. Mae eG cima i _ : x a) d i =; aN Oe tye Pore lh OTN STU ae TN Ge eat ED A GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. Acap. Cas, Nat. Curtos. Rec. Horm. et Soc. Nar. Scrur. BEROLIN. VOL. VII. WINCHESTER : PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR:—SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, W. WOOD, 428, STRAND; AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET. 1823. Shes wwhobeophec nada malt oir Mees Umea ise EO CE, He ORDER III. GENUS XLIX.—WARBLER. 1 Nightingale Warbler A White Nightingale 2 Greater N. 3 Silky 4 Pettichaps 5 Barred 6 Lesser 7 Black-cap A Varied ditto B Columbaude 8 Dalmatian 9 Reed Wren 10 Bog-rush W. 11 Marsh 12 Cetti’s 13 Hedge 14 Redstart A Var. B Var. 15 Tithys 16 Grey Redstart 17 Redtail 18 Black Redtail A Var. B Var, € Var. 19 Chestnut-bellied A Var. 20 Blue-throated VOL. VII. (CONTINUED.) 21 Blue-necked A Var, 22 Caffrarian A War. 23 Russian 24 Grasshopper 25 Danubian 26 Sedge 27 Dartford A Var. 28 Carteian 29 Sardinian 30 Marmora 31 Rufous 32 Natterer’s 33 Redbreast A Var. 34 Rufous-throated 35 Whiskered 36 Double-streaked 37 White-tailed Redbreast A Var. 38 White-throat 39. Stoparola 40 Lesser White-throat 41 Gooda 42 Virescent 43 Green-backed 44 Whin-Chat B 45 46 47 48 49 50 5) 52 —_ 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 PASSERINE. Wheat-Ear A Grey ditto B Cinereous ditto C Dwina Russet Wheat-ear Black-eared ditto Rufous ditto Cape ditto Pileated Cream-coloured Stone-chat A Var. B Var. Sibyl A Var. Provence Spotted Ash-crowned Wren Gold-crested Wren Fire-crested ditto Flowery Leucomele Black and white Wood Wren Swamp Wren Yellow Wren A Scotch Wren Tailor 67 Olive-backed 68 Tawny-rumped 69 Aquatic 70 Babbling 71 White-breasted 72 Epicurean 73 Fig-eater 74 Passerine ~t or 5 Subalpine Gibraltar Fantail Mediterranean =m) Dp aus 4 aN} Ko) Siberian 80 Yellow-browed 81 Gilt-throat 82 Moor A Var. 83 Blue-tailed 84 Dauurian 85 Sultry 86 Senegal 87 Citron-bellied 88 Rufous-sided 89 Undated 90 Dusky 91 Flaxen A Var. 92 All-black 93 Commander 94 Madagascar 95 Choirister 96 Piping 97 Strutting 98 Prattling 99 Isabella 300 Familiar 101 Luzonian A Mar. 102 Dark 103 Namaqua 104 Flame-coloured 105 Thoracic 106 Rufous-bellied 107 108 109 110 111 112 13 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 | 121 | 92 123 124 125 | 126 127 128 129 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 134 | 135 136 137 , 138 | 139 140 141 | 142 WARELER. Rufous-crowned Melodious Black-crowned Black-hooded Cape A Var. Shrubby Buff-rumped Tractrac White-eyed A Var. Spectacle Ciliary Sooty A Var. Coromandel Philippine Wave-tailed Rufous-tailed Sharp-tailed Great-tailed Citron Red-rumped Azure Superb A Var. B Var. Slender-tailed Manilla Harrison’s Long-tailed A Var. B Var. Rusty-shouldered Gauze-tailed African Soft-tailed Orange-rumped Mountaineer Batavian Fenny Foodkey Red-vented 143 White-crowned 144 Pink 145 Olive 146 Green Indian A Quadricolor 147 Cingalese 148 Black-necked 149 Cambrian | 150 Guzurat 151 Plumbeous | 152 Asiatic A Var. 153 Etherial | 154 China 155 Bourbon 156 Maurice A Var. | 157 Livid | 158 Black-backed 159 Susan | 160 Persian 161 Dwarf A Var: B Var. 162 Black-headed 163 Bonnet 164 Buff-headed 165 Exile 166 Yellow-vented 167 Streaked 168 Terrene 169 Gold-bellied 170 Ruddy 171 New-Holland 172 Chaste 173 White-tailed 174 Crimson-breasted A Var. 175 Rusty-side 176 Wreathed 177 Botany-Bay 178 Rufous-vented 179 Citrine 180 Long-legged 181 Long-shanked 182 Equinoctial 183 Indigo 184 Rusty-headed 185 Buff-faced 186 Black-jawed 187 White-collared A Var. 18S Long-billed 189 Awatcha 190 Patagonian A Var. 191 Thorn-tailed 192 Magellanic 193 Shore 194 Caspian 195 Red-headed 196 Yellow-poll 197 Carolina 198 Prairie 199 New-York 200 Spotted yellow A Var. 201 Umbrose 202 Golden-crowned A Var. 203 Y ellow-rumped A Var. 204 Belted 205 Grasset 206 Yellow-throated 207 Orange-throated 208 Cape May 209 Yellow-breasted A Var. 210 Yellow-bellied 211 Black-throated 212 Blue-grey 213 Bloody-side 214 Red-throated WARBLER. 215 Quebec 216 Jamaica 217 Worm-eater | 218 Tennese 219 Mourning 220 Hooded A Louisiane 221 Cowled 292, Blackburnian 223 White-poll 224 Cerulean Spotted-tailed Gold-winged Yellow-vented Streaked-crowned Grisly 230 St. Domingo 931 Pine 232 Green 233 Hang-nest 234 White-chinned 235 Palm 236 Banana 237 Cayenne A Blue Manakin B Var. C Var. 238 Blue-headed 239 Paraguan 240 Blue-striped 241 Green and white 242 Brown-throated 243 Yellow-backed 244 Grey-poll 245 Black~poll 246 Orange-headed 247 Orange-bellied 248 Prothonotary 249 Crested 250 Half-collared 251 Olive-brown B 2 ho te bb bo wo bw bw bw ant a un i) i) Rs) 252 Grey-throated 953 Murine 254 Blue 955 Blue Indian | 956 Guira 257 Ferruginous 258 Pensile 259 Spectacle 260 Guiana Red-tail 261 Rufous-tail 262 Ruddy-tail 263 Rush 264 Simple 265 Equatorial A Var. 266 Greenish 967 Louisiane Wren A Var. 268 Plata A Var. 269 Barred-tail 270 Great Wren 271 Brown 272, Savannah 273 Gold-naped 274 Ruby-crowned 275 Regal 276 Grey | 277 Yellow-fronted 278 Rufous and white 279 Rufous-necked 280 Yellow-shouldered 281 Nashville 282 Kentucky 283 Connecticut 284 Autumnal 285 Bay-breasted 286 Black and yellow 287 Blue-green 288 Pine-Swamp 289 Mountain 4 WARBLER. 290 Hemlock 293 Javan 296 Gular 291 Bearded 294 Chret 297 Olivaceous 292 Tawny-bellied 295 Grey-headed 298 Bush BIRDS of this Genus have a slender and weak bill.* Nostrils small, a little depressed. Tongue, in general, cloven. The exterior toe joined, at the under part, to the base of the middle one. This Genus, and that of the Wagtail, are blended by Linnzus; but are here separated, from their differing in manners. Warblers perch on trees for the most part, and proceed by leaps, rarely running,t and seldom emit any noise in flight: they are most numerous of any, and the greater part inhabit the warmer regions, where insects of all kinds abound, on which they principally feed. Some birds, included under the head of Warblers, seem allied to the Flycatchers, and perhaps, when more fully known, may prove to be such. Ve have made every effort, in respect to the above numerous list, to discriminate the several Species as such; but it must not be won- dered at, if many, supposed to be distinct, may hereafter prove to be merely Varieties, or incomplete in plumage; or that several, from our present incomplete knowledge of them, may have been described twice, under different appellations. 1.—NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. Sylvia Luscinia, Ind. Orn. ii. 506. Scop.i. No, 227. Motacilla Luscinia, Lin.i. p.328. Faun. suwec. No. 244. Gm. Lini. 950. Brun. No. 270. Muller, No. 265. Kramer, 376.10. Frisch, t.21. Faun. arag. p. 87.* Sepp. Vog. t. p. 123. Rati, 78. A.2. Will. 161.t.41. Bris. in. 397. Id. 8vo.i. 420. Borowsk. iii. 185. Klein, 73. 1. Id. Stem. 13. t. 16. 1. a. b. Id. Ov. 24. t. 10.5. Gerin. iv. t. 400.2. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 105. Id. Ed. ii. p. 195. * In many, there is a slight notch near the tip of the under mandible. + The Wheatear, and some few others, are an exception to this. WARBLER. 5 Le Rossignol, Buf. v. 81. pl.6.1. Pl. enl. 615. 2. Hist. Prov.i, 498. Voy. en Barb. i. 273. Rusignuolo, Zinnan. Uov. 54. t. 8. f. 42. Olin. Uc. t. p. 1. L’Usignuolo, Cet. uc. Sard. 214. Nachtigall, . Gunth. Nest. 65. Wirs. Vog. t.55. Naturf. xvi. 98. Schmid, Vog. p. 87. t. 72. Nightingale, Gen. Syn. iv. 408. Jd. Sup. 180. Jd. Sup. ii. 233. Br. Zool. No. 154. Id. fol. 100. t.S.1. £2. Id. Ed. 1812. p. 494. Arct. Zool. ii. 416. A. Collins, Birds, pl. 10. f. 5.6. Albin, ii. pl. 53. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 67. Russ. Alep. p. 7. Kempf. Jap. 130. Will. Engl. 220 pl. 41. Gent. Mag. 22. pl. p. 265. Bewick, i. pl. p. 199. Shaw’s Zool. x. 576. pl. 51. Lewin, in. t. 99. Walcot, ii. pl. 229. Pult. Dors.p.8. Donov. v. pl. 108. Wood’s Zoogr.i. p. 486. Orn. Dict. § Supp. THE Nightingale is rather superior in size to most of the British Warblers; the length nearly seven inches, extent of wing nine; weight three quarters of an ounce. Bill brown ; irides hazel; head and upper parts pale tawny, with an olive hue, beneath pale ash- colour; towards the vent nearly white; quills brown, margined with reddish brown ; tail deep tawny ; legs cinereous brown. The female rather smaller, otherwise like the male. This bird is very common in England, but does not extend to the more northern counties, and rarely far to the western. It generally arrives in the middle of April, or at farthest the begining of May.* Yorkshire is the most northern part it is seen in; and to the west very rarely in Devonshire and Cornwall.+ The males come first, and in a week or ten days after the females. They depart before the end of August. This separation of the sexes, has been before noticed, in respect to the Chaffinch ; but we are assured, that in all birds of the Warbler Genus, which migrate, the males arrive first, and if the weather afterwards prove cold, with the wind at east or * I once heard it in Kent on the 7th of April, and the late Mr. Lewin the 17th March, both in 1791; from April 1, to May 1, according to the Naturalist’s Calendar, p. 19. + In the summer of 1808, it has frequently been heard in the gardens of the Earl of Lonsdale, Fisher-street, Carlisle ; two of them met with on the banks of the Forth, Stirling- shire, Scotland, in the year 1818, 6 WARBLER. north, all communication is cut off between the sexes, till the wind changes, frequently for a fortnight or more, but if the weather is warm with a south or west wind, the females follow in a few days ; and this arrival of the latter may be known, by the singing of the males ; if they are very vociferous, their mates may be immediately expected ; if on the contrary, none will appear, for both are actuated by the same cause; this, therefore, seems to account for the males only being caught at their first coming, rather than there being a greater number of that sex. The nest is made about the end of May, in alow bush, or a quickset hedge, well covered with foliage, for the sake of conceal- ment: it is composed of dry leaves, mixed with grass and fibres, and lined with hair, down, or dry grass; sometimes the nest is made upon a little rismg ground; the eggs four or five, greenish brown, weigh- ing about 47 grains each. The male bird, as well as others of the migratory Warblers, remains on the spot to which it first resorts, attracting the female by its song; and if by accident the female is killed, the male, which had become silent, resumes his song, and will continue to sing late in the summer, or till he finds another mate ; in which case, these will breed at a later season ; which accounts for the appearance of this bird having two or more broods ina year.* It may be observed, that the Nightingales rarely make the nest near each other, but when from necessity it is the case, the males are perpetually engaged in combat; shewing that harmony of voice, and that of disposition, are not always found in the same subject. This admired Species is a summer inhabitant of France, Italy, Germany, and Sweden,t and as far North as Siberia, also at Kamts- chatka; is well known in Greece, and the Isles of Archipelago. * Hist. des. Ois. + Linnezus mentions six or seven places; but we believe it is rarely found, except in the neighbourhood of Swart Sjo Palace, 60 miles from Stockholm, belonging to the Swedish Crown, by tradition said to have been first noticed there; two or three are often heard there at midnight, when many people attend to be witnesses of the circumstance.—Mr, Skoge. WARBLER. af Hassel quist** speaks of it as being in Palestine; and Fryer,+ about Chulminor, in Persia; said also to be found in China and Japan, at which last place they are much esteemed, and sell dear :{ likewise at Aleppo, || being there in great abundance; kept tame in honses, and let out ata small rate, to such as choose it in the city, so that no entertainment is made in the spring without a concert of these birds. Common at the bird shops at Moscow, singing in cages, as finely as in their native woods, the price of one fifteen rubles; the same at Venice, where innumerable cages of them are exposed for sale. In respect to Africa, Sonnini§ speaks of their inhabitmg Lower Egypt, and as they are very common in the summer at Gibraltar, they may be supposed to occupy some space at least of Barbary, on the opposite shore. None but the vilest epicure would think of eating these charming songsters; yet we are told, that their flesh is equal to that of the Ortolan, and that they are fattened in Gascony for the table. We read also of Heliogabalus eating the tongues of Nightingales ; and the famous dish of the Tragedian, Clodius Hsopus, composed of those of every singing, or talking bird.4] It does not appear that this has been ever found in America, though many of their birds bear the name.*** Whoever wishes to learn more on this subject, may consult the Hist. des Ois. and Brit. Zool. in both of which much more is said than we can here find room for. * Common on the shores of the Nile. + “ The Nightingale, the sweet harbinger of the light, is a constant cheerer of these ** groves ; charming, with its warbling strains, the heaviest soul into pleasing ecstacy.”— Trav. p. 248. + Sell there for twenty cobangs a piece—Kempf. Jap.i. 130. || Russ. Alep. p. 7. § At least in the most eastern part of that quarter of the globe, and the Isles of the Archipelago, at the period of emigration.— Trav. ii. 51. 52. { Said to have cost about £6843 10s. of our money.—Plin. 1.x. ch.51. Br. Zool. ii. 656. Note. ** Virginian Nightingale, American Nightingale, Spanish Nightingale, all birds of a different Species, and even Genus. 8 WARBLER. The keeping this bird in confinement in a cage requires much attention, for if an old one be caught at its first coming, it begins to sing in about six or eight days, and after the usual time, the song goes off; and again at the end of December, and so in every year: but if brought up from the nest, it sings the whole year round, except during the time of moulting, and often better than the wild Nightingale. How long the life of the Nightingale may be, does not seem well ascertained : a friend of mine* informs me, that a person whom he was acquainted with in London, kept one for six years and seven monihs, and its death was then supposed to have occurred from want of proper care; and further, that he has kept one himself for three years and a half, and that it used to sig all the winter, but the chances against preserving the bird for even the last named period are so few, as to dishearten most people from the attempt, and may lead one to think with Thomson, that the Nightingale is— ‘¢ too delicately fram’d «¢ To brook the harsh confinement of the cage.’ He adds, that when the Nightingale sings fluently, he is a most charming bird, but not always disposed to do so at the will of its master; in which case a small child’s rattle, put into motion, has been known to provoke it to obedience. We have been informed, that Nightingales may be seen hanging out of almost every other window at Warsaw, in Poland, and their music, to any one passing through the street in the morning, is delightful ; and it was understood, that both there, and at Saint Petersburgh, where they are also kept in numbers, their principal food was ant’s eggs. A composition sold in London, called German paste, is recommended for the food of this, as well as other slender- billed, and soft feeding birds, but how far this answers we have had no experience. * Mr. H. Grimston. WARBLER. 9 A.—Luscinia candida, Bris. iii. 401. B. Jd. 8vo. i. 421. Buf. v. 114. White Nightingale, Gen. Syn. iv. 412. This is wholly white :* others have been noticed, in which the head, neck, wings, and tail were white; the rest of the plumage brown and white mixed. 2.—GREATER NIGHTINGALE. Luscinia major, Bris. ii. 400. A. Id. 8vo.i. 421. Frisch, t.21. b. Buf. v. 113. Sylvia Philomela, Tem. Man. p.106. Id. Ed. in. 196. Greater Nightingale, Gen. Syn. iv. 411. THIS is said to be considerably larger, and according to Frisch, sings even better than the common one. The plumage rufous and ash-colour mixed. How far the Nightingale extends to India we are not certam, but we learn that a bird called the Hill Nightingale is found in many parts there. This is seven inches long. Bill flesh- colour; plumage in general brown; beneath whitish; legs lead- coloured brown; but notwithstanding the name, we are not certain that it belongs to this Genus. Kramer} mentions one smaller than the other two, whose song is in proportion to its size, and that such an one is not uncommon about the hedges, and also in orchards in Austria. 3.—SILKY WARBLER. Sylvia sericea (Natterer), Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 197. LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Plumage above dull grey brown; sides of the neck and breast cinereous, inclining on the sides * One of these, thought a present worthy of Agrippina, wife of the Emperor Claudius, for which 6000 Sesterces had been offered.—Plin. Nat. Hist. B. x. ch. 29. + See Elench, p. 376. 10. VOL. VII. C 10 WARBLER. to grey brown; belly and under tail coverts brown; a streak above the eyes and round them, the throat and middle of the belly pure white; tail somewhat cuneiform. Inhabits the Southern parts of Spain, among the bushes; several specimens, obtained by Mr. Natterer, on the Brenta, during his stay at Gibraltar. It is described as, having a more delicate and silky plumage than either of the Nightingales, to both of which it seems to have resemblance, but on comparison, will be found different; not only from the size, but the shape of the wings; and the tail being graduated in a different manner, it approaches somewhat to the Coryphée of Levaillant—our Choirister Warbler. 4.—PETTICHAPS. Sylvia hortensis, Ind. Orn.ii. 507. ‘Gm. Lin. i. 955. . Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. lll. Id. Ed.ii. p. 206. Curruca, Bris. iii. 372. Id. 8vo.i. 414. Ficedula cinerea major, Bigia, Gerin. iv. t. 395. 1. Die Bastard Nachtigale, Naturf. xxvii. s.39. 1. (Bechstein.*) Broemsluiper, Sepp, Vog.i. t. p.139. La Fauvette, Buf. v. 117. pl.7. Pl. enl.579. 1. Hist. Prov.i. 506. Lesser Fauvette, Bewick, pl. in p. 212? Pettichaps, Gen. Syn.iv. 4138. Id. Sup.ii. 234. Br. Zool. 1812.1. 506. Shaw’s Zool. x. 581. Lewin’s Birds, ii. pl. 100. Walcot, ii. pl. 230. Orn. Dict. & Supp. LENGTH six inches; breadth nearly nine; weight five drachms. The bill a trifle broader at the base than in the Common Whitethroat ; tongue jagged at the tip; irides dusky yellow ; plumage above light brown, inclining to olive-green; quills and tail margined with the latter; below the ears ash-colour; throat, neck, and upper part of the breast dirty white, inclining to bufi-cclour; lower part of the breast, belly, and under tail coverts white; beneath the wings buff; * This gentleman has taken here some pains to discriminate this-and five others of the Wren kind, which had been, by the older writers, confounded with each other. WARBLER. il legs dusky: in some old birds, a pale or yellowish streak appears over the eye. The male and female are much alike, but the latter is smaller. This is not a very common species in England; we have met with it in Kent, and in the neighbourhood of London; also received it from Sandwich: Colonel Montagu found it in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire; it is known to be in Berkshire and Hampshire, but believe it not to be in plenty any where; however, it may possibly be more so than generally imagined, from its likeness to the female Blackcap, which, at a distant view, it much resembles. The males generally arrive here about the last week in April, the females a few days later ; they build in thick bushes or hedges; the nest composed of dried fibres, some wool, and a little green moss, lined sometimes with horsehair; the eggs four in number, weighing each 36 grains, colour dirty white, with brownish specks, pretty nume- rous and confluent, at the larger end: Mr. Bechstein thinks the song even more varied than that of the Nightingale, bursting into various kinds of modulations as it proceeds, and at times warbling like the House Swallow; indeed, some of its notes are sweetly, and softly drawn, others are quick, lively, loud, and piercing, but reaching the distant ear without imharmonious discord; its general food is insects, which it searches for under the leaves, but will frequently come into gardens, making free with the fruit likewise: the young are ob- served to remain in the nest till almost as well feathered as the parents. It is recorded as a bird of Sweden, appearing there in May, and departing the end of August. We here and there meet with it on the Continent of Europe, and can trace it as far as Gibraltar, at which place it is seen, though sparmgly, in the summer months. M.Temminck mentions a bird which he cails Sylvia orphea, which appears very similar, if not the same; and observes, that the Fauvette, Pl. enlum. 576. 1. is the female. We have a specimen from Africa, so like this, as not to be distinguisbed, but the under parts appear of a deeper buft-colour. ‘ C2 12 WARBLER. 5.—BARRED WARBLER. Sylvia nisoria, Bec-fin rayé, Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 108. Id. Ed. ii. p. 200. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill brown; irides yellow; head, cheeks, nape, and back deep cinereous; scapulars and ramp tipped with brown and white stripes; wings pale cinereous ; tail the same, the outer feather tipped with a white spot, which also occupies part of the inner web; on the next the same, but the spot smaller ; the third and fourth only edged, and tipped with white; throat, neck, breast, and sides white, striped across with cinereous: grey bands; middle of the belly white; the under tail coverts cinereous, deeply edged with white. In the female the upper parts are more plain, and the tail very little marked with white. The young bird is striped across both above and beneath, and has a brown iris. Inhabits the shrubs in Sweden, the North of Germany, Hungary, &e. but is a rare species; lays four or five eggs, cinereous white, and marked with spots of reddish ash-colour. 6.—LESSER PETTICHAPS. Sylvia Hippolais, Ind. Orn.i. 507. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 122. Id. Ed. ii. p. 222. Motacilla Hippolais, Lin.i. 330. Faun. suec. No. 248. Gm. Lin. i. 954. Ficedula septima Aldrov. Pettichaps, Rati, 79. A.7. Will. 158. Id. Engl. 216. Zinnan. Uov. 44. t. 6. f. 29? Motacilla Fitis, Naturf. xxvii. s. 50. 5. Lesser Pettichaps, Gen. Syn. iv. 413. 3.* Id. Sup. ii. 236. Br. Zool. i. No. 249. for description. Jd. Ed. 1812.i. p. 508. Arct. Zool. ii. 418. G. Id. Sup. p. 64. Nat. Miscel. t. 189. Shaw’s Zool. x. 746. Bewick,i. p.209? Lewin, iii. pl. 101. Walcot, iu. pl. 251. Pult. Dors. p.9. Orn. Dict. & Supp. LENGTH five inches, breadth eight ; weight two drachms. Bill short, dusky, the under mandible bluish ; inside of the mouth flesh- colour; above and beneath the eye, a yellowish line; head, neck, and upper parts, cinereous; quills and tail mouse-colour; belly WARBLER. 13 silvery white; breast darker, with a silvery tinge; the wings, when closed, reach to about one-third on the tail, which when spread, appears a trifle forked ; legs bluish lead-colour. This is frequent in many parts of England; makes an oval nest, with a small opening at top, of dry bents, with a little moss, thickly lined with feathers, and placed either on the ground, or a low bush; the eggs five, white, sprinkled with small red spots, chiefly at the larger end. It comes early, often before the 20th of March, but generally before the Ist of April, and goes away before the end of September ;* is in most places common, but has not yet been observed in Guernsey, although the Willow Wren, a much scarcer bird here, is there in plenty. This species is perpetually singing, or rather chirping, the note like the word Twit, five or six times delicately repeated, the three last hastily and short. M. Bechstein calls it Fit; and from thence has derived his trivial name. 7.—BLACK CAP WARBLER. Sylvia atricapilla, Ind. Orn. ii. 508. Lin. i. 332. Faun. suec. No. 256. Gm. Lin. i. 970. Scop.i. No. 229. Brun. No. 278. 279. Muller, No. 277. Kramer, 377. Frisch, t. 23. Borowsk. iii. 193. Gerin. iv. t. 398. 1? 2. Id. 399. f. 1. Tem. Man. d@’?Orn. 109. Id. Ed. ii. 204. Curruca atricapilla, Bris. ii. 380. Id. 8vo. i. 416. Klein, 79. 14. Id. Ov. 26. t. 10. f.17. Rati, 79. A. 8. Will. 162. t. 41. Id. Engl. 226. Meissen Moenche, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 68. Der Klosterwenzel, Naturf. xvi. 105. Fauvette 4 téte noire, Buf. v. 125. t. 8. f. 1. Pl. enl. 580. 1. 2. Becfigue a téte noire, Hist. Prov. i. 507. Capinera, Olin. t. p. 9. Zinnan. Uov. 56. t. 8. f. 45. Cet. Uc. Sard. 216. * Colonel Montagu observes, that some of these stay through the winter in the west of England. He observed two or three of them the 16th of December, 1808; and both in December and January, 1806 and 1807. 14 WARBLER. Blackeap, Gen. Syn.iv. 415. Br. Zool.i. No. 148. Td. fol. 101. t.$.5. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p.505. Collins’s Birds, pl. 6. f.10. pl. 10. f.4. Shaw's Zool. x. GAS. Arct. Zool. ii. 418. F. Bewick, i. pl. p. 217. Lewin, ii. pl. 116. Walcot, ii. pl. 234. Pult. Dorset. p.9: Orn. Dict. c LENGTH five inches or more, weight four drachms and a half. Bill brown ; irides dark hazel; crown of the head black; plumage on the upper parts of the body greenish ash-colour; sides of the head and under parts grey ; vent almost white; quills and tail cinereous brown; the feathers margined with ash-colour; the two middle ones a trifle shorter than the rest; legs lead-colour. The female has the crown ferruginous chestnut, instead of black. ~The species is not uncommon in England, comes the end of April, and departs the end of September, or beginning of Octeber; gene- rally builds in a low bush, not far from the ground: the nest composed of dried stalks, with a little wool and green moss, and lined with the fibres of roots, thinly covered with black horse-hair ; the eggs four or five, pale reddish brown, mottled with a deeper colour, sprinkled with a few dark spots. The male and femaie sit in turn, and the young very early provide for themselves. It should appear, that individuals sometimes remain in England throughout the winter, as Mr. Lewin once shot a male in Kent, in January. The food is for the most part insects, but these birds will also eat the berries of Spurge laurel, Service, and especially these of Ivy; and of these last seem fond, for we have found them in the stomach, at a time when insects were in plenty; and more than once have observed them to build in an old ivy, pretty high from the ground. The song is much esteemed, and thought almost equal to that of the Nightingale, scarcely deficient, except in the delightful Variety of the last named; and has been called the Mock Nightingale ; in some counties Nettle Creeper, and Nettle Monger. * Mr. White: says, they come trooping all at once, the first fine weather in April, and adds, they are delicate songsters.—Hist. Selb. p. 29: WARBLER. 15 It seems to inhabit most parts of the Continent of Europe, at least as far as Sweden; is a summer inhabitant of Gibraltar, and extends to the Morocco shore, but is not a plentiful species, nor is it for certain known where it passes the winter. This bird, we are informed, is found at Madeira, and known there by the name of Tinta Negra. A.—Curruca albo and nigro varia, Bris. ui. 383. Id. 8vo. i. 417. Ficedula varia, Zinnan, 44. t, 12. f.29.1. Aldr.ii. 759. Gen, Syn. iv. 416. A: This is wholly variegated with white and black. B.—La petite Colombaude, Buf. v. 181. Gen. Syn. iv. 416. B. Somewhat bigger. Upper parts very deep or blackish, edged with brownish green; above the eye a white streak ; throat white; sides grey. Frequent in the woods of Provence, in France. 8.--_DALMATIAN WARBLER. Accentor montanellus, Accenteur Montagnard, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 251. LENGTH five inches four lines. Bill yellow at the base, with a brown point; top of the head and hindhead black; beneath the eye a broad band of the same, ending on the ear; over the eye, from the bill, a yellow streak as an'eye-brow, and passing to the nape; bedy in general above, and scapulars reddish ash, marked with longitudinal streaks of brick-colour red; wings edged with reddish ash; and two series of yellowish points across the wing, forming a . double band; tail brown, the shafts reddish brown; under parts of the bird yellowish Isabella colour, varied on the breast with brown spots, and on the sides with reddish ash. 16 WARBLER. The female is brown on the head, hind head and ears, otherwise like the male. Inhabits the south of Europe, in Dalmatia and Hungary; also Asia, in the same latitude.—Found by Dr. Pallas, m the east part of Siberia, and in the Crimea. 9.—REED WREN. Sylvia arundinacea, Ind. Orn. 1.510. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 134. Id, Ed. ii. p. 191. Motacilla arundinacea, Phil. Tr. 75. p. 8. pl. 1. Gm. Lin. i. 992. Turdus arundinaceus minimus, Sepp, Vog. t. p. 101. Jd. p. 97.—Nest. Passer arundinaceus minor, Raz, 47. A.3? Will. p. 99? Luscinia palustris, Gerin. iv. t. 399. 2. & 400. 1. Schilffmachen, Rohrsperling, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 12. Naturf. xvii. s. 85. No. 174. Bouscarle de Provence, Buf. v. 134? Pl. enl. 655. 2 ? Lesser Reed Sparrow, Will. Engl. p. 144? Reed Wren, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 184. Gent. Mag. v. 55. 462+pl. p. 640. Shaw's Zool. x. 588. Lewin, iii. pl. 114. Orn. Dict. § Supp. Br. Zool. i. 1812.1. p. 520. THIS is five inches and a half long, extent of wing seven; weight seven pennyweights. Bill half an inch long, rather broad at the base, dark horn-colour, beneath flesh-coloured ; inside of the mouth orange ; tongue cloven, and ciliated ; irides olive-brown ; eye- lashes dirty white; general colour of the plumage greenish olive brown; quills and tail brown, the edges of the feathers paler, the latter slightly cuneiform; chin white; the rest of the under parts tawny white; base of all the feathers dusky ; legs light olive; soles of the feet bright greenish yellow. The female is half an inch shorter, and smaller than the male. Inhabits various parts of this kingdom, in watery places, where reeds abound, between three or four of which it generally makes the nest, fastened thereto by means of dead grass, &c. and composed of grass externally, lined for the most part with the flowery tufts of common reeds, and sometimes with fine dead grass, and a few black horse-hairs to cover them, but the bird does not always confine WARBLER. 17 herself to the reeds; as we have seen the nest made in the forks of a water dock, or in a trifurcated branch of a shrub, near the water; the eggs are usually four, of a dirty white, stamed all over with dull olive spots, chiefly at the larger end, with two or three small, irre- gular black scratches. It appears to be not uncommon in the marshes about Erith, in Kent, and in various other parts of the coasts of that county and Sussex, from Sandwich to Arundel, especially Romney Marsh ; yet in Wiltshire, and Somersetshire, though the Sedge Warbler, another inhabitant of the reeds, is common, nota single Reed Wren is to be found : it is also frequent about the River Coln, in Buckinghamshire, in the Lincolnshire Fens, and no doubt other places where reeds grow. It is very shy, and though the nest is frequently met with, the bird is not often taken: it may be easily mistaken for the Sedge Bird, but is quite a different Species, for on viewing the bill of the latter, it will be found much broader, and it may be distinguished from this character without further comparison: it generally appears here the end of April, or beginning of May, and leaves us in September. It is certainly found in several parts of the Continent of Europe, but has probably not been discriminated, from others inhabiting the same spots; it is not known to have any song. A.—Length five inches. Bill brown, three quarters of an inch long, a few bristles at the base; irides hazel ; general colour olive ; beneath white; breast and sides yellowish; legs ash-colour. This is found at Calcutta all the year, and lives on insects; called Ticktickee, from the noise it makes ; which resembles a lizard known by this name, which is very common in the houses there, and called Tickra, from its being in constant motion. It is the Ticktickee of the Mussulmans; Tickra of the Bengalese; and Podena of Hindustan Proper.—Dr. Buchanan. VOL. VII. D 18 WARBLER. We find a bird, of the name of Reed Warbler, in Lewin’s figures of the birds of New-Holland; this is said to be one inch longer than ours, but as to colour it is very similar: the tail, too, is in shape the same. The account of it mentions, that it is frequent about Para- metta, in summer, on the banks of rivers and ponds, and feeds, and builds somewhat in the manner of the English Nightingale; that it comes in September, and disappears in April. 10.—BOG-RUSH WARBLER. Sylvia Scheenobanus, Ind. Orn. ii. 510. Motacilla Scheenobanus, Lin. i. 329. Faun. suec. No. 246. Gm. Lin.i. 953. Faun. arab, p.6.17. Faun. arag. p. 81. Accentor modularis, Tem. Man. p.121. Id. Ed. ii. p. 250? Curruca sylvestris, seu Lusciniola, Bris.iii. 393. Jd. 8vo.i. 419. Rati, 80. 1. Will. p- 171. Motacilla Ivica, Hasselg. Tt. 286. 50. Fauvette de Bois, ou la Roussette, Buf. v. 139. Usignuolo di Finme, Cett. Uc. Sard. 216 ? Bog-rush Warbler, Arct. Zool.ii. 419. L. Shaw’s Zool. x. 535. Reed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 418. Hasselq. Voy. 206. 50. SIZE of the Pettichaps. Bill blackish; feathers of the head, and all above brown, bordered with rufous; beneath inclined to rufous ; quills brown, with rufous margins; tail wholly brown; the legs whitish. Inhabits France and Italy, and as far North as Sweden; whether it removes at any time from the last is not said, but it is certain, that it passes the winter in France, changing place like the Whinchat; makes a nest in the woods, of moss and wool, and lays four or five sky-blue eggs. The young are easily brought up, and the bird in general very tame and familiar; its song is not unpleasant, and in addition, it sings in the winter season. M. Temminck unites this with the Hedge Sparrow. WARBLER. 19 11.—MARSH WARBLER. Sylvia palustris, Tem. Mun. Ed.ii. p.192. Bechst. Natur. Deut. ii. 639. t. 26. LENGTH full five inches. Bull broad at the base, and rather flattened, under mandible yellowish; plumage above greenish olive brown; wings brown, edged with ash-colour; from the base of the bill, over the-eye, a narrow, yellowish white stripe; the under parts exactly the same as in the Reed Wren, but rather paler. Inhabits moist places, and the banks of the rivers, where willows grow, never among reeds; found on the Po, and the Danube; also in Switzerland, and some parts of Germany; makes a roundish nest on the earth, among the roots of the willows, and other bushes ; lays four or five eggs, light ash-colour, with deeper and paler spots of bluish ash. M.Temminck assures us, that it is a distinct Species, but it appears to be very like the Reed Wren. 12.—CETTYTS WARBLER. Sylvia Cetti, Marmora, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. 194. Bouscarle de Provence, P/. enl. 655. 2. Usignuolo di Sardegna, -Cett, Uc. Sard. p. 216. LENGTH five inches. Bill narrow, slender, compressed at the tip, pale brown; plumage above rufous brown; sides of the neck, body, thighs, and belly the same, but paler; between the bill and eye a cinereous streak ; throat, neck before, and middle of the belly white; upper tail coverts rufous, with whitish tips; tail broad, the ends of the feathers rounded ; legs pale brown. Inhabits Sardinia, and other Southern parts of Europe; said to be found also in England; but, according to M. Temminck, has been generally confounded with the Reed Wren; it continues in Sardinia throughout the year, and has a melodious song. D2 20 WARBLER. 13.—HEDGE SPARROW. Sylvia modularis, Ind. Orn. ii. 511. Motacilla modularis, Lin. i. 329. Faun. suec. No. 245. Gm. Lin.i. 952. Brun, No. 264. Muller, No. 266. Frisch, t.21. Borowsk, iii. 186. Accentor modularis, Tem. Man. p.121. Id. Ed.ii. 249. Curruca sepiaria, Bris. iii. 394. Id. 8vo.i. 420. Gerin. iv. t. 391. f. 2. Sylvia gula plumbea, Klein, 77. IIT. 4. Curruca Eliote, Rati, 79. A.6. Will. 157. Die Baum-Nachtigall, Naturf. xvii. 100. Magnanina Aldrovandi, Will. 157. Zinnan. Uov. 45. t. 6. f.30. 1. Traine-buisson, Mouchet, Fauvette d’Hyver, Buf. v. 151. Pl. enl. 615. 1. Passera salvatica, Cett. Uc. Sard. 205. Braunelle, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 1—lower fig. Hedge Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iv. 419. Br. Zool.i. No. 150. Id. fol. t.S.1. f.3.4. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 519. Collins’s Birds, pl. 9. f.1.2. Arct. Zool. ii. 418. H. Alb. ii. pl.59. Id. Song Birds, pl. p.81. Will. Engl. p.215. Shaw’s Zool. x. 661. Bewick’s Birds,i. pl. in p. 213. Lewin, Birds, iii. 102. Walc. Birds, ii. pl. 282. Pult. Dors. p.9. Orn. Dict. Graves’s Br. Orn. V. iii. THIS well-known species is five inches and a half long, and weighs nearly six drachms. The bill is blackish; irides hazel; head deep brown, mixed with ash-colour; the cheeks marked with oblong spots of dirty white; the back and wing coverts dusky, edged with reddish brown; quills and tail dusky; rump greenish brown; throat and breast dull ash-colour ; belly dirty white; sides, thighs, and vent, pale tawny brown; legs dull flesh-colour. In the female the colours are less bright. Inhabits this kingdom throughout, and seen every where in the in the hedges, at all seasons; it generally begins to build in March,* the nest composed of moss and wool, and lined with hair, laying four or five pale blue eggs:+ although it remains with us the whole year, it is said to be migratory in France, coming there in October, * In a sheltered valley of Wiltshire, the nest of a Hedge Sparrow was found, with three eggs in it, on the 23d of January, 1796. + «© The eggs of this bird, neatly emptied, and wired, fair ladies wear at their ears, for “¢ pendants.’ —Ray’s Letters, p. 135. WARBLER. 21 and departing Northward in spring, though a few stay behind, for now and then a nest is found there. Linnzeus observes, that it is every where met with in September; and adds, that it sings agree- ably in the spring, if in a cage; and feeds on hemp seeds ; but we do not learn from him if it remains through the summer: with us it isa winter songster, and the note is not an unpleasant one, beginning with the first frosts, and continuing till the spring; it often repeats a note like Tit, tit, tit, hence it has been named Titling ; it is called also, by some, Dunnock. The Cuckow frequently lays her egg in the nest of this bird. 14.—REDSTART WARBLER. Sylvia Pheenicurus, Ind. Orn. ii. 511. Scop.i. No. 232. Tem. Man. p. 120. Id. Ed. ii. p. 221. Motacilla Pheenicurus, Lin.i. p.335. Faun. suec. No. 257. Gm. Lin. i. 987. Brun. No. 280.281. Muller, No. 278. Frisch, t.19.20. Kramer, 376. 11. Georgi, p. 174. Faun. arag. 89. Borowsk. iii. p.193. Sepp. Vog. t.45. Wirs. Vog.t.17. Gerin. iv. t. 397. 1. Ruticilla, Radi, 78. A.5,. Will. 159. t. 39. Bris. iti. 403. Id. 8vo. i. 422. Klein, 77. 2. Id. Stem. 14. t. 16. f.8. a—b. Der Schwarzkehlchen, Naturf. xvii. 104. Motacilla ochruros, Georgi, It. ii. 101. t. 19. Rossignol de Muraille, Buf. v. 170. pl. 6. f.2. Pl. enl.351, 1.2. Hist. Prov.i. 501. Culo ranzo, Colo rosso, Zinnan. Uov. 53. t. 8. f.41. Olin. Ue. t. p. 47. Redstart, Gen. Syn.iv. 421. Br. Zool.i. No. 246. Id. fol. 99. t.S. £.6.7. Id. Ed. 1812.1. 520. Arct. Zool.ii. 416. B. Will. Engl. p.218. Alb. i. pl.50. Id. Song Birds, pl. p, 62. Collins’s Birds, p|, 6. f. 3.—pl. 2. £.9. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 670. Hayes’s Birds, pl. 40. Bewick’s Birds,i. pl. p.208. Lewin’s Birds, iii. pl. 108. Walcot’s Birds, ii. t. 233. Pult. Dorset, p. 8. Donov. Birds, iv. pl. 82: Orn. Dict. § Supp. Nat. Misc. pl.192. Graves’s Br. Orn. V. ii. THIS bird is about five inches in length, and weighs nearly four drachms. Bill black; irides hazel; forehead white; crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and back, deep blue grey, in some approaching to black; cheeks and throat black ; breast, sides, and rump, rusty red; tail red, except the two middle feathers, which are a2 WARBLER. brown; legs black. ‘The female has the top of the head, and back cinereous grey ; chin white; the rest as in the male, but less bright. The Redstart comes to us the beginning of April, and rarely stays beyond the end of September ; it frequently approaches habitations, and does not seem afraid of mankind ; yet the least derangement of the eggs, or even looking at them, if the female is at all disturbed, will cause her to forsake the nest, which is usually made in a hole of a tree, or wall, where people are frequently passing by; it is com- posed chiefly of moss, and lined with hair and feathers; the eggs are four or five, not unlike those of the Hedge Sparrow, rather more elongated, and of a paler blue. Its song is agreeable, but not strong, and if caught young, will imitate the notes of other birds, frequently singing by night, as well as in the day time; the food is, for the most part, insects, flies, spiders, ant eggs, &c. but, when brought up by hand, may be treated as the Nightingale, and if intended to be kept in a cage must be taken young, for it will by no means submit to confinement if caught when old: the song of the Redstart is soft and short, superior to, though somewhat lke, that of the White throat. In respect to this kingdom, it affects the same parts as the Night- ingale, not being found further north than Yorkshire, nor is it often met with in Cornwall, and rarely west of Exeter, in Devonshire ; * nor are we certain that it is seen in Ireland. It wags the tail m a singular manner, not up and down like the Wagtail, but sideways, like a dog when he is pleased. + The Redstart is found in various parts of Europe, and, admitting some Varieties, in Africa, as far as the Cape of Good Hope: we can trace it.:to Gibraltar, but it comes late there, and in ne great abun- dance, ‘and departs in autumn, not one remaining in the winter; though specimens have been received, shot in Barbary, and Algiers, im January. * Orn. Dict. + Br. Zool. WARBLER. 93 A.—Ruticilla pectore maculato, Bris. iii. 407. Id. 8vo.1, 423. Sylvia thorace argentato, /ein, 78. 10. Rothschwanzlein, Frisch, t. 20. f. 26. Gen. Syn.iv. 423. This is probably a female, having the breast spotted with red. B.—Ruticilla cinerea, Bris. iii. 406. A. Id. 8vo.i. 423. Ruticilla tertia Aldrovandi, Raii, 78. A.5. Var. Will. 160. Id. Engl. 218. Wald Rothschwanz, Gunth. Nest. t.19. upper fig. This appears to be a Variety of the male, has only a long line of white on the forehead; the back more cinereous; and the bottom of the belly not white. 15.—TITHYS WARBLER. ~ Sylvia Tithys, Ind. Orn. ii. 512. Scop.i. No. 233. _ Tem. Man. Ed.ii. 219. Motacilla Tithys, Lin. i. 335. 34. 6. Gm. Lin.i. 987.8. Id. reise, iv. 151. corpore nigro, cauda rufa, Kram. 376. 12 ? Garten Rothschwanz, Gunth. Nest. t. 30. lower fig. Tithys Warbler, Shaw’s Zool. x. 671. Redstart Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 423. Var. C. THE wmale of this inclines to ash-colour; the throat and breast black; belly, between the thighs, whitish; elsewhere varied with black and white. The female wholly brown; in both sexes the two middle tail feathers are brown; the others brown at the tips; the rest of the tail and vent red. This is called, in Italy, Moretto; by the Germans, Hausroth Schweifil; found about the Caspian Sea, as Gmelin met with it there in May: Scopoli thinks that it is not a Variety of the Redstart, but a different bird. 24 WARBLER. 16.—GREY REDSTART. Sylvia Gibraltariensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 513. Ruticilla Gibraltariensis, Bris. ii. 407. Id. 8vo. i. 424. Gm. Lin. i. 987. Sylvia corpore griseo gutture nigro, AK/ein, 80. 25. Rossignol de Muraille de Gibraltar, Buf. v. 177. Grey Redstart, Gen. Syn. iv. 423. Arct. Zool... 417.C. Edw. pl.29. Shaw's Zool. x. 673. THE length of the male is six inches or more; breadth ten; the weight three quarters of an ounce. Bill brown, inside of the mouth bright yellow; the forehead, cheeks, eyes, and throat, are black ; breast black, and iron-grey mixed ; lower belly lighter grey ; crown of the head ash-colour; back, and wing coverts dark iron-grey; the lower part of the back blue grey; rump tawny red; tail the same, slightly tipped with brown; the two middle feathers dark brown, edged with red, and shorter than the rest ; quills dark brown, slightly bordered with white; seven of the longer secondaries have half of their webs white, forming a broad white bar; thighs barred across with white and black ; legs black. In the female, the ead! neck, and back, are dusky olive; chin whitish, obscurely spotted ; throat and breast dusky brown; belly lighter brown; quills brown; secondaries lightly edged with white; tail tawny red, as in the male, but with a broader bar at the tip; no black in any part. The above inhabits Gibraltar, and its neighbourhood, throughout the year, and abounds in all parts of the district, especially the retired parts of the Rock; is a solitary and shy bird, seldom coming into the town: the male is a much finer songster than the Redstart, and although, in the formation of the bill, &c. itis not materially different from that bird ; the circumstance of its remaining there continually, whilst the Redstart migrates annually, is not easily accounted for. ho QA WARBLER. 17.—REDTAIL WARBLER. Sylvia Erithacus, Ind. Orn. ii. 513. - gula grisea, Klein, 78. 4.5. Motacilla Erithacus, Lin. i. 335. Faun. suec. No. 258. Gm. Lin.i. 988. Pheenicurus torquatus, Bris. iii. 411. Id. 8vo. i. 425.—male. Phenicurus, Bris.iii. 409. Id. 8vo. i. 424. female. Rouge-queue a Collier, Buf. v. 180. Roth-schwentzel, Gesner, Av. t. p. 663. Rati, 78. A.5. Var. 2. Will. 160. Id. Engl. 218. vii. 2. Roth-schwantzlein, Frisch, t. 20. f.b. Naturf. xvii. 104. Id. xxv. 19. Redtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 425. Shaw’s Zool. x. 674. THIS is a trifle larger than the Redstart. Top of the head, hind part of the neck and back, scapulars, and lesser wing coverts grey ; rump and tail rufous; throat to vent whitish grey, with an irregular mixture of pale rufous; the under wing and tail coverts of this last colour ; the greater wing coverts and quills grey brown, edged with rufous; tail wholly rufous, the two middle feathers the shortest; the legs black. The male differs from the former, or female, chiefly in having a large brown mark on the fore part of the neck, in shape of a horse shoe, the concave part uppermost; between the bill and eye a small brown spot; the two middle tail feathers brown, the rest rufous. These are said to inhabit the Continent of Europe, and are migratory; they arrive in Burgundy and Lorraine in May, and depart in October, frequent in woods; make the nest in low bushes, near the ground, of moss, lined with wool and feathers; the eggs five or six, white, mixed with grey.* It has scarcely any song, only a single note, like the word Suit, and wags the tail like a Redstart: at the end of summer it is very fat, and well flavoured. ‘This seems to be very similar to the last Species, especially the female, and the male is probably a young bird only of that sex—could we reconcile * The weight of the egg is said to be the fourth part of a Caroline.—Naturf. xiv. S. 48. VoL. VI. E 96 WARBLER. he former being stationary with the latter, which is said to be a migratory species. The Rev. Mr.White formerly hinted to us his opinion, of the two synonyms above quoted from Brisson, only differing in sex. He adds, that they are found throughout the year in abundance in all parts of the Rock of Gibraltar, especially the retired places; are solitary, and seldom come into the town; that the male is a much finer songster than the Redstart, from which bird, too, it differs in manners, for it never leaves the district, whilst the Redstart migrates elsewhere. Some have supposed the Redtail to be the same as the Moretto Warbler; but Mr. White informs us, that having sent both sexes to Linneeus, he declared them to be different from the latter, which he recorded in his 10th Edition, under the name of Tithys. Notwithstanding the opinions of the authors above quoted, im respect to this and the last bird, we are inclined to think them the same as to species, with the plumage more or less mature. 18.—BLACK REDTAIL WARBLER. Sylvia atrata, Ind. Orn. ii. 514. Gm. Lin. i. 988. Tem. Man. d’ Orn. 118. Id. Ed. ii. p. 218. ‘Black Redtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 426. LENGTH six inches. The head, neck, back, and breast deep black; crown of the head deep grey; the quills dusky, edged with white; beneath from the breast, rump, and all the outer tail feathers rufous red ; the two middle ones dusky; thighs dusky. The female is pale brown where the male is black ; eye placed in an oval bed of dusky; otherwise like the male; the bill and legs in both are black. Inhabits India; called, in General Hardwicke’s drawings, Terta- campo; found at Futtehghur, in November. ’ WARBLER. DF A.—In this Variety the whole top of the head and back are grey, palest on the crown; wings brown, edges of the feathers pale; front, sides of the head, and breast deep black ; from breast to vent, rump, and tail rufous red, but the two middle feathers of the last brown. The female as in the above description of that sex. B.—This has the whole head, neck, breast, and beginning of the back black; gape orange; wings deep brown; the under parts, rump, and base of the tail pale rufous red, the end half brown, but the outer feathers wholly rufous red. The female brown, with a rufous tinge on the cheeks; the breast cinereous; from thence white; rump and vent very pale rufous 5 tail as in the male. Met with at Cawnpore, in February; called Phirrera. C.—Bill and legs dusky; general colour of the plumage black ; crown of the head yellow brown; a streak of the same beneath the eye; wings brown; edges of the feathers pale; from breast to vent rufous orange; rump and tail the same; the wings reach two-thirds on the latter. The female generally brown; the chin and vent pale ash brown ; under the eye a bluish dusky mark ; beneath as in the male; the two middle tail feathers reddish brown. Found at Chittigong, by the name of Surdy.—Sir J. Anstruther. M. Temminck joins this with his Sylvia Tithys; but the Black Red- tail, here meant, is not an European Species. 19.—CHESTNUT-BELLIED WARBLER. Sylvia erythrogastra, Ind. Orn. ii. 513. Motacilla erythrogastra, Gm. Lin.i. 975. N.C. Petr.xix. 469. t. 16.17. Chestnut-bellied Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 424. Shaw’s Zool. x. 672. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; eyes brown; crown and nape dirty, sooty white; round the bill, throat, cheeks, neck, and E2 28 WARBLER. between the wings deep black ; breast, belly, and vent deep chestnut ; rump and tail the same; the middle of the quills, from the third to the tenth, white, forming a spot across them ; feathers round the joint, or garter, black. The female has a paler rump ; the tips of the outer tail feathers, and the whole of the two middle ones brown; the rest of the bird cinereous, deeper coloured above, with a mixture of rufous on the belly. M. Gueldenstaedt, the author of the above description, observes, that it inhabits the gravelly hollows of the Caucasian Torrents, the whole summer; that it is migratory, going southward in winter, in search of food; runs on the banks of rivers; is restless, but not fearful ; often moving the tail, while it is sitting on the low shrubs; it makes the nest between the branches of the sea buckthorn, of the berries of which it is very fond. A.—Length eight inches. Bill black; the whole crown above the eyes white; the rest of the head, neck to the breast, back between the wings, and the wings themselves, black ; the breast, belly, vent, lower part of the back, rump, and tail fine bright chestnut; the end of the tail black; thighs and legs black. Inhabits India; found at Coadwara, in April; named Gir-Cha- ondeea.—General Hardwicke. 20.—BLUE-THROATED WARBLER. Sylvia Suecica, Ind. Orn.i1. 521. Klein, p.77. III. Jd. p. 80. xxiv. Motacilla Suecica, Lin.i. 336. Faun. suec. No. 259. Gm. Lin. i. 989. Frisch, t. 19. f£.3.4. Georgi, 174. Borowsk.iii. 194. Gerin. iv. t.397. 2. Spalowsk.i. t. 36. 37. Nat. Misc. pl. 661. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 117. Id. Ed. ii 216. Cyanacula, Bris. iii. 413—male. Id. 8vo. i. 425. —— Gibraltariensis, Bris. 11. 416—female. Jd. 8vo.i. 486. Ruticilla Wegflecklin, Rati, 78. A.5. 3. Will. 160. Id. Engl. 219. 3. Das Blaukehlchen, Naturf. xvii. 104. Jd. xxi. 139. WARBLER. 29 Blaukehlein, Gunth. Nest. t. 74. Wirs. Vog. t. 9. La Gorge bleue, Buf. v. 206. pl.12. Pl. end. 610. 1—male. Id. f.2—female. Jd. f.3—young. Pl. enl. 361. 2—an old male. Blue-throated Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 444. Arct. Zool.ii. 417. E. Edw. pl. 28—fem. Shaw’s Zool. x. 660. SIZE of the Redbreast, and much the same in colour above. Over the eye a white streak; throat, and neck before bright azure blue; beneath this a border of black, and below it the breast is red ; belly, thighs, and vent, dusky white; tail brown, but the base half of all but the two middle feathers orange red. The female differs in having the throat white; across the neck a band of blue, bordered beneath with another of black; the rest of the under parts dusky white. Inhabits many parts of Europe, though no where so common as the Redbreast, and we collect from the above synonyms, that it is met with in various parts between Sweden, and Gibraltar; said to frequent places near the water, among reeds and the like, and makes the nest of grass, kc. on the willows. Authors mention, that it has an agreeable song, singing in the night:* the young do not gain the colour on the breast till after some time, as in the Redbreast, bemg only spotted with brown on that part; and it has been remarked, that the blue colour disappears if the bird be kept in a cage, not obtaining it after the first moult: it is a pretty common species about Alsace, and_being thought palatable food, many are caught for the use of the table. Some birds, supposed to be old males, have a beautiful silver- white spot, the size of a silver penny, in the middle of the blue, on the fore part of the neck. Mr. Edwards is said to have received his specimen from Gibraltar, but Mr. White never once met with it during his stay there. * Frisch. 30 WARBLER. 21.—BLUE-NECKED WARBLER.—PL. civ. ++ LENGTH nearly six inches. Bill dusky; plumage above, including the eye on each side, deep brown ; over the eye a streak of white; under parts dusky white; chin and throat pale blue, in the middle of which is a rufous patch ; and the blue is also bounded with rufous beneath ; the two middle tail feathers brown, and others fine rufous half way from the base, the end half brown; legs dusky. Inhabits India, called there Neelkunthee, Gunpigera, and Gun- pedrah, also Neelkoant, or Blue-throat. A.—This is paler than the last, above the eye a white trace, and a second on the lower jaw, but the blue on the throat, the red within, and beneath the same. Found with the last; and named Ganutta. B.—This differs from the others, as the blue on the throat is divided in the middle with a rufous semicircular band, bounded below with rufous, as in both the others, and like them the tail half rufous, half brown. ; In a drawing of one of these, the name given to it was Gehoonau. 22.—CAFFRARIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Caftra, Ind. Orn. i. 514. Motacilla Caffra, Gm. Lin. i. 997. Lin. Mant. 1771. p. 527. Caffrarian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 426. Shaw’s Zool. x. 670. SIZE of the White Wagtail; head and back olive; over the eye a white streak; between the bill and eye black; throat and PIRGhVes Oe Vila a on an i deine a WARBLER. 31 rump ferruginous; breast and belly whitish ; quills brown; tail even, ferruginous, the ends of the feathers brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. A.—A Variety among the drawings of Sir John Anstruther, answered to the above, except in having a second stripe of white in the direction of the jaw, growing wider behind, bounded above and beneath with black; between the bill and eye black ; tail one inch and three quarters long, and brown; rump brown; legs one inch and a quarter long, rather stout, and yellow. Inhabits India: with this another smaller, having the upper parts pale brown; sides of the head and beneath white; chin and throat pale rufous; bill and legs dusky. This appears as a young bird. 93.--RUSSIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Certhiola, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 186. LENGTH five inches. Bill black ; plumage above olive brown, with oblong dusky brown spots; chin, fore part of the neck, and middle of the belly white; beneath the chin a zone of oval brown specks; sides, belly, and under tail coverts, light rufous, the last with white ends ; tail long, greatly cuneiform, the feathers on the upper part tipped with ash-colour; beneath dusky, at the end for some way whitish ash. The female paler in colour; hind claw very long, and crooked. Inhabits the South of Russia; said to be first described by Dr. Pallas, in his Faun. Russica. 24.—GRASSHOPPER. WARBLER. Sylvia Locustella, Ind. Orn. ii. 515. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 129, Id. Ed. ii. 184. Locustella, Rati, 70. A. 7. Id. Letters, p- 108. Will. 157. Ficedula pectore fusco, Gerin, iv. t. 393. 2. 32 WARBLER. La Locustelle, Buf. y. 42. Hist. Prov. i. 359. Fauyette tachetée, Pl. en/. 581. 3. Titlark that sings like a Grasshopper, Will. Engl. 207. Grasshopper Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 429. Id. Sup.ii. 240. Br. Zool.i. No. 156. Id. fol. 95. pl. Q. f.5. Id. Ed. 1812.1. 518. Collins’s Birds, pl.10. f.11. & pl. 10. f. 9. Arct. Zool. ii. 419. L. White's Selb. p. 45. Shaw’s Zool. x. 595. Lewin’s Birds, i. t. 98. Orn. Dict. SIZE of the Reed Wren; weight three drachms and twenty-four grams; length rather more than six inches, breadth of wing seven inches and a half. Bill slender, dusky, the under mandible whitish ; over the eye in the male, an indistinct trace of buff-colour; plumage on the upper parts somewhat like that of the Sedge Warbler, viz. brown, with dusky markings, but the tail differs in being cuneiform, the two middle feathers full two inches and a half long, and much pointed at the ends, the outer one only one inch and a quarter, and rounded, the intermediate ones decreasing in length and sharpness as they are more outward; the first quill is shorter than the second ; the under parts of the body are plain dull white, inclining to dusky rufous on the breast; over the thighs, the vent, and under tail coverts dull white, with a dusky streak down the shafts; the tail feathers, viewed obliquely, appear to have eleven or twelve undulated bars of a darker hue across them; but in a full light, this vanishes; legs one inch long, and yellow. One of these, in the collection of Mr. Bullock, had the crown mixed dusky black, with a pale streak down the middle, and the feathers of the back dashed with black. The female not unlike the male, but smaller. This species comes to us about the middle of April, and frequents commons for the most part, where it is seen among the bushes and furze, but excessively shy, keeping constantly in the middle of a bush; like others of the Genus, the males arrive first, and are to be seen on the top of the spray, having a kind of grinding note, and at times a very agreeable kind of warble. As soon as the females arrive, which is a week or WARBLER. 33 ten days,* they are beard only in the evening, and at this time the note is so like that of a Gryllo-talpa or Mole-Cricket, as scarcely to be distinguished. The nest is made of dried fibres, and clivers, lined with the same, but finer materials; and is of a loose and slovenly texture, though not inelegant ; the egg is about the size of that of the White-throat, not quite so round, of an elegant bluish white, or pale blue: the bird goes away in autumn, but at what par- ticular period does not seem certain. We have noticed this species in various parts of Kent, and Col. Montagu has met with it in Hamp- shire, the South of Wales, and in Ireland; but no where in greater plenty than on Malmsbury Common, Wiltshire.—Mr. Johnson found this in Yorkshire; for in his letter to Mr. Ray, he says, ‘“ I have sent you the little bird you call Regulus non cristatus; we have great store of them each morning about sun-rise, and many times a day ; besides, she mounts the highest branch in the bush, and there with bill erect, and wing hovering, she sends forth a sibilous noise like that of a grasshopper, but much shriller.”+ On the Continent, it inhabits Sweden; is common in Siberia, though more scarce in Russia; to the south, in France, and as far as Italy, but whether reaching farther southward seems uncertain; is probably not un- common in America; as I met with one very little varying in the collection of General Davies. 25.—DANUBIAN WARBLER. Sylvia fluviatilis, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p.183. Meyer, Tassch. Deut. i. 229. Flussanger, Bechst. Deut. i. p. 562. sp. 22. LENGTH five inches four lines. Plumage above olive, shaded with brown; throat white, with numerous longitudinal, olive spots ; * I once had two of these birds, male and female, shot on Dartford Brent, as early as the 15th of April, 1790. + This can be no other than the Grasshopper Warbler, as may be imagined from a note on this passage by Dr. Derham. See Ray’s Letters, p. 108. The Regulus cristatus is the Yellow Wren, for which Mr. Johnson has mistaken this bird. VOL, VII. F 34 WARBLER. breast and sides of the neck olive white, with lance-shaped deeper coloured spots; middle of belly white; under tail coverts olive- brown, with white ends; tail very cuneiform; hind claw very long, and crooked. Inhabits Austria and Hungary, chiefly on the borders of the Danube. This seems to be very nearly allied to the Grasshopper Warbler, if not the same. 26.—SEDGE WARBLER. Sylvia Salicaria, Ind. Orn. ii. 516. Motacilla Salicaria, Lin. i. 330. Faun. suec. No. 249. Gm. Lin. i. 955. Klein, av. 74.4. Id. Stem. 13. t.16. f.2. a,b. Jd. Ov. 25. t. 10. f. 10. Borowsk. ii. 184. Sylvia phragmitis, Tem. Man. d’Orn. 133. Id. Ed. ii. p. 190. Curruca arundinacea, Bris. iti. 378. Id. 8vo.i. 415. Junco minor, Sepp, Vog. t. p. 982—young. ‘Avis consimilis Stoparole-et Magnanine, Rati, 81.6. Will. 153. Salicaria Gesneri, Rati, 81. 11. Der Rohrsanger, Naturf. xvii, 101. dia Fauvette de Roseaux, Buf. v. 142. Pl. eni. ‘581. 2. Rohrsperling, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 12? Der Denderich, Naturforsch, xxvii. s. 45. Bird without ‘a name, like the Stopparola of Aldrovandus, Well. Engl. 217. Willow Lark, Br. Zool. iii. Ed. ii. 241. Id. fol. 95. pl. 2. 3£.:4. Sedge Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 430. Id. Sup. 180. -Br. Zool. i. No. 155. Id. Ed. 1812. p.517. Arct. Zool.ii. 419. M. Hist. Selb. pp. 67. 71. 74. Albin, iu. pl. 60. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p. 215. (Reed Fauvette) Shaw’s Zool. x. 586. Lewin, Birds, iii. t. 105. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 236. Donov. Birds, uu. pl. 48. Pult. Dors. p.9. Orn. Dict. & Supp. THE length of this bird is five inches and a half, extent of wing eight inches and a half; weight three drachms. Bill dusky, paler beneath ; irides hazel; head brown, streaked with dusky ; cheeks brown; over each eye a white line, and above that a black one; hind part:of the neck and back reddish ‘brown, ‘the lastmarked with black ; wing coverts and quills dusky, the first edged with pale brown; the under parts are white, with a tinge of yellow on the breast and belly; tail ‘brown, ‘much rounded atthe end, the coverts tawny ; legs dusky. Male and female much alike. WARBLER. 39 This species is common in England, frequenting watery places, where reeds and sedges grow. It makes a nest of moss and dried fibres, lined with the same, but finer materials, and lastly with hair. This is smaller than that of the Reed Wren, less deep, and is sup- ported in an elegant manner, generally between three or four rushes, or reeds, near the side of a river, not tied like that of the last named, but the whole of the sides of the nest enveloping the reeds which support it; at other times it is made on the ground, on a tuft of rushes, or in a low bush, but always close to the water ; the eggs are five or six m number, brownish white, marbled with brown, each weighing from 24 to 28 grains. It arrives about the middle of April, and departs in September; the song is much esteemed, having great variety, imitating that of the Skylark and Swallow, also at times the twittermg of the House Sparrow ; and this has, till of late, been attributed to the Reed Bunting, which is now known to possess little more than a scream; but as they frequent the same places, this cir- cumstance might easily be mistaken; it has also been confounded with the Reed Wren, which is not to be wondered at, since they both have the same haunts, though the latter is not always found with the Sedge Warbler, which is so commen, that few watery places are without it. 27.—DARTFORD WARBLER. Sylvia Dartfordiensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 517. Provincialis, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 211, Motacilla Provincialis, Gm. Lin. i. 958. Curruca sepiaria, Gerin. iv. t.391. 2? Pitchou de Provence, Buf. v. 158. Pl. enl. 655. 1. Dartford Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. p.435. Id. Sup. 18]. Id. Sup.ii. 241. Br. Zool. i. 389. pl.56. Jd. Ed. 1812.1. p. 530. pl. 63. Bewick, pl. p.203. Shaw's Zool. x. 717. pl.56. Lewin,.iii. pl.106. Donov. pl.10. Walcot, Syn.ii. pl. 237. Lin. Trans. vii. 280. Id.v. 9. 191. Orn. Dict. THIS is not much bigger in the body than a Wren, but the tail being half the length of the bird, it measures about five inches, and F 2 36 WARBLER. weighs about two drachms and a half. Bill black, with a white base, and the upper mandible a trifle curved at the tip; irides red; eyelids deep crimson ; the upper parts of the head, neck, and body dusky reddish brown; breast and belly deep ferruginous; the middle of the belly white ; quills dusky, edged with white; the bastard wing white; exterior web of the outer tail feather white, and shorter than the others; the rest dusky. The female does not materially differ, but seems to incline more to rufous than brown. We have reason to believe, that this bird is more common in England than was formerly imagined : it first came under our notice from a pair being killed on Bexley Heath, not far from Dartford, on the 10th of April, 1773; these were sitting on a furze bush, and had the manners of the Flycatcher, springing from the bush, on seeing a fly passing within reach, and returning to the spot repeatedly: after this, the bird was detected on Wandsworth Common, from which place more than one Cabinet was furnished with specimens, but we owe to the researches of Colonel Montagu the continuance of their history and manners. From this Gentleman we learn, that they are in plenty both in Devonshire and Cornwall, having seen them there in the winter season, two being shot on the 8th of September, 1802, and proved to be male and female; in the gizzards of these were found the elytra of some minute species of beetle, and some dark- coloured seeds; they were seen occasionally in the same places till the end of the year. The Colonel, continuing his assiduity, has further proved, that the Dartford Warbler not only is a winter but a constant resident, and that it breeds here: he was fortunate enough to find two pair of old birds on the 16th of July, supposed, by their clamour, to have young ones; next day a nest was discovered, with three young, placed among the dead branches of the thickest furze, slightly fastened between the upright and main stems, but not ina fork ; it was about four feet from the ground, but so hidden from common observation, as not to be found without great difficulty; the WARBLER. 37 nest composed of dry stalks of vegetables, particularly goose grass, with tender, smooth, dead branches of furze, intermixed sparingly with wool, and lined with a few dry stalks of some fine carex ; it was flimsy in its texture, not ill resembling that of the Whitethroat; the eggs cinereous, or greenish white, fully speckled all over with olive- coloured brown, most so at the larger end; general weight of the egg 22 grains. Some young ones were also obtained, and brought up by feeding them with grasshoppers for five or six days, after which they ate a mixture of bread, chopped boiled meat, and a little finely pounded hemp and rape seed: they soon became tolerably familiar, but were in perpetual movement, putting themselves into various and singular attitudes, erecting the crest at intervals, as well as the tail, accompanied by a double or treble ery, like the words Cha, cha, cha ; the song, or what may be termed so, was different from that of any known bird, but in part resembled that of the Stonechat.* Buffon says, it is a native of Provence, in France, and found among cabbages, living on the small insects which harbour there ; that it flies in a jerking manner, from the length of the tail, in comparison with the shortness of its wings, having a shrill piping note, several times repeated: all this appears to be true, and we have not a doubt of its being a constant inhabitant in France as well as in England, although hitherto the circumstance had eluded discovery. A.—Length five inches and a quarter. Irides gold-colour ; orbits crimson ; crown black ; back dark ash, wings very short, dark brown; throat white; neck, breast, and belly, white, mixed with ash-colour; legs yellowish ; outmost feather-of the tail white on the outer web and tip; one or two of the next tipped with white, the middle feathers the longest. The female mouse-colour, without black any where; eyes and lids as in the male; beneath wholly whitish, with a russet tinge in some; tail as in the male, but dirty white on the sides. * Lin. Trans. ix. 191. 38 WARBLER. This is a constant inhabitant of Gibraltar, among the bushes on the hill, Isthmus, and adjoining country, in great abundance; is a busy, restless, and chattermg bird, and sets up the feathers of the body, which are very long and loose, in a remarkable manner, when disturbed.* It is not less common about Tetuan, than in Spain, and is a mere Variety, if not the same, with that found in England. 28.—CARTEIAN WARBLER. LENGTH five inches. Bill dusky black, the upper mandible einarginated, the under yellowish, with a black tip ; orbits crimson ; the head and upper parts of the body pale ash-colour, in some specimens inclining to reddish; beneath from chin to vent reddish pearl-colour; tail cuneiform, as in the last species, colour as the back; the outer feather half white ; legs light brown. This inhabits the neighbourhood of Gibraltar, first found by Mr. White, among the rums of Carteia;+ frequently seen upon the adjoining common, creeping low among the bushes, and very seldom appearing on the wing ; resides there throughout the year: this is considered by Mr. White as a distinct species, but it certainly seems, more probably, a mere Variety of the Dartford Warbler. 29.—SARDINIAN WARBLER. Sylvia melanocephala, Ind. Orn. ii. 509, Gm. Lin. i. 970. Cett. Uc. Sard. 215. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 204. Sardinian Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 236.—male. Sylvia moschita, Ind. Orn. ii. 509. Gm. Lin. i. 970. Cett. Uc. Sard. 215. Rufous-crowned Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 236.—female. LENGTH five inches. Bill black, base of the under mandible white; irides brown; round the eyes bare for a certain space, and reddish. The male is said to be like the Black-cap, but smaller, * Rey. Mr. White. + Now called Boccadilla. WARBLER. 39 crown, hindhead, cheeks, and on the ears, black ; throat, neck before, and middle of the belly, white; nape, back, sides of the belly, and wing coverts, deep grey; wings and tail dusky; the outer feather white on the outer web and tip; on the second a white spot; legs brown. The female has those parts about the head, which are black in the male, only dusky ash-colour; beneath the body as in the male, but more dilute ; the bare space about the eyes the same as in the male. M. Cetti merely says, the male is greenish ash above, and grey beneath ; the crown black, with a red band over the eyes; and the female lead-colour, with a rufous crown. From this latter descrip- tion these two appear more like the two sexes of the Black-cap ; but we are assured by M. Temminck, that this is a distinct species, found in the south of Europe, Spain, about Algesiras, and near Gibraltar ; that it feeds on insects and their larvee, and sometimes small berries ; makes the nest in the bushes, and lays four or five yellowish white eggs, sprinkled nearly all over with deeper yellow dots. 30.—MARMORA WARBLER. Sylvia Sarda, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 204. THIS is five inches long, and has the bill more slender than the last. Crown, cheeks, and fore part of the weck, dusky ash-colour, deepest on the forehead, and about the eyes; back and rump dusky ash ; nape, sides of the neck, breast, and flanks paler in colour, inclining to rufous on the thighs; middle of the belly white, tinged with vinaceous ; wings and tail dusky,; the outer tail feather fringed with white; orbits surrounded with a naked .skin of a vermilion- colour; legs yellowish. i The female has in general the plumage lighter in colour, and only dusky ash between the bill and eye. 40 WARBLER. This is found chiefly in barren and desert places, in Sardinia; is not uncommon, and never found in company with other species; is also most probably to be met with in Naples and Sicily; feeds on insects ; nest and eggs unknown.—The above account communicated by M. Marmora, in the Annales de Academie du Turin, in 1719. 31—RUFOUS WARBLER. Sylvia rufa, Ind. Orn. ii. 516. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 125. Id. Ed. ii. p. 226. Curruca rufa, Bris.iii. 387. Id. 8vo.i. 418. Gm. Lin. i. 955. Muscipeta minima, Frisch, t. 24. La petite Fauvette rousse, Buf. vy. 146. Pl. enl. 581. 1? Weiden Sanger, Bechst. Deutsch. iii. S. 649. Rufous Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 431. Shaw’s Zool. x. 668, LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill grey brown; the plumage rufous grey above, pale rufous beneath; under the eye a longitudinal streak of the same; quills rufous grey, with pale rufous edges; tail the same; legs brown. Said to frequent the gardens in France and Germany, making the nest in a low bush or plant, lined with hair; laying five greenish white eggs, spotted with a dark colour. The bird referred to in the Pl. enlum. can scarcely be the same, as it measures five mches and three quarters at least; besides, the outer tail feather seems to be white, the next tipped with white, and the legs yellow: probably the mistake may have happened from a wrong quotation.* 32.—NATTERER’S WARBLER. Sylvia Nattereri, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 227. LENGTH four inches two lines. Bill brown, the lower man- dible white; crown and nape cinereous brown; back and lesser * Mr. Temminck supposes that in the Pl. end. above quoted, to be a young bird of the White Throat Species. WARBLER. 41 wing coverts the same, with a tinge of olive; over the eyes a broad white streak ; all the under parts clear white; quills and tail dusky ash, with greenish edges; legs deep ash-colour. The female differs in the colours being paler. Inhabits Spain ; found by Mr. Natterer, in the district of Alge- siras ; said also to be found in Italy. | 33.—REDBREAST WARBLER. Sylvia Rubecula, Ind. Orn. ii. 520. Scop. i. 156. No. 231. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 115. Id, Ed, ii. p. 215. Motacilla Rubecula, Lin.i. 337. Faun. suec. No. 260. Gm. Lin. i. 993. Brun. No. 283. Muller, No. 276. Kramer, p.376. 13. Frisch, t.19. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 85. Raii, 78. A.3. Will. 160. t.39. Bris.iii. 418. Jd. 8yo. i. 427. Klein, 77. 1. Td. Stem. 14. t. 16. f.13. a—c. Jd. Ov. 26. t.10. f. 16. Borowsk, iii. 194. 16. Gerin. iv. t. 396. 2. Das Rothkehlchen, Naturf. xvii. 104. Schmid, Vog. p. 88. Rothkehlein, Gunth. Nest. 32. t.3. lower fig. Wirs. Vog. t. 25: Pettirosso, Olin. t. p. 16. Zinnan. Uov. 46. t.6. f. 32. Rouge gorge, Buf. v. 196. pl. 11. Pl. enl. 361. 1. Hist. Prov. i. 508, Redbreast, Gen. Syn. iv. p. 442. Br. Zool.i. No. 217. Id. fol. 100. t.S.2. Jd. Ed. 1812.1, 502. Arct. Zool.ii. 417. D. Albin,i. pl.51. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 5d. Collins’s Birds, p\.3. £.56. Shaw’s Zool. x. 711. Will. Engl.216. Ch. 8. Hayes, Birds, pl.40. | Bewick, pl. p. 204. Lewin, iii. pl. 107. Donov. t. 123. Walcot, ii. pl. 238. Pulte. Dorset, p.9. Orn. Dict. Graves, Orn. V.1. Id. Eggs, pt. 1. THIS is a well known bird; the length five inches and three quarters. Bill dusky ; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail greenish ash-colour; the forehead, throat, neck, and breast rufous orange ; belly and vent whitish ; legs brown. Male and female much alike. Inhabits England at all seasons, but appears more numerous, near inhabited places, in winter, as it retires to the woods, in summer, to breed: the nest composed of dry leaves, mixed with hair, and moss, lined with feathers; the eggs five or six, dusky white, marked with irregular reddish spots; the nest placed not far from the ground, VOL. VII G 42 WARBLER. generally in a bush, though sometimes in an outhouse, or the retired part of some old building. The young, when full feathered, are spotted all over, and may be taken for different birds: the first rudiment of the red breaks forth at the end of August, and about the end of September is in full colour: it isa tame and familiar species, closely attending the gardener when he is turning up the earth, for the sake of worms, and will often, in winter, enter houses, where the windows are open, picking the crumbs from the table, while the family are at dinner;* the chief food, when at large, is insects. It is observed, that the Redbreast will not touch a hairy caterpillar, but will gladly take and eat any sort of smooth ones.+ The Redbreast is found im most parts of the European Continent, from Sweden to Italy, and in great abundance in Burgundy and Lorraine, where numbers are taken for the table, beng thought excellent ; very common also in Spain, Gibraltar, Barbary, and Algiers ; approaching habitations in colder weather, as it does else- where. ¢ A.—Rubecula Bononiensis, Bris. iii. 422. Id. 8vo. i. 427. Spipola prima Aldrovandi, Ratz, 80. 3. Wail. 153. Spippola maggiore, Zinnan. Uov. 50. t. 7. f. 36. Gerin.iv. t. 389. f. 1. First Spipola of Aldrovand, Will. Engl. 210. Gen. Syn. iv. 444. 38. A. This is bigger. Bill brown; head, neck behind, and back ash- coloured ; throat white; fore part of the neck and breast rufous; belly, thighs, and vent, rufous and white mixed ; wing coverts varied with black, white, and rufous; quills black, edged with white, and the secondaries with rufous; tail as the quills; legs yellow. * An anecdote, of a tame one which inhabited the Cathedral at Bristol, for 15 years, and usually perched on the pinnacle of the great organ, during divine service, is mentioned in Gent. Mag. 1794, p. 154. + Ray’s Letters, p. 136. + Brisson says, “‘ appropinquante hyeme ad nos advolat,’’ and means the same thing, but misled Linnzus, who put it down as migratory, which it is in no country. WARBLER. 43 Found about Bologna, appears to be the Redbreast in incomplete plumage. Mr. White says, the Redbreast sings by candle-light ;* and, like the Wren, whistles the year round. 34.—RUFOUS-THROATED WARBLER. LENGTH seven inches and a quarter. Bill black; the whole of the upper parts of the plumage fine hoary lead or slate-colour ; beneath the eye a patch of feathers, with dusky white lines; at the base of the under jaw another of dusky white, under eyelid white ; chin and throat fine ferruginous, within the ferruginous, on each side, a fine dusky line somewhat obscure; breast fine dove-colour; belly, vent, and under tail coverts, ferruginous, the last deepest; quills dusky, with paler edges; tail three inches and a half long, rounded; the two middle feathers dark, the exterior one white, but the outer web from the middle to the end dusky; the next the same, but the end, as well as the inner web, white; the third black, with the end only white; the others black, but the two middle ones are of the same colour as the back; thighs slate-colour; legs pale. Native place uncertain.—In Mr. Bullock’s Museum. 35.—W HISKERED WARBLER. SIZE of the Redbreast. Bill pale red; general colour of the plumage brown ; throat pale orange; on each under jaw a blackish whisker; quills edged with pale orange, and a patch of deeper orange, inclining to ferruginous at the base; legs pale. Inhabits China.— Described from a specimen in the collection of Mr. Leadbeater. * Hist. Selb. p. 101. G2 44 WARBLER. 36.—DOUBLE-STREAKED WARBLER. Le double Sourcil, Levail. Afr. vii. 109. pl. 128. f. 1. 2. Motacilla diophrys, Double-streaked Warbler, Nat. Mise. xxiii. pl. 9726 LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill rather stout, dusky black; crown of the head deep rufous; plumage above pale ferruginous brown, beneath dirty white, with a tinge of rufous on the flanks, and under the tail; on each side of the head two streaks of black, the one above the eye, the second beneath it, in the direction of the jaw; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, the outer not more than three quarters of an inch, and all of them pointed at the ends; legs the colour of the bill. The female much like the male, but wants the black streaks above and beneath the eye. Inhabits Africa; observed only in the country of Karow, but not common. The nest has never been met with. 37.—WHITE-TAILED REDBREAST. LENGTH under five inches. Bill and legs dusky; irides hazel; head pale bluish grey; back and wings pale brown; chin, throat, and breast, pale rufous orange, as in the Redbreast; the rest of the under parts white; thighs brownish; the two middle tail feathers dusky black; the rest white, with the ends for half an inch dusky black, most black on the outer feathers. The female has the back and wings as in the male; head paler brown, not grey; the forehead, and as far as the breast, dirty rufous white; the rest of the under parts dusky white; thighs brownish ; tail as in the male, but the dark parts are less deep. It may be WARBLER. 45 observed, that in this species the tail appears to be doubly rounded, the two middle feathers being shortest, and the third, or middle one of the five on each side, longer than the others. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Found at Cawnpore, in November. A.—Size uncertain. Bill slender, black; plumage in general pale brownish ash-colour; chin and throat rufous; beneath from the breast to vent white; quills and tail brown ; the two middle feathers plain, the others, for about one-third from the base, white. The female nearly the same, but wants the rufous on the chin and throat. Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Sir John Anstruther. In some the chin, throat, and breast, are pale red, much the same as in the Common Redbreast, but wanting the red on the forehead. 38.—WHITE-THROAT WARBLER. Sylvia cinerea, Ind. Orn. ii. 514. Gm. reise, iv. 151. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 113. Id. Ed. ii. p. 208. Parus cinereus, Bris. ii. 549. Id. 8vo.1. 463. Buf. v. 409. 8. Ficedule affinis, an Spipola prima, Rati, 77. A. 6. Stoparola Aldrovandi, Rati,77. A.1. Will. 153. Td. Engl. 210. Spipola prima Aldrovandi, Rati, 80.3. Will. 171. Id. Engl. 210 & 236. xvi. Die fahle Grasmucke, Schmid, Vog. p. 87. t.73. Fauvette grise, ou Grisette, Buf. v. 132. Pl. enl. 579. f. 3. rousse, P/. enl. 581. 1.—a bird of the first year. Vitrec 4 menton blanc, Salern. 226. 6. Turdus Calamoxenus, Sepp, Vog. t. p. 97.—the bird. Der Waldsanger, Naturf. xvii. 101. White Throat, Gen. Syn. iv. 428. Br. Zool. No. 160. Jd. fol. 104. t.S. f.4. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 528. Collins’s Birds, pl. 5. f. 6.7. Arct. Zool.ii. 422. S. Alb. in. pl. 58. White, Selb. p. 103. Shaw’s Zool. x. 597. Bewick, i. pl. p. 219. Lewin, 11. pl. 104. Walcot, ii. pl. 235. Pult. Dors. p.9. Orn. Dict. LENGTH five inches and three quarters, weight four drachms. Bill dusky, base beneath whitish ; irides yellow hazel; plumage 46 WARBLER. above cinereous brown; back reddish; wing coverts margined with rufous ; throat white; breast and belly reddish white, darker on the breast and sides; quills and tail dusky, the feathers of both edged with pale brown ; the outer one of the tail wholly white on the outer web, and the inner the same, except at the base. The female has the breast and belly wholly greyish white. Indi- viduals seem to differ; in some, there is much mixture of reddish on the upper parts, in others plain brown; and they are also seen to vary, in having more or less white in the two outer tail feathers ; but how far such birds are to be accounted Varieties, or differing from age, does not seem apparent. This species appears first about the middle of April, and leaves usin autumn. The nest generally found ina low hedge, of a very flimsy texture, composed of moss, dried grass and fibres, sometimes having a few hairs within ; the eggs generally five, greenish grey, marked with pale reddish brown spots all over, and weighing about 27 grains. It seems to be spread throughout the kingdom, and has an agreeable and lively song, at which time it, for the most part, erects the feathers of the crown into a sort of crest. It is more like the Pettichaps than any other, but this latter has never any rufous tinge in the plumage, and the tail feathers are of one colour. The White Throat, called by some the Nettle-creeper, feeds both on insects and fruits, and may be seen in the summer in the gardens, making havock among the cherries and currants; but by way of recompence, destroys also a multitude of noxious insects, spiders, &c. and is a well known and common species, both here and on the Continent of Europe, as may be seen from the various synonyms quoted ; by the people of Provence, in France, it is called Passerine. It extends southward into Spain at the least, bemg well known in the Province of Andalusia, and is said to be met with in Gibraltar at all seasons. Loa ss ey revel Deyo Pee RU; ipnibort an 0 by oes to etus re TEN, ONG a Lifer White Meroe WARBLER. 47 39.—STOPAROLA WARBLER. Motacilla Sylvia, Lin. i. 330.9. Fuun. suec. No. 250. Gm. Lin. i. 956. Brun. No. 275? Muller, 269. Faun. arag. 83.5. Borowsk. i. 188 ? Curruca cinerea, Bris. i. 376. t. 21. 1. Id. 8yo. i. 415. Buf. v. 409, in. Stoparola, Aldrov. Op. ii. 732. SIZE scarcely larger than the Willow Wren. Head, neck, and all the upper parts cinereous; the under white; quills cinereous brown; tail the same, the exterior feather white, on the outer web, the whole length, the second white at the tip; the breast of one colour. Inhabits woods and groves, and called in Sweden Skogsknetter, -Mesar; Brisson, whom Linnzeus quotes as a synonym, says, it is five inches seven lines long, the ten middle tail feathers brown, margined all round with grey, the exterior pale cinereous, the outer web and tip white. We can scarcely think it distinct from the White Throat. 40.—LESSER WHITE-THROAT WARBLER.—PL. cv. Sylvia Sylviella, Ind. Orn. ii. 515. Motacilla longirostra, Maturf. xxvii. s. 43. 2.—Bechstein. Lesser White-Throat, Gen. Syn. Sup. 185. pl. 113.—bird, nest, and eggs. Jd. Sup. ii. 239. Shaw’s Zool. x. 599, Donov. iv. pl. 86. Orn. Dict. Br. Zool. Ed. 1812. i. p. 529. SIZE and shape of the Yellow Wren; length scarcely five inches. Bill half an inch long, slender, dusky, base of the under mandible yellow; irides dark; plumage on the upper parts pale cinereous brown, darker on the crown; under parts from chin to vent dusky white; tail two inches long, the same in colour as the upper parts, except the outer feather, which is paler on the outer web, the two middle ones are shorter than the others, giving a forked appearance when spread ; the wings reach to about one-third ; legs deep brown. Male and female much alike. 48 WARBLER. | Tam indebted to my late friend, the Rev. J. Light foot, for the above, who first informed me, thatit was found in May and June, building m the brambles, and other low bushes, about Bulstrode, Bucks. The nest composed of dry bents, mixed with wool, lined with those of a finer texture, with a few white hairs of a horse or cow, though not sufficient to form a covering; the eggs white, four or five in number, with small dots of brown, and some irregular blotches of the same towards the larger end; also other blotches of a paler brown mixed, but the small end quite plain. It is found in many parts of this kingdom, but most plentiful towards the east.* I have set down the Motacilla Sylvia of Linneus as distinct, not being able to make it exactly correspond with our White Throat, though many authors suppose it to be the same; nor can I clearly reconcile it with the present one, as Linnzeus expressly says, that two of the outer tail feathers have white in them, whereas in the lesser White-Throat they are wholly brown, except the outer web of the exterior, which is only paler, but not white ; it approaches nearer to the Babbler Warbler, though in reading the description some differences will be found; however this may be, I received, a few years since, a specimen of the Lesser White-Throat from Sweden, under the name of Motacilla Curruca, but whether it was the same with the Kruka of that country, or that which Linnzus meant under that name, is not so easily determined.t+ Mr. Bechstein makes the length of the bill a characteristic dis- tinction, and it certainly is a trifte more elongated than in the Reed, or Willow Wrens, or Lesser Pettichaps; but it appears longer than it really is, from the face itself bemg prolonged : it both hops and * Col. Montagu says, it is not found in Devonshire or Cornwall, and thinks he has met with it in the greatest numbers in the enclosed parts of Lincolnshire. —Orn. Dict. + In the Fauna suecica, Linnzus says, “ extima (rectrice) margine interiore alba.” In the Systema Nature, he writes *‘extima (rectrice) margine tenuiore alba,’”’ no doubt meaning, that the margin of the inner web is white ; yet at the end of the description in the former, he adds, “ Rectrices fuscz, sed margine exteriore longitudinaliter alba,” which is the case in our bird; at least the outer web is very pale, approaching to white. WARBLER. 49 flies well, and may be observed sometimes sitting with the bill upright, continually opening and shutting it, and harshly uttering the words Aetsch Atsch.* Although we have no certain knowledge of this bird being found elsewhere than in Germany and Sweden, independent of our king- dom, yet we can scarcely doubt its being met with in the intermediate places on the Continent of Europe, though perhaps confounded with other species. Dr. Pallas, in some MS. notes, mentions a bird by the name of Creeper-like Willow Lark, and says, ‘it is in colour “like a Creeper, with a rounded tail, the lateral pens tipped with “white ;” that itis common about Lake Baikal, but not elsewhere. It is not possible from this short description to determine the species. 41.—GOODA WARBLER. LENGTH about four inches. Bill slender, pale ash-colour, with a hair or two at the base; general colour of the plumage pale cinereous brown; over the eyes a whitish streak ; beneath from chin to vent, and upper tail coverts dusky white; tail rounded; wings short, only reaching to the rump ; legs pale ash-colour. Inhabits India, and there called Gooda.— From the drawings of General Hardwicke, it appears more like the Lesser White-Throat than any other, but it seems to be a smaller bird, or the draughts- man has painted it less than it ought to be, from inattention. 42.VIRESCENT WARBLER. LENGTH four inches. Bill dusky; plumage above olive brown; beneath very pale ash, with a tinge of green on the breast and sides, * Naturforscher. VOL. VII. H 00 WARBLER. and in some lights en the back likewise; quills and tail brown; legs dusky.—Inhabits Africa.—Mr. Bullock. It is at first sight very like the Lesser Pettichaps, but is a smaller bird. 43.—GREEN-BACKED WARBLER. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill dusky; plumage above dusky green; beneath pale yellow buff-colour; the base of the greater quills white, forming a spot on the wing ; from the nostrils, over the eye, a pale trace; quills and tail dark ash; on the two outer feathers of the last, a dusky white spot on the inner web, near the end; legs brown, pretty long. Inhabits Africa.—Mr. Bullock. 44._WHIN-CHAT WARBLER. Sylvia Rubetra, Ind. Orn. ii. 525. Scop.i. 237. Motacilla Rubetra, Lin.i. 332. Faun. suec. No. 255. Frisch, t. 22. Borowsk. iti. 192. Gm. Lin. i. 967. Brun. No, 277. Muller, No. 275. Kramer, 375. 5. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 159. Id. Ed.ii. 245. (Traquet Tarier). Muscicapa altera mas, Gerin. iv. t. 382. 2. Rubetra major, sive Rubicola, Bris. ii. 432. t. 24.1. Id. 8vo. i. 430. Sylvia Petrarum, Steinfletsche, Klein, 78.11. Jd. Ov. 25. t. 10. f. 9. Das Braunkehlchen, Naturf. xvii. 103. Grand Traquet, ou Tarier, Buf. v. 224. Pl. enl. 678. 2. Walde Rothschwantz, Gunth. Nest. t. 95. Oenanthe secunda, Ratz, 76. A. 3. Will. 234. Whin-Chat, Gen. Syn. iv. 454. Br. Zool, i. No. 158. ‘Id. fol. 103. t. S. 2. f. 3. 4. Id. Ed. 1812. i. 525. Arct. Zool.ii. 421. R. Will. Engl. 234. Collins, Birds, pl. 8. f.3.4. Shaw’s Zool. x. 706. Hayes, Birds, pl. 60. Lewin, iii. pl. 109. Walcot, ii. pl. 140. Pult. Dors. p.9. Orn. Dict. Graves, Br. Orn.v. iii. Id. Eggs, Pt. I. LENGTH five inches, weight four drachms and a half. Bill black ; irides hazel; head, neck, back, and rump black, the feathers edged with rufous; from the bill, over the eye, a white streak, WARBLER. ol passing almost to the hindhead ; beneath this the cheeks are blackish ; chin white; the rest of the under parts rufous white, deeper on the - breast ; on the wings, near the shoulder, a transverse white mark, and another, smaller, on the outer edge, near the bastard wing; tail white for two-thirds next the base, the rest of the length black ; the two middle feathers wholly black ; legs black. The female is paler, the spots on the wings and trace over the eye Jess conspicuous; and instead of black, the sides of the head are the same in colour as the other parts. This is not uncommon in England ; seen with the Stone-Chat on Heaths during summer, where it breeds; the nest is placed on the ground, and formed of dried bents, and a little moss, much as in the Stone Chatter; the eggs five or six, and bluish. It seems to be less common than the following, and in the northern parts of England disappears in winter. We have, however, seen it in Kent, the whole of the year. The greater part, therefore, may be supposed to migrate, or at least shift quarters, but some few remain behind. We certainly do not find this bird in plenty till the middle of April, and chiefly in places where furze grows ; hence by some called Furze-Chat. It is singular too, that it should so very rarely be seen in Devonshire and Cornwall, but the same is the case with some others of the Summer Warblers, giving reason to suppose, that they arrive and depart from our eastern coasts, and from thence spread more or Jess throughout England.* This species is said to be common throughout the Continent of Europe, in France, Italy, and Germany, the more temperate parts of Russia, and even as far as the Uralian Chain, yet not reaching any part of Siberia;+ but in general is more common than the Stone- Chatter. The food is chiefly insects ; will also catch flies, which it seizes on the wing like the Fiycatcher: the flesh is thought by some * Appears on the Isthmus of Gibraltar, and sometimes on the hill in spring and sum- mer, but disappears entirely in winter.— White. + According to Linnzus it is found in Spitsbergen. H 2 52 WARBLER. to be well flavoured, and equal to that of the Ortolan. The song is a short warble, having an elongated note at the end, but although monotonous, is not unpleasing ; and it is observed frequently to utter this while suspended in the air on the wing. I have seen two Varieties, one with the belly much variegated with white; the other with a considerable portion of pale grey on the upper parts, and the tail feathers tipped with the same. 45.—WHEAT-EAR WARBLER. Sylvia Oenanthe, Ind. Orn. ii. 529. Scop. i. 156. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 139. Saxicola Oenanthe, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p: 237. Motacilla Oenanthe, Lin. i. 332. Faun. suec. No. 254. Gm. Lin.i. 966. Brun. No. 276. Muller, No. 274. Kramer, p. 374.4. Faun. Groenl. 122. Sepp, Vog. t. p- 163. Ratt, 75. A.J. Will. 168. t. 41. Borowsk. ii. 192. Lin. Trans. xii. p. 532. : Vitiflora, Bris. iii. 449. Id. 8vo.i. 434. Klein, 78. Gerin.iv. t. 383. 384. 1. Culo bianco, Zinnan. Uov. 41. t. 6. f. 24. Cett. Uc. Sard. 223. Der Weissschwanz, Naturf. xvii. 103. Cul-blane, Vitrec, ou Motteux, Buf. v. 237. Pl. enl. 554. 1.2. Hist. Prov.i. 498. Voy. en Barb. i. 273. Steinschmazer, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 26. f. 1. Wheat-ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 465. Id. Sup. 182. Br. Zool.i. No. 157. Id. fol. 102. t. s. 1. f.5.6. Id. Ed. 1812.1. 521. Collins’s Birds, pl. 6. f.1.2. Arct. Zool. ii. 420. P. Will. Engl. 133. pl. 41. Albin, i. pl. 55—male, 54—female. Edw. Birds, pref. p. 12. Shaw’s Zool. x. 565. Bewick’s Birds, i. pl. in p. 229. Lewin’s Birds, ii. pl. 110. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 241. Pult. Dorset, p. 9. Orn. Dict. § Supp. Graves’s Br. Orn. V. ii. Id. Eggs, pt. 1. LENGTH five inches and a half, breadth nine inches and three quarters ; weight six drachms and a half. Bill black, rather broad at the base, and furnished with a few hairs; irides hazel; crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and back, bluish grey ; over the eye a white streak ; through the eye another of black, which grows much wider behind it; quills black, edged with tawny; the rump, upper tail coverts, and base of the tail, white; the end half black ; body WARBLER. 19953 beneath yellowish white, changing into pure white at the vent ; breast tinged with red; legs black. In the female the mark over the eyes is rather obscure, and instead of the black mark under it, is a patch of brown; and the tail not so deeply marked with white. ‘This is a migratory species, coming into England about the middle of March, and departing in September : the females arrive first. It is known by various names, as Fallow-finch, or Smich, White-tail, and Snorter ; also Chickel, Hedge-chicker, and Chack-bird.* In some parts of England they are in great plenty, and much esteemed for the table; but no where seen in greater numbers than in Sussex, about Eastbourne; are taken in snares made of horse hair, placed beneath a turf, and being timid birds, the appearance of an enemy, or even the motion of a cloud, will drive them for shelter to these traps, and are then taken. The numbers, annually ensnared in that district alone, amount to about 1840 dozens;+ this is the profit of the Shepherds, who frequent the plams with their sheep, and have been known to fetch a shilling per dozen, formerly valued at sixpence. Quantities of them are eaten by the neighbouring mhabitants, or occasional visitors, others picked, and forwarded to the London Poulterers ; and many potted, being as much esteemed in England as the Ortolan on the Continent. The food is chiefly insects, and in wet summers feed much on earth-worms, and I have likewise been told, that on opening Le the stomach was filled with a small black curculio. + It chiefly frequents heaths; but except in par coulat stay only a few scattered pairs are to be seen. The nest is usually under shelter of a turf, clod, stone, &c. always on the ground, and not unfrequently in some deserted rabbit burrow, composed of dry grass, * Orn. Dict. + It is observed at Eastbourne, that the flights chiefly consist of young birds, which arrive in greatest numbers when a westerly wind prevails, and always come against the wind; on the 15th or 16th of August, 1792, a Shepherd caught twenty- four dozens, with only a few old birds among them ; and in another instance, eighty-four dozens were caught in one day, bya single Shepherd.—Lin. Trans. iv. p. 17. + Sir Thomas G. Cullum, Bart. 54 WARBLER. or moss, mixed with wool, fur of the rabbit, &c.; the eggs from five to six, of a light blue, a trifle darker at the large end, each weighing about 43 grains; the young hatched about the middle of May. It is believed, that this bird in general migrates annually, but I am clear that some few remain through the whole year; I have once seen a single one a little after Christmas, and it is said, that some have been occasionally observed about warrens, and stone quarries, during the winter: the greatest number seen on the downs in Kent, as far as my own observations go, is about the middle of April,* and after staying a fortnight, rarely more than one or two remain, but return to the same spot in August, as we are told, though I cannot say that I have remarked this return, oftener than twice or thrice. Mr. Boys once informed me, that he had frequently seen them in plenty about Sandwich, the second week in August. This species inhabits the whole of the Continent of Europe, from Greenland} on the north, to the Cape of Good Hope, and from thence at least to the East Indies, as we have not only met with drawings of the bird, but seen specimens, which were brought from that part of the world;} but it is in all places described as migratory; are frequently known to fly on board of ships on entering the Straits of Gibraltar, coming from the Barbary Shore, and observed to arrive in that fortress from the end of March to the second week in April in numbers; a few stay, and breed there, but the rest depart northward ; returning again to the rock in September, after which they dis- appear for the winter. A.—Motacilla Oenanthe, Lin. i. 332. 15. B. Vitiflora grisea, Bris. in. 452. t. 21. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 434. Cul-blane gris, Buf. v. 244. Grey Wheat-Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 467. Br. Zool. App. This Variety differs in having a mixture of whitish and fulvous on the upper parts, with very small grey spots on the lower part of * Mr. Lamb saw five or six females on Heckfield Heath, near Reading, the 20th March. + Met with by D’Entrecasteux. + Hist. Selb. p. 38. See also Edwards’s Preface. WARBLER. 5D the neck; and the two middle tail feathers wholly black; the others as in the Common Wheat-Ear, and fringed with pale rufous; bill and legs brown.* B.—Vitiflora cinerea, Bris. ii. 454. t.21. f. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 435. Cul-blanc cendré, Buf. iii. 245. Gen. Syn. iv. 468. The forehead in this bird is white; the upper parts of the body ash-colour, irregularly mixed with grey brown; rump grey brown; in other things like the last described. C.—Scopoli observes another Variety, found about Dwina, which is white on the upper parts; throat, wings, and nearly the whole of the two middle tail feathers black; and two black spots on the other feathers of it. 46.—RUSSET WHEAT-EAR WARBLER. Sylvia Stapazina, Ind. Orn. ii. 530. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 137. Saxicola Stapazina, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 239. Motacilla Stapazina, Lin.i. 331. Gm. Lin. i. 966. Vitiflora rufa, Bris. iii, 459. Id. 8vo. i. 486. Klein, 80. 26. Cul-blanc roux, Buf. v. 246. Oenanthe altera Aldrovandi, Rati, 76.2. Will.168. Id. Engl. 233. Stapazina, Arct. Zool. ii. 241. Q. Russet Wheat-Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 468. Edw. pl. 31.—front figure. Shaw’s Zool. x. 569. SMALLER than the Common Wheat-Ear; length six inches and a half, extent eleven; weight one ounce. Bill black : in the male, the head, neck, back, and breast, are of a faint dirty orange, * This bird was shot near Uxbridge, and described with the upper parts tawny, fore part of the neck dull brownish yellow; from the bill to the eye an obcure dusky line; quills black, edged with tawny and white; tail like the Common Wheat-Ear, with pale tawny edges. 06 WARBLER. deeper on the back; across the lower part of the back a crescent of black spots; chin, cheeks, and throat, black; rump, upper tail coverts, and lower belly, white; wings hght brown ; the two middle feathers black, the others white, with a narrow border of black; legs black. The female is said to be like the male, but the black mark is round, and behind the eyes only, and not under the throat, which part is white. Inhabits Italy, about Bologna, but not common ; found also at Gibraltar. Notwithstanding the above description of sexes, I am assured that the black mark indiscriminately belongs to either sex, and that from the colours only it is impossible to distinguish the male from the female. The young of the first year have a paler yellow on the back than the old birds. It is one of the Jater migrators into Gibraltar, not appearing till the end of March; by the second week in April they abound in all parts of the hill, town, and isthmus, being prior in their arrival to the Common Wheat-Ears ; they gradually disperse through all the country, leaving always some few that inhabit the rock in its more retired parts ; but none remain after the migration upon the flat country of the Isthmus. In May and June the male sings with a very sweet and pleasing, but feeble note. In autumn the whole of this species departs to Barbary, from whence they came. 47.—BLACK-EARED WHEAT-EAR. Sylvia Stapazina, Ind. Orn. ii. 531. Var. 8. Raii, 81.13. Will. 168. Saxicola aurita, Traquet oreillard, Tem. Maw. Ed. ii. 241. Vitiflora rufescens, Bris. iii. 457; t. 25. 4. Id. 8vo.1. 435. Cul blanc roussatre, Buf. v. 245. Russet Wheat-Ear, Var. A. Gen. Syn. iv. 469. Edw. 31.—back figure. Will. Engl. 233. LENGTH six inches and a quarter. General colour of the plumage above pale rufous, under parts white; through the eye, WARBLER. 57 from the bill, a broad black patch which extends over the ears; tail for three-fourths of the length white, the rest black; but the wings and the two middle tail feathers are black, and the outmost chiefly ‘so; bill and legs black. In the female the mark on the ears is only dusky, mixed with rufous ; nape and back rufous brown; throat dirty white; breast pale rufous, with some other trifling differences. The males at first much like the females. Inhabits the southern parts of Italy as well as the Russet Species. Willughby says near Nismes, and Bologna; common in the neigh- bourhood of the Mediterranean Sea; has been usually taken for a Variety of the Russet Wheat-Ear; but M.'Temminck assures us, that it is a distinct species. The description in Brisson is very good, but the tail in his figure seems longer than in nature, approaching to that of the Wagtails. 48.—RUFOUS WHEAT-EAR. Sylvia leucorhoa, Ind. Orn. ii. 531. Motacilla leucorhoa, Gm. Lin. i. 966. Le Motteux du Senegal, Buf. v. 249. Cul blanc du Senegal, Pl. enl. 583. 2. Rufous Wheat-Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 469. Shaw’s Zool. x. 574. pl. 52. THIS is bigger than the Common Wheat-Ear; length seven inches. Bill black; upper parts of the plumage rufous brown ; wing coverts brown, edged with rufous; quills the same; the under parts of the body yellowish white, inclining to reddish on the breast; the rump, upper and under tail coverts, and base of the tail, white; the rest of the tail brown, edged with rufous, like the quills; legs black.—Inhabits Senegal. VOL. VII. I 58 WARBLER. 49.—-CAPE WHEAT-EAR. Sylvia Hottentotta, Ind. Orn. ii. 531. Motacilla Hottentotta, Gm. Lin.i. 963. Grand Motteux, ou Cul blanc du Cap de B. Esp. Buf. v. 248. Traquet Imitateur, Levai/. Afr. iv. 92. pl. 181.—male. 182.—young. Cape Wheat Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 470. Shaw’s Zool. x. 573. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill and legs black ; forehead white, passing over the eyes as a streak; chin and throat white; top of the head black; through the eye, from the bill, a streak of black, curving on the sides of the neck, there finishing in a broad bar; the rest of the under parts white; plumage on the upper parts of the body and wings clay-brown ; rump white; quills and tail feathers dusky, with pale edges. The female is smaller, the colours less bright, the white less pure, and the black on the breast inclining to brown: in young birds the black on the breast is wanting. It differs from the Pileated Warbler next described, in being bigger, and the white streak passing over the eye broader, which in the last named is only a slender stripe; on the breast, too, in the latter is a band more than an inch broad; it is probable that they may be allied. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, almost every where in the neighbourhood of the Colony, chiefty among the cattle, and feeds on insects and worms: it sometimes builds in a hollow in the earth, or rock; at other times in some old ant hill, and lays five eggs, ofa turquoise blue. The Cape Wheat-Ear is probably the female. Both this and the following are named Schaap Wagter. WARBLER. 59 530.—PILEATED WARBLER. Sylvia pileata, Ind. Orn. ii. 531. Motacilla pileata, Gm. Lin. i. 965. Black-headed Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 471. Shaw’s Zool. x. 569. SIZE of the Wheat-Ear ; length six inches. Bill black; head black, uniting, on each side of the neck, with a deep crescent of the same, which occupies the whole breast; over the eye a white streak ; forehead and chin white; back and wings russet brown ; rump and belly white ; the two middle tail feathers black, the base of the others white ; the rest of their length black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Schaap Wagter, under which name I have received it from thence. I have also seen it in Chinese drawings, as well as from India, where it is called Carrowla. 51.—CREAM-COLOURED WARBLER. LENGTH five inches. Plumage in general dusky white, or cream-colour; back, breast, and under parts, more inclined to dusky ; rump and tail wholly pale ferruginous; bill and legs black. Inhabits India, and called Burra Carrowla: it seems a doubtiul bird ; not improbably a White Variety: of the last Species, which bears a name somewhat similar. 52.—STONE-CHAT WARBLER. Sylvia Rubicola, Ind. Orn. 1. 523. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 140. Sylvia Muscipeta, Scop. i. No. 236? Motacilla Rubicola, Lin. i. 332. Gm. Lin. i. 969. Kram. p. 375. 6. Georgi, 174. Gerin. iv. t. 382. 1. Motacilla Rossica, Nat. Misc. p. 649? 12 60 WARBLER. Rubetra, Bris. iii. 428. t. 23. l.-jmale. Jd. 8vo.i. 429. Saxicola Rubicola, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 246. Oenanthe nostra tertia, Rati, 76. A. 4. Will. 169. t. 41. Sylvia lutea capite nigro, Klein, 76. 8. Id. Ov. 25, t. 10. f. 14. Swartzkehliger steinschmatzer, Bechst. Deut. ii. 694. t. 23. Traquet, Buf. v. 215. pl. 13. Pl. enl. 678. 1. Hist. Prov. i. 508. Occhio di Bue, Zinnan. Uov. 52. t. 7. f. 40. Tschecantschiki, W. C. Petr. xv. 488. 489? t. 25. 3. Dornreich, Guncth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 98.—lower figure. Stone-smich, Stone-chatter, Moor-titling, Gen. Syn. iv. 448. Br. Zool.i. No. 159. Id. fol. 103. t. 5.2. f. 5. 6. Id. Ed. 1812.1. 520. Will. Engl. 235. t. 41. Collins, Birds, pl. 9. f.10. & pl. 11. f,8. Shaw’s Zool. x. 709. pl. 55. Albin, i. pl. 52. Hayes, Birds, pl. 39. Bewick, Birds, pl. p. 233. Lewin, Birds, iii. pl. 108. Walcot, Birds, 11. pl. 239, Pult. Dors. p. 9. Donov. iv. t.92. Orn. Dict. Graves, Br. Orn. V.i. Id. Eggs, pt. 1. LENGTH five inches or more; weight five drachms. Bill black, with a few weak hairs at the base; irides dusky; the head, neck, and throat, are black, or nearly so; the upper parts of the body mixed blackish and pale rufous; the feathers margined with the latter; on each side of the neck a transverse streak of white, giving at a distance the appearance of a white collar; breast reddish yel- low; belly paler; vent nearly white; rump quite white; quills dusky, margined with ferruginous ; those next the body marked with a white spot near the base, and a second spot of white on the coverts; tail black, the outer edges, and ends of the two outer feathers, ferruginous ; legs black. The female has the colours less vivid; the head not black, but like the rest of the upper parts; sides and throat palest; the white on the sides of the neck less conspicuous, and that on the wings the same, but the rump not white. Young male birds, of the first year, have the black feathers on the head mixed and edged with rufous. This is a common species, and for the most part inhabits dry places, such as heaths and commons, living on insects, which it is often seen to take in the manner of a Flycatcher, sprmging on the flies which pass within reach, and returning to the twig it first sat WARBLER. 61 on: it is an early breeder, making the nest in a bush, near the ground, or sometimes on the ground beneath a stone; it is composed of moss and bents, lined with hair, and sometimes a few feathers; the eggs five or six, of a bluish green, sparingly marked with faint rufous spots ; whether this bird partially migrates, or only changes the abode, for the sake of a greater plenty of food, is not generally agreed on; but although it is certainly seen the winter through, the numbers are fewer, and I have had reason to think that at such times more will be found in low marshy situations than elsewhere. It is not on record for any thing like a song, except a warbling kind of note, which it utters in the spring, and chiefly on the wing; but the general note, according to Buffon, imitates the word Ouistrata, frequently repeated ; though in my opinion, more like a clicking of stones together, one being held in each hand, hence perhaps the name of Stone-chatter. It inhabits various parts of the Continent of Europe, from Sweden to the Cape of Good Hope at least, but in no place more common than at Gibraltar, where it is seen in every part of the district, chiefly on the heaths and commons where furze abounds, and there found at all seasons. Inhabits India, comes to Calcutta in September, and departs in April; often found among the thickets of Hogle or Typha, and feeds on insects. I observe a pair of these in Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings ; in these the colours are the same as in the European Species, but darker, and better defined. A.—Le Traquet patre, Levail. Afr.iv. 88. pl. 180. 1. 2. This has the whole head brown black, round the neck white ; breast rufous ; lower belly, thighs, and rump, white; quills and tail brown; on the middle of the wing a spot of white. This is the male. 62 WARBLER. Le Motteux, ou Cul-blanc verdatre, Buf. iv. 248. Orange-breasted Wheat-Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 470. This is smaller than the other; the upper parts black brown, mixed with greenish brown ; on the wing a white spot; throat dirty white; fore part of the neck the same, mixed with black; breast orange, paler towards the belly ; upper and under tail coverts white ; tail brown, all but the two middle feathers have the ends white. This is the female.—The young bird is almost wholly brown. These inhabit the Cape of Good Hope, and according to M. Levaillant, differ only in sex; the name given to this is Schaap Wagtertje.* B.—In this the head is not wholly black, but only the chin and sides above the eye; the crown, nape, and all the parts, above being pale brown, mottled with dusky ; the under parts, quite to the vent, white ; sides of the neck, under the wings, and the rump pale ferru- gmous; quills dusky, with pale edges; on the middle of the wing a patch of white; tail dusky, nearly black, edged as the quills, the two outer feathers more or less white. The female is much the same, but paler, the fore part of the head — and chin not black, but rufous white; through the eye a dusky streak. These inhabit India, and seem to be further Varieties of the Stone- Chat. From the last place we have also seen another, in which the head and throat were black ; the crown black, spotted darker brown ; beneath pale rufous, the ramp, and collar round the neck the same; and appears very like the Common Stone-Chat. * The Pileated Warbler is also called Schaap Wagter. WARBLER. 63 53.—SIBYL WARBLER. Sylvia Sibilla, Ind. Orn. 11. 523. Motacilla Sibilla, Lin. i. 337. Gm. Lin. i. 992. Rubetra Madagascariensis, Bris, ii. 439. t. 24. Id. 8vo.i. 431. Traquet de Madagascar, Buf. v. 231. Sibyl Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 450. Shaw’s Zool. x. 609. THIS is allied to the Stone-Chat, but is a trifle bigger. Head, neck, and upper parts of the body, black, but the feathers of the back and wing coverts have tawny margins; it has the white spot on the wings, but wants that on the rump, and all the tail feathers are black; the under parts of the body are white, passing backwards at the lower part of the neck, like a half collar; the breast rufous. Inhabits Madagascar, where it is called Fitert ; at first sight may be taken for the Stone-Chat. Is said to sing well. I have met also with the same bird in drawings from India, where it is called Cassia, a large kind of Sparrow. A.—Length five inches. Bill black; form of the bird and size, as that of the Stone-Chat; crown marbled whitish and brown; sides of the head plain brown; over the eye, from the bill, a broad pale trace towards the nape; body above brown, streaked with dusky; chin and throat the colour of the eye streak ; breast and under parts buff white; rump as the breast; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with tawny buff; quills wholly dusky; tail even, dusky, the feathers edged, and tipped with tawny ; legs black. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Said to be common in hedge rows about Anophere, in December. 64. WARBLER. 54.—PROVENCE WHEAT-EAR. Sylvia Massiliensis, Ind. Orn. i1. 531. Motacilla Massiliensis, Gm. Lin. i. 965. Le Fist de Provence, Buf. v. 194. Pl. enl. 654. 1. Provence Wheat-Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 471. LENGTH seven inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, dusky ; top of the head and neck behind pale rufous brown; the feathers margined at the ends with blackish ; upper parts of the back rufous ; lesser wing coverts black, margined with rufous; quills much the same; beneath the eyes a yellowish white spot; body beneath red- dish white, with small blackish spots about the neck and _ breast ; tail a trifle forked, dusky black; the two middle feathers margined with rufous, the three next on each side with white, the two outmost wholly white; legs yellowish, hind toe pretty long, but the claw as in the others. Found at Provence in France, and called Fist, from its note; when disturbed, it squats beneath a stone, till all is again quiet. 55.—SPOTTED WHEAT-EAR. Sylvia maculata, Ind. Orn. ii. 532. Motacilla maculata, Gm. Lin. i. 965. La Pivotte Ortolane, Buf. v. 195. Pl. enl. 654. 2. Spotted Wheat-Ear, Gen. Syn. iv. 472. SIZE of the last, and not much unlike it. Plumage above brown, spotted with dusky black ; rump and upper tail coverts plam brown ; wing coverts and quills black, margined with dusky white ; prime quills black ; round the eyes yellowish white; under part of the body dusky white, spotted with black on the neck and breast, WARBLER. 65 and dashed with the same on the sides; tail white at the base, the rest black above, and dusky beneath ; the two outer feathers white on the outer webs, and tips of both white; legs as in the last. Inhabits the same places as the other, and both of them called Becfigue. The last frequently accompanies the Ortolan, and taken at the same time with that bird. 56.—ASH-CROWNED WARBLER. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill brown; top of the head ash-colour; from the nostrils a band of black passes beneath the eye, where it grows broader, and ends on the under jaw; back and wings olive-green; tail slightly cuneiform, olive-yellow ; all the under parts, from chin to vent, full yellow; legs pale. Native place uncertain.—In Mr. Bullock’s Museum. 57.-COMMON WREN. Sylvia Troglodytes, Ind. Orn. ii. 547. Scop. i. No. 239. Tem. Man. 128, Id. Ed. ii. 233. Motacilla Troglodytes, Lin. i. 337. Fuun. suec. No. 261. Brun. No. 284. Muller, No. 279. Gm. Lin. i. 993. Kramer, 378. Georgi, 175. Frisch, t.24. Klein, Av. 76, 1. Id. Stem. 14. t. 16. f.4, a. b. Td. Ov. 25. t. 10. f. 13. Faun. arag. 89. Sepp, Vog. t.p. 110. Borowsk. iii. 190. Rati, 80. A. 11. Will. 164. t. 42. Gerin. iv. t. 389. 2. Regulus, Bris. iii. 425. Id. 8vo. i. 428, Troglodyte, Roitelet, Buf. v. 352. t.16.1. Pl. end. 651. 2. Hist. Prov. i. 510. Robert, Ic: pl. 2. Reattino, Olin. uc. t. p- 6. Il Lui, Ceétt. uc. Sard. 225. Zaunschlupper, Schmid, Vog. p. 89. t. 75. B. Zaun Koenig, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. 28. t.2. Naturf. xvii. 105. Winter Wren, Amer. Orn.i. pl. 8. f. 6. VOL. VII. K 66 WARBLER. Wren, Gen. Syn. iv. 506. Br. Zool. i. No. 154. Id. fol. 102. pl. 42. Id. Ed. 1812. i. 516. Collins, Birds, pl. 7. f. 7.8. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 322. Albin, i. t. 53. B. Id. Song Birds, t. p. 64. Will. Engl. 229, pl. 42. Russ. Alep. 71. Hayes, Br. Birds, pl. 88. Shaw’s Zool. x. 763. pl. 60. Bewick, Birds,i. pl. p. 227. Lewin, Birds, iii. pl. 111. Walcot, Birds, ii. 242. Pult. Dorset, p.9. Orn. Dict. Graves, Br. Orn. V.u1. Id. Eggs, pt. 1. THE length of this well known bird is four inches, rarely more, and the weight two drachms and three quarters. Bill slender, and dusky brown; irides hazel; head, neck, and back, reddish brown, crossed with numerous obscure dusky lines; cheeks marked with dirty white, mixed with rufous ; over each eye a pale reddish white streak ; the under parts, as far as the breast, of this latter colour, the rest of the plumage crossed with brown lines; quills barred alternate with reddish and black; and the tail crossed with dusky lines like the back ; legs pale brown. This is common in England, and to be seen at all seasons; it makes a nest of a curious construction, in shape nearly oval, with only one small entrance; chiefly made of moss or lichen, well lined with feathers ; and the bird is said sometimes to build twice in a year. It will, however, vary the materials according to the situation it is placed in, so as to make it as little conspicuous to the observer as possible: the eggs are eight, or at most ten, dusky white, with red- dish markings, chiefly at the larger end, and each weighing about twenty grains: the nest is frequently found in the corner of an outhouse, stack of wood, hole of a wall, &c. when near habitations ; but if in the woods, often in a bush near the ground, stump of a tree, or on the ground itself. Its song is a short, though pleasing, warble, much louder than could be expected from the size of the bird, and continues it throughout the year. I have heard it sing, unconcerned, even during a fall of snow, ‘and frequently very late in the evening, when all but the Nightingale are silent. This species is found throughout Europe, but less common in the colder regions; it is however not unfrequent in Sweden and Russia, and has been met with at Aoonalashka. I trace it also as far south WARBLER. 67 as Aleppo. Said likewise to be in Barbary; it inhabits the hill of Gibraltar, among bushes, and loose rocks, and in the inclosed country at all times, though rarely seen in the town. I have reason also to think that it is a native of America, for I have received it from Hudson’s Bay, where it is called Chees, Chees, te, maw, tich, wa, sue; have likewise seen a specimen from Georgia.* Mr. Abbot, who furnished this, informs me, that it is common about Savannah, there called the House Wren, frequenting old dead trees, |ying on the ground in swamps, and about plantations; and that it is so gentle, as to come into houses, to pick up the crumbs; the egg precisely like that of our species, it also builds the same kind of nest, and often in outhouses. The Redbreast, and the Common, and Crested Wrens, seem to have been held in more respect than most other birds, and have had more familiar names applied to them; the most common one given to the first, has arisen from the red throat,+ though several allusive names may be observed.t ‘To the Common and Gold-crested Wrens, in almost every nation, the epithet of Royalty is attached,|| inde- pendent of petty names in abundance.§ Both the Redbreast, and the Wren too, are held by the lower class in a kind of veneration, so as to be highly favourable to their preservation as Species; and it must be a most wicked and mis- chievous boy, who will not pay some sort of deference to a very trite * In this the tail appeared to be a trifle longer, than in the European one. + Das Rothkehlchen, Rostbrustchen, Rothele—by the Germans. Rouge-gorge, Gorge- rouge, Rubienne, Rubiette, &c.—French. Pettirosso, Petto-rosso—lItalian. Pitirroxo— Spanish. Ruddock, Redbreast, Robin Redbreast—English. ¢ Consigliere (Counsellor), Frate Gavina (Friar Mumps)—Italian. || Reatino, Re degli Uccelli—lItalian. Reyezuelo—Spanish. Ave rei—Portugal, &c. &e.; and the Saxon, pnznona, from whence our Wren is derived, is in signification not far different. § Thomas i gierdet, Tommeliden—Denmark. Petermansmad, Muse broder—Norway. And we the Jenny Wren, and Kitty Wren. Musabrouir, in the Ferroe Isles, meaning the Mouse’s Brother, because, like the mouse, it creeps through the chinks in the wind houses, and feasts on the dried meat.—See Landt’s Description of the Ferroe Islands. K 2 68 WARBLER. - English proverb, viz.—-‘“‘ The Robm and the Wren, are God Al- mighty’s cock and hen:” and in some parts of France, it is known by the epithet of Boeuf de Dieu. It is, however, only in one instance, that I find the Wren to be dedicated to the Virgin Mary, where it is called the Hen of our Lady.* 58.—GOLD-CRESTED WREN. Sylvia Regulus, Ind. Orn. ii. 548. Scop.i. No. 240. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 127. Id. Ed. li. p. 229. Motacilla Regulus, Lin. i. 338. Faun. suec. No. 262. Gm. Lin. i. 995. Brun. No. 285. Muller, No. 280. Kramer, 378. Georgi, 175. Frisch, t.24. Faun. arag. 89.. Borowsk. iii. 189. t. 72. B. Nat. Misc. pl. 165. Trochilus cristatus, Klein, av. 76.3. Id. Stem. 14. t. 16.5. amc. & t. 28, f. 2. Regulus cristatus, Rati, 79. A.9. Will. 163. t. 42. Bris. iii. 579. Id. 8vo. i. 472. Ph. Trans. xxviii. p. 170. Bartr. Tr. 289. Gerin. iv. t. 390. 2. Hist. Prov.i. 509. Fior rancio, Olin. Uc. t. 6. Scriccialo, Cett. uc. Sard. 225. Gold vogelein, Wirs. Voy. t. 14.—male and female. Der Haubenkonig, Naturf. xvii. 106. Schmid, Vog. p. 89. t. 75. A. Gold-crested Wren, Gen. Syn. iv. 508. Br. Zool.i. No. 153. Id. fol. 101. pl. $. £. 3. Id. Ed. 1812.1. 514. Collins, Birds, pl. 3. f. 9. & pl. 11. f£.9. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 321. Id. Sup. p. 64. Will. Engl. p.227. Edw. pl. 254.1. Alb.i. pl. 53. Cat. Car. App. 36.37. Hayes, Birds, p\.38. Shaw’s Zool. x. 758. pl. 59. Bewick Birds, i. pl. p. 224. Lewin’s Birds, iii. pl. 112, Walcot, Birds, i. pl. 243. Don. Birds, pl. 4. Pulé. Dors. p.9. Orn, Dict. Graves, Br. Orn. V.ii. Id. Eggs, pt. 1. THIS bird in length is rarely more than three inches and a half, and weight from 76 to 80 grains. Bill black; irides hazel; on the * @ Than sayd the Wren, I am called the hen Of our Lady most cumly Than of her sun, my notes shall run For the love of that Lady. gq By title and ryght, the Son of Myght She dyd hym well discus Tu Patris, syngyng witout any endyng, Sempiternus es filius. Armony of Byrdes. WARBLER. 69 crown the feathers are elongated, of a fine crange-colour, bounded on each side with black; the upper parts of the body yellowish green, the under rufous white, tinged with green on the sides; wing coverts dusky, crossed with two white bands; quills and tail feathers dusky, edged with pale green, and some of the inner with blackish edges; legs yellowish. In the female the crown of the head is yellow, instead of golden orange; and all the head feathers shorter, The young birds do not gain the yellow feathers and crest till autumn.* This, apparently delicate species, is found in England at all seasons, and is more common than is generally imagined ; but escapes notice, perhaps from its diminutive size. It bears cold admirably well, and is found even as far north as Shetland; but after breeding there, returns southward in autumn, and it probably does the same, in countries far north, but in a moderate clime is never found to migrate. + It seems to prefer oak trees, for I have more than once seen a brood of these, in a tree of this kind, in the middle of a lawn, and the whole little family with the parents, about ten in number, from their continual motion, gave great pleasure to all who viewed them. The In the same song too, the Redbreast gives his reasons for going to church. § Than the Redbrest, his tunes redrest And sayd now wyll I holde With the churche, for there out of the ayere I kepe me from the colde § Te per Orbem Terrarum in usum Sarum He sange cum gloria Sancta was nexte and than the hole Texte Confitetur Ecclesia. * Orn. Dict. + It is perhaps rather from defect of insects, than mere cold, that the bird is obliged to change place, yet that they are met with out at sea is manifest ; as the late Mr. Boys mentioned to me, that one flew on board a ship in the Downs, April 8, 1797; and we are told, that the same thing has happened off the Coast of Japan. 70 WARBLER. nest is composed of moss, with a little wool, and is frequently, but not always, open at top, the bird accommodating herself to the situation in which it is placed; frequently in an oak tree as above mentioned, and often in a pear, or other fruit tree, against a garden wall, in the midst of an ivy bush, and in many instances, in a fork beneath a thick branch of a fir tree; the eggs from seven to ten in number, of a brownish white, darker at the larger end, and each weighing nine or ten grains. * In respect to the last mode of building, I have witnessed three or four instances; one in particular in a fir tree near Bexley, in Kent, the 20th of April, 1791 ; the nest made of fine green moss, and lined with feathers, somewhat as in the Chaftinch, but much contracted at top; it was suspended beneath the forks of a tree,+ and as it were tied with strings in three or four places, and contained nine eggs. The places, which this bird is found in, need not be specified, as it is every where known on the Old Continent, from Norway to the Cape of Good Hope. It has a slight, weak note, more so than the Common Wren, yet may be called melodious, and I was informed by Mr. Pennant, that one of these, kept in a cage in Angermania, sang very prettily. Itis a very tame and familiar species. The late Mr. Tunstall related to me a circumstance of one which had built in a spruce fir in his garden, at Wycliffe, in Yorkshire, and permitted the young to be handled several times, without the parents resenting the intrusion.t We learn, too, that this bird inhabits America, being met with at New York, and among the red cedars, also throughout Pennsyl- * Supposing the ege to weigh 10 grains, and the bird 80, when the female has laid ten eges which it sometimes does, that is, one every day, it lays its own weight in ten days. + Mr. Pennant mentions a nest of one, suspended in like manner by the corners, to the boughs of a Spruce Fir, and that the materials were, moss, worsted, and birch bark, lined with hair and feathers.—Tour in Scotland, 1769, p. 118. I was once shewn a nest by the late Mr. Lewin, in which several lengths of sewing silk were mixed with the other materials. t In the Ornithological Dictionary Introduc. p. xxxili. may be read some curious ex- periments relating to the extreme gentleness of this species. WARBLER. 71 vania, and from thence to Cayenne,* it is likewise not uncommon in Georgia, but according to Mr. Abbot, if the same, it is four inches long, and weighs as far as three drachms, breadth seven inches ; met with frequently in the woods there; but migrates northward with the Sparrows to breed. This pretty species is said to be subject to variety in colour, as Col. Montagu mentions a pair in the collection of Mr. Luscombe, of Kingsbridge, Devon, which were of a cream-colour, with the usual yellow crown, by which the sexes are distinguished, and adds, that in Cornwall it is called Wood Titmouse, and in Devonshire, Tidly Goldfinch.+ 59.—FIRE-CRESTED WREN. Roitelet, Poul Souci, Buf. iv. 363. pl. 16.2. Pl. enl. 651. 3. Regulus cristatus, Viei//. Am. ii. p. 51. pl. 106. Sylvia ignicapilla, Roitelet triple Bandeau, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 231. LENGTH three inches five lines. Plumage on the upper parts ° olive-green, inclining to yellow on the sides of the neck ; on the top of the head the feathers are narrow, long, and of a glowing fire-colour, on each side of which it is deep black, above the eyes and beneath them a white streak, and through the eye a narrow blackish one; forehead pale rufous; in other things it chiefly resembles the last described. Inhabits France and Germany.—Described by M. 'Temminck .as distinct: from the Gold-crested Wren ; and that it is found in the pme and fir woods, as well as in the bushes, and not unfrequently in gardens; not uncommon in France and Holland, but rarely seen in Germany. In winter time iscommon among the pines and firs in the Jardin du Roi, at Paris; and has the manners of the preceding species. * The Specimen from Cayenne had the legs quite black. t+ Orn. Dict. vp WARBLER. 60.—FLOWERY WARBLER. Le Becque-fleur, Levail. Afr. i. 142, pl]. 134. 1. 2. Sylvia minuta, Minute Warbler, Shaw’s Zool. xxi. pl. 997. THIS is the smallest Species M. Levaillant ever met with at the Cape of Good Hope, being even inferior in size to the Golden-crested Wren. The bill is excessively slender, and sharp as a needle; the colour of it, as well as the eyes and legs, brown; plumage on the upper parts of the body greenish grey; beneath pale yellow; throat inclined to white; between the bill and eyes the feathers are longish, dusky, and white, and are turned forwards; wings and tail brown. The female is like the male, but the colours more faint, and wants the elongated feathers on the forehead. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, about Heere Logements, and from thence to the River of Elephants, and beyond ; found in troops of eight or ten; these are very active, and fly from flower to flower, "in search of insects; its cry is like Zi, zi, many times repeated ; nest and eggs unknown. A bird, apparently of this kind, in Gen. Hardwicke’s collection, scarcely three inches and a half long. Bill black ; upper parts of the plumage pale greenish grey; beneath dusky, greenish white ; over the eye a white trace; beneath it a second; legs brown; the tail short, rather hollowed out in the middle; the feathers of that and the quills with pale greenish white edges. Found at Cawnpore, in October. 61.—LEUCOMELE WARBLER. Motacilla leucomela, N. C. Petr. xiv. 584. t. 22.3. Falck, It. iii. t. 30. Gin. Lin. i. 974. Tem, Man. d’Orn. p.158. Id. Ed. ii. 243. Motacilla pleschanka, N. C. Petr. xiv. 503. t.14. f. 2. WARBLER. 73 Muscicapa leucomela, Ind. Orn. ii.469. Shaw’s Zool. x. 328. Leucomele Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 456, LENGTH six inches and a quarter. Bill and irides dusky ; forehead, crown, nape, lower part of the breast, belly, rump, and greater part of the tail white; the other parts black ; the two middle tail feathers black, the others white, with a broad band of black at the end; claws black. The female is dusky, or cinereous brown above; head and neck palest, beneath inclining to ash-colour; throat and neck before cine- reous grey ; above the eye a white streak ; tail as in the male. Inhabits the craggy, cavernous places about Saratow, and other parts of the Volga, and like the Sand Martin makes a hole in a bank, wherein to place the nest; this hole is horizontal, and deep; the nest composed of dry stalks, and other materials; the young ten in number. It is a bold bird, and sits on the stones and stumps of trees, twittering almost like a Swallow; supposed to feed on worms and beetles, as the remains of the latter have been found in the stomach on dissection. 62.—_BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. Motacilla melanoleuca, N.C. Petr. xix. 468. t. 15. Gm. Lin.i. 948. Muscicapa melanoleuca, Ind. Orn. ii. 469. Shaw’s Zool. x. 328. Black and White Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 457. Nat. Misc. pl. 629: BILL and irides black; the whole of the back white; tail white at the tip; about one-third of the ends of the two middle feathers are black, from thence the black decreases, as the feathers are more outward; thighs annulated brown and white. - The female is brown and dirty ash-colour where the male is black and white. This bird is met with, throughout the summer, about Teflis and Cyrus, in Georgia; feeds on insects; frequents the banks of rivers VOL. VII. ie 74 WARBLER. among the shrubs; said to be migratory. M. Temminck, who thinks this and the last to be the same, says, it is found on the banks of the Volga. 63.—WO00D WREN. - Sylvia sylvicola, Ind. Orn. Sup. lili. Motacilla Sibilatrix, Das Laubvolchen, Naturf. xxvii. s.47. 4. Tem. Man.103. Jd. Ed.ii. p. 225, Muscicapa sylvicola, Yellow-throated Flycatcher, Am. Orn.i. pl.7. f. 8. Regulus non cristatus major, Bris. iii. 482. A. Id. 8vo.i. 442. Ind. Orn.ii. p. 550. 9. Will. 164. Ray’s Letters, p.108. Gen. Syn. iv. 514. C. Green Wren, Alb.ii. pl.86? Br. Zool. Ed. 1812.1. 512. Shaw’s Zool. x. 748. pl.57. Orn. Dict. Larger yellow Wren, White’s Selb. p.55. Bewick’s Birds, i. p. 220. Larger, not crested, Wren, Will. Engl. 228. Wood Wren, Lin. Trans. ii. 245. pl.24. Id. iv. 35. pl. 2. f.l—the egg. Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 237. 6. THIS bird is not greatly different in colour from the Willow Wren, but it is larger, of a more elegant make, and the colours much brighter; the length is five inches and a half, breadth nine, and the weight two drachms, 42 grains. Bill horn-colour, with a few hairs at the base; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts of the body yellow green; the cheeks, throat, and under parts of the shoulders yellow; over the eyes a streak of yellow; the breast pale yellow; belly and vent a most beautiful silvery white; wing feathers brownish, the margins outwardly green, and inwardly whitish; tail rather forked, dusky brown, edged with green; legs horn-colour. The female like the male, a trifle larger, and weighs three drachms. This is a migratory species ; the male, as usual in the Warbler Genus, coming first; and there is a greater interval between the arrival of the two sexes, than m any other, being sometimes at a week or ten days distance ; we first see it about the end of April, and lose sight of it in September; chiefly met with m coppice woods of oak or beech, on the most lofty of which it may be found, uttering a kind WARBLER. "5 of sibilous note, during which it expands the wings, in a shivering, or fluttering manner. Some have compared the note to that of the Bunting, but more shrill; and others to that of the Marsh Titmouse, or the spring note of the Nuthatch ; and it may be ebserved, that it is met with in woods only, and not in hedges or bushes; the nest is made on the ground, beneath the shade of trees, of dry grass, dead leaves, and moss, lined with finer grass, and a few long hairs, in shape oval ; the entrance near the top, as in those of the Pettichaps, and Yellow Wren, except that the two latter line theirs with feathers ; the eggs about six in number, weighing from 18 to 22 grains each, white, sprinkled all over with rust-coloured spots, and in some the markings are confluent: the young are hatched in thirteen days.t+ Mr. White, when at Gibraltar, found both this species, which he calls the Shivermg Wren, and the Willow Wren there; and as he has seen the latter in the winter months, he suspects that the former may remain there also throughout the year. 64.—SWAMP WREN. I FIND likewise an American Species, mentioned by Mr. Abbott, under the name of Swamp Wren, which seems to be greatly allied. It is described as having the upper parts yellowish olive, beneath yellow, except the chin, throat, and vent, which are white; forehead yellow, passing through the eye, surrounding it; quills and tail dusky, edged with yellow; bill and legs bluish. The female differs in being paler. This is common in summer, in the swamps of Georgia, frequenting the thickets of vines and sap- * Mr. Lamb not only says, it is very much hike that of the Bunting, but so astonishingly shrill, as to be heard at more than 100 yards distance, and this repeated once in three or four minutes.—Lin. Trans. ii. 245. Col. Montagu seems to think, that the note rather ex- presses the word Twee drawn out to some length, and repeated five or six times successively, terminating with the same note, in an hurried manner, at which time it shakes its wings.—= Orn. Diet. + Mr. Bechstein. L 2 76 WARBLER. - lings; has a loud note. It builds the latter end of April, the nest formed of rotten wood, small chips, and ground swamp moss, lined with finer tree moss, and fine stalks, like hay; the egg is blush- colour, with some small dusky specks; but for one-fourth next the larger end white, at which part the specks are more numerous. They are supposed to migrate, but Mr. Abbot, having shot one on the 2d of February, and observed others in the winter season, gives reason to think, that the greater part remain there throughout the year. 65.—YELLOW WREN WARBLER. Sylvia Trochilus, Ind. Orn. ii. 550. Scop. i. No. 238. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 124. Id. Ed. ii. p. 224, Motacilla Trochilus, Lin. i. 338. Faun. suec. No. 264. Gm. Lin. i. 995. Brun. No. 286. Muller, No. 281. .Kramer, 378. Klein,'76. Frisch, t. 24.2. Faun. arag. 89. Borowsk. iii. 191. Nat. Mise. pl. 189? Regulus cinereus, non cristatus, Gerin.iv. t. 390.1. Will. Engl. 228. Muscicapa cantatrix, Little domestic Flycatcher, Green Wren, Bartr. Trav. 288? Motacilla Hispanica, Hasselq. It. 287. Id. Voy. 206. Asilus, Bris.ii. 479. Id. 8vo. i. 441. Ratz, 80. A.10. Will. 164. Le Pouillot, Buf. iv. 344. Pl. enl. 651. 1. Hist. Prov.i. 510. Le Gabrier, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 152? Der Weidenzeisig, Naturf. xvii. s. 54. 6. Der Laufer, Naturf. xvii. 106. Green Wren, Albin, 86. Yellow Wren, Gen. Syn.iv. 512. Id. Sup. ii. 238. Br. Zool.i. No.151. Id. fol. 101. pl. S.f.2. 8.2. £1. Id. Ed.1812.i.511. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 319. Nat. Misc. pl. 189. Hist. Selb. p. 28. & 55. Collins, Birds, pl.6. f. 7.8. Hayes, Birds, pl. 38. Shaw’s Zool. x. 742. Bewick’s Birds, pl. in p. 222. Lewin's Birds, i. pl. 118. Donov. Birds,i. pl. 14. Pult. Dorset, p.9. Orn. Dict. THIS is larger than the Common Wren, but more slender, the length four inches and three quarters, but some measure rather more than five inches; weight two drachms and three quarters. The bill dusky, beneath yellowish; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts pale olive-green, the under pale yellow, and a streak of the WARBLER. “WG latter over the eyes; wings and tail brown, the feathers edged with yellowish green ; legs yellowish; tail a trifle forked; yet the outer feather is shorter than the next. The female is paler, otherwise greatly resembling the male. This little bird is common in England, as well as other parts of Europe, more especially where willows grow; hence called Willow Wren ;** it does not extend so far to the west as the Wood Wren, as it is rarely met with in Cornwall. It is migratory, and appears with us early, as we have heard it the beginning of April: it makes the nest in holes, near the bottoms of old trees, in hollow banks, and sometimes in a low bush; it is nearly oval, inclinmg to round, not unlike that of the Wren; formed of moss, with a lining of wool, hair, or feathers; the eggs dusky white, six or more in number, marked with reddish spots. It has a trifling note, scarcely uttering more than Twit, twit, whilst running up and down the branches of trees, in search of insects; but during incubation the song of the male is soft and weak, though not unpleasing. A.—Motacilla acredula, Lin. i. 338. 49. 8. Schr. d. Berlin. Gesells. i. s. 195. Ficedula Carolinensis, Bris. i. 486. Id: 8vo.i. 443. Klein, Av. 86. 11. Sylvia Pumilio, Vieill. Am. ii. p.39. pl. 100. Oenanthe fusco-lutea minor, Ratz, 186.39. Sloan. Jam.ii. 310. Le Figuier brun et jaune, Buf. v. 295. Yellow-Titmouse, or Wren, Cates. Car.i. pl. 63. Edw.278.2. Gen. Syn.iv. 513. A. Scotch Wren, Br. Zool. ii. p. 379. No. 152. Arct. Zool. ii. 420. N. Td. Sup. p. 64. Shaw’s Zool. x. 744. Orn. Dict. This differs in being rather inclined to brown than green on the upper, and more yellow on the under parts. It is said to be found in Jamaica, Carolina, and other parts of America; and has been sent also from Scotland; but in every case it is suspected to be the young of the Willow Wren, perhaps a. first year’s bird. * Called also Ground Wren, and Ground Huckmuck.—Orn. Dict. 78 WARBLER. In General Hardwicke’s drawings are three small birds, greatly resembling the Yellow Wren. The first four inches and a half long; above very pale ash-colour; beneath pale yellow buff; over the eye, from the forehead, a conspicuous, pale yellow streak; bill dusky, beneath paler; tail even; legs pale. Another, four inches and a quarter: above tender pale green, inclining to brown on the back ; beneath pale, cmereous, yellowish white, with a tinge of yellow on the breast; tail even. A third most like our Yellow Wren; length four inches: above pale olive green, beneath dusky white; over the eye, from the fore- head, a white streak, surrounding the eye in a narrow rim; bill and legs pale brown; tail slightly hollowed out at the end. This last said to have been found at Moue, in December. One, similar to the above, is figured in the American Ornithology. This is five inches in length, and eight and a quarter in extent: the upper parts dull yellow olive; the wings dusky brown, edged with lighter ; greater and lesser coverts tipped with white; lower parts dirty white, stained with dull yellow ; tail dusky brown, with a white spot on the inner webs of the feathers; head remarkably small ; bill broad at the base, furnished with bristles, and notched near the tip. This is found in New Jersey, particularly in swamps; one of them seen in an orchard, the end of April, was remarkably active, running, climbing, and darting among the opening buds, with extraordinary agility. Mr. Wilson ranks this with the Flycatchers, which it pro- bably may belong to; but in external appearance in the plate,* it is very similar to the Yellow Wren. * Amer. Orn. Vol. 6. pl.5. f.5; Muscicapa minuta, Small-headed Flycatcher.’ WARBLER. 79 66.—TAILOR WARBLER. Sylvia sutoria, Ind. Orn. ii. 551, Motacilla sutoria, Gm. Lin.i. 999. Zool. Ind. p. 17. t.18. Nat. Mise. pl. 237. Tati, ou Oiseau-Mouche, W. Schout. Voy. Ind. ii. 513. t. p.15. Tailor Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 515. Ind. Zool. 4to. 44. pl. 10. Penn. Hindoost.i. 206. Wood's Zoogr.i. 491. Shaw's Zool. x. 753. SHAPE of the Willow Wren, but smaller; length three inches and a half. Bill a quarter of an inch long, nearly straight, and black ; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale olive yellow ; chin and throat yellow; breast and belly dusky white; vent pale yellow; quills dusky, edged slightly with yellow, the first quill shorter than the second or third, which is the longest of the three ; tail dusky, legs brown; quills reach to about the middle of the tail. Inhabits Ceylon; one said to weigh only 90 grains, and to be no more than three inches long. We have very little doubt of the bird described above being the same as a specimen, which is in the collection of Mr. Comyns, and named Kaha Tuhitya. It is chiefly remarkable for the nest, which is curiously constructed, bemg com- posed of two leaves, one of them dead; the latter is fixed to the living one as it hangs from the tree, by sewing both together im the manner of a pouch, or purse; it is open at top, and the cavity filled with fine down, and being suspended from the branch, the birds are secure from the depredation of snakes and monkies, to which they might otherwise fall a prey; the eggs are said to be white. In my own collection is a nest of an equally singular construction ; it is composed of a single large leaf, of a fibrous rough texture, about six inches long, independent of the stalk; five inches and a half in breadth, and ending in a point: the sides of this leaf are drawn together, so as to meet within three quarters of an inch; within this is the nest, which is about four inches deep, and two broad, opening at the top; and the bottom of the leaf is drawn upwards to assist in 80 WARBLER. the support of it. This inward nest is composed of white down, with here and there a feather, and a small portion of white down inter- mixed ; the stalk about five inches long. I received this from Capt. J. Sotheby, who brought it into England from China, in the year 1807. How far this nest is connected with the above described seems not clear, but if made by the same bird, it serves to shew, that the second leaf is not made use of, except in such cases as a single one is not found large enough for the purpose. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is not only a represent- ation of this nest, but another of an equally curious fabrication ; it appears to be composed of several leaves, like those of some kind of hazel, sewed together, and an inner a nest formed of dry bents, fibres, and hairs, suspended from a tree, by the main leaf, to which the others are fastened. In this are figured two young birds, but with bills stouter than in the Warbler Genus; the colour of them rufous above, and white beneath. By the side of the nest are painted two ferruginous, or rufous-coloured eggs. The name in the drawing, Baya.** How far the three nests above described may belong to one Species, is not easy to say; but if so, it shews the bird to be capable of varying the structure of its habitation, as occasion may require : if on the contrary, we may fairly conclude, that more than one or two birds form similar nests, if not precisely the same. In the collection of Indian drawings, belonging to Lady Clive, is a bird not unlike the Tailor Warbler, but with an elongated tail, under the name of Merops minimus, or Motacilla sutoria. From the similarity of plumage, and manner of building the nest, there may be some reason to suspect, that the Long-tailed and the Tailor Warblers might form but one Species, did not the shape of the tails so essentially differ. . * This name is given to the Philippine Grosbeak, but the nest of that is described, as being in the shape of a long-necked bottle, and made of grass, quite different from the Baya here described. WARBLER. 81 67.—OLIVE-BACKED WARBLER. LENGTH three inches and a half. Bill dusky; upper parts of the plumage in general olive green; beneath yellow, inclining on the chin to rufous; feathers of the wings dusky, edged olive green ; tail the same, with a large dusky black patch on each feather, forming a band when spread. In one specimen the crown of the head was brown, with minute white streaks, and the under parts, from chin to breast, mixed dusky and dusky white; the back too was darker; in other markings, especially the tail, both were the same: probably gens: only in sex.—Inhabits Africa.—Mr. Bullock. 68.—TAWNY-RUMPED WARBLER. SIZE of the last. General colour of the plumage above dark greenish olive, beneath buff yellow ; about the nostrils a very shght tinge of rufous; rump, and one-third of the tail feathers tawny buff; the rest of the tail dusky black, ending in dusky buff-colour; the legs brown.—Inhabits Africa. —Mr. Bullock. 69 —AQUATIC WARBLER. Sylvia aquatica, Ind. Orn. ii. 510. Gm, Lin.i. 953. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 182. Id. Ed. ii. 183. Sylvia Scheenobanus, Scop. i. No. 235. Aquatic Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 419. THIS is said to be pale rufous above, spotted with brown; the throat and breast inclined to rufous; belly and ramp whitish ; a spot ‘of the same above the outer corner of the eye, and a white band at the base of the wing; tail feathers pointed. VOL. VII. M 82 WARBLER. It builds on the ground, and is often seen sitting on the tops of plants; migrates in autumn, and called by the Italians, Grisato. It seems to correspond with the Bog-rush Warbler, but the circumstance of its migrating, seems to give reason for supposing it a different bird. 70.—BABBLING WARBLER. Sylvia Curruca, Ind. Orn. ii. 509. Motacilla Curruca, Lin. i. 329. Faun. suec. No. 247. Scop.i. No. 228, Muller, No. 267. Faun.arag. p.88. Frisch, t.21. Borowsk. iii. 187. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 114. Id. Ed. ii. 209. Ficedula cannabina, Gerin. iv. t.392. 1. Curruca garrula, Bris. iii. 384. Jd. 8vo.i. 417. Klein, 73. 2.3. Id. Stem. 13. t.16. f.8—a.b. Id. Ov. 24. t.10. f.6: Will. p.99? iv. t. 23. Graas-Mucken, Gunth. Nest.u. Ey. 61. t.15. Naturf. xvi. 100. No. 205. La Fauvette babillarde, Buf. v. 135. Pl. enl. 580. 3. Beccafico canapino, Olzn. t. p. 11. 2. Cannevarola, Zinnan. Uov. 57. t. 8. f. 46. Babbling Warbler. Gen. Syn.iv. 417. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 442. U. Shaw’s Zool. x. 580. LENGTH five inches. Bill blackish; crown of the head cine- reous; the rest of the upper parts the same, with a tinge of brown; beneath the eye a streak of deep ash-colour; the under parts, and edge of the wing rufous white; the quills brown, edged within with white, and outwardly with rufous grey, but the greater ones with ash-colour; tail brown, edged with grey, the outer feather with the exterior web and tip white, on the interior bordered with white; the middle feather the shortest, making the tail somewhat forked ; legs brown. Inhabits France and Italy, frequenting the hedges, and building therein; the nest placed not far from the ground, the eggs greenish, dotted with brown;* it is said to feed principally on caterpillars. Scopoli observes, that it is a restless, noisy bird, imitating the notes * Ash-coloured, spotted with ferruginous.— Faun. suec. WARBLER. 83 of others, and frequently seen in the gardens at Pisa, in the summer, where it is called Bianchetto. One greatly similar to this, if not the same, is among the drawings of General Hardwicke, and inhabits India. 71.—WHITE-BREASTED WARBLER. Sylvia Dumetorum, Ind. Orn. ii. 522. Motacilla Dumetorum, Lin. i. 334. Gm. Lin. i. 985, Kramer, 377. 19. Curruca tertia, Gesn. av. 327. White-breasted Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 447. Shaw’s Zool. x. 618. THE brief description given by Linnzeus, of this bird, only enables us to say, that the upper parts of the body are cinereous brown, the head bluish ;* throat and breast white. The late Mr. White, of Gibraltar, informed us, that he had one of these birds, brought to him alive in the spring, taken on the Isthmus. He observes, that it is larger than the Blackcap, and has white irides, which last circumstance is the only one on record in the Warbler Genus; Gesner says the bird makes the nest of flax, hence it is called Lingetta. M.Temminck is of opinion that it is the same as the Babbling Warbler. 72.—EPICUREAN WARBLER. Sylvia Ficedula, Ind. Orn. ii. 517. Motacilla Ficedula, Lin. i. 330. Faun. suec. No. 251. Gm. Lin. i. 956. Muller, No. 271. Brun. No. 282. Klein, 79.13. Frisch, t.22.—male. Zinnan. Uov. 48. t. 6. f. 28? Ficedula sepiaria minor, Gerin. iv. t. 393. 1. Muscicapa luctuosa, Tem. Man. p. 102. Id. Ed. ii. p. 157. Ficedula, Bris. iii. 869. Id. 8vo.i, 413. Rati, 81. 12. Will. 163. * Gesner says ash-colour, his words are ‘* Tertia species pectore albo, conspicitur ca- pite cinereo,” and adds ‘‘ hance Nidum aiunt ex lino struere, hinc forte Lingetta Anglis dicta. M 2 84 WARBLER. Le Becfigue, Buf. v. 187. Pl. enl. 668.1. Hist. Prov. i. 504. Beccafico, Olin. t. p. 81. Russ. Alep. p. 64. Cet. Uc. Sard. p. 221. The 4th Becafigo of Aldrovand, Will. Engl. 227. Wustling, Gunth. Nest. u. Fy. t. 59. Epicurean Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 432. Arct. Zool. ii. 419. K. Shaw's Zool. x. 592. THE Jength of this bird is five inches. Bill blackish; the upper parts of the plumage grey brown, the under greyish white, tinged with brown on the breast; round the eye rufous white; the greater wing coverts incline to ash-colour, tipped with white, form- ing a band across the wing; quills cinereous brown, edged with greyish brown, but the three nearest the body with white; tail dusky, the feathers edged as the quills, the outer one white the whole way on the outer web, ‘and the next the same for two-thirds of its length. The female is like the male, but paler. This bird is much esteemed for the delicate flavour of its flesh; it is not found in England, but met with in summer every where on the Continent, from Sweden and Greece, retiring no doubt southward in autumn. In the Isle of Cyprus and Candy are in such plenty as to afford an article of commerce,** and the Italians are as fond of them now as they used to be of old. The Chief food appears to be insects, except in autumn, when they make great havock among the figs and grapes; whence it is supposed their great delicacy in some measure arises. According to Gunther, the nest is of dried fibres, grass, and moss, the eggs six in number, of a reddish white, almost covered at the larger end with ferruginous spots, towards the smaller fewer, and more scattered. Mr. White observes, that this species is common at Gibraltar, and there called Cyprus Bird or Beccafico ; and hints the very great * They are salted up in great numbers, and transported into other countries.—Will. Probably potted, like our Wheat-ears. They also transport them in vessels filled with vinegar and sweet herbs; and the Isle of Cyprus alone collects 1000 or 1200 of these pots every year.—Dapper Archipel. p. 51. WARBLER. 85 resemblance between this and the female Coldfinch,* so much as make one almost doubt their not being the same. It is supposed to make its way to Africa in autumn, and there pass the winter, and we are told, that in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, from the month of August, immense numbers of Figpeckers are seen during their passage, which lasts three months, during which the Egyptians catch them in great quantities, by smearing birdlime on the trees and bushes on which they, settle.t 73.—FIG-EATER WARBLER. Sylvia nevia, Ind. Orn. ii. 517. Gm. Lin. i. 957. Curruca nevia, Bris. iii. 389. Id. 8vo. i. 418. Boarina, Will, 158.171. 6. Id. Engl. p. 216. ch. v. & 237, No. 6. Muscicapa prima Aldrovandi, Rati, 77.7. Boarina. La Fauvette tachetée, Buf. v. 149. Bouvier, Salern. Orn. 226. 7. Der Feigenesser, Naturf. xvii. 101. Fig-eater, Gen. Syn. iv. 433. Albin, iil. pl. 26. Shaw’s Zool. x. 591. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill reddish brown; plumage above rufous brown, varied with yellowish and ash-colour; beneath white; breast yellowish, marked with black spots; quills blackish, edged with white; tail the same, the two middle feathers shorter than the rest ; legs reddish, claws black. Inhabits Italy, especially about Bologna, where it is called Boarola, and Boarina;+ chiefly met with in pastures, where beasts are kept; it makes the nest about a foot from the ground, on a shrub, or strong plant, and when the young are hatched, the female is most * It seems to be full as like to our Pettichaps, insomuch that on shewing one to an Italian, he declared it to be a Beccafico ; but perhaps more than one bird passes under this name, and both in Spain and Italy every small bird is eaten indiscriminately in autumn. M. Temminck assures us, that this is no other than a young Coldfinch Flycatcher. + Sonnini’s Trav. ii. p. 318. + Is persequendo Boves, vulgo Boarolam, seu Boarinam nuncupantur.—Aldrov. 86 WARBLER. courageously bold in defence of them. M. Buffon has given the figure in Pl. enl. 581. 3. as a representation of this Species, but it must be remarked, that it has a long and cuneiform tail, such as the Grasshopper Warbler possesses; whereas the tail of the Fig-eater is not of half the length, and hollowed out in the middle, the wings reaching to the middle of it. 74.--PASSERINE WARBLER. Sylvia passerina, Ind. Orn. ii. 508. Gm. Lin.i. 954. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 213. Curruca minor, Bris. ii. 371. Id. 8vo.i. 414. Muscicapa secunda Aldrovandi, Borin, Razz, 81. Will.158. Id. Engl. 216. Aldr. Av. i. 733. t.p. 734. Zinnan. Uov. 46. t. 6. £. 31. Passerinette, Buf. v. 123, Pl. enl. 579. 2. Hist. Prov.i. 509. Passerine Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 414. Shaw’s Zool. x. 739. LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Biil slender, and sharp, colour brown; irides red brown; plumage above pale ash-colour3 beneath greyish white, inclining to brown on the sides;* over the eye a small whitish streak ; quills and tail dusky; legs lead-colour. Inhabits various parts of the Continent of Europe, but not in this kingdom; common in Lombardy, Italy, Sardinia, the south of Spain, and Portugal, &c. At Provence, in France, it is called Pas- serinette;+ by the people of Bologna Chivin ; at Marseilles, Becafi- gulo; and by the Genoese, Borin. It is said to make the nest on a low bush, near the ground, composed of dry grass, lined with finer materials; the eggs are four in number, of a dirty white, spotted with green of two colours, most numerous at the larger end; the note is only a chirp or two, which it repeats when passing from one shrub to another. * Rump white according to Aldrovandus. + Bewick’s Passerine Warbler, p. 212. T am not sufficiently clear about. WARBLER. : 87 7).—SUBALPINE WARBLER. Sylvia subalpina, Becfin Subalpin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 214. LENGTH four inches and a half. Crown, cheeks, nape, back, and scapulars, cinereous; sides of the neck the same, with a vinous tinge; throat, neck before, breast, sides, and belly vinous; middle of the belly white; wings cinereous black ; the quills and coverts edged with rufous ash; tail blackish, a little rounded, the outer feather white on the outer web and tip, the rest tipped with white; bill brown above, and black beneath; legs brown. This was a female, the male unknown; it was found in the neighbourhood of Turm, by M. le Professeur Bonelli, and is in the Natural History Museum at that place; a second specimen has not been met with. 76.—GIBRALTAR WARBLER. Turdus arundinaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 334. 28. 6. Sylvia galactotes, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 182. Reed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 33. A. SIZE of a Nightingale; length six inches and a half. Bill pale brown; upper parts of the body pale testaceous brown, the under dusky white; above the eye a streak of the same; quills dusky, edged with cream-colour; rump and tail rufous; all but the two middle feathers of the latter have a bar of black near the end, which is farthest from the end on the outer feather; from the bar to the tip three of the outer feathers are white, the fourth white on the mner web only; in the next to that the white. is wanting; legs pale brown. Inhabits Gibraltar, where it arrives the last week in April; is a familiar bird, void of fear, perching on the tops of shrubs, hedges, 88 WARBLER. and walls, in the manner of the Redstart; does not make the least attempt to sing, even in the breeding season. At the end of June, 1771, a nest was taken, near the orange-grove, with six young, and supposed to be that of the Nightingale, and nursed as such, all the summer: in autumn five of them died, and one only survived till December. This frequently chirped agreeably, but did not amount toasong. In autumn these birds appear again in numbers about the garrison, and totally disappear in September: are not to be found in flocks at any time, but straggle about like the Russet Wheat-Ear. In manners it is solitary, always perching on the tops of the shrubs, and spreads the tail erect, by sudden jerks; has a piping kind of note, which rather seems a call to its companions than a song. Found in the neighbourhood of Tetuan, as frequently as any where, but it is uncertain whether it passes the winter there. It has some resemblance to the Reed Thrush, but is a smaller bird. We first met with a specimen in the Leverian Museum. 77.—FANTAIL WARBLER. Sylvia Cisticola, Becfin Cisticole, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 228? SIZE of the Common, Wren; length four inches and a half; weight two drachms eight grains. Bill dark brown, slender, longer than in the Yellow Wren, and somewhat incurvated ; irides pearl- colour; head and back dusky brown, mixed with dark spots, as in the Skylark ; throat white; neck, breast, and sides, testaceous ; wings dark brown, short, and hollow ; quills and secondaries nearly of equal lengths; tail short, and remarkably round at the extremity, the two middle feathers one inch and a half long, the exterior only three quarters of an inch; on the upper surface the tail is uniform, dark brown, but beneath paler, each feather marked near the end with a broad, round black spot, and the extremity beyond the spot WARBLER. 89 is white; legs pale yellow; all the tail feathers are round and broad at the ends, not pointed, as in some of the Wrens. One supposed to be the female, was in Mr. Bullock’s collection ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches long, the exterior three quarters of an inch, all of them marked with a dusky spot near the end, the tip pale, but not white ; the whole plumage too is paler in colour. This species inhabits all the shrubby parts of the district about Gibraltar, ever darting with vast alacrity among the bushes; when disturbed, takes long flights, chirping all the way, with a remark- ably loud and shrill note; at other times makes no noise whatever. When in motion it erects the tail, and spreads it into a circle, which appears very beautiful ; hence the propriety of the‘name Fantail ; is common about the stone quarries beyond the Spanish Lines, and is found at Gibraltar the whoie year. The nest and eggs are unknown. It is probable, that it is also an inhabitant of India, as we have found it represented among other drawings in the collection of Gen. Hardwicke. If the same referred to in the Manuel, it is said to make a funnel-shaped nest, among grass tufts, with small twigs, mixed with some cottony substance, with a lining of the last material. 78.—MEDITERRANEAN WARBLER. Sylvia Mediterranea, Ind. Orn. ii. 551. Motacilla Asilus, Gm. Lin. i. 996. 0. : — corpore ex fusco viridescente pectore ferrugineo, Hasselq. Voy. 186. Mediterranean Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv.514. D. Id. Sup. ii. 244. Shaw’s Zool. x. 693. THE bill in this bird is ferruginous, the upper mandible curved at the tip; general colour of the plumage greenish brown, beneath ferruginous; fore part of the breast fulvous; beneath the shoulders, and end of the wing coverts, inclining to ferruginous. Supposed to mhabit Spain, as one flew on board a ship in the Mediterranean, near the shore. VOL. VIL. N 90 WARBLER. 79.—_SIBERIAN WARBLER. Sylvia montanella, Ind. Orn. ti. 526. Motacilla montanella, Gm. Lin. i. 968. Pall. It. 111. 695. Siberian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 456. Shaw’s Zool. x. 626. A TRIFLE larger than the Whin Chat. Crown of the head brown black; over the eyes a yellowish streak; chin the same, in some white; ears black, placed in a bed of grey; back testaceous, spotted with brown ; beneath pale yellow, like oker; the feathers of the throat brown at the base; wings brown; greater quills edged with grey; and the secondaries with white; tail longish, pale ash- colour, the two middle feathers and the outer one shorter than the rest. Inhabits Siberia; comes into Dauuria in February, together with the flocks of Hawfinches. 80.—YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER. Sylvia superciliosa, Ind. Orn. 11. 526. Motacilla superciliosa, Gm. Lin. 1. 975. Yellow-browed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 459. Shaw’s Zool. x. 723. THIS is greenish above, and pale beneath; on the crown a pale streak ; over the eye a stripe of yellow.—Inhabits Russia. 81.—GILT-THROAT WARBLER. Sylvia ferruginea, Ind. Orn. ii. 516. Motacilla ferruginea, Gm. Lin. i. 976. Gilt-throat Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 459. Shaw’s Zool. x. 643. THE upper parts in this bird are cinereous, the under whitish; throat and neck ferruginous. Inhabits Russia, chiefly about the Tunguska River. WARBLER. 91 82._MO0OR WARBLER. Sylvia Maura, Ind. Orn, ii. 526. Motacilla Maura, Gm. Lin. i. 975. Pall. It. 1. 708. Moor Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 458. Shaw’s Zool. x. 640. SIZE of the Whin Chat, and not unlike it; head and neck black, edges of the feathers pale; back and base of the wings black, the latter margined with grey; sides of the neck, and all beneath, white ; throat deep ferruginous; wings brown; on the coverts an oblique yellowish white patch; rump, and base half of the tail white, the rest black. The female and young bird have the head grey, clouded with brown; back like that of the Woodcock; the rest of the body less defined in colour. Inhabits Russia, frequenting the birch trees scattered in the woods of Ural, and in the fields planted with them, between the rivers Tobol and Irtisch, flying by pairs. It feeds on insects, and makes the nest in the holes of the trunks of trees, formed by mice, and other small quadrupeds. A.—Length six inches. Bill black; plumage above rufous brown, beneath rufous white; chin and belly white; over each eye a rufous streak; edges of the wing coverts rufous; quills black, with pale edges; secondaries edged with rufous; rump and base half of the tail white, the rest of the latter black, but the two middle feathers are wholly black ; legs black. This was met with among the ice, between Asia and America. 83.—BLUE-TAILED WARBLER. Sylvia cyanura, Ind. Orn. ii. 976. Motacilla cyanura, Gm. Lin. i. 459. Pall. It. ii. 709. Bec-fin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p- Ixviii. Blue-tailed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 459. Shaw’s Zool. x. 646. SIZE of the Redbreast. Plumage in general above cinereous yellow, with a tinge of green; rump bluish; over the eyes, the N2 92 WARBLER. throat, and under parts, yellowish’ white ; sides of the breast orange 5 wings brown, the outer margins of the quills greenish yellow, the inner yellow; tail even, the feathers rather pointed, brown, edged outwardly with blue, appearmg, when folded, wholly blue. Inhabits Siberia, always at the beginning of winter. Frequently met with in the woods about the rivulets of the southern parts of the Jenisei, and from thence through the whole eastern parts. 84.—DAUURIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Aurorea, Ind. Orn. 11. 527. Motacilla Aurorea, Gm. Lin. i. 976. Pall. It. iii. 695. Dauurian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 460. Shaw’s Zool. x. 605. SIZE of the Redbreast. Crown of the head and nape hoary; forehead whitish ; throat and fore part of the neck black; back and wings black, with a triangular spot of white; under parts of the body deep yellow; tail the same, except the two middle feathers, which are black. Inhabits the neighbourhood of the river Selinga, in Siberia, among the willows. 85.—SULTRY WARBLER. Sylvia fervida, Ind. Orn. ii. 525. Motacilla fervida, Gm. Lin. i. 968. Le Traquet du Senegal, Buf. v. 228. Pl. enl. 583. 1. Sultry Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 455. Shaw’s Zool. x. 635. SIZE of the Whin Chat. Bill black ; upper part of the head, neck, body, and wings, deep brown; edges of the feathers rufous ; -on the wings two white spots; beneath the body yellowish white, inclining to rufous on the breast; tail feathers dusky, with pale margins; legs black. Inhabits Senegal; has much the appearance of the female Whin Chat. WARBLER. 93 86.—SENEGAL WARBLER. Sylvia Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 526. Motacilla Senegalensis, Lin. i. 333. Gm. Lin.i. 974. Rubetra Senegalensis, Bris. iii. 441. t. 20. #.3. Id. 8vo. i. 433. Senegal Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 456. Shaw’s Zool. x. 634. LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Bill brown; plumage in general the same; quills rufous, edged with brown; tail black, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white. Inhabits Senegal.—One of these, full six inches in length, was in the possession of the late Mr. Boddam, and brought from the Cape of Good Hope. 87.—CITRON-BELLIED WARBLER. Sylvia flavescens, Ind. Orn. ii. 537. Motacilla flavescens, Gm. Lin. i. 982. . Figuief a ventre jaune du Senegal, Pl. enl. 582.3. Buf. v. 282. Citron-bellied Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 477. Shaw’s Zool. x. 619. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill and legs dusky; upper parts of the head and body brown; quills dark brown, the feathers edged with rufous brown; under parts of the body pale yellow; sides of the head almost white ; tail even at the end, and marked as the quills.—Inhabits Senegal. 88.—RUFOUS-SIDED WARBLER. Sylvia rufigastra, Ind. Orn. ii. 534. Figuier du Senegal, PJ. enl. 582. Buf. v. 282. Gen: Syn. iv. 477. 95. parag. 2d. Shaw’s Zool. x. 619. LENGTH three inches and three quarters. Bill and legs dusky ; plumage above brown; feathers of the wings and tail paler on the margins; under parts of the body pale, with a rufous tinge on the breast and sides; tail even.—Inhabits Senegal. 94 WARBLER. 89.--UNDATED WARBLER. Sylvia undata, Ind. Orn. i. 534. Gm. Lin.i. 982. Motacilla. Figuier tacheté du Senegal, Pl.enl. 582. 2, Buf. v. 282. Undated Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 477. Shaw’s Zool. x. 620. LENGTH four inches. Bill black; plumage on the upper parts black, margins of the feathers rufous; rump deep rufous; under parts white; quills brown; tail the same, two inches long, and greatly cuneiform, the feathers of it and the quills edged with rufous white; legs dusky.—Inhabits Senegal. 90.—DUSKY WARBLER. Sylvia fuscata, Ind. Orn. ii. 5385. Gm. Lin. i. 982. Motacilla. Figuier brun du Senegal, Pl. enl. 584. 1. Dusky Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 477. Shaw’s Zool. x. 609. SIZE of the Pettichaps; length six inches. Bill slender, and dusky ; the upper parts of the plumage brown, the under grey, with a reddish tinge on the sides and down the middle; quills and tail darker than the upper parts, the latter long, even at the end; legs yellow.—Inhabits Senegal. 91.—FLAXEN WARBLER. Sylvia subflava, Ind. Orn. ii. 535. Gm. Lin.i. 982. Motacilla. Figuier blond dn Senegal, Pl. ent. 584.2. Buf. v. 284. a ventre gris, Pl. enl. 584. 3.—female. Flaxen Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 478. Shaw’s Zool. x. 611. LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill dusky; plumage above fine reddish brown, beneath pale yellowish white; wings darker brown; tail long, cuneiform, the colour of the upper parts; legs pale yellow. WARBLER. 95 One in the same plate probably differs in sex: this has the upper parts deeper brown, the under cinereous white; wings and tail as the parts above; the latter cuneiform, but shorter than in the first described ; legs pale yellow. Both of the above inhabit Senegal.—-One in Lord Stanley’s - collection was much paler brown above, or reddish brown; beneath pale, inclining to rufous; chin and middle of the throat white ; two middle tail feathers two inches long, the outer one only an inch. A.—Length barely four inches and a half. Bill slender, black ; plumage above very pale ash-colour, beneath pale rufous white; which colour includes the sides of the head, and above the eyes; wings pale brown, edges of the feathers pale; tail cuneiform, two inches long, colour as the quills; legs pale red, or flesh-colour. The sexes differ but little ; in one the pale space reaches higher above the eye than in the other, and appears as a broad streak of white.—Inhabits India —Gen. Hardwicke. 92.—ALL-BLACK WARBLER. Sylvia pammelaina, All-black Warbler, Salt. Abyss. App. p. lix. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill half an inch long, black, with a very trifling notch near the tip; general colour of the plumage throughout deep black; on the upper parts somewhat glossy; quills and tail inclined to ash beneath; tail even at the end, consisting of twelve feathers, and near three inches and a half long, and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; all the feathers rounded at the end; shins an inch long, not very stout, and dusky; the outer toe united to the middle at the base; the first quill is about half the length of the second, which is about half an imch shorter than the fourth, or longest of all. 96 WARBLER. In the collection of Mr. Salt are two specimens, found in Abyssinia. In one the plumage is more intensely black, and’ the head feathers more elongated, so as to enable the bird to raise them as acrest. This bird has in many things the air and appearance of a Wagtail; but as the manners have not been handed down, nothing more can be said about it. 93.—COMMANDER WARBLER. Trapuet Cammandeur, Levail. Afr.iv. 115. pl. 289. GENERAL colour of the plumage deep brown-black, but the bend of the wing and the coverts are rose-white: female the same, but the white spot less defined. Young birds have a rufous brown plumage, and the shoulders pure white, and in this state are mis- taken for the Luzonian Warbler, but the latter has a stronger bill. Inhabits the west coast of Africa, from 28 deg. of lat. S. and departs after it has reared its young. Said to make the nest in sub- terraneous caverns, and to lay from five to eight eggs, and they are often seen in families of that number; is found also at Malimba. 94.—MADAGASCAR WARBLER. Sylvia Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 507. Gm. Lin. i. 952. Luscinia Madagascariensis, Bris. iii. 401. t. 22. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 422. Le Foudi-jala, Buf. v. 116. Madagascar Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 412. Shaw’s Zool. x. 579. SIZE of our Nightingale; the length near six inches and a half. Bill deep brown; head rufous; behind each eye a brown spot; the plumage on the upper parts of the body olive brown; throat white ; breast pale rufous; belly rufous brown, tinged with olive; tail brown above, and inclining to olive beneath; legs deep brown. Inhabits Madagascar, where it is called Foudi-jala. - WARBLER. 97 95.—CHOIRISTER WARBLER. Le Coriphée, Levail. Afr. ii. 85. pl. 120. f. 1. 2. SIZE of the Nightingale, and not very unlike it in general colours. Bill and legs dusky black; irides brown; the plumage in general above dull brown; beneath the same, with a rufous tinge - between the bill and eye a streak of black ; over the eye, from the the bill, one of white; chin white; sides of the chin, and fore part of the neck pearly blue grey; the tail rather long, and cuneiform, dusky towards the ends of the feathers, all of which, except the two middle ones, have white tips. The female is smaller, the plumage less deep, and the whole of the under parts, except the white chin, of a pearly blue grey. ~ Found in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, in the Mimosa woods near the Rivers Sondag and Swarte Kop, and from thence to Camdeboo: it sings more like a Nightingale than any other bird, witha note, perhaps less animated and lively, but more tender and delightful; frequently in the evening, like our European songster, and in dull weather, after soft rain, the whole day through. It begins to smg in October, and in November makes a nest of moss and stalks, lined with hairs; lays from three to five blue-green eggs, changing to brownish grey towards the larger end. In the nest of this bird M. Levaillant found the egg of the Crested black Cuckow, which is white, and at least double the size of its own, yet was _ hatched with them. 96.—PIPING WARBLER. Le Grivetin, Levail. Afr. iti. 80. pl. 118. f. 1. 2. THIS is a trifle less than the Nightingale. Bill, legs, and irides light brown; base of the under jaw, the mouth, and tongue yellow ; VOL. VII. O 98 WARBLER. head, hind neck, back and wings grey brown, inclining to rufous on the rump, and upper tail coverts; under parts of the body dirty brownish white; on the throat a few markings of the same, on a whiter ground; from the forehead, over the eye, passes a line of white, curving downwards; on the scapulars, and greater wing coverts, some undulations. of white; quills brown; tail cuneiform, grey brown; all but the two middle.feathers deeply margined on the outer webs and ends with white; legs bright brown. The female is smaller, the colours more dull, and the rump not rufous. Inhabits much the same places as the Jast, and makes the nest in a.low bush, laying four or five sea-green eggs; feeds on insects: the male, while the female sits, hasa song resembling the sound of a flute, or flageolet; but the cry of the female is only similar to the syllables Trictrie tric, several times repeated. In the nest of one of these M; Levaillant found an egg of the Noisy Cuckow, but on viewing it another day, it: was broken and cast out; hence it should seem, that the eggs of the Cuckow are not always taken care of by the foster parent. 97.—STRUTTING WARBLER. Le Pavaneur, Levail. Afr. iii. 94. pl. 122. 1. 2. SIZE and shape of the Dartford. Warbler. Bill and legs brewnish ;. general colour of the plumage above red brown, beneath lighter, especially towards the lower belly and chin, quills and tail rather deeper than the rest; tail cuneiform. * The female is smaller, and the brown less deep, beneath light coloured, or yellowish, marked on the breast with dusky streaks. Inhabits the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly found about the Bay of Blettenberg, or Lagoa, and in general in all the country of Hottniquas; it flies with great difficulty, as the wings are * According to M. Levaillant it has only ten feathers. WARBLER. 99 very short, and weak in their texture. It builds among the reeds, and has generally five young. In the time of incubation the male expands the tail, in an erect manner, like the Peacock, quite on the back. 98.—PRATTLING WARBLER. La Caqueteuse, Levail. Afr. iii. 90. pl. 121. 1. SIZE of the White Throat. Bill, legs, and eyes, light brown; general colour of the plumage above dull brown, with an olive gloss ; beneath dusky white, marked about the chin and fore part of the neck with pale brown; tail even at the end. The female is like the male, but smaller, and wants the marks on the neck. ; Inhabits the inner parts of the Cape of Good Hope, found in the marshes of Hottniqua and Verloore Valley; makes a nest in the middle of the reeds, fastening several of them together, in order to support it; the eggs are five or six in number, white, spotted with brown. Is a cackling, noisy species, continually crying Gri-gri-gra- gra, repeated in all tones. The male takes his turn with the female in hatching the eggs. 99.—ISABELLA WARBLER. L’Isabelle, Levail. Afr. iii. 92. No. 121. 2. SMALLER than the last. Bill shorter, more pale, nearly white : the plumage much as in the other, with an Isabella hue; quills rufous on the edges, but chiefly in the middle; all the under parts rufous white, or yellowish; quills and tail darker than the rest, the latter even at the end. 02 100 WARBLER: This is found in the same places as the last, with much the same manners, and like that, fastening the nest between the Josie, the eggs five or six in number, and white. 100.—FAMILIAR WARBLER. Traquet familier, Levail. Afr. iv. 97. pl. 183, 1. 2, SIZE of the Tree Sparrow. Bill and eye brown; plumage in general grey brown, with a slight tinge of rufous, deeper on the upper parts ; the breast and flanks, ears and rump, rufous; the two middle tail feathers brown, the others the same, with the outer edges rufous; legs black. The female smaller than the male. Inhabits various parts about the Cape of Good Hope; is very tame, and, like many others, has the appearance of being allied to the Stone-Chat ; is continually beating the wings, and flirting up the tail; feeds on insects, and observed to sweep them off a stone, the rump of a horse, or other elevated object; the nest made under a stone, or in a hole in the earth; the eggs four in number, greenish grey, spotted with brown; both sexes sit in turn, and are always together, and the whole family keep generally in company till the following spring. 101.—LUZONIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Caprata, Ind. Orn. ii. 524. Motacilla Caprata, Lin. i. 335. Gm. Lin. i. 986. Rubetra Lucionensis, Bris. iti. 442. t. 24. 2.—male. f.3.—female. Jd. 8vo. i. 432. Traquet Fourmilier, Levail. Afr. iv. 108. pl. 186. 187. — de l’Isle de Lugon, Buf. v. 229. Pl. enl. 235. f. 1. 2. Luzonian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 451. Shaw’s Zool. x. 630. SIZE of the Stone-Chat; length four inches and a half. ~ Bill dusky ; the whole bird blackish brown, except the lesser wing coverts WARBLER: 101 nearest the body, and the vent, which are white; and in some the rump is white; legs black brown. The female brown above, beneath rufous brown; throat whitish; rump and upper tail coverts. pale rufous; beneath dirty rufous white; tail brown. InhabitsManilla, and called Maria-capra. Levaillant describes his bird six inches and a half long. Bill stout, black; general colour of the plumage brown, beneath paler, the feathers edged with pale rufous; chin nearly white; on the shoulders a white patch. The female is smaller, and: wants the white on the shoulders, otherwise brown; the white is also deficient in young birds. This last met with about Sondag and Swarte-kop rivers, in the environs ef the Caffre Country, and differs from the other, as it perches on great trees, and feeds on ants; which it is enabled to procure, as the Ant Bear first roots them up. It lays the eggs in an old mole hill, or hole in a rack ; they are five in number, and white; for the most part the birds are found in pairs, and the whole of. the nest keep together for some time. A.—In some Chinese drawings was one similar. . Head, neck, and upper parts blue-black, the under reddish white; greater wing coverts tipped with white, forming an irregular white bar; bill and legs pale red. 102.—DARK WARBLER. Sylvia magna, Ind. Orn. ii. 525. Motacilla magna, Gin. Lin. i. 968. Le grand Traquet, Buf. v. 232. Dark Warbler, Gen, Syn. iv. 453. Shaw’s Zool. x. 698. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill one inch long; head brown, mxed with darker brown; neck above, and body pale brown; 102 WARBLER. throat whitish, mixed with brown ; breast brown; wing coverts ‘and outer edges of the quills the same ; within half brown, half rufous ; the tail of these two colours, the two outer feathers white on the outer webs ; under part of the body pale rufous. Native place uncertain. 103.— NAMAQUA WARBLER. Traquet Montagnard, Levail. Afr. iv. 105. pl. 184. 2. THE bill and legs in this bird are black ; eye reddish brown ; plumage in general black, except the belly, shoulders, upper and under tail coverts, and the outer margins of the side tail feathers from the base, which are white. The female, when perfect, is like the male. Young birds are wholly of a fine grey, inclined to blue above ; quills grey on the edges; the two middle tail feathers black, the others partly white; rump and shoulders whitish grey; bill and legs brown. After the second moult, the crown and nape are grey; back ‘and wing coverts, chin, throat, and breast, black ; shoulders mixed with white; chin and throat, rump and tail, as in the adult, but the white less pure. This inhabits the Namaqua Country, and lives on soft insects; it approaches to the Rocar Thrush, as it frequents the points of rocks, and deep cavernous parts, where it builds, and has the same finesse as that bird. It is rarely seen in the plains, only descending thereto, on account of extreme drought. 104.—FLAME-COLOURED WARBLER. Sylvia fammea, Ind. Orn. Sup. lvi. Motacilla lammea, Mus. Curls. iv. t. 98. Flame-coloured Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 251. Shaws Zool. x. 692. THIS is an elegant bird, and of the size of a Wren. Bill, legs, wings, and tail, black; head, neck, and back, of a beautiful ‘pale WARBLER. 103 orange, or flame-colour; eyes black; tongue furnished with two hairs at the end; belly pale grey. Inhabits the palm trees of Java.—Dr. Sparrman says, there are seven prime quills, nine secondaries, and ten tail feathers, but in the Warbler Genus we find in general not fewer than twelve. 105.—THORACIC WARBLER. Le Plastron noir, Levail. Afr. ii. 96. pl. 123. f. 12. Motacilla thoracica, Thoracic Warbler, Nat. Misc. pl. 969. Shaw’s Zool. x. 562. SIZE of the lesser Pettichaps. Bill black; plumage above olive- grey; eye brown, placed ia a patch of black; on the breast a broad crescent of black; the cain and throat within this, white; belly and vent yellowish white; quills dusky, edged with pale olive; the twe middle tail feathers the same, the others mostly white; beneath wholly white ; shape of the tail rounded; legs yellowish. The female is a trifle smaller, has no collar; and the male appears like the female till the second moult. Beth sexes remain together at all times, and the song is agreeable, especially in the warmer season. In November and December the female makes the nest, among the low bushes or plants, and lays six rufous white eggs. This is one of the nests in which the Cuckow chuses to deposit her eggs. M. Levaillant found in one of them a young of: the Noisy Species, which was then the size of a Blackbird, and so large, as. te distend and to damage the nest: it had the mouth ever open for food, which the foster parents, with great difficulty, supplied it with; in about a week it became too large for the nest to contain it, when it fixed itself on a branch of Mimosa, and when M. L. left the spot, the old birds still continued to feed it. This bird is common in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, from the River of Elephants to the Tropics, but very rare towards 104 WARBLER. the Cape, though in plenty from 28 degrees of latitude to the Tropic, especially on the Grand and Orange rivers; also met with among the Caffres, but more rarely. 106.—RUFOUS-BELLIED WARBLER. Le Grignet, Levail. Afr. iii. 103. pl. 126. f. 1. 2. SIZE of the White-Throat; length five inches and a half. Bill dusky; irides greenish grey; all the upper parts of the body, wings, and two middle tail feathers, slaty grey; beneath pale cinereous, or whitish, marked on the throat with oblong dusky spots; lower belly, and under tail coverts deep rufous red ; the two middle tail feathers the same colour as the back, the rest mostly white on the outer, and dusky on the inner webs; legs dusky. The female is like the male, but one-fourth larger. This species is very numerous within the Cape of Good Hope, on the borders of the River Gaus Gold, or Gaurits, spreads also from the Brake River, and lives in society; frequently seen among the Mimosas in flocks, from eight to twelve, running about with great velocity, probably m search of insects, or larvee under the leaves; incessantly chatters like the Long-tailed Titmouse, when flying from tree to tree. Nest unknown. A similar one in Mr. Dent’s drawings, entitled ‘*‘ Le Culrou male « dans sa grandeur naturelle, du Cabinet de M. Vaillant.” This is seven inches and a half long, and answers pretty well to Levaillant’s description : tail one inch and three quarters long, black, with the greater part of the feathers more or less half white at the ends; the forehead seems white; the vent only is rufous. There is a Variety also, in which the greater part of the plumage is white, especially the wings and tail, but the lower belly and under tail coverts have a rufous tinge. WARBLER. 105 107.--RUFOUS-CROWNED WARBLER. Rousse-Téte, Levail. Afr. ii. 98. pl. 124. f. 1. 2. SIZE of the Babbling Warbler. Bill. and legs pale brown; plumage on the upper parts of the body brownish grey, beneath cinereous, growing white towards the belly; top of the head rufous brown, or tan colour; tail even at the end; the wings, when closed, reach very little beyond the rump. The female is smaller, and the top of the head not rufous. Inhabits the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope; found in Cam- deboo, also among the Caffres and Namaquas; but in the last named less abundant; makes a nest of moss and down, lining with the latter ; and lays as far as six white eggs, marked with very small vinous spots; the nest is not unfrequently chosen by the Coromandel Crested Cuckow, as a place to deposit her eggs in. 108.—MELODIOUS WARBLER. L’Olivert, Levail. Afr. iii. 100. pl. 125. f. 1.2. Shaw’s Zool. x. 360. SIZE of the lesser Pettichaps, but the tail shorter in proportion ; Bill grey; irides hazel; plumage yellowish green above, sides of the head, from the nostrils, and all beneath, white; quills within dusky; under the tail white; tail short; the wings reach almost to the end of it. Both sexes are alike. : M. Levaillant met with this species about Pampoen Kraal; it had a melodious song, chiefly in the morning and evening, even in the rainy season, when most other birds are silent. It is a bold bird, perching, without fear, on every part of the tent, where M. Levail- lant was. Nest and eggs not known. VOL, VII. P 106 WARBLER. 109.—BLACK-CROWNED WARBLER. Merle a Calotte noire, Levail. Afr. ii. 48. pl. 108. 1, 2. SIZE of a Sparrow. Bull orange; eye red brown; top of the head and nape dull black, the rest of the plumage olive brown; wings and tail deep brown; under parts of the body bluish grey, inclining to ash-colour; towards the vent white. The female wants the brown on the head. Inhabits, sparingly, the forests of Bruyntjes Hoogte, and feeds on insects. The male has an agreeable song, perched on bushes near the water, and chiefly sings morning and evening. Nest and eggs unknown. 110.—BLACK-HOODED WARBLER. LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill black, at the base two or three weak hairs; irides whitish; top of the head, in- cluding the eyes, and nape, black ; the rest of the plumage cinereous brown above, wholly white beneath ; quills and tail like the upper parts; the latter one inch and a half long; legs brown. Inhabits India, called Culchuttia. It differs from our Blackcap, in having the black of the head reaching below the eye and on the ears; the tail longer, and the under parts pure white. 111.—CAPE WARBLER. Sylvia sperata, Ind. Orn. ii. 523. Le Traquet du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buf. v. 233. Sybil Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 450. 47, A. LENGTH six inches. Bill black; plumage in general above greenish brown; beneath grey, with a rufous tinge, as is also the WARBLER. 107 rump; wing coverts and quills brown, with paler edges; tail a trifle forked, the two middle feathers blackish brown; the others obliquely brown and fulvous. One, probably a female, was dark brown above; throat white ; and the breast rufous.—From the Cape of Good Hope. A.—Bill stout, a trifle bent; plumage above clouded pale brown, beneath paler; the belly and vent white, marked on the breast with small blackish spots; through the eye a narrow whitish trace; quills dusky, with paler edges; base of the prime quills reddish, the ends dark; the tail rufous from the base, with the end black, the colours obliquely divided, the outer feathers being black only at the tips; the legs are pale. Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther. 112.—SHRUBBY WARBLER. | Saxicola fruticola, Lin. Trans. xiii. 157. LENGTH five inches. Plumage in general black; scapulars, rump, and vent, white; breast and belly mixed ferruginous grey ; quills outwardly slightly edged with the same; outer tail feathers a trifle shorter than the rest. Inhabits Java, and there called Dechu. 113.—BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER. SIZE of the Redbreast. Bill pale; head chestnut; back and wings pale olive-green ; throat, neck, and rump, bufi-yellow; belly very pale green; quills and tail olive-green; legs dark. Inhabits Africa.—In Mr. Leadbeater’s collection. PZ 108 WARBLER. 114.—TRACTRAC WARBLER. Le Tractrac, Levail. Afr. iv. 103. pl. 184. 1. IN this the bill and legs are dusky; general colour of the head and upper parts cinereous grey; lighter on the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts; belly and vent white; irides hazel brown; eyelids surrounded with a range of white feathers; quills black brown, the prime ones bordered with paler brown, and the others with white; tail even, black, terminated with white; the four first feathers on each side bordered on the outer margins with white, but the third and fourth have the white only at the base; the outer one white the whole of the length. The female smaller, and the white on the rump occupies less space. Young birds have the feathers bordered with pale rufous. Inhabits the Country of Hottniqua, in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, frequenting the bushes, and flying often from one to another, being a wild and restless bird. It scrapes a hole at the foot of a bush, and collects a few dry stalks by way of nest, and Jays four greenish eggs, marked with minute brownish points; has gained the name Tractrac, from the note expressing that word. 115.—WHITE-EYED WARBLER. Sylvia Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 533. Motacilla Madagascariensis, Gm. Lin. i. 981. Maderaspatana, Lin. 1, 334. Ficedula Madagascariensis minor, Bris. ii. 498. t. 28.2. Id. 8vo. i. 446. Le Tcheric, Buf.v. 279. Levail. Afr. ii. 136. pl. 132. 1. 2. White-eyed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 475. Shaw’s Zool. x. 720. SIZE of the Yellow Wren. Bill black; irides brown; plumage above olive-green, much as in that bird, but lighter, and inclined to WARBLER. 109 yellow ; beneath nearly white; throat and vent yellow; round the eyes a fillet of white feathers, distinguishing it from other birds; between the forehead and eye a yellow streak ; quills and tail dusky, edged with yellowish green outwardly ; legs grey. The female is smaller, less bright, and the circle round the eye smaller, and not so white; when young neither sex has the feathered eyelids. Inhabits many parts of South Africa, especially the River Duy- vers-Ochs, among the Caffres ; at Bruyntjes Hoogte, and some other places in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope; and various parts which are woody; it is called Glas-vog, and by the Colonists some- times Kneutje; found in small flocks of six or eight, being the parents, with the whole of their young. It makes a handsome nest, like that of the Chaffinch, of small fibres, mixed with moss without, and hairs within, scarcely more than two inches in diameter, and placed generally at the ends of the lower branches of the Mimosa ; the eggs four or five in number, and the male and female sit by turns. Itis a wild bird, and fierce in defence of its young; feeds on insects, caterpillars, &c. The note is similar to the word Tititiri, repeated when in quest of food. It is also found at Madras, Madagascar, and the Isle of Mauritius. At Madagascar called Tcheric, and at Mauritius White Eyes. In General Hardwicke’s drawings is a similar bird, met with at Futtehguhr, and called Baaboonah. Another from India, named Derreea-Gunge. A.—Head and fore neck brownish yellow; back very pale olive- green ; beneath from the breast dusky white, clouded with black ; quills and tail dusky ; between the bill and eye blackish ; round the eyes white. 110 WARBLER. Inhabits India.—Sir J. Anstruther. The name given to this was Mooti Choon, or Gooda; but I observe others both with the names Mooti Choon, and Babooneh.** 116.—SPECTACLE WARBLER. Sylvia conspicillata, Bec fin 4 lunettes, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 210. THIS is four inches and four lines long. Bill yellow at the base and black at the point; irides brown; crown and cheeks cine- reous ; between the bill and eye black, surrounding the space round the eye, which is white ; back rufous; wings dusky, coverts edged with rufous; throat clear white; the rest of the under parts reddish white, inclining to rufous on the sides; tail rounded at the end, dusky, the outer feather wholly white, the next has the end white, the third white just at the tip; legs pale yellow. The female not much unlike the male. Inhabits Sardinia, where it is not uncommon among the bushes, or woods: not observed in the north of Italy, or in France; was first - noticed by M. dela Marmora, at the end of August, 1819. It has much resemblance at first sight to the White Throat, but we are assured by M. Temminck that it is a distinct species; sufficiently distinguished, not only by its having the appearance of wearing spectacles, but being smaller in size. * A nest of a bird called Babooneh, probably this, is among the drawings of General Hardwicke, It is about two inches and a half in diameter, open at the top, and fastened to the bifurcation of a pendent branch of a tree, bearing leaves seven inches long, and shaped like those of a citron: the nest composed of pale downy materials, hemispherical, lined with hair; eggs four, pale bluish white. It may be observed, that the nest is fastened to the bifurcation by numerous threads, and hangs downwards. WARBLER. 111 117.—CILIARY WARBLER. LENGTH nearly six inches. Bill small, dusky; top of the head and sides below the eye, and the upper parts of the bird in general, the wings and tail, brownish ash-colour, beneath dusky white ; sides of the neck and breast, between the brown and white, pale ferruginous, continuing on the sides of the body beneath the wing ; tail above one inch long, even; from the bill to the eye a blackish streak, surrounding the eye, and the eyelids are composed of most beautiful small white feathers; the wings reach to the base of the tail. One supposed to differ in sex, was, as far as the breast, dusky white, but less bright; the rest of the under parts pale ferruginous ; the ciliary processes and black lore, the same as in the other. Inhabits New-Holland.—Described from a fine drawing in the possession of Mr. Francillon. It seems to have much affinity to the last species. The Spectacle Warbler has also the eye surrounded with a white space, but this we believe is a species not seen out of Europe. 118.—SOOTY WARBLER. Sylvia fulicata, Ind. Orn. ii. 524. Motacilla fulicata, Lin. i. 336. Gm. Lin. i. 990. Rubetra Philippensis, Bris. ii. 444. t. 23. f.3. Id. 8vo. i. 483. Traquet noir des Philippines, Buf. v. 230. Pl. enl. 185. 1. Sooty Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 451. Shaw’s Zool. x. 616. LENGTH six inches and a quarter, Bill and legs brown; irides hazel; general colour of the plumage more or less violet black ; under tail coverts pale chestnut; on the wing coverts a long white mark.—Inhabits the Philippine Islands. A.—Size of the last. Head deep grey; chin and throat, reaching to the eye, black ; the rest brown, with some white on the wing coverts as in the others. ag 112 WARBLER. Inhabits India, by some called Guryelghee, but more commonly Gutta-chutta.—In Sir J. Anstruther’s drawings is one, probably a female; this is wholly light brown, but paler beneath; vent reddish; tail as in the male, but without any white in the wings. I have remarked this bird in several drawings done in India, varymg with a reddish tinge on the breast; thighs brown ; the vent deep rufous red.—In General Hardwicke’s drawings the egg is represented as pale grey, minutely speckled all over with brown, somewhat like that of the Woodlark. 119.—COROMANDEL WARBLER. Sylvia Coromandelica, Ind. Orn. 11. 524, Motacilla Coromandelica, Gm. Lin. i. 968. Petit Traquet des Indes, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 207. Coromandel Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv: 452. Shaw's Zool. x. 625. SIZE of our Titmouse. Bill and legs black; irides rufous yellow; head, neck, breast, and lesser wing coverts, black ; on each feather a yellowish spot; the rest of the coverts edged with yellow ; on the middle of them a spot of white ; quills and tail black ; rump pale rufous; belly the same, crossed with irregular black bands. Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel. 120.—PHILIPPINE WARBLER. Sylvia Philippensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 525. Motacilla Philippensis, Gm. Lin.i. 168. Rubetra Philippensis major, Bris. iii. 446, t. 22. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 433. Le grand Traquet des Philippines, Buf. v. 230. P/.enl. 185. 2. Traquet de Manille, Salern. Orn. p. 225. Philippine Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 453. Shaw’s Zool. x. 616. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill dirty yellow; head reddish white, in some parts inclining to yellow; neck dirty red; WARBLER. 113 across the breast a bluish band ; belly and vent reddish white; back, wings, and tail, violet black ; across the middle of the wing coverts a long white mark, on the outer edge of the wing; below this another, and some of the greater coverts being edged with white, make a third in the middle of the wing; the outer tail feather edged with rufous white on the outer web; legs ferruginous. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. 121.—WAVED-TAITL WARBLER. Traquet 4 Queue striée, Levail. Afr. iv. 111. pl. 188. f. 2. BILL and legs black; irides chestnut; general colour of the plumage glossy black; on the shoulders white; part also of the wing coverts and scapulars white, each feather marked with a black spot near the tip; in the middle of the belly a rufous spot; under wing coverts rufous; ends of the quills brown ; tail much rounded, black ; the feathers deeply undulated across, so as to be felt. by the finger. The female is rather smaller, and the colours less vivid. Inhabits the bushes and Mimosa woods, in the Caffres Country, making a nest on the ground, under a thick bush, and laying four greyish eggs: both sexes sit by turns. It flaps the wings like the Stone-Chat, frequently uttering the notes Tac-tac-trac, and flirting up the tail at the same time. Found also in the neighbourhood of Bengal. 122.—RUFOUS-TAILED WARBLER. Traquet 4 Cul roux, Levail. Afr. iv. 113. pl. 188. 1. SIZE of the last. Bill and legs black; head, neck, back, breast, and wings, black; belly, lower part of the back, rump, vent, and side tail feathers, rufous; the middle ones black ; shape reunded at the end._-The female differs in being somewhat smaller. VOL. VII. Q 114 WARBLER. Found in the same places as the last described, having much the. same note, and manners as the European Stone-Chat. Nest and eggs unknown. 123.—SHARP-TAILED WARBLER. Motacilla oxura, Sharp-tailed Warbler, Nat. Misc. xxii. pl. 957. Le Figuier 4 acutipennes, Levail. Afr. iii. 140. pl. 133. 1.2. - SIZE of the Yellow Wren; length scarcely five inches. Bill dusky, a trifle curved at the point; irides red brown; plumage bright rufous, beneath citron yellow, growing white towards the vent; the two first prime quills, and the ends of seven or eight others brownish ; the tail is greatly cuneiform, the tips of the feathers bare of webs, so as to appear like sharp needles;* the wings reach just beyond the base. The female has the under parts dirty white, being yellow only on the throat, otherwise like the male. Tnhabits the Cape of Good Hope, frequenting the Mimosa trees on the borders of Grande Riviere, and the small Isle named Hippo- potamus. M. Levaillant only met with two specimens, and found the remains of insects in the stomach. Its note is a slight warble, but agreeable enough. 124.—GREAT-TAILED WARBLER. Sylvia macroura, Ind. Orn. ii. 545. Motacilla macroura, Gm. Lin.i. 953. La petite Fauvette tachetée, Buf. v. 161. Pl. enl. 752. 2. Le Capocier, Levail. Afr. iii. p. 125. pl. 130. f. 1.—male. p. 111. pl. 129.—fem. & nest. Merion, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. |xvin. Great-tailed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 500. Shaw’s Zool. x. 724. LENGTH six inches. _ Bill brown; irides pale brown; all the upper parts of the body brown, the under yellowish white, dashed * Tt does not appear so in Levaillant’s plate, for in that, the tips of the tail feathers merely run to a point, as in the Grasshopper Warbler. WARBLER. 115 with blackish on the breast and sides, with others more minute on the chin and throat; from the nostrils a white line passes over the eyes; tail two inches and a half long, and occupies above half the length of the bird, the end paler; legs reddish. The female is smaller, the brown above paler, the under parts yellowish white; over the eye, in both sexes, a faint yellowish streak. Inhabits various parts about the Cape of Good Hope, as well as other places, especially the East Coast, on the borders of Sondag, Swart Kop, and more particularly Swartland, and the downs of Saldanie Bay. Makes an oval nest of down, somewhat in the manner of the Long-tailed Titmouse, mixed with moss and fibres, very irregular outwardly, with an opening for entrance two-thirds from the bottom, the inside perfectly smooth and strong. It is nine inches long, though the cavity is only five inches. The female lays seven or eight eggs, pale green, spotted with rufous brown; both sexes sit in turn, and are for the most part seen together. M. Levaillant observes, that in many of these nests were found the egg of the Crested Cuckow, but it seemed remarkable, and unaccountable, how it could be placed there. 125.—CITRON WARBLER. Le Citrin, Levail. Afr. iii. 106. pl. 127. f. 1. 2. THIS is smaller than the Babbling Warbler, but the tail as long as the body. The male has the bill brown; eyes light rufous ; plumage above, wings, and tail, pale yellowish brown, tending to Isabella colour; throat and fore part of the neck whitish, the rest of the under parts pale yellow, changing to white beneath the tail ; on each side of the breast a brown mark, accompanied with smaller ones, but does not pass round as a collar; the tail is cuneiform, the outer feather very short ; bill brown; legs yellow. Q 2 116 WARBLER. The female is rather smaller, wants the brown on the breast; and the colours are more inclining to rufous, partaking less of the Isa- bella colour. ss They inhabit the Namaqua Country, about the Cape of Good Hope, from the river Epine Noire to beneath the Tropic, but not for certain elsewhere. They live in society, and make a nest of the down of plants, of an oval shape, having a small hole of entrance two-thirds of the way up, in the same manner as the Great-tailed Species. It is of a stout fabric, and placed in the middle of a low bush, at a moderate height; the eggs are four or five, rufous white, spotted with brown.* 126.—RED-RUMPED WARBLER. LENGTH about seven inches. Bill black, with a yellow base, _ where are a few slight, short, scattered hairs ; irides red; eyelids white, appearing as a circle; plumage above pale brown, beneath white; lesser wing coverts the colour of the back; at the bend of the wing, on the edge, a patch of pale blue; the rest of the wing black; upper and under tail coverts fine rufous red; tail black ; legs dusky blue; the wings reach to the base of the tail. Inhabits India; called Schurriah.---Sir J. Anstruther. 127.—-AZURE WARBLER. LENGTH five inches. Bill slender, black; plumage in general blue; over the eyes a slender white line; from the throat down the middle to the belly, a streak of white; belly and vent white, mottled on the latter with dusky; quills and tail black; legs black. Inhabits India. Said to be a male. * This is one of the nests in which the Crested Black Cuckow lays her eggs. 4) ‘ i + Reg Bea ia ath ‘ R 3 yy it My << . L M OF Ry : ie a : ; | ; wae ie 3 ' asa ree] iu ‘ 2 f 1 5 riven | Xe | ; | ‘ . | hi.) vera ee) 4 r : | Pee iio aR | . UF Th h. he ( } Va) fs, “ ‘ ; - He DKA) ay 1D ’ Hae Agi iP il (CWAL Superl Wi bly) WARBLER. 117 128.—SUPERB WARBLER.—PL. cv1. Sylvia cyanea, Ind. Orn. ii. 545. Motacilla cyanea, Gm. Lin. i. 991. Ellis’s Narr. p.22. Cook’s last Voy.i. 109. superba, Nat. Misc. pl. 10. Meérion, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. |xviii. Superb Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 501. pl.53. Phil. Bot. Bay, pl. p. 157—male. 159— female. White’s Journ. p.256—male and female. Shaw’s Zool. x. 754. pl. 58. THE length of this beautiful Species is five inches and a half. Bill black ; the feathers of the head long and silky, and for the most part stand erect, as a crest; from the forehead to the crown bright blue; from thence to the nape black, and like velvet; through the eyes, from the bill, a line of black; under the eye a tuft of the same rich blue feathers as on the crown; and on the ears a similar blue patch, uniting with that under the eye, and continuing in a slender line across the nape, of the texture of velvet, and the whole head has a greater appearance of bulk than is natural; chin and throat deep blue, almost black, and like velvet; the hind part of the neck, and upper parts of the body and tail deep blue black; under parts, from the breast, pure white; wings dusky, the shafts of the quills chestnut; tail two inches and a quarter long, and cuneiform, the two outer feathers very short; legs brown, claws black. The female is brown above, and white beneath; tail as in the male. Inhabits the most southern parts of New-Holland. Specimens, answering to the above description, are in several Collections, but they vary exceedingly, whether from age or sex cannot at present be determined. A.--This Variety has the under parts of the body dusky ; shafts of the quills nearly black, and instead of the blue transverse line at the back of the head, a large triangular patch of fine blue, with the point downwards. 118 WARBLER. B.---In another Variety, the fore part of the neck is mixed with blue, and the scapulars of equally fine blue with the head. Among the drawings of Mr. Dent is one of these, figured with a nest, which is perfectly round at top, scarcely two inches in dia- meter, and rather more in depth; composed, apparently, of tender fibrous materials, and suspended, by fastening between the forks of a branch. We learn, from Mr. Lewin’s account of the birds of New-Holland, that these birds are seen in low bushes, creeping close to the ground in search of food; always in small flocks, among which it is remark- able, that the male only is to be seen in full plumage. 129.---SLENDER-TAILED WARBLER. LENGTH four inches and a half; size of the Yellow Wren. The bill small, bent, with two or three curved hairs at the base, colour yellow brown; the plumage on the upper parts, even with the eye, brown ; beneath dusky white, inclining to buff on the sides; tail long, cuneiform, and slender; the two middle tail feathers two inches and a half long, the outmost half an inch shorter; the wings short, reaching only one-fourth from the base; legs long, pale. Inhabits New South Wales.---Lord Stanley: probably a Variety of the female of the Superb Warbler. 130.---MANILLA WARBLER. Gobe mouche 4 téte bleue de l’Isle de Lucon, Son. Voy. 58. pl. 27. 1. SIZE and shape of the Long-tailed Titmouse. Bill blackish; irides pale red; head, throat, and nape, deep blue; neck, back, breast, WARBLER. 119 and belly, slaty grey; wing coverts brown, appearing as a large spot; quills and tail black, the two middle feathers of the latter longer by half than the others; legs reddish. Inhabits the Isle of Manilla. This, if not a further Variety, is greatly allied to the Superb Warbler. 131.---HARRISON’S WARBLER. SIZE and shape of the Superb Warbler, but less than five inches in length. Crown of the head, a patch on the jaw, and the nape, a fine blue; shoulders brown ; the rest of the body as in the Superb Warbler: the tail less than two inches long, nearly even, the two middle feathers rather shorter than the rest, and all of them white at the tips, and rounded at the ends; bill and legs black. In some the tail feathers were wholly of one colour. Inhabits New-Holland.---We have placed this as a distinct spe- cies, chiefly on account of difference in shape of the tail, bemg rather concave in shape than cuneiform, as is to be seen in every Variety of the Superb Species. A specimen of this bird in Mr. Harrison’s Museum. 132.-—-LONG-TAILED WARBLER. Sylvia longicauda, Ind. Orn. i. 525. Motacilla longicauda, Gm. Lin. i. 954. Le petit Figuier 4 longue Queue, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 206. Merion, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. |xvii. Long-tailed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 501. Shaw’s Zool. x. 756. THE length of this pretty Species is five inches and a half; size of the Smallest Wren. General colour. of the plumage olive-green, paler beneath, though in some inclining to brown; top of the head pale rufous; quills olive-brown; tail long and slender, the two middle feathers exceeding the rest in length; bill and legs very pale brown. 120 ; WARBLER. The female differs chiefly in the tail, the middle feathers of which are very little longer than the others, but in both the tail is in shape cuneiform. Inhabits China, frequent among the trees, with which the Chinese adorn the courts about their houses; is very tame, and has an agreeable note. Is common at Bengal, where it is called Toon- toonee. The nest found among the Mango trees, most commonly in shape of a purse, generally composed of two living leaves attached together by fibres, somewhat in the manner expressed in the Indian Zoology, as belonging to the Tailor Warbler, though not with so wonderful a construction ; the hollow space between the two leaves is lined with cotton by way of nest; and the eggs are three in number, whitish, marked with flesh-coloured spots, in length three- fifths of an inch, A.---Length five inches. Bill five-eighths of an inch, pale and slender; crown pale rufous; plumage pale greenish above, beneath white; wings dusky; tail cuneiform, two inches and a half long, the two middle feathers very slender, and exceed the others by half an inch at least ; the redundant parts nearly filiform. The female is much the same as to colour, but the sides beneath the eyes are marked with obsolete dusky spots ; and the two middle tail feathers do not exceed the others by more than a quarter of an inch.---Inhabits India.---Sir J. Anstruther. B ---This Variety differs in the general colour of the plumage being rufous, inclining to brown above; wing coverts and rump pale ash-colour ; quills and tail brown, edges. of the feathers pale ; the latter cuneiform, about half the length of the bird; the two middle feathers but little elongated. Inhabits India with the others.---In the collection of Lord Valentia. ; WARBLER. 121 133.—RUSTY-SHOULDERED WARBLER. LENGTH six inches. — Bill and legs brown; plumage in general above rufous brown; from the middle of the crown to beyond the nape ferruginous; the feathers falling on the shoulders, and the lesser wing coverts the same, but paler; under wing coverts dusky white ; quills and tail as the back ; all beneath dusky ash-colour, but very pale, marked on the chin with blackish streaks, and on the throat with transverse dusky ones; the tail very cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, the outmost, but one, an inch and a half, and the exterior only three quarters of an inch; all of them swelling towards the end, but finishing in a sharp point, the inner webs being very broad; the whole appear slight in their texture, and bend a trifle outwards. In the collection of Lord Stanley.-—-Native place uncertain. Appears to have some relation to the Long-tailed Species. 134.—GAUZE-TAILED WARBLER. La Queue gazée, Levail. Afr. iii. 125. pl. 130. 2. SIZE of a Wren, but on account of the length of tail, the total measure is seven inches. Bill dusky; legs brown; general colour _ of the plumage rufous brown; fore part of the neck blue grey, with a singular gloss like a pearl, or oriental agate; hind part of the neck black brown, waved with paler brown; the tail longer than the rest of the bird, and cuneiform, the shafts nearly black, or deep brown, but the webs are rufous brown; and so very loose in texture and transparent, that if laid over a printed book, the page may be read, notwithstanding. This inhabits Java, and is in the cabinet of M. Temminck, of Amsterdam. VOL. VII. R 122 WARBLER. 135.—AFRICAN WARBLER. Sylvia Africana, Ind. Orn. ii. 518. Gm. Lin. i. 958. Curruca nevia Cap B. Spei, Bris. iii. 390. t.22. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 419. Fauvette tachetée du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buf.v. 160. Le Fluteur, Levail. Afr. ii. 61. pl. 112. f. 2. Merion, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xvii. African Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 436. Shaw's Zool. x. 615. LENGTH seven inches and a quarter. Bill horn-colour; crown of the head rufous, dashed with blackish ; neck behind, back, and scapulars black, edged with rufous grey ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts the same, but the margins more rufous ; beneath the body dirty rufous white, in some dashed with black on the sides; on each side of the throat a longitudinal black streak ; quills brown, fringed with rufous; the tail very loosely webbed, and somewhat cuneiform; the four middle feathers brown, with rufous margins; the four outer, on each side, rufous outwardly, and brown down the shafts ; legs grey brown. The female is smaller, and the tail shorter, and the plumage not so bright in colour. They are very seldom seen but in pairs. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—M. Levaillant seems to think this bird much allied to the Thrush Genus. Its note said to resemble the sound of a flute, whence the name given to it. Is chiefly found on the borders of streams, among the reeds ; its flight slow, and it is frequently observed fixed to the stalk of the reed; feeds on all kinds of insects, and their larve. It is for the most part fat, and the flesh in much estimation, being very delicate; very common in the marshes about Constance, and along the East Coast, but never except where reeds grow. WARBLER. 123 136.—SOFT-TAILED WARBLER. ‘Muscicapa malachura, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Shaw’s Zool. x. 407. Merion, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxvin. Soft-tailed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 224, Lin. Trans. iv. 240. pl. 21. LENGTH from bill to rump three inches. Bill brownish black, with strong bristles at the base, and curved at the point; nostrils large, and low down; plumage in general ferruginous, but the feathers of the back and wings are brown in the middle, and those of the ramp soft and silky; middle of the belly dusky white; from the base of the bill a pale blue streak, passing over the eye; throat and fore part of the neck the same in colour, and in some birds a few minute, bluish spots beneath the eye; wings short, scarcely reaching the base of the tail; quills dusky, with ferruginous edges ; tail cuneiform, and of a singular structure, four inches or more in length, the shafts of the feathers weak and black, but the webs on each side consisting of slender, hairy, black filaments, placed at distances, and distinct from each other as in those of the Cassowary ; legs pale brown, claws large. The female like the male, but without the blye streak over the eye; and the chin and throat of the same colour with the rest of the plumage. ‘Inhabits New-Holland, found about Sidney, and Botany Bay, in marshy places, abounding in long grass, and fine rushes, in which it hides itself very dexterously ; and among which, like the Bearded Titmouse, it makes the nest. When disturbed, the flight is short, but it runs on the ground with great swiftness. The native name is Merion Binnion, and the Settlers call it Cassowary Bird. Sup- posed to feed on small flies, and other insects, which lurk in the grass and bushes. Another name for this bird is Merean geree, from the resemblance of the tail feathers, which seem too heavy for the bird when in flight, to those of the Cassowary. It is called Emeu, R2 124 WARBLER. or Cassowary, Titmouse ; is of short flight, scarcely 100 yards at a time, and is so feeble and delicate as to be run down with the greatest ease. It is also called Murreanera in another drawing ; however, the tail feathers are not strictly like those of the Cassowary, as each shaft has only a single feather, whereas in the Cassowary two feathers spring from one shaft : the tail seems to differ much in length, as in some it measures full five inches. 137.—ORANGE-RUMPED WARBLER. Muscicapa melanocephala, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Shaw’s Zool. x. 406. Orange-rumped Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 225. Lewin, N. Holl. Birds ? HEAD and neck black, and full of feathers; back and rump orange-colour, or reddish ; all beneath the body white, with several longish streaks of black on the breast; wings and tail brown, the feathers of the latter much separated, and distinct from each other, as in the Soft-tailed Species; legs pale brown. That of Mr. Lewin, if the same, has the head brown; lore orange; under the eye black. Inhabits New South Wales ; is an active bird; frequently carries the tail erect, and expands it at the same moment it springs on its prey, which is insects; observed to leap from branch to branch for that purpose, many times together, returning to the same spot. 138.—MOUNTAINEER WARBLER. Brachypteryx montana, Lin. Trans. xii. 157. LENGTH six inches. Bill rather stout; nostrils large, placed in a hollow, closed above, and at the back part, with a membrane; plumage in general bluish grey, paler beneath; belly whitish; wings very short; quills brown, margined outwardly with blue grey ; WARBLER. 125 tail the same, rounded in shape, and longish; the legs also are elongated, and the middle toe greatly so; as are the claws, especially the hind one. Inhabits Java, by the name of Ketek. 139.—BATAVIAN WARBLER. Brachypteryx sepiaria, Lin. Trans. xiii. 158. LENGTH five inches. Plumage in general fulvous olive, paler beneath ; chin and middle of the belly whitish ; vent testaceous bay; quills and tail brownish bay, externally more inclined to bay, but the two middle tail feathers are of one colour. Inhabits Java, and there called Chichohan. ‘140.—FENNY WARBLER. Megalurus palustris, Lin. 7'rans. xiii. 159. LENGTH nine inches. Bill rather stout and compressed, and straightish, with a notch; nostrils at the base, covered with a mem- brane; plumage brown, mixed on the back with testaceous grey ; head varied brownish grey, beneath whitish ; breast tenderly streaked with brown; tail greatly elongated, and cuneiform; legs rather stout. Inhabits Java, by the name of Larri-angon.—Dr. Horsfield says, it holds an intermediate place between his Motacilla Anthus on one Side, and Alauda on the other, though strictly neither. 141._FOODKEY WARBLER. SIZE of the Lesser White-Throat. Upper parts of the head, neck, and body, pale ash-colour, beneath yellowish white; wings 126 WARBLER. and tail brown; the latter long, and cuneiform, the outer feathers very short, all of them crossed near the end with a bar of black; bill dusky, rather stout; legs pale red, claws very pale. Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Lord Mountnorris, and named Foodkey. 142.—RED-VENTED WARBLER. SIZE of the Hen Redbreast. Bill and legs dusky; plumage above, wings, and tail, pale cinereous brown; on the wing coverts an oblique white streak, and a second smaller, arising from the middle of the first, and placed transverse to it; all the under parts from the chin, and even with the eye blue, as far as the thighs; lower belly and vent ferruginous; thighs white; tail rounded, pale dusky brown. Inhabits India.—Sir J. Anstruther. 143.—W HITE-CROWNED WARBLER. Sylvia albicapilla, Ind. Orn. ii. 532. Motacilla albicapilla, Gm. Lin. i. 964. White-crowned Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 472. Shaw’s Zool. x. 642. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; plumage above pale olive- green, beneath dusky white ; chin pure white; on the crown of the head a white spot ; and behind the eye another ; legs black. Inhabits China.—Described from some private drawings, brought from thence by the late Capt. Broadley. I have also seen the same in various Chinese paintings. WARBLER. 127 144.—PINK WARBLER. Sylvia caryophyllacea, Ind. Orn. ii. 532. Gm. Lin. i. 964. Pink Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 473. Brown. Ill. 84. pl. 33. Shaw’s Zool. x. 693. SIZE of the Willow Wren. Bill reddish ; plumage in general pale pink colour; wings and tail inclined to dusky ; legs red. Inhabits Ceylon. 145.—OLIVE WARBLER. Sylvia olivacea, Ind. Orn. ii. 532. Gm. Lin. i. 964. Olive Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 473. Brown. Ill. 33. pl. 34. Shaw’s Zool. x. 590: SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow. Bill whitish, with pale yellow feathers round the base ; head, upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, olive; breast and belly white. Inhabits Ceylon.—Jerks up the tail so high, as to make an acute angle. A.—Length five inches. Bill rather stout, pale lead-colour, with a few hairs at the base; plumage above and tail pale olive-green, beneath dusky white; throat and breast tinged with rufous; wings black, the feathers pale greenish on the edges; tail two inches long, rounded ; legs dusky black. Both sexes nearly alike. Inhabits India.—In the collection of Sir J. Anstruther. 146.—GREEN INDIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Zeylonica, Ind. Orn. 1. 532. Gm. Lin. i. 964. Motacilla Tiphia, Zin. i. 331. Gm. Lin. i. 963. Ficedula Bengalensis, Bris. iii. 484. Id. 8vo. i. 442. Klein, 75. 17. Le Figuier vert et jaune, Buf. v. 278. 128 WARBLER. Ceylon Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 474. Id. Sup. 182. Brown, Ill. pl. 36. Green Indian Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 15.—Male. pl. 79.—female. Green Indian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 474. Shaw’s Zool. x. 688. SIZE of the Pettichaps. Bill black, with the base yellow ; plumage above olive-green, paler on the ramp; cheeks, and under parts of the body greenish yellow ; lesser wing coverts deep brown; the others the same, tipped with white, forming two bands on the wing ; quills and tail blackish, with the edges yellow ; legs blackish. The female differs in being paler, the tail pale green, not black. Inhabits India, called Tuftika; is the Chahtuck of the Bengalese; found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, but not common. A.—Le Quadricolor, Levail. Afr. iti. 198. pl. 141. 1. Size a trifle less than the Great Titmouse, but the bill as in the Warbler ; crown of the head, sides including the eyes, and the nape black ; back and scapulars grass green; quills black, bordered with yellow; the greater and middle wing coverts marked with white at the ends; tail even, black, the feathers edged outwardly with yel- low; the rest of the body beneath, from chin to vent, jonquil yellow ; the white on the wings less pure than in the first described, and less conspicuous, having a tinge of olive. This appears to be a young male of the Green Indian Warbler, as M. Levaillant had both sexes sent from Columbo, in Ceylon. One, of the male, in Mr. Comyns’s collection, is named Kaha Batta. 147.—CINGALESE WARBLER. Sylvia Cingalensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 533. Gm. Lin. i. 964. Motacilla. Green Warbler, Brown, Ill. 82. pl. 32. Cingalese Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 474. Shaw’s Zool. x. 689. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill brown; plumage above changeable green ; beneath the neck orange ; breast and belly yellow. Inhabits Ceylon. WARBLER. 129 148.—BLACK-NECKED WARBLER. Sylvia nigricollis, Ind. Orn. 11. 553. Black-necked Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 187. Shaw’s Zool. x. 704. BILL yellow, base blue; crown and hind part of the neck black ; the feathers of the former longish, so as to enable the bird to erect them as a crest; sides of the neck, breast, and belly, reddish white ; back and wing coverts light grey ; primaries and tail black ; legs yellow.—Inhabits India. 149.—CAMBAIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Cambaiensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 554, Cambaian Warbler, Gen: Syn. Sup. ii. 246. Shaw’s Zool. x. 705. SIZE of a Nightingale. Bill black; plumage above dusky brown ; beneath glossy black; bottom of the belly and vent dull rufous ; wing coverts white ; tail three inches long, even at the end ; legs brown. Inhabits India, found in the kngdom of Guzurat. 150.—GUZURAT WARBLER. Sylvia Guzurata, Ind. Orn. 11. 554. Guzurat Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 246. Shaw’s Zool. x. 725. SIZE of the Yellow Wren; length four inches and a half. Bill and legs pale brown; body above dull green, beneath white; crown chestnut; quills and tail brown, the feathers margined with green ; tail rounded at the end.—Found with the last. VOL. VII. Ss 130 WARBLER. 151.—PLUMBEOUS WARBLER. Sylvia plumbea, Ind. Orn. ii. 553. Plumbeous Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 188. Shaw’s Zool. x. 646. — THIS is only three inches and three quarters in length. Bill short, dusky brown; plumage above deep lead-colour, nearly black ; beneath pale ash; quills and tail dusky; legs deep brown. Native place uncertain. 152.—ASIATIC WARBLER. Sylvia Asiatica, Ind. Orn. ii. 554. Asiatic Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 247. Shaw’s Zool. x. 602. SIZE of the Nightingale. Bill dusky, with a few hairs at the base; head and neck black ; lore and chin white ; body brown above, yellowish beneath; on the breast a few spots of white; tail three inches and three quarters long, cuneiform, brown; the two middle feathers plain, the others pale half way to the end. A.—In this the forehead, a streak over the eyes, and ail the under parts are white; and such of the tail feathers as are pale in the other, are in this quite white. These are found in India, about Guzurat, and most probably differ from each other merely in sex. 153:.—ETHERIAL WARBLER. LENGTH five inches; size of the Redbreast. Bill black, with a hair or two at the base; head, neck, upper parts of the body, and WARBLER. 131 tail fine deep blue, deeper on the chin and throat; breast rufous, as in the Redbreast ; from thence to the vent white; quills dusky, with bluish edges; bastard wing dusky; legs yellow. Inhabits India; described from the Collection of Lady Clive. I observe another Blue-headed Warbler in the same, but only the head and throat are blue; the rest, for the most part, brown. 154.—CHINA WARBLER. Sylvia Sinensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 533. Gm. Lin.i. 960. Motacilla. China Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 474. Shaw’s Zool. x. 689, ; LENGTH six inches. Bill pale dusky red; plumage in general green; from the eye to the nape a pale streak; on the ear a pale spot; under parts of the body flesh-colour ; tail pointed ; legs dusky. Inhabits China. 155.—BOURBON WARBLER. Sylvia Borbonica, Ind. Orn. ii. 533. Ficedula Borbonica, Bris. iti. 510. t. 28. f.3. Id. 8vo.1i. 449. Figuier de l’Isle de Bourbon, Pl. enl.'705. 2. Le petit Simon, Buf. v. 280. Bec-fin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xvii. Bourbon Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 475. Shaw’s Zool. x. 600. SIZE of the Yellow Wren. Bill grey brown; plumage above the same, beneath dirty yellowish grey ; quills and tail brown, the feathers edged with grey brown; legs grey brown. Inhabits the Island of Madagascar, and Bourbon; at the latter called by the inhabitants, Petit Simon; makes the nest in September, composed of dried plants, lined with hair, and generally placed on trees, which stand singly, as in orchards; the eggs three in number, and blue. These birds always keep together in flocks, and feed on insects, and tender fruits; they set up a particular cry, when seeing $2 132 : WARBLER. any thing running on the ground, and hence become a good criterion for the sportsman, in respect to game, which might otherwise escape his observation. 156.—MAURICE WARBLER. Sylvia Mauritiana, Ind. Orn. ii. 534. Gm. Lin. i. 981. Motacilla. Le Figuier bleu, Buf. v. 282. Pl. enl. 705. 1. Maurice Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 476. Shaw’s Zool. x. 665. LENGTH three inches and three quarters. Bill blackish ; plumage on the upper parts of the body blue grey, on the under white; quills and tail black, edged with white ; legs bluish. Inhabits the Island of Mauritius; probably a Variety of the Jast, or sexual difference. A.—Length of the other. Bill yellow, with a few hairs at the base; head, neck, and back, fine pale blue grey; beneath from the breast nearly white; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers paler; tail short ; the wings reaching to about the middle of it. Tnhabits India, called there Toota foorka. It differs from that in the Pl. enlum. as the bill is blackish, and the legs pale, which in the other are exactly opposite; in the Pl. enlum. the rump seems white, which is not so in Buffon’s description; nor are the quills and tail black in our bird, though considerably darker than the rest. 157.—LIVID WARBLER. Sylvia livida, Ind. Orn. 11. 534. Gm. Lin.i, 981. Motacilla. Figuier bleu de Madagascar, P/. enl. 705. Contre-maitre brun verdatre, Voy. d’ Azara, iil. No. 157 ? Madagascar Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 476. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill and legs pale lead- colour; plumage above deep blue grey, paler beneath, changing to WARBLER. 133 white at the vent; quills blackish, edged with white; tail more than one inch and half Jong, black, but the two outer feathers are white. Supposed to be the male of the last, but the length of tail in P2. enlum. is different, though similar in appearance. M. d’Azara’s bird appears somewhat like this, as compared thereto by his anno- tator; but as these two birds inhabit places so widely distant, we must suspect them to be different species. 158.—BLACK-BACKED WARBLER. Sylvia obscura, Gm. Lin. i. 978. Goel. reise, iv. 178. Pall. n. nord. Beytr. iv. 56. Black-backed Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 245. Shaw’s Zool. x. 634. SIZE of a Nightingale. Bill rather triangular, brown; irides yellow ; eyelids naked; crown and hind part of the neck greyish _ brown; back and rump cinereous grey, the feathers chestnut brown in the middle, with dusky tips; head and neck before, dull yellowish grey ; belly and vent mixed grey and white; wing coverts as the back, marked with a pale yellow spot at the tips; quills dusky, margined with chestnut brown; tail the same; legs dusky. _ Inhabits the mountainous parts of Russia. 159.—SUSAN WARBLER. Motacilla ochrura, Gm. Lin. i. 978. Gmel. reise, iii. 101. t. 19. f. 3. THE head in this species is ash-colour ; nape and part of the . back deep black ; throat and breast glossy black ; belly yellow. Inhabits the mountainous parts of Persia. 134 WARBLER. 160.—PERSIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Sunamisica, Ind. Orn. ii. 552. Motacilla Sunamisica, Gm. Lin. i. 978. S. G. Gmel. It. iv. 181. 18. Pail. n. nord. Beytr. iv. 60. Persian Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 246. Shaw’s Zool. x. 633. SIZE of the Blue Warbler. Bill black ; irides brown; plumage m general rafous ash; chin and throat black ; breast and belly pale rufous, the feathers tipped with white; wing coverts and quills white on the outer edges and tips; over the eye a line of white, passing towards the nape; vent white; the two middle tail feathers brown, the rest fringed on both sides with fulvous; legs black. Inhabits the rocky parts of the Persian Alps, and feeds on insects. 161.—DWARF WARBLER. Sylvia pusilla, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lvi. Motacilla pusilla, White’s Journal, pl. in p. 257. Bec-fin, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \xviii. Dwarf Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 251. Shaw’s Zool. x. 647. SIZE of the Superb Warbler. The upper parts of the plumage brown; beneath pale, with a band of brown towards the end of the tail; the last even at the end ; bill and legs black. Inhabits New South Wales. A.—Length three inches and a half. Bill brown, at the base two or three minute hairs; plumage in general above pale olive- green, beneath pale yellow ;.chin and throat tinged with rufous; quills and tail brownish, the feathers edged with olive-yellow ; tail feathers marked with a blackish spot, a quarter of an inch long, ~ about one-sixth from the tips, which are rather pomted, and when spread, appearing as a broad bar; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. WARBLER. 135 B.—Length three inches and a half. Bill slender, at the base two or three minute hairs; plumage above pale olive-brown ; beneath, under wing coverts, rump, and base of the tail, for one-third, yel- lowish buff-colour; middle of the tail dusky, the end pale buff, the outer feather the same on the outer web; legs slender, pale brown. Found with the last, and in the same collection. 162.—BLACK-HEADED WARBLER. SIZE of the Coldfinch; length six inches. Bill somewhat broad at the base, but without hairs; head black; at the nape, a little behind the eye, a ‘streak of white ; chin and all beneath white ; upper parts of the body and tail fine olive-green; lesser wing coverts brown.—Inhabits New-Holland. 163.—BONNET WARBLER. LENGTH six inches. Bill pale orange, top of the head, including the eyes, black; irides red; the rest of the upper parts, back, and wings, rufous, or red brown; second wing coverts, and second quills, barred with black; greater quills black, edged with white; the under parts of the body pale yellow; chin, thighs, and vent, white; tail long, cuneiform, rufous for half the length, the rest inclining to pale yellow ; legs pale orange. Inhabits New-Holland, and is said to be rare.—Mr. Francillon. 164.—BUFF-HEADED WARBLER. SIZE of the Gold-crowned Wren; length nearly four inches. Bill pale brown, beneath whitish; head, neck, and under parts, buff- 136 WARBLER. colour; chin and vent nearly white; back and wings brown, with darker coloured streaks; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, buff-colour; quills and tail dusky brown, with pale margins, and fringed at the tips with buff; legs pale, longish ; tail one inch and a quarter long, rounded at the end, and the wings reach to about one-third. Inhabits New South Wales.—Lord Stanley. 165.—EXILE WARBLER. SIZE of the Yellow Wren ; length nearly four inches. Bill half an inch; head above, neck, back, and wings, brown, streaked with darker brown; rump and upper tail coverts tawny; all beneath dusky white, tinged with buff on the breast; thighs tawny; tail cuneiform, an inch and a half long, brown, towards the end dusky, fringed at the tip with buff; legs longish, pale. Inhabits New South Wales.—Lord Stanley. 166.--YELLOW-VENTED WARBLER. Sylvia anilis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. liv. Yellow-vented Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 247. Shaw’s Zool. x. 725. THIS is pale brown, beneath dull white; under tail coverts yellow; irides red ; bill and legs brown. . Inhabits New South Wales ; met with in January. 167.—STREAKED WARBLER. Sylvia sagittata, Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. Streaked Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 247. Shaw’s Zool. x. 658. SIZE and shape of the Hedge Sparrow. Bill black ; irides dusky blue; upper parts of the plumage as in the: Hedge Sparrow, WARBLER. 137 but inclining to rust-colour on the rump; under parts white, with sagittal black streaks; top of the head black, streaked with white, and the upper parts of the body with black; from the nostrils, through the eye, a ferruginous stripe, passing some way behind ; tail loosely webbed, brown; legs dusky. Inhabits New South Wales in July ; said to sing remarkably well. One supposed to be the female, had the whole crown and upper parts plain brown, with a few obscure darker mottlings on the wing coverts ; no ferruginous stripe through the eye; beneath white, and streaked as the other, but not so dark. 168.—TERRENE WARBLER. Sylvia inornata, Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. Terrene Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 248. Shaw’s Zool. x. 696. THE bill and legs are black; general colour of the plumage greenish yellow, inclining to brown, beneath paler; quills black, the ends of tail feathers pale ash-colour. Inhabits New-Holland, not uncommon at Port Jackson; is a bird of short flight, more frequently seen on the ground than on the trees, like the Wagtail. 169.—GOLD-BELLIED WARBLER. Sylvia flavigastra, Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. Gold-bellied Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 249. Shaw’s Zool. x. 726. LARGER than a Sparrow. Bill and legs dusky black ; head, hind part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, pale ash, or slate-colour; wings and tail darkest; rump yellow; all the under parts golden yellow ; from chin to the breast deepest; between the bill and eye, and just round the latter, black. Inhabits New South Wales. VOL. VII. Wh 138 WARBLER. 170..-RUDDY WARBLER. Sylvia rubricata, Ind. Orn. Sup. li. Ruddy Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 249. Shaw’s Zool. x. 697. SOMEWHAT larger than the Redbreast. Bill slender, dusky; irides hazel; plumage above brownish ash-colour; beneath wholly ferruginous, inclining to yellow; wings and tail brown, the last rounded ; legs yellow.—Inhabits New South Wales. 171.—NEW-HOLLAND WARBLER. LENGTH six inches. Bill black ; irides dark, round the eye black; plumage above ash-colour, inclining to rufous yellow on the rump ; all beneath from the chin yellow; wings and tail darker than _ the rest ; the last even, the wings reach just on the base of it; legs black.—Inhabits New South Wales. Native name Thadaguan. Is a very common and domestic bird, with the actions of the Redbreast of Europe ; has many things in common with the last: probably the female. 172.—_CHASTE WARBLER, Sylvia casta, Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. Chaste Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 249. Shaw’s Zool. x. 731. SIZE small; length four inches. Bill and legs black; plumage above ferruginous brown, beneath yellowish white, clouded on the breast with pale blue, and on the sides with ferruginous; over the eye an irregular dusky brown streak, behind the eye a few dusky specks ; tail rounded, or slightly cuneiform, dull pale yellow, blotched down the middle of the shafts, with six or seven large spots of brown, but these do not touch the outer margins. Found with the last. WARBLER. 139 173.—WHITE-TAILED WARBLER Sylvia leucopheea, Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. White-tailed Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 249. Shaw’s Zool. x. 658. THIS is brown above, and bluish white beneath; quills black, across the middle of them a white patch ; tail longish, all but the two middle feathers white; legs lead-colour. Inhabits New South Wales, has the outward appearance of the Dirigang Honey-eater, but is a distinct species; said to be a familiar bird, following the gardeners and workmen in the fields for the sake of worms, &c.—Mr. Francillon. 174. -CRIMSON-BREASTED WARBLER. Sylvia rubricollis, Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. Crimson-breasted Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 250. Shaw’s Zool. x. 703. SIZE uncertain. Bill and legs brown; plumage above dusky blue; beneath white; fore part of the neck and breast fine crimson. Found with the former. A.—Length four inches and a half. Bill black; head, neck, back, and wing coverts, black; over the eye an irregular white streak ; chin white; breast and belly fine crimson; lower belly and vent white; on the middle of the wing an oblique streak of white ; quills and tail brown; legs black. Inhabits New South Wales; native name Boad-dang; is allied to the Crimson-breasted : probably differing in sex. le 140 WARBLER. 175.—RUSTY-SIDE WARBLER. Sylvia lateralis, Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. Rusty-side Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 250. Shaw’ s Zool. x. 659. LENGTH between four and five inches. Bill dusky, pale beneath, nostrils covered with a kind of flap ; the greater part of the head and wings, lower part of the back, and all except the two middle tail feathers, green; hind part of the neck, beginning of the back, and two middle feathers of the tail, blue grey ; tail even at the end; body beneath whitish, but ferruginous on the sides; between the bill and eye a narrow streak of black; legs pale. Inhabits New South Wales. 176.—WREATHED WARBLER. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill slender, pointed, dusky ; head, and on each side to the jaw, glossy steel black; from the eye round to the nape a white line, passing backwards, and surrounding it as a wreath at the back part; back and wings olive yellow; quills and tail dusky within; beneath the body wholly white, also the wing coverts; tail two inches and a half long, somewhat cuneiform, the outer feather being half an inch shorter than the two middle ones ; legs brown. The female has the head mouse-colour, with the same kind of wreath as in the other, but pale; under parts of the body dusky white, and the upper parts of the plumage dusky green. Inhabits New South Wales.—Lord Stanley. WARBLER. 141 177.—BOTANY-BAY WARBLER. LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill black ; plumage above pale ash grey ;, beneath wholly cinereous white; quills brown, with pale edges; tail cuneiform, the two middie feathers nearly two inches in length, the outmost one inch and a half; the six middle ones are even in length, and black ; the next black, with the tip for a quarter of an inch white; the next white for half the length from the tip, and wholly so on the outer web; the outmost entirely white ; the three exterior are also of different degrees of length, though the six middle ones are equal; legs pretty long, black. Said to inhabit Botany-bay. Is very like the Grey-throated Warbler. 178.—RUFOUS-VENTED WARBLER. Sylvia rufiventris, End. Orn. Sup. p. hv. Rufous-vented Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 248. Shaw’s Zool. x. 696. SIZE of the Redbreast. General colour above, wings, and. tail, ash ; chin and throat, to the breast, bluish white; from the base of the bill a deep dusky blue streak, passing on each side of. the neck, bounding the throat at the bottom part, and finishing ina deep crescent on the breast; from this last to the vent deep rufous ; bill and legs dusky; tail even at the end, the wings reaching a very little way beyond the base of it. 179.—CITRINE WARBLER. Sylvia citrina, Ind. Orn. ii. 529. Motacilla citrina, Gm. Lin. i. 979. Citrine Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 464. Shaw’s Zool, x. 601. SIZE of a Wren; length three inches and a half, Bill three quarters of an inch, straight, and black; irides very pale blue; the. 142 WARBLER. plumage above yellow, streaked with dusky; the sides of the head, beneath the eye, fore part of the neck and breast, white; the belly, thighs, vent, and rump yellow; wings black, across the middle a bar of yellow; tail short, only half an inch in length, rounded at the end, black, the ends of the feathers dull yellow, and when at rest appearing yellow; crossed with a curved black bar, like a crescent ; legs one inch in length, dusky; claws large, and crooked. Inhabits Dusky Bay, New Zealand. 180.—LONG-LEGGED WARBLER. Sylvia longipes, Ind. Orn.ii. 529. Motacilla longipes, Gm. Lin. 1. 979. Long-legged Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 465. Jd. Sup. p.181. Shaw’s Zool. x. 721. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch long, straight, and black; irides bluish ash-colour; plumage on the upper parts elegant pale green; forehead, and sides under the eyes, brownish ; sides of the neck ash-colour; above the eye a semicircular white mark; breast and under parts very pale ash-colour; thighs and vent greenish ; tail very short, asin the last described ; the legs more than one inch long, and flesh-coloured; toes and claws stout. Inhabits Dusky Bay, and named E Teetee tee pomam. The two Jast from the drawings of Sir Joseph Banks. 181.—LONG-SHANKED WARBLER. Sylvia minima, Ind. Orn. ii. 529. Long-legged Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 181. Shaw’s Zool. x. 722. THIS is probably a Variety of the last; length three inches. The colour brown, instead of green; under parts white. As to size it WARBLER. 143 seems to be very minute, as one weighed by Mr. Anderson * equalled only 120 grains; bill and legs yellowish. From Van Diemen’s Land. 182.---EQUINOCTIAL WARBLER. Sylvia equinoctialis, Ind. Orn. ii. 553. Equinoctial Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 187. Shaw’s Zool. x. 678. LENGTH. five inches and a half. Bill dusky; plumage above testaceous brown, paler on the rump; beneath white; quills and tail brown, the latter rounded, and crossed with obsolete bars. Inhabits Christmas Isle; sings somewhat like the Babbling Warbler; has a kind of twittering note, and not unpleasing. From the papers of the late Mr. Anderson. 183.—INDIGO WARBLER. Sylvia Cyane, Ind. Orn. ii. 541. Motacilla Cyane, Gm. Lin.i. 992. Pall. reise, iii. 697. Indigo Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 243. Shaw’s Zool. x. 655. SIZE of the Kamtschatkan Thrush. General colour of the plumage on the upper parts deep blue, beneath white; from the bill to the wings on each side a streak of black; tail blue, outer feathers white. Inhabits the extreme boundaries of Dauuria, between the Rivers Onon and Argun, in the spring, but is a scarce bird. 184.—RUSTY-HEADED WARBLER. Sylvia borealis, Ind. Orn. ii. 522. Motacilla borealis, Gm. Lin. i. 986. Rusty-headed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 448. Shaw’s Zool. x. 690. LENGTH five inches. Bill pale; forehead, throat, and sides of the head, ferruginous ; the two first palest ; plumage on the upper * Papers at Sir Joseph Banks’s. 144 WARBLER. parts of the body green, the under yellow, both tinged with olive; tail rounded, the tips of all but the two middle feathers dusky white ; legs dusky.--Inhabits Kamtschatka. 185.--BUFF-FACED WARBLER. Sylvia lutescens, Ind. Orn. ii. 523. Motacilla lutescens, Gm. Lin. i. 986. Buff-faced Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 448. Shaw’s Zool. x. 701. LENGTH six inches. Bill dusky; forehead and chin dusky buff-colour; on the ears a dusky red patch; body above, and tail coverts ferruginous brown, beneath reddish white; breast mottled with dusky ; legs pale brown. Native place uncertain. 186.---BLACK-JAWED WARBLER. Sylvia nigrirostris, Ind. Orn. 11. 522. Motacilla nigrirostris, Gm. Lin. i. 986. Black-jawed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 447. Shaw's Zool. x. 731. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, base pale; plumage above olive-brown, the middle of each feather darkest ; from the bill to the eye rufous yellow; throat the same; on each side of the jaw a blackish streak ; breast rufous, dashed longitudinally with blackish; belly white; dashed on the sides with dusky black; wing coverts dark olive-brown, tipped with reddish white; quills darker, with yel- lowish edges; tail even at the end, the feathers pointed, the outer one white, the end of the second white, the rest brown; legs pale yellow brown. In the collection of Sir Joseph Banks.—-Country uncertain. WARBLER, 145 187.---W HITE-COLLARED WARBLER. Sylvia Tschecantschia, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 552. Lepech. It, 11. 186. Motacilla rossica, Russian Warbler, Nat. Misc. pl. 649. White-collared Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 245. Shaw’s Zool. x. 695. THIS is dusky above, and ferruginous beneath; head black ; nape whitish ; back black ; round the neck a collar of white, and an oblong spot of the same on the wing. Tnhabits Siberia. A.---Size of the Chaffinch. Head black; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, the margins of the feathers paler brown ; hind part and sides of the neck white ; breast and under parts rufous ; the side tail feathers white. Supposed to inhabit Russia. | Described from a specimen in the collection of Mr. Thompson, by the name of Russian Warbler. It seems greatly allied to our Stone-chat. 188.—LONG-BILLED WARBLER. Sylvia Kamtschatkensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 552. Motacilla Kamtschatkensis, Gm. Lin. i. 986. Long-billed Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 245. Shaw’s Zool. x. 603. IN this the bill is long, the upper parts of the plumage olive- brown; cheeks and chin pale ferruginous. Inhabits Kamtschatka. VOL. VII. U 146 WARBLER. 189.—AWATCHA WARBLER. Sylvia Awatcha, Ind. Orn. 11. 553. Motacilla Awatcha, Gm. Lin. i. 986. Awatcha Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. 184. Arct, Zool. ii. 422. T. Shaw’s Zool. x. 614. THIS has the crown, upper parts of the neck, and body, deep brown; throat and. breast: white; the sides of the former, and all the latter spotted with black; from the upper mandible to the eye, an oblique line of white ; sides pale rust-colour; middle of the belly white; prime quills edged with white; the lower part of the five outer feathers of the tail deep orange, the ends brown; the two mid- dle ones wholly brown. Inhabits Kamtschatka. 190.—PATAGONIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Patagonica, Ind. Orn. ii. 517. Motacilla Patagonica, Gm. Lin. i. 957. Patagonian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 434. Dixon’s Voy. pl. p. 359. Shaw's Zool. x. 603. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, very slightly bent towards the tip, and black, with cinereous edges ; general colour of the plumage above brownish ash-colour; wings darker, marked with pale brown, and a bar of the same across the coverts; quills edged with brown; chin and throat white ; the rest of the under parts paler than the upper, and marked with white streaks; over the eye a white streak, tending to the hindhead; tail longish, even, or scarcely rounded at the end, in colour like the back, the outer feathers white; legs dark brown, or black; toes long, hind toe and claw long and stout. The female like the male, but with fewer streaks of white on the breast. TIL CWAB oa >) Shorn ee art Cr. WARBLER. 147 Inhabits Terra del Fuego, and varies both in size and length of bill; frequents the sea beach, and supposed to feed on shell fish, or sea worms. A.—Length eight inches and a half. Bill black, with no hairs at the base; plumage brown, beneath olive-brown, but much paler than above; chin mottled grey and brown; tail three inches long ; legs dusky; hind claw large, and very little crooked. Inhabits Falkland Island. I met with a specimen of this at Mr. Humphries, in Long Acre, London. 191.—THORN-TAILED WARBLER.—PL. cvit. Sylvia Spinicauda, Ind. Orn. ii. 528. Motacilla Spinicauda, Gm. Lin. i. 978. La Queue en Aiguille, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 227. Grimpereau, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. 1xxxiii. Thorn-tailed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 463. pl. 52. Shaw’s Zool. x. 694. pl. 54. SIZE of a Sparrow ; length six inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, brown, straight, but a little curved at the tip, base of the under mandible white; at the corner of the mouth a few black hairs; irides brown ; head and upper part of the body dusky reddish brown, mottled with yellow on the crown; between the bill and eye yellow, passing in a streak over the eye to the hindhead, where it is rufous, mixed with brown; shoulders white; under parts of the body, from chin to vent, white; greater wing coverts and quills brown,with pale margins; tail cuneiform, and the feathers almost bare of webs for one-third of the length, ending in points; the four middle ones are ferruginous, the others reddish brown, with white ends; legs one inch long and brown. Inhabits Terra del Fuego; is also, now and then, met with about Buenos Ayres and Paraguay, but we believe far from common. U2 148 WARBLER. Both sexes supposed to be alike, as some pairs of them have occa- sionally been met with, which did not differ the one from the other. M. Azara describes a black line from the angle of the mouth, crossing the eye to the ear, another broader of white, parallel to the hind- head ; under parts glossy white, tinged with rufous. The Sharp-tailed Warbler has the end of the tail feathers ending in points, but that species seems confined to the Cape of Good Hope. 192.-MAGELLANIC WARBLER. Sylvia Magellanica, Ind. Orn. 1. 528. Motacilla Magellanica, Gm. Lin. i. 979. Magellanic Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 464. Shaw’s Zool. x. 590. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill half an inch; irides reddish ; visage somewhat prolonged ; upper parts of the body yel- low brown, waved with black, and a mixture of red, especially over the wings; under parts cinereous yellow, crossed with blackish ; chin and throat ash-colour ; tail cuneiform, yellowish brown, mixed with red, barred with lines of black, and very short, the longest feather measuring only one inch ; legs three quarters of an inch long, stout, and yellow. Inhabits Terra del Fuego. 193.—SHORE WARBLER. Sylvia littorea, Ind. Orn, ii. 552. Motacilla littorea, Gm. Lin.i. 977. S. G. Gmel. It. ii. t. 19. f. 1. Shore Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 245. Shaw’s Zool. x. 691. THE upper parts in this are dull green, beneath yellow white ; quills and tail dusky. Inhabits the shores of the Caspian Sea; said to be a singing bird ; lives on worms. WARBLER. 149 194.—CASPIAN WARBLER. “ Sylvia longirostris, Ind. Orn. ii. 552. Motacilla longirostris, Gm. Lin. i. 977. S. G. Gmel. It. iii. t. 19. f. 2. Caspian Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 245. Shaw’s Zool. x. 630. THIS is ash-coloured above, and white beneath; the bill long. Inhabits the mountains bordering on the Caspian Sea. 195.—RED-HEADED WARBLER. Sylvia petechia, Ind. Orn. ii. 535. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 33. Motacilla petechia, Lin.i. 334. Gm. Lin. i. 983. Ficedula erythrocephalos, Bris. iii. 488. Jd. 8vo. i, 443. Figuier a téte rouge de Pennsylvanie, Buf. v. 286. Yellow Redpole, Edw. pl.256. Bartr. Trav.290. Am. Orn. iv. pl. 28. f. 4. Red-headed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 479. Arct. Zool. ti. No. 289. Shaw’s Zool. x. p- 733. : SIZE of the Black-Cap ; length four inches and three quarters ; breadth eight. Bull black ; crown of the head red; upper parts of the body olive green, the under bright yellow, spotted with red on the breast and belly; over the eye a line of yellow; the wings deep dusky brown, feathers edged with yellow olive; tail as the quills, slightly forked. The female is paler in colour, wants the red on the crown, and the yellow on the under parts is less brilliant ; the streaks on the breast fewer, and less distinct; in some scarcely spotted. This is found in Pennsylvania, in March or April, in its passage northward ; feeds on the stamina of the flowers of the maple, then in bloom, else winged insects; is a lonely bird, keeping in thickets, and low bushes, seldom perching on tall trees; departs in September, but the nest is not described by any one. Some of these birds are found in the winter in Georgia. 150 WARBLER. 196 —YELLOW-POLL WARBLER. Sylvia estiva, Ind. Orn.ii. 551. Vietll. Am. ii. p. 35. Motacilla zstiva, Gm. Lin.i. 996. Sylvia citrinella, Blue-eyed yellow Warbler, Am. Orn. ii. pl. 15. f. 4. Ficedula Canadensis, Bris. iii. 492. t. 26. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 444. Le Figuier tacheté, Buf. v. 285. Pl. enl. 28. 2. : Yellow-poll Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. p.515. Id. Sup.183. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 292. Shaw’s Zool. x. 750. Frankl. Narr. Ap. p. 674. LENGTH four inches and a half; breadth six inches and a half. Bill black ; irides blue; head, all beneath, and under wing coverts fine yellow, marked on the neck and breast with longitudinal reddish spots; the upper parts, and edges of the quills olive yellow; quills brown, margined with yellow; tail as the quills, the two middle feathers wholly dark brown; the others brown on the outer webs and tips, the rest of the feather yellow ; inner webs yellow; the legs black. In the female the spots on the breast are scarcely visible, and narrow ; the yellow above inclines to olive; quills and tail as in the male: in one specimen the inner webs were full yellow. Inhabits America, found as far as Hudson’s Bay in summer; is first seen there in June, chiefly among the willows im the woods; is perpetually flying from tree to tree, and makes a soft noise, by some thought agreeable, and compared to that of a Linnet: it makes a compact nest of moss, grass, hair, and feathers interwoven, at the bottom of a bush, though sometimes higher up, and lays from three to five white eggs, marked with rust-coloured spots; called in Hudson’s Bay, Sowowpethaysish ; is found also in Guiana, and parts adjacent in summer, but is not common there; called, by some, the Mock Canary Bird. Met with also in Georgia, but considered there as a rare species. WARBLER. 151 197.—_CAROLINA WARBLER. Sylvia Carolinensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 551. Figuier tacheté, Buf. v. 286. Pl. end. 58. 1. Olive Warbler, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 307. Gen. Syn. iv. 515. No. 158. Var. Id. Sup. 183. Shaw’s Zool. x. '752. LENGTH full five inches. Bill rather stout, dusky; above the plumage is fine olive-green, beneath fine, full yellow; lower belly and vent pale ash-colour; wings dusky brown, across the coverts two whitish bars, from the tips of the feathers being of that colour; quills plain; tail two inches and a quarter long, a trifle forked, colour as the quills, which reach to about half the length ; legs brown. The female is olive-brown above, pale ash beneath, with a tinge of yellow on the breast; wings brown, crossed with two pale cine- reous bars on the coverts: in both sexes the three outer tail feathers are marked with white on the inner webs; the exterior white on the inner web, except one-fourth from the base, and just at the tip; the next the same; but the third with only one spot of white on the inner web; the tail otherwise dusky brown. Inhabits Carolina; found also about Savannah in Gesivia® received from Mr. Abbot, by the name of Yellow Poil.—In the collection of Mr. Francillon. 198.—_PRAIRIE WARBLER. Sylvia minuta, Prairie Warbler, Am. Orn. iii. pl. 25. f. 4. LENGTH. four inches and a half, breadth six inches and a half. Bill brown ; general colour of the plumage above olive-green, be- neath yellow; on the begining of the back, the middle of the feathers are ferruginous, forming spots; the middle wing coverts 152 WARBLER. have the ends yellowish, forming a bar; from the nostrils through the eye, a yellow streak ; under the eye a broad black patch; on each side of the neck two or three spots of black; all beneath from the chin fine yellow, much paler at the vent; tail even, dusky, the outer feather white, but down the shaft black, enlarging quite to the tip ; the second much the same, but the white begins a little way from the base; third the same, but the white does not reach more than half way, and none of the end white; the rest of the feathers of one colour; quills dusky fringed with greenish on the margins; legs dark. Inhabits Georgia in the summer, but is a rare bird. Described from a specimen sent by Mr. Abbot, and called the Yellow Warbler. According to the Amer. Ornith. this bird makes a very delicate pensile nest, generally hung on the fork of a low bush, or thicket, formed of green moss, mixed with bits of rotten wood, and cater- pillars silk, lmed with fine fibres of Grape Vine Bark, the whole weighing scarcely a quarter of an ounce: the eggs white, with a few brown spots at the larger end. Is migratory, and departs in October, southward; is not a very shy species; the food is small caterpillars, and winged insects. 199.---NEW-YORK WARBLER. Sylvia Noveboracensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 518. Motacilla Noveboracensis, Gm. Lin. i. 958. La Fauvette tachetée, Buf.v. 161. Pl. enl. 752. 1. New-York Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 436. Arct. Zool.ii. No. 308. Shaw’s Zool. x. 681. LENGTH about six inches. Bill slender, longish, and black; plumage above olive brown, mixed with ash-colour; over the eye, from the nostrils, a streak of yellow; beneath, from chin to vent, pale yellow, streaked on the sides of the jaws, and particularly on the breast, with black; likewise on the sides, somewhat in the WARBLER. 153 manner of the Titlark ; on the chin a few specks of black; down the middle of the belly plain yellow; quills and tail plain brown ; legs pale brown. Inhabits New York and Louisiana; seen frequently about the hedges, and appears at times gregarious; not uncommon in Georgia, -and called there the Little Brown Thrush. 200.—SPOTTED YELLOW WARBLER. Sylvia tigrina, Ind. Orn. ii. 537. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 34. pl. 94. Motacilla tigrina, Gm. Lin. i. 985. Ficedula Canadensis fusca, Bris. iti 515. t.27. 4. Id. 8vo.i. 451. Le Figuier tacheté de jaune, Buf. v. 293. Spotted yellow Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 257. Arct. Zool. 11. No. 302. Spotted yellow Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 482—the male. Shaw’s Zool. x. 738. LENGTH four inches and a half Bill dusky; plumage above brown, and feathers margined with olive; behind each eye a large rufous spot; under parts and rump yellow, marked with small blackish spots on the neck and breast; the lower belly, thighs, and under tail coverts, dirty yellowish white; across the greater wing coverts a band of white; quills and tail fringed outwardly with olive green; the last a trifle forked, the two outer feathers whitish on the outer webs, near the tips; legs brown. A.—Ficedula Dominicensis fusca, Bris. iii. 513. t. 28. f.5. Id. Svo.i. 450. Gen. Syn. iv. 483. 106. Var. A—female. This is like the last, but paler; under parts whitish, and the breast spotted with brown; the white band on the wings wanting. The first of these birds said to be found in Canada, the other in St. Domingo, but as both have been taken on board a ship between these places, it is probable that they migrate alternately from one to the other, and that they differ only in sex. VOL. VII. x 154 WARBLER. M. Vieillot says, the New-York Warbler, and this, are the same bird, and the former is a male. 201.—UM BROSE WARBLER. Sylvia umbria, Ind. Orn, ii. 518. Motacilla umbria, Gm. Lin. i. 959. La Fauvette ombrée de la Louisiane, Buf. v. 162. tachetée, Pl. enl. 709. 1. Dusky Warbler, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 309. Umbrose Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 437. Shaw’s Zool. x. 636. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill slender, black; plumage above greyish brown, with a few obscure dusky spots on the back, and a yellowish tinge on the sides and ramp; wing coverts, upper tail coverts, and tail dusky, edged with white; greater quills dusky ; beneath the body white, with a few scattered spots of black ; legs dusky. Inhabits Louisiana.—M. Buffon thinks it allied to the last, but the bills differ much in strength, and the last described has a longer tail in proportion. It should rather seem to have affinity to the followmg, as in the Pl. enlum. the bird is figured with a yellow crown, one characteristic of the next species. 202.—_GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. Sylvia coronata, Ind. Orn. ii. 538, Vieill. Am. ii. p. 24. pl. 78. 79. Motacilla coronata, Lin. i. 332. Gm. Lin. i. 974. Ficedula Pensilvanica cinerea nevia, Bris. Sup. p. 110. Id. 8vo. i. 460. Parus aureo vertice, Bartr. Trav. 290. Le Figuier couronné d’Or, Buf. v. 812. Pl. enl. 731. 2.—young bird. Bee-fin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixviii. Golden-crowned Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 298. Golden-crowned Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 486. Arct. Zool. ii. No, 294. Shaw’s Zool. x. 636. LENGTH six inches. Bill dusky; plumage above cinereous blue, spotted with black; crown and rump yellow; forehead and WARBLER. 155 through the eye, dusky black; chin, lower part of the breast, belly, and vent, fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, white and cinereous mottled ; sides of the breast yellow, falling over the wings, which are dusky; across the coverts two white bands; quills edged with grey; tail the same, but the inner webs of the three outer feathers marked with a spot of white near the tip; legs blackish. The female inclines more to brown above, wants the black through the eye, and all the under parts dusky white and pale brown mixed ; the crown and rump are also of a less deep yellow than in the male. These arrive in Pennsylvania in spring, and after remaining three or four days, proceed northward to breed; the same in Nova Scotia. I have also received both sexes as above, from Mr. Hutchins, which came from Hudson’s Bay. Mr. Abbot informs me, that they are not uncommon about Savannah, in Georgia, and called Yellow Rump; come there in numbers among other birds, but in general depart in company of their own species ; are often very fat and well flavoured, hence reckoned by the French among the rest of the birds called Grassets. A.—Length six inches, breadth ten. Bill and legs dusky; plumage above greyish olive brown, with dusky spots on the back ; throat, breast, and under parts white; on the middle of the crown a large yellow spot, and another at the shoulder of the wing; the rump also is yellow; tail black, the four middle feathers plain, the two outer ones marked with a white spot within near the end. The female has the head, including the eyes, olive-yellow; an obscure yellowish streak on the crown; back as in the other ; rump yellow; beneath white, but the breast inclines to yellow, streaked with dusky; wings and tail pale cmereous blue; tips of the lower wing coverts and margins of the quills very pale; tail blackish, the two outer feathers yellowish within near the ends. xX 2 156 WARBLER. 203.—YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. Sylvia maculosa, Ind. Orn. 11. 526. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 33. pl. 92. Motacilla maculosa, Gm. Lin. i. 984. Ficedula Pensilvanica.nevia, Bris. ii. 502. Jd. 8vo. i. 447. Parus, Cedrus. uropygio flavo, Yellow Rump, Bartr. Trav. 290. Le Figuier 4 téte cendrée, Buf. vy. 291. Yellow-rumped Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 255. Sylvia coronata, Yellow-rump, Am. Zool. ii. pl. 17. f. 4. Id. Vol. v. pl. 45. f. 3. Yellow-rumped Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 481. Id. Sup. 182. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 288. Shaw’s Zool. x. 715. SIZE of the Pettichaps. Bill brown; top of the head and. sides ash-colour ; neck behind and back olive-green, spotted with black ; throat, breast, and rump, fine yellow, marked on the breast with oblong black spots; belly and vent white ; across the wing two bars of white; quills deep ash, edged. with white; the two middle tail feathers black, the others blackish, with. a large white spot on the middle of the inner webs; legs brown. Inhabits Pennsylvania. A.—Length five inches; breadth six inches and a half; weight five drachms; irides blue, orbits white; lore and ears black ; on each side of the head a, streak of white; throat and. belly light yellow; breast. and thighs longitudinally streaked black. and yellow; vent white; back black, streaked with dull green; scapulars green: and dove-colour; lesser wing coverts grey, the greater white, longitu- dinally streaked with black; quills black, edged with) grey.; tail, coverts yellow, tipped with black nearest the tail, the feathers of which are black edged with white; all of them, except the two middle ones, have a large white spot on the inner web; legs black. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay in the summer, makes the nest among the willows of grass and feathers, laying four dirty white eggs, with WARBLER. 157 grey brown markings, and the young are hatched in July ; feeds on flies ; cries against rain, with a shrill kind of note, which it lengthens out considerably at that time; hence the natives call it Kimmewan Apaykuteshish. 204.—BELTED WARBLER. Sylvia cincta, Ind. Orn. ii. 539. Motacilla cincta, Gm. Lin. i. 980. Motacilla Canadensis, Lin. i. 334. Ficedula Canadensis cinerea, Bris. ii, 524. t. 27.1. Id. 8vo) i. 453. Le Figuier a ceinture, Buf. v. 303. Belted Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 487. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 306. LENGTH five inches. Bill black; plumage above’ cinereous blue, nearly black; on the middle of the crown a spot of yellow; over the eye a white streak ; round the eye the same; across the wing coverts two white bands; under parts of the body white, but the lower part of the neck and breast spotted with blackish ; across the breast a yellow band, a quarter of an inch broad; tail coverts yellow; quills brown, edged with grey ; tail rather forked, blackish, the feathers edged with ash-colour, the outer one marked within with white near the tip; legs brown. The female is brown above, the upper tail coverts not yellow. Inhabits Canada. On comparing the Golden-crowned, Yellow-rumped, and Belted Warblers, so many markings. appear in common, as to cause sus- picion of a near alliance between them; which seems confirmed from the observations in the American Ornithology ; and that the male, in a most perfect state of plumage, is fine slate-colour, streaked with black ; crown, sides of the breast, and rump, rich yellow; wings and tail black ; on the wings two bars of black; on the three outer tail feathers a long patch of white on the inner webs; cheeks and front black ; chin, and line over and under the eye, white; breast 158 WARBLER. light slate-colour, streaked with black, extending under the wings ; belly and vent white, the latter spotted with blue. The female differs but little, the colours being only less vivid; in October the slate-colour changes to brownish olive, the black streaks incline greatly to brown, and the white stained with brown; the tail coverts retain their slaty-hue, and the yellow on the crown, and sides of the breast, nearly obliterated. The young of the first season are brown olive above, till February or March, then change to fine slate; in the middle of April the change is complete; while in the brown olive dress, the yellow on the breast and crown is scarcely discernible, except the feathers are separated, yet that on the rump is vivid, the black spot on the cheeks is also then observed ; from the above we learn, that the three birds described as distinct, are merely different ages of one and the same species. It often winters in Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia, and is called Myrtle Bird, as it feeds on the berries of that plant. 205.—GRASSET WARBLER. Sylvia pinguis, Ind. Orn. 11, 543. Motacilla pinguis, Gm. Lin. i. 973. Le Figuier Grasset, Buf. v. 319. Bec-fin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xviii. Grasset Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 496. Arct. Zool. 1. No. 314. BILL black; plumage above greyish olive; on the head a yellow spot; on the body some dashes of black; rump yellow; throat and neck before pale rufous, with a mixture of ash-colour; the rest of the under parts whitish; greater quills brown, edged out- wardly with grey, and with whitish within; secondaries blackish, edged and tipped with grey; tail black, the feathers edged with grey, and the four outer ones with a white spot on the imner webs, near the tips; legs black. WARBLER. 159 Inhabits Louisiana; called Grasset, from gaining a great degree of fat, and sought for by the lovers of good eating. This seems also to comcide with the four former. 206.—YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. Sylvia flavicollis, Ind. Orn. ii. 518. Vieill. Am. i. p. 45. Motacilla flavicollis, Gm. Lin.i. 959. Parus Carolinensis griseus, Bris. iii. 563. Id. 8vo. 1. 467. Parus Americanus gutture luteo, Klein, 87.14. Bartr. Trav. p. 290. La Mesange grise 4 gorge jaune, Buf, v. 454. Yellow-throated Creeper, Cates. Carol. i. pl. 62. Yellow-throated Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 437. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 286. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 12. f.6. Shaw’s Zool. x. 679. SIZE of a Goldfinch ; length five inches and a half, breadth nine. Bill black; forehead the same; on each side of the bill, at the base, a spot of yellow; throat and neck before bright yellow, bounded on each side of the latter by a band of black, which begins at the corners of the mouth, and passes through the eyes; upper parts of the head, neck, and body, elegant grey; beneath white, spotted on the sides with black; sides under the wings streaked with brown ; wing coverts brown, crossed with two white bars ; quills as the coverts, but plain; tail very slightly forked, and black, all but the two outer feathers white on the inner webs. The female is yellow on the throat, and more dark and dingy in colour. The young is neither marked with black nor yellow, which so eminently distinguishes the male; nor has the young the yellow throat. Inhabits Carolina and Georgia, where it is seen creeping about the trees after insects ; the nest suspended to the branches of small shrubs, made of dry grass, stalks, &c, and the eggs four in number, white, spotted with black. 160 WARBLER. 207.—ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER. | Sylvia auricollis, Ind. Orn. ii. 536, Vietll. Am. ii. p. 46. Motacilla auricollis, Gm. Lin. i. 986. Ficedula Canadensis major, Bris. iii. 508. t. 26. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 449. Le Figuier a gorge orangée, Buf. v. 290. Orange-throated Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 481. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 304. Shaw’s Zool. x. 735. LENGTH. five inches or more. Bill brown, beneath whitish ; plumage above olive-green, changing to ash-colour on the rump ; throat, neck before, and breast, orange ; belly pale yellow; vent and thighs nearly white ; greater wing coverts ash-colour; quills brown, edged with ash; the two middle tail feathers ash, the others black on the outside and tips, and white within; legs grey. The female differs, m having the orange on the belly less lively. Inhabits Canada. 208.—CAPE MAY WARBLER. Sylvia maritima, Cape May Warbler, Amer. Orn. vi. pl. 54. £.3. Shaw's Zool. x. 739. LENGTH five inches and a half, extent eight and a half. Bill and legs black ; whole upper part of the head black; line from the nostril over the eye, chin, and sides of the neck, rich yellow; ear feathers orange, which also tints the back part of the yellow line over the eyes; at the anterior and posterior angle of the eye a small touch of black; hindhead and whole back, rump, and tail coverts, yellow olive, thickly streaked with black ; across the wing a broad bar of white; the rest of the wing dusky, edged dark olive yellow; throat and whole breast rich yellow, the same on the sides under the wings, with spots of black running in chains; belly and vent yellowish white; tail forked, dusky black, edged yellow olive, with a spot of white on the inner webs of the three exterior feathers. WARBLER. 161 Inhabits America.—One of these was discovered in a Maple swamp, in Cape May country, not far from the coast, and proved to be amale. Manners unknown. 209.—YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLER. Sylvia Trichas, Ind. Orn. ii. 519. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 28. pl. 85. Sylvia Marilandica, Maryland Yellow Throat, Am. Orn.i. pl. 6. f. l.—male. Td. ii. pl. 18, f. 4.—female. Edw. pl. 237. Petiv. Gaz. t, 6. f. 1. Turdus Trichas, Lin. i. 293. Gm. Lin. i. 811. Ficedula Marilandica, Bris. 11. 506. Jd. S8yo. 448. Le Figuier 4 Joues noires, Buf. v. 292. Yellow-breasted Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 438. Arct. Zool, ii. No. 283. Shaw’s Zool. x. 682. LENGTH five inches, breadth seven. Bill brown, with a few scattered hairs at the base; irides dark hazel; plumage above deep olive-brown ; forehead black, communicating with a large spot of the same on each side of the head; in the middle of which the eyes are placed; crown of the head reddish brown; throat and breast light yellow; belly and vent yellowish white; the latter more in- _ clined to yellow; quills and tail margined with yellowish olive ; the last cuneiform ; legs dull flesh-colour. The female wants the black through the eye; throat pale yellow; top of the head and sides fine pale grey. Young birds are greenish brown above, and pale yellow beneath. Inhabits the moist woods of Carolina, Maryland, and Pennsyl- vania, in the summer; met with also in Brazil; frequents bushes and low grounds, near rills of water; quits the country im autumn. The nest made the middle of May, in low bushes, formed of dry twigs and a little moss; the eggs four, white, dotted with black, or reddish brown; often hatches twice in a year, once as soon as it arrives, which it does the middle of April, the other in July ; it departs in autumn; the nest sometimes placed on the ground, among VOL. VII. Y 162 WARBLER. dry leaves, sometimes arched over, with a hole for entrance ; and is composed of dry leaves, and fine grass; feeds on insects; the note may be compared to the word Whitititiee repeated. A.—La Fauvette 4 poitrine jaune de la Louisiane, Buf. v. 162. Pl. enl. 709. Le Contre-maitre vert a poitrine d’Or, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 155. Orange-thighed Warbler, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 284. Gen. Syn. iv. 439. A. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill black; forehead to the middle of the crown black, this continues between the bill and eye, and passing beneath, finishes in a broad patch behind it; from eye to eye, across the crown, a band of white ; upper parts of the body olive, the under yellow, inclining to orange on the sides; tail rounded; legs reddish. Inhabits Louisiana, and is a very beautiful species. One from Georgia had the lower belly and thighs reddish buff- colour, and named the Black Cheek ; the irides brown ; across the middle of the crown a transverse streak of white, between the black and the brown, taking in the eyes, and passing above them, bounded the black behind, but not so broad as in the Pl. enluwmn. The female wants the black on the head, and the young birds are _ like the females. In young cecks of the first sammer, the band on the head is more or less brown, and the black not perfect, having only a small oval spot of black, otherwise no black on the head. The female has a pale streak over the eye, and the whole of the under parts yellow. This is common in the large bays in the lower parts, frequenting thick branches, or brooks in the summer, coming about the middle of March, and sings prettily on its first arrival. Mr. Abbot says, he once saw it in January, the only time he has met with any at that season. The nest is generally built in a bush, over the water, the beginning of May, formed of dried or rotten leaves, lined with pine straw, and small fibres of plants; the egg blush-colour, nearly WARBLER. 163 white at the larger end, where it is marked with many minute blackish specks. Mr. Abbot supposes this last to be a perfect adult, and the Yellow-breasted Warbler a young male. According to M. Azara it inhabits Paraguay. 210.—YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. Sylvia fuscicollis, Ind. Orn. 11. 520. Motacilla fuscicollis, Gm. Lin. i. 955. Fauvette a gorge brune et ventre jaune, Buf. v. 163. Yellow-bellied Warbler, Syn. iv. 440. Shaw’s Zool. x. 680. SIZE of the Yellow Wren. Bill somewhat broad at the base; plumage on the upper parts of the head and body greenish brown ; throat the same; breast and belly yellow, with a fulvous tinge; wing coverts and quills brown, margined with pale rufous; tail greenish. Inhabits Cayenne. 211.—BLACK-THROATED WARBLER. Sylvia Canadensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 539. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 15. f. 7. Motacilla Canadensis, Lin. i. 336. Gm. Lin. i. 991. Ficedula Canadensis cinerea major, Bris. iii. 527. t. 27. 6. Id. 8vo.i. 453. Le Figuier cendré de Canada, Pl. enl. 685. 2. Buf. v. 304. Blue Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 252. Black-throated Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 487. Arct. Zool. ii, 285. Shaw’s Zool. x. 651. LENGTH four inches and a half, breadth seven. Bill black; plumage above deep cinereous blue; sides of the head, throat, and fore part of the neck, black; sides spotted with the same, commu- nicating with the black on the sides of the throat ; belly and under parts whitish; quills dusky black, on the outside of the greater, near the bastard wing, a white spot; tail very slightly forked, cinereous blue, the three outer feathers white within at the base, and near the end; the two next whitish within at the tip ; the wings reach to about Y 2 164 WARBLER. the middle; legs brown. This is the male, which varies in the black on the chin not being pure, the feathers fringed with grey; sides of the body tinged with yellow over the thighs; sides under the wings mixed with black in both; there is a tinge of green also in the plumage; the three outer tail feathers have less white. The last is probably a young bird. The female is olive above, and dull pale yellow Beneaile with a narrow dusky streak on each jaw; spot on the wing as in the male, the white on the tail feathers takes up less space, and has a dirty tinge. Inhabits Pennsylvania, arrives there in April, and after breeding, goes away in autumn; but is not common ; also found in the swamps of Georgia, but in these the black occupies more of the sides of the head, than in the Pl. enlum. as it completely takes in the eyes. One of them was taken at sea, in a calm, eight or ten leagues from Samt Domingo. 212. -BLUE-GREY WARBLER. Sylvia czrulescens, Ind. Orn. ii. 520. Vieill. Am. ii. pl. 80. Motacilla cerulescens, Gm, Lin. i. 960. La Fauvette bleuatre de 5S. Domingue, Buf. v. 164. Blue-grey Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 440. LENGTH four inches and a half. Plumage above cinereous blue; wing coverts and quills brown, on the former a spot of white, the latter edged with cinereous blue; throat black, the rest of the under parts white. Inhabits St. Domingo, and neighbouring Isles; for the most part seen on tall trees, from whence it darts down on insects, in the manner of the Flycatcher; observed to wag the tail like the Wagtail. This, and the Black-throated, supposed by M. Vieillot, to be one and the same. WARBLER. 165 213.--BLOODY-SIDE WARBLER. Sylvia ruficapilla, Ind. Orn. i. 540. Motacilla ruficapilla, Gm. Lin, i. 941, Ficedula Martinicana, Bris. iii. 490. t. 22. 4. Id. 8vo.1. 444._ Le Figuier a téte rousse, Buf. v. 306. Bloody-side Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 489. Shaw’s Zool. x. 699. LENGTH four inches and a quarter. Bill brown; plumage above olive-green ; crown rufous; throat, neck before, and breast, yellow, with longitudinal rufous spots; belly and vent plain yellow; wing coverts and quills brown, edged with olive-green; tail as the quills, but the two outer feathers are yellowish within; legs grey. Inhabits Martinico, said to be continually in motion, and to have a trifling song, yet very melodious. 314.—RED-THROATED WARBLER. Sylvia Pennsylvanica, Ind. Orn. ii. 540. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 14. f. 5. Motacilla Pennsylvanica, Lin. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i. 971. Ficedula Pennsylvanica icterocephala, Bris. App. 105. Jd. 8vo. i. 458. Figuier a poitrine rouge, Buf. v. 308. Red-throated Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 301. Bloody-side Warbler, Arct. Zool. 11. No. 298. Red-throated Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 490. SIZE of the Pettichaps; length. five inches, breadth seven and three quarters. Bill black; irides hazel; body above olive-green, spotted with black ; crown of the head yellow, hind part black; beneath the eyes a broad band of the same; sides of the head, and under parts of the body white; top of the breast and sides deep red ; wing coverts dusky, crossed with two whitish bars; quills dusky, some of the inner ones edged, and tipped with olive-green ; tail dusky, the outer feathers spotted within with white; legs black. 166 WARBLER. The female wants the black at the hindhead, the back is not spotted, and the sides scarcely marked with red; the colours in general less bright. Inhabits Pennsylvania in spring, on the passage northward, where it breeds, and passes the summer; feeds on insects. 215.—QUEBEC WARBLER. Sylvia icterocephala, Ind. Orn. ii. 538. Vieill. Am.ii. pl. 90. Motacilla icterocephala, Lin. i. 334. Gm. Lin. i. 980. Ficedula Canadensis icterocephala, Bris. iii. 517. t. 27.2. Id. 8vo. i. 451. Le Figuier a téte jaune, Buf. v. 299. Yellow-crowned Warbler, Shaw’s Zool. x. 623. Quebec Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 484. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 305. LENGTH four inches and one-third. Bill dusky; top of the head yellow; between the bill and eye a large triangular spot of black; beneath it a white mark ; hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts black, edged with yellowish green; throat and under parts whitish ; across the wing coverts two yellowish bars; quills and tail dusky, edged with olive-green and whitish ; the inner webs of the three outer feathers of the latter yellowish white, from the middle to the end ; legs dusky. Inhabits Canada, and the northern parts of America ; first seen the beginning of April, among low shrubs, and under branches of the Red Cedars; departs in autumn. This and the Red-throated seem to agree in many things, and M. Vieillot thinks the male to differ only in being more or less in an adult state. 216.—JAMAICA WARBLER. Sylvia Dominica, Ind. Orn. ii. 538. Motacilla Dominica, Lin.i. 334. Gm. Lin. i. 980. Ficedula Dominicensis cinerea, Bris. iii. 520. t. 27. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 452. WARBLER. 167 Figuier cendre 4 gorge jaune, Buf. v. 300. Muscicapa e ceruleo, cinereo, fusco et luteo varia, Raiz, 186. Sloan. Jam. ii. 310. 44. Klein, 75. 16. Jamaica Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 485. Shaw’s Zool. x. 612. . LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill brown; plumage above ash-colour; throat and neck before yellow; from thence to the vent white; between the bill and eye a yellow streak ; beneath the eye a large black spot, and behind it a white one; sides of the breast marked with a small black spot; wing coverts brown, with two white bands; quills and tail cinereous brown, edged with grey; the two outer feathers with a spot of white on the inner webs, near the tips; legs brown. Inhabits Jamaica, and St. Domingo. 217.—WORM-EATER WARBLER. Sylvia vermivora, Ind. Orn. 1. 544. Vieill. Am.ii. p» 43. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 24. f. 4. Motacilla vermivora, Gm. Lin. i. 951. Ficedula Pennsylvanica, Bris. Sup. 102. Id. 8vo.i, 457. Le Demifin, Mangeur des Vers, Buf. v. 325. Worm-eater, Gen. Syn. iv. 499. Edw. pl. 305. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 300. Shaw's Zool. x. 730. LENGTH near six inches, breadth eight. Bill dusky, flesh- coloured beneath; irides hazel; from the corners of the mouth, through the eye, a narrow line of black ; over it a yellowish one, and above that an arch of black; the rest of the head, throat, and breast, reddish yellow, gradually changing white towards the vent; the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, dark olive-green ; inner wing coverts and under the tail ash-colour; legs flesh-colour. Male and female much alike, Inhabits Pennsylvania in July, in its passage northward, but has not been observed on its return in autumn. 168 WARBLER. Among Mr. Abbot's drawings is a bird, pale brown above, over the eye a pale streak, and through it a brown one; under parts dusky white; wings and tail brown. This appeared a young bird, and was killed in Briar Creek Swamp, Georgia, the only one met with. A bird similar to the Worm-eater is found in Georgia, but it is scarcely five inches long; olive-green above, and pale dusky olive beneath ; down the crown a black streak, with the other streaks as in Edwards’s figure of that bird; with the addition of a pale rufous spot at the setting on of the wing. It was named Black streaked- headed Warbler, and appeared a Variety of Edwards’s bird. This and another, a female, found among weeds in plantations in autumn, but not common ; feeds on caterpillars and spiders; the note a feeble chirp; is an active bird: found also in the forests and groves of Paraguay; the note of the male somewhat imitating the word Chi- chichihichicha. 218.—TENNESEE WARBLER. Sylvia peregrina, Tennesee Warbler, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 25. f. 2. Shaw’s Zool, x. 621. LENGTH four inches and three quarters, breadth eight. Bill pointed, somewhat thick at the base, dusky, paler beneath; irides hazel; head above and cheeks light bluish colour, with an olive tinge; from the nostrils, over the eye, a pale yellow line, fading into white; back, rump, lesser wing coverts, and those of the tail, rich yellow olive, the rest of the wing feathers deep dusky, broadly edged with yellow olive ; throat and breast pale cream-colour; belly and vent white; tail forked, olive, relieved with dusky; legs purplish brown. In the female the yellow line over the eye is more obscure, and the olive tint in the plumage not so rich. WARBLER. 169 Inhabits North America ; first found on the banks of Cumberland River, in the state of Tennesee, but only two have been seen; it belongs to, or at least comes nearest to, the Worm-eater; has the habits of the Titmouse; feeds on caterpillars, and winged insects; its notes are few and weak. 219.—MOURNING WARBLER. Sylvia Philadelphica, Mourning Warbler, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 14. f. 5. LENGTH five inches, breadth eight. Bill black, paler beneath ; irides pale hazel; plumage above deep greenish olive; head dull slate-colour; on the breast a crescent of alternate, transverse lines of glossy white and deep black; the rest of the under parts brilliant yellow ; tips of the wings and two middle tail feathers brownish, the latter rounded at the end. Tnhabits Philadelphia, and its neighbourhood. One shot early in June, on the borders of a marsh, within a few miles of it. The note was a kind of warble. 220.—HOODED WARBLER. Sylvia mitrata, Ind. Orn. ii. 528. Vietll. Am. ii. p. 23. pl. 77. Motacilla mitrata, Gm. Lin. i. 977. Parus Carolinensis torquatus, Bris. iii. 578. Id. 8vo.i. 471. Klein, 85. Hooded Titmouse, Cates. Car, i. pl. 60. Hooded Flycatcher, Amer. Orn. pl. 26. f. 3. Hooded Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 462. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 287. Shaw’s Zool. x. 399. SIZE of a Goldfinch ; length five inches and a half. Bill black; forehead, cheeks, and chin, yellow; a broad black list encompasses the head, and neck behind, like a hood, passing forwards to the fore part of the neck as a collar; upper parts of the body dirty olive- green, the under yellow; tail a little rounded, the two outer feathers VoL. VII. Z 170 WARBLER. nearly white, with a dash of dusky from the tip on the outer web, narrowing upwards; giving the appearance of the inner web being white; the outer brown, growing broader towards the tip; legs brown. In the female the green is more dull, the feathers edged with ash- colour ; and the yellow parts are paler. Inhabits thickets and shady places in the uninhabited parts of Carolina.—From the description of the late Mr. Hutchins, a similar one, if not the same, inhabits Hudson’s Bay, by the name of Mo- chia a naka shish. In this the three outer tail feathers are chiefly white, but dusky on the outer web, the four middle plain dusky. The female much the same in colour, but without the black hood. The young male resembles most the female, but is inclined to brown above; forehead and under parts yellow, passing from the forehead through the eye, ending in two streaks on the ears; from the gape, on each side, a whisker of dusky black; and across the breast a curved mark of the same; down the belly a dull mottled pale ferru- ginous band. It is seldom seen in Pennsylvania, and the Northern States; but through the whole extent of country south of Maryland, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi; partial to low situations, where there is thick underwood, among canes, in the state of Tennesee, perpetually in pursuit of winged insects, when it utters three loud, and not un- musical notes, like Twee, twee, twitehee; is very active. The nest neat and compact, chiefly in forks of small bushes, composed of | moss and flax, or broken hemp, lined with hair, and sometimes feathers ; the eggs five, greyish white, marked with reddish spots at the larger end. Is migratory, and rarely seen about Philadelphia ; probably winters in Mexico, or the West India Islands. WARBLER. 171 A.—Le Gobe-mouche citrin dela Louisiane, Buf. v. 538. Pl. enl. 666.2. Gen. Syn. iv. 462. A. In this the forehead, round the eyes, and the cheeks, are fine yellow; the rest of the head, chin, and neck before, velvety black ; from thence to the vent yellow ; all above greenish grey. This seems a trifling Variety of the male; it is seen in the swamps, about Georgia, and frequents the thick branches in the summer; known by the name of Yellow-cheek, but is not very common. 221.—COWLED WARBLER. Sylvia cucullata, Ind. Orn. ii. 528. Cowled Warbler, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 243. THIS is greenish above, white beneath; forehead and cheeks black ; tail cuneiform. A specimen of this was in the Museum of the late Sir A. Lever, without any history annexed; seems to be allied to the last. 222.—-BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. Sylvia Blackburnie, Ind. Orn. ii. 527. Vieill. Amer. ii. p. 36. Amer. Orn. pl. 23. f. 3. Motacilla Blackburnie, Gm. Lin. i. 977. Bec-fin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xviii. Blackburnian Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 461. Arct. Zool. ii. No.317. Shaw's Zool. x. 527. THE bill and legs in this are dusky brown; crown deep black, divided by a line of rich yellow; from the corner of the upper man- dible another of the same; through the eye a black one, reaching beyond it, bounded beneath by a narrow one of yellow; sides of the neck, throat, the middle of the breast orange; sides of the body Z 2 : 172 WARBLER. spotted with black; vent and thighs white; lesser wing coverts black, the greater white; quills dusky; the middle tail feathers dusky, the three outer ones on each side marked with white on the inner web. The female is yellow where the male is orange; and the black streaks more obscure, and Jess numerous. This is scarce in Pennsylvania, coming the beginning of May ; is an active and silent bird. The nest not known. Only one or two found in a season. M. Vieillot is of opinion, that the Canada Flycatcher belongs to this species, but the last is a bird in a younger state of plumage, and the colours less lively. 223.—W HITE-POLL WARBLER. Sylvia varia, Ind. Orn. ii. 539. Motacilla varia, Lin. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i. 979. Certhia maculata, Black and White Creeper, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 19. f. 3. Certhia varia, Vieill. Am. ii. p. 69. Ficedula Dominicensis varia, Bris. 529. t. 27. 5. Id. 8vo.i. 464. Muscicapa e fusco et albo varia, Rati, 186. Sloan. t. 265. 1. Klein, 75. 11. - Figuier varié de St. Domingue, Buf. v. 305. Grimpereau varié, Otis. Dor.ii. pl. 174. Black and White Creeper, Edw. pl. 305. Pied Creeper, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 234. pl. 34. White-poll Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 488. Arct. Zool. 1. No. 293. Shaw's Zool. x. 639. LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill dusky; top of the head white; sides of it black, marked with two white streaks ; throat, back, and rump, white, with large black spots; breast and belly white, spotted with black on the breast and sides; wing coverts black, with two white bands; quills blackish, edged with grey, some of them nearest the body almost white; tail a trifle forked, the feathers edged outwardly with grey; the two outer ones, with a large white spot on the immer web, near the tip, but that on the exterior WARBLER. 173 much larger; legs greenish brown. The female and young bird want the black on the throat, and the colours are less bright. Inhabits Pennsylvania, coming the end of march, or beginning of April, and departing in Autumn; likewise met with among the maples, about New York, during the summer, and in swampy places; probably passes the winter in Jamaica, St. Domingo, and other parts in the same latitude. I observe this among Mr. Abbot’s drawings, by the name of Black-streaked Warbler; said to frequent the swamps and Oak woods of Georgia, in summer, and to run about trees, in search of insects like the Creeper. Is subject to much Variety, at different periods of age. It is ranked by some authors among the Creepers. 224.—CHRULEAN WARBLER. Sylvia cerulea, Ind. Orn. ii. 540. Viedll. Am. ii. pl. 87. Motacilla czrulea, Lin. 1. 337. Gm. Lin. 1. 992. Muscicapa cerulea, Small Blue-grey Flycatcher, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 18. f. 5? Ficedula Pennsylvanica cinerea, Bris. Sup. 107. Id. Svo.i. 459. Le Figuier gris de Fer, Buf. v. 309. Contre-maitre bleuatre, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 158. Little Blue-grey Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 302. Cerulean Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 490. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 299. Amer. Ornii. pl. 17. f.5. Shaw’s Zool. x. 653. LESS than the Pettichaps; length four mches, breadth seven inches and a half. Bill black, base beneath reddish; head and upper parts of the body blue-grey; eyelids white; from bill to hind- head a stripe of black; under parts white; wings cinereous brown ; quills edged within with whitish, as also the outer edges and tips of some of the inner ones; tail rounded, two inches long, the eight middle feathers cinereous blue, the outer one of these white at the tip, but the two outmost on each side wholly white, except just at the base; legs slender, black. The female wants the black streak over the eyes, and the eight middle tail feathers are cinereous brown; the rest as in the male. 174 WARBLER. In one sent from Georgia, the outmost tail feather is white; the next black, with one-third from the tip white; the third black, the tip only white ; the rest wholly black. Inhabits Pennsylvania; arrives early in spring, and returns in autumn ; the nest is often seen on the tops of trees, and singularly constructed, composed of fine downy matter, with an outside of moss and liver-wort, lined with horse-hair, in form cylindrical, placed between the forks of the branches of a tree, and open at the top ;* rarely seen after the 20th of August, when it retires south- ward; has the habit of a Flycatcher. This is one of the birds, in the nest of which the Cowpen Oriole lays its eggs. A.—Le Figuier a téte noire, Pl. ent. 704. 1. Gen. Syn.iv. 491. 117. Var. A. This is like the last, but the whole of the upper part of the head, above the eyes, is black; the greater quills wholly black, as are the six middle tail feathers, the others white. This was brought from Cayenne. According to Mr. Abbot, this bird is called Blue Titmouse, or Spindle legs, from their being long and slender ; the bill, too, is small and delicate; commonly seen in the woods in summer, and is continually in motion, creeping about the trees and bushes, in search of insects; said to be found also in Paraguay, but is not common there. 225.--SPOTTED-TAILED WARBLER. LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill slender, half an inch long, dusky, the under mandible pale; plumage in general fine pale blue, much like the colour of the Blue Titmouse ; this extends on the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, and surrounds the * Well represented in Edwards’s Plate. WARBLER. 175 breast before, as a narrow band, continuing on the sides under the wings; all the under parts otherwise are white; across the wing coverts two bands of white; quills dusky; tail one inch and a half long, even, dusky black, the feathers fringed outwardly with blue; all but the two middle ones marked with an oval white spot on the the inner margin, near the end, most considerable on the outer ones; lower part of the back marked with some dusky streaks, the rump paler blue, and plain, upper tail coverts blue, fringed with dusky round the end; legs slender, black. In the collection of Lord Stanley. Native place uncertain. It seems to coincide much with the Cerulean Species. 226.—GOLD-WINGED WARBLER. Sylvia chrysoptera, Ind. Orn. 1. 541. Vietll. Am. ii. pl. 97. flavifrons, Ind. Orn. ii. 527. Motacilla chrysoptera, Lin. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i, 971. flavifrons, Gm. Lin. i. 976. Ficedula Pennsylvanica cinerea gutture nigro, Bris. Sup. 109. Id. 8vo. i. 458. Le Figuier aux ailes dorées, Buf. v. 311. Gold-winged Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 299. Bartr. p. 290. Yellow-fronted Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 461. Arct. Zool. 11. No. 296. Gold-winged Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 492. G Daarded GOATSUCKER. 343 beneath the eyes, as in many of the Genus; irides yellow; at the base of the bill a few trifling bristles; the head is full of feathers, of a dirty flesh-colour, the rest of the neck and under parts of the body much the same, with a tinge of ferruginous; under the eye, on the sides of the neck, and beneath the wings, crossed with numerous broken lines and markings; the crown of the head and nape are black, curving forwards on each side over the eye; across the back part of the neck a broad band of black, coming forwards on each side, about the middle, where it divides into two parts ; the back and wings are dusky blue, powdered with black ; quills dusky, edged and spotted with dusky rust-colour ; tail a trifle forked, dusky, marked with dull, pale, ferruginous spots on both webs of the feathers, and crossed with ten or eleven obsolete bars of a darker or dusky colour; legs reddish flesh-colour. Inhabits New South Wales; called by the English, Musquito Hawk ; no doubt for the same reason that a similar name is given to the North American Species. Most frequent in July. 11.—STRIGOID GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Strigoides, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lviii. Strigoid Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 262. Shaw’s Zool. x. 143. THIS is twice the size of the European Species, appearing at first sight, from being full of feathers, like the Short-eared Owl. The bill black ; general colour of the plumage above rusty brown, marked on the head with darker coloured streaks, and the back mottled and streaked with the same; sides of the head, through the eye, pale brown; above it a pale, clouded, whitish streak; on the wing coverts are three oblique, palish, mottled bars; quills brown, with pale spots on the outer margins; the under parts of the body not unlike the upper, marked with narrow, sagittal streaks of brown; tail somewhat forked ; legs yellowish. 344 GOATSUCKER. Inhabits New South Wales with the last, and like it most frequent in July. The native name Bir-reagel. 12.—GRACILE GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus gracilis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lviii. Gracile Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 263. Shaw’s Zool. x. 145. THIS is likewise a large species. The bill stout, pale brown, hooked at the point, with several erect bristles at the nostrils; irides and legs yellow; the plumage above mottled and streaked, not greatly unlike our European Species; but the body seems to be of a more slender make, and has a larger tail in proportion : it is spotted on the top of the head with white; all the under parts from the chin are whitish, streaked with ferruginous yellow ; quills dusky, crossed with six or seven whitish bars; tail long, even at the end, with eight or nine dark bars, edged with white; quills reach to about half the length. Inhabits New South Wales; called by the natives, Poo-book.* 13.—FORK-TAILED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus forficatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lix. Engoulevent 4 Queue fourchue, Levail. Ois.i. 178. pl. 47. 48. Fork-tailed Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 264. Shaw’s Zool. x. 167. THIS isa very large species, and in length twenty-six inches, the body does not exceed the size of the Brown Owl, but the neck and the tail make two-thirds of the length. Bill black, much bent, and when closed, appears very small; on the contrary, the gape is astonishingly large; the upper mandible has a singular kind of notch about the middle, into which the under one shuts, whereby the union of the two is most complete ; the plumage is greatly similar to * In New-Holland more than one or two of the Owls go by this name. GOATSUCKER. 345 that of the European Goatsucker, being composed of a mixture of black, brown, rufous, and white; but the most conspicuous character is, the enormous length of tail, which is greatly forked in shape, the two middle feathers not being more than half the length of the outer . ones; the legs are yellow. A male and female of these were by chance procured by M. Levaillant; they had taken their abode in a hollow, decayed tree, which had fallen by the side of the River of Lions, in Great Namaqua Land, in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope. They made a noise somewhat resembling Gher, r,r,r,r; in this not greatly differing from that of Europe. 14.—FICHTEL’S GOATSUCKER. SIZE of the European Species. Bill moderately large, dusky ; plumage in general dark greyish brown, marked all over with white, circular, ring-like spots, of the size of peas; on the quills about five or six on each side of the web; legs weak. Inhabits New-Holland; communicated by M. de Fichtel, who described it to me from memory; but in whose possession the spe- cimen was, when he related the circumstance. 15.—GRAND GOATSUCKER. Caprimnlgus grandis, Ind. Orn. ii. 583. Gm. Lin. i. 1029. -——= maximus, Mus. Lev. t. 9. Americanus, Ibijau, Rati, 272. Wiil. 70. t. 14. -— Brasiliensis major nevius, Bris. ii. 485. Jd. 8vo. i. 293. Le Grand Ibijau, Crapaud-volant de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 541... Pl. enl. 325. Ibijau the other Species, Will. Orn. Engl. 108.§ I1.—2d parag. pl. 14.—larger figure. Grand Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 590. Shaw’s Zool. x. 142. SIZE of a small Buzzard; length nearly two feet. Bill, to the gape, three inches, width of the gape as much; nostrils covered with VOL. VII. Yy 346 - GOATSUCKER. ‘bristles ; the plumage on the upper parts of the body cream-colour, minutely dotted with brown, and striped with the same down the shafts ; on the scapulars much white, especially on the inner parts; outer ridge of the wing brown; quills deep brown, a little barred with white on each side; shafts black; tail eleven inches long, and rounded at the end; colour brown, crossed with seven or eight narrow bars of dotted white ; the wings, when closed, nearly reach the end of the tail; legs brown, covered with feathers almost to the toes; the middle claw not serrated. Inhabits Cayenne.—One, in the possession of the late Sir A. Lever, seemed to be longer than that of Buffon, by one inch and a half. He mentions one that had the breast brownish; perhaps differing in sex from the above. It is said, to keep within the hollow of a decayed tree in the day-time, and to frequent such as are near the water. It is among the largest of its race, and asolitary species. Buffon’s Grand Ibijau, is represented in Marcgrave, as having a crest, as also a horn on the head, and has been so copied by Wil- lughby; but as we cannot rely on Marcgrave’s figures, we may venture to suppose it no other than the abovementioned. It is found in Brazil, where it is called Mandalua: the note is a mere melancholy whistle.* 16.—JAMAICA GOATSUCKER.—PL. cxv1. Caprimulgus Jamaicensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 584. Gm. Lin. i. 1029. Guira-querea, Raiz, 180.3. Buf. vi. 536. Sloan. Jam. ii. 295. Mountain Owl, Brown, Jam. 473. Jamaica Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 491. 2. pl. 57. Shaw’s Zool. x. 144. SIZE of the Long-eared Owl; length sixteen inches. Bill from the tip to gape two inches and a quarter ; the end, for a quarter of an inch or more, bent downwards, and black ; the under mandible is * Maxim. T7. i. 329. —* PAR OAV 2 ay Samad (Go icke x % eee ae GOATSUCKER. 347 also bent downwards, corresponding with the upper when shut; nostrils covered with feathers; the eyes surrounded with a disk of feathers not unlike those of Owls; the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, are composed of a mixture of ferruginous and black, streaked longitudinally ; wing coverts part deep brown, part ferru- ginous and brown mixed, many of the feathers irregularly dotted with blackish; some of the inner ones with a mixture of white; the quills deep black brown, marked on the outer edge with eight or nine white spots; tail seven inches long, cinereous, dotted with black, and crossed with seven or eight bars of black brown; the legs pretty large, feathered to the toes, which are yellow, claws black ; the middle toe not serrated. Inhabits Jamaica, but said to be not very common there; the circle of feathers round the eyes having the appearance of an Owl, has occasioned Sloane to give it that name. It inhabits woods, and lives on insects. 17.—PARAGUAN GOATSUCKER. L’Urutau, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 308. LENGTH fourteen inches, breadth thirty-one. Bill dark coloured ; irides pure yellow; colour not unlike that of the Jamaica Species; throat inclined to rufous; belly whitish brown; wings beneath brown, spotted with white; the tail consists of ten feathers, barred with whitish brown; quills the same; behind the eye, and above it, some small, short, narrow feathers, which the bird can erect as horns. ~ Inhabits Paraguay, but not very common there; found chiefly in deep woods, and always perches on high and decayed trees; and being like them in colour, is not easily perceived: seen in Paraguay Yoy2 348 GOATSUCKER. from October to February, and is a sedentary, solitary species; said to make no nest, fastening the eggs to the trees with a kind of gummy matter; but according to Noseda, the eggs, which are two in number, are deposited in a small hole of a dry tree, yet with no appearance of a nest; in colour they are brown, and spotted. One of these birds, attempted to be kept tame, was fed on raw meat, but pined away and died, after March. This seems to have some affinity to the Jamaica Species, but we are not certain of its being the same. 18.—SCISSARS-TAILED GOATSUCKER. L’Ibijau 4 Queue en Ciseaux, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 309. LENGTH eleven inches anda half, breadth nineteen and a half. Bill five inches and a half; head, neck, and upper parts dusky, spotted with black ; a rufous streak from one eye to the other, passing over the hindhead; wing coverts dusky, varied with pale rufous white ; throat rufous, but more obscure; belly pale rufous; quills banded with the same; tail six inches and three quarters long, in shape forked; the outer feather exceeds the next by two inches, which is five lines longer than the third; the rest in proportion; the two middle ones very short, and barred with dusky, on a varied brown ground; the rest of the tail dusky, banded rufous white for half the length; the other half whitish, dotted with dusky; legs almost covered with feathers on the fore part. Inhabits Paraguay. Only found in the Isles of the River, always singly, and in the middle of the winter only, never in spring or summer; is seen continually flying backwards and forwards over the water, and in flying opens and shuts the tail like a pair of scissars. GOATSUCKER. 349 19.—ETHEREAL GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus ethereus, Maxim. Trav, i. p. 204. THIS is twenty-two inches in length. The plumage dirty red, with dark brown and blackish spots; the upper small scapular wing feathers form a dark brown spot; a spotted transverse stripe of the same colour marks the bottom of the breast. Inhabits Brazil, and has probably not been before noticed; from its large size is a conspicuous species; it rises to a great height in the air, and lowers like a Falcon ; but rarely within reach of gun shot. 20.— VIRGINIA GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Virginianus, Ind. Orn. ii. 585. Gm. Lin. i. 1028. Vieill. Am. i. p. 55. pl. 23. Caprimulgus minor Americanus, Lin. i. 346.1. 8. Gerin.i. 92. t.100. Kalm. It. il. 93. Caprimulgus Virginianus, Bris.ii. 477. Id. 8vo. i. 291. Whip-poor-Will, Buf. vi. 534. Cat. Car. iii. pl. 16, Edw. pl. 63. Short-winged Goatsucker, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 336. Night Hawk, Amer. Orn. v. p. 65. pl. 40. f. 1. 2. Virginia Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 595. Id. Sup. 194. Shaw’s Zool. x. 153 ? THIS is less than the European Species. The bill to the gape nine lines and a half, and beset with very short and weak bristles; plumage on the upper parts of the body dull brown, transversely variegated, and blended with rufous brown, with here and there a mixture of ash-colour, and a little portion of grey on the wings ; one inch below the bend of the wing the edge is white for three quarters of an inch; above the eyes, and behind the neck, a few orange spots ; beneath the eyes cinereous brown; on the chin a white triangular spot, bending downwards on each side, and mottled with orange beneath ; the rest of the under parts reddish white, crossed with dusky 300 GOATSUCKER. streaks, twenty-five or thirty in all; quills dusky, the first five marked with a white spot on both webs, about the middle; but only on the inner webs on the two outer feathers; tail four inches long, much like the quills, all but the two middle feathers marked with a white spot near end, and crossed with seven or eight ash-coloured mottled bars; legs flesh-colour, middle claw serrated; wings a trifle longer than the tail. Inhabits Virginia in summer, coming in April, chiefly in the mountainous parts, frequently approaching the houses in the even- ing, where it settles on a rail or post, and cries for several times together like the word, Whip-poor-Will; it continually flies from place to place, repeating the same words ; sometimes four or five cry - together, and this noise is chiefly after sun-set, and before sun-rise. It catches insects on the wing, but often will sit in a convenient spot, and sprmg upon them as they fly by, returning to the same place. It arrives in Georgia about the 13th of April, and may be found often in the day-time on the ground, under shady trees, in thick woods, mostly dogwoods; lays two eggs, larger than those of the Caroline Species, not unlike those of the European, but the markings paler, and more numerous. Probably this may be the Moschito Hawk, of Hudson’s Bay; but Mr. Hutchins’s description gives the length nine inches and a half, and breadth twenty-three; weighing, when exenterated, one ounce and three quarters. It is called Paysh or Peesh from the note, and is there migratory ; said to be very numerous in the interior parts, feeding on muskitoes and flies; at sun-set may be seen swimming along the air, and darting down every now and then, very rapidly, rising again immediately. In a male bird, received from Mr. Abbot, all but the two middle tail feathers were marked with a white spot on the shaft, about half an inch from the end ; and for the most part another on the edge of the inner web parallel; and in some feathers uniting into one GOATSUCKER. 351 streak, so that when the tail is spread, there appears an irregular white band near the end; and in both sexes the white spots on the quills are the same. In the Am. Ornith. the tail is much hollowed out in the middle, appearing forked ; and the female has the quills marked with a white spot, as in the male; and this sex also has the spot on the chin, clay-colour instead of white. It is known in Pennsylvania to most persons by the name of Night Hawk. 21.—WHITE-COLLARED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus semitorquatus, Ind. Orn.1i. 586. Gm. Lin. i. 1031. Petit Engoulevent tacheté de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 540. Crapaud-volant tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 734. White-collared Goatsucker, Gen. Syn.iv. 599. Shaw’s Zool. x. 160. LENGTH eight inches. Bill fifteen lines, black, furnished with small bristles; general colour of the plumage blackish, spotted with rufous and grey; on the fore part of the neck a sort of a half collar of white; the rest of the under parts not greatly differing from those above. Inhabits Cayenne.—M. Buffon’s description is too concise to discriminate the species; that author frequently referring to the Pl. enlum. and which he means his reader should consult in addition. We find, im the figure quoted, that the tail is two inches and a half long, rather rounded at the end; general colour dusky black brown, crossed with three or four narrow, rufous, cream-coloured bars, mottled with black, and the ends broadly tipped with the same; greater quills dusky black, marked with paler spots; legs pale. This perhaps may be a distinct species, but seems somewhat allied to the female of the White-throated, if not a young bird. M. d’Azara mentions one by the name of Nacunda, which word signifies, in the language of the Guaranis, Wide-Mouth ; said to be pretty numerous in Paraguay, but dees not winter there. | Inhabits 302 GOATSUCKER. fields in preference to woods, and frequents moist places; chaces insects in full day-light; found chiefly in pairs, but sometimes in troops of more than 100; said to lay two eggs on the ground without any kind of nest ; length ten inches anda half, breadth twenty-seven. This is variegated in plumage, as some others, but chiefly distin- guished by a kind of white narrow horse-shoe, passing from one corner of the mouth to the other under the chin; tail brown, barred deeper brown, and even at the end; shins olive: said to be a new species, but probably allied to the last. 22.—W HIP-POOR-WILL GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-Will, Am. Orn. vy. p. 71. pl. 41. f. 1.2.3. Nat. Mise. pl. 1053. Pa vai! THIS is nine inches and a half long, and extends nineteen. Bill blackish, a quarter of an inch long, and stouter than in the - Virginia Species ; nostrils prominent ; gape very large, and the mouth beset with long, thick, elastic bristles, some extending more than half an inch beyond the point, end in fine hair, and curve inwards; irides bluish black; plumage above variegated with black, pale cream brown, and rust-colour; sprinkled and powdered in such minute streaks and spots, as to defy description ; crown light brownish grey, with a longitudinal streak of black, and others radiating from it; back darker ; scapulars light, whitish ochre, variegated with two or three oblique deep black streaks ; tail rounded; the three outer feathers blackish brown for half the length, from thence pure white to the end; but the exterior edged deep brown nearly to the tip, and regularly studded with light brown spots; the four middle ones marked with herring-bone figures of black, and light ochre, finely powdered the whole of their length ; cheeks brown orange, or burnt-colour; chin black, streaked with brown ; across the throat a narrow white crescent; breast and belly GOATSUCKER. 393 mottled, and streaked black and yellow ochre; legs purplish flesh- colour, seamed with white; inner edge of the middle claw pectinated. The female is smaller, much lighter on the upper parts, appearing powdered instead of white on the three lateral tail feathers, and has them tipped, for three quarters of an inch, with cream- colour; the crescent on the throat brownish ochre. This, Mr. Wilson observes, is the true description of the Whip- poor-Will, and is perfectly distinct from his Night Hawk, or Chuck- will’s-Widow; the three being by most people not fairly discri- minated. It has the general manners of the Genus, and lays two eggs on the bare ground, like those of the Night Hawk, but darker, and more thickly marbled with dark olive. -This is found in many parts of North America, but most plentiful in the state of Kentucky, called the Barrens. 23.—CAROLINA GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 584. Gm. Lin. i. 1028. Bris. ii. 475. Id. 8vo.i. 290. Caprimulegus lucifugus, Great Bat, Chuck-will’s-Widow, Bartr. Trav. 290. Engoulevent de la Caroline, Buf. vi. 532. Rain Bird, Brown, Jam. 467. Carolina Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 592. Cates. Car.i. pl. 8. Shaw’s Zool. x. 149. SIZE of our European Species; the length nine inches; breadth twenty-three. Bill dusky; from under each eye, to the nostrils, about eight stiff bristles, some nearly an inch long; plumage above transversely variegated with zigzag, alternate dusky and grey lines; on the crown some spots of the last; that and the neck behind have each feather streaked with blackish down the middle, with three or four pale tawny bars on each side; wing coverts much the same, but the specklings are larger, and the blackish marks more defined, larger, and accompanied with deeper tawny, especially at the ends of the feathers; scapulars, back, and rump, much the same as the VOL. VII. ZZ 254 GOATSUCKER. crown and nape, but the spots larger; quills black, mottled and barred with tawny; the outer one three quarters of an inch shorter than the second; the third a trifle shorter than the second; vent pale tawny, with three or four undulated lines on each feather; chin, to the breast, dull tawny, transversely undulated with dusky; just above, and on the breast, mixed with blotches of tawny; all the belly dull pale tawny, minutely barred with dusky; tail six imches long, much rounded, the outer feather nearly three quarters of an inch shorter; the four middle ones tawny, mottled with black, and marked with nine or ten oblique bars on each side of the shaft, but not reaching the outer web; the two outer feathers but one mostly white, but the outer web, and round the end tawny, with five large spots of black, from the base to half way; the second the same, but the outer web, next the shaft, white, spotted black at the base; the third much the same, but much more marked with black ; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail; middle toe serrated. The female differs, in having all the tail feathers uniform in colour. The above taken from specimens sent from Georgia, by Mr. Abbot; but we have reason to think, that individuals vary somewhat in colour: the male is said to have a white spot on each tail feather, except the two middle ones, forming an incomplete band when spread ; and some have a white band under the throat, and several spots of white on the pinions of the wings; and such are supposed to be old birds. Inhabits Virginia and Carolina; appears only in the evening, or when the sky, obscured with clouds, betokens rain; hence the name of Rain Bird: called, in Georgia, the Great Bat arrives the middle of April, lays two eggs on the ground; these are bluish white, very thickly marked all over with irregular spots of brown, so as almost to obscure the ground colour. By the hunters it is said, that the wild deer feed when the Goatsuckers fly: it is observed, that not only this, but some others, very frequently settle lengthways on the limb of a tree, rather than across, though this is not constant; itis known GOATSUCKER. 355 by the name of Chuck-will’s-Widow ; and in the northern provinces, Whip-peor-Will; though, according to Kalm, the sound is more like Whipperiwhip, with a strong accent on the first and last syllable; it appears the end of April, and departs in August. 24.—POPETUE GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Popetue, Viet/l. Amer. i. p. 56. pl. 29, Shaw’s Zool. x. 164. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill black ; general colour of the plumage above dusky brown, marked with white and pale rufous spots; chin and throat pale buff-colour; wing coverts white at the ends; quills in general black, but the third, fourth, and fifth, are crossed in the middle with a white band, which appears trans- parent at a certain distance; tail black, forked, crossed with rufous white bands ; several of the outer feathers white, crossed with narrow bars of black; wings and tail equal in length. Inkabits America ; and at first sight might appear to be related to the Carolina Species; but according to M. Vieillot, it differs in colour, as also in size, and form of the tail, as well as manners. 25.—GREY GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus griseus, Ind. Orn. ii. 584. Gm. Lin. i. 1039. L’Engoulevent gris, Buf. vi. 548. Grey Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 592. Shaw’s Zool. x. 161. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill twenty lines long, brown above, yellowish beneath; general colour of the plumage grey; wings dusky black, barred with pale grey; tail more than five inches long, brownish grey, barred with brown, and very little longer than the wings. Inhabits Cayenne. 306 GOATSUCKER. 26.—_AMERICAN GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Americanus, Ind. Orn. 1. 587. Lin. i. 346. Gm. Lin.i. 1032. Borowsk. i. 152. Caprimulgus Jamaicensis, Bris. 11. 480. Id. 8vo.i. 191. -Raii, 180. 4. Sloan. Jam. 296. t. 255.1. Kram. 81. 2. Strix capite levi, &c. Brown, Jam. 473. L’Engoulevent a lunettes, Buf. vi. 543. American Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 600. Shaw’s Zool. x. 163. SIZE of our European Species; length eleven inches, * breadth ten. Bill black, beset with bristles; nostrils very prominent, stand- ing out one-eighth of an inch; the general colour of the plumage a mixture of grey, black, and fillemot colour, palest on the wings and tail; the latter four inches long, and the wings, when closed, do not reach much beyond the base of it; legs brown. 27.—SHARP-TAILED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus acutus, Ind. Orn. ii. 587. Gm. Lin.i. 1031. L’Engoulevent acutipenne de la Guiane, Buf. vi. 547. Pl. enl. 732. Sharp-tailed Goatsucker, Gen. Syn.iv. 600. Id. Sup. 195. Shaw’s Zool. x. 168. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill black; top of the head and neck transversely striped with rufous brown and black ; sides of the head the same, most inclined to rufous; back grey, crossed with black stripes; beneath the same, but the ground colour rufous; tail a trifle longer than the wings, pale rufous, dotted with black, and barred at the end with the same, the bar margined above with white; the end of each feather continued into a sharp point, being bare of webs as in the Thorn-tailed Warbler,+ but more similar to that of the Aculeated Swallow. + * Sloane says seven. Perhaps his measure might only extend to the base of the tail. + See p. 147. + See p. 304. GOATSUCKER. 357 Inhabits Guiana. Buffon observes, that birds of this Genus mix with the Bats, which is not singular, as they appear at the same hours, and prey on the same food. I have found the bodies of cock- chafers* in the stomach of the Horseshoe-Bat,+ of which this animal eats the bodies only, rejecting the other parts, which may be found strewed ou the ground about its haunts. 28.-GEORGIAN GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Chuck-will’s-Widow, Am. Orn. vi. p.95. pl. 54. f.2. L’Ibiyau a Queue singulaire, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 315 ? Long-winged Goatsucker, Arct. Zool. 1. pl. 18. Short-winged Goatsucker, Arct. Zool. No. 336. Descrip.? Shaw’s Zool. x. 151. LARGER than the European Species; length twelve inches. From the point of the bill to the nostrils about a quarter of an inch; but the gape is enormous, and continued three quarters of an inch beyond the eyes; colour of the bill pale rufous, with the point curved and black; along the edge of the upper mandible seven or eight stout, black bristles, some of them nearly an inch long, and barbed on the sides; plumage, on the upper parts, not unlike that of the European Species, but darker, being spotted and marbled with black, rufous, and ash-colour; and every where powdered with minute specks of black, with here and there irregular darker spots, approaching to black ; the inner part of the bend of the wing mixed ferruginous; over the eye a streak of black and white mixed; the under parts, from the chin, ferruginous, crossed with irregular lines of black ; under tail coverts ferruginous brown, crossed with a few lines of black ; breast much darker than the rest of the under parts; quills dusky, barred with rufous; tail six inches long, and much rounded at the end; the four middle feathers dull rufous, powdered * Scarabeus Melolontha,x—Lin. + Hist. Quadr. ii. p. 316. No. 512. 308 _GOATSUCKER. with black specks, with seven or eight darker blotches down the shafts; the three others, on each side, powdered, and blotched rufous and black; the inner webs wholly white, but on the exterior feathers not reaching quite to the end; the colour beneath is buff, where it is white above; and the wings reach three-fourths on the tail; the first quill is three quarters of an inch shorter than the second and third, which are the longest; legs stout, brown; the middle toe much pectinated. The female is much the same, as are all the tail feathers, but the three outer ones are ferruginous for three-fourths at the end, very little mixed with black. The above described from specimens furnished by Mr. Abbot, from whom we find that it mhabits Georgia. A pair of them are in the Collection of Mr. Bullock, in the male of which is a white band. From the description of M. d’Azara, his bird, above quoted, seems to be the same; but the tail is said to be singularly constructed, the feathers being irregular in respect to length, which is about three inches and two-thirds, and the end appearing as if a piece was hollowed out of a square. Be this as it may, I see no such circumstance in Mr. Abbott’s specimen, nor in those of Mr. Bullock ; and it may be possible, that as M. d’Azara saw but the one from which he describes this irregularity of the tail, it may not be a constant character. This, according to Mr. Wilson, is truly the Chuck-will’s-widow, and not to be confounded with the Whip-poor-Will, for the note it utters is similar to the former, and not to the latter words. Is very numerous in the Chichasaw Country, and throughout the Mississippi Territory, in April and May, keeping up a continual noise the whole evening, and in moonlight throughout the whole night; in September they retire from the United States; called, by some, the Great Vir- ginian Bat. GOATSUCKER. 359 29.—W HITE-THROATED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus albicollis, Ind. Orn. ii, 585. Gm. Lin. i. 1030, L’Ibijau, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 310. White-throated Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 596. Shaw’s Zool. x. 155. LENGTH twelve inches, breadth nineteen. Bill brown, with a black tip; nostrils rather promment; plumage rufous brown, dotted with black; upper part of the body the same, but more obscure; on the throat a large triangular white mark, the feathers fringed with dusky ; under parts of the body pale brown, crossed with dusky lines; scapulars, and most of the wing coverts, marked with a black band near the end; the tips yellowish butf; second quills spotted with cream-colour on the outer web; the greater dusky black, crossed about the middle with a white bar; tail somewhat cuneiform ; the four middle feathers like the back, barred with dusky; the next on each side white; the last but one white on the imner web, and dusky black on the outer; near the base a white spot; the exterior dusky black, but white on the inner web, near the base; legs brown, middle claw very long, and greatly serrated. Inhabits Cayenne.—In the collection of General Davies. Is also found at all seasons in Paraguay. 30.—BERBICE GOATSUCKER. LENGTH scarcely nine inches. Bill stout at the base, with a few strong bristles; plumage above not unlike that of the European Species; round the back part of the neck a rufous crescent; on the wing coverts some mottlings of white; on the throat a large spot of white; on the back a mottled mixture of rufous and white; under parts chiefly waved rufous and dusky, towards the vent whitish ; on the first three quills a' white spot on the outer web, about the middle, 360 GOATSUCKER. and another opposite on the inner; the two middle tail feathers mottled, and crossed with seven or eight narrow dusky bars; the four others much the same, with a large spot of white on the inner web, occupying from about one quarter from the base to half an inch of the end, then a bar of black, the rest to the base again white ; quills and tail of equal length; legs pale brown, middle claw deeply pectinated.—A second specimen of these differed in having no white on the throat. One supposed to be the female, had the same general markings, without the rufous crescent behind, or white on the throat; and no white on either quills or tail; but on the four first quills was a rufous spot on the inner webs; and the tail feathers barred within with rufous clay-colour; legs and toes as in the male, and the claws as much pectinated. Inhabits Berbice. —In the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay. The name attached was Sipyoc; but the supposed female was named Wahoerajoe. 31.—W HITE-NECKED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Cayanus, Ind. Orn. ii. 587. Gm. Lin. i. 1031, L’Engoulevent varié de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 545. Crapaud-volant varié de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 760. L’Ibiyau aux Ailes et Queue blanches, Voy. d’ Azara,iv. No. 314. White-necked Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 599. Nat. Misc. pl. 1045. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 159. LENGTH seven inches anda half. Bill black, at the base above several long bristles; irides yellow ; head grey, with fine transverse lines of black, and a tinge of rufous; neck behind the same, but more distinct ; sides of the head, under the eye, marked with five rufous streaks, transversely striped with black; back rufous, marked across with black in the same manner ; wing coyerts grey and black mixed; on the wings a bar of white; throat and fore part of the GOATSUCKER. 361 neck white; the breast and belly grey and black mixed, interspersed with a few white spots; lower belly and thighs whitish, spotted with black ; quills black, the first five marked with a white spot; the two middle feathers of the tail grey, crossed with five or six blackish bands; the others black, bordered with white, which takes up most space on the outer feathers; legs yellow brown. Inhabits Cayenne, where it is found in the plantations; frequently quivers the wings, and utters a weak cry, like that of a toad; also another noise, not unlike that of a dog; it is not very shy, for it will suffer any one to come very near before it will fly away, and when disturbed, perches at no very great distance: it is not a rare species. The tail in the Pl. enlum. is more than four inches long, and nearly even at the end; the middle feathers cinereous, marbled with black dots, with five or six narrow curved black bars; the exterior feather white, crossed about the middle with an oblique narrow black bar, the same near the tip; the two next feathers white within, but divided in the middle of the white with black, and a broad margin of black on the outer web, continuing round and including the end of the feather. Only seen in Paraguay from September to November, hence may be supposed a Bird of Passage there; said have a note or cry similar to the word Chuyguiguigui. 32.._GUIANA GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Guianensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 586. Gm. Lin. i. 1030. Le Montvoyau de la Guiane, Buf. vi. 549. Crapaud volant, ou Tette-chevre roux de la Guiane, Pl. enl.733. L’Ibiyau jaspe, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 313. Guiana Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 598. Shaw’s Zool. x. 148. LENGTH nine inches. Bill black, three quarters of an inch long, and beset with bristles; the general colour of the plumage fulvous, irregularly mixed with rufous, being in longitudinal streaks VOL. VII. AAA 362 GOATSUCKER. -— on the crown and nape, and irregularly transverse on the rest of the upper parts, with a mixture of black markings; the under parts not far different in colour from the upper, but the markings are all placed transverse, being narrow rufous bars, edged above and below with black or dusky; on each side, from the gape, a white band, passing in the direction of the jaw, and under the throat; quills black, the five or six first marked about the middle with a white spot; the tail three inches long, nearly even, but the outmost feather is nearly half an inch shorter than the rest; the four middle irregularly mixed fulvous grey, and rufous, with six or seven narrow irregular blackish bands ; the rest of the tail feathers black ; the wing, when closed, reaches to within about an inch of the end of the tail ; legs brown. Inhabits Guiana, and is found among the shrubs in the morning and evening. It is said to repeat the three syllables Mont-voy-au, very distinctly, whence the name given to it. 33.—RUFOUS GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus rufus, Ind. Orn. ii. 586. Gm. Lin. i. 1030. Vieill. Am. i. p. 57. pl. 25. L’Engoulevent roux de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 550. Crapaud volant, ou Tette-chevre de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 735. L’Ibiyau roux, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 311. Rufous Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 597. Shaw’s Zool. x. 163. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill pale brown, small; from the tip to the gape one inch and a half; irides yellow; plumage in general more or less rufous, irregularly marked with black in different shades, streaked longitudinally on the upper parts, and mixed with irregular and oblique markings; wing coverts, and most of the under parts, crossed with blackish lines, which increase in breadth as they are more backward; the upper part of the belly most inclines to black, the lower to rufous; quills barred alternate rufous and black, appearing like small chequers ; tail four inches long, or more, some- what rounded at the end, mottled not unlike the back, and crossed GOATSUCKER. 363 with seven or eight irregular dusky brown bars, the tips of the feathers paler than the rest; the tail is longer by about half an inch than the quills when closed; legs flesh-colour, rather long. In the woods of Paraguay. A.—M. Buffon mentions one from Louisiana in possession of M. Mauduit, similar to the above, which was nine inches long. The bill two inches, with eight or ten very stiff bristles, the point black, with a yellowish base; general colour of the plumage much resembling the other, but the transverse stripes broader on the neck, and the rufous more pale at that part, forming a kind of collar; the rest of the under parts, as in the former. M. Vieillot says, that the Rufous Goatsucker is called in Florida, Chuck Will’s Widow ; rarely met with farther north than South Carolina, and is confounded with the Whip-poor-Will, or Carolina Goatsucker, but is a different bird. 34.—BRAZILIAN GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus Brasilianus, Ind. Orn, ii. 586. Gm. Lin. i. 1031. Brasiliensis neevius, Bris. 11, 483. Id. 8vo. i. 292. --— Americanus minor, Ratz, 27.2. Will. 70. t. 14. Ibijau, Buf. vi. 539. Will. Engl. 108. Pet. Gaz. t. 59. 1. Brazilian Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 598. Shaw’s Zool. x. 161. SIZE of a Swallow. Bill dusky, small, nostrils not covered ; eyes blackish, surrounded outwardly with a ring of yellowish white; irides dusky ; the upper parts of the plumage blackish, marked with smal] white dots, mixed with a little yellow; the under parts also variegated with black and white; wings and tail even; the middle claw serrated en the outer edge; legs small, dusky. Inhabits Brazil; is said frequently to spread out the tail in the shape of a fan. AAA 364 GOATSUCKER. 35.—GOLD-COLLARED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus torquatus, Ind. Orn. ii. 587. Gm. Lin. i. 1032. Brasiliensis, Bris. ii. 481. Id. Svo.i. 292. Guira-querea, Raii, 27.3. Will.71. Id. Engl. p. 108. pl. 14. Klein, 82. 3. Gold-collared Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. iv. 601. Shaw’s Zool. x. 162. SIZE of a Lark in the body, but appears much larger, and has long wings and tail ; upper mandible hooked, with ten or twelve thick bristles ; eyes black ; the head large, flat, and broad ; general colour of the plumage cinereous brown, marked with spots of a dull yellow, as well as some whitish ones round the neck, intermixed after the manner of a Sparrow Hawk ; round the neck, behind the head, it has a ring of a dark golden colour; the two middle tail feathers eight inches long; the others much shorter; legs dusky ; claws black, the middle toe the longest, and the claw finely serrated. Inhabits Brazil. ** WITH LARGE AND STRONG BILLS. 36.—GREAT-HEADED GOATSUCKER. Caprimulgus megacephalus, Ind. Orn. Sup. lvii. Great-headed Goatsucker, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 265. Shaw’s Zool. x. 141. THIS seems to be the largest yet known, being full thirty inches in length. The bill exceedingly stout, more so than in any species which has come under our observation, colour pale brown ; irides yellow; the head and neck remarkably large, and full of feathers, with a series of longer feathers, arising at the base of the bill, and standing upright, like a crest; general colour of the plumage dull GOATSUCKER. 369 black, or dusky brown, mottled and streaked with whitish and rust- colour; breast pale dull ferruginous; belly pale ash-colour; quills marked with seven or more bars of black and white, the white being bordered above with black ; tail rounded at the end, crossed as the quills, with six or seven bars of black and dusky white on each side of the shaft; the wings reach a trifle beyond the base of the tail; legs pale yellowish brown. Inhabits New South Wales. 37.--TRINIDAD GOATSUCKER. LENGTH about eighteen inches, of which the tail is seven; expanse of wing three feet. Bill large and strong, upper mandible considerably hooked, with a notch at about the third of an inch from the end, as in many of the Falcon Genus; the under mandible shuts in beneath the bend of the upper; from the gape to the tip about two inches; colour of the bill that of brown horn; the base set with numerous, strong, and curved bristles; general colour of the plumage fillemot; feathers on the neck, back, and rump varied and. barred with a darker brown, or rather black ; those of the head, throat, breast, belly, and under coverts of the wings and tail, with central whitish, or cream-coloured, ocellate spots, margined with black; the lesser wing coverts brown, those of the last row having each one of the above described ocellated spots in their centre; the greater wing coverts faintly barred with black ; the scapulars barred, and spotted with black ; primary quills black, the outer margins varied with brown and black; the outmost feathers with a row of white spots, margined with black on the outer edge; the secondary quills brown, barred and varied with black; on the two outermost a row of spots, similar to those on the primaries, along their exterior margin; tail slightly wedged, the feathers acuminate, barred and varied with 366 GOATSUCKER. black ; outer ones with a row of marginal spots, similar to those on the quill feathers; legs and feet naked, claws of a moderate size, but none of them pectinated. Inhabits the Island of Trinidad, and adjacent parts; has a plump body, and excessively fat, particularly the abdominal region and rump. I owe the above account to the kindness of J. V. Thompson, Esq. who informed me, that he first became acquainted with this bird at the regimental mess in Trinidad, in 1803, where they were served up without the heads or feet, under the name of Dumpy Ducks, or Diablotins, and said to be considered as one of the greatest delicacies afforded by the Island; but as they did not seem to be much relished by unassimilated palates, and wishing first to know what description of bird it was, at that time did not taste of them; but considered them of the greater interest, as no person could be found capable of furnishing the requisite information : and it was not till 1809 that he again met with them, although annually brought to market, which the little that could be collected of their history will in some measure explain. They inhabit coves of the Islands forming the Bocases, an entrance into the Gulf of Paria, accessible only at the very lowest ebb tides, and in moderate weather; and as they are never observed on the wing in the day time, most probably, like the rest of the Genus, seek their food in the absence of the sun; here they breed, during the early part of spring, and it is at the time of new and full moon, in April and May, that the people, who are acquainted with these coves, resort thither; when findin g the young ones not sufficiently fledged to be able to fly, they speedily fill their boats; not, however, despising the old ones, many of which are knocked down with sticks, and constitute a portion of their cargo: but as such as happen to be killed, in this horrible affray, amid the screeches of the whole, and the attacks of the old ones, will not, in many instances, keep a suflicient time to reach the market; these are most generally packed on the spot, in barrels, with bay salt, after being plucked, gutted, and GOATSUCKER. 367 divested of their heads and feet; and are sold from about a shilling to as far as eighteen-pence a piece sterling; and it is astonishing with what avidity this noisy cargo is bought up by all classes of the people, the moment it reaches the town wharf; so that a boat load of many hundreds entirely disappears in the course of an hour or two. They have a strong and disagreeable fishy smell, but some people resemble it to that of the cockroach,* and when dressed look like a round lump of fat, the little flesh there is tasting more like that of a sucking pig than any other, but yet with a flavour and lusciousness peculiarly its own. But what is most extraordinary, that m a family wholly supposed to be insectivorous, this should constitute a smgular and solitary exception, and be found to subsist (at least during the breeding season) entirely on fruit; for on examining the stomach of a dozen of them, young and old, no other species of food whatever, but the fruit of the palm, appeared, of which the nuclei and green husky skin, detached from them and rolled up, alone remained, the intermediate and softer part having digested away: these nuclei were about the size of the small black cherry, and belong to a palm with which Mr. Thompson was not acquainted. The collector in ornitho- logy will find a very troublesome task in preserving this bird, the skin adhering with such uncommon closeness and tenacity to the granular fat, which every where covers the body, and which liquifies under the touch: it may, however, be separated, but with great delicacy and perseverance.t It is to be lamented, that a specimen which Mr. Thompson had prepared for the Cabinet, and presented to me, was so eaten up by Dermestes, that few, besides the large wing and tail feathers, remained perfect; but it is to be hoped, that some future collector may be more fortunate. * Blatta Americana. + The grease of the young birds just killed is melted, and run into pots of white clay, and known by the name of Guacharo Butter; it is so pure as to keep a twelyemonth, without being rancid. At the Convent of Caripe no other is used in the Monk’s kitchen—De Humbolt, Trav. 368 GOATSUCKER. We believe that the above species is not already known to ornithologists, unless the following extract from Monsieur Depens, in his History of South America, may allude to it. He says, “‘ In the ‘¢ Mountain Turmeriquiri, situated in the interior of the Government ‘* of Cumana, there is a cavern called Guacharo: it is immense, and ‘« serves as a habitation of millions of nocturnal birds, (a new Species ‘‘of the Caprimulgus of Linnzeus,) whose fat yields the Oil of *¢ Guacharo.” This, or a species greatly similar, is mentioned by M. de Humboldt* as inhabiting a dark cavern, formed by rocks, thrown together by the hand of Nature, in the Cordilleras; over which the famous bridges of Icononzo are thrown. ‘‘ Numberless flights of nocturnal birds ** haunt the Crevice, and which we were led at first to mistake for “ Bats of a gigantic size; thousands of them are seen flying over “« the surface of the water. The Indians assured us, that they are of ‘« the size of a Fowl, with a curved beak and an Owl’seye. They *‘ are called Cacas, and the uniform colour of their plumage, which “‘ is brownish grey, leads me to think, that they belong to the Genus ‘“‘ of Caprimulgus,t the species of which is so various in the Cordil- *‘Jeras. [tis impossible to catch them on account of the depth of “ the valley, and they can be examined only by throwing down ‘« rockets to illumine the sides of the rock.” 38.—WEDGE-TAILED GOATSUCKER. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill stout and thick as in the Crow, much hooked, notched near the tip, and brown; from the point to the gape of the mouth two inches and a half; between the nostrils some erect bristles pomting forwards, forming a sort of hairy crest, * Researches concerning the Institutions and Manners of the ancient Inhabitants of America, by Helen Maria Williams, transcribed from Humbolt. + M. de Humboldt gives it the significant name of Steatornis. GOATSUCKER. 369 which extends beyond the bill; plumage above ash-colour, streaked with dusky down the shafts of the feathers, mottled on each side with a white spot; beneath pale ash-colour, mottled with white and brown, and marked down the shafts with a dusky black streak ; quills dusky, the third the longest, the exterior shorter by one inch and a quarter, and a little serrated on the outer edge, similar to very many of the Owl Genus, and all of them marked on the outer web with six or seven white spots at regular distances, and on the inner with some marbled bars; the tail is seven inches and a half long, moderately cuneiform, the two middle feathers pointed at the ends. _the outer one an inch and a half shorter, the intermediate graduating in proportion ; all of them mottled on the back, and crossed with seven or eight undulated dusky black bars; legs stout, brown; the wings, when closed, reach rather beyond the middle of the tail; the middle claw not pectinated. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 39.-—COLD-RIVER GOATSUCKER. LENGTH nineteen inches. Bill three inches long, very stout. and hooked; plumage dark, varied, streaked with black down the shafts of the feathers, each of which is tipped with black; quills marked on the outer web with five white spots; tail seven inches and a half long, pale, mottled and somewhat banded, each feather ending im a point, but no white spots on any of them; legs stout, black, the segments whitish. re Inhabits New-Holland.—A specimen brought from the Cold iver. VOL. VII. IBwSRB 370 GOATSUCKER. 40.—HORSFIELD’S GOATSUCKER. Podargus Javensis, Lin. Trans. xiii. 141. Horsf. Research. in Java,—Part 2d. LENGTH nine inches. Bill broader than the head, pointed and bending at the tip; nostrils covered with a flap; plumage Isabella colour, inclining to rufous, spotted, or powdered with brown; tail fasciated and waved; the quills, from the second to the sixth, emar- ginated externally; the first short; the fourth and fifth longer; the rest gradually shorter ; the wings shorter than the tail; claws simple, and nearly equal. Inhabits Java, where it is very rare; Dr. Horsfield only met with one of them. It has the manners of the Goatsucker. The name in Java, is Chaba-wonno. END OF VOL. VII. JACOB AND JOHNSON, PRINTERS, WINCHESTER. Directions for placing the Plates. —g——_. Plate 104** BLUE-NECKED Warbler, to face Page 30 105 Lesser White-throat, Nest, and Eggs - - 47 106 Superb Warbler - - - - - - 117 107 Thorn-tailed Warbler - - - - - 147 107* Regal Wren = - = = s - 208 108 Green-headed Manakin - - - - 228 109 Striped-headed Manakin - - = - 237 110 Great-headed Titmouse - - - - 270 111 Rufous-headed Swallow - - - - 288 112 Esculent Swallow and Nest - - =- - 296 112* Otaheite Swallow - - - - - 303 113 Wire-tailed Swallow - - - - - 309 114 Long-tailed Goatsucker - - - - 335 115 Banded Goatsucker - - - - - 342 116 Jamaica Goatsucker - - = - 346 a 2 io a eh Mesa Babar o on oe me in Ripa emo sete aura a Rayem clad. ot - wollen bobasd-enclust {16 Be A POR er eS tea ME by wollen @snstanel CIE: 208 Petite mre - _wollnwe stintasO *Sh G08 = a wallene bolint-ori'W ete, ae G66 - =) ny 0+. tedovateoD bilistguod BEE? 1 t ? i : ; € - £ \ Cie? a She gs OS et onetsoe? Bobasd! 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