a} i ; URAL HIS 1 , =) le _ y - ] cm = BUHRE AVE IH ae HOW TO REACH ¢¢ | THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY o tne rit! . SOssGs E rt ONCOURSE x o JEROME AV ssesGices express < mi INDEPENDENT SUBWAY SYSTEM ale BS cfr tr 4 ST. NICHOLAS z 1 m o é GRAND } SaGse = -Ones (BIMT: SUBWAY, LINES ke 161d 1569 > EY se eoer@ecvecccseses Gece 1.R.7. SUBWAY LINES a g 00 eQeccce Grose Gsvcce Geoce o ors LENOX E WASHINGTONPEBR MM QwmooiuinnQuu ELEVATED LINES cS oO AVE oer eee te ets | MAIN ST. FLUSHING BROADWAY FC) a bso Sar a 1a" QS AVE ve JACKSONZS 6G JUNCTION Biv, rf HGTS~ x $> 30 AVE "{ GRAND AVE :@ S| ~ a i} G r 1 if f ‘ ge ro) o Pret) Teer try 2o ° THIRD A bd @ o ro A & 2 a > AMERICAN MUSEUM ~ of NATURAL 7 HISTORY , PE SPE agen pe ee ° oO 2? fess, HH r3 gee 2 0 O20 Wo0e-2 Qeve OeNtr INCRE, ST z oe pt LEXINGT eee@eccee ft ASN x VU EIGHTH AVE wi sy w LINCOLN |TUNNEL 14 Cy e" *SQe. 8 oe, ~ a> . : an ia PROSPECT ' PARK~ ‘ { The Museum is located on Central Park West from 77th Street to 81st Street and on 77th Street to Columbus Avenue. It may be reached as follows: By Buses—8th Avenue or Columbus Avenue lines or 81st Street crosstown. By Subway—6th and 8th Avenue to 81st Street (Museum) station. nth Avenue to 79th Street station. Lexington Avenue to 77th Street station. Take crosstown bus from East 79th Street to 81st Street and Central Park West. The Main Entrance is on Central Park West at 79th Street. The South Entrance is on 77th Street Telephone: ENdicott 29-8500. General Gude jothe Exhibition Halls of the AMERICAN MUSEUM of MrerWU RAL HISTORY Compiled by NOY WALDO MINER Assisted by Members of the Museum Staff SCIENCE GUIDE No. 118 (Second Edition Completely Revised) Published by the Committee on Popular Publications 1943 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY e NEW YORK 24, N. Y. eeeo LIBRARY, eese” OF THE = AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISPORY Copyright 1943 By The American Museum of Natural History ‘uInasNnyY 9) YSnoryy pue (jooy pue spPryaa) 19917 ISTg ISAA\ WOT PotoyuUN oq AvUL WUNTARJOULT, OYJ *‘(yoo[q jo 19j}uUa99) Joang YI“ IsaMy UO dDULIQUD UL OST sI atayy, “Aemqns puv ‘(sdajs ay Yeauaq AeMaatIp) PITYIA ‘JaaI]S :s[IAIT JaIYI Iv ‘[LIIOWIIW JaAgsooyY ay} Ysnory) “say YAe_ [eAJUID uo div sauURIUS UIeUL OJ, ‘s}99199 Jstg pue WyWZL pue snusay snquinjpop JsoM Ye [euusy usaMjoq ooeds oy} yo ysour Adno00 s8urpyinq oyT WUOA MAN “AAVNOS NV.LLVHNVW ‘AUO.LSIH IVUOLVN JO WOASAW NVOIMAINV FHL NV ‘\ AMO SWS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Map: How to reach the American Museum of Natural History. Inside front cover ‘Title’ Page 20. 32-2 de ee ee ee A in et 1 Dablevot.Contentsss-1- ee eee 4 Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Eee . ‘ad EP 6 General Information . siete on Bee: 10 Index to First Floor po i ees}: aes Index to, Second: Kloon Bee eee ie sh dg fede oe to. ae 17 Index to Third Floor . wi ae Index to Fourth Floor = ae 19 Astronomy and Planetarium re we ; PP sie 20: Geoloey 2.2.0. eee ES Foe ee ene 24 Hall of Geology oud Invertebrate paleontoloey 24 Hall of Petrology). 29). 05) Seton ee is ede ge ee 26 Minerals and Gems yi iat a Ft 29 Hall of Minerals and Gene : BS EE a ee : peg Geology and Minerals of New York State 3) dor Paleontology ~-......4., 2 P8625 ne eae Se eee ae ee 35 Fossil Invertebrates ... Pe ae ss a ae. 36 Fossil Vertebrates .. LFS; ee ne ne 38 Fossil Fishes eA ¥ ea ge Fossil Reptiles. ' coe Ee ; ors Hall of Jurassic Reptiles . street ent a. . eel Corridor'of: Marine Reptiles =. 22.5 5. et. oon 42 Hall ot ‘Cretaceous Reptiles 25) 2. RS: oe ae Hall of Mongolian Vertebrates;5 22)... 1) 504.) ee 45 Fossil : Mamumnalls :..5°* 42-2 ee ee <3, ae Osborn Hall of the Age of Mammals (Gieraen oe Se ee The Horse Under Domestication ee ere 48 Osborn Hall of the Age of Man (Ounrenae) see eee is"! Forestry-and Gonservation! .7 5 << Agta oe os ee Oe ee 54 baving Invertebrates 2 sccm tp or ee? ies 2308 3 a 56 Darwin: Hall .....:./ noe eee Crea re eer ee ety 56 Coral “Reet Group. 2 ee en eS fe ee ees 2 62 Pearl Divers Group” 3-2 ee ee ee 62 Gallery..of ‘Shells. 32 23> gore ere 65 Invertebrates of INewaVork states: 49 ee a eee 65 TNSCCESS oa: Ao het ead akc ee ay en eo ee ee ee oy ¢ Heyes aug ee nt Hall of Insect res Ee ee Pe rs TRE EN Ate ew 67 Local, Insects 45 24a 9s Se ee ae ee 69 Living, Pishesy 2... Ph sorcagt Rees a Heuer ae ee 71 Hall of Living Fishes ... ban Hall of LTABEE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Eiving Reptiles ...... Living Reptiles .. Amphibia and Reptiles of New York Bee See Living Birds Whitney Wing Whitney Memorial Hall Hall of Biology of Birds Gallery of Bird Art Audubon Gallery . Birds of the World Hall Hall of North American Bird Groups Local Birds é £2 Ort eae Living Mammals = Hall of North American Mammals Akeley Memorial Hall of African Mammals Vernay-Faunthorpe Hall of South Asiatic Mammals Hall of North Asiatic Mammals Allen Hall of North American Mammals Oceanic Mammals Synoptic Hall of Mammals Mammals of New York State Anthropology Hall of Git aceS ae Per ta ee a oe Hall of the Natural History of Man The Skeleton from Fish to Man Family Tree and Early Races of Man .. Living Races of Man .. Te es The Woodland Indians The Plains Indians Indians Indians Eskimo Mexico Indians OtmtherSOutaWweSte se se eee of the North Pacific Coast Corridor Sage are eo: and Central America of South America “LEIS. PEN ILTCGE © Soe se ey aie 9 i eee a Collections from Philippines and Malaysia Asiatic Collections ....... Reet Be Pak -5 Drummond Collection of Tage Asiatic Ethnology Eialivor Atrican, Ethnology 32-5... . Hall of Biological Principles and Applied Biology The American Museum of Natural History: BOATABO MRUSEEES) oh... occa 3) hatte nts Administrative and Scientific Staffs ae ENTRANCE HALL ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL THE THEODORE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAE The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial, erected by the people of the State of New York in memory of the man whose name it bears, forms the main entrance to the Museum on Central Park West. Its grace- ful architecture follows a stately Roman- esque design. Passing through the central archway the visitor steps into the great Memorial Hall. Above the marble mosaic floor, rise walls of cream colored marble and lime- stone extending to an elaborate Corin- thian cornice overarched by an octagonal coffered barrel-vault 100 feet above the floor. The central part of each wall is recessed and divided into three parts by two Roman Corinthian columns 48 feet high supporting the entablature. Three of these recesses are adorned with great mural paintings symbolic of the varied career of ‘Theodore Roosevelt. On the walls, quotations from Roosevelt's writings are displayed in raised bronze letters. oy MAIN ENTRANCE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL The facade of the Memorial is adorned by four Ionic col- umns fifty-four feet high rep- resenting Boone, Audubon, Clark, and Lewis, pioneers in the early exploration of our country. (Right) Sculptures of ani- mals in low relief decorate the base of the columns I rrr een MURALS IN ROOSEVELT (Above) Theodore Roosevelt stands over a Nubian lion and lioness. Several birds which completed the collections at the American Museum are included (Left) Events in old Russian history are represented here through several historic per- sonages of the period before 1000 A. D. At the bottom are shown the ancestors of the Roosevelt family, their names being inscribed above them. This and the opposite mural commemorate Roosevelt's part in the Russo-Japanese peace treaty of 1905 MEMORIAL HALL LEGENDS OF JAPAN (Above) In a tangle of gnarled trees, hemmed in by rocks, an African elephant is captured by a group of native hunters with shields and spears (Right) Japanese spiritual be- liefs are here represented in the figures of various gods and goddesses and in the first historic Japanese emperor, descendant of the Sun God- dess. At the bottom are the maternal ancestors of Theo- dore Roosevelt GENERAL INFORMATION The American Museum of Natural History is located in Manhattan Square and occupies most of the space between Central Park West, Columbus Avenue, 77th Street, and 8ist Street. The main entrances are on Central Park West, through the Roosevelt Memorial, at three levels: street, vehicle (driveway beneath the steps), and subway. There is also an entrance on West 77th Street (foot and vehicle, center of block), and one on Co- lumbus Avenue, near 77th Street (foot). (See Frontispiece.) The Planetarium may be entered from West 81st Street (vehicle and foot) and through the Museum. Cars may be parked within the Museum square (en- ter from 81st Street) and at the curb on the streets surrounding the Museum square. ADMISSION There is no charge for admission ex- cept for the Planetarium. The Plane- tarium, which was constructed by Recon- struction Finance Corporation funds, is a self-liquidating project, and admission will be charged until the loan has been repaid. The Museum is open to the public from 10:00 A. M. to 5:00 P. M. daily except Sundays, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, New Year’s Day and July 4th, when it is open from 2:00 to 6:00 P.M, CHECK Rooms AND INFORMATION DEsks The main check room is located at the right as one enters the main entrance on the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial (carriage entrance). Coats and packages may be left here. Wheel chairs for chil- dren and adults are available free of charge. There is also a checking room at the left of the 77th Street entrance. There is no charge for checking. Information may be obtained at the check rooms and special information desks located on the main (znd) floor of the Roosevelt Memorial, also at the right of the doorway at the 77th Street entrance. The latter is also the Educa- tion Bureau for the registration of in- structors and students and the conveni- ence of Members desiring guidance through the building by Museum instruc- tors. Information concerning the exhibits or lectures may also be obtained here. Announcements of lectures and meetings of societies held at the Museum may be obtained here free of charge. MusrEuM BooksHop The entrance to the Museum Bookshop is located near the 77th Street entrance to the Museum, adjacent to the elevators. Guide Leaflets and other Museum publi- cations are sold here as well as postcards and souvenirs. Books on natural history and its allied subjects by Museum authors and others in good standing are for sale here. BULLETIN BOARDS The main bulletin board is at the right of Memorial Hall in the East Corridor, directly opposite the elevators. Here pro- grams of lectures and meetings are dis- played and also a directory to the exhibits on the various floors. Pictorial plans of the floors of the Museum are posted in the elevators and at convenient points throughout the Museum to aid in guid- ing visitors to the various halls. NOTE Due to constant rearrangements of ex- hibits in the halls, certain discrepancies may be noted at times between the ar- rangements in the halls and those in this volume. The alphabetical Pocket Guide and various guide leaflets procurable in coin machines and at the Bookshop will keep the visitor informed for the most part, while the most recent changes will be announced on the bulletin boards and in connection with the Bureaus of Infor- mation. SKETCHING AND PHOTOGRAPHING Artists and students are encouraged to draw from specimens on exhibit. Chairs may be had on application from the at- tendant. Amateur photographers may ob- tain permission to photograph in the halls of the Museum from the Roosevelt Information Desk. Professional photog- raphers may obtain permission from the Photographic Division of the Department of Education. [10] GUIDING Free Service: This is offered to public schools and similar educational institu- tions and to Members of the Museum and their friends upon presentation of Mem- bers’ inscribed tickets. In order to secure a guide, an appointment should be made in advance. Please state the day and hour desired, the number to be guided, and any special halls to be seen. For appointments call ENdicott 2- 8500, Extension 255. Paid Service: This is provided for in- dividuals not members of the Museum at 25 cents per hour for each person in a group. Minimum charge, $1.00. Arrangements for groups from private schools must be made with the Bureau of Private School Service. The rate is $2.50 per hour. For appointments call ENdicott 2-8500, Extension 222. CAFETERIA (Index Plan, page 16, Hall 12, Basement) Convenient to the subway entrance in the Roosevelt Memorial Building is the Museum Cafeteria, which is operated as a Museum department for the accommo- dation of visitors. It is under the direc- tion of a dietitian-manager. The Cafeteria is open on all week days from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. In winter it operates on Sundays from 2:30 to 5:30 p.M. It is closed Memorial Day, July 4th, Thanksgiving Day, and Ghristmas. Breakfast ‘and luncheon are served. There is also a sandwich counter and soda fountain. CAFETERIA FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 11, Basement) A cafeteria in the Education Building caters especially to school children and their teachers. LIBRARY (Take elevator to Fifth Floor) The Library is located on the fifth floor of the Museum. It is devoted to works on natural history, exploration, and travel. It contains some 131,000 volumes, which comprise not only the important periodi- cals of our own and foreign countries but also all representative and standard works on zoology, physical anthropology, eth- nology, prehistory, archaeology, geology, and paleontology. The collection on ver- tebrate paleontology forms the Osborn Library of Vertebrate Paleontology, founded by President Henry Fairfield Osborn. The Reading Room of the Library is also located on the fifth floor, and is open to the public from 10 A. M. until 4 P. M. except on Sundays and holidays. The Li- brary is also closed on Saturdays from June to September. Those interested in consulting the books and periodicals are welcome to do so during the available hours. PUBLICATIONS The publications of the Museum fall naturally into two groups, technical and popular. The technical publications, comprising the Bulletin, Anthropological Papers, Memoirs, and American Museum Novt- tates, contain information gathered by the various expeditions or derived from the study of material collected. The Bul- letin contains the larger scientific pa- pers, covering records of explorations and collections of the Museum. The An- thropological Papers are devoted to re- searches in the study of man, supervised by the Museum’s Department of Anthro- pology. The Memoirs, quarto in size, con- tain monographs, many of which require large illustrations. The Novitates include the shorter scientific contributions, de- scriptions of species, etc., which demand immediate publication. The scientific publications are distributed to libraries of scientific institutions and_ societies throughout the world, largely on an exchange basis. The popular publications include Nat- ural History Magazine, Junior Natural History (a children’s magazine) , Guide Leaflets, Science Guides, Handbooks, and School Service Series. The purpose of all these publications is to provide the pub- lic with accurate and interesting infor- mation in all fields of natural science. Natural History is a copiously illus- trated magazine containing articles of interest to the general public on explo- [12] ration, primitive man, amateur science, nature photography, and the interpreta- tion of the world of nature. It contains the stories of museum expeditions and describes interesting and noteworthy ex- hibits. It is distributed as a privilege of membership in the Museum, or on sub- scripuon. For information regarding sub- scription to Natural History and Junior Natural History, inquire of the Member- ship Secretary, American Museum of Nat- ural History, 77th Street and Central Park West, New York City. The Museum’s popular Science Guides deal with exhibits of particular inter- est and other subjects. More than 100 of these illustrated booklets have been pub- lished, and new ones are constantly be- ing prepared. The Handbooks, thirteen of which have been issued, deal with themes related to the collections rather than to the particular objects exhibited. They are frequently used as textbooks. A catalogue of the popular publica- tions of the American Museum will be sent free on request. (Address: Popular Publications, American Museum of Nat- ural History, 77th Street and Central Park West, New York, 24, N. Y.) An Annual Report is issued yearly. EpUCATION BUILDING Adjoining the West Corridor is the Bickmore Memorial Corridor, named in honor of Professor Albert S. Bickmore who inaugurated the work of the Mu- seum with the schools. This leads to the Education Building, a five-story struc- ture which contains the exhibits, offices, and classrooms of the Department of Education. The Department of Education includes in its services practically all of the pub- lic relations work of the Museum. In- tramurally it serves the public and private schools, colleges, and other educational institutions, as well as many other adult and youth groups and individuals through lectures, demonstrations, guid- ing, and other contacts. Beyond this, in- formation and materials are sent to thou- sands of persons throughout the United States and neighboring countries through radio programs, news publicity, portable museums, slides, motion pictures, and cased collections. On the first floor is Education Hall (Index Plan, page 16, Floor I, Hall 11), which is used for important temporary exhibits and special gatherings. The second floor contains a lecture hall, seating 400, which can be divided into two smaller halls. This floor also contains one large classroom; the office of the Registrar, with whom instructors make arrangements when planning to bring classes to the Museum; and the of- fice of the Associate Curator, who is in charge of the Teaching Staff and who should be consulted when guiding is desired. On the third floor are administration offices, the slide division, and a teachers’ reference library. On the fourth floor is the office of the photographic division, with the photo- graphic studios, and the motion picture division, with the offices of the circulat- ing film library. MEMBERSHIP Through its explorations, The Amer- ican Museum of Natural History is bring- ing together rare and valuable natural history collections from all parts of the world. Through its exhibition halls, its lectures, its work with school children and its publications, the Museum is making these wonders of nature easily accessible. The growth of this work is in large meas- ure dependent upon the contributions of friends. Membership receipts are applied directly to these purposes. There are ap- proximately twenty-six thousand mem- bers, who believe that the Museum is do- ing a useful service to science and to edu- cation, and are contributing to this work. The Trustees invite you to lend your support by becoming a member. Membership blanks may be obtained at the Education Bureau or Sales Booth, or from the boxes near the elevators. Memberships may start at any time and will continue for a full year’s period. The various Classes of Membership, with the sums they contribute, are: Endowment Members ......... $100,000 Renclaciote <234 225 5 tad eee 50,000 Associate Founders ........... 25,000 Associate Benefactors ......... 10,000 Patrons. 53550 Poa. ice see Wee 5,000 Lafe’ Members «=: <.2.522288 Sere 1,000 [12] Fellows } Ss 500 Supporting Members (annually) 100 Contributing Members 50 Sustaining Members 25 Annual Members 10 Associate Members 4 Associate Members of The American Museum of Natural History enjoy the following privileges: Current issues of NATURAL History —a popular illustrated magazine of science, travel, exploration and discovery, pub- lished monthly (except July and August), the volumes beginning in January and June. A copy of the President’s Annual Re- port on request. An Annual Pass admitting to the Mem- bers’ Room. This room is open every day in the year, is given over exclusively to Members. and is equipped with every comfort for rest, reading and correspon- dence. Two Complimentary Tickets admit- ting to the Members’ Room for distribu- tion by Members to their friends. In addition to these privileges, Mem- bers of the higher classes, to which all friends of the Museum are eli- gible, enjoy the following: An Annual Pass admitting the Member and friends accompanying him to the Re- served Seat Section of the auditorium at Lectures for Members. Two Single Admission Course Tickets to Spring and Autumn Series of Lectures for Members, to distribute to friends. Two Single Admission Course Tickets to Spring and Autumn Series of Lectures for the Children of Members. Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets, on request. THE History AND WorRK OF THE MUSEUM The American Museum of Natural History was founded and incorporated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the study of Natural Science; of advancing the gen- eral knowledge of kindred subjects, and of furnishing popular instruction. For eight years its home was in the Arsenal in Central Park. The cornerstone of the present build- ing in Manhattan Square was laid in 1874 by President Ulysses S. Grant. In 1877, the first section (South Central Wing) was completed, and on December 22, 1877, it was formally opened by Presi- dent R. B. Hayes. In 1880, the educational work with the schools was inaugurated by Professor Al- bert S. Bickmore. The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the city, and has cost to date approximately $16,- 000,000. The South Facade is 710 feet in length, and the present East Facade, on Central Park West, is 600 feet. When completed, the building is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square. The building is largely erected and maintained by the City. through the De- partment of Parks. The Roosev elt Mem- orial section was the gift to the City by the State of New York as its monument to Theodore Roosevelt, and the Whitney Wing was erected jointly by the late Harry Payne Whitney and the City of New York. The Hayden Planetarium was financed by funds loaned by the Recon- struction Finance Corporation of the Federal Government. The annual City appropriation, known as the Mainten- ance Fund, is devoted to the care and up- keep of the building and the safeguard- ing of the collections. The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees, who give their services. The scientific and educational work is carried on by some fourteen departments, each headed by a Chairman or Curator, under the leadership of the Director. The funds through which specimens are purchased, exhibits constructed, ex- plorations carried on, and scientific in- vestigation conducted, are contributed by the "Trustees, Members, and other friends. The scientific and popular pub- lications of the Museum and the enlarge- ment of the Library are also made pos- sible through these ‘contributions. For the instruction of the public the halls of the Museum are devoted to the large series of exhibits which are de- ete in this guidebook. These are sup- plemented by Tectures and publications ofa popular nature. On Tuesday after- noons a lecture is given by a staff mem- ber. On Wednesday and Saturday after- noons there are special motion picture [13] showings. An important course of evening lectures is given every Spring and Fall for the Members, also Saturday morning courses of Science Stories for children of Members. All lectures are illustrated by lantern slides and motion pictures, many of which have been secured by Museum expeditions. Under the direction of the Department of Education of the Museum, extensive series of talks are given for the public school children of New York, and there are special showings of motion pictures on science, and social studies for stu- dents of high schools and colleges. Series of talks on Museum activities also are broadcast by the Radio Division. The larger audiences meet in the main auditorium of the Museum on the first floor (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 7). This hall seats about 1400 persons and is completely equipped with stereopticons and apparatus for projecting silent and sound motion pictures. A second hall, similarly equipped, is on the fifth floor of the Roosevelt Memorial, and addi- tional rooms on the floors below are used for smaller groups. Scientific Societies meet at the Museum regularly and a number of their lectures are of general interest. The New York Academy of Sciences, the oldest scientific society in New York City, founded in 1817, has its headquar- ters in the Roosevelt Memorial Building (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 12a). It offers to scientists interested in pure re- search a forum for the discussion of their problems from a technical standpoint, and opportunities for the publication of their results. BEHIND THE SCENES The fifth floor of the Museum is de- voted to the administrative offices, the offices and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library. On this floor are the work rooms of the Depart- ment of Vertebrate Palaeontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are pre- pared and mounted, and the laboratory where the beautiful models of inverte- brates are made. These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the public. Scientific Laboratories and Study Col- lections. On the sixth floor of the African Section are the well equipped labora- tories devoted to experimental biological research and to physiology and life his- tories based on the study of living animals. Most of the scientific study collections are on the fifth floor. These are for the benefit of investigators and to preserve the evidences and records of our vanish- ing animal life and of the life and cus- toms of primitive peoples. The vast majority of the Museum’s natural history specimens are in study collections to protect them from deteri- oration and for ready accessibility to scientific investigators. A careful selection is made of objects of greatest educational value and these form the basis of the Museum displays in its exhibition halls. Work Shops. An important part of the Museum not seen by the public com- prises the work shops, located in the base- ment and provided with machinery of the most improved pattern. Here, among other things, are constructed the various types of cases used in the Museum. There is also a fully equipped printing establish- ment. In other parts of the Museum, also not open to the public, are the studios where the varied work of preparing ex- hibits is carried on by a large staff of artists and artisans. Here are cast, mod- eled or mounted the figures for the groups, while leaves and flowers are fash- ioned so accurately that they seem to grow and bloom. The latter are for ac- cessories in the groups. Reptiles and am- phibians are mounted and anatomical models of fishes are created in wax and other materials with painstaking care. [14] ENTERING THE MUSEUM Fifty-eight halls of the Museum cover- ing thirteen acres of floor space are now open to public exhibition. The visitor begins his journey through this immense treasure house of natural history from one of three directions: through the Roosevelt Memorial (see pages 6-8), through the Planetarium (see page 20) , or through the South, or Seventy-seventh Street Entrance, which will now be de- scribed. A glance at the frontispiece will enable the visitor to get his bearings. SouTH ENTRANCE ARCHWAY Under the arch on Seventy-seventh Street, before entering the Museum door- way, may be seen the Bench Mark estab- lished by the United States Geological Survey in 1911, on which are inscribed the latitude and longitude, 40°46'47.17” N., 73°58’41” W., and height above sea level, 86 feet. On the right is a Glacial Pot Hole from Russell, St. Lawrence County, New York, formed by an eddy in a stream beneath the melting ice of the glacier that once covered northern New York State. Peb- bles, whirling around the eddy, cut and ground this hole, which is two feet across and four feet deep. Glacial Grooves. On the left, is a large slab of fossiliferous limestone from Kelly Island in Lake Erie, near Sandusky, whose surface has been smoothed, grooved, and scratched by the stones and sand in the bottom of the vast moving ice sheet that covered northeastern North America during the Glacial epoch. On either side of the archway are the two largest beryl crystals ever quarried. They were cut in Albany, Maine. ‘These hexagonal crystals show the typical aqua- marine color in their clearer portions. MEMoRIAL HALL (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 2) One enters Memorial Hall, through the lobby from the South Entrance. In this hall are placed temporary exhibits of current interest. Many of these exhibits represent research in various departments of the Museum and recent results of ex- ploration by Museum expeditions. ‘The walls of this rotunda display the famous Covarrubias maps of the world which show the distribution of primitive art, natural resources, etc. Attractive repro- ductions of these maps can be purchased at the Bookshop, which is situated at the right of this hall. EXPLORATION AND GEOGRAPHY Exhibits showing equipment of polar explorations made in cooperation with the Museum are located in the corridor leading to the elevators. (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall gb). Here are sledges with which Peary (1909) and Amundsen (1911) reached the North and South Poles, respectively; also souvenirs of the Amundsen-Ells- worth expeditions of 1925 and 1926. Maps of the Polar Regions show the routes of various explorers and the polar air flights. In a room at the left end of this cor- ridor is the large Mainka seismograph for recording earthquakes. This was pre- sented to the New York Academy of Sciences by Emerson McMillin, and re- cently donated to the Museum by the Academy. Lindbergh Plane. Another exhibit of historical interest for scientific explora- tion, now in the Hall of Ocean Life (In- dex Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10), is the airplane flown by Charles and Anne Lindbergh “north to the orient.” This plane later took them by way of Green- land to Europe, thence down to Africa, across to Brazil, and up the Atlantic Coast to New York, a total distance of 30,000 miles. [15 ] EDUCATION HALL TEMPORARY EXHIBITS ESKIMOS PECIAL 7a AIBITS ' OCEAN LIFE INVERTEBRATE Anthropology. Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8 (See also Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor III, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8.) Auditorium. Hall 7. (See also smaller lec- ture rooms, Floor II, Hall 11; Floor III, Hall 12a; Floor V, Hall 12a). Birds icleey of). Hall 19. (See also Floor II, Halls 1, 2, and 19; Floor III, Hall 1; Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) Birds, Local. Hall 12a. Book Shop. Halls 2 and gb. (See also Sales Booth, Floor I, Hall 18.) Cafeteria. Hall 12 (Basement) . ers and children: Hall 11 (Basement). Check Rooms. Halls 2 and 12 (Vestibules). Coral Reef Group. Hall 10. Darwin Hall. Hall 5 Education Bureau. Hall = (Vestibule) 3 AUDITORIUM For teach- FIRST FLOOR The Index Plans on the four following pages will enable the visitor to locate the various exhibition halls described in this guide. In the list below, the Arabic numerals refer to the Hall Num- bers in circles in the plan. AUTO PARKING FOR MUSEUM AND PLANETARIUM VISITORS Bp ICAN MAMMALS 18 an 13 Fer PLANETARIUM Elevators. Halls 12a and eb. Eskimos. Hall 7a. Fishes. Hall g. (See also 12a.) Forestry and eke Hall 3. Indians. Halls 1, 4, 6, and 8. (See also Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8.) Invertebrates (Living). Halls 5, 10, and 12a. Lindbergh Plane, Hall 10. Mammals (Living). Halls 10, 12, 12a, and 13. (See also Floor II, Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13; Floor III, Halls 2, 3, and 13.) Planetarium. Hall 18. (See also Floor II, Hall 18.) Polar Exploration. Hall gb. Seismograph. Between Halls 1 and gb. Subway. Hall 12a (Basement). Temporary Exhibits. Halls 2 and 11. Tree of Life. Hall 5 [16] 6 ‘ ar: STONE AGE CULTURE [KSJSOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS a EDUCATION » 4 « inn £8 by * ‘ 140 445" INDIANS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 0 BUILDING | AFRICAN MAMMALS cies = . PLANETARIUM e THEODORE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL ENTRANCE T.W. VOTER CENTRAL PARK WEST (See also African Mammals. Hall 13. Floor III, Hall 13.) Akeley African Hall. Hall 13. (See also Floor III, 13.) Anthropology. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also Floor I, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Floor III, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8.) Archaeology. Halls 4 and 6. Asiatic Mammals. Halls 5 and g. Birds. Halls 1, 2, and 19. (See also Floor I, Halls 12a and 19; Floor III, Hall 1; Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) Education. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 11 (Temporary Exhibits) ; Floor III, Hall 11; Floor IV, Falle1 4) Gold Ornaments. Halls 4 and 8. Information Desk. Hall 12. (See also Floo1 I, Hall 2 (Vestibule).) Lecture Room. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Hall 7; Floor III, Hall 12a; Floor V, Hall 12a. Mammals (Living). Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13. (See also Floor I, Halls 10, 12, 12a, and 13; Floor III, Halls 2, 3, and 13.) Mexican and Central American Indians. Hall 4. North American Mammals. Hall 3. (See also Floor I, Hall 13.) Panda, Giant. Hall 5. Planetarium. Hall 18. (See also Floor I, Hall 18.) South American Indians. Hall 8. [17] LHAULS ISTO ISAM why ENT Sd é 4 i z =a £ oy bone a : * you ASIATIC NATIVES {SJ AFRICAN ROOSEVELT ELEVATORS PUBLIC HEALTH EXHIBITS CENTRAL PARK WEST African animals. Hall 13. African natives. Hall 8. Akeley African Hall (Balcony) . Hall 13. Amphibians. Hall 9. Anthropology. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also Floor I, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8.) Apes, Monkeys, and Lemurs. Hall g. Asiati¢ Natives. Hall 8. 3irds. Hall 1. (See also Floor I, Halls 19 and 12a; Floor II, Halls 1, 2, and 19; Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) Comparative Anatomy. Hall 4. Education. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 11; Floor II, Hall 11; Floor IV, Hall 11.) Health (Biology of Public Health) . Hall ba: Insects. Hall 5. (Also Floor I, Hall 12a.) Jumbo Skeleton. Hall g. Lantern Slides. Hall 11. Lecture Rooms. Hall 12a. (Also Floor I, Hall 7; Floor IV, Hall 12a; Floor V, 12a.) Mammals (Living), Biology and Evolu- tion of. Halls 2 and 3; Akeley Hall Gal- lery, Hall 13. (See also Floor I, Halls 10, 12, 12a, and 13; Floor II, Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13; Floor IV, Hall ga.) Petrology. Hall 7a. (See also Floor IV, Hall 1.) Primates. Hall 2. Reptiles (Living). Hall 9. (See also Floor I, Hall 12a; Basement, Hall 12.) Whale Model. Hall 3. (See also Floor I, Halls 10 and 12a.) [18] aa OUTH SEA NATIVES MINERALS~ GEMS HORSES To : ¢ noe OF “ohne | alll STAIRWAY: ELEVATORS Y: iE JURASSIC DINOSAURS ROOSEVELT ELEVATORS I2a MARINE REPTILES DINOSAUR) TRACKS FOSSILREPTILES~. | CRETACEOUS DINOSAURS [LZ = Anthropology. Halls 6 and 8. Audubon Art Exhibit. Hall 12a. Bird Art Gallery. Hall 19. Camel, Evolution of. Hall 3. Dinosaurs. Halls 5, 9, 12a, and 13. Drummond Collection of Jade. Hall 6. Education. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Halls 2 (vestibule) and 11 (temporary exhibits); Floor IJ, Hall 11; Floor IT, Hall 11.) Elephants, Mammoths, Mastodons. Hall g. Fishes (Fossil). Hall 5. Fossil Exhibits: Fishes. Hall 5. Invertebrates. Hall 1. Mammals. Halls 2 and g. Reptiles. Halls 5, 9, 12, and 13. Gems and Minerals. Hall 4. Geology. Hall 1. (Also Floor III, Hall 7a.) Horse, Evolution of. Hall g. AUDUBON PAINTINGS eae Horses, (Modern, including famous rac- ers). Hall ga. Invertebrates (Fossil). Hall 1. Jade, Drummond Collection. Hall 6. Lecture Room. Hall 12a. (See also Floor Hall) 75) Floom i. rall’ a1; Floor III, Hall 12a; Floor V, Hall 12a.) Library. Take elevator (Hall 12a or 2b) to Floor V. Mammals (Fossil). Halls 2 and 3. Man, Origin of. Hall 2. (See also Floor III, Hall 4.) Minerals and Gems. Hall 4. Motion Pictures (sound and silent films for circulation). Hall 11. New York Academy of Sciences. Hall 12a. Philippine Natives. Hall 8. Prehistoric Animals. Halls 2, 3, 5, 9, and 193. Reptiles (Fossil). Halls 5, 9, 12a, and 13. South Sea Natives. Hall 6. ee travel | LATHLS F519 LSAM HAYDEN PLANETARIUM AT NIGHT ASTRONOMY AND PLANETARIUM (Index Plan, pp. The Hayden Planetarium, with its main entrance on Eighty-first Street and Central Park West, constitutes the Mu- seum’s Hall of Astronomy. The principal feature of the building is the projection instrument. Installed in the centre of a hemispherical dome seventy-five feet in diameter, this amazing instrument is made up of a series of projectors which throw on the artificial sky the fixed stars, the sun, moon, planets, and the Milky Way. Since there are no pillars to inter- cept the light, the illusion of the depth of space is perfect. Plans for an astronomy section of the Museum were first developed in 1925 by the late Howard Russell Butler, in collab- oration with the Museum staff and the architects, Trowbridge and Livingston. In the spring of 1933 the Trustees of 5:00, 16-17, Floors I-II, Hall 18) the American Museum formed a sepa- rate corporation under the Reconstruc- tion Finance Corporation to construct and equip such a planetarium. Mr. Charles Hayden of New York, after whom the building is named, generously donated both the projection planetarium instrument and the Copernican plane- tarium on the first floor. The sky shows are scheduled as fol- lows: Weekdays: 2:00, 4:00, 8:30 P.M. Saturdays: 11:00 A.M., 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 8:30 P.M. Sundays and Holidays: 5:00, 8:30 P.M. Admission (including tax) : Mornings and afternoons 30¢ Evenings esa Children, at all times 20¢ 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, [ 20] ae . Oo ie * THE SUN GOD PURSUES THE MOON GODDESS ACROSS THE SKY. Mural painting by As the visitor enters the first-floor cor- ridor he sees opposite the entrance a large mural painting by Charles R. Knight, based on astronomical legends and myths of the American Indians. ‘The myths represented were selected from the Blackfoot Indians. The central figure depicts the Sun God pursuing the Moon Goddess across the sky. In the upper right may be seen the Pleiades as con- ceived by the Indians, and in the upper left the Big Dipper and the North Star. On a mountain in the lower left corner sits the Ancient or Original Man sending the little animals down below the water to bring up mud out of which he makes the world, in accordance with a wide- spread creation legend. On the second floor of the Planetarium are hung the astronomical paintings of the late Howard Russell Butler, of Princeton, the most striking of which are the three eclipse subjects over the south- east entrance to the Planetarium dome representing eclipses observed in 1918, Charles R. Knight 1923, and 1925, in Oregon, California, and Connecticut respectively. Notable also among Mr. Butler's paintings is the strange and beautiful “Lunar Landscape,” showing the sky as it would appear from the sree of the moon, with the earth as a heavenly body shining in the distance. The two paint- ings of the red planet Mars, as seen from its inner and its outer moons, show the so-called canals and other surface fea- tures. The exquisite painting of the Northern Lights as seen in August, 1919, from the coast of Maine, is one of the most beautiful of all astronomical paint- ings. On the first floor is the Hall of the Sun, with its animated model of the solar sys- tem, forty feet across. Here we see the sun and six of the nine known planets—part of that family of heavenly bodies to which our earth belongs—as though we were viewing them from a great distance, from far out in space. In the center of the circular room, sus- [21] pended from the ceiling, is a large lumi- nous globe representing the sun itself. At increasing distances from this are the small globes of those planets nearest the sun: little Mercury, closest of all; Venus, veiled by a dense layer*of bright clouds; Earth, with its seas and continents and its attendant moon; Mars, long disputed as a possible abode of life; Jupiter, the giant planet, bigger than all the rest rolled together; and Saturn, surrounded by its unique and beautiful rings. ‘The miniature worlds of this compli- cated machine not only revolve about the sun but rotate on their axes as the real planets rotate, moving always at the cor- rect relative speeds. The three planets farthest from the sun, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, are not included in the apparatus because of their enormous distances. Before each sky show in the planeta- rium dome, a preliminary talk is given in the Hall of the Sun. This talk is arranged to prepare the audience for the show they will see later upstairs. Each month it is changed to relate the planetary mo- tions to the subject of the month. The floor of the Hall of the Sun is enriched by a reproduction in terrazzo by Victor Foscato of the famous Aztec Calendar Stone in Mexico City. The orig- inal symbolizes the Sun which was, to the Aztecs, the most important of the heavenly bodies adored by them, and commemorates the four past epochs of the world and the one in which they lived. A cast of the original is to be found in the Mexican Hall on the second floor of the Museum. The projection apparatus itself is in- stalled on the second floor. It is shaped like a huge dumb-bell about twelve feet long, at each end of which is a large globe. These two globes contain the pro- jectors of the fixed stars, one globe for the northern hemisphere of the sky, the other for the southern. Lantern slides so shaped that their images fit together when projected on the dome, make a complete picture of the starry heavens without overlapping and without gaps. The representation of the fixed stars, including the Milky Way, is a compara- tively simple part of the performance of the instrument, and yet it is certainly the most impressive. When the light is grad- ually dimmed, bringing on the darkness the stars are “turned on,” giving a realis- tic illusion of the starry heavens. The projection of the stars is controlled by a switchboard arranged like a desk-top with switches reminiscent of organ-stops. These turn the stars on and off. On the vertical part of the board are rheostats controlling the brightness of the stars and other celestial objects. With this instru- ment before him, the lecturer has over two thousand combinations at his com- mand. The apparatus has several different speeds, all many times faster than the real motions. This makes it possible to con- dense a very long astronomical story, so as to give in a few minutes a clear under- standing of the seemingly intricate work- ings of the heavenly bodies. The American Museum of Natural History collection of meteorites exhibited in the first floor corridors of the Plane- tarium is one of the largest in the world, comprising many specimens from huge masses like the Ahnighito (Greenland) meteorite, weighing 3614 tons, the largest meteorite in any museum, to thousands of small specimens like gravel compris- ing the study collection. Meteorites are those extra-terrestrial bodies which fall to the earth from outer space. They consist of stone or metal, or a combination of these materials, and vary in size from dust particles to im- mense masses weighing tons. When pass- ing through the earth’s atmosphere these celestial objects are usually accompanied by manifestations of light and sound, and are known as shooting stars, meteors or fireballs. ‘The term meteorite is applied only after they reach the ground and form a part of the earth. Also in the first floor corridor is a re- markable collection of sun-dials, com- passes, and astronomical instruments. This fine loan collection covers almost the entire range from ancient Chinese instruments through the fine metal in- struments made in the middle-centuries in France and Germany, down to the very accurate compasses which play such an important part in modern navigation. ra THE GREAT PROJECTION INSTRUMENT IN THE HAYDEN PLANETARIUM. This is the principal feature of the Planetarium building. Through its means the illusion of the heavens with the fixed stars and planets, following their apparent paths through the sky, is thrown upon a dome-shaped ceiling GEOLOGY Index Plan, pp. 18-19, Floor II, Hall 7a; Floor IV, Hall 1) The geological exhibits in the Museum are found in the Hall of Geology and In- vertebrate Paleontology on the fourth floor, and on the third floor in the Hall of Petrology and Economic Geology. Geology is the science of the past and present conditions of the earth. It enters into a consideration of the materials com- posing the earth, their composition, struc- ture, distribution, and the physical changes they have undergone or may be undergoing. It deals with minerals and their arrangement and association in rocks and ores. It considers the occur- rence, distribution, origin and history of the principal kinds of rocks, namely: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. It especially treats of the order of deposi- tion and sequence of the stratified beds of rock, for these, together with the fos- sils found in many of them, give not only a chronological account of the events in the development of the earth’s crust, but reveal the succession of life forms on the earth. The processes and agents which are at work within and on the surface of the earth, tending to modify it, such as rock weathering, underground waters, glaciation, diastrophism, — vulcanism, metamorphism and gradation, are forces which are acting to-day and have been acting throughout the long history of the earth. The processes of change are most conspicuous where air, water and rocks are in contact with one another. The field of geology is so broad that, for convenience and specialized study, it has been divided into numerous branches. The three principal branches are: (1) Structural geology, treating of the form, arrangement and internal structure of the rocks; (2) Dynamical geology, deal- ing with the causes and processes of geo- logic change; (3) Historical geology, which, aided by other sciences, aims to give a chronological account of the events in the earth’s history. GEo.Locic EXHIBITS IN THE HALL OF GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 1) To illustrate the three principal branches of geology, pictorial models of fifteen areas within the United States have been installed. These show the most evident and striking results of geologic forces acting through long periods of ume. Beginning at the left near the en- trance, they are as follows: 1. The model of the Bright Angel sec- tion of the Grand Canyon of the Colo- rado River, Arizona, illustrated on page oF 2. A model of the Niagara Falls region, built to the same scale as the Grand Canyon, showing the falls and the seven- mile gorge which its waters have cut in ancient sedimentary rocks, and also the more recent glacial deposits covering the surface. 3. The Potomac River section, show- ing the Appalachian Mountain type of folding and erosion, with rivers adjusted to the softer rocks of Silurian and De- vonian age. 4. The Van Horn, Texas, region, fea- turing fault block structures and a bolson basin —a depression nearly enclosed by mountains. 5- Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, in- cluding the geyser basins and the Rocky Mountain type of topography. 6. The Pike’s Peak, Colorado, model, showing the mountain, composed of red granite, and the bordering stratified de- posits of the Great Plains near Colorado Springs. 7. The Caldera of Mt. Mazama, five miles in diameter and two thousand feet deep, which has been made a National Park and has become famous under the name Crater Lake. Numerous outpour- ings of lava suggest the structure and history of the ancient volcano. 8. The Standing Stone district near Monterey, Tennessee, showing normal subaérial erosion and the production of sink holes in horizontally disposed beds of limestone and shale. Continuing on the opposite side of the hall are the following models: g. The Mt. Tom-Mt. Holyoke district of western Massachusetts, showing a great trough, traversing the ancient crystalline rocks, which was filled with the sands, muds and intruded lava flows in Triassic time. 10. The Watkins Glen-Seneca Lake [24] THE ERUPTION OF MT. PELEE ON THE ISLAND OF MARTINIQUE. This was one of the most destructive eruptions known in history. It took place in the year 1902 and completely de- stroyed the city of Saint Pierre causing the death of 30,000 inhabitants. From a painting in the Hall of Geology district of central New York State, show- ing moraine deposits and other features due to the advance and retreat of the continental ice sheet over a region of horizontally bedded limestone, sandstone and shale. In the background appears a representation of the retreating ice-front of the last glaciation. 11. The Mt. Washington, New Hamp- shire, region, showing typical glacial cirques and other glacial phenomena in an area of crystalline rocks. 12. The picturesque Yosemite Valley in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Cali- fornia, with U-shaped glaciated valley bottom and precipitous marginal walls. 13. The San Francisco, California, model, exhibiting a portion of the Pacific Ocean, the Coast Range with volcanic and sedimentary rocks, the California trough or inner lowland with plains bor- dering San Francisco Bay, and the famous strait, Golden Gate. 14. The New York City model, show- ing the Hudson River estuary; the crys- [2 talline pre-Cambrian rocks on Manhattan Island to the north and east; the Triassic rocks west of the Hudson, which include red sandstone, shale and conglomerate, the Palisades diabase and the Watchung basaltic ridges; also the glacial drift and terminal deposits on Long Island, on Staten Island, and in New Jersey. 15. Ihe last model in this series is one of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, showing a narrow submerged platform and neighboring vast oceanic “deeps.” Facing the entrance of the Hall is a geo- logical relief model of the lower Hudson River region from New York City nearly to Albany. A relief map of the Panama Canal occupies the center of the aisle toward the rear. In each of the eight alcoves on the west side of the hall is placed a model show- ing a stage in the geographic development of the North American continent. Those represented fall within the following geo- logic periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Si- lurian, Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous, 5] Eocene and Pliocene. The present known surface, evidenced by outcrops of fossili- ferous rock of the age represented, is shown in black. From this and other data the extent of the ancient epicon- tinental seas has been determined and the shore-lines marked. The present oceanic depths are shown in relief, while the various marine basins and elevated land masses on the continent are marked with colors without relief. The present outline of North America, shown on each model, indicates that the geography dur- ing the first six periods was quite different from that of to-day. At the rear of the hall, to the right, is the Copper Queen Mine exhibit. A large model, 18 by 12 feet, shows on a minia- ture scale the surface features and build- ings over four of the principal mines be- longing to the Copper Queen Consoli- dated Mining Company of Bisbee, Ari- zona, while a painted background repre- sents the surrounding mountains and the town of Bisbee. The sides of the model give vertical sections to the depth of about 1,200 feet, illustrating the geology of the area and showing the general man- ner of getting out the ore and hunting for new deposits. Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent country illustrate the geology of the region, in- cluding velvet malachites and a great block of malachite and azurite weighing about three tons taken from the original “Queen” mine. Opposite the Copper Queen exhibit is a display of caves and cave material, in- cluding a reproduction of part of a beau- tiful cave discovered at the Copper Queen mine. It was formed by the dissolving ac- tion of water traversing joints in lime- stone, and its walls, roof and bottom were afterward coated with incrustations, stal- actites and stalagmites of calcite, some of which are dazzlingly white while others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese compounds. Near by is a reproduction of a chamber in Weyer’s Cave, Virginia. Here the heavy rainfall of the region is probably the prin- cipal factor in producing a greater wealth of stalactite and stalagmite growth than in the Copper Queen Cave. THE HALL oF PETROLOGY OR Rock History (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 7a) The new Hall of Petrology, on the third floor, is approached through the Hall of North American Birds (III, 1). It has been designed to present the visitor and student with a concise and graphic visual- ization of the basic processes of rock for- mation, as well as the application of the science of Geology to modern life and the industrial world. At the entrance to the Hall is a series of paintings and exhibits depicting the most spectacular and best-known vol- canoes in the world—Mt. Lassen, Mt. Pelée (see page 25), Vesuvius, Sakurajima and others—and a map showing the world distribution of volcanoes. Leading from this section the Hall ex- hibits products of magma, or molten rock, from deep in the earth. The various products of volcanic eruptions, such as ash, pumice, lava, volcanic bombs, gas- eous deposits, are also shown. The following cases and diagrams show the result of igneous intrusions of molten rock into cold rocks at various levels and the types of rocks so formed — how man is able to glean the precious stores of gold, silver, copper, iron, radium and lead as a result of these cooling processes. In the succeeding exhibits the visitor observes the breakdown of primary rocks by wind and water and then the deposi- tion in seas and valleys to build up a new class of rocks — the sedimentary rocks — forming sandstones, shales and_ lime- stones. Exhibits describing structural geology show how rocks can be folded and broken when the surface of the Earth is being molded into new mountain chains and new seas. The third group of rocks shown is that of the metamorphic rocks — those created under such terrific pressures and heat that an entirely new class of crystal- line rocks is made. Further economic geology is shown by exhibits of ore-bearing rocks. The vari- ous processes that produce coal and oil are illustrated, as well as the history and types of coal and their distribution in the United States. ‘The nature of the interior of the earth is shown in another case. [ 26 ] MODEL OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO MINIATURE MODEL OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 1) Showing General Appearance and Geological Section The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is represented in this model in such a manner as to show not only the chief features of this magnificent example of erosion but also the successive layers of rock which make up its geological struc- ture. The Grand Canyon is more than three hundred miles long, thirteen miles wide and a mile in depth from the brink of the canyon to the river bed. For count- less ages the layers of gneiss and gran- ite were formed. Then the region sank beneath the sea and successive layers of sandstone, limestone, and shales were de- posited upon it to a depth of more than 4,000 feet. After several millions of years these rocks were raised above sea level, and erosion by streams, wind and frost took place. A second time this region was submerged beneath the sea and more marine deposits were laid upon it. Similar changes continued to take place through- out the ages until about a million years ago, when the whole plain was again above sea level and the excavation of the present canyon was started, which is still progressing. This relief model represents a region about sixteen miles wide from west to east and thirteen miles from north to south. The Grand Canyon was first seen by white men early in the sixteenth cen- tury, when Cardenos and his twelve com- panions were guided by Hopi Indians to some now unknown point on the rim. He remained there four days looking in vain for a way to descend. Cardenos had been sent out by de Coronado to find the wonderful river whose existence had been communicated to de Tovor, another member of the famous exploring expedi- tion. The first sure traverse of the Can- yon was made in small boats in the sum- mer of 1869, by Major J. W. Powell with eight brave companions. The head of the Bright Angel ‘Trail is 6866 feet above mean sea level, while the river in front of this spot is about 2400 feet above the sea, making the can- yon about 4460 feet deep below an ob- server standing in front of the hotel. ‘The opposite brink of the canyon, however, is eight thousand feet above sea level so that the total depth is more than one mile. [27] MINERALS AND GEMS (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV. Hall 4) The Morgan Memorial Hall of Min- erals and Gems is entered through the Hall of the Age of Man on the fourth floor. This hall, through the gift of Mr. George F. Baker, has been remodeled to contain the General Collection of Min- erals and the Morgan Gem Collection. Of these, the General Collection of Minerals is without question one of the finest to be found in the world, ranking with that of the British Museum and the Jardin des Plantes. It is composed chiefly of the well-known Bement Collection, presented to the Museum in 1g00 by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Although remarkably complete in its representa- tion of most of the mineral species known to science, this collection is especially noteworthy for its assemblage of splendid examples of the commoner and more widely distributed minerals. The visitor should begin with the first of the cases, to the left of the entrance, and proceed from left to right along each side of every case, advancing through the south row of cases and returning through the north row. The different species are divided within the case by narrow strips between the mounts. The large and im- posing specimens are arranged in wall panels around three sides of the Hall, and constitute a Key Collection. To the right of the entrance will be found cases in which the subject of Crystallization is presented by a series of models. This series, as well as other explanatory ex- hibits in adjoining cases. constitutes an important key to the understanding and appreciation of the general mineral col- lection. The cases occupying the middle of the hall contain the Morgan Gem Collection, comprising the valuable series of gems and precious stones also presented by J. Pierpont Morgan, to which have been added from time to time noteworthy * specimens given by other friends of the Museum. The Morgan Collection includes the series of American gems assembled by Tiffany and Company for the Paris Ex- position of 1889 and the series of foreign gems and gem stones exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1g00. The installation comprises examples of those minerals which are used for gems and for ornamental objects and consists of rough, uncut material and of fashioned gem stones and carved objects. All of the specimens exhibited have been chosen with great care and are not only thor- oughly representative but include many examples which are unique in size. beauty of coloring and perfection of execution. reflecting the very highest standards of the art of the lapidary. Here again explana- tory labels are used to give meaning and weight to the exhibit, not merely as a display of jewelry material but as a com- plete visual exposition of the knowledge of gem stones. Among the notable gems included in this collection are: The De Long Star Ruby, one of the fin- est gems of this kind in the world, and the “Star of India,” the largest star sap- phire in the world (Case III). The fine engraved emerald, bequeathed by Miss Cockcroft-Schettler (Case IV). The Morgenthau blue topaz (Case VI). The Vatican Cameo, carved from es- sonite garnet (Case VIII). The oriental cat’s eye, and the Rus- sian alexandrite gems (Case X1). The Betts bequest opal pendant (Case XII). The kunzite gems (Case XXIII). The Tonnelier chalcedony figurine, the gift of Charles Lanier (facing the Morgan Tablet). Tue EMERALD The Emerald affords a striking example of a gem that owes its beauty of color to an impurity which is non-essential to the mineral of which it is a variety. The fine green color so desirable in this stone, which is a variety of the mineral Beryl, is entirely due to a very small amount of chromium. The refractive index of emerald is very low, a fact which accounts for the lack of brilliancy and “fire” which character- izes the cut stones. Since little or noth- [29] BLUE TOPAZ FROM JAPAN. Egeg-shaped, brilliant cut, weighing Natural size. with 440 facets 1,463 Gift of M. L. Morgenthau. ENGRAVED EMERALD ORNAMENT. This engraved emerald weighing 87.64 carats was orig- inally from Muso, Colombia. Sir Purden Clarke placed this gem, probably of Delhi cutting and used as a head ornament by some Hindu prince, in the period of the Mogul domination of India (1526-1739). Gift of Elisabeth Cockcroft Schettler ing can be gained by using a brilliant cutting for emeralds, the step cutting is almost universally used. Flawless em- eralds are extremely rare, the imperfec- tion usually taking the form of cracks and inclusions which greatly impair the trans- parency of the stone. It is this rarity of de- sirable stones of the first quality which renders the emerald the most costly of precious stones, the value of the best gems being between three and four times that of diamonds of equal weight. The principal source of emeralds is the Muso Mines of Colombia, a locality which was furnishing gems to the aborigines at the time of the Spanish conquest. THe Topaz Although gem crystals of the mineral topaz are found in a variety of yellow, orange and blue shades, the deep orange- carats. and yellow color, resembling sherry wine, is generally accepted as typical. ‘To such an extent is this true that we find the word topaz often incorrectly used to describe other yellow stones, as for example, ori- ental topaz, (yellow sapphire) and false topaz (quartz). A colorless variety is oc- casionally used as an imitation diamond in cheap jewelry, its brilliancy surpassing that of cut glass. The hardness of topaz, greater than that of amethyst (quartz), is almost equal to that of emerald. It is therefore emi- nently fitted for the high rank which it takes among semiprecious stones. Gems of fine color rank in value with choice aquamarines of equal weight. Although topaz is obtained from a great number of localities, the best col- ored stones come from Brazil. THe EpirH Haccin De Lonc Star RusBy ‘This is the finest and largest gem of its kind known to exist in the world. Its color is a peculiar milky crimson, best described as “orchid red.” The curious and beautiful six-rayed star which glows within the gem results from a myriad of minute hollow tubes which are distrib- uted throughout the crystal with great regularity, parallel to its six sides. When cut en cabochon, so that the rounded dome arches over this hexagonal pattern [ 30 ] THE EDITH HAG- GIN DE LONG STAR RUBY. This unusual- ly beautiful star ruby is reputed to be the largest and finest gem of its kind in the world. It weighs 100 carats and was discov- ered in one of the ruby mines of Burma. Its color is a peculiar orchid-red. A remark- able six-rayed star glows within the gem, formed from a myriad of minute hollow tubes which are distributed throughout the crystal with great regularity, parallel to its six sides. The stone has been cut in a rounded dome, the shape which best re- flects the light from the interior. It was pre- sented to the Museum by Mrs. George Bowen De Long, in whose honor it is named of cavities, stones of this kind reflect the light from the interior as a six-rayed star and consequently they are termed star rubies and star sapphires. This. gem, weighing 100 carats, was discovered in one of the ruby mines of Burma and was presented to the Museum by Mrs. George Bowen De Long, in whose honor it is named. It is unique among star rubies, being larger than any other remotely ap- proaching it in quality. Geology and Minerals of New York State. Iwo cases illustrating these fea- tures are exhibited on the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12). One case shows the principal minerals characteristic of the State and the localities where they may be found. The other demonstrates the extent of the sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic areas within the borders of the State. [31] (Right) NATROLITE FROM WEST PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. Besides the tetragonal crystals, finer hair-like crystals in the form of long slender silky needles radiate from a cen- tral nucleus suggesting a fluffy seed ball of the dan- delion TWO FINE SPECIMENS OF NATROLITE FROM THE MUSEUM’S COL- LECTION OF MINERALS. The specimen of natrolite to the left came from Lip- pa, Bohemia. The slender orthorhombic crystal - like prisms, nearly square in cross section, form a radiat- ing group somewhat resem- bling clusters of organ pipes TWO QUARTZ GEODES FROM URUGUAY. A geode is a nodule of stone having a cavity lined with crystals of mineral matter. The rock cavity in the upper figure was encrusted in successive layers of agate deposited from the silica dissolved in the water which circulated through it. Crystalline quartz was ultimately added in a final layer. This quartz, colored with a purplish hue, is known as amethyst [33] STIBNITE (to the right) is a sulphide of the semi-metallic substance known as antimony. The slender orthorhombic prisms are made up of many crystals joined parallel to each other. This mineral is the chief source from which antimony is obtained. The specimen illustrated came from Inyo, Japan [ 34] ASBESTOS (left) is a variety of serpentine, a hydrous magnesium silicate consisting of white, gray, or green fibers which are easily separated and can be spun or filtered to make non-combustible fabrics PALEONTOLOGY A FOSSIL AMMONITE of 150,000,000 years ago, related to the ancestors of the common nautilus 5 (Index Plan, p- 19, Floor IV, Hall 1) F af y Rh ee Closely connected with geology, and in- deed almost inseparable from it, is pale- ontology, or the study of ancient forms of life. The sedimentary rocks have been found, on examination, to contain in many places remains of plants or animals, which may closely resemble, but more often appear very different from, those now living on the earth. The order of deposition of the beds, with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top, and the imbedded fossil forms of life, give the geologist the means of construct- ing a chronological chart, or time scale, depicting the eras, periods, epochs and formations of geologic time. There are five eras: Archaeozoic (Primal life), Pro- terozoic (Primitive life), Palaeozoic (An- cient life), Mesozoic (Medieval life), and Cenozoic (Modern life). The rocks of the Archaeozoic era have not afforded recog- nizable fossils, although the indirect evi- dence is sufficient to assume that life ex- isted at that time. In a few localities (as in Montana and southern Australia), fos- sils have been obtained from the rocks of late Proterozoic age. Beginning with the (Right) FOSSIL SEA SCORPION: a eurypterid (Eusarcus scorpionis), probably ancestral to the on —- BRACHIOPODS OF THE SILURIAN shelled creatures somewhat re- but not related to FOSSIL AGE. Primitive sembling clams externally them A FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE OF ANCIENT SEAS. (Below) A well-preserved crinoid, or sea- lily, a flower-like animal related to modern star-fishes basal period of the Palaeozoic era, the Cambrian, well-preserved fossils indicate that most of the various classes of in- vertebrate life were in existence, though represented by primitive forms. ‘The ear- liest known records of invertebrate life are fossil fish scales from the upper Ordovician rocks of Colorado. FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES As installed in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology the exhibits of fossil invertebrates occupy alcoves on either side of the hall. The specimens in the cases on the left are arranged to illus- trate historical geology, beginning at the entrance with the Pre-Cambrian rocks and advancing regularly through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devo- nian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Per- mian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Eo- cene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene periods of geologic time. Most of the specimens shown are from Ameri- TRILOBITES (below) flourished in Devonian seas and became extinct millions of years ago. Perhaps related to the ancestors of modern Crustacea Portion of a large rock crowded with brachiopods (Spirifer vanuxemi). can localities. The examples shown are those particularly characteristic of the various horizons, the object being to give an idea of the general character of the life of different periods of the world’s history. The specimens on the right side are ar- ranged to illustrate the classification and relationship of the plants and animals of past geologic times. The series starts with the invertebrate animals, beginning with the lower, or simpler, forms and continu- ing to the highest. The specimens have been drawn from foreign and domestic localities and different geologic ages. ‘The exhibits illustrate at a glance the wide range of variation which each group has taken during geologic time. In the center of the hall are the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pennsylvania. Millions of years ago this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation, which ul- timately became a valuable bed of coal. The stump, left in the roof of the mine when the coal was removed, fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned, and was discovered only through the chance visit of a miner. Two stumps of a large fossil tree-fern of Middle Devonian age from Gilboa, New York, appear in the first alcove on the right. These specimens were obtained from a quarry opened in connection with the great engineering work of the New York City Board of Water Supply. They are the oldest trees known. [37] >= Teed Ay 4 YY ‘evede Fete! a a “ VR GIANT BULLDOG FISH (Portheus molossus). This huge fossil fish came from the chalk beds of Kansas. It is 15 feet, 8 inches long and about 80 million years old FOSSIL VERTEBRATES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Halls 2, 2b, 3, 5, 9, 12a, 13) Fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. Sometimes, as with the bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have been buried in swamps or bogs, and in a few rare instances, as with the mammoth and woolly rhin- oceros, entire animals have been pre- served for thousands of years in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in locali- ties where the dead animals or plants were gradually buried under layers of sedi- ment to such a depth and for so long a time that they finally became petrified. Later, through upheaval and erosion, they were again brought to or near the sur- face of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal or vegetable ma- terial by such minerals as carbonate of lime or silica, which are carried in solu- tion by the underground waters. The process is very slow and for this reason the soft parts usually decay before they can be petrified. Fossil beds are found in every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities. As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumulate over the bones, and for the latter to be- come hardened to rock, the study of fos- sils and of the strata in which they are found is an important aid in determining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. The skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from 10,000 to 250,000,000 years ago, while in the Hall of the Age of Man speci- mens of fossil man are exhibited dating [rom 10,000 to 1,250,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for exhibition, the matrix in which the bones are em- bedded is carefully chipped away and the missing parts restored in cement and plas- ter. The bones are then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition, the restored parts differ in color from the original skeleton and can readily be dis- tinguished. The Museum’s collections of fossil ver- tebrates are probably the finest in the world, considering not merely numbers but especially variety, quality and per- fected methods of preparation and ex- hibition. The walls of several of the halls are adorned by mural paintings by Charles R. Knight, portraying some of the more striking animals of the various geologic ages, culminating with those contem- porary with early man in Europe and America. The Museum’s exhibits of fossil verte- brates are all displayed on the Fourth Floor. FossiL FisHes (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 5) The Bashford Dean Memorial Exhibit of Fossil Fishes occupies the Southeast Tower of the Museum on the Fourth Floor. One enters the exhibit below a model [ 38 ] of the jaws of an enormous fossil shark about g feet across, with the actual fossil teeth set in place. This monster, closely related to the modern White Shark or “Man-eater,” is estimated to have been 46 feet long. At the left of the entrance is a bronze portrait plaque of Professor Bashford Dean (1867-1928), former Curator of Fishes at this Museum, where he studied especially the armored fishes of past ages, a fine series of which are included in this exhibit. The huge fish shown as if swooping down from the ceiling is a model of Di- nichthys, one of the great armored fishes from the Devonian of Ohio. The original skull, shown near by, is one of the prizes of the collection. These curious forms, of numerous species, all had a pair of joints connecting their bony head-pieces with their shoul- der plates. This gave rise to their group name, “Arthrodira,’ or “joint-necks.” They were the tyrants of their day and were doubtless unpleasant neighbors to the nearly naked fin-fold sharks, their contemporaries. These latter show a very interesting stage in the evolution of the fins, in which the skeletal rods supporting the primordial fin-fold, had begun to push outward well beyond the line of the body. Even our own arms and legs are only greatly enlarged and modified fin- paddles. At the far end of the exhibit is a “fossil aquarium” — restorations in miniature of various well-known forms from the Old Red Sandstone of Cromarty, Scot- land, as they would have appeared in life, more than three hundred million years ago. They include Pterichthys and its allies of the distant past, when they were near- ing the time of their extinction. Others represent “spiny sharks’ and “joint- necks” which were then dominant groups. A third lot includes advancing types, the “fishes of the future,” the ancestors of the swarming teleost or bony fishes familiar to us today. But the most interesting eroup are the “lobe-fins,’ which were the direct ancestors (or close relatives) of the later land-living vertebrates. At that far-off period of the earth’s his- tory, some of the lobe-fins, or primitive ganoids, through their ability to suck at- mospheric air into a moist internal sac or lung, finally emerged from the water at the edge of the swamps, using their stout paired paddles to push themselves up into the muddy margins. ‘These evolved the first limbs, and thus the ad- venturous air-breathing fishes began the conquest of the land and became the an- cestors of all land vertebrates, including man. The great fish on the rear wall, oppo- site the entrance, is Portheus molossus, popularly called the Giant Bulldog Fish. It comes from the chalk beds of Kansas. This huge creature is 15 feet, 8 inches long and about 80,000,000 years old. At that time, Kansas, now in the midst of the continent, was submerged under a shallow sea, somewhat like the Mediter- ranean, swarming with giant sea-lizards, huge marine turtles, and great and small fishes of many kinds. In the first alcove to the right, a wall- chart illustrates the stream of fish life in geologic sequence, 500,000,000 years of fishes. It gives at a glance the basic ar- rangement of the specimens shown, not- able among which are Ostracoderms from the Silurian and Devonian, the giant Portheus, and the saw-finned Protosphy- rena from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Fosstt REPTILES The dinosaurs, the largest of the fossil reptiles, form the most spectacular part of the Museum’s paleontologic exhibits. The more primitive reptiles and also those of such other groups as the fossil alligators and turtles are also well repre- sented in the Museum’s collections. They are displayed in a series of halls on the fourth floor of the Museum as described on the following pages. [ 39} pouag osseinf oy) JO Anvsourp Suiarp-r9jeM aony y ‘(snsjaaxa sninvsojuo1g) (UVZIT MAGNOUL LVAWD AHL A CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR AND ITS PREY (Allosaurus and Brontosaurus). ‘Though not as large as Brontosaurus, the Allosaurus was a formidable carnivorous reptile which, it is believed, was able to devour its larger but more sluggish dinosaur contemporary HALL OF JURASSIC REPTILES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 13) The skeleton which dominates the cen- ter of the hall is that of the great Bronto- saurus, or Thunder Reptile. This big- bodied, small-headed dinosaur has mas- sive limbs, whose joints, capped in life with cartilage, indicate that he lived in swamps and in the edge of streams where the great weight of his body—25 to 30 tons—would he supported in the water. Near Brontosaurus is Allosaurus, “ap- parently turned into a fossil while munching on the tail of a defunct rela- tive of that big beast.” Looking closely, one sees that the tops of the vertebrae of the victim are scored with grooves where some millions of years ago they were marked by the teeth of the flesh- eating dinosaur that destroyed it. In a case to the left of the Brontosaurus skeleton is displayed the skeleton of splendid example of Stegosaurus. This curious creature had a small head with a brain weighing only a few ounces. The arching backbone is composed of verte- brae that increase rapidly in size to- ward the middle of the back where they are enormous, showing cavities for spinal ganglia many times the size of the brain. A fone series of huge bony plates are supported upright along the back and were probably defensive in character. At the end of the tapering tail are four long spikes of bone with which the Stego- saurus 18 supposed to have struck at its enemies, the formidable weapons being brought into play as the dinosaur rotated upon its hind legs. In the cases toward the end of the hall are found ancient Permian reptiles: Diadectes, Edaphosaurus, and Dimetro- don from North America, Dicynodon, Moschops, and Scutosaurus from South America and Russia. Here also are rep- tiles of ‘Triassic age, some of them ances- tral to the later dinosaurs. The most an- cient types of land vertebrates, the stego- cephalian amphibians, are also displayed in this portion of the hall. Eryops is of particular interest. [41] CORRIDOR OF MARINE REPTILES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 12a) This corridor, situated in the Roose- velt Memorial, occupies the angle to the right as one comes out of the Jurassic Hall. Here, on the wall, are displayed slabs of stone containing well-preserved fossils of the marine ichthyosaurs, includ- ing one specimen with embryos visible through the ribs as they lay in the body cavity of the mother. A fine specimen of Plesiosaurus is exhibited in a case at the foot of the staircase leading to the fifth floor. As one turns the angle of the corridor, on the wall to the left, are slabs containing fossil foot-prints somewhat re- sembling huge bird tracks. These are in reality impressions left by great Creta- ceous carnivorous dinosaurs which ran on their hind legs (see skeletons in the Cretaceous Hall adjoining). HALL oF CRETACEOUS REPTILES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 9) The Cretaceous Age was the period of the greatest development of dinosaurs, and at the close of that period they be- came extinct. At one end of the hall the visitor sees towering over his head the great Tyrannosaurus, the Tyrant Dino- saur, his head eighteen feet above the ground. This was the largest carnivorous land animal of all time and it doubtless preyed upon contemporaneous dinosaurs, many of which were protected by defen- sive armor and menacing horns. A huge skeleton of Triceratops is seen at the left. This monstrous-headed crea- ture doubtless fed on coarse vegetation. His jaws terminated in a great horny beak for clipping off branches and rushes, and his back teeth were adapted for shearing them. These teeth were ar- ranged in several rows and as they wore out they were replaced by new teeth which pushed from below. The squatty fore-legs enabled the animal to lower his head to the ground with ease, and the big bony “frill” with which the skull termi- nated above the neck served as a protec- tion, as a counterweight to the head and jaws, and as an attachment for powerful muscles. To the right of Tyrannosaurus are the dinosaurs Trachodon and his relatives, Corythosaurus and Saurolophus. Note STEGOSAURUS, a strange armored dinosaur of the past THE DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR (Trachodon). These remarkable herbivorous dinosaurs had a curious duck-like bill used in gathering aquatic vegetation. They walked on their hind legs or swam about using the tail as a propeller A GIANT FLYING REPTILE (Pteranodon longiceps), the largest known American flying reptile with toothless skull and long, pointed beak how the two large Trachodon skeletons are equipped with flat, expanded jaws which enabled them to strain out and crush the water plants and mollusks growing abundantly in the Cretaceous swamps where they fed. Nearby is a re- markable Trachodon specimen in which the impression of a large part of the skin has been preserved, giving us definite in- formation as to the covering of the animal, Two extraordinary armored dinosaurs are represented by parts of their skele- tons. Ankylosaurus, which has been called “the most ponderous animated citadel the world has ever seen,’ was protected about its head and body by thick plates of bone, while the tail, instead of tapering to a point, ended in a great bony ball. Nearby is the fore part of Palaeoscincus, whose sides bristled with huge bony spines and whose back was protected by bony plates. On the right and left of the entrance are two lightly but powerfully built flesh-eating dinosaurs known as Gorgo- saurus. ‘They were doubtless swift and fierce and preyed upon other dinosaurs. Near these are examples of a small dinosaur whose general appearance sug- gests an ostrich, but with a long tail. On account of this resemblance it is known as Struthiomimus. This bird-like appear- ance, however, is purely superficial as it DINOSAURS AND THEIR EGGS (Protoceratops andrewsi). From the western Gobi A RESTORATION OF BALUCHITHERIUM, a gigantic fossil rhinoceros 34 feet in length is not at all related to the ostrich. Never- theless, primitive birds originated from light-boned pre-dinosaurs of a far earlier epoch (Triassic). Some examples of fossil birds are shown in the farther right-hand corner of the hall, including the giant long-legged Diat*yma with its powerful beak, and the ancient swim- ming water bird, Hesperornis. In a neigh- boring case are casts of the famous Archeopteryx. This creature was actually transitional between reptiles and birds, having the skeletal characteristics, clawed fore-limb, and tapering tail of the former and the beak-shaped jaws and feathered covering of the latter. On the wall oppo- site are fossils and drawings of the great flying reptile, Pteranodon. A thin fold of skin extending from the elongated fourth finger to the outer edge of the feet enabled Pteranodon to fly through the air like a huge bat or vulture. HALL OF MONGOLIAN VERTEBRATES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 5) Here are exhibits of specimens ob- tained by the Central Asiatic Expeditions. Among them are the famous dinosaur eggs and skulls and skeletons of the dino- saur, Protoceratops, that laid them. Here also is the skull of Andrewsarchus, the largest of carnivorous land-mammals; the shovel-tusk mastodon; and the skull and feet of Baluchitherium, an ancient rela- tive of the rhinoceros, of titanic propor- tions. On the wall is a life-size model in low relief of this largest of all land- mammals. OsBORN HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 3) This hall includes fossil remains of mammals of the Tertiary Period. To the [ 45 | left as one enters from the Hall of Mon- geolian Vertebrates, is a magnificent series of uitanotheres, hoofed mammals related to the and rhinoceroses. This group has long been extinct but it em- braces a remarkable series of evolutionary horses stages from creatures not much large) than a dog, up to great towering bulky animals with huge heads terminating in flat shovel-like horns of tremendous weight. Opposite the titanotheres are the re- mains of condylarths and amblypods, very ancient hoofed mammals with no close relatives in the modern world. The most striking of these is the skeleton of Uintatherium, a six-horned amblypod with a tiny brain. This race became ex- tinct early in the Age of Mammals. Beyond the amblypods are cases de- voted principally to the smaller fossil mammals. Although fragmentary, these are among the rarest and most interest- ing of The _ fossil primates (lemurs, monkeys, etc.) include unique specimens known throughout the world because of the light they cast on the earliest stages in the origin of man. Ro- dents (squirrels, rabbits, and their kin), insectivores (moles, hedgehogs, etc.), and fossils. PI TANOTHERES. These long-extinct imals about the size of a small fox. marsupials kangaroos, and their allies) are also typically represented here. (OpOssumMs, The ancestry of dogs, cats, and other living flesh-eating mammals and_ the various sorts of extinct carnivores includ- ing rare creodonts is shown near the mid- dle of the hall on the right. Fossil rhinoceroses are shown near the center of the hall on the left. A fine series of skeletons illustrates the diverse types ot American rhinoceroses, and a synoptic series shows the evolution of this group of mammals. The large block in the cen- tral aisle is from Agate, Nebraska, and contains heaped-up bones, chiefly of the double-horned rhinoceros, Diceratherium, still in the original rock, as found. There are twenty-one skulls and innumerable other bones in this single block, giving a graphic conception of the enormous num- bers of prehistoric animals that once roamed over our West. Near this, in the center of the hall, is the skeleton of Moropus, a most extraordinary mammal of bizarre proportions and equipped with great claws. Nevertheless, it belongs among the hoofed mammals and is re- lated to the horses and rhinoceroses. relatives of the horses and rhinoceroses began as small an- The last of the titanotheres such as Brontotherium, on the left, were gigantic beasts with horns on the front of the skull A GROUP OF MIOCENE CAMEL SKELETONS (Stenomylus). Some of these are mounted in char- acteristic attitudes as if they were alive, others are lying on the rock matrix as their remains were actually found by a Museum expedition. These camels inhabited America at the beginning of the Miocene Period Also on the right side of the hall are specimens illustrating the evolution of the even-toed mammals, or Artiodactyls. Here are found the pigs and their rela- tives, the peculiar extinct oreodonts, the camels, deer, giraffes, and cattle. The group of small camels in the cen- tral aisle forms a striking display. ‘The graceful little animals, Stenomylus, lived in Nebraska during the middle of the Age of Mammals. Four skeletons are shown exactly as they were found in the rock, and five others have been mounted in various living poses. Among the other cloven-hoofed mam- mals, the so-called giant pigs or entelo- donts and the oreodonts are noteworthy. The latter, a totally extinct group some- what pig-like in appearance but with teeth more like those of sheep, are strik- ingly represented by three complete skeletons huddled together, still intact in the rock just as death overtook them millions of years ago. On this side of the hall are found skeletons of two extinct sea cows, one from Europe, the other from Florida. In addition at the end of the hall is a special exhibit of extinct proboscideans, mammals related to the modern ele- phants. One of the most outstanding exhibits is the series of skeletons in the last alcove on the left showing the evolution of the horse. This display presents the story [ 47 | MAMMALS OF THE LOWER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN NEBRASKA. During this period short-limbed rhinoceroses lived with ancient camels and single-toed horses of small size. Murals by Charles R. Knight from the little Eocene mammal, Eohip- pus, through intermediate stages to the Pleistocene and modern horses, Equus. (See Guide Leaflet No. 36, The Evolu- tion of the Horse.) As shown by skeletons of horse and man in another hall, the sin- gle toe of the horse corresponds to the middle finger or toe of man, and the same correspondence is seen in each of the other leg and arm bones. In the modern horse, all but the middle finger and toe have disappeared or have been reduced to “splint bones,” but the remote ancestor of the horse had five toes. THE Horst UNDER DOMESTICATION (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2a) This hall is devoted to exhibits illus- trating the great modifications that man has brought about by selection in adapt- ing the horse to his various needs. Under his management speed has been increased in the race horse, weight and strength in the draft horse, while the Shetland Pony has been reduced to a diminutive size. The modifications in the skeleton that have accompanied these changes are well shown in the notable series of beautiful skeletons mounted by S. H. Chubb. The similarity in structure (homology) of the skeletons of horse and man is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse, controlled by man. It is interesting to note that both skeletons have the same principal parts, in spite of many con- spicuous differences. In the horse the long upper and lower jaws, together with the high-crowned grinding teeth, form a very efficient mechanism for crop- ping and grinding the tough stems and hard kernels of grasses and similar vege- MAMMALS OF THE UPPER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN TEXAS. The single-toed horses (Plesippus) were of larger size than those above, while the camels were more nearly like those of modern types. Glyptotherium, a gigantic armadillo-like animal, is shown in the lower left MIOCENE OLIGOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE shown by skull and foot bones. (See text) [49 ] SKELETONS OF HORSE AND MAN COMPARED [5° | tation, whereas the short upper and lower jaws and low-crowned cheek teeth of man are adapted for a mixed diet. Moreover, the horse’s long jaws enable him to reach his food, which is normally on or near the ground, while the short jaws of man have the food brought up to them by the hands. The bony cranium or braincase of the horse is much smaller in proportion to the weight of the body than is the brain- case of man, which is greatly enlarged by the enormous growth of the human brain. ‘The bony hands of the remote an- cestors of the horse have become greatly modified during long ages of specializa- tion for swift running. ‘Thus each “hand” of the modern horse has but one finger, is very long and slender, and terminates in a thick horny hoof corresponding to the nail on the middle finger of the hand of man. Likewise the bone beneath the hoof corresponds to the last bone of the mid- dle finger of the human hand. The visitor may enjoy making similar comparisons for himself: for example, where is the so-called “knee” of the foreleg of the horse and to what does it correspond in man? (Answer: the wrist.) Where is the true knee in the hind leg of the horse and where is its heel bone? What has be- come of the fibula or outer bone of the lower leg in the horse? Where is the “‘can- non bone” in the foot of the horse and to what does it correspond in man? But why do the skeletons of horse and man have so many parts that correspond to each other? There can be no reason- able doubt that the remote common an- cestors of horse and man were small mammals with five toes on all four feet. The structural differences have arisen as the result of gradually increasing differ- ences in habits, the horse finally becom- ing highly specialized for running and leaping on all fours, while man uses his fore limbs as arms and hands and bal- ances his body on his hind legs. OsBoRN HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2) This hall is devoted to early man and his contemporaries, the mammoths and mastodons, and the giant ground sloths of South America. The collection dis- played through the center of the hall illustrates what is known of the early history of our own race as shown by the remains of early man and the implements he used. As fossil remains of man are rare and usually very fragmentary, these are represented mainly by casts, but they include examples of all the more perfect and noteworthy specimens that have been found, from the Neanderthal and Gibraltar, to the Piltdown and ‘Tal- gai. (See Guide Leaflet No. 52, The Hall of the Age of Man.) These are illustrated and further described on pages 125-126. In the surrounding cases are some of the principal skeletons and skulls of animals mostly of Pleistocene Age, known to have been associated with man espe- cially in North and South America. Skele- tons and skulls on the right side of the hall show the evolution of the Probos- cidea. They fall naturally into two groups; first, the mastodons; and_ sec- ondly, the mammoths and elephants. In the former division, beginning near the entrance of the hall, are the most primi- tive mastodons, with two upper and two lower tusks, and a very short proboscis. The succeeding cases show the gradual reduction of the number of teeth and the shortening of the front part of the skull for the accommodation of the longer proboscis found in all of the later stages of mastodons and mammoths. On the left is a group illustrating the famous asphalt trap of Rancho la Brea at Los Angeles, California, and fossils from South America, the most striking of which is the group of giant ground sloths. There are also good examples of glyptodonts, gigantic relatives of the armadillo. Among other strange extinct animals are the camel-like Macrauchenia, and the rhinoceros-like Toxodon. ‘These evolved in South America during the Age of Mammals when it was an island con- tinent as Australia is today. Here, too, are the fossils of other mammals which evolved in South America during its per- iod of isolation from the northern part of the Western Hemisphere. On the walls are mural decorations painted by Charles R. Knight showing the typical groups of Pleistocene animals of North and South America and Europe that were associated with early man. [51] PREHISTORIC saber-tooth tiger, dire wolf, and giant sloth, caught in the tar pools of La Brea, California. (Above) as mounted skeletons; (below) as conceived by the artist, Charles R. Knight (Above) WOOLLY MAMMOTH on the River SvOoum m € ; France, dur- ene the Fourth Gla- cial Period. (Left SKELETON OL 2 Her JUESESE ESR SONIAN MAMMOTH from Indiana. THEWOOL- Ly RoI NOCEROS DURING A GA AIG WAVE WINTER IN NORTHERN FRANCE. The Murals by Charles R. Knight. wR OTR OPIN F r 3 | eu ‘es MODEL OF RHODODENDRON in the Forestry and Conservation Hall. Many of the trees in this Hall are accompanied by models of leaves, flowers, or fruit FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 3) Jesup Forestry Hall. The Forestry and Conservation Hall contains a nearly com- plete collection of the native trees north of Mexico presented by Morris K. Jesup. On the right is a bronze tablet by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J. J. Clancy, depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite wood at Lenox, Massachusetts. In front is a bust of Charles Sprague Sargent, under whose direction the collection was brought together. At the farther end is a bust of John Muir, by Malvina Hoffman, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen feet in diameter and 1341 years old. (See Guide Leaflet No. 42.) It began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thou- sand years old before America was dis- covered. The label, illustrating the con- clusions reached by Ellsworth Hunting- ton as the result of long study, shows how the climate of the past is recorded by the trees and how great historical events are related to great changes in climate. In the center of the hall near the en- trance from the 77th Street Foyer is a splendid life-size model in wax of a mag- nolia blossom belonging to the species Magnolia macrophylla, surrounded by its long tapering leaves. In the last alcove to the right is the Menken Collection of Glass Flowers, rep- resenting many of the common species of American flowers. They are modeled skillfully in glass, with their colors faith- fully copied from nature. In the center of the hall (Case D) will [54] be found a dissolving diorama, the first of a series on forest conservation. ‘The first scene represents a forest area of Colorado White Pine in Idaho and shows the early glow of a forest fire in the distance. ‘This dissolves into a scene of the same area after the fire, showing the burned trees, destroyed surface coverage, and general desolation. The other specimens in the hall show cross, longitudinal, and oblique sections of the wood of North American forest trees, finished and unfinished. The la- bels adjacent give the distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood, and its economic uses. The trees are grouped by families, and the location of each family will be found on the floor plans in the first case on either side of the hall. The reproductions of the flow- ers. leaves and fruits are made in the Museum laboratories. A DISSOLVING-VIEW EXHIBIT in the Forestry and Conservation Hall. The disastrous effects of a forest fire are depicted when the three-dimensional scene above fades into the one below. LIVING INVERTEBRATES THE DARWIN HALL OF THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 5) This hall is devoted chiefly to inverte- brates and exhibits illustrating biologi- cal principles, especially those concerned with the evolution of life. It is, therefore, dedicated to Charles Darwin. Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by William Couper, presented by the New York Academy of Sciences on the occa- sion of the Darwin centenary in 1909. THe Tree or LIre In the first upright case at the left is a Family Tree of the Animal Kingdom. Each class of animals is represented by a color sketch, and the branches show the relationships of the various classes and indicate the evolution of each group from the parent stem. SYNOPTIC SERIES The exhibits in the succeeding up- right cases comprise examples of the various groups or orders included in the Classes shown on the Family Tree. Pass- ing around the hall from left to right, the progress of evolution is illustrated from the lowest forms, the Protozoa, to the highest, the Primates, which include man. Alcove 1, Protozoa. This alcove con- tains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single-celled individuals. Some are abundant s in swamps and stagnant water, others are found in the sea. These ex- hibits are mainly models, some of which represent Protozoa enlarged more than a thousand diameters. Alcove 2, Sponges. Sponges are prin- cipally of three kinds — distinguished from each other by their skeletons of lime, silica (i. e., flint) and of horny fiber. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the dry specimens ex- hibited, the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic ‘“Neptune’s goblets” of the east- ern seas. Alcove 3, Polyps. Here are shown coral animals and their relatives: among them, colonial hydroids; jellyfishes, bril. liantly colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the stony corals, and the precious coral. Alcove 4, Flatworms. The best known species include the tapeworms, whose development and structure are shown by models in the left-hand alcove case. The less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and fresh water, are represented by enlarged models. Alcove 5, Roundworms. The round- worms are parasitic, since they live in the digestive canal of mammals. The most familiar is the common stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an enlarged model shows the internal structure. Alcove 6, Rotifiers. The minute wheel animalcules, otherwise called rotifers, comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of which construct tubes of a gelatinous substance, sand-grains, etc. A few species are parasitic, but most of them live a free, active life. They are found mainly in fresh water. See group in window showing rotifers in their nat- ural environment and the comparative series of enlarged models of typical roti- fers in the case to the left. Alcove 7, Sea-Mats and Lamp-Shells. The sea-mats are minute, colonial ani- mals of plant-like growth, often occur- ring as encrustations on shells and sea- weed. A few species also occur in fresh water. The lamp-shells shown in this al- cove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related to the sea-mats. Alcove 8, Sea-Stars and Their Rela- tives. Here are shown sea-stars, brittle stars, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers and sea- lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the oyster beds, where it feeds on oysters and de- stroys them in large numbers. Alcove 9, Annulates. As typified by the familiar earthworm, these are worms whose bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhabitants of both fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud and sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. Their A CORNER OF THE NAHANT TIDE POOL GROUP. On the rocky northern New England Coast are numerous basin-like crevices in the cliffs. At high tide, many of these are totally sub- merged, but as the water recedes they are left as stranded pools richly populated with marine animals and plants. In the Tide Pool Group in the Darwin Hall, sea-anemones and hydroids are disclosed among the rockweed, sea-lettuce and kelp [57] A DETAIL FROM THE ROTIFER GROUP. A_ world of microscopic life magnified a million times shown in the Darwin Hall (Left) The curious HORSE SHOE CRAB is a “living fossil” with ances- tors dating back 700,000,000 years. A detail from the Sound Bottom Group GLASS MODEL OF A TYPICAL RADIO- LARIAN. These tiny floating marine creatures make glassy shells of intricate patterns and, when they die, sink to the sea-bottom to form radiolarian ooze, a flinty sand used for polishing precious stones MODEL OF A ROCK-FORMING PROTOZOAN (Globigerina). The microscopic creature shown above at the right builds tiny shells from lime dissolved in sea water. These become compacted into limestone layers on the sea-bottom. The Chalk Cliffs of Dover are composed of elevated masses of this rock ENLARGED MODEL OF THE PLUMED GLASS MODEL OF THE PORTUGUESE WORM (Diopatra) MAN-OF-WAR IN THE DARWIN HALL body structures are often very beautiful and interesting examples of ingenious adaptation. Alcove 10, Arthropods. Here are in- cluded the familiar crabs, lobsters, myria- pods, insects, spiders and their relatives. The number of existing species in this group is greater than that of all the rest of the animal kingdom. On the wall are the two largest lobsters ever taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty -four pounds, respec- tively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten feet. A series of models of insect heads, care- fully wrought in wax and glass, shows, greatly enlarged, their comparative an- atomy. Alcove 11, Mollusks. The mollusks are next to the arthropods in the diversity and vast number of forms which they em- brace, including marine, fresh-water and land animals. All mollusks have soft bodies, but nearly all secrete a shell which is often of pearly material (mother-of- pearl). Well-known examples of this group are the common clam and oyster. Enlarged models show the anatomy of these species. The main collection of mollusks is shown in the Hall of Ocean Life. Alcove 12, Chordates, including Ver- tebrates. Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelligent of ani- mals, the group culminating in man. Among the ancestral forms suggesting transitional stages from invertebrates are the ‘“acorn-worm,” Dolichoglossus; the Sea-squirts, or Ascidians; and the Lance- let, Amphioxus. Enlarged models show- ing, carefully dissected, their comparative internal anatomy are exhibited in the case to the left. Various species of Ascidians with their associated environment are shown among the animals on the wharf- piles in the window group. Other models in a case toward the front of the hall show the development of the egg of certain typical vertebrates. Winpbow Groups In several of the alcove windows are habitat groups of invertebrates illustrat- ing the natural history of the commoner aad more typical forms. Marine Worm Group. In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm Group, reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural surround- ings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Shore Mollusk Group. In the Mollusk Alcove is shown the natural history of a sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the shore mol- lusks and their associates. Wharf Pile Group. This shows the sub- merged piles of an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, covered with flower-like colonies of sea-anemones, hy- droids and other stationary animals. Rock Tide-Pool Group. In the farther left-hand corner of the hall, a window group shows the animals and plants of a rock tide-pool, the “Agassiz Cave,” at Na- hant, Massachusetts. The falling tide has left a pool in a rocky basin, sheltered within which is a community of sea-ane- mones, sea-stars, and other invertebrates. Sound Bottom Group. In the Arthro- pod Alcove, a group shows the struggle for existence among Crustacea on the sandy bottom of Vineyard Sound, Massa- chusetts. Here is a den of lobsters in a crevice beneath the seaweed-covered granite boulders forming the reef known as the Devil's Bridge. Bryozoa Group. Another group repre- sents two square inches of sea bottom as though enlarged under a microscope to an area five feet square. The front of the case is built to represent a huge magni- fying glass, through which the visitor sees marine plants magnified to tree-like pro- portions, encrusted with colonies of Bry- ozoa or “‘sea-mats,’ composed of thou- sands of individuals, each of which builds a shell of vase-like form. Associated ani- mals, such as the flower-like, tube-build- ing worms and sea spiders, are enlarged to grotesque proportions. Rotifer Group. A companion exhibit represents a cubic half-inch of pond bot- tom enlarged one hundred diameters or cubically a million times, transforming a minute area into a towering aquatic forest peopled by rotifers and myriads of other strange creatures ordinarily invis- ible to the naked eye. [ 60 J A PORTION OF THE BAHAMAN CORAL REEF GROUP IN THE HALL OF OCEAN LIFE. This group, the 1 t in the Museum, contains more than forty tons of coral from Andros Island in the Bahamas and faithfully depicts a portion of the magnificent barrier re the sea bottom (Right) BLACK ANGEL FISHES swim in stately fashion among the corals (Below) BLUE PARROT FISH peer out from a mysterious cavern in the heart of the reef SPINDLE SHELL (Fusinus). These graceful shells are characterized by the long twisted spire and slender tapering canal terminating the body whorl THe CoraL REEF GROUP (Index Plan, p. 16. Floor I, Hall 10) As you enter the Hall of Ocean Life on the gallery level the Bahaman Coral Reef Group is seen at the farther end. Its proscenium arch rises from the main floor, passes through the gallery, and frames the upper part of the group in a half-circle 35 feet high. The portion of the group above the gallery presents a vista of coral island, quiet lagoon, and tropical sky. On the distant horizon the low-lying Bahaman Island of Andros is visible, soft with its fringe of coconut palms. Here the finest coral barrier reef in the West Indies parallels the shore. The small island in the foreground is Goat Cay, just back of the barrier reef. The section of the group below the gallery obviously depicts the coral forest as seen from the bottom of the sea. On either side, staircases permit visitors to descend from the gallery, to find them- selves standing on the ocean floor, gazing into the heart of a magnificent coral forest. The branching trees of elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) rise to the water surface sixteen feet above. A rocky arch at the right leads into the Cave of the Blue Parrot-fishes, inhabited by three of these magnificent creatures. Between the rocky wall and the spread- ing tangle of the coral forest a vista opens out into a clearing where a school of black-angel fishes swims by in the dis- tance. In the foreground are squirrel- fishes, striped and gray grunts, blueheads, slippery dicks, and spotted hinds. Above, a school of yellow-tails swims around the coral cliff, and houndfishes dart about, alarmed by the approach of a barracuda visible just beneath the water-surface at the upper left. Rock beauties, butterfly fishes, and blue angel-fishes swim among the sea fans, sea-bushes and sea-plumes; while a large rainbow parrot-fish, Nassau groupers, and a huge green moray lurk in the crevices and caverns under the coral. The latter is gay with encrusting and chimney sponges of scarlet, green, purple, yellow, and gray. To the left, queen triggerfishes, numerous butterfly fishes, and a grotesque trumpet fish swim above the great heads of brain coral, orb coral, and star coral. Peart Divers Group (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10) This group represents a scene on the ocean floor within the enclosed lagoon of the coral atoll of Tongareva, or Penrhyn Island. This is a small ring-shaped is- land, eleven miles in diameter, situated in the South Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles due south of Honolulu. In the cen- tral panel of the group, two Tongarevan [ 62 ] pearl divers are seen plunging down into a gorge in the heart of one Df the mag- nificent coral reefs which form the is- land. They are engaged in gathering shells of Meleagrina, the “oyster” in which are found the precious pearls. They go about their work despite the dangers evidenced by the large shark swimming in the b: ickground, by the octopus lurk- ing near the entrance of a near-by cave, and by the scarlet sixteen-rayed sea-star A DETAIL OF THE PEARL DIVERS GROUP. A coral fairyland of Tongareva Island, with its hundreds of poisonous sharp spines which is lying under the giant spiral mass of the acropore coral in the center of the group. As they work, fishes of every gaudy hue dart past them. In the “panel to the right, we look in- to a cavelike opening in the coral which has been pre-empted by the octopuses. One glides down from a ledge above the cave, eaten lurks ina downy crevice, while a third swims out through an teeming with variegated undersea life, is the scene in which this native diver is shown searching for pearl shell. arched tunnel, trailing its tentacular arms behind. [he panel on the left side of the group depicts the clifflike coral wall of the gorge, on which is grouped a colony of man-trap clams, Tridacna. Vhe sinuous apertures of the shells are partially opened, revealing the gaily-colored man- tle edges. The group serves to emphasize the beauty of the delicate fronds and finely divided clusters of coral found in the Pacific reefs, as contrasted with the wierd branching species of the Atlantic coral faunas depicted in the adjacent Bahaman Coral Reef Group. In cases near by are shown undersea paintings which were used in the creation of this realistic exhibit and other related ones. Directly above the Pearl Diver Group is a mural by F. L. Jaques depicting the native divers in their outrigger canoes. The corresponding position at the left of the Coral Reef Group is occupied by a mural showing Florida sponge boats and their diving crews. Other exhibits in the Hall of Ocean Life are described on pages 116-120. THE PEARLY OR CHAMBERED NAUTILUS (Sectioned shell with animal in place ). This re- markable creature belongs to a bygone age. It is the only surviving species of a long line of fossil forms reaching back 500,000,000 years or more THE GLORY Ol THE SEA (Conus gloria- maris). This is the rarest and most romantic of shells. Only a dozen specimens are known, and none have been collected for more than a cen- tury. The Museum possesses two specimens GALLERY OF SHELLS (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10, balcony) Around the gallery of the Hall of Ocean Life is one of the largest and finest shell collections on display in any mu- seum. Together with the study collections it comprises more than 760,000 catalogued specimens. It includes many shells of unusual beauty and rarity, as well as im- portant private collections donated to the Museum. The largest shell is that clam, Tridacna, weighing 579 pounds, exhibited in the small foyer as one enters from the Hall of Fishes. The largest mol- lusk known, however, is represented by the model of the Giant Squid (A rchiteu- this princeps) which is suspended above the balcony just inside the entrance. This species has been known to reach a length of over 50 feet. The mollusks are classified in five main groups, as follows: The Amphineura or Chitons and their relatives. These are the most primitive of living mollusks, the larger number of them having an oval, creeping body with a jointed shell of eight transverse plates. They have a certain serial repetition of body-parts and breathe by means of a double row of plume-like gills. The Gastropoda or Snails. This is the most important group in number of spe- cies, distribution, and extent of diversifi- cation. They are the most ancient from the standpoint of fossil remains. The earli- est shells resembled a “liberty cap,” be- ing cone-shaped with the shell uncoiled. Soon forms appeared with a one-sided roll. A little later the spirally twisted and usually right-handed shell was estab- lished, which has been generally charac- teristic ever since. The twist of the shell is reflected in the internal anatomy. In some gastropods the shell has become reduced, in others it has disappeared entirely. The Scaphopoda or Tusk-Shells are rel- atively unimportant, comprising only a few species. They possess a shell shaped like an elephant’s tusk open at both ends. The Pelecypoda or Bivalves, including oysters, clams and their relatives, have the mantle divided into two halves, each of the giant [6 +9 of which secretes a shell. These, nearly equal in size, are hinged together. The foot is flattened vertically and extends down from the enclosed body-mass. It may be protruded from between the two shells for digging or swimming. Delicate, flat- tened and fine-meshed gill-flaps on either side furnish breathing organs and an ar- rangement for filtering out food-particles. The Cephalopoda include the swiltly moving squids, cuttlefishes, and octo- puses. This highly organized and special- ized group is composed of predaceous species with efficient eyes and a_pecul- iar method of propulsion. The Pearly Nautilus is the most ancient type. The arrangement of the shells in the gallery is as follows: The Amphineura, Marine Gastropoda, and Scaphopoda are exhibited in the series of “A-cases” along the two sides of the gallery in the order of their families. The A-cases are numbered from 1 to 40. The Pulmonates or Land Gastropoda are displayed in the tops of eight table- cases, of which four are at either end of the hall in the transverse galleries. They are also arranged by families. The Pelecypods, or bivalves, and the Cephalopoda are in the “wall-cases” on either side-gallery, beneath the murals. In the wall-cases on either side of the entrance are shells especially selected for their size and beauty, those to the right as one enters the hall, being from the Constable collection, and those to the left mainly from the Steward collection. In the wall-case at the farther end of the gallery to the right of the Coral Reef Group is a series showing the commer- cial uses of shells and shells with unusual deformities. Continuing around the angle of the gallery is an exhibit illustrating the fisheries of fresh-water pearl shells ~and the pearl button industry. In the shell laboratory to the right of the entrance foyer an attendant is ready to give information about shells and their location in the hall. Invertebrates of New York State. A series of the principal invertebrates ex- cept insects found within the boundaries of New York State and its neighboring waters is exhibited in the corridor of the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial to the right as one enters from the Fish Hall (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a). ] STRIKING SPECIMENS FROM THE MOLLUSK COLLECTIONS (Right) THE IMPERIAL HARP SHELL (Harpa cos- tata). The graceful shape of this shell suggests its name. Variegated with rich color- ing, it is one of the most at- tractive of mollusks. It is dis- tinguished by the close-set prominent ribs (Right) THE RARE SLIT SHELL (Pleurotomaria). A nearly extinct shell from deep water in the West Indies and near Japan, characterized by the broad slit extending partly around the outer whorl (Below, right) NORTHERN SCALLOP (Pecten islandic us): A form first discovered in Iceland (Below, left) THE PAINTED THORNY OYSTER (Spondylus pictorum). A beautifully tinted bivalve from Lower California. The spines are rose-red, orange or yellow THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA (Cicada septendecim Linnaeus): from a Group in the Insect Hall. During May or June of a “locust year,” the immature seventeen-year-old Cicadas emerge from underground and ascend tree-trunks. Within a few hours their skin splits along the back and the adult emerges. The female deposits her eggs in a succession of slits in the slender twigs. The song is produced only by the male xe OR ANSECL LIFE (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 5) This interesting hall is virtually a text- book of Entomology. A series of “A-cases” surrounds the hall giving a vivid presenta- tion of insect biology, including the rela- tions between insects and vegetation, the importance of insects as carriers of dis- ease, and general biological facts and theories as illustrated by insects. These cases are numbered to facilitate the work of teachers sending students here for in- formation. In the center of the hall is a circle of exhibits, some of which show mounted insects in life-like artificial surroundings. Among the habitat groups is a series illus- trating the life-histories of common but- terflies. The very beneficial Lady Beetles are shown next to the very injurious Jap- anese Beetle. Other groups are concerned with such tropical insects as the Leaf- cutting Ants. Exhibits of Mole Cricket and Dragonfly larva show the insects and environment magnified five diameters. The walls of the hall are used for sup- plementary exhibits. One of these dis- plays strikingly beautiful butterflies and moths from all parts of the world. An- other demonstrates the wealth of insect life at our very doors. The commercial use of insect silk and the use spiders make of their silk occupy the wall on either side of the entrance to the Reptile Hall. On the wall around the corner to the right are shown some of the results of the re- search work of the entomological depart- ment, especially in the field of experi- mental biology. The insects in the railing cases of the [ 67 ] A GATHERING OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES. In early autumn the Monarch Butterfly, Anosia plexippus, assembles in great swarms in the northeastern United States. At nightfall, large numbers crowd the leaves and branches of trees or shrubs. These flocks move southward, much as birds migrate. Individual females come north the next spring and reestablish the northern population MODEL OF A MOLE CRICKET (enlarged five diameters). An insect with fore-legs especially adap- adjoining Synoptic Hall of Mammals (In- dex Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 3) are placed there temporarily. The collections in general are arranged with special reference to the insects found near New York City. ‘They are presented in two series: General Series. This is arranged in a definite order which should be followed as indicated by numbers. The topics treated are: Importance of Insects, Geological History and Relation- ships, Anatomy and Physiology, Develop- ted for digging ment from Egg to Adult, Variation in Form and Color, Natural Selection, In- heritance, Collection and Identification, Habits, Enemies, Injuries to Man, Bene- fits to Man. Butterflies of New York State. A strik- ing exhibit of some of the butterflies found in the State of New York is in- stalled in the corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial Building (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a) just to the left of the entrance from the Fish Hall on the first floor of the Museum. MASSING OF LADY BEETLES ON MOUNTAIN TOP. From a group in the Insect Hall. With few exceptions Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae), both larvae and adults, eat either plant-lice or scale insects. The species of Hippodamia specialize on plant-lice. In the West, the adults often gather in large masses under rocks on the tops of mountains to pass the winter. Such a gathering near Boulder, Colorado, is shown here BUMBLE-BEE POLLINATING APPLE BLOSSOMS. From an exhibit in the Insect Hall. A few insects cause a loss of about one-fifth of our fruit, but we should have little or no fruit were it not for other insects pollinating the blossoms DRAGON FLY LARVA CATCHING A MOSQUITO LARVA by means of a curiously modified lower lip, which is jointed and has a pair of pincers at its tip. (Insect Hall) | i) HALE OF LIVING FISHES (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 9) On entering the Hall of Fishes from the Darwin Hall one faces a group of sharks, sweeping down upon a helpless logger-head turtle. The following sharks are represented in this group: (1) White Shark or Man-eater. One of the largest sharks, growing to a length of 30 feet or more. This ferocious shark feeds on large fish and sea-turtles. It has been known to attack men and even small boats. Fortunately it is apparently rare everywhere and usually remains on the high seas. (2) Spot-fin Ground Shark or Shovel- nose. May be recognized by its small sec- ond dorsal fin and very long tapering pec- torals, in combination with a flattened shovel-like nose. It produces living young, feeds chiefly on fish and squid, and is harmless to man. (3) Southern Ground Shark. what resembles the Tiger Shark but dif- fers in its very blunt snout, stouter body, very large pectoral fins, and complete ab- Some- sence of spots. It inhabits coastal waters and feeds on fish, etc. It is common about wharves, where it picks up refuse, but is not dangerous to man. (4) Tiger Shark. This fish sometimes reaches a length of 30 feet and is a very active, predaceous shark of the high seas. It has wide jaws and powerful sickle- shaped teeth, and it preys upon large sea turtles, other sharks, fish, and in- vertebrates. The tiger shark is much dreaded in the West Indies, but there WHALE SHARK (Rhineodon typus). This is the largest species of shark; represented here by an eighteen-foot specimen. Note the wide mouth rectangular jaw, light spots, and the parallel ridges extending toward the tail ay) uo fyaeyg 1981] Joyeq-ueyy 10 YleYS AIA, Aq) ‘punorsyorq ayi ur puv ‘peaysouUUETPT & ‘IIT JOOJ-AA[OM] LB ST Peay, 9yI UY ‘aP1AN) vas Bw SuryouijeE syreys JO Joquinu wv Surmoys ‘auas vasiopun UY “SYAAOW VAS AHL MODEL OF THE MANTA OR DEVIL FISH west coast of Florida, is no authentic record of attacks on hu- man beings. (5) Hammer-head Shark. The strange flattened and widened face of this shark seems to serve as a bow-rudder, which is used in making very quick turns in pur- suit of fish. It occasionally reaches a length of 12 feet. (6) Sand Shark. ‘This shark may be rec- ognized by its combination of a delicate nose and unreduced second dorsal fin. The sand shark captures great numbers of small fish, which are its chief diet. There is no record that it attacks man. ‘The Systematic Exhibit includes a rep- resentative series of fishes, from the lowly “cartilage fishes,” such as the sharks and rays, to the highest or most complexly constructed bony fishes. Noteworthy in this series are the mounted groups of “ganoids,” including the — sturgeons, spoonbills, bony gars, and bowfins, all of (Manta birostris). From a specimen taken off the measuring 17 feet across special scientific interest, since they are “living fossils,” or descendants of the now extinct fishes of earlier geologic times. In the alcoves and wall cases on the right, the visitor will find many curious forms, such as the giant catfishes, the handsome rooster fish, the brilliant parrot wrasses, and butterfly fishes. On the right side of the entrance to the inner enclosure is the Biological Exhibit. This considers the fish as a machine—its stream-line form, its main principles of construction, its locomotor machinery, and the mechanism of its jaws. ‘The fish life of warm seas is repre- sented in the inner enclosure, including the giant Manta, or Devilfish, a small in- dividual of the spotted Whale Shark, larg- est of fishes, and in the foreground a bit of sandy bottom with small species as it would appear about Bimini, Bahamas. [73] (Above) DEEP SEA ANGLERS. Note fishing rod with luminous tip The model of a Manta or Devilfish (Manta birostris) was made from a speci- men taken in 1915 near Captiva Islands, off the West Coast of Florida, by Russell J. Coles. It measures 17 feet across the out-stretched wings. Still larger specimens up to 22 feet wide are on record. The Manta, like other skates and rays, may be regarded as a “winged shark” in which the body has become depressed and the breast fins enlarged into “wings” which are the chief organs of locomotion. The Whale Shark (Rhineodon typus) is an 18-foot specimen taken at Acapulco, Mexico, March 2, 1935. This species is the largest and most characteristically marked of living sharks. In 1935, 76 spec- imens had been recorded. Among these a measured specimen reached 45 feet in length, but there are reliable estimates of 60 to 70 feet. The markings form a striking pattern of vertical yellow bars separating vertical rows of yellow spots. The Deep Sea Fishes form a special ex- hibit in an inner room. Here in the semi- darkness we view some of the hobgoblins of the ocean depths — many of them covy- ered with jewels of phosphorescent light. Fishes that live at great depths have to be able to endure enormous water pres- sure, low temperatures and total dark- ness. At one mile depth each square inch (Below) VIPER FISH (Chauliodus) PURSUING BIGHEADS (Melamphaes) of surface of a fish’s body is under a pressure equal to about one ton. But the pressure is equal in all directions. It permeates the whole body of the fish inside and outside and evidently does not injure the most delicate tissues. A small exhibit in the left-hand corner of the central dark- ened room tells of the remarkable life-history in which there is a striking transformation of the “stalk-eyed fish” into a “Gleaming-tailed Sea Dragon.” ‘This exhibit is based on the investigations and material of Dr. William Beebe in connection with deep sea fishes taken off Bermuda. He proved that the minute “stalk-eyed fish,” which carries its eyes out at the ends of long stalks, really grows up into the “Gleaming- tailed Sea Dragon” (Indiacan- thus fasciola), formerly sup- posed to be a different species. The deep sea life is depend- ent ultimately upon the rain of food-bearing particles from the richer waters of the sur- face. The countless myriads of microscopic plants are aS F ae nescence. In some fishes the surface of the body is stud- ded with little glow lamps, each of which has a lens, a reflector and a gland for pro- ducing a_ substance called luciferin which emits a light when supplied with oxygen from the blood. The little shrimps and other creatures upon which the fish feeds are attracted toward the lights as the moth to the flame. The lights also enable fishes of the same kind to find each other and keep together in schools. Big Game Fishes. At the end of the Fish Hall toward the Roosevelt Memorial is the exhibit of Big Game Fishes, including many of great size taken with rod and line chiefly by Zane Grey and Michael absorbed by the micro- scopic animals and these by the billions of tiny copepods or shrimps, which in turn are de- voured by the raven- ous small fishes. Many different kinds of deep sea fishes have the power of lumi- NA (Thunnus thynnus). A nificent mounted tuna fish n the Exhibit of Game Fishes also called Tunny and Horse Mackerel. It occurs in both the Atlantic and Pacific, and huge individuals may reach a weight of over 1000 pounds. The second specimen, a Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans ampla) , \ weighed 305 pounds and measured 10 feet in length. It was caught \ on rod and reel off Bimini, Bahamas, on July 2, 1934. A Mako Shark (Isuropsis mako) , caught off Bimini, is shown making one of its characteristic leaps above water in search of food. The tuna, the swordfish, the marlin. the sailfish, and the mackerel are all related, belonging to the same suborder of fishes, the Scombroidei, a group which attains the acme of speed and streamlined form. There is probably more confusion about the marlin than about any other large game fish. This is due, first, to its similarity to its close relatives, the swordfish, the sailfish, and the spearfish; secondly, to the number of dif- ferent kinds of the marlin itself. Wernernaiie The sail of the sailfish is much huge ocean sun- fish, caught by Mr. Grey with harpoon and gaff, higher and longer than that of the marlin. The swordfish in Case 42 shows a_ distinctly heavier weighed nearly a body, longer and _— stouter ton. A 74-pound channel bass, a 668- pound _ broadbill, and a 758-pound tuna look down from the walls. The central feature of the Sailfish Group is the mount- ed skin of a fish caught oft the rocky coast of Cape San Lucas, Lower California. It is shown in the act of leaping from the water in a desperate effort to shake the sword, and shorter dorsal fin. The spearfish (Case 42) is a somewhat intermediate form. Its long dorsal fin is considerably lower than that of the marlins. On the wall in con- nection with the Big Game Fish _ exhibit may be found charts of the world record rod and_ reel hook from its jaws. catches. Many other fishes well known to anglers and sportsmen, or greatly desired as closer acquaintances, hang in these cases, such as salmon, trout, perch, muskellunge, barracuda, yellowjack, bonefish, etc. Three fine specimens of the fishes caught and presented by Michael Lerner are exhibited in special cases as if rising through the water. One is the mounted skin of a tuna (Thunnus thynnus) which measured 8 feet, 3 inches in length and weighed 555 pounds. It was caught on a rod and reel off Wedgeport, Nova Scotia. This is the common or Bluefin Tuna, [ 76 ] BLUE MARLIN (Makaira nigricans ampla) EWING REPTILES (Index Plan, p. As one enters this hall from the Insect Hall, the attention is attracted by four floor exhibits containing some of the lar- gest living reptiles—the alligator, king cobra, and Galapagos tortoise. A fine ex- hibit showing the largest living lizards is at the right of the entrance. These are the Dragon Lizards of Komodo. The species Varanus komodoensis occurs only on Komodo and adjacent small islands in the Dutch East Indies. The scene in the group is laid on Komodo. A large male dragon lizard has just killed a wild boar, while another dashes forth from a nearby jungle to dispute ownership with the first. Dragon lizards feed on deer, wild boar and water buffalo, possibly also birds and their eggs. They readily attack each other and have been known to seize a wounded comrade. The smaller lizard feeding on the boar is a female, the largest recorded indi- vidual of this sex. Few species of lizards THE DRAGON LIZARD OF KOMODO ISLAND (Varanus 18, Floor III, Hall g) show such a pronounced difference be- tween the sexes. Komodo Island is uninhabited except for a convict village of Malays. Dragon lizards quickly secrete themselves on the approach of man. They apparently use vision alone in detecting their enemies, as they fail to react to sounds, and, in fact, appear to be deaf. The species is diurnal and hides away at night in large dens which it digs under the roots of trees or under rocks in the open. Varanus komodoensis is a large monitoi lizard of the family Varanidae. It is closely related to certain monitor lizards of Australia, particularly to giant forms known only as fossils from the Pleistocene of that continent. These fossil species seem to have reached fifteen or more feet in length. Varanus komodoensis does not exceed ten feet, but large specimens may weigh over two handred fifty pounds. It is therefore very much heavier than any other living lizard. komodoensis #¢-y 7 > ° = «J “Ap 3 i= RHINOCEROS IGUANA. This great Iguana from Santo Domingo is the most powerful lizard in the Americas. It is terrestrial, digging burrows in limestone The specimens and materials for the dragon lizard exhibit were secured by an expedition of the American Museum under the leadership of Mr. William Douglas Burden. Near by a large chart outlines the his- tory of all the vertebrate animals, in- cluding the dragon lizards. The central part of the hall is devoted to a large series of floor groups, showing various species of reptiles and amphibia in their natural environments. The cases on the right of the hall answer questions frequently asked, such as, ‘““How do rep- tiles and amphibians feed?” “How do they protect themselves?” and “How do they breed?” also, “What is the economic value of reptiles and amphibians?” The left wall of the hall contains a series of exhibits installed in sunken panels, in which some of the principles controlling the existence of reptiles and amphibians are illustrated. Among them are “Natural Selection, the Directing Principle of Evolution,” “Isolation, a Ma- jor Factor in the Origin of Species,” “Concealing Coloration and Form,’ and “Parallel Evolution.” Other exhibits are devoted to snake yarns, the structure of reptile skeletons, and to snake poisons and their treatment. On the left of the hall, in an enclosed corridor, is a series of habitat groups por- traying the home life of American rep- tiles and amphibians. The subjects of these in order from the front of the cor- ridor are: — The Leatherback Tortoise; The Giant Salamander; The Bullfrog; A New England Marshland in Spring; West Indian Tree Frogs; Reptiles of the Southwest; Galapagos Iguana; Rhi- noceros Iguana; Gila Monster; and the Florida Cypress Swamp. A few of these are described briefly. The Rhinoceros Iguana Group illus- trates the complete life history of a typical lizard. It inhabits the desert regions of Santo Domingo and is the most powerful lizard in the Americas. It is a terrestrial animal, living in bur- rows which it digs through banks of lime- stone. The eggs are deposited during July in hills dug by the females in ad- [78] A CYPRESS SWAMP IN NORTHERN FLORIDA. Detail of a group in the Reptile Hall joining sand flats. The young iguanas4 alligator’s nest. The group is a reprouuc- hatch out and frequently pull their egg shells with them to the surface. The Rhinoceros Iguana, like most other large iguanas, is a vegetarian, feeding on Acacia beans, Saona berries, and other products of the desert. The group depicts the western shore of Lake Enriquilla, a dead sea in Santo Domingo, over 130 feet below the surface of the ocean. The Reptiles and Amphibians of a Cypress Swamp. The primeval cypress swamps of northern Florida afford a home for the alligator, numerous turtles, lizards, snakes, and frogs. The large alli- gator on the left is a female guarding her nest (shown in cross section). Young turtles are hatching from eggs which have been hidden by the mother in the tion of a Florida cypress swamp and river cove in September. It portrays the feeding habits of several snakes, the breeding habits of various turtles and toads, and many other reptiles and am- phibians. A New England Marshland in Spring. Toads and frogs come to the marshes and ponds in the spring to breed. The males call loudly to attract mates. The shrill peeping which arises from so many ponds of eastern United States is made by a diminutive tree frog, while the trill which resounds from many orchards and water lily ponds is the voice of the gray tree frogs. Each species of frog and toad has a distinctive voice. In calling, the throat of many species is blown out into a balloon-like sac and acts as a resonating [79] organ. The group represents a small sec- tion of a swamp in southern New Eng- land during early May. Gila Monsters. The Gila Monster 1s well known as the only poisonous lizard in the United States. In the group but one species, Heloderma suspectum, 1S shown. The only other poisonous lizard known, the Mexican Gila monster, Helo- derma horrendum, is exhibited in a floo1 group in the adjacent main hall. The present group shows a small section of one of the canyons of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The snake gliding over the rocks is the Sonoran Racer, Mas- ticophis bilineatus. The desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, illustrated below, is seeking a hiding place for the night. Amphibia and Reptiles of New York State. An exhibit showing the species found within the State of New York may be seen in the corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial on the first floor. (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a). DETAIL OF A GROUP SHOWING THE AMPHIBIANS OF A NEW ENGLAND MARSHLAND IN EARLY SPRING DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus agassizii). A detail from the “Gila Monster Group,” depicting the reptilian fauna of one of the Arizona canyons LIVING BIRDS THE WHITNEY WING (Index Plan, pp. 16-19, Floors I-IV, Hall 19) The Whitney Wing of the Museum, newest section of our structure, was a joint gift of the late Harry Payne Whit- ney and the City of New York. It is wholly occupied by the Museum’s De- partment of Birds. Three of its eight floors are devoted completely or in part to public exhibits. The main entrance of this wing leads into Whitney Memorial Hall from the New York State Theodore Roosevelt Memorial. The display represents bird life on islands in the Pacific Ocean, cover- ing an expanse from the Hawaiian Islands southward beyond New Zealand and from the Galapagos Archipelago and small islets off the coast of Peru west- ward to the Australian barrier reef and New Guinea. Foyers at the ends of the hall contain maps and mural texts which describe both purpose and plan of the exhibits. Near the ends of the main hall are bronze busts of the late Messrs. Wil- liam C. Whitney and Harry Payne Whit- ney, father and son, to whom the build- ing and its contents are dedicated. WHITNEY MemoriAL HALL (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 1g) The design of Whitney Memorial Hall is intended to give Museum visitors the illusion that they are standing in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and viewing scenes in every direction throughout hundreds or even thousands of miles. In other words, the hall represents the Pa- cific itself, reduced to extremely small compass. A common horizon crosses the background of all 18 habitat groups, and from these the sky appears to rise behind the fronts of the cases and to be con- tinuous with the blue dome that forms the ceiling of the hall. Suspended by in- visible wires in this vault are examples of oceanic birds which inhabit the Pacific from the tropical environment depicted near the northern end of the hall to the edge of the Antarctic toward the south end. It is through the latter that the visi- tor approaches from the Roosevelt Mem- orial building. At the present time only about three- fourths of the exhibits are completed. In addition to the dome and the decorations in the two foyers, nine groups on the right-hand side of the hall and four on the left are on display. These are as follows: Ship-Followers. The point of view is from the deck of an old-fashioned sail- ing vessel in the open ocean south and east of New Zealand, in the zone of the westerly winds. In the background is the W hitney South Sea Expedition schooner, the ‘ ‘France,” which served the American Museum during ten years in Polynesia. The expedition collected most of the specimens used throughout this hall. Pelagic birds shown in the exhibit com- prise a variety of albatrosses and petrels, especially characteristic of the higher southern latitudes. Samoa. A view from the hills of the island of Savaii toward the ocean. The site is at the point where forest meets more open slopes. The birds include those of both woodland and grassland, such as fruit pigeons, ducks, members of the parrot family and many smaller forms. Especially notew orthy is the tooth- billed pigeon (Didunculus), a very pecu- liar member of the pigeon family, con- fined entirely to a few islands of the Samoan group. Tuamotu. The island of Hao, an atoll, with the coral-grown lagoon at the left and the surf of the open ocean on the right. In the distant background can be seen tree- and shrub-covered segments of the island ring. Among the coconut palms and other typical beach vegetation of a coral island are man-o-war birds, boobies, a nesting red-tailed tropic-bird, several terns, including the white fairy tern which lays its egg on rough bark or in the crotch of a ren. and also a number of shore birds of both migratory and resi- dent species. The example of the latter is the rare or nearly extinct Polynesian [81 ] sjjn3 jo soiads om) pur susoy vouy ‘urnSuad uriAniog ay) are papnpul ospy “JUe1oULIo9 pue Aqooq ‘uvotad uetAniad ay) are pajuasaidat sparq Surnporid-ouens ay f, ‘ayt, parq alay) YIM ‘nad ‘OSI JO ALG YI UL spuUeTs! OUND [eADAVS SMOYS TIGIYXI SIUL “SGU OINVAIO AO TIVH AAN.LIHM FHL NI dQOUWD ONVND NVIANWAd et i i Seg allie em, sandpiper, one of the smallest members of its family, of which two stand in the left foreground. The Tuamotu archipelago occupies a huge area in the central South Pacific and is one of the most extensive island groups on earth. Marquesas. A scene in the volcanic Island of Nukuhiva, showing a rugged shore line and ridges dissected by the sea, as viewed from a height of nearly 2000 feet. On the right is the Valley of “Typee,’ famous as the locale of Herman Melville’s romance of the same name. The birds include the giant pigeon (Serresius), which exists only at the island of Nukuhiva, a smaller native fruit pigeon, swifts of the “edible-nest”’ group, warblers and old world flycatchers pecul- iar to this island, a forest rail, a ground dove and a pair of wild chickens or jungle fowl, the ancestors of which were widely distributed in the Pacific by the original Polynesian immigrants. Peruvian Guano Islands. Looking southward across the Bay of Pisco, Peru, from the southern island of the Chincha group. The scene represents the rainless coast of Peru, where climatic conditions are responsible for the accumulation on such islands of sea bird manure known as guano, which was the fertilizer of the Incas and other ancient agricultural peoples of the west coast of South Amer- ica. Despite the exhaustion of the old sup- plies of guano, it has again become an important commercial resource in Peru, and the industry is now operated upon a scientific conservational basis. The three principal species of guano- producing birds, all of which are pecu- liar to the coasts of Peru and northern Chile, are shown. These are the Peruvian cormorant, booby, and pelican. Other birds of interest are the white-moustached Inca tern, two species of gulls, and on the rocks of the painted background a dis- tant cluster of Peruvian penguins. Galapagos. This scene is in the heart of the Galapagos archipelago looking from James Island across the water to- ward Albemarle, the largest island of the group. The Galapagos he on the equator about 600 miles west of the South Amer- ican coast. They are famous as the native home of many peculiar and long isolated species of both plants and animals, and they received their first notable scientific fame as a result of the visit of Charles Darwin in H.M.S. “Beagle” about 1834. Man-o’-war birds, herons, an owl, mockingbirds and hawks are among the birds shown in the exhibit. Most of these are remarkable because of their total lack of shyness in the presence of man, a trait doubtless acquired during residence throughout a very long period in a land without man or other mammalian ene- mies. The most important of the Gala- pagos birds from a biological point of view are several species of small finches which show a great variation in the size of the bill. These mostly belong to the genus Geospiza, and Darwin’s observa- tions of them in the field are believed to have had much to do with his original ideas on the principle of natural selec- tion as an explanation of evolutionary change. Hawaii. This exhibit shows a deep and steep valley on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, with slopes and gorges descending about 4000 feet from the high plateau of the island toward low banks above the beach. The opposite or windward side of Kauai is extremely rainy and, on the right, fragments of storm clouds are shown whisking out over the valley which, however, is not very humid be- cause most of the rainfall is precipitated farther to windward. The Hawaiian archipelago, like that of the Galapagos, has been isolated from other land areas throughout many ages, and some of the native birds and other animals show even more peculiar and pronounced evolutionary changes. The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanididae), for example, are obviously members of a single family of small land birds, yet the specializations in the bills of several species range from short, stout, almost parrot-like beaks to extremely long, pointed and sickle-shaped organs. Feed- ing habits are, of course, correlated with such structures, for the stoutest-billed species can manipulate hard seeds and [ 83 ] BROWN PELICANS (Pelecanus occidentalis). Brown Pelicans inhabit our coasts from South Carolina to the West Indies. They often fly in diagonal files and under favorable conditions sail long distances on set wings. Facing the wind, they ‘travel high, but at times they skim just above “the crest of curling breakers EMPEROR PENGUIN (Aptenodytes forsteri). This is the largest of the existing species of the penguins. The mounted bird here shown, a male, weighed seventy-nine pounds. The Em- peror Penguin is exclusively Antarctic, inhabit- ing the fringing ice of the south polar continent and the adjacent islands. It rarely sets foot upon land or rock. The single egg is laid on the ice in midwinter and is carried on top of the bird’s foot until it hatches, the male and female tak- ing turns at incubation fruits, whereas those with long slender bills must use them in extracting nectar or small insects and spiders from the corolla of flowers. Several examples of these honeyeaters are exhibited, but it would be impossible to show the whole range of variation in bills without draw- ing upon species inhabiting other islands of the Hawaiian group. At the right of the group three geese are shown in flight, the species being y peculiar to Hawaii. In the air, down the valley, are two white-tailed tropic-birds, and the small land birds include one or more species having tufts of brightly colored feathers which were used by the ancient Hawaiians in manufacturing the famous feather cloaks worn by chiefs of high rank. Laysan. Albatrosses, of which there are some seventeen species in the world, re- sort during the nesting season to remote oceanic islands. There they carry on their remarkably elaborate courtship proce- dure, lay the single egg, and rear their chick before they depart once more on Ee the oceanic wanderings which they con- tinue until the return of the next breed- ing season. Most albatrosses inhabit the higher lati- tudes of the southern oceans, and no species regularly enters the North At- lantic. The North Pacific Ocean, how- ever, is the home of three kinds of alba- trosses, two of which are here shown on the nesting ground of Laysan Island, a leeward outlier of the Hawaiian archi- pelago. The two species shown are the white- breasted Laysan albatross and the all dark black-footed albatross. Both carry on an extraordinary ritual, commonly known as a courtship dance, although it really par- takes of community behavior. The birds on the nesting ground salute, cross bills, and bow not only to their own mates but to other albatrosses of both sexes. A pair of the small native teal of Lay- san, found nowhere else in the world, is also shown in this exhibit. Others dis- played are nesting sea birds, such as boobies, man-of-war birds, and _petrels (which occupy burrows in the sandy soil), and shore birds that make the island a resting place during their long migra- tion from Alaskan breeding grounds to a winter home among islands of the south seas—bristle-thighed curlews, golden plov- ers, and others. New Caledonia. This large island, which is east of Australia, les on one of the western Pacific arcs or submerged mountain ranges. It has had no connec- tion with any other land area since it arose from the ocean in the early part of the Age of Mammals. Because its life has been obtained by natural means from places across the sea, it is interesting to note that, among the 64 species of New Caledonian land birds, six belong to widespread Pacific species, 35 appear to have come from Australia, and 23 from the New Guinea region. New Caledonia has five genera of birds found nowhere else, these comprising a pigeon, a parrot, a warbler, a honey-eater, and the strange, flightless, heron-like Kagu. The last is a very extraordinary bird, which appears to have no near rela- tives anywhere else in the world. The site of this exhibit is on the north- easterly coast of New Caledonia, at an altitude of slightly more than 1000 feet. The birds, in addition to the Kagu (on the ground), include a fruit dove, king- fisher, cuckoo, warblers, flycatchers, whis- tlers, a wood-swallow, starling, honey- eaters, and a parrot finch. Solomon Islands. Since the United States armed forces have made history at Guadalcanal Island, the savage Solomons no longer seem so far away as they for- merly did. In this exhibit of bird life in a hot, humid, and mountainous archi- pelago, the background shows Guadal- canal itself. The foreground represents a small islet off the southeastern end of Guadalcanal, with a cluster of native huts, and a garden in which coconut palms, bananas, papaya, cassava, bread- fruit, taro, and sweet potato are growing on the site of a recently-felled tropical forest. The Solomon Islands have a rich bird fauna, with 128 species of land birds alone. The 21 species shown in the ex- hibit can therefore be only a representa- tive selection. ‘They include the follow- ing: the Brahminy kite, a bird of prey; the brush fowl or megapode, which lays its eggs in mounds of rotting vegetation, so that the heat of fermentation may hatch them; several species of doves, par- rots, lories, and cockatoos, including the king parrot, of which the male is green A GIANT SWIFT soars into a jungle clearing in the exhibit showing the bird life of the Solomon Islands and the female vivid red; the giant swift, a relative of our American chimney swift; and various colorful representatives of Old World families, such as rollers, cuckoo-shrikes, flycatchers, sunbirds, and flower-peckers. Australian Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef, which for more than 1200 miles guards the east coast of Australia, is the largest coral reef in the world. In the extensive lagoon between the Bar- rier and the mainland are countless lesser reefs, islets of coral limestone and, near shore, higher islands which are detached fragments of the continental rock. Many of these have collected wind-blown soil and have acquired a luxuriant, even if limi- ted, plant life. Others remain relatively bare but are still far enough above the THE GREAT BARRIER REEF. Most of the flying birds in this view are sooty terns. The d reach of the ocean to furnish breeding grounds for great colonies of sea fowl. The birds of the Great Barrier are mostly of widespread types, as is charac- teristic of the avifaunas of beaches and small islands. They include a noisy col- ony of brown noddies and sooty terns, the fledgling young of the latter being the dark speckled birds which look so un- like their parents. Australian silver gulls, crested terns, reef herons in both gray and white phases, and man-of-war birds complete the list of resident oceanic spe- cies. The sandpipers or tattlers in the beach pool are winter migrants from northern Asiatic nesting grounds. The white land birds painted in flight are nutmeg pigeons bound, perhaps, toward fruit trees growing on the islets. arker ones are part of a colony of brown noddies 4 , i Slam BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. Three Alpine Lories, brilliantly colored New Guinea parrots, are perched above two Macgregor’s birds of paradise New Guinea. Among its 650 species New Guinea has many birds not known in Australia, though the two land masses are only 100 miles apart at Torres Strait. A drop of 50 feet in the sea level would probably join them. On a map of the United States, New Guinea would reach from New York City to Colorado, and its interior offers some of the largest un- explored areas on earth. This exhibit depicts a scene on Lake Habbema, 11,000 feet above sea level, looking southward toward Mount Wilhelmina. Fiji. The Fiji archipelago is one of the largest, most beautiful, and most im- portant in the Pacific. It forms part of one of the several great island arcs to the east of Australia and New Guinea and comprises more than 200 separate islands and islets. The larger members are mountainous, and many are sur- rounded by fringing reefs of coral. Fiji has about 54 species of land birds, or only half as many as the Solomon Islands, which are hundreds of miles nearer the ultimate source of supply in the Australasian region. The principal Fijian types are birds of families known to be able to make long colonizing flights across the ocean, such as parrots, [87] pigeons, kingfishers, starlings, and white- eyes. In the silky dove and the golden dove, Fiji has two of the most spectacular of all birds. Both species are peculiar to this group of islands, and one of them only to Viti Levu Island, the site of the exhibit. The thirteen additional birds shown all belong to families found at other Pacific islands, but the species are mostly peculiar to Fiji. Most of the ab- original Fijian birds are confined to mountain districts, while the common birds of town and village are more wide- spread or recently introduced kinds. HALL oF BroLoGy oF BrirpDs (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 19) The Hall of Biology of Birds, on the first floor of the Whitney Wing, is devoted to diagrammatic exhibits illustrating the bird’s place in nature and, many different aspects of the structure, descent, relation- ship and behavior of birds. Other animals will be made use of when desirable. For example, in the consideration of flight, the plan and technique of the flight of insects, bats, pterodactyls, etc. will be shown in conjunction with various types of bird flight. At this date, the construction of ex- hibits in the Hall of Biology of Birds has just begun and the hall is still closed to the public except for the first two al- coves. In these are shown an exhibit devoted to the relationships of birds to their reptilian ancestors and the varying course that evolution has taken in dif- ferent orders and families of modern birds, together with an exhibit entitled “Birds and Man.” GALLERY OF Birp ART (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 19) A collection of original drawings and paintings of birds by Louis Agassiz Fuertes is installed in the Gallery of Bird Art on the Fourth Floor of the Whitney Wing. These works cover most of Fuertes’ life as an artist, from a painting made while a young boy to his mature work of the later years preceding his untimely death. The collection includes numerous studies made in the field, many of them while on expeditions of the American Museum, and finished pictures, both pub- lished and unpublished. The same hall contains a series of orig- inal water-color paintings by Joseph Wolf which were published as illustrations of various of the ornithological monographs of D. G. Elliot, particularly the Mono- graph of the Pheasants. Included in this hall, also, are two large oil paintings from the collection of Auduboniana, most of which is installed in the ambulatory of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Wing immediately adjoining. One of these paintings is by John James Audubon, showing a dog surprising a group of pheasants. The other is a portrait of Audubon with his dog, horse, and gun from the brushes of his sons Victor and John Woodhouse Audubon. AUDUBON GALLERY (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor JV, Hall 12a) A noteworthy collection of objects re- lating to the life and work of John James Audubon is exhibited in the corridor on the fourth floor of the Roosevelt Mem- orial leading into the Whitney Wing. These include original sketches and paintings by Audubon, and by his son, John W oodhouse Audubon, mainly of the Quadrupeds of North America; some of the copper plates from which the Birds of America were printed, and a portrait of Robert Havell, their engraver and publisher of the first edition of the “Birds.” Of special interest are the por- traits of Audubon, one of which is dis- played on the right-hand wall of the Whitney Gallery of Bird Art, just inside the entrance. Of more personal interest are the guns carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore. These objects were presented mainly by his grand-daughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon. Gifts have been re- ceived also from Dr. Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anne E. Roelker, Robert Havell Lockwood, and others. [88] = BirpDs OF THE WorRLD HALL (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 2) This hall is devoted to a projected series of twelve habitat groups to show the major faunal areas of the world and their characteristic birds. Eleven groups have been completed. The backgrounds, by Francis Lee Jaques, Frank McKenzie, and Arthur A. Jansson, are reproduc- tions of actual scenes made from color sketches and photographs taken on the spot. Beginning at the right of the en- trance, the completed groups are as follows: Pampas Group. The pampas and la- goons of the South Temperate Zone of South America harbor a varied assem- blage of birds. These include some twenty species of North American sandpipers and plovers that migrate to this region to spend the northern winter. Some of the birds are permanent residents. ‘The scene is laid at Lake Chascomus, near Buenos Aires, Argentina, a region made famous by the writings of William Henry Hud- son, to whom the group is dedicated. It is a gift of Mrs. Anna E. Erickson. High Andes Group. The Paramo Zone of South America is found at sea level at the southern end of the continent but occupies increasingly high elevations in the Andes, below the snow line, as the equator is approached. In the neighbor- hood of Mt. Aconcagua, Chile, shown in the background, this zone is reached at 10,000 feet elevation, but the birds are still closely related to those of the low- lands of Patagonia and southern Chile. The giant Condor is a characteristic species. American Tropical Zone. Barro Colo- rado Island, in the Canal Zone, was once a hilltop and part of the unbroken humid tropical forest of the Panamanian low- lands but it was cut off from the sur- rounding forest when the valley of the Chagres River was flooded by the closing of Gatun Dam. It is now preserved as a natural laboratory under the care of the Institute for Research in ‘Tropical Amer- ica. It has been made known to many through the writings of Dr. Frank M. Chapman, particularly by his books, “My ‘Tropical Air Castle” and “Life in an Air Castle.” South Georgia Group. The bird-life of the Antarctic regions is not as rich in species as that of the tropics but possesses certain very interesting forms, among which the penguins are outstanding. The group shows an assemblage of King Pen- guins on the island of South Georgia, 1200 miles east of Cape Horn. Among the other characteristic species are the Wil- son’s Petrel (one of the birds known to sailors as “Mother Carey’s Chickens’), the Kelp Gull, Giant Fulmar, the curious Sheathbill, and (painted) the Wander- ing Albatross. East African Plains. The easterly third of Africa is largely a grassy country dotted with thorny bushes and trees. The Kid- ong Valley, scene of the group, lies some 40 miles northwest of Nairobi, Kenya Colony, in the Great Rift Valley that extends from northern Tanganyika to the Red Sea and southern Palestine. The Ostrich, Marabou, Bustard, Courser, Secretary Bird, Hoopoe, Coly, and Lark shown in the group are typical of the plains region, though some of the other birds shown have close relatives in the forests. Gift of Mr. Henry W. Sage. Congo Forest Group. The equatorial forests along the Congo River in western Africa are rich in bird-life. As in other tropical forests, many species of birds often band together in loosely mixed flocks that roam the woods for insects and other food, searching from the ground to the tops of the trees. The ex- hibit shows such an assemblage together with other inhabitants of the region. The scene is at Lukolela, about 500 miles up- stream from the mouth of the Congo River. Presented by Mrs. Dwight Arven Jones. Australia. This is a scene in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, about 100 miles west of Sydney, at the edge of the forest looking out over the eucalyptus- dotted savanna. Two Lyre Birds (male and female) have come to the forest mar- gin. A flock of Crimson Rosella Parrots has settled on the ground and in the trees, and two Eastern Rosellas are near-by. [ 89 ] MACAWS (Ara macao). From the exhibit showing the bird life of Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone. This island, made by the spreading of Gatun Lake, has cut off a portion of the continental trop- ical jungle with its abundant mammal and bird life A DETAIL FROM THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFOR- NIA, BIRD GROUP. This val- once a vast desert, has now irrigated. Well-watered grass lands have resulted, in- habited by birds in great abundance and variety BIRD LIFE OF THE GOBI Several Black-backed Magpies are on the ground or (painted) flying, and a Laugh- ing Jackass is perched in a tree overhead. Various characteristic birds of eastern Australia are shown, such as the Peaceful Dove, Satin Flycatcher, Broad-billed Roller, Gang-gang Cockatoo, and others. In the distance (painted) are scattered the ostrich-like groups of Emus. The group was the gift of Archer M. Huntington. Gobi Group. The extensive desert of central Asia, known as The Gobi, con- tains a number of brackish lakes, without outlets and fed by surface and under- ground streams from mountains such as the Altai Range shown in the _back- ground. The climate is cold except for a brief summer, and the bird-life consists largely of migrant species that go south for the winter, as the Demoiselle Crane, Great Bustard, and Ruddy Sheldrake. The Raven remains throughout the year. The interesting Sand-Grouse often travels long distances daily for water and has an irregular local migration. Palaearctic Alpine Group. The Zer- matt Valley and the Matterhorn, in Swit- zerland, are shown with some of the char- acteristic birds of the upper Alps at tim- berline at 7000 feet elevation. Some of the species, like the Wall Creeper and the Snowfinch, probably reached the Alps from the Himalayas in prehistoric times GREAT AUK, or Gare Fowl, a bird now extinct. No living specimens have been recorded since 1844. (A mounted specimen in the American Museum) when these two now distant mountain ranges may have been continuous. Others, like the Arctic Ptarmigan and Redpoll, may have come from the north, driven by the advancing ice of the Glacial Period. Sull others are inhabitants of the lower elevations that have extended their ranges upward to the timberline. New Forest Group. The Palearctic Zone or Old World North Temperate Zone corresponds to the Nearctic or North Temperate Zone of North Amer- ica. The families of birds found in the two regions are much the same and some of the species are identical although their local names may differ. Occasionally the same name is applied to quite different species as in the case of the European and American robins. The group shows the famous “Roosevelt Walk” in the New For- est, in the Valley of the Itchen, in Hamp- shire, where Lord (then Sir Edward) Grey and Theodore Roosevelt watched the birds together in 1910. The group is dedi- cated to Lord Grey and was the gift of Mrs. Carll Tucker. Tundra Group. Churchill, Manitoba, on the western side of Hudson Bay, lies in what the Indian called the “land of little sticks.”’ Here the Canadian forests to the southward are giving way to the treeless tundra that reaches northward to the Arctic Ocean. In summer the tun- dra is dotted with innumerable insect- filled ponds. Hither to nest come myriads of migratory water birds—sandpipers, plovers, gulls, ducks, and geese—that have wintered in warmer lands to the southward. A few land birds also nest on the tundra. One of these, the Arctic grouse or Ptarmigan, is able to endure the long Arctic winter and, unlike most of the tundra birds, does not migrate. A number of forest- or bush-dwelling birds reach the northern limit of their distribu- tion near Churchill. Some of these may be seen in the group, the gift of William A. Rockefeller. Hat or NortH AMERICAN Birp GROUPS (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 1) Here are the Habitat Groups of North American birds, prepared under the di- rection of Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Cura- tor of Ornithology, who collected most of the specimens and made practically all the field studies. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities, paint- ed from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented; thus the series depicts char- acteristic North American scenery as well as the bird-life. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox, Louis A. Fuertes, and Francis L. Jaques. The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented. (See Guide Leaflet No. 28.) The visitor should follow the series to the right around the hall. Orizaba Group. The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is limited in great measure by cli- mate. Thus in traveling from Panama north to Greenland there are zones of bird-life corresponding to the zones of temperature. This condition is illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical jun- gle at its base to its snow-clad peak the naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in traveling north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group, so far as the distribution of life is concerned, is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. Cobb’s Island Group. Among our most beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the terns and gulls, which (because of their plumage) were once ceaselessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes. Thanks to protection, they have now greatly increased in numbers. ‘The group represents a section of an island off the Virginia coast, where the birds are now protected by law. Duck Hawk Group. ‘The Duck Hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of New York City. It nests on the ledges of the towering cliffs. This hawk is the Pere- erine Falcon, which was so much used for hunting in the Middle Ages. It often comes into the city for pigeons. Hackensack Meadow Group. In Au- gust and September the meadows and marshlands bordering the Hackensack River, New Jersey, formerly teemed with bird-life, but this is rapidly disappearing before the march of “improvements.” In the group are swallows preparing to mi- grate southward, Bobolinks or “Rice Birds” in autumn plumage, Red-winged Blackbirds, Rails, Wood Ducks and Long-billed Marsh Wrens. [ 92 ] ARCTIC SEABIRD LIFE. From a group in the Wild Turkey Group. The Wild Tur- key is a native of America and was once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is now very rare. It differs slightly in color from the Mexican bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was introduced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was brought by the colon- ists to America. (Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) Florida Great Blue Heron Group. The i 8 AZTEC PICTURE WRITING recording the last of the “New Fire Ceremonies’ before the Spanish Conquest in 1519. It also represents an eclipse of the sun, an earthquake, and the drowning of two thousand warriors on their way to make war on the people of Southern Mexico into one supporting a massive shrine, and how that in turn developed into temples and priests’ quarters. Yet the architecture of the Zapotec, Toltec, and Aztec is hardly less imposing, and the cast of a Serpent | Column from Chichen Itza brings vividly home the tremendous scale of these In- dian temples. Sculpture: It is in sculpture that we may gauge best the tremendous attain- ments of the ancient peoples of Middle America. The polytheistic religion re- quired many images depicted in a great variety of forms human, animal, and grotesque. ‘The casts of Maya stelae from Quirigua indicate that the native sense of design could function in terms of an enormous mass. The intricate monu- ments from Copan likewise show how skillful a mass sculpture can be. Equally GOLD OBJECTS FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA nt a A PRIEST MAKING AN important are the casts from the south- west coast of Guatemala ranged along the stair to the first floor. Yet there is an abundance of original material, which includes for the Maya some of the cream of the Copan style as well as original examples from Yucatan collected by the famous traveller, Stephens, a century ago. The abilities of the Aztec are displayed both in casts and original examples, which cannot be duplicated in this coun- try. The work of the Totonac and Olmec, in the form of masks and small figures including jades, is thought by various authorities to be the best produced in Indian America, while the vigorous bar- barity of the Geutar carving of Costa Rica is worthy of attention. A series from Oaxaca shows the laborious methods of carving stone with stone, since no metal tools hard enough for this purpose were developed by the Indians. The figures in baked clay are worthy of considerable attention, since the Mid- dle Americans developed this type of work into a fine art. Especially interesting are the historical series of figurines from the Early Culture and Teotihuacan hori- zons. These show the change in styles in two cultures, over a period of nearly a thousand years. The most notable clay sculpture is the life size warrior of the Chichimec period of the Valley of Mex- ico. However, for sheer vigor and vitality the large clay figures from Western Mex- ico are preeminent. A profound grasp of realistic appreciation of human features is displayed by the Vera Cruz exhibit of clay heads, laughing ones from the To- tonac area, more serious ones from the OFFERING: a cast of a Maya relief sculpture from Jonuta, Tabasco, Mexico. The original of this cast is in the National Museum of Mexico and is one of the finest examples of | the Palenque style of Maya | sculpture. This piece dates ' from the Maya Great Period in the centuries immediately Jv preceding the year 1,000 MODEI OF \ MAYA TEMPLE: a miniature replica of the temple at Rio Bec in the eastern part of the state of Campeche, Mexico Tuxtla region. A culmination of cere- monial requirements is to be seen in the funerary urns from Oaxaca, where a great sense of design mitigates the grotesque forms employed. Writing: Examples of the methods of writing used in Middle America are found in different parts of the hall. The simple pictographic style of the Aztec and Mixtec are represented by original paint- ings on cloth and by skillful reproduc- tions. A post-Conquest land map and genealogical tree from Tlaxcala throws much light on dress and costume fifty years after the Conquest. The Zapotec and Maya writing was expressed by highly conventionalized signs. On the Maya casts long inscriptions relating to the dates of astronomical phenomena may be found. Aztec writing can be read, Maya writing partly deciphered. Jewelry: Certain cases in the hall show priceless examples of Middle Amer- ican jewelry. Jade the substance most highly prized, and there are several local styles of working it. The American variety of jadeite and nephrite is distinct from the Asiatic type. Especially impor- tant are the Zapotec and Olmec collec- tions, which include two the finest specimens in the world. Gold was es- teemed only as an easily malleable metal, but the workmanship on the Mexican pieces and the design of the Costa Rican was ol FIGURE OF A GOD. MAYA CULTURE. Limestone sculpture from Copan, Honduras. This is one of the finest examples of Maya sculpture in the round, showing how perfectly the Maya represented their physical type, and how beautifully they could express their art without the use of metal tools of any kind. Around the tenth century ornaments attest again to the high level of Indian civilization. Metals and Precious Stones: Silver is very rare, owing to the difficulty of ex- tracting the ore, but copper was used in late times for tools and ornaments. Mir- rors of iron pyrites used in their matrix and as a mosaic show an interesting utili- zation of this mineral. Obsidian or vol- canic glass, commonly used for tools, was wrought into mirrors and ornaments with the simplest abrasives. Rock crystal, amethyst, moonstone, opal, jasper, and porphyry were other stones valued and worked as ornaments by these people. Pottery: The commonest product re- covered by archaeology is pottery, and the halls are full of vessels recovered from graves and ceremonial deposits. ‘These vessels were not made on a wheel, and building up the pots with strips of clay brings about a squat appearance to our eyes. However, the variety of shape and design shows how each tribe or com- munity had its own styles. Notable tech- niques are the vitreous ware from Salva- dor and the plaster cloissonné from Jfa- lisco. Note also the common use of lost- color or batik decoration in Jalisco and Costa Rica. Vessels of huge size were MOCIUTLXOCHITL, THE GOD OF GAMES AND FLOWERS. A fine example of Mexican terra cotta pottery dating from about 1400 A. D 30Y AND DOCG (Below). This little pair of clay figures from Colima, Mexico, shows the vitality of western Mexican sometimes made, like the Toltec vessels from Azcapotzalco. Even the earliest forms from the early cultures of the Val- ley of Mexico reveal a development of technique and style that indicates long years of experimentation. Few regions in the world can show such a wealth of form and ornament as Middle America. Design: The textile art was important in Middle America but time and weathe have destroyed almost all of it. However, hints are given by the ancient picture writings and the use of textile designs on pottery. The art is old and cotton has been recovered from the earliest levels in the Valley of Mexico. Examination of the designs on the Puebla pottery, on the West Mexican figurines, and on the dress of the figures on the Maya stelae will show how skilled these people were. In various cases the clay weights for spindles are exhibited, many of which are beautifully carved and polished. The size and weight seem to be gauged in some cases to the fineness of the thread. Musical Instruments: Music was not highly developed in ancient Middle America, but many examples of flutes, whistles, shell trumpets and rattle bones attest to an interest in tone and rhythm. Most notable are the Aztec two toned drums which give forth very pleasing notes. A pottery whistling jar in the form of a rain god is one of the outstanding pieces in the Salvador collection. Tools: The chief tools of the ancient Middle Americans were made of stone, bone and wood. Copper tools were only sporadically employed and in late times at that. The great wonder of Middle American civilization is that with these simple elements and without knowledge of the wheel or draft animals, these people were able to achieve an imposing culture comparable to the great civilizations of the Old World, whose technical basis was so much more highly developed. THE GOD XIPE, LIFE-SIZE, in terra cotta. Worshipped by the Central Mexicans as the God of the Flayed, Xipe is shown here wearing a human skin. When the skin was fresh it was tied on the God. As it dried it wrinkled, and the wrinkles formed the scales. This practice flourished in Central Mexico about the year 1200 [146 ] CORN GODDESS OF THE ANCIENT AZTECS. JT It i outstanding example of FIGURE OF illustrating A SEATED WOMAN: the remarkable ability ol splendid example of clay modeling from western Mexico, these ancient sculptors in depicting form and expression LAUGHING CLAY HEAD. An example showing con- scious humor. Clay heads of this type are said to be parts of complete figures. They come from central Vera Cruz. Nearly all the figures are laughing or smiling in a very contagious manner MAYA VASE WITH FIGURE PAINTING. From San Jacinto, Salva- dor. Not only does it illustrate great skill in depicting attitudes, but seems to indicate a _ re- markable sense of humor in the artists AMERICA 7, Floor II, Hall 8) SOUTH (Index Plan, p. 1 This hall contains Indian exhibits from all the South American countries except Paraguay and Uruguay. The largest por- tion of these illustrate the prehistory of the peoples of Peru and Bolivia and are arranged in the front of the hall. Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico and Central America, the Peruvians had no written language. They were tillers of the soil and raised mai potatoes, oca, quinua, beans, coca, and cotton. They domesticated the llama, which was used as a beast of burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pot- MUSICAL WIND I! inhabitants of Peru, tery vessels, tile fabrics. Their gold and silver objects, such as beads, cups, pins, plates, and ear orna- ments, show a high degree of skill in the beating, soldering, “and casting of metals. In weaving, the Peruvians were per- haps preeminent among prehistoric peo- ples of the world, many of their textiles exhibited here being unsurpassed at the present day. The materials used were cot- ton and the wool of the llama, alpaca, and vicuna. In the cases near the entrance are examples of these textiles and the fibers, spindles, thread, looms and other equip- ment used in their manufacture. On the right side of the hall are col- in metal work, and in tex- TRUMENTS OF ANCIENT PERU. The wind instruments of the ancient as illustrated below, included the panpipe or syrinx shown in the center; resonator whistles (left); trumpets of clay and wood; and a great variety of simple whistles. The pottery figure at lower left shows how the panpipe was played PiOvin TE Roy. OF IMIG I IS EARLY CHIMU PERIOD. A warrior in full regalia is depicted on the vessel at the left. In his right hand he holds a mace; in his left, a shield, spear throw- er, and javelins. The central piece is a “portrait” jar. The vessel at the right shows a hand to hand combat be- tween mythical beings indicated. Each of these cultures is shown in greater detail in individual cases. Out- lections from important localities in Peru, followed by exhibits from Ecuador, Co- lombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Panama. In case 57, near the center of the hall, selected examples of pottery show the dif- ferent forms and decorations which dis- tinguish the various important cultures of Peru and Bolivia. As far as our present knowledge permits, the changes which occurred in the course of time are also BOM LER Y- OF EARLY NAZCA PERIOD. The Val- ley of Nazca was the center of one of the earliest highly developed cultures in Peru. It dates from the beginning of the Christian Era. The two jars at the left show conven- tional _representa- tions of the feline- monster deity standing is the beautiful work of the Nazca people in cases to the left of the entrance. In special exhibits are grouped such things as musical instruments, whis- tling water jars, examples of intentionally deformed human heads and _ trephined skulls showing the successful practice of a delicate surgical operation by the ancient Peruvians. Much of our knowledge of their daily life we owe to a fortunate com- bination of climatic conditions and tribal customs. Along the coast of Peru, where the extreme dryness of the climate and nitrous character of the soil have pre- served perishable materials for centuries, are more extensive burial places than anywhere else in America. Countless thousands of bodies were interred with such things as had been most useful and prized during life or were considered to be most serviceable in a future life. Ex- amples of these mummy bundles are dis- played, and it was from such as these that many objects in the hall were secured. The mummy in the case at the west side of the room was found in a copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of an Indian miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks and earth while engaged in getting out the copper ore (atacamite) used by the Indians in mak- ing implements and ornaments in prehis- toric times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by copper salts with which they are impregnated. The implements he was using at the time of his death are shown beside him in the case. Much more primitive than any of the prehistoric peoples just mentioned were the nomadic hunters and fishermen who inhabited the southern end of the con- tinent and the adjacent islands. Their story from the time when they hunted PREHISTORIC DOUBLE CLOTH. This is the finest example of ancient South American technique in weaving in the Museum collection. The double cloth is woven on two looms, one above the other, arranged so that the warps are parallel. Warps and wefts of contrasting colors are used in each loom : =_ = aoe a < PERUVIAN EMBROID- ERED SHAWL. The de- signs in polychrome chain stitch embroidery depict mythical warrior figures. Weaving was an outstand- ing artistic and technical achievement of the an- cient Peruvian civiliza- tions. The thread was hand-spun from cotton and wool and the fineness has never been surpassed. The textiles, from 500 to 2000 years old, have, for the most part, been pre- served as Mummy wrap- pings in the graves of the dry desert of Peru reek? Nee’ woe rae. eanee yl! Viale Md Af ULM ft og f) " at Ru 222 x3 . RRREECCS 4 PERUVIAN WOMAN’S WORK BASKET. Containing spindles, bobbins, carded fibre. and other materials for spinning and weaving the extinct native American horses and ground sloths was reco\ ered from caves and shellmounds. The simple tools and weapons which they used are arranged chronologically in a case in the rear of the hall. Near by are examples of the equipment ol the various tribes surviving in the same region at the present time. In neighboring cases are exhibits for other living Indians of South America. Below) AN EXAMPLE OF SOUTH AMERI- CAN EMBROIDERY. This elaborate fabric is a Paracas type solid polychrome embroidery As there are a great many distinct tribes, sometimes living in widely different geo- eraphical areas, the collection is far from complete. An example of native life in the tropical rain forest of northeastern Peru is shown in a miniature group of the Chama Indians. They raise plantains and cassava and hunt small game, so their equipment is naturally specialized for these occupations. (Below) A PERUVIAN TAPESTRY. An excel- lent tapestry from Pachacamac, Peru, with slits left open between color areas as part of the design OO OOSS -o6 = Car a> EASTER ISLAND STATUE. Easter Island in the South Pacific is famous for the immense stone statues found there, from one of which a Museum expedition made the cast illustrated above MINIATURE MODEL OF A SOUTH ‘THE PACIFIC (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8) Two halls are devoted to the Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The first contains collections from Polynesia, Microne- sia, and Melanesia. The second is prin- cipally an exhibit for the natives of the Philippine Islands, Java, and Borneo. However, the collections from New Zea- land extend into this hall. The conspicuous objects in these halls are as follows: a statue from Easter Island; life-sized models, showing the Tahitian fire-walking, grating of coco- nut, etc.; a collection of tattooed heads from New Zealand; and a tree-house from the Philippines. SouTH PACIFIC HALL On entering the South Pacific Hall (Floor IV, Hall 6) beyond the Hall of Minerals, the visitor faces a huge mono- lithic figure. This is a cast of one of the famous images found on Easter Island and was brought back in 1935 by the Temple- ton Crocker Expedition. Statues such as these, representing departed chieftains, were found set up on stone platforms all along the coast of Easter Island. Circular stone mats of red tufa formerly completed the figure. Directly in the center of the hall is a SEA ISLAND CANOE. The Polynesians make canoes hollowed out of tree trunks, An outrigger on one side keeps them from capsizing easily paring a stimulant from the roots of a species of pepper. The beverage is known as ava in ‘Tahiti but is identical with kava of other islands. The woman to the right is manufacturing roofing from pandanus leaves in an elaborate form often employed in Tahiti. Life size figures cast in the Museum from Tahitian fire-walkers who once visited New York City Tahitian priest taking part in the fire- coconut, preparing kava, or plaiting walking ceremony, in which the partici- Pandanus. pants walk over heated boulders of lava. One of the exhibits that was removed On each side is a group showing natives from the Museum for safe-keeping for the engaged in typical activities,— grating duration of the war is a fine Hawaiian TAHITIAN FIRE-MAKER AND COCONUT GRATER. The old way to make fire in Tahiti was to rub a blunt-pointed stick in a groove made in another until the dust became ignited. The natives produced fire within a few minutes. In preparing grated coconut the Tahitians sit on a stool which has a blade projecting in front. This blade is used for grating the white inside part of the coconut POLYNESIAN BARK CLOTH OR TAPA. This cloth was made from the inner bark of the paper- mulberry tree which is steeped in water, thinned out with a shell scraper, and pounded on a board with a mallet. Designs may be painted on the cloth free-hand, but more frequently they are printed from wooden stamps feather cape, such as was formerly worn by the highest ranks of the Hawaiian society. Red and yellow honeysucker feathers completely hide the netted twine foundation. The value of these garments was proportionate to the enormous labor expended on their manufacture. The hall is roughly divided into two main sections. In the first half are ex- hibited the collections from Polynesia and Micronesia, while the second half is devoted to New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia. However, it proved impossible to be wholly consistent and to separate Melanesian Fiji from Samoa and Tonga. In the Polynesian section the examples of decorated native bark cloth (tapa) are especially noteworthy, and a number of canoe models remind us that these people are daring seafarers. A series of ceremo- nial adzes from the Cook Islands in the farther quarter of the hall shows aborigi- nal carving at its highest level. In the section on the right, the elabo- rately carved sacred masks, about 14 feet back of the Tahitian priest, illustrate the A MANUS VILLAGE reconstructed with scientific accuracy in every detail: one of many miniature models in the American Museum showing native home life and activities. zsthetic tendencies of Melanesia, which are also apparent in a carved pole set on top of a vertical case. Very different from these artistic manifestations are the carv- ings of the New Zealanders (Maori), char- acterized by the dominant spiral motive. The series of dried and tattooed Maori heads forms one of the most remarkable exhibits in the Museum. (See Guide Leaf- let No. 71, The Maoris and Their Arts.) Near the boundary between the two main sections are the Australian cases with numerous boomerangs and very crude stone tools, which should be com- pared with those in the archzological hall. The farther corner is devoted to a collection from the Admiralty Islands, including a model of a village of the | Manus tribe, a lagoon-dwelling, fishing | ! | || people who build their houses on piles USIAL CARVED WOODEN BOWL FROM MELANESIA | BRIDE’S APRON OF SHELL | MONEY: a Melanesian wo- | man’s dress used on festival } occasions. Her costume is part of the payment which her kin make to her hus- band’s family. The most important part of her dress comprises the two aprons woven of shell money A Wie (bye if. é MELANESIAN MASK MELANESIAN SACRED FLUTE far from land. In the right corner of the hall are shields, clubs, carvings and house- hold utensils from New Cuime. ‘The islands of the Pacific Ocean are of two kinds; first, those which are the rem- nants of a sunken land mass running southeast from Asia formerly connecting Australia and ‘Tasmania with the main- land; and secondly, in the case of the numerous islands to the eastward, those which were formed by volcanic action and coral growth. The inhabitants belong physically to two very distinct races: ie frizzly-haired, nearly black Papuans and the former inhabitants of ‘Tasmania; and the wavy-haired, light-colored Polyne- sians of the islands stretching nearly across the Pacific. South of these islands are others inhabited by the Melanesians. who have straight or wavy hair and dark- er skins. The cultural grouping is generally sim- ilar to that of the physical types. The Polynesians manufacture bark cloth and matting, have no pottery, drink kava, fight “atin clubs, and are skilled naviga- tors. They are governed by chiefs who trace their ancestry back many genera- tions. The Melanesians make some pot- tery, chew the betel nut, do grotesque carving, use bows and arrows for hunting and spears for fighting. They have secret societies and the men live in clubs. Be- tween these two are the Micronesians, possessing some of the cultural traits of both their neighbors but differing con- siderably from each. T heir islands being small, they depend for food chiefly on fish and pandanus and coconut palms. They are socially divided into castes: no- bility, commoners, and slaves. In addition to these cultural groups there are two specialized ones: the Poly- nesian Maori of New Zealand, and the Negroid inhabitants of Australia. The former have a very rich development of practical and aesthetic arts; the latter are CARVED WOODEN HOOKS USED IN DECORATING MEN’S HOUSES IN NEW GUINEA [1 PHILIPPINE TREE HOUSE | 160 | almost without them. Besides, there are the inhabitants of New Guinea, gener- ally Melanesian-like, but varying some- what in race, language, and culture, and as yet not very well known. COLLECTIONS FROM PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 8) This hall is reached by turning to the right in the South Sea Islands Hall. The side aisles are devoted to the Phil- ippine Islands. The farther section of the hall contains exhibits from other parts of Malaysia with an interesting series of marionettes from Java. At the right of the entrance is a case containing life casts of faces, nose and hair from the different races represented in this hall, also charts of stature and head form, with distribution maps. In the center is a model of a Filipino bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. At the far end a native tree house domi- nates the scene, and on the left may be seen the model of a woman weaving a garment on a native loom. The visitor should note that, like the African Negroes, but unlike all other primitive stocks, the Malayan tribes rep- resented in this hall used iron tools. The numerous iron weapons — spears, battle- axes, and krises (daggers with serpentine blades) — are especially remarkable. On the left side of the hall will be found a number of synoptic exhibits of native krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and ceramics. Pottery is not highly developed in this area, but the textile arts flourish to a remarkable degree. The industrial life of the Bagobo of Mindanao is par- ticularly well illustrated in the collections. Much more primitive in their culture than the other Malaysians are the Negri- tos, a dark-skinned and frizzly-haired pyg- my stock forming with similar groups in other parts of the world a distinct divi- sion of the Negro race. They are every- where hunters, using the bow and arrow, and ignorant of agriculture. Their simple implements are shown in a table case in the farther section of the hall. The islands lying close to the coast of Asia have been subjected to several mi- grations and to varying cultural contacts. Judging from the Andaman Islands and the Negrito remnants in the Philippine Islands, the original inhabitants were physically the most primitive of living men, related to the African Bushmen and the extinct Tasmanians. ‘The present pop- ulation is predominantly Malay in origin, members of the great Mongolian race. Their cultural arts include pottery, metal work, and textiles. The metal work is es- pecially fine in the weapon-making of Java and among the Mohammedan in- habitants of the Philippines. Among the textiles are exhibited the batik work of Java, the tie dyeing of the Bagobo in the Philippines, and fine textiles of Luzon. They possess fowls and pigs, cultivate rice, and use the Carabao, or water buf- falo, as a domestic aid in agriculture and transportation. They possess the out- rigger canoes generally in use throughout the Pacific. Their weapons are blow-guns, bows and arrows, spears, and knives. ‘They are devoted to head-hunting, considering it necessary for religious peace and security. The original culture of the first black race has disappeared. That existent at present is basic Malay, on which has been superimposed the influence of India and China, the former affecting thought and philosophy, and the latter furnish- ing, through commerce, cherished objects of art and utility. Next (ame Mohamme- danism, which is the prevailing religion in some of the islands, and about three hundred years ago Christianity and Euro- pean culture were brought by the Dutch and Spaniards. [ 161 | AN EMPEROR’S BIRTHDAY GIFT. An assemblage of elaborate carvings fashioned from purest white jade and fitted together ASIATIC COLLECTIONS (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 6, also Hall 4, and p. 18, Floor III, Hall 6) The famous Drummond Collection o! carved Chinese jade, amber, Japanese ivory, and sword-guards is in the South- west Tower on the fourth floor, opening out of the South Sea Islands Hall. This magnificent collection gathered by the late Doctor I. Wyman Drummond and presented to the Museum in his memory, is installed as a unit, largely according to Doctor Drummond’s original arrange- ment. [ 162 ] It is really a group of collections, each one of the greatest importance and beauty. The jade collection alone is a rich and well balanced series, representa- tive of all periods and covering a cultural range of more than thirty centuries. The left half of the room is devoted to jade arranged by periods, while the right half is given over to amber, ivory, lacquer and bronze sword-guards. The oriental am- ber displayed is the finest of its kind in the world. A unique composite piece of white jade, occupying the center of the room, was a birthday gift to the Emperor Kien Lung from the officials of his court. This assemblage of jade carvings consists of thirteen pieces fashioned from purest white jade and fitted together. Surround- ing the central piece are twelve segments fitted together, each of which is carved with a representation of one of the twelve terrestrial branches corresponding to the signs of the zodiac. A very fine piece of white jade of the Kien Lung period of renaissance in glyp- tic art is in the form of a “Scepter of Good Luck” (Joo-i scepter). On the long han- dle of this piece are carved in high relief the figures of the Eight Immortals, the half-mythical, half-historical personages so often represented in Taoist art. Each of these carries some characteristic object, such as the flute of Han Hsiang-tzu, whose marvelous tone caused flowers to grow and blossom instantly. Other fine examples of jade are also to be seen in the Morgan Gem Collection (Floor IV, Hall 4) and in the Asiatic Eth- nology Hall on the third floor (Index Plan, p- 18, Floor III, Hall 6), where are installed collections from eastern and JADE SCEPTER (Right). From the Drummond Collection JADE CUP (Below). The dragons on this jade cup are of the form which developed in China in the Ming dynasty WANG MU, THE CHINESE QUEEN OF THE FAIRIES. This is a carved ivory figure from the Drummond Collection. Though produced by a Japanese artist, it is founded upon a Chinese myth. It is said that the palace of Wang Mu is in the Juen-lun Mountains, where she guards the Tree of Immortal Peaches that grows be- side the Lake of Gems, whose fruit ripens upon her birthday, every 3000 years. Here gather to the Feast of Peaches all the immortals to renew their immortality by eating the celestial fruit K’'WAN YIN, GODDESS OF THE FISH. A carved ivory Japanese figure of great beauty from the Drummond Collection. This ivory statuette is characteristically Japanese both in conception and rendering. It immortalizes in ivory the story of the princely fisherman who set up a shrine to this goddess after he had repeatedly found her image in his net instead of the fish he sought mnt . ae * " - a al a a i oe "et a CHINESE BRONZES. A set of three bronze ornaments inlaid with silver from the Sung Dynasty. g60-1279 A. D To the right is a bronze libation cup, probably used in religious ceremonies, from the Shang Dynasty, 1766-1122 B. C. northern Asia. Specimens illustrating the culture, industries, religion and manufac- ture of China are on the left. Others, showing the mode of life, the costumes, and the war implements of Siberia, are on the right. The fur-work, costumes, and rugs of the people of eastern Siberia reveal re- markable skill in workmanship. Two models show respectively summer and winter scenes in Siberia. In the rear are collections from Japan, the Ainu and the Amur River tribes noted for decorated fabrics and picturesque costumes. The collections on the left side of the hall deal mainly with the everyday life of the modern Chinese and have a special value, as they were made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place. These abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used. For example, the series of weapons and material showing the tests to which a soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete iy the introduction of modern w eapons and tac- tics. Bamboo, porcelain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonné enamel, agricultural im- THE EIGHT IMMORTALS. A group of figurines in Formosa coral depicting eight legendary beings who became immortal. From the Morgan Hall of Gems and Minerals on the fourth floor of the Museum (Above) CHINESE BRONZE BOWL. This large bronze bowl has the original scroll design characteristic of the Chou dynasty. Attributed to the Han Period (Below) A PAIR OF CHINESE BRONZE HORSES. They may have represented the horses of a chariot which has been lost. Ts In dynasty SIX EXAMPLES OF CHINESE CLOISONNE ENAMEL FROM THE CHINESE COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM [ 167 ] THREE BRONZE STATU- TSONG-KHA-PA. The great YAK-HEADED RAKSAT, ETTES FROM THE TIBE- fifteenth century Reformer One of the animal-headed TAN COLLECTION. (Above) of Lamaism goddesses who appear in the NARO KHE-CHO-MA. A feminine divinity, invoked to confer superhuman power plements, carvings in wood, ivory and stone, and examples of embroidery, are shown to advantage. A special collection of great value is comprised in the ancient bronzes shown in the wall cases near the entrance. In the tower is the Whitney Collection from Tibet, illustrative of the costumes and religious rites of that little-known region. An exhibit illustrates the production of cloisonné by the Chinese. A series of eight vases is displayed showing various stages of the process. The foundation of all enamel objects is red copper of the shape and size de- sired. ‘The decorations are first sketched on paper by special artists. These pat- terns are traced with a stylus on the cop- per. Vase No. 1 shows the simple copper foundation. No. 2 is a vase to which has been glued a network of thin copper wire following the tracings of the pattern. ‘The whole is then powdered with a composite of silver filings, copper and borax (No. 9). The vase is now enclosed in an iron vise placed in an iron wire cage filled with burning charcoal which produces a per- Bardo, or After-Death State fect soldering (No. 4). Then an acid solu- tion of apricots is brushed over it, and it is ready to receive the enamel. The enamel paste is troweled into the cell- like compartments (‘‘cloisons”) formed by the copper wire (No. 5). After cooling, the vase is again exposed to the fire to properly harden the pig- ments. Nos. 6, 7, and 8 show the vases after successive firings. Very fine pieces of work may be fired eight times. Next the vases are polished with a steel file—then with sandstone and lime tree charcoal while the vase revolves on a lathe. Finally it is gilded. The Koryak of Siberia. The Koryak live in northeastern Siberia, south of the Chukchee, between the Anadyr River and the central part of Kamchatka. Their number is about 7500. In language they are related to the Chukchee and Kamcha- dal, with whom they also share their arts and practices. Like the Chukchee, the Koryak are divided into a Reindeer and a Maritime Branch but differ from their neighbors in the almost exactly equal size of these divisions. ‘The Reindeer [ 168 ] Koryak subsist mainly on the flesh ot their herds. The Maritime group depend largely on fishing, while the hunting of sea mammals is also important but rela- tively less so than among the Maritime Chukchee. The Reindeer people live in movable tents. The stationary, partly underground house of the Maritime divi- sion is illustrated by a model in this hall. Both divisions of the Koryak wear cloth- ing made of reindeer skins. Before contact with other peoples the Koryak had no metal and made all their implements by chipping stone. At pres- ent, several settlements are renowned for their iron technique, which may ante- date the coming of the Russians, since the Tungus and Yakut were both familiar with the blacksmith’s art. The dressing of skins and the weaving of baskets by the coiled and twined methods are im- portant industries. Remains brought to life by excavations of old dwellings show that the ancient Koryak knew how to manufacture pottery. In art the Koryak have attained a high degree of perfection as carvers in wood, antler, and ivory, as well as in the tasteful ornamentation of clothing and fur rugs. (Right) KORYAK MAN IN ARMOR. Life size figure, clothed in original Koryak armor. From the Jesup North Pacific Collection (Below) IVORY CARVING OF A BOY AND REINDEER FROM EASTERN SIBERIA RED CAM- WOOD BOXES FROM MANG- BETULAND. These boxes have hollow sections of ivory engraved with hunting episodes like those shown above and below the picture. The tops represent the hairdress of a man and two women AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 8) The order in this hall is roughly geographical. ‘Thus, as one proceeds through the hall he meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north in Africa, while the west coast is represented along the left-hand wall, the east coast along the right-hand wall, the central Congo tribes at the far end. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hottentots, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and have become mixed with them. Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. ‘The proc- ess used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group on the left, and the finished products, such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro cul- turally from the American Indian, the Oceanian, and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the WOODEN MASK FROM WESTERN AFRICA AFRICAN TOM-TOM DRUMMER. Exhibited in the Akeley Memorial Hall of African Mam- mals. Sculptured by Malvina Hoffman CARVED IVORY ARTICLES FROM THE CONGO. Ivory carvings are among the most cherished _posses- sions of African chiefs as the em- blems of rank and power women doing the actual tilling, while the shown in the large central rectangle de- men are hunters and, among pastoral voted to Congo ethnology. The most tribes, herders. Clothing is either of skin, beautiful of the last-mentioned products bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. are the “pile cloths” of the Bakuba, Che manufacture of a skin cloak is illus- woven by the men and supplied with trated by one of the figures in the group decorative patterns by the women. Very to the left of the entrance. Bark cloths fine wooden goblets and other carvings, from Uganda are shown in the farther especially a series of ivories from the right-hand section of the hall, while Congo, bear witness to the high artistic looms and the completed garments are — sense of the African natives, w ho also ex- [172] IVORY HANDLED IRON WEAPONS OF THE MANG- BETU. The great sickle-shaped knives were worn over the shoulder by the king and other prominent men when they were sitting in council, partly as proof of the wearer’s readi- ness to strike. At other times the knives were pushed under the belt cel other primitive races in their love for music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the farther section of the hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renais- sance period. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetishes and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine-men. HALL OF BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLIED BIOLOGY (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 12a) Foods Needs and Food Economics: The north central part of this hall is de- voted to the Food Exhibit, which shows in graphic form the needs of the human body. One case shows the chemical com- position of the human body as repre- sented by a man weighing 154 pounds. Special emphasis is laid on the need for mineral salts and for the indispensable elements called vitamins. Models illus- trate the commoner foods which supply the daily needs of energy and vitamins. The composition of certain familiar foods as regards protein, carbohydrates, fat, mineral salts, water and refuse is graphically represented. A special series of models shows the size of 100 calorie portions of the more important food- stuffs, and another exhibit stresses the necessity of eating the right quality of foods as well as the proper quantity. A combination of charts and a model repre- sents sources of the world’s food supply. The remainder of this hall is devoted to exhibits dealing with Water Supply, Sewage Disposal, Insects, Rats and Para- sites, and their Relation to Health. Water Supply: The north end of the hall has models, maps, and charts which illustrate various phases of the problem of water supply. Relief maps of the re- gion about Clinton, Massachusetts, be- fore and after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water sup- ply of Boston, show how surface water supplies are collected by impounding streams. Several cases contain models _illus- trating the purification of water by stor- age, filtration, and disinfection. A wall case located in the alcove of the north stairs has glass models of the principal microorganisms, Algae and Pro- tozoa, which grow in reservoirs and im- part tastes and odors to waters. Sewage Disposal: A model depicts the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes of the city and how they may be avoided, showing where polluted harbor waters and shellfish beds con- stitute a menace to health. Modern methods for treatment of sewage on scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedi- mentation tanks, and filter beds of vari- ous types. Insects, Rats and _ Parasites, and Disease. Charts, models, and maps form this exhibit. In the north central hall are two illuminated cases; one contains photomicrographs of disease-producing parasites, the other glass models of prin- cipal types of bacteria associated with disease. Typhus and Other Diseases: In the alcove of the south stairs an exhibit is devoted to insect carriers of disease germs in tropical and semi-tropical coun- tries. Specimens of Glossina are shown, which transmit sleeping sickness and the nagana disease in Africa; as well as the ticks, which spread Texas fever of cattle; relapsing fever; African tick fever; and Rocky Mountain spotted fever of man. A series of small-scale models in the south end of the hall demonstrate meth- ods and results of tropical sanitation for yellow fever prevention, A hospital at Panama is shown as it was during the former regime, with mosquito-breeding pools all about, contrasted with a mod- ern hospital with no stagnant water and with wards screened and ventilated. Flies and Disease: Models, specimens and charts deal with the life history of the fly, and other exhibits show how fly- breeding may be prevented. Bubonic Plague: The relation of the flea and rat to the terrible bubonic plague is illustrated in considerable detail. In several cases are specimens of the princi- pal animals which harbor the plague- germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man, such as the rat and California ground squirrel, and preventive measures are demon- strated. Military Hygiene: The problem of mili- tary hygiene, so successfully solved dur- ing World War I, is graphicaly shown. Diagrams illustrate the relative deadli- ness of disease germs and bullets in earlier wars, reinforced by a representa- tion of the relative importance of injuries received in action and effects of typhoid fever during the Spanish War. [174] AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Founded in 1869 Board of Trustees FREDERICK [TRUBEE DAVISON, President A. PERRY OsgBorn, First Vice-President CLEVELAND E. Donce, Second Vice-President E. ROLAND HARRIMAN, [Treasurer CLARENCE L. Hay, Secretary MALCOLM P. ALpRICH* ~~ LINCOLN ELLSWORTH FREDERICK H. OsBoRN* James ROWLAND ANGELL CHILDs FRICK DANIEL E. POMEROY ANDREY AVINOFF CHAUNCEY J. HAMLIN WILLIAM PROCTOR HARRY PAINE BINGHAM ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON A. HAMILTON RICE ROBERT Woops BLIss MICHAEL LERNER BEVERLY R. ROBINSON DoucLas BURDEN RoBERT EARLL MCCONNELL JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD* H. B. CLARK FRANK R. McCoy DEAN SAGE, JR. S. SLOAN COLT RIcHARD K. MELLON* LEONARD C. SANFORD SuyDAM CUTTING* Junius S. MorGAN* ARTHUR S. VERNAY FREDERICK M. WARBURG* CorRNELIUS V. WHITNEY* FriorELLo H. La Guarpia, Mayor of the City of New York JoserH D. McGorprick, Comptroller of the City of New York Rosert Moses, Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York ELisworTu B. Buck, President, Board of Education of the City of New York Administrative and Scientific Staffs, March, 1943 Officers of Administration ALBERT E. PARR, Director Wayne M. FAuNCE, Vice-Director and Executive Secretary WALTER F. MEISTER ApDIE H. SUMMERSON Witson L. Topp Assistant Treasurer Assistant Executive Secretary Power Plant Engineer EpwIn C. MEYENBERG REx P. JOHNSON Louis W. KINZER* Bursar General Superintendent Custodian RoseErT J. SEIBERT VicTOR WILLIAM RONFELDT —_ CHARLES J. O'CONNOR Assistant Bursar Mechanical Superintendent Membership Secretary HAns CHRISTIAN ADAMSON* _ Assistant to the President Scientific Staff ALBERT E. Parr, Cand. Mag., Director WayYNE M. FAuNCE, Sc.B., Vice-Director and Executive Secretary Harovp E. ANTHONY, D.Sc., Dean of the Council of the Scientific Staff FRANK A. Bracu, Ph.D., Secretary of the Council of the Scientific Staff Anthropology H. L. SHapiro, Ph.D., Chairman and Curator of Physical Anthropology MARGARET MEAD, Ph.D., D.Sc., Associate Curator BELLA WEITZNER, Associate Curator Junius B. Birp, Assistant Curator Gorpon F. EkHoto, Ph.D., Assistant Curator GrorcE C, VAILLANT, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Mexican Archaeology CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate WILLIAM W. Howe ts, Ph.D., Research Associate Mito HELitMaAN, D.D.S., D.Sc., Research Associate FREDERICK H. Osgporn,* Research Associate ROBERT VON HEINE-GELDERN, Ph.D., Research Associate WENDELL C. BENNETT, Ph.D., Research Associate RALPH LINTON, Ph.D., Research Associate ANTOINETTE K. Gorpon, Associate *On leave of absence in war service. Mammals Harotp E. ANTHONY, D.Se., Chairman and Curator of Recent Mammals Curbs Frick, D.Sc., Honorary Curator of Late Tertiary and Quaternary Mammals GrorcEe GAYLORD SImpson,* Ph.D., Curator of Fossil Mammals GEorGE G. GoopwIn, Associate Curator G. H. H. Tate,* D.Sc., Associate Curator T. DonaLp CarTER, Assistant Curator Joun Eric Hit, Ph.D., Assistant Curator RACHEL HusBAND NIcHoLs, A.M., Scientific Assistant Horace ELMER Woon, 2ND,* Ph.D., Research Associate in Fossil Mammals RICHARD ARCHBOLD, Research Associate ARTHUR S. VERNAY, Field Associate Birds RogBert CuSHMAN Murpny, Sc.D., Chairman Joun T. Zimmer, M.A., Curator James P. Cuapin, Ph.D., Associate Curator Ernst Mayr, Ph.D., Associate Curator of the Whitney-Rothschild Collections CHARLES E. O’BrIEN, Assistant Curator FE. THomas GILLIARD,* Assistant Curator DEAN Amapon, B.S., Assistant Curator | Este M. B. NAumMBuRG, Research Associate Cuartces K. NicHoLs, Research Associate Amphibians and Reptiles Epwin H. Corsert, Ph.D., Chairman and Curator of Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles Cuartes M. Bocert, M.A., Curator of Recent Amphibians and Reptiles James A. OLIVER,* Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Recent Amphibians and Reptiles RaAcHEL Husspanp Nicuots, A.M., Scientific Assistant Harvey BAssLer,* Ph.D., Research Associate, Recent Amphibians and Reptiles Joun A. Moore, Ph.D., Research Associate, Recent Amphibians and Reptiles Ericu M. SCHLAIKJER,* Ph.D., Research Associate, Fossil Reptiles Fishes Wituam K. Grecory, Ph.D., D.Sc., Chairman and Curator of Fossil Fishes Joun T. Nicuors, A.B., Curator of Recent Fishes | FRANCESCA R. LaMontr, B.A., Associate Curator | Louis Hussakor. Ph.D., Research Associate | Wittt1aM Beree, Sc.D., Research Associate CHARLES H. TownseEnpD, Sc.D., Research Associate C. M. BrepeR, JR., Sc.D., Research Associate E. Grace Wuite, Ph.D., Research Associate CHRISTOPHER W. Coates, Research Associate MIcHAEL LERNER, Field Associate Van CAMPEN HEILNER, M.S., Field Representative Insects and Spiders | Frank E. Lutz, Ph. D., Chairman and Curator C. H. Curran, D.Sc., Associate Curator W. J. Gertscu, Ph.D., Associate Curator Mont A. Cazier,* Ph.D., Assistant Curator CHARLES D. MICHENER,* Ph.D., Assistant Curator ANNETTE L. Bacon, B.A., Scientific Assistant HERBERT F. SCHWARZ, M.A., Research Associate Ernest L. Bett, Research Associate | Cyrit F. pos Passos, LL.B., Research Associate T. D. A. CockereELt, Sc.D., Research Associate | ALFRED E. EMERSON, Ph.D., Research Associate Invertebrates | H. E. Vokes, Ph.D., Acting Chairman and Associate Curator of Fossil Invertebrates *On leave of absence in war service. [ 176 ] Joun C. ARMsTRONG,* A.B., Assistant Curator GerorceE H. Cuitps, Ph.D., Assistant Curator FRANK J. Myers, Research Associate Horace W. STUNKARD, Ph.D., Research Associate A. L. TREADWELL, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research Associate Orro H. Hass, Ph.D., LL.D., Research Associate in Fossil Invertebrates ROosweELt MILLER, JR., C.E., Field Associate WYLLys RosseETER BETTS, JR., Field Associate G om parative Anatomy WitiiaM K. Grecory, Ph.D., D.Sc., Chairman and Curator Henry C. RAVEN, Associate Curator GEORGE PINKLEY, Ph.D., Associate Curator J. Howarp McGrecor, Ph.D., Research Associate Duprey J. Morton, M.D., Research Associate ; Animal Behavior FRANK A. BeaAcu, Ph.D., Chairman and Curator T. C. SCHNEIRLA, Sc.D., Associate Curator LeEsTER R. Aronson, M.A., Assistant Curator ALBERT P. BLair,* Ph.D., Assistant Curator A. Marir Horz, M.A., Scientific Assistant WILLIAM ETKIN, Ph.D., Research Associate Lipspie H. Hyman, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research Associate C. M. Breper, JR., Sc.D., Research Associate Douc as Burpen, M.A., Honorary Associate BARBARA Boccs, Honorary Associate Forestry and Conservation CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Honorary Curator CHARLES RUSSELL, Ph.D., Executive Curator ROBERT C. MArsTON,* Scientific Assistant Advisory Board: Haro tp E. AntrHony, D.Sc. ROBERT CUSHMAN Murpny, Sc.D. WILLARD G. VAN NAME, Ph.D. Micro palaeontology Brooks F. Extxis, Ph.D., Curator ANGELINA Messina, M.A., Associate Curator Geology and Mineralogy FREDERICK H. PouGu, Ph.D., Chairman and Curator Astronomy and the Hayden Planetarium WiuiaAM H. Barton, JR., M.S., Chairman and Curator Marian Lockwoop, Associate Curator RoperT R. Cores,* Assistant Curator Frep RaAIseER, Scientific Assistant CHARLES O. Roru, JR., Lecturer Joun R. SAUNDERs, B.A. SHIRLEY I. GALE Central Asiatic Research and Publication Roy CHAPMAN ANpDREWws, Sc.D., Honorary Curator Cuar-es P. Berkey, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research Associate in Geology FREDERICK K. Morris, Ph.D., Research Associate in Geology Lesiik E. Spock, Ph.D., Research Associate in Geology Education CHARLES RUSSELL, Ph.D., Chairman GRACE FISHER RAMSEY, Ph.D., Curator of School Relations JOHN R. Saunpers, B.A., Associate Curator WILLIAM H. Carr, Associate Curator; Director of the Bear Mountain Trailside Museums *On leave of absence in war service. Joun C. OrtH,* Assistant Curator \MARGUERITE NEWGARDEN, M.A., Senior Instructor Faripa A. WILEY, Senior Instructor WILLIAM A. Burns,* M.A., Instructor Etra FALKNER, M.A., Instructor ALMEDA JOHNSON, Instructor Lucy W. CLAusEN, B.S., Instructor IRENE F. Cypuer, Ph.D., Registrar JEAN WIEDEMER, Supervisor of Press Relations WinFIELD G. Doy.Le,* M.A., Supervisor of Radio Hazev L. MuLter, B.A., Supervisor of Library and Editorial Service GEORGINE MASTIN GUELPA, Supervisor of Information KATHARINE BENEKER, Supervisor of ‘Temporary Exhibits Natural History Magazine EpwWARD MorraT WEYER, JR., Ph.D., Editor FREDERICK L. HAHN, Production Manager CHARLES J. O’CoNNor, Manager of Circulation and Advertising The Junior Natural History Magazine Dorotnuy Lrr Epwarps, Editor CuHar-es J. O’Connor, Manager of Circulation and Advertising Library Haze Gay, Librarian HELEN M. Gunz, Assistant Librarian Preparation and Installation James L. Ciark,* D.Sc., Director ALBERT E. BuTier, Associate Chief JAMes Perry WIxson, B.A., B.Ar., Staff Associate Plan and Scope Committee Director ALBERT E. Parr, Chairman WAYNE M. FAUNCE WILLIAM H. LATHAM Harovtp FE. ANTHONY A. PERRY OSBORN DouGLAS BURDEN CHARLES RUSSELL Harry L. SHAPIRO FRANK A. BEACH Budget Committee Vice-Director WAYNE M. FAuNcE, Chairman A. PERRY OSBORN E. ROLAND HARRIMAN WitiiAM H. LATHAM ALBERT E. PARR Harotp FE. ANTHONY Officers Emeriti Roy CHAPMAN ANprEws, Sc.D., Honorary Director BARNUM Brown, Sc.D., Curator Emeritus of Fossil Reptiles, Department of Amphibians and Reptiles FRANK M. CHApMAN, Sc.D., Curator Emeritus, Department of Birds S. H. Cnuss, Research Associate, Department of Comparative Anatomy Ciybe FisHer, Ph.D., LL.D., Honorary Curator, Department of Astronomy and the Hayden Planetarium E. W. Gupncer, Ph.D., Honorary Associate, Department of Fishes Roy WaLpo Miner, Ph.D., Sc.D., Curator Emeritus, Department of Invertebrates CHARLES C. Mook, Ph.D., Research Associate, Fossil Reptiles, Department of Amphibians and Reptiles Nets C. Netson, M.L., Curator Emeritus of Prehistoric Archaeology WiLLiAM L. Smitu, M.D., Senior Instructor Emeritus, Department of Education WILLARD G. VAN NAmg, Ph.D., Associate Curator Emeritus, Department of Invertebrates Hersert P. Wuitiock, Curator Emeritus; Research Associate in Jade, Department of Geology and Mineralogy CLARK Wisster, Ph.D., LL.D., Curator Emeritus, Department of Anthropology *On leave of absence in war service. - ~ ‘ ’ i ‘ j So — a ‘. = oe = Ce ——— we on a -_— 4 Sn —— ——— = —— ae -- -- NS ——EeEeEeEeeEEOeE—EE —_ ¥ ie peek i ‘.- = ref ” 5 Ply a _ i