found together. Their civilization reached its peak in the ninth or tenth century of our era and was in contact with the later Empire of the Maya. Suc- ceeding the Toltecsin the control of Central Mexico were the Aztecs, who were the reigning power at the time of the Spanish conquest. Ob- jects relating to their daily life are shown in the next cases. The casts of their statues indicate not only their artistic skill but also the complexity of their religion with its many gods. Attention is called to the great statue of the Goddess Coatlicue and the head of the Goddess Coyolauqui. The interest of the Aztecs in history and science is evident from the reproductions of their manuscripts in the table cases immediately opposite, and by the two huge circular stones, one of which, the sacrificial stone at the end of the hall, records the conquests of the Aztecs before 1487, and on it captives were slain as offerings to the gods. In the last table case in the center of the hall are examples of Mexican jewelry. Other cultures only slightly less civilized are represented in this hall. Attention should be called to the remarkable pottery from Jalisco in the next to the last A case at the right of the hall. It is a plaster cloissone, examples of which were carried by or traded from Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico in the north to Chichen Itza, Yucatan in the south. At the right WOHOATIOD YIEy “O JoUrpY 04} Uy VOIN VLSOD WOU SLOArdO G10D LNAIONY ete rreaeve 50 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA of the exit, into the northwest wing, are pottery figures from Western Mexico, presenting and sometimes even caricaturing the daily life of the people. Across the hall at the left of the exit are objects representatives of the Zapotec of southern Mexico. Noteworthy are the grotesque funeral urns made as offerings in tombs, perhaps like the model at the end of this hall. Moving back up the hall, in the next A case, one sees specimens from Vera Cruz. Especially fine are the Totonac laughing faces from the southern part of the state. In the same row near the window are musical instruments, such as flutes from southern Mexico, and drums, one an original from near Mexico City. The Muir collection of vessels and figurines from near Tampico, in the next A case, shows certain re- semblances to the ‘‘Archaic’’ specimens at the other end of the hall. The adjoining cases contain a collection of pottery vessels from San Salvador, which includes many painted vessels with designs like those on Maya pottery, and examples of a unique ware, glazed by natural agencies, which were carried in trade the length and breadth of Central Mexico, so highly was it esteemed. The table cases adjacent contain reproductions and originals of the Mexican and Maya manuscripts previously mentioned. The remainder of the hall is devoted to the remarkable Minor C. Keith collection of Costa Rican antiquities. The stone work, comprising statues and implements for daily and ceremonial use, shows the artistic proficiency of this people even more strikingly than the variety and excellence of shape and design in their pottery. The ornaments in gold and jade in the table cases at the center of the hall display even further the technical skill and high artistic sense of these people. While one is accustomed to think of the Aztecs, and by association, all Middle Americans, as war-like savages, the collections here exhibited show their main concerns of life to have been pacific, and devoted to the advancement of their industries, arts, and sciences. (For further details see Handbook No. 3, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico, by H. J. Spinden.) CAVE MAN AND LAKE DWELLER 51 SeuTHWEST PAVILION EVOLUTION OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion, given over to a demonstration of the chronological development of the principal human Gave Man arts and industries initiated before the days of written and the history, the era of the Cave Man and the Lake Dweller. Lake Dweller The section of the hall to the left, or south of the center aisle, is devoted to the Old World, while the section to the right is given to the New World. There are four rows of table cases in the hall and each row or tier constitutes a unit, or part of a unit, and should be examined in order, beginning next the entrance and going towards the opposite west wall. The first table case on the left gives a key exhibit for the Old World. Here is shown the order of development of several of the most common The Evolu- tools, weapons, utensils, and ornaments, ranging, as in tion of the case of the ax, from crude “eoliths’’ many thousands Cultures of years old up the metallic forms more or less like those in use at the present time. The various stages of improvements are arranged in levels and new forms of tools, with correspondingly new arts and industries, will be seen to make their appearance in each of the successive levels, as the case is viewed from front to back, beginning at the left end. The suceeeding cases in this row take up all the different levels here indicated, treating each one as fully as the available archex- ological material permits. The adjoining row of cases on the left, next the windows, gives the stratigraphically determined order of cultural development for several separate localities in the Old World, such as France, the Baltic region, Switzerland and Egypt. Here are shown the fragmentary, but strictly scientific, details of the story told in simplified form in the first row of cases. The northern half of the hall, and the wall cases devoted to America, will when completed be arranged on the same general plan. The wall frescoes are copies of early European cave art; those in the northern half are copies of American Indian art, most of late pre- historic date. In the circular, or tower room, in the southwest corner, an exhibit for the racial history of man is in course of preparation. In the left wall case The Evolu- near the entrance to this room is an exhibit showing the tion of important face and head differences in modern man and Races also the instruments and methods for measuring faces and heads. On the opposite wall is a similar demonstration for body measure- 52 AFRICAN COLLECTIONS ments. The adjoining cases on either side of the entrance to the tower con- tain the skulls and bones (casts) of fossil men, the ancestors of modern man. A more extensive exhibit is shown in the Hall of the Age of Man, Fourth Floor. West WING COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals. The Forest Hogs, the rare Okapi and the so-called white Rhinoceros are particularly noteworthy, and three cases are devoted to Antelopes, characteristic of Africa, while on the west wall is a series of fine heads of African game animals presented by the heirs of E. B. Bronson. The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of African mammals. including elephants. The installation is roughly geograph- ical, i.e., as the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north of Africa, and the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the east wall. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hotten- tots, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly in- fluenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with them. At the south end of the hall the wall is decorated with reproductions of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive of African natives. BIRDS OF THE WORLD 53 Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products, such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling, while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Cloth- ing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manu- facture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the northeastern section of the hall, while looms and the completed gar- ments are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo eth- nology. The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the “pile cloths” of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative pattern by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings, especially a series of ivories from the Congo, bear witness to the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel other primi- tive races in their love for music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northern section of the hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine- men. Return to Central Pavilion. SoutH CENTRAL WING BIRDS OF THE WORLD Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of birds whose most striking feature is the Birds in Flight, examples of such Birds of powerful fliers as the Condor, Eagle, Ducks, Geese, and the World others, seen as we would see them in nature flying overhead. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 known species are represented by typical examples of the principal groups arranged according to what is believed to be their natural relationship. The 54 BIRDS OF THE WORLD THE DODO—BIRDS OF THE WORLD Restored from Old Dutch paintings. This gigantic, monstrous pigeon, was abun- dant in Mauritius when the island was discovered, but was quickly exterminated by the early Dutch navigators. series begins with the Ostriches, the ‘“‘lowest’’ birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian ancestors), and goes up to those which show the highest type of development, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens are grouped according to the great faunal regions, the Antarctic, South American EXTINCT BIRDS oo THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER One of a series of four small groups showing the bird’s seasonal changes of colors brought about by molting and feather growth. Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, Arctic, Eurasian, Indo-Malay, African and Australian realms. These cases in connection with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a com- parative study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their natural groups to the best of our present knowledge. In the alcoves near the entrance are several cases containing birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island shores, became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and the Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that vast numbers were slaughtered with ease, but the last individual died in captivity Sept. 1, 1914. The Heath Hen formerly had a wide range on our Atlantic sea- board, but as a game bird it was so continually persecuted, in and out Extinct Birds 56 EXTINCT BIRDS LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT From the Group in the American Museum. of the breeding season, that it is now extinct except for a colony under protection on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. Specimens of all of these birds are shown here, the Dodo being represented by an incomplete skeleton and by a life-size reproduction copied from an old Dutch paint- ing. Others of our splendid game birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not quite, gone, and more, like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon follow them if a reasonably close season and limited bag be not rigidly enforced. Still others—the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example— have already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for the plumage for millinery purposes. Also down the center of the hall, and in certain alcoves as well, are several cases designed to illustrate the general natural history of birds. The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all three) often worn by one species, will be found illustrated in the General Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard Orioles, Topics Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The relationship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, wings, tail, ete., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. Other cases show instances of albinism, hybridism and other abnor- malities; the excessive individual variation in a bird called the Ruff; birds of prey used by man in hunting; a few domesticated birds (an ex- tensive collection of which will be found in Darwin Hall); the growth of the embryo and the structure of the adult bird; Arch:eopteryx, the oldest fossil bird; and a map-exhibit of migration. BIRDS OF PARADISE 57 In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic Collection of Eggs, which shows the variation in the number in a set, size, shell-texture, markings, shape, etc., and tells something E é . S8° of the laws governing these things. Near the center of the hall is a collection of Birds of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This family of birds confined to Birds of | New Guinea, Australia and some neighboring islands, though Paradise related to the crows is noted for gorgeous plumes, wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is already believed to be. More Birds of Paradise have been sold at a single London auction (23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world. Many of these groups are, or are fast becoming, records of past conditions: as pointed out the lower part of Klamath Lake has been unwisely drained, since the land is useless for farming, and the birds shown in the group have gone; the Newark marshes are being filled in for factory sites. The growth of population and taking up of land for agricultural purposes unavoidably crowds out some birds, lawless shoot- ing lessens their numbers while predatory cats are responsible for the destruction of many during the breeding season. Museums are some- times charged with responsibility for the lessening number of birds since some of them have collections of 100,000 or more skins. But these have been taken over a wide extent of territory during many years and they are carefully preserved for study. But for museums future generations would know nothing about many of our birds and other animals, and save for the groups in this and other museums literally millions of people would have no opportunity to see them in their native haunts. STIVNWNVYW NVYOIXANY HLYON ‘AO TIVH NATIV rs NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 59 SouTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter Allen Hall devoted to North American mammals. At the right of the entrance is a bronze tablet in memory of Dr. J. A. Allen who, for thirty-six years, was Curator of the Department of Mammals. Something like 2,000 kinds or BISON COW AND CALF A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL species and subspecies of mammals have been described from North America, and the purpose of the exhibits is to show those that are pe- culiar to that region or characteristic of it, the more important, or more striking, being displayed in groups that tell something of their home life or of the region in which they live. The individual specimens give some idea of the variety of species found in North America; the smaller groups are largely devoted to the mammals that are, or were until recently, found within fifty miles of New York City. 60 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS The first mammal to catch the eye is the Giant Moose of Alaska. Back of this is a group of Moose from New Brunswick, and beyond Moose this the American Bison; these groups, mounted years ago, Bison are still among the finest as well as the largest examples of their kind. See Leaflet ““‘The Story of Museum Groups.” THE WEASEL IN WINTER One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City. The others of the series show opossum, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some ‘‘fur- bearing’’ species; weasel fur is often used instead of ermine and the muskrat has become one of the most important species. Immediately at the left of the entrance are the Grizzly and Alaska Brown Bears, the latter the largest members of the family. The larger groups in their order are the Virginia Deer, Timber Wolf, Beaver, Rocky Mountain Goat, Roosevelt Elk, Mountain Sheep, Puma and Pronghorn Antelope. The habitat groups proper show the animals in some characteristic occupation and, whenever possible, in a family NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 61 group. The smaller groups, mostly shown in floor cases, include a number of species “‘found within fifty miles of New York.”” Among them are the Skunk and Opossum, Gray Fox and Brown Bat, Weasels, summer and winter pelage; Otter and Mink, Coney and Say’s Chipmunk, Pack Rat and Jack Rabbit, Red Fox, Woodchuck, Chipmunk and Flying Squirrel, Rabbit, Hare and Red Squirrel, Coyote and Wild Cat. PART OF PRONGHORN ANTELOPE GROUP This animal is peculiar to North America and is the only hollow-horned ruminant in which the horn sheaths are shed yearly. The Opossum, noted for its cunning and tenacity of life, is the sole representative in the United States of the Marsupials, or pouched Opossum mammals. The skunk is a useful, though much abused and Skunk = animal, now valuable for fur which is sold under the euphonistic name of Alaska Sable. While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice. Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this fluid to a considerable distance. 29 UOTaIIP SITY JapuN poynoexd pus sfoyoIN Jaeqoy Aq pousisap dnory OdVUOT1O) NI SAA TOM YAAWNIL “TIVUL AHL NO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 63 The Virginia, or white-tailed deer, found over a large part of North Virginia America, is shown in its summer coat; other species of our Deer deer are displayed in the adjoining cases and some beautiful albinos may be found in the hall above. Weasel, The weasel, in summer and winter dress, the otter and Otter the mink are three important fur-bearing animals still and Mink found near the towns and cities. Weasel fur is often used in place of ermine. One of the most beautiful and at the same time simplest groups in Timber the Museum is that showing part of a pack of timber wolves Wolf following the tracks of deer. See page 62. Opposite this is a group of Muskrats. Owing to its wide distribution, the rapidity with which it breeds, and the growing scarcity and increasing demand for furs, the muskrat has become one of the most important of fur-bearing animals and its skins are sold literally by the millions. Muskrat The cats, wolves and foxes, and the host of small creatures like bats, moles, squirrels, rats and mice, are represented by numerous character- Cats, Wolves istic examples. Here are the jaguar, the largest of the and Foxes American cats, the puma, the well-known coyote or prairie wolf and the little-known white Arctic wolf from the extreme north of Greenland. Here too is the Arctic fox in its two-color phases, the valu- able blue and the more common white, the one bringing as much as $140 for fur, the other worth only $12 to $60. The beaver, formerly the most important from a commercial stand- point of North American mammals, and one intimately connected with the early history and exploration of the continent, is represented actively at work. At the end of this hall is a group of Roosevelt elk found in the Coast Roosevelt Range from British Columbia to Northern California. Elk and Once abundant, they have become much reduced in numbers, Mountain though an effort is now being made to preserve them. On Sheep the opposite side of the hall are the mountain sheep or bighorns. Beaver Pronghorn The handsome pronghorn antelope, peculiar to North Antelope = America, once found in vast numbers on the western plains, is now verging on extinction. The peccary, one of two species of the pig family peculiar to America, is really an intruder from South America. Though naturally vicious, it is readily tamed. Peccary “o10q UMOYS SB pusB] UO u1oq} yonijsuoo ua}jo Soy} poysopour you oie Aoyqy o10yM ynq “19ye8M oY} UI Sosnoy Mey} pymMq A][e19ueS SIOABOE] “UIYJIM SIOABEq O[}4I[ OY} MOYS 04 AvMe U10} 41ed YYLM osnoy B SI punosZo10J oy} UT “sosnoy pu surEp Surppinq 10} puvw pooy 10J sooty BuryyNo ore sMOAVEG PJO OY, “oABoq OY} JO aj] eUIOY PUB YIOM OY} SMOYS STY] YAAVAd NVOIMANYV AHL BOREAL MAMMALS 65 Several species of caribou or reindeer are shown: Grant’s caribou from western Alaska, the fine woodland caribou which inhabits New- foundland, and Peary’s caribou, the smallest and northern- most of the group. Although fourteen species of caribou occur in North America, none has been domesticated, though the species brought from Siberia by our Government to furnish food and transporta- tion has increased rapidly. Caribou THE VIRGINIA DEER—A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia doe stands as the first example in the Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902. Return to the Elevators and ascend to the Third Floor. SOUTHWEST PAVILION mS ‘ bias’ ae 1 Hall of Primates. Man and Apes. 2 Antiquites of Peru. 3 Arts and Industries of China. 8 Groups of North American Birds. 10 Mammals. 11 Insect Life. 12 Reptiles. ieee WING SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION WEST CORRIDOR TuirD FLOOR EAST CORRIDOR To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the use of honorary or subscribing members of the Museum where they may leave their Members’ wraps, rest, write letters, or meet their friends. It contains Room the portraits of the Presidents of the Museum and of Mr. Choate and Professor Bickmore who played a most important part in the founding of the Museum. Here too may be found books by members of the Museum staff, in many cases based on or describing the expeditions in which they have taken part. SoutH PAvILion. APES, MONKEYS AND LEMURS The Systematic Series of Primates, intended to give some idea of the number of species in this order, and their range in size, form and color, begins on the left with examples of man and is continued in the wall cases around the room, ending with the lemurs. Noteworthy among these is the Gorilla, largest and most powerful of apes, ‘“‘Mr. Crowley,” a chimpanzee for many years a resident of the Central Park Zoo, the curious ‘‘Proboscis’’ monkey from Borneo and, most interesting of all, the little gorilla known here as John Daniel, famed for his intelligence and docility. Facing the entrance is being installed a series of typical examples of the principal groups of Primates illustrating also their mode of progres- From sion and emphasizing the point that man is the only Lemur to member that stands upright, whose forelimbs take no Man part in locomotion, and who has perfectly developed hands. 66 UIMIOD sejleyg Aq punols yoVg ‘vyYosB[g YoMepaiy Aq sans] SoyBullig JO [[BY8Yy ut dnodry SHINDAd NVOINAV 68 DOMESTICATED DOGS On one side of this case is a group of the beautiful horse-tailed monkeys, which are threatened with extermination owing to the demand for their fur, and on the other a troop of South American Spider Monkeys. The closed corridor contains a few groups of Primates characteristic of various parts of the world, Africa, Asia, South America and Mada- gascar, and a group of African Pigmies, a ‘‘low”’ race to be contrasted with the “high”’ apes. The African Red Monkeys are rolling up the moss, hunting for insects, and the Red Howling Monkeys are in their favorite home among the tree tops. Outside the corridor, on the south side of the hall, is a group of Orang Utans from Borneo; this was one of the first groups of large ani- mals to be mounted in this country and it was looked upon as a daring innovation. On the south side of this hall is being installed a fotable series of photographs of wild animals taken by members of the museum staff or presented by friends of the museum by whom they were taken in the field. At the west, or farther end of the hall, a series of skeletons en- ables the student to study the comparative structure of the Primates Structure and note the changes that take place in passing from of Primates [Lemurs to Man. The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of the order, and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are presented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands, and be very destructive to bananas and other fruits. Temporarily placed in this hall is a small exhibit of domesti- cated dogs which though small includes some noteworthy examples of Domesticated various breeds. These are of interest both as showing Dogs the effects of breeding, selection by man, and as noting the changes brought about by fashion. Some breeds have almost dis- appeared. There is no example of the once popular Pug, which as well as the Black and Tan is now rare, and the Newfoundland is practically extinct in the United States. On the other hand the Police or Shepherd dog is now common and the Toy Pomeranian has been “created” comparatively recently. Occupying the stairway ard sins walls is the Audubon Gallery, a noteworthy collection of objects illustrating the life and work of John James Audubon. This includes paintings by J. J. Audu- bon and his son John Woodhouse Audubon, mainly for the Quadrupeds of North America, some of the copper plates from which Groups Fruit Bats Auduboniana JOHN GORILLA OR JOHN DANIEL The well-known little Gorilla for several years a member of Miss Cunningham’s household. OL ‘youoyosy Joye puw uoavy Aurepyy Aq sp.alg ‘Tejsiopy] oonrg Aq punossyovg BCBZIIC) JUNOT 04 ‘qso10J jeordo.y oq} IdAO ‘oouvlg ory ayy jo Aay[ea oy} SSO1OB BUTyOO| SI I9ATASGO IL dNOwdD VaYZINO AHL BIRD GROUPS 71 the Birds of America were printed, and a portrait of Robert Havell who engraved them. Of special interest are the portraits of Audubon, includ- ing that by John W. and Victor Audubon, so extensively copied. Of more personal interest are the guns carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore. These objects were mainly presented by his granddaughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon, and other gifts have been received from Doctor Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anna E. Roelker, and Robert Havell Lockwood. DUCK HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the ‘‘ Habitat Bird Groups,”’ and they present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment. SoutH CENTRAL WING BIRD GROUPS Here are the “Habitat Groups” of North American birds. This unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds in their natural haunts. ‘The groups have been prepared under the immediate direction of Frank M. Chapman, curator of ornithology, who collected most of the specimens and made practically all of the field 72 ORIZABA GROUP studies necessary for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, he traveled more than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities, painted from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented; thus the series not only depicts characteristic bird-life of North America, but characteristic American scenery as well. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes. The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described in the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflet No. 28.] Beginning with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the right around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence: The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama Orizaba north to Greenland there are zones of bird-life corresponding Group _ to the zones of temperature. This condition is illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow-clad peak the naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in traveling north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group, so far as the distribution of life is concerned, is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. Among our most beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the terns and gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so ceaselessly hunted Cobb’s Island and slaughtered for millinery purposes that now in their Group breeding-places there are only hundreds where formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an island off the Virginia coast one of the places where the birds are now protected by law. The duck hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of New York City. It builds nests on the ledges Duck Hawk of the towering cliffs. This hawk is a near relative of the Group faleon which was so much used for hunting in the Middle Ages. If often comes into the city for pigeons. In August and September the meadows and marshlands in the vicinity of Hackensack, New Jersey, formerly teemed with bird-life, but Hackensack this is rapidly disappearing before the march of “improve- Meadow ments.’”’ In the group showing these Hackensack meadows Group are swallows preparing to migrate southward, bobolinks or “rice birds” in autumn plumage, red-winged blackbirds, rails, wood ducks and long-billed marsh wrens. WILD TURKEY 73 The wild turkey is a native of America and was once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is Wild Turkey nowveryrare. It differs slightly in color from the Mexican Group bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was introduced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was brought by the colonists to America. (Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) The great blue heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with its neck curved back on its body and because of this habit can readily Blorida be distinguished from the crane, with which it is fre- Great Blue quently confounded. (Reproduced from studies near HeronGroup St. Lucie, Florida.) In the “bonnets” or yellow pond-lily swamps with cypresses and cabbage palmettoes, the shy water-turkey builds its nest. It receives Water Turkey the name “turkey” from its turkey-like tail, and the or title “‘snake-bird”’ from its habit of swimming with “Snake-bird’’ only the long slender neck above water. (Reproduced Group from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) The sandhill crane builds its nest of reed in the water. Unlike the Sand-hill herons in this respect, it differs also in its manner of Crane Group flight, always stretching its neck well when on the wing. (Reproduced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.) Pelican Island, on the Indian River of Florida, has been made a reservation by the United States Government and these grotesque birds Brown Peli- now breed there in comparative safety, though at times can Group disturbed by thoughtless tourists and twice suffering loss from storms and other natural causes. The view shows a section of the island at the height of the nesting season. Notwithstanding the hundreds of young birds that are clamoring for food, observation has shown that the parent bird can pick out its own offspring with unfailing accuracy. (Reproduced from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.) This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinction in this country through the use of its “aigrette plumes” for millinery American purposes, and is now confined to a few protected rookeries Egret Group of the South. The birds have these plumes only during the nesting season, at which time the death of the parent means the starvation of the young. (Reproduced from studies in a rookery of South Carolina.) The turkey vulture, or “buzzard,” is one of the best-known birds of the South, where it performs a valuable service in acting as the scavenger Turkey of the streets. On this account it is protected by law and Vulture by public sentiment and has become both abundant and Group tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in the Potomac River, near Washington.) PL “BABI OF SPIIG 94} ABY OYA UoUIJeYysy Aq SB [[OM SB ‘IOY}BEM JOY puB soply Ysty Aq pous}vei1y} UVeq Sey AUOT[OD ay} JO dDUA4STxa 7 “@AT}OAJo JSOUI oY} peJopisuod AuvUI Aq pue SplIq UBOTIOUTY YON JO sdnorry yeyiqeyT ay} JO auK dNOUD NVOITAd NMOU pesneo JO s}sou ay} PeAO.\sop a ayy Mel Aq pajoajoid ySnoyiTy CALIFORNIA CONDOR 75 The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the Andes, but has California 2% Slightly greater spread of wing, eight and one-half to Condor eleven feet. In the group the visitor is supposed to be Group standing in the interior of the eave, where the bird has its nest, and is looking down on the river of the cafion, which is more than five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cajon, California. ) The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is painted in the background. The young birds are feeding, and it will Brandt’s be noticed that one fledgling is reaching well down the Cormorant mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced Group from studies at Monterey, California. Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and aquatic San Joaquin '_ bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustration of Valley Group the influence of man on the bird-life of a region. There were estimated formerly to be two thousands nests in this colony but of late years its numbers have been greatly reduced by taking Flamingo the young forfood. The flamingoes construct their nests by Group scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down by means of bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve or fourteen inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water. Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born covered with down like a young duck and is fed by the mother on predigested food. The brilliant plumage of the adult is not acquired until the fifth or sixth molt. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which three Booby and thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds Man-of-War were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the BirdGroup sea grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) The abundance of bird-life in one of these rookeries is quite astound- ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets, American Florida egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ibises, cormo- Rookery rants and water-turkeys. Because of the great inaccessibility Group of this island it has been one of the last places to feel the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from studies in the Everglades of Florida.) 76 GOLDEN EAGLE The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies Golden Eagle to the Pacific Coast, although it is found as far east as Group Maine. Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the eagle never attacks man, even though the nest is approached. Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.) THE WHOOPING CRANE A bird almost extinct. Shown in the “Habitat Groups.” WHOOPING CRANE 77 The whooping crane is so nearly exterminated that not only was Whooping it impossible to obtain a nest and young, but it was Crane necessary to use old birds taken many years ago. The abundance of bird-life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta, which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. Here is Klamath an example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird Lake Group may be changed by its being driven into a different locality. It is sad to record that the breeding ground shown here, with its wonder- ful bird-life, has been destroyed by ill-advised drainage. In the group are white pelicans which usually make a nest of pebbles, Caspian terns, which commonly build their nests on sand, and cormorants that nest on rocks, all nesting together here on the tule or rush islets of the lake. (Repro- duced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) The scene represented in this group is above timber-line on the crest of the Canadian Rockies, 8,000 feet above the sea. Although these Arctic-Alpine mountains are in the temperate region, the altitude Bird-Life gives climatic conditions that would be found in the Far Group North, and the bird-life is arctic in character. Here are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and _ pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies. ) This group shows a stretch of western plateau covered with sage Sage Grouse brush. In this brush is seen the male sage grouse strutting Group and wooing a mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine Bow, Wyoming.) The prairie chickens are akin to the common grouse. The group represents a typical scene during the mating season. The male birds go Prairie Chicken through most suprising antics in their efforts to attract Group the females. They inflate the orange-colored sacs on the sides of their necks, dancing and strutting about and uttering a loud, re- sonant, booming note. (Reproduced from studies near Halsey, Nebraska.) The wild goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring. It nests among the lakes of Canada even before the ice is Wild Goose melted. To secure the young birds for this group it was Group necessary to hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen, so difficult is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) The grebes are aquatic birds which build their nests in the water. During the incubation period the parent bird usually covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebes was the redhead, a duck which lays from fifteen to twenty eggs. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) Grebe Group 78 LOON GROUP The loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar sound on the northern New England lakes. Many loons pass the winter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Reproduced from studies at Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire.) This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in considerable Bird Rock numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere Group shadow of what it was even fifty years ago. Seven species are shown nesting in the group—the razor-billed auk, Leach’s petrel gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, common murre and Brunnich’s murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.) This was the Museum’s first large group, though not completed as originally planned. Loon Group Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys. A noteworthy collection of objects relating to the life and work of John J. Audubon occupies the stairway hall. It includes original Audubon sketches and paintings by Audubon and his sons, some of Gallery the copper plates of ‘Birds of North America,’ illus- trations in various stages from ‘‘The Quadrupeds of North America,” and a portrait of Robert Havell, the engraver and publisher of the first edition of the ‘‘Birds.’”” Of more personal interest is the gun car- ried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore. These objects were mainly presented by his granddaughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon, and gifts have been received from Doctor Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anna E. Roelker, Robert Havell Lockwood, and others. SoutHwest WING INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA Passing through the west corridor, where some ef the East Indian Mammals obtained by the Vernay-Faunthrope Expedition are tempo- rarily placed into the adjoining hall to the west, we find the collections from South America. Just in front of the entrance is a case of striking ornaments of gold, fabled to have formed part of the treasure being assembled for the ransom of Atahualpa, but really made by a more northern race, the Chimus, and buried—we know not why. Other INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA 79 PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES The prehistoric Peruvians were familiar with modern weaves, including the finest gobelins, and produced highly decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition of woven-in designs. The Museum’s collection of mummy cloths is one of the largest in the world, and is much used by teachers and students of art. objects of gold or silver illustrate the skill of the ancient Peruvians in working these metals. The greater part of the hall is filled with Indians of archeological material illustrating the various forms of South culture existing in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and America Chile, in prehistoric times. The remains found in Peru, in parts of Central America and in Mexico, show a degree of culture far in advance of that attained in any other part of this continent in prehistoric times. Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico and Central America the Peruvians had no written language. They were TREPHINED SKULLS FROM PREHISTORIC PERUVIAN GRAVES PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabries of fine cotton and wool, then covering with a sack of strong cloth. The mummy “bundle ’ thus produced was often given a “false head’’ of cloth filled with cotton or vegetable fibre. No attempt was made to preserve the bodies but climatic conditions in Peru have preserved these mummies and their wrappings during many centuries. GOLD AND SILVER 51 tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, quinua, beans, coca and cotton. They had domesticated the llama, which was used as beast of burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pottery vessels, in metal work, and in textile fabrics. In the cases directly in Gold and front of the entrance the gold and silver objects such as Silver beads, cups, pins and ear ornaments, show the high degree of skill attained in the beating, soldering and casting of metals. In weaving they were perhaps preéminent among prehistoric peoples, many of their specimens exhibited here being unsurpassed at the present day. The materials used were cotton and the wool of the llama, alpaca and vicufia. In the first cases on the right are examples of these textiles with looms and shuttles. [Guide Leaflet No. 46, Peruvian Art, deals with the meaning of the figures shown in textiles and pottery.| The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from the north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of the continent. In the wall cases extending across the entire western end of the hall will be found a remarkable collection from Nazca, Peru. The prehistoric people of Nazca excelled as colorists, particularly in the decoration of their pottery vessels, which are certainly the most beautiful so far discovered in South America. On the south side of the hall is shown a collection from Iea, Peru. In this exhibit are some are and beautiful shawl-like garments of these prehistoric peoples, in a good state of preservation. The special exhibits in the gallery rail cases include quipus used to keep accounts, charms and medicines, coca which was chewed with lime, and shells that were found in mummy bundles and in the graves. A number of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the cases. In the first case to the left (south side) is a collection of skulls Trephined showing many examples of trephining, artificial deformation, Skulls and pathological conditions, together with a number of normal Peruvian skulls for comparison. The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles and various objects showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no Mummy _ part of America are found so many and so extensive burial Bundles places as in the coast region of Peru. Here were interred countless thousands of the ancient dead. In the huacas or graves, with the bodies, were placed such articles as had been most useful and highly prized during life, and such as it was considered would be most service- able in a future life. To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge of the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and Textiles 82 CHILEAN MUMMY graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating their civilization, have been obtained. The wonderful state of preserva- tion shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials from the coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the nitrous character of the soil. The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found in a copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of an Indian Chilean miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks and earth Mummy while engaged in getting out the copper ore (atacamite) used by the Indians in making implements and ornaments in prehistoric times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by copper salts with which it is impreganted. The implements he was using at the time of his death are shown beside him in the case. On the south side of the hall are the ethnological collections from Brazil, British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements, basketry, featherwork, musical instruments, ete., are arranged in these cases. The archeological collections from the West India Islands have been temporarily placed in this hall, and will be found on the south side. The largest and most interesting of these collections is from Porto Rico. It contains many of the “stone collars” concerning the use of which so many ingenious theories have been published and nothing actually known. West Indies SouTHWEST PAVILION CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we find collections from eastern and northern Asia. Specimens illustrating Collections the culture, industries, religion and manufactures of China from Asia are on the left; others showing the mode of living, the costumes, and the war implements of Siberia, are on the right, while in the tower will be found exhibits from Japan. The furwork, costumes and rugs of the people of eastern Siberia reveal remarkable skill in workmanship. Two models show respectively summer and winter scenes in Siberia. In the rear are collections from the Ainu and the Amoor River tribes noted for decorated fabries and pictur- esque costumes. Swinging frames contain a large series of fabric designs. CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS S83 The collections on the left side of the hall deal mainly with the everyday life of the modern Chinese and have a special value, as they were made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place. These abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used; for example, the series of weapons and objects showing the tests to which a soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of modern weapons and tacties. Bamboo, ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZES porcelain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonné enamel, agricultural imple- ments, carvings in wood, ivory and stone, and embroidery, are shown to advantage. A special collection of great value is found in the ancient bronzes shown in the wall cases near the entrance, and in one of the aleoves on the west side is a series of objects from Tibet, illustrative of the cos- tumes and religious rites of that little-known region. An exhibit of Japanese objects is being installed in the adjoining tower room. Return to the elevators. 84 MAMMALS OF THE WORLD SOUTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF THE WORLD Preceeding east from the hall where the apes and monkeys are, we pass the elevators to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly to a series of exhibits illustrating the characters of mammals, their principal groups, or orders, the main subdivisions of these, known as families, and various interesting peculiarities of habits and structure. Each family is, so far as possible, represented by a mounted specimen and a skeleton. Walking around the room from left to right one passes from the egg-laying Platypus to man, represented by the figure of an Australian native, armed with the characteristic boomerang. Inciden- tally one sees among other things the modifications of form and structure for various modes of locomotion, notices the superiority in brain of mammals over other vertebrates, learns that animals that outwardly look alike may be very distantly related, sees illustrations of albinism and melanism, is shown how the coat of the hare changes from brown to white, and adaptations of plants and animals to a desert habitat. Of special note are the skeleton of Jumbo, the largest elephant ever brought to this country, and the skull of the largest elephant shot by a woman. The latter was killed near Mt. Kenia by Mrs. Akeley and has tusks weighing respectively 112 and 115 pounds. Above the cases is a frieze representing marine scenes, which serves as a background for groups of porpoises and dolphins. The most striking Model of Object in the hall is the life-size model of a sulphur-bottom Sulphur- whale, seventy-nine feet in length. The original of this bottom — specimen was captured in Newfoundland, and the model is Whale accurately reproduced from careful measurements. This huge creature is not only the largest of living animals, but, so far as we know, the largest animal that has ever lived; a specimen of this size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, twice as much as Brontosaurus. Although whales and propoises live in the water, they are not fishes, but are warm- blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. The whale must come to the surface to breathe and the so-called ‘‘spouting’’ is merely the result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs when he breathes. A whale does not spout water, as is commonly supposed. Recent additions to the Museum building include a large hall to contain whales and other marine animals in which are shown reproduc- tions of porpoises and skeletons of whales. [See Hall of Ocean Life.] In the rail cases are exhibits which aim to give the visitor a general idea of the enormous class of insects; when finished it will include representa- INSECT LIFE 85 tives of the principal families, exotic as well as native. Special exhibits of the common butterflies found near New York City, another of the Moths of the Limberlost, and another of spider webs have been installed and several sections are devoted to silk, looking at it from both the entomological and human view points. Species from the eastern United States are arranged with extracts from Dr. Lutz’s ‘‘Field Book of Insects” as labels, and a collection of insects from a suburban yard shows how many species may be literally taken at our doors. Exotic insects will be added later. There are nearly half a million species of insects in the world so that, even when finished, this series can contain only a small part of the total. Furthermore, many of the species would fade rapidly if exposed to the light. The general study collection of insects is on the fifth floor, and while it is not on exhibition, the curators will be glad to show it to visitors who can make use of it. See the Southeast Pavilion for the study collection of local insects. SouTHEAST PAVILION HALL OF INSECT LIFE Proceeding east, we enter the Insect Hall. The installations in this hall point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects to each other and to the other members of the Animal King- dom, especially to man. The exhibits are arranged in a con- tinuous series, and are numbered so that we can easily follow the plan beginning at the pillar farthest to the left and making two complete circuits of the hall. First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the impor- tance of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species compared Importance with other animals [there are more species of insects of Insects than of all other animals put together] and (b) by their great influence on human interests. In the United States the economic loss by insects is more than five times as great as by fire, and there are more than twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases as from railroad accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and all beautiful flowers are largely dependent upon pollination by insects. Following this are a number of sections illustrating the anatomy of Classification insects, explaining the terms used in the classification of Insects of insects, and exhibiting typical examples of the principal families. Insect Life 86 THE BUTTERFLY GROUP The Monarch Butterfly — migrating; the group contains over 1200 Specimens. OCCUPATIONS OF INSECTS 87 After a number of sections devoted to general phases of entomology, such as the relationships of insects to each other and to other inverte- General brates, the color of insects, the four stages of an insect’s Information life history, and the seasonal activity of insects, a series of exhibits is given which shows the principal insects of special situations and plants. The exhibits concerned with insects associated with special plants lay emphasis upon those of economic importance and are followed by a study of household insects, insects and disease, and insecticides. It is shown that man’s efforts to combat noxious insects are supplemented by the activities of lower mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and of insects - themselves. Although certain insects destroy plants, some plants destroy insects. These and other ecological interrelations of insects and plants, including pollination, are shown on the east side of the hall. Among insects are found caypenters, masons, weavers, paper- Occupations makers, and other sorts of laborers. The making of silk of Insects is one of the principal Jnsect gativipies, is shown in the adjoining hall. ~~ Coa Ss ee 1%, Following this, such subjects as at ‘the Bible aa other literature, medicine and superstition in their relation to entomology are treated. Photographs and short biographies of prominent entomologists of the past are given. Evolution is a large subject, but the principal points involved in the present-day theories are illustrated in a series of sections treating such problems as mimicry, protective coloration, adaptation, variation, Evolution of mutation, geographic distribution, selection, and inherit- Insects ‘ance (Mendelism.) The north side of the hall is devoted to social insects and their rela- tives. Here are found several groups showing the activities of these interesting creatures. The final series includes a variety of things, being answers to the questions most frequently asked the curator by the general public. Visitors desirous of studying the local insects more in detail are cordially invited to do so by consulting the nearly complete collection to Local be found in this hall under the custody of the New York Collection Entomological Society. It is primarily intended to be an aid in identification of specimens and is not a part of the general exhibi- tion series. usping se[snoq Aq peureyq¢Q spunod QZ 10A0 Jo JYFIOM B PUB Joa OUIU JO YSU] B ZuIYOBeI ‘spABzI] SUstxo JO 4sas1VB] OY, OGOWON AO SGUYVYZIT NOOVUd DRAGON LIZARDS 89 East WING HALL OF REPTILE LIFE Dragon At the right of the entrance is a group of the great Dragon Lizards Lizards, or Giant Monitors from Komodo Island. On the east side is the Systematic Series which includes char- Systematic acteristic examples of the various groups of Amphibians Series and Reptiles, such as Frogs, Salamanders, Lizards, Snakes, and Turtles. Alligatorsand Down the center are noteworthy specimens of Turtles, Crocodiles Alligators, and Crocodiles. Other exhibits illustrate the anatomy of reptiles, show how they are believed to be acted upon, or changed by their surroundings, the ‘“in- fluence of environment,’”’ how reptiles feed, and various points in their life history. More attractive to most visitors are the Habitat Groups, comprising reptiles of special interest shown as they would appear in nature, Habitat usually in some favorite or noteworthy locality. Here are Groups Marine Iguanas from the Galapagos that feed upon seaweed, and Rhinoceros Iguanas from the dry uplands of Haiti. The Gila Monster, Giant Tree Frog of Haiti, the Great Salamander, or Mud Puppy are the subjects of other groups. There are a few “synthetic”? groups which include several species that inhabit similar localities or have similar habits, but it should be understood that they are shown together for comparison and economy of room and not because they are found together in nature. This is particularly true of the great “Florida’’ group which shows many in- habitants of the streams, swamps, and uplands of the Gulf Coast. The New England Spring includes a number of species that might be found in a given locality at some time, but never all at one time. Finally, a special exhibit is devoted to the Amphibians and Reptiles found within fifty miles of New York City. Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor. 8 | | : SOUTH E SCHOOL CENTRAL! SERVICE UJ WING | 2 sa | SOUTHWEST SOUTH SOUTHWEST WING SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION PAVILION WEST CORRIDOR EAST CORRIDOR PAVILION | 1 Age of Man. West Corridor—Modern Horses. 2 Gems and Minerals. 3 Pacific Islands, New Zealand. 4 Philippine Collections. 8 Geology. 10 Fossil Mammals. 11 Under rearrangement. 12 Dinosaurs. FourtH FLoor FOREWORD ON FOSSIL VERTEBRATES In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. Sometimes, as with the bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have been buried in swamps or bogs, and in a few rare instances, as with the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead animals or plants have gradually been buried under layers of sediment to such a depth and for so long a time that they finally became petrified. Later, through upheaval and erosion, they are again brought to or near the surface of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal or vegetable material by such minerals as carbonate of lime or silica, which are carried in solution by the underground waters. The process is very slow and for this reason flesh is never petrified. Fossil beds are found in every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyo- ming and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities. As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumulate over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the study of fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important aid in determining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. The skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from 30,000 to 20,000,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for exhibition the matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped away and the missing parts restored in cement and plaster. The bones are 90 HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN 91 then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored parts differ in color from the original parts of the skeleton and can readily be distinguished. Asa whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed to be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely numbers, but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation and exhibition. SoutH PAVILION HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN The South Pavilion is devoted to early man and his contemporaries, the mammoths and mastodons and the giant ground sloths of South America. Down the center of the hall is the collection illus- trating what is known of the early history of our own race as shown by the remains of early man and the implements used by him. As fossil remains of man are rare and usually very fragmentary, these are represented mainly by casts, but they include examples of all the more perfect and more noteworthy specimens that have been found, from the Neanderthal and Gibraltar, to the Piltdown and Talgai. [See Leaflet No. 52, The Hall of the Age of Man.] On the left is a group illustrating the famous asphalt trap of Rancho la Brea and fossils from South America, the most striking of which is the group of giant ground sloths. There are also good examples Early Man Fossil Mammals of of the Glyptodon, a gigantic relative of the armadillo, of South the camel-like Macrauchenia, the rhinoceros-like Toxodon, America and other strange extinct animals which evolved in South America during the Age of Mammals, when it was an island continent as Australia is to-day. Here, too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its union with the northern world, and swept before them to extinction most of its ancient inhabitants. The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the Warren elephant. The first skeleton is the Long Jawed Mastodon Mastodon of the Pliocene, a predecessor of the true Mastodon in North America. The ‘Warren Mastodon” is a classic specimen. It was found near Newburgh, N. Y., in 1846, and is the finest specimen of its kind that has ever been discovered. Next to it is a fine skeleton of the mammoth; portions of skin, hair and other fragments of a mammoth ‘UB JO ABV a4} JO [|B] OY} UI speINy oY} JO eUD ‘oUINBH)-Np-jUOg Jo UIBARD OY} UI SyjOUIUTETY Jo uoisseo0id ay} Suyureg AONVYA NYAHLNOS AO SLSILYY NONDVIW-OUND Whsidog HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS 93 eareass discovered in Alaska are also shown. While modern elephants are confined to portions of Asia and Africa, fossil remains of elephants and mastodons show that, at one time or another in the past, they were found over the greater part of the northern hemisphere. [See Handbook No. 4, Animals of the Past, and Guide Leaflet No. 62, Mammoths and Mastodons.] Around the walls is a series of paintings by Charles R. Knight, portraying some of the more striking animals that were contemporary with early man in Europe and America, and whose skeletons are shown below. Here are the Great Ground Sloths, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the Mammoth and Mastodon and the strange moose-like Cervalces. SouTHEAST WING HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS Fosstt MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD The particular feature of this hall is the wonderful series in the first alcove on the right showing the evolution of the horse in nature. The Evolution Museum is justly proud of this collection. Not only is it the of the largest and finest series of fossil horse skeletons in the world, Horse but it is larger than the combined collections of all other insti- tutions, and it contains the earliest known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed Eohippus, which was no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered over Tertiary rocks. As may be seen by an examination of the skeletons of the horse and man in another hall the modern horse walks on the tip of his middle finger and toe. The front hoof bone corre- sponds to the last joint of the third finger in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg correspond bone for bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of man. In the Hall of Mammals is a series showing the corresponding bones in a variety of mammals. In the modern horse the remaining fingers or toes of the fore and hind foot have entirely disappeared, or remain only as vestiges, the so-called ‘splint bones.’ The structure of the modern horse shows that it developed from a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry has been traced back to the four- toed stage. [See Guide Leaflet No. 36, The Evolution of the Horse.] In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological age in which each stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find skeletons of Hohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that MOLT ry. PLeisT ey y-OCENE iey— EPOCE PLIOCENE formations of Manmeusin, to amatl progeni- tere with four tees on the fore foot, hind foot, with low. various other to afl premitice mipenmale. EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE One of the panels showing the evolution of feet and skull. 94 CAMELS 95 has been discovered. These are specimens from the Wasatch and Wind River beds of Wyoming and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. It is interesting to note that while there were no horses found in this country by the white settlers, America is the original home of the horse. Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place in the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit is made more lifelike by plaster reconstructions of the animals and by water-color sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These paintings and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the later types of the three-toed stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function of support and are gradually becoming vestiges. The three- toed horse in the center of the alcove is one of the most complete and finest examples ever unearthed. Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall are series of specimens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and other cloven- hoofed animals. These animals, like the cow of to-day, walked on the tips of the third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or reduction to useless vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced, as in the horse series. The large blocks, showing groups of skeletons of early camels, skulls and bones of primitive ruminants in their natural position Cc 1 i : ; ae in the rock, show how these specimens are sometimes found Giant Pigs and raise questions as to how they got there, more and Pigmy easily asked than answered. The giant pigs, or Hippopotamus elotheres, and the pigmy hippopotamus will repay examination. The primitive rhinoceroses are shown near the center of the hall on the right. As here indicated great herds roamed over the fields in the Tertiary Period and their fossil remains are found imbedded in the sandstones and clays of the badland formations. A block from Agate, Nebraska, containing remains of rhinoceroses, besides those of a few other animals, shows their wonderful abundance in bygone days. Opposite these are shown the ancestors of the dogs, cats and other carnivores and the Creodonts or Primitive Carnivores of the early Tertiary. Next to these are the small mammals—the insectivores rodents and marsupials; and the fossil lemurs and monkeys, fragmentary but interesting because of their bearing on the ancestry of man. On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the left of uintatheres, huge, extinct, horned animals peculiar to North America. Rhinoceros SdOLVUYADINL YNVSONIG GANYOH STRUTHIOMIMUS 97 SouTHEAST PAVILION This hall, later to be assigned to Cretaceous reptiles at present contains some of fossils obtained by the Third Asiatic Expedition; here are the famous dinosaur eggs and the skulls of some of the creatures that laid them; here also is the skull of Andrewsarchus the largest of carnivorous mammals and the skull and feet of Baluchitherium a distant and ancient relative of the rhinoceros, larger than an elephant. JAST WING HALL OF DINOSAURS On the right and left of the entrance are two good-sized, lightly but powerfully built, flesh-eating dinosaurs known as Gorgosaurus. As shown by their build and hollow bones, they were doubtless swift and fierce and preyed upon their smaller, feebler fellows as Lions and Tigers to-day prey upon, Zebra, Antelope, and Deer. Near these are examples of a rather small dinosaur whose legs and general build suggest an Ostrich with a long tail, and called on account of this resemblance Struthiomimus. Triceratops, big lumbering, huge-headed, stupid creature was a plant eater, probably of coarse vegetation. His Jaws ended, or began, in a great horny beak for clipping off branches and rushes, and his back teeth were adapted for champing them. These back teeth were arranged in many rows and were all the time pushed upward by new teeth forming below, so that as fast as teeth wore out they were replaced, a point in which Triceratops might well be envied. The fore legs, bowed outward at the elbows, enabled the animal to reach the ground with ease and the big “‘frill,’’ suggesting a foreman’s helmet, was not alone for protection, but served as a counterweight to the head and jaws, so the skull almost balanced on the condyle, or ball joint by which it joined the neck. Struthiomimus Triceratops Across the way from Triceratops is a group of Dinosaurs which seems to have been very abundant in their day, Trachodon and his Trachodon, relatives, Corythosaurus, Saurolophus, and _ others. Corythosaurus Among these is one of the rare prizes that sometimes fall Saurolophus —_¢o the lot of the collector, a specimen in which a large part of the skin has been preserved, so that we are certain as to the cover- ing of the animal. Towering above the others, his head eighteen feet from the ground, is Tyrannosaurus the well-named King of Reptiles, whose terrible jaws and tremendous claws placed all contemporaries at his mercy, though a too careless attack on Tri- ceratops might result diastrously. Tyrannosaurus 86 "sivoX xis Jo yavd 19330q 94} patdnov0 uoyajays ay} Jo ZutyuNou pus uoysiedaid ay} fuoNIqryxe Uo peo[d oq 0} ANvsOUIp oF18] 4ST OY SEA SITY, ‘SU0} ¢ SYSIOM JuBYydely oyRISy Biq B {suo} GE 0} OE Wor af] UI paysiom “YStY yoo GT ‘BuO, yooy xIs-AyxIG “SuTMOAAA JO oIssvan¢ ayy Wor ATWLday AAAGNOH], AHL ‘SNUNVSOLNOUG UOIppedxy onvIsy Pay a4} Aq poza]0D VITODONOW WOuA SODA UNVSONIG SNOWYVA AHL AO AWOS 100 ALLOSAU RUS Looming up in the distance is Brontosaurus, the Thunder Reptile, big-bodied, small-headed, with massive limbs whose joints, in life covered with gristle, indicated that he was largely a water dweller, where the great weight of his body, 25 to 30 tons, would be supported. Brontosaurus Near-by Brontosaurus is Allosaurus, apparently turned into a fossil while munching on the tail of a defunct relative of that big beast; looking closely ones sees that the tops of the vertebre are scored with grooves where some millions of years ago it was feasted upon by some flesh-eating contemporary. Allosaurus Two very extraordinary armoured dinosaurs are represented by only parts of their skeletons, Ankylosaurus which Dr. Lull has ealled “the most ponderous animated citadel the world has ever seen” had its head and body protected by thick plates of bone, while the tail instead of tapering to a point ends in a great ball of bone. Beside Ankylosaurus is the fore part of Palaeoscincus whose sides bristled with huge, bony spines and back was protected by bony plates so that he too was well able to defend himself. Return to Central Pavilion. Ankylosaurus SoutH CENTRAL WING GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALZAONTOLOGY Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Paleon- tology. Paleontology is the science of the ancient life of the earth; its field is the study of the fossilized shells and other hard parts and the various kinds of imprints left by the animals formerly inhabiting the seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which now form our stratified rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of strata are more recent than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of life forms in the earth’s crust and thus are of the highest value and interest to the student of historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only a small propor- tion of the animals living at a given period are permanently preserved in the marine, river, lake and subaérial deposits of that period, the geological record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inas- much as invertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than the vertebrate forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the geological age of a bed or rock, even when remains of both kinds are found together. Invertebrate life, too, appeared on the globe far earlier than vertebrate, and remains of certain species are abundant in the lowest, “oldest,’’ of our stratified rocks. GRAND CANYON MODEL 101 At the left near the entrance to the hall there has been installed a opographical or relief map model of the Bright Angel section of the Grand Grand Canyon of the Colorado. The scale is large enough Canyon to give the visitor a vivid idea of the extensive erosion that Model has taken place in a famous region where the geology lies spread out so plainly that he who runs may read. Opposite the Grand Canyon model is one of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands with the neighboring vast ocean “deeps.’’ Farther on in the hall are the relief map models of Mt. Washington and vicinity, New Hampshire, showing typical glacial cirques and other glacial phenomena in an area of crystalline rocks; the Watkins Glen—Seneca Lake district of central New York State, showing moraine deposits and other features due to the advance and retreat of the continental ice sheet over a region of horizontal beds of limestone, sandstone and shale; and the Mt. Tom- Mt. Holyoke district in western Massachusetts, showing a great trough traversing the ancient crystalline rocks and later filled with the sands and muds deposited in Triassic time and their associated old lava flows. At the north end of the hall on the west side is the relief map model of the Standing Stone ditsrict near Monterey, Tennessee, showing normal subaérial erosion and the production of sink holes in a region of nearly horizontal congolmerate, sandstone, limestone and shale. These are part of a series of models which occupy the ends of the upright cases throughout the hall, illustrating the most evident and striking results of the action of geological forces. In the desk cases down the center of the hall are about 8350 type and figured specimens used by James Hall, R. P. Whitfield and others in the original description and naming of species, or in their further elucidation. The specimens in the cases on the left or west side of the hall are arranged to illustrate stratigraphic geology, beginning at the south Stratigraphic (entrance) with the Archean rocks, which are the lowest or Historical and oldest of all and contain no fossils, and advancing Geology regularly through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary. Most of the specimens on exhibition are from American localities and the species are arranged according to their position in the scale of life, the lower, or simpler forms being placed first. The specimens shown are those particularly characteristic of the various horizons, the object being to give an idea of the general character of the life of different periods of the world’s history. At the entrance of the second alcove is placed the first of a series of eight models illustrating critical stages in paleogeographical develop- Types 102 FOSSILIZED TREE STUMPS ment of North America. This represents the supposed distribution of land and water in Ordovician time. The specimens on the east, or right, side are being arranged to illus- trate biologic geology, the classification and relationship of the plants Biologic and animals of past geologic times. The series starts with Geology the plants and is followed by the various subdivisions of the animal kingdom, again beginning with the lower, or simpler forms and continuing to the highest. In the first alcove on the right is the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pa. Millions Fossilized of years ago, in the geological period known as the Carbon- Tree Stumps iferous, this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domestic uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned and was discovered only through the chance visit of a miner. In the end of the fourth upright case on the left side of the hall is the stump of a large fossil tree-fern of Hamilton or Middle Devonian age from a new quarry opened in connection with the great engineering work of the New York City Board of Water Supply. These are the oldest trees known. The northeastern corner of the hall is devoted to the Copper Queen Mine Model and a series of ores and other specimens from the famous Copper Queen Bisbee-Warren copper district in southern Arizona. Two Mine Model _models have been prepared as a result of several years of and Exhibit —_ extremely painstaking and skillful work. A large model, some 18 by 12 feet in dimensions, shows on a scale of twenty-four feet to the inch all the surface features and mine and other buildings over four of the principal mines (Holbrook, Spray, Gardiner and Lowell) be- longing to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, while a painted background represents the surrounding mountains and the town of Bisbee. The sides of the model give vertical sections to the depth of about 1,200 feet illustrating the geology of the area and showing the general manner of getting out the ore and hunting for new deposits. There were produced in about 30 years (1880-1912) from the mines at Bisbee belonging to this company 7, 729,922 tons of copper ore of an average copper content of 7.16%. The metal production in this period was Copper—1,106,605,775 pounds (553,303 tons) Gold —104,775 ounces Troy (8,731 pounds) Silver —6,107,421 ounces Troy (508,952 pounds) A BIT OF WEYER’S CAVE Part of the section reproduced in the Hall of Geology. 103 104 CAVES Near the large general model there has been installed a small model ona scale of six feet to the inch showing the usual methods of extracting the ore by ‘‘stoping.”’ Drilling, picking, timbering, filling old cavities, transporting, raising ore to the surface, and other operations are illus- trated as well as is practicable on the scale adopted. The shaft is equipped with its cages, which are arranged so that they go up and down by means of automatic machinery. Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent country illustrate the geology of the region. Chief of these specimens are velvet malachites that were taken from the original “Queen” mine, the Open Cut, in the early eighties and a great block of malachite and azurite weighing about four tons taken from the mine in 1892 and included in the Arizona mining exhibit at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. The northwest corner of the hall contains a display of caves and cave material including a reproduction of part of a beautiful cave that was discovered early in 1910 in mining operations at the Copper Queen mine. The cave was formed by the dissolving action of water traversing joints in limestone, and its walls, roof and bottom were afterward coated with calcite (cale spar) incrustations, stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are dazzling white while others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese compounds. Alongside the Copper Queen cave is a reproduction of a chamber in Weyer’s Cave, Virginia. Weyer’s Cave is in a region of much heavier rainfall than Bisbee, which is probably the principal factor in producing a greater wealth of regular stalactite and stalagmite growth than adorns the Copper Queen cave, and this exhibit illustrates not only the great variety in form but the reasons for this extraordinary diversity. Caves West CoRRIDOR THE HORSE UNDER DOMESTICATION This hall, which formerly held the Gem Collection, is now devoted to exhibits illustrating the great modifications that man has brought about by selection in adapting the horse to his various needs. Under his management speed has been increased in the race horse, weight and strength in the draft horse, while for purposes of pleasure the Shetland Pony has been reduced to a diminutive size. The great modifications in the skeleton that have accompanied these changes are well shown in the series of beautiful skeletons, while other exhibits MINERALS AND GEMS LO5 DRAFT HORSE, PULLING A HEAVY LOAD illustrate the structure of the skull and teeth and the changes that take place with age. The similarity in structure (homology) of the skeletons of horse and man is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse, controlled by man. A comparison will show that although very different in proportions the bones of the one correspond with those of the other. The collection includes some noteworthy horses such as Sysonby, Lee Axworthy and the Arab stallion Nimr. SouTHWEST WING MINERALS AND GEMS The southwest wing comprises the Morgan Memorial Hall of Minerals and Gems. This hall, through the gift of Mr. George F. Baker, has been remodeled to contain the General Collection of Minerals and the Morgan Gem Collection, thus constituting a memorial to the great services of Mr. Morgan as a founder and benefactor of the Museum Of these, the General Collection of Minerals is without question one of the finest mineral collections to be found in the world, ranking with Spt Se ee, wr roe. ” = ea) Le) Q Zz < Y 4 < ie w z = La (e) | o < x Zz < Le) io 2) = ty) eo Ee cm ° S =| > 4 < io eal Zz ical ©) MINERALS AND GEMS 107 that of the British Museum and the Jardin des Plantes. It is chiefly composed of the well-known Bement Collection, presented to the Mu- seum in 1900 by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Although remarkably complete in its representation of most of the mineral species known to science, this collection is especially noteworthy for its assemblage of splendid examples of the commoner and more widely distributed minerals. The visitor should begin with the first of the table cases, to the left of the entrance, and proceed from left to right along each side of every case advancing through the south row of cases and returning through the north row. The different species are divided within the case by narrow strips between the mounts and each case is furnished with a descriptive label referring to its contents and indicating the wall case which contains large and handsome specimens of the same species. To the right of the entrance will be found cases in which the subject of Crystallization is presented by a series of models. This series as well as other explanatory exhibits in adjoining cases, constitutes an impor- tant key to the understanding and appreciation of the general mineral collection. The cases occupying the middle of the hall contain the Morgan Gem Collection comprising the valuable series of gems and precious stones also presented by J. Pierpont Morgan, to which have been added from time to time noteworthy specimens given by other friends of the Museum. The Morgan collection includes the series of American gems assembled by Tiffany & Company for the Paris Exposition of 1889 and the series of foreign gems and gem stones exhibited at the Paris Exposi- tion of 1900. The installation comprises examples of those minerals which are used for gems and for ornamental objects and consists of rough, uncut material and of fashioned gem stones and carved objects. All of the specimens exhibited have been chosen with great care and are not only thoroughly representative but include many examples which are unique in size, beauty of coloring and perfection of execution, reflecting the very highest standards of the art of the lapidary. Here again explanatory labels are used to give meaning and weight to the exhibit not merely as a display of jewelry material but as a complete visual exposition of the knowledge of gem stones. The visitor should proceed from the entrance along the north row of cases, returning along the south row. The case containing the Sapphires and Rubies, near the beginning of the series, presents a particularly fine display of these gems. Close by will be found a large and varied assem- blage of Aquamarines embracing many gems of exceptional size and color. The cases devoted to Rock Crystal contain a number of carved QUARTZ CRYSTAL FROM AUBURN, MAINE A single erystal of quartz measuring 261913 inches and weighing 253 pounds MINERALS AND GEMS (MORGAN HALT) MINERALS AND GEMS 109 and engraved objects of rare beauty and value. The handsome semi- precious stone Kunzite is represented by especially large and fine examples to be found toward the middle of the series. An interesting exhibit illustrating the primitive and antique use of gems is displayed in cases in the south row near the entrance. This includes many engraved cylinders of great age and the famous Babylonian ax-head of banded agate. An exquisitely carved statuette of blue Chalcedony, the gift of Mr. Charles Lanier, will be found in the center of the installation. ——E—— HAWAIIAN FEATHER CLOAK SouTHWEST PAVILION COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS On entering the Southwest Pavilion beyond the Hall of Minerals the visitor faces groups representing the natives of the Pacifie Islands. Directly in the center is a. Tahitian priest taking part in the fire-walking ceremony, in which the participants walk over heated boulders of lava. On each side is a group showing natives engaged in typical activities, — grating coconut, preparing kava, or weaving mats. Attached to a pillar near the entrance there is a fine Hawaiian feather cape, such as was formerly worn by the highest ranks of Hawai- ian society. Red and yellow honeysucker feathers completely hide the 110 COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS netted twine foundation. The value of these garments was proportionate to the enormous labor expended on their manufacture. The hall is roughly divided into two main sections. In the eastern half are exhibited the collections from Polynesia and Micronesia, while the western half is devoted to New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia. However, it proved impossible to separate Melanesian Fiji from Samoa and Tonga, and for practical reasons the New Zealand specimens are displayed on either side of the tower. In the Polynesian section the examples of decorated native bark cloth (tapa) are especially noteworthy, and a number of canoe models remind us that these people are daring seafarers. A series of ceremonial adzes from the Cook Islands in the northeastern quarter of the hall shows aboriginal carving at its highest level. In the western section the elaborately carved sacred masks about 14 feet back of the Tahitian priest illustrate the esthetic tendencies of Melanesia, which are also apparent in a totem pole set ontop of a vertical case. Very different from these artistic manifestations are the carvings of the New Zealanders (Maori) characterized by the dominant spiral motive. A series of dried and tattooed Maori heads forms one of the most remarkable exhibits in the Museum. (See Leaflet 71, The Maoris and their Arts.) Near the boundary between the two main sections are the Australia cases with numerous boomerangs and very crude stone tools, which should be compared with those in the archeological hall (p. 47). In the northwest corner of the hall are shields, clubs, carvings and household utensils from New Guinea. COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 111 West WING COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The hall due north of the Pacific Islands hall is devoted mainly to the Philippine Islands, but some of the cases in the northwest corner house collections from other parts of Malaysia, such as the interesting series of marionettes from Java. At the right of the entrance is a case containing life casts of faces, nose and hair from the different races represented in this hall. Also charts of stature and head form, with distribution maps. (See Handbook No. 8, The Peoples of the Philippines. ) Near the entrance and in the center aisle may be seen the model of a woman weaving a garment on a native loom; at the far end of the hall a native tree house dominates the scene; and east of it there is the model of a bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. The visitor should note that like the African Negroes, but unlike all other primitive stocks, the Malayan tribes represented in this hall used iron tools. The numerous iron weapons—spears, battle-axes, and krises (daggers with serpentine blades)—are especially remarkable. On the west side of the hall will be found a number of synoptic ex- hibits of native krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and ceramics. Pottery is not highly developed in this area, but the textile arts flourish to a remarkable degree. The industrial life of the Bagobo of Mindanao is particularly well illustrated in the collections. Much more primitive in their culture than the other Malaysians are the Negritos, a dark-skinned and frizzly-haired pigmy stock forming with similar groups in other parts of the world a distinct division of the Negro race. They are everywhere hunters using the bow and arrow and ignorant of agriculture. Their simple implements are shown in a table case in the northeastern section of the hall. SCHOOL SERVICE I SOUTHEAST PAVILION nee nr l y is aor & l °o z EAGT CORRIDOR 10 SOUTHEAST WING SOUTHWEST WING PAVILION WEST CORRIDOR!) Osborn Library, Hall 10, Southeast Wing. Reading Room and Office of Librarian, West Corridor. FirtrH FLoor OFFICES AND LABORATORIES The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library which con- tains over 120,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel. The library now contains over 15,000 volumes on zoédlogy, com- prising many of the extremely rare and interesting monographs in ornithology; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in entomology, including many of the rare classics, and a 2,000 volume collection in conchology containing the standard works of Kuster, Reeve and Binney. There is also a well selected collection of 2,500 volumes in anthropology, including many of the older works relating to the North American Indian; an excellent collection of 2,500 volumes in geology enriched by the library of the late Professor Jules Marcou; a collection of 5,000 volumes in paleontology, to a large extent included in the Osborn Library of Vertebrate Paleontology located in the southeast wing; also an unusually complete collection of more than 25,000 volumes of natural science periodicals. The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and, with the exception of Sundays and holidays, is open free daily, from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the current issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more general works of reference, while other volumes will, upon application to the librarian, be furnished to those who wish to consult them. On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Verte- brate Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of invertebrates. These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the public. 112 HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM 113 THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM The American Museum of Natural History was founded and in- corporated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowl- edge of kindred subjects, and to that end of furnishing popular instrue- tion. For eight years its temporary home was in the Arsenal in Central Park during which time many important collections were secured. The cornerstone of the present bulding in Manhattan Square was laid in 1874 by President U. 8. Grant; in 1877 the first section (South Central Wing) was completed, and on December 22, 1877, the Museum was formally opened by President R. B. Hayes. The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the City, and has cost to date approximately $10,786,306. The South Facade is 710 feet in length; the total floor area including the School Service Wing and Hall of Ocean Life is more than fourteen acres. The building when completed is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square. The building is erected and largely maintained by the City, through the Department of Parks. Building funds are provided for by issues Administration of Corporate Stock, which have been made at intervals and Support since 1871. The annual appropriation, known as the Maintenance Fund, is devoted to the heating, lighting, repair and supervision of the building and care of the collections. The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees, which has the entire direction of all its activities as well as the guardianship of all the collections and exhibits. The Trustees give their services without remuneration. The funds which enable the Trustees to purchase specimens, to carry on explorations and various forms of scientific work, to prepare and publish scientific papers and to enlarge the library, are raised by contri- butions from the Trustees and other friends. These contributions come from three sources—namely, (1) the Endowment Fund, (2) Member- ship Fund, (3) voluntary subscriptions. The interest of the Endowment Fund, which includes the magnificent bequest of Mrs. Jesup, may be used for additions to the collections, research, and for publication. It cannot be used for the care or repair of the building, construction of cases or other maintenance work that is properly the province of the City to provide for. The Membership Fund, derived from the subscriptions of Members, may be devoted to any purpose and is of particular importance in the educational work of the Museum. History 114 MEMBERSHIP Voluntary contributions may be used for general purposes or for such special object as the donor may designate; some of the most valuable and important collections have been obtained by such gifts, as for example the Morgan collection of gems and the Juilliard collection of ancient Peruvian pottery and textiles. There are at present about 10,021 members. Annual Members con- tribute $10 a year for the support of the Museum; Life Members make a single contribution of $200. Member ship fees are of great service in promoting the growth of the institution. In the last edition of the Century Dictionary a museum is defined as: “A collection of natural objects, or of those made or used by man, Definition of placed where they may be seen, preserved, and studied. a Museum Neither the objects themselves, nor the place where they are shown, constitute a museum; this results from the com- bination of objects, place, and purpose, display being an essential feature. The objects, or specimens, may be shown for general purposes only, or for the illustration of some subject or idea, the tendency of modern museums being, by the display of objects and the manner in which they are arranged and labeled, to illustrate some fact in nature or in the history of mankind.”’ And E. Ray Lankester as Director of the British Museum of Natural History stated that: “The purposes of a great national museum of natural history are: (1) To procure by its own explorers or by the voluntary assistance Purposes of of independent naturalists the actual specimens upon Museums which accurate knowledge of the animals, plants, and minerals of the earth’s surface, and more especially of the national territory, is based; to preserve and arrange these collections for study by expert naturalists, and to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the publication (in the form of catalogues or monographs) of the knowledge so obtained—with a view to its utilization, not only in the progress of science, but in the service of the State. (2) To exhibit in the best possible way for the edification of the public, at whose charges these collections are made and maintained, such specimens as are fitted for exposure in publie galleries, with a view to the intelligent and willing participation of the people in the maintenance of the Museum.” As the Museum is emphatically “for the people,” special attention is given to making the exhibits attractive and interesting as well as instructive. While the American Museum of Natural History cannot claim to have originated the idea of displaying animals amid their natural sur- roundings, it was the first large museum in this country to adopt this Membership WOO" .SdaaWNaWn 116 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH method, which it has since carried out on a large scale in (see Leaflet “The Story of Museum Group’’) the well-known habitat groups. How it has been developed the visitor may judge by comparing the group of Robins with the Orizaba, Wolf or Hopi Groups. In the Museum were also developed the methods of preparing and mounting the skeletons of extinct animals that have resulted in such mounts as Brontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, and the series showing the development of the horse, so that they might be something more than an assemblage of uninteresting bones. The Museum not only maintains exhibits “for the edification of the public,” but supplements the educational work performed by these How These and their accompanying labels by lectures and publications Purposes are of a popular nature. A course of evening lectures is given Carried out every Spring and Fall for the Members, to which admission is to be had by ticket; also courses of Science Stories are given on Satur- day mornings for the children of members. Another series of lectures, free to the public, is given in conjunction with the Board of Education on Tuesday and Saturday evenings. Still another series, under the direction of the Museum’s Department of Public Educa- tion, is given for the children of the Public Schools, and there are special lectures for the blind provided for by the Jonathan Thorne Memorial Fund. Lectures EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH The department of Education and Public Health is concerned directly with work with the public schools of New York City through its loan collections of lantern slides and objects of Natural History and through lectures given at the Museum and certain of the public schools. The department occupies the School Service Section a five story structure completed in 1926. The first floor or Education Hall containing the exhibits of the Department of Public Health, is for important temporary exhibits and special gatherings. The second floor contains a main lecture hall seating Five-hundred, which can be divided into smaller halls, and there are class rooms and a special room for the blind. On the third floor are offices for the staff, the slide-circulating department, a display of the collections available for loans, the teachers reference library and a model school nature room. The extent of the work of the department is shown by the sum- mary of that for 1827. LANTERN SLIDE ROOM in the School Service Wing SHIPPING ROOM School Service Wing, where lantern slides and loan collections are packed to be sent to Public Schools 118 STUDY COLLECTIONS STATISTICS OF NUMBERS REACHED BY THE MUSEUM AND ITS EXTENSIVE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Board of Education Lectures... . . . 18,917 26,484 26,968 10,460 10,914 Lectures to School Children and classes visiting the Museum for Stary 5 cee be mene ese x nic 134,669 139,433 132,386 138,514 145,304 Meetings of Scientific Societies and Other Meetings and Lectures... . 31,734 22,637 37,389 31,976 47,680 ADGA stiches cinta kaye wae 185,320 188,554 197,743 183,950 203,898 Attendance in Exhibition Halls... 1,246,402 1,445,289 1,578,147 1,886,315 2,088,978 Total attendance for all pelivyo}e1-- (ae EAer eee ag 1,431,722 1,633,843 1,775,890 2,070,265 2,292,876 Lectures to Pupils in Local Centers. 22,598 24,792 27,055 33,255 20,421 Number reached by Motion Picture Services ae tans pesto tetodets 85,302 115,849 333,097 530,955 1,123,704 Number reached by Lantern Slide Berviee’s. tec aswctcie mires ene 3,839,283 5,407,525 3,941,494 4,358,423 6,866,112 Numbers reached by Circulating Collectiona Sean ee 10,000 Assomate Founders’... oo PT ea oe eee 25,000 Beneimctors asf gens ee ee eee 50,000 Endowment! @lags's 253 se! 0" Ph Co ee ee 100,000 They have the following privileges: An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. Complimentary tickets to the Members’ Room for their friends. Services of an Instructor for guidance through the Museum. Two course tickets to Spring and Autumn Lectures. Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets on request. Current numbers of the American Museum Journal, Naruran History. The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP 125 ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP In order that those residing more than 50 miles from New York City, who can not conveniently attend the lectures for members may be associated with the Museum and its work, the class of Associ- ate Members, whose annual dues are $3, was established. These Mem- bers have the following privileges: Current issues of Narurau Hisrory. The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. This large room on the third floor is given over exclusively to Members, and is equipped with every comfort for rest, reading and correspondence. Two complimentary tickets admitting to the Members’ Room for distribution by Members to their friends. The services of an Instructor for guidance when visiting the Museum. INDEX Administrative Offices 112 African collections 52, 53 * Ahnighito”’ meteorite 9 Albinos 84 Allosaurus 100 Amphibians 89 Amundsen Sledge 9 Annulates 36 Antelope Group 61 Apache Group 31 Arapaho Dancer 25 Archeology, Mexico and Central America 46-50 Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 77 Arthropods 37 Assembly Halls 115 Astronomy 9 Auditorium 21 Auduboniana 68, 71, ‘* Auk 55 Aztecs 47 Bacteria 13 Baskets: Chinese 83; Indian 21, 26, 29 Bat, Fruit 68 Bears 60 Beaver Group 64 Bench Mark 9 “Big Tree”’ of California 34 Bird Feeding Group 56 Bird Groups 45, 71-76 Bird Rock Group 78 Birds, Extinct 55 Birds in flight 53 Birds, Local 45 Birds of paradise 57 Birds of the world 53 Birds, Seasonal collection 45 Bison Group 59 Blankets, Chilkat 19. Navajo 30 Blind, work with 116 Booby and Man-of-War Group 75 Brandt’s Cormorant Group 75 Brontosaurus 100 Bronzes from China 83 Brown Pelican Group 73, 74 Bryoza Group 40 Bullfrog Group 89 Busts of Darwin 35; American Men of Science 9; Sargent 34, Burroughs 46 Butterfly Group 86 Canoe, Haida 18 Caribou 65 Catlin Paintings 27 Cave Man 51 Cave, Copper Queen 102; Weyer’s 103 Chichen Itza 48 Chilkat blankets 20 Chinese collections 80, 82 Clam and Oyster, Models 37 Cobb’s Island Group 72 Codices 50 Condor Group 75 Congo Collections 53 Copper Queen Cave 102; Mine 102 Corals 37 Crane Group 73, 76, 77 Darwin, Bust 35 Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 35 Deer 63 Dinosaurs: Hall of 97 Allosaurus 110; Brontosaurus 98; Pggs 99; Horned 96; Mummied 97; Trachodon, 97; Dodo 54 Dog Feast 27 126 Dogs 68 Dragon Lizards 88 Duck Hawk 71, 72 Earth Goddess 47 Education 115 Eggs, 45, 57 Egret Group 73 Elk 63 Eohippus 93 Eskimo collection 21; Woman Cooking 20; Fish- ing 20 Feather Cape 109 Fire Walker 121 Fishes 41; Deep Sea 42; Game 42 Flamingo Group 75 Flatworms 36 Flea, Model 13 Flea and Bubonic Plague 13 Florida Group 75 Fly, Model of 16; and disease 17 Food 11, 12 Fossils: Age of 90; Formation of 90; Invertebrate 100; Man 91; South American 91; Tertiary 93; Tree Stump 102 Fox 61 Fur Seal Group 44 Gems and Precious stones 105-107 Geology 100-102; Models 102; of Manhattan Island 15 Glacial grooves 9 Glacial Pothole 9 Gold and silver work 49 Golden Eagle Group 76 Goose (Wild) Group 77 Gorilla 69 Grand Canyon 101 Grebe Group 77 Ground Sloth Group 91 Groups: Birds 45-56, 71-78; Fishes, 42; Indians 27, 31; Insects 87; Mammals 61, 68; Marine Invertebrates 38, 39; Monkeys 66; Reptiles 89 Habitat Groups 71-78 Hackensack Meadow Group 72 Haida Canoe 18 Heron Group (Florida Blue) 73; (Snowy) 73 History of Museum 113 Hopi Group 29 Horse, Evolution of the 93, 94 Horses, Skeletons of modern 104, 105 Incas 87-90 Indians: Apache 31, 32; Blackfoot 26; Dakota 26; Hopi 29; Iroquois 24: Menomini_ 24; Navajo 30; New York 23; Northwest Coast 18-21; Pima 29; Plains 26, 27; Pueblo 28, 29; Tlingit 20; Woodlands 23; Zuni 28 Information Bureau 9 Insects 85-88; local collection 87 Insects and disease 13, 14 Invertebrates 35, 40 Iroquois Warrior 24 Jade Boulder 9 Japanese Exhibit 83 2 Jesup Collection of North American Woods 34 Jesup Memorial Statue 8, 9 Jesup Tablet 34 Keith Collection 49 Killer Whale 43 Klamath Lake Group 77 INDEX Labrador Duck 56 Lectures 21, 116 Library 112, 121 Lizard Group 88 Loon Group 78 Magnolia 33 Malaria 14, 15 Mammals, Groups 14, 15; of Africa 52; of North America 58, 59-65; of the World 84 Mammoth 91 Man, Early 51, 91, 92; Natural History of 51 Maori Heads 110 Marine Invertebrates 30-36 Masks, Melanesian 110; Tlingit 20 Mastodons and-Mammoths 91 Mayas, 48-50 Medicine pipe 28 Melanos 84 Membership 114, 124 Members’ Room 66, 115 Memorial Hall 9 Meteorites 10, 9, 21, 22 Mexican Archeology 46-50 Military Hygiene 17 Minerals and Gems 105-108 Mink 63 Monkeys, 66 Moose Group 60 Mosquito models 14 Mosquitoes and malaria 83 Mummy bundles 80, 81; dinosaur 97 Mural paintings by Taylor 19, 15 . Museum building 2; administration 113; admis- sion to 4; definition of 126; history 113; loca- tion 4; membership 126, 134; purposes of 114; support 113 Muskrat 63 Narwhal 44 Navajo blankets 30 North Pacific Hall 18 Offices 112 Opossum 61 Orang Utan Group 68 Otter 63 Orizaba Group 70 Pacific Islands Collections 109, 110 Peary Sledges 9 Peceary 63 Pelican Groups 73, 74, 77 Peruvian Collections 79 PhilippineCollections 111 Pigmy Group 67 Pioneers of American Science 11 Polyps 35 Pothole, Glacial Pottery: Chinese 91; Inca 89; Indian 23, 26, 28; Maya 48; Nazca 81; Philippine 111 Prairie Chicken Group 77 Preparation 122 Benoni Man of Europe and North America Protozoa 35 Ptarmigan 55 Publications 121 Chilean Copper 82; Publie Health 20 Pueblo Indians, 28 Quipus 81 Reptiles 89 Rhinoceros, Fossil, 95 Robin Group 45 Roosevelt ik 63 Rotifers 40 Roundworms 31 Sage Grouse Group 77 Sandhill Crane Group 73 San Joaquin Vulley Group 75 School Collections 118 Sea Elephants 44 Sea Lion 44 Sea-Mats 36 Sea Stars 36 Seismograph 34 Serpent Column 48 Sewage 12 Sharks 41 Shells 43 Siberian collections 82 Skunk 61 Sledge, Amundsen’s 9; Peary’s Sponges 35 Staff, Scientific 1 Starfish 36 Stele 48 Struggle for Existence 41 Study Collections, 118-121 Sun dance 27 Synoptie Series of Mammals 84 Tahitians 110 Textiles, African 53; Chinese 83; Navajo 30; Pacific Islands 110, 123; Peruvian 79, 81 Tipi 27 Totem poles 18 Trachodon 97 Trephined skulls 80, 81 Trees 34 Trustees, Board of 1 Turkey Vulture Group 73 Tyrannosaurus 97 Typhus and Sleeping Sickness 15 Variation 41 Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 33 Virginia deer 63, 65 Visitors’ Room 9 Wampum 17 Warren Mastodon 91 Water Supply 12 Water Turkey Group 73 Weasel Group 60 Whale, sulphur-bottom 84; killer 44 Whales 43, 44, 84 Wharf Pile Group 38 Whooping Crane Group 76 Wild Turkey Group 73 ““Willamette’’ meteorite 10 Wolf Group 62, 63 Woodchuck 61 Woods, North American 34 Workshops 123 FOR THE PEOPLE z © < O = Q a 5 FOR SCIENCE