ELA GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. F.R.S. A.S. ano L.S. Acap. Cz#s, Nat. Curios. Rec. Hotm. ef Soc. Nat. Scrut. BeRoxin. &c. &c. VOL. VIII. WINCHESTER: PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR:—SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, WwW. WOOD, 428, sTRAND; AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET. pas Bi “WLC VEROG YE capping tome sa erciontmmiiyereyt care sinabeten leg 43 saps Erk para cen 5 oe, 3 tHe aia Ate: Hei paeaayy ORDER IV. * With moderate Tails. 1 Stock Pigeon 2 White-rumped A Biset B Rock C Roman D Rough-footed E Crested F Norway G Barbary H Jacobine 1 Laced K Turbit L Shaker M Tumbler N Helmet O Persian P Carrier Q Powter R Horseman S Smiter T Turner V Spot 3 Ring A Var. 4 Spotted-ringed 5 Double-ringed 6 Nutmeg 7 Bay 8 White Nutmeg A Var. 9 Auricular VOL. VIII. 10 Triangular Spotted 11 Spotted green 12 Sumatran 13 New Zealand 14 Brown 15 Hackled 16 Ruff-necked 17 Scallop-necked 18 Squammous 19 Grey 20 White-masked 21 Jenisee 22 Southern 23 Porto-rico 24 Peregrine 25 Pale 26 Norfolk 27 Chestnut-shouldered 28 Bronze-winged 29 Gold-winged 30 Opaline 31 Violet-naped 32 Vlouvlou 83 Belted 34 Rousset 35 Geoffroy’s 36 Emeraudine 37 Tambourine 38 Mustachoe 39 Varied 40 Surinam 41 Mexican COLUMBINE. GENUS LIV.— PIGEON. 42 Black-spotted 43 White-shouldered 44 Egyptian 45 Malabar 46 Green 47 Black-capped 48 Blue 49 Berbice 50 Azure 51 Ring-tailed 52 Caribbee 53 Ferruginous-vented A Var. 54 Blue-topped 55 Pacific 56 Antarctic 57 Yellow-winged 58 White-faced 59 Blue-naped 60 Pied 61 Striated 62 Saint Domingo 63 White-crowned 64 Common Turtle P. A Spotted-necked B Portugal Dove C Luzonian D. D Chinese T. E Var. 65 Collared T. 66 Collared Senegal 67 Vinaceous 2 68 White 69 Surat 70 Cambaian A Var. 71 Painted 72 Javan A Blue-crowned T. B Green-winged P. C Var. D Var. E Green-winged P. 73 Jamboo 74 Purple-crowned 75 Red-crowned 76 White-winged 77 ~Aurited 78 Picazuro 79. Tiger $1 Indian 82 Asiatic 83 Rust-fronted 84 Yellow-fronted 85 Purple-breasted 86 Blossom-headed 87 Temminck’s 88 Garnet-winged IN the greater part of the Species belonging PIGEON. A Var. B Var. 89 Madagascar 90 Short-tailed 91 Pompadour 92 Purple-shouldered 93 Hurrial 94 Parrot 95 Purple 96 Grey-headed 97 Tabuan 98 Waalia 99 Psittaceous 100 Austral 101 Aromatic A Var. B Var. 102 Saint Thomas’s 103 Hook-billed 104 Tanna 105 Bald 106 Great-crowned 107 Nicobar 108 Carunculated 109 Hottentot 110 Blue-headed 111 Partridge 112 Martinico 113 Tetraoid 114 Red-breasted 115 Sanguine 116 Grand 117 Passerine 118 Talpacoti 119 White-bellied 120 White-fronted 121 Grey-fronted ** With cuneiform long Tails 122 Migratory 123 Canada 124 Carolina 125 Marginated 126 Crested-breasted 127 Black-winged 128 Amboina 129 Cape 130 Malacca 131 Bantamese 132 Barred 133 Maugé 134 Crested 135 Pheasant-tailed 136 Great-tailed to this Genus the bill is straight at the base, with a soft protuberance, or swelling, in which the nostrils are placed. Tongue entire. Legs short, the toes rarely united by a membrane. Tail consisting of twelve feathers at least. PIGEON. 3 * WITH MODERATE TAILS. 1.—STOCK PIGEON. Columba Oenas, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 589. Lin. i. 279. 1. B. Faun. suec. No. 207. -Gm. Lin. i. 769. Frisch, t.139. Georgi, p.173. Faun. arag. 83. Faun. arab.7. 11. Sepp, Vog.t.p.13. Kram. 358. 1. Schefiel. t.28. Rati, 62. A.10. Will. 136. t. 35. Id. Engl. 185. Bris.i. 86. Id.8vo.i. 20. Brun. No. 203. Borowsk. iii. 207.2. Tem. Man. d’Orn.177. Id. Ed. ii. 446. Columba sylvestris, Roman. Orn.i, 82. t. 13. Lignorum proprie, Klein, 119. 8. Id. Ov. 33. Palumbus minor, Klein, Stem. 27. t.29. f.2. a—c. Holtz Taube, Gunth. Nest.u. Ey. t. 88. Naturf. xvii. 74. Bechst. Deutsch. iii. 271. Colombe Colombin, J'em. Pig. fol. pl. 1. Id. 8vo. i. p. 118, Stock Pigeon, or Stock Dove, Gen. Syn.iv. 604. Id. Sup.197. Br. Zool.i. No. 101. pl. 45. Jd.ii. Add. Td. fol. pl. 88.0. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 390. Arct. Zool. ii. 329, A. Albin,u. pl.46. Orn. Dict. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill pale red ; the head ash-colour: hind part of the neck and sides green gold, glossed with copper, in different lights; upper part of the back, and wings dull ash-colour ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts paler ash ; fore part of the neck the same, the lower and breast vinaceous; belly, thighs, and under tail coverts like the rump; the four or five outer quills black, with the exterior edges white; the rest ash-colour, with the ends black, and reach to the end of the tail, which is much like the quills, with one-third of the end black ; two of the outer feathers white from the base to the middle, on the outer edge; the legs red, claws black. Inhabits various parts of England, and generally breeds in hollow and rocky places on the coasts; not unfrequently in ruined buildings, or holes of decayed trees. B2 4 PIGEON. 2.—WHITE-RUMPED PIGEON. Columba domestica, Ind. Orn. ii. 589. Lin.i. 279. Faun. suec. No. 207. Gm. Lin. i. 769. Scop.i. No.177. Kramer, 358. 1. 8. Gerin. iii. 270. Roman. Orn. i. 76. t.11. Rati, 59. A.1. Will. p. 130. Id. Engl. 180. Bris.i. 68. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 13. Klein, 118, 1. Der Haustaube, Naturf. xvii. 75. Pigeon commun, Buf. ii. 501. Pl. enl. 466. Colombo domestico, Cett. Uc. Sard. 1385. Borowsk, i. 207. Pigeon domestique, Tem. Pig. fol. p. 31. pl. 12. Id. 8vo.i. 193. Common Pigeon, Br. Zool. No. 101. pl.45. Jd. fol. t.88. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 303. Sloan. Jam, 302. Brown, Jam. 468. Albin, ii. pl. 42. 44. White-rumped Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 605. Bewick, pl. in p. 267. Lewin, iv. pl. 128. Donov. pl. 107. Walcot, ii. pl. 186. Pult. Dors. p. 7. Montag. Orn. Dict. THIS is smaller than the former, and differs chiefly in having the lower part of the back, and rump white. We will not here insist, whether the two above mentioned are distinct, or only one and the same species; as different sentiments yet subsist on this point. Colonel Montagu, who has written last on this subject, and on whose opinion I have much reliance, seems to consider this as having originally sprung from the same source, describing it under the name of Stock Dove, in his Ornithological Dictionary; and that the length is thirteen inches and a half, the breadth twenty-two; weight eleven ounces; and the chief and constant characteristic the black bars on the wings. Doctor Pallas remarks, that the Common Pigeon is very numerous in the south of Russia, breeding wild in the turrets of the villages, churches, and steep rocky banks of the rivers, migrating to the south in winter. In Siberia none are seen, except beyond Lake Baikal, where a peculiar Variety, of a smaller size, and with a white rump, is seen, but too like to be declared another Species: this last breeds in great plenty among the rocks. Authors have noticed the migration of numerous flocks of wild Pigeons into England in autumn, from the more northern regions, PIGEON. 5 and their return in spring, but later observations do not confirm the continuance of this habit, at least it is not now noticed. Be it as it may, many are found among the rocks, ruined edifices, and mountains, in the more northern parts, the whole year, though others prefer the woody tracts, building in the holes of decayed trees; hence the different name of Rock Pigeon, Stock Dove, Wood Pigeon. The first remove of Pigeons from their wild state is that to the Dove-house, where finding every convenience for building the nest at hand, added to the procuring food on much easier terms than when absolutely wild, they are for the most part contented with their situation ; yet these may be called, but half domesticated, as they vary but little in colour, and are very apt to return to such haunts as they originally possessed: not so in respect to the tame Pigeons; for they, looking only to their keeper for food, search no further; nay, were they deprived of that, would be in hazard of perishing for want, not being accustomed to provide for themselves ; we mean such as are kept. by Pigeon fanciers, who teach them to bear the confinement of the house; finding plenty of food, they do not regret the want of liberty; indeed, there are many Pigeons kept by various people, which are called tame, but are not attended to with such strictness as the fancy Pigeons, and though they may find some food at home, are obliged to seek the greater part abroad. In the wild state, Pigeons have two broods in a year, and in the first period of confinement, sometimes three, increasing in propor- tion as they are more or less domesticated ; and when in complete confinement, with a full supply of food, are said to lay ten or more times ina year. This, however, will not appear so wonderful as at first may be thought, as it is more or less the case with all kinds of poultry, the origin of which is well known not to vary in the wild state. It is on this ground that we are indebted, forall the varieties of the finest fruits, luxuriant vegetables for the table, and endless variety of the flowering part of the creation, wholly owing to culture; 6 PIGEON. all of which will degenerate, equally with the domesticated animals, on their return to a state of nature. Pigeons rarely lay more than two eggs at a time, and sit from fourteen to seventeen days, and in general one is a male, the other a female. Independent of their beg esteemed for the table, they are valued on other accounts; their dung is thought to be a most excellent manure for some kinds of land;+ has been used as one article in tanning the upper leathers of shoes;{ and by some applied as a cataplasm; indeed salt petre was formerly collected from it. The greatest use of the Pigeon is at Ispahan, m Persia, where it is said there are about 3000 Pigeon-houses kept by the Turks alone; Chris- tians not beg allowed to keep any.§ Tavernier says, that their dung is used to smoke melons. Pigeons are fond of salt, and are found to be injurious to walls and tiling, by picking out the mortar, especially when old, as it contains much saline matter; hence the usual way to entice Pigeons to remain where intended, or to decoy them from other places, is by means of a salt cat, which is a mixture composed of loam, old rubbish, and salt, but this mode is not only unneighbourly, but we believe illegal. * Trifling as this number may appear, yet supposing we allow them to breed nine times in a year, the produce from a single pair at the end of four years may amount to 14,762.— Amen. Acad. i. 32. Stillin. Tracts, 75. Linnzeus makes the number to more than 18,000! + Plat.—A load of coals has been exchanged for a load of Pigeon’s dung, and fetched sixteen miles. Pigeon’s dung used in Scotland at this day by Sir Alexander Dick, Bart. He mixes it layer upon layer, with chaff, turning it before it is laid on the land. See Crit. Review, December 1784. p. 441. forty or fifty bushels allowed to an acre.—Bath Papers. p- 152. * Phil. Trans. 1778. p. 114. § Pococke and others mention the frequency of Pigeon-houses in Egypt, adding, that these are reckoned a great part of the estate of an husbandman, and the common proverb, in those parts is, that a man who has a Pigeon-house, needs not be careful about the dis- posal of his daughter.—Traz, i. 210. pl. 8. Pigeons are more numerous in Egypt than in any country on earth. Every hamlet and town formsa vast Pigeon-house.—Savory, Letters on. Egypt, Now3. PIGEON. 7 As to the Varieties of the Common Pigeon, we shall be as short as possible in our account of them here. Whoever may wish to know more, may consult Wellughby’s Ornithology, Moore's Columbarium, Treatise on Domestic Pigeons, with several other books, written expressly on the subject; and in respect to the general nature, the Histoire des Oiseaux of Butfon may be read with advantage. Pees yinteqe Livia, Ind. Orn. ii. p.590. B. Bris. 1. 82. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 18. Gm, Lin. i. 769. Raii, 62. 8. Will. 136. Id. Engl. 186. Klein, 119. 10. Roman. Orn.i. 83. Gerin. ii. t.371.. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 279. Id. Ed. ii. p. 447. Colombe Biset sauvage, Tem. Pig. fol. pl. 12. Id. 8vo.i. p. 125. Le Biset, Buf. ii. 498. Pl. enl..510.. Hist. Prov. i. 490. Hause Taube, Bechst. Deutsch. iii. 971. Le Ramier, Hist. Surin. ii. 164. (m) Stock Dove, Albin, ii. pl. 44. Biset Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 605, 2. A. Size of the others. Lower part of the back white; it has also two black bands on the wings, and one of the outer tail. feathers white on the outer web; in other things it answers to the foregoing. Some are of opimion, that the Biset is the stock from whence all the others have arisen, which we cannot deny with any certainty. B.—Columba rupicola, Ind. Orn. ii. 590. y. Rati, 63. A. 11. Will.136. Id. Engl. 186. 9. Gm. Lin.i. 769. Bris.i. 84. Id. 8vo. i, 19. Klein, 118, ix. Rock Pigeon, Gen. Syn.iv. 608. Br. Zool. 1812. i. pl. 49. Size of the last, but more inclined to ash-colour; the bands on the wings of a blackish brown; and the quills brown. C.—Columba Hispanica, Ind. Orn. ii. 590. 8. Lin. i. 279. Borowsk. iti, 210. Columba Romana, Bris.i. 71. Id. 8vo.i. 18. Gm. Lin. i. 770. It.. Wgoth. 8. Pigeon romain, Buf.ii. 510. Pl. end. 110. Temm. Pig. fol. pl.21. Id. 8vo. 194. 8 PIGEON. Columba Mutinensis minor, Gerin. ili. t. 277. Columba domestica major, Razz, 60. 1. Will. 131. t.33.34. Id. Engl. 181. Roman Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 608. This is double the size of the Common Pigeon, and measures fifteen inches in length. It is decribed as greatly differing in colour, and giving rise to all the Varieties in the list of our fanciers in this branch. D.—Columba dasypus, Ind. Orn. ii. 590. ¢. Lin.i. 279. A. Gm. Lin.i. 770. Frisch. t. 145. Bris.i. 73. A. Id. 8vo.i. 14. Roman.i. 78. Borowsk. iii. 210. Zin- nan. Uov. 32. t. 4. f. 12. Columba domestica major pedibus pennatis, Gerin, ii. pl. 282. Naturf. xvii. 75. Rough-footed Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 609. Will. Engl. pl. 33. 34. This differs in having the legs covered with long feathers, quite to the toes. E.—Columba cristata, Ind. Orn. ii. 590. 2. Bris.i. 73. B. Id. 8vo. i. 14. Gm. Lin. i. 770. Frisch, t. 144. Gerin. iii. t. 285. Pigeon huppe, Buf. ii. 510. Crested Pigeon, Gen. Gen. iv. 609. This is crested on the head, and has long feathers on the legs as the last. F.—Columba Norvegica, Ind. Orn. ii. 591. 4. Bris.i.74. C. Id. 8vo.i. 14. Gm. Lin. i. 770. Gerin. iil. t. 284. Columba mercunialis, Brun. No. 215. Norway Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 609. This has a crested head, legs as in the two last, but is almost as big as a Fowl ;* the whole is as white as snow. * The late Mr. Shipley, of Maidstone, had a Runt Pigeon, sent from Pisa, which out- weighed a cock and hen Bantam Fowl, put together in the opposite scale; the weight was two pounds and a half. PIGEON. 9 G.—Columba Barbarica, Ind. Orn.ii. 591.6. Bris.i. 74. D. Id. Svo.i. 14. Gm. Lin. i. 770. Raii, 60. 8. Will, 1382. 8. & 133, 16. t. 34. Id. Engl. 182. 8. & 16. pl. 34. Klein, 118.5. Gerin. iii. t. 276. Columba Turca, Brun. No. 217. Barbary Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iy. 609. This has a short bill; a broad circle of tuberculated, meally, red flesh surrounds the eyes; irides white; plumage bluish, with two black spots on each wing. ‘To this is allied the Bastard Bill, which is larger, but has a shorter bill, and red eyes. ‘The Mawmet* or Mahomet, is much the same, but the eyelids are large and black ; plumage white, or cream-colour, with two distinct black bars across the wings. H.—Columba cucullata, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 591. 4. Lin. i. 280. Faun. swec. No. 207. &. Frisch, p. 150. Gm. Lin.i. 770. Bris.i.79. E. Id. 8vo.i.15. Brun. No. 211. Borowsk. ii. 211. Roman.i. 19. t.12. Raitt, 60. 6. Will, 132.6. t. 33. Klein, 118.5. Gerin. iii. 273. Id. Var. 280. 286? Sepp, Vog. t.211. Die Haubentaube, Naturf. xvii. 75. Pigeon nonain, Buf. i. pl.19. Temm. Pig. fol. p.33. Id. 8vo. p. 197. Jacobin Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 610. Albin, iii. pl. 43. Bill short; the feathers of the hind part of the head and neck turn forwards, giving the appearance of a Cowl. In this Variety the head, quills, and tail, should be of the same colour.+ In the Leverian Museum was one of a dun-colour. Those called the Ruff, and Capuchin, belong to this Variety. * We read of the great Pigeon called Mehemeh, belonging to Kookultash Khan, pos- sessed by Akbar, which he crossed with divers other Pigeons, and produced innumerable varieties of breeds, all of which had their distinguishing name; whether this has any reference to the Mawmet or Mahomet Pigeon, we will not pretend to determine.—See View of Hindoostan,ii. p. 269. + Black ? VOL. VIII. C 10 PIGEON. I.—Columba hispida, Ind. Orn. ii. 591. x. Lin. 1. 280. Gm. Lin, 1. 770. Columba crispa, Bris. i. 76. G. Id. 8vo.i. 15. cincinnata pedibus hirsutis, Gerin. in. t. 282. Pigeon frisé, Buf. n. 519. Laced Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 610. This is wholly white, with the legs red. The feathers every where loose im their webs, and curled or frizzled The Frill-back is also somewhat like, the tip of each feather being bent upwards; it is generally white. K.—Columba Turbita, Ind. Orn. ii. 592. A. Lin. i. 280. Gm. Lin.i. 771. Bris. i. 75. F. Jd. 8vo.i. 15. Ratz, 60. 7. Will.132. 7. Frisch, t.147. Brun. No. 216. Borowsk. iii. 211. Gerin. iii. 268. Pigeon a cravate, Buf. ii. 513. pl. 23. Sonnin. vii. p. 180. t.59. Temm. Pig. fol. p. 33. Id. 8vo. 197. Turbit Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 611. This isa small Pigeon, with a very short bill; the feathers of the breast reflected both ways. The Owl Pigeon differs in being less, and always of one colour, whereas the Turbit is of various colours. L.—Columba laticauda, Ind. Orn. 11. 592. uw. Lin. i. 280. Gm. Lin.i. 770. Borowsk. ii. 211. Bris. i. 80. P. Id. 8vo.i. 18. Ratz, 60. 3. Will. 131. 3. t.34. Td. Engl. 281. 3.& 4. Frisch, t. 151. Klein, 118. 3. Gerin. ii. 268. Breitschwanz, Naturf. xvii. 75. Pigeon Paon, Bufvii. 511. pl. 22. Sonnin. xii. t. 78. Tem. Pig. fol. p. 34. Id. 8vo. p. 199. Columba tremula, Bris. i. 81.Q. Id. 8vo.i. p. 18. Rati, 60. 4. Will. 132. 3. & 4. Brun. No. 209. Sepp, Vog. t. 210. Shaker Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 611. This Variety is divided into two, the broad, and narrow-tailed ; the former has a great number of feathers in the tail,* which is always carried erect; they are also called Fan-tails: some of them are wholly white. * Often as far as 26.—Willughby. PIGEON. 11 M.—Columba Gyratrix, Ind. Orn. 11.592. ¥. Lin. i. 280. Gm. Lin.i, 771, Bris. i. 79. N. Jd. 8vo.i. 17. Frisch, t.148. Rati, 61. 10. Will. 132. 10. Id. Engl, 182. Borowsk, iii. 212. 9. Der Taumler, Naturf. xvii. 76. Columba vertaga, Brun. No. 205. & Var, Pigeon culbutant, Buf. vii. 517. Temm. Pig. fol. p. 35. “Ta: 8vo. 201. Tumbler Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 612. This is a small Pigeon, and, like the others, varies in colour; the chief difference is the habit of frequently tumbling round while flying in the air, throwing itself backwards; of these the Almond Tumbler is most valued ;* they are called also Clappers. N.—Columba galeata, Ind. Orn.ii. 592. £. Lin. i. 280. Gm. Lin.i. 771. Bris.i. 80. O. Td. 8vo.i. 18. Rati, 61. 11. Will, 132.11. Id. Engl. 182. 11._ Brun. No. 210. Pigeon cuirassé, Buf. ii. 515. Helmet Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iy. 612. In this the head, quills, and tail are of the same colour; the rest of the bird of a different one, but the colours of themselves vary. O.—Columba Turcica, Ind. Orn. ii. 598.0. Lin. i. 281. Gm. Lin. i. 771. Bris.i. 76. H. Id. Svo.i. 16. Will. t.33. Frisch, t.149. Klein, 118.6. Roman. i. p. 81. Gerin. ii. 275. Pigeon Ture, ou Bagadais, Temm. Pig. fol. p.32. Id. 8vo. p. 196. Persian Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 612. The colour of this is dusky; bill yellow; space round the eye red; nostrils gibbous, and beset with red tubercles; legs pale red : by some called Turkish Pigeon. * Eighty guineas are:said to have been given for-one of these. C2 12 PIGEON. P.—Columba tabellaria, Ind. Orn.il. p.397. @. Lin. i. 281. Gm. Lin. i. 771. Bris. 1. 77.1. Id 8vo.i. 16. Rati, 60.5. Will. 132. t. 34. Id. Engl.181. Brun. No. 213. Klein, 118. 4. Borowsk. ii. 213. 11. Pigeon-Polonois, Buf. ii. 513. pl. 20? Carrier Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 613. Alb.ii. pl. 45. Hayes’s Birds, pl. 16. This is much like the last in colour, and remarkable for beimg extremely tuberculated about the eyes and bill; irides scarlet; the legs are red. This sort was formerly made use of, for carrying letters, now little heard of :* this was effected without much difficulty, for after one of them had been confined for some time, it was carried to a distance, and then let loose, and never failed to find its way home, without delay, flying in a direct line; and by tying a letter or note under the wings, it was conveyed by the most speedy of all methods.t+ Q.—Columba Eques, Ind. Orn.ii. 593. ¢. Bris.i. 78. L. Id. 8vo. i. 17. Gm. Lin. '. 771. Rati, 61. 12, Will. 132. 12. Id. Engl. 182. 12. Columba domestica rostro recurvo, Gerin. iii. t. 277. Pigeon Cavalier, Son. Buf. vil. p. 199. pl. 63. Light Horseman Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 614. Albin, ii. pl. 45. This Variety partakes of the two last; they are said to be excellent breeders, and never forsake the place where they are bred; on this * Now discontinued in the East.—Russell’s Aleppo. + Said to fly about twenty-six miles in an hour; and by experiment a few years since, by a gentleman in Manchester Square, London, a bird of this kind flew from Salisbury to that place, a distance of 83 miles, in three hours and seven minutes, which is more than 27 miles per hour. But Lithgow, in his Travels, mentions a Pigeon which exceeded this; as it went from Babylon to Aleppo, which is 30 days journey, in 48 hours ! According to Alian, a purple thread was tied to the leg of a Pigeon, which in one day flew from Pisa to Mgina.—Hist. Var. Lib.ix. 2. And Pliny relates, that Swallows have been made use of for the same purpose, of conveying intelligence: but in this case they were painted with various colours, as agreed on between the parties interested.—Nat. Hist. Lib. x. chap. 24. A Carrier Pigeon flew from Norwich to London, 109 miles, in four hours and fifty-five minutes, for a wager: the same bird arrived in London, from Bury, a few weeks before, in three hours. —Hampshire Chronicle and Courier, August 31, 1819. PIGEON. 13 principle they become good Carriers, and are oftener made use of in England than the true Carrier, as that bird is in too great estimation to risk the loss of it on every trifling occasion.* R.—Columba gutturosa, Ind. Orn. ii. 593. p. Lin. i. 280. Gm. Lin. i. 771. Bris. i. 78. K. Id. 8vo.i. 16. Klein, 118.2. Id. Ov. 33. t. 16. f.5. Borowsk. 11. 210. 5. Raitt, 60.2. Will. 131.2. t. 34. Id. Engl. 181. pl. 34. Frisch, t. 146. Brun. No. 2,2. & Var. Sepp, Vog. t. 208. Der Kropfer, Naturf. xvii. 75. Pigeon Grosse-gorge, Buf. ii. 505. pl. 17. 18. Sonnin. vii. p. 176. pl. 57. Tem. Pig. « fol. p. 32. Id. 8vo. p. 195. Powter Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 613. This is of the size of the Roman Pigeon, and has the faculty of filling its crop with wind, till it appears of a monstrous size; it varies much,} partaking of several others, according to the mixture of breeds. S.—Columba Percussor, Ind. Orn. ii. 593.7. Bris. i. 79. M. Id. 8vo.17. Gm. Lin.i. ' 771. Rati, 60. 9. Will 132. 9. Id. Engl. 182. 9. Brun. No. 218. Smiter Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 614. I do not find any particular description given of this bird, for it is singular only from its clapping the wings together whilst flying, so as to be heard at some distance; and from this violence the quills are frequently so injured, as to render it a difficult matter for the bird to fly at all. * Tt is recorded of a Dragoon Pigeon, a breed between a Horseman and Carrier, that it flew from St. Edmund’s Bury, to Bishopsgate Street, London, in two hours and a half, being 72 miles.— Treatise on Domestic Pigeons. p. 90. + The Parasine (or Parisian) Powter is much esteemed, and it is said that 20 guineas have been given for a pair of Powters. The Cropper, and Uploper also belong to this Variety. Buffon mentions 13 Varieties. 14 PIGEON. T.—Columba jubata, Ind. Orn. ii. 594.¥. Gm. Lin. i. 771. y. Will. 132. 14. Id. Fingl. 182. 14. - Turner Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 614. This Variety has a tuft of feathers hanging down backwards from the top of the head, like the mane of a horse. To this may be added the Finnikin, which is very like, but less in size. V.—Columba frontalis, Ind. Orn. i: 591. ¢. Columba fulicaria, Brun. No. 206. maculata, Gm. Lin.i. 772. Spot Pigeon, Gen. Syn.iv. 615. Will. 137. 17. Id. Engl. 182. 17. This has on the forehead, above the bill, a spot of the same colour as the tail; body and wings white. To the above may be added, a singular Zusus of a Common Pigeon, presented to me in 1778, and now in the Linnean Museum : the peculiarity of which consists, in every feather being incomplete ; that is, enclosed in a kind of tube the whole of the length, which, in some of the prime quills, is six inches. This kind of filmy case surrounds all the feathers at their first pushing forth, and, im general, gives way as the webs advance; but in the present instance, was of so firm a texture, as to imprison the feather to its utmost length : the bird was otherwise healthy during the time it lived.—See Lm. Trans. Vol.i. p. 257. 3.--RING PIGEON. Columba Palumbus, Ind. Orn.ii. 601. Lin.i. 282. Faun. swec. No. 208. Gm. Lin. i. 776. Seop.i. No. 178. Brun. No. 204. Muller, No. 228. Kramer, 359. 2. Georgi, 173. Frisch, t. 188. Faun. Arag.83. Sepp, Vog. t. 4.5. Bris.i. 89. 6. Id. 8v0.i. 20. Borwsk. Nat. 11. 205. t.75. A. Gerin. iii. t.'272. Palumbus 'torquatus, Raii,62. A.9. Will. 135. t.35. Td. Engl. 185. Roman. orn. i. 84. t.14. Faun. Helvet. PIGEON. 15 Colombe Ramier, Tem. Man.276. Id, Ed.u. p.444. Id. Pig.fol. pl. 2. Id. Svo-i. p. 78. : Pigeon Ramier, Buf. ii. 531. pl. 24. Pil. enl. 316. Hist. Prov.i. 490. Columba Sassaiuolo, Cet. ue. Sard. 139. Columbaccio, Zinnan. Uov.32. t. 4. f. 14. Okin.uc. p. 54. Ringel Tauben, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t.32. Naturf. xvii. $.76. Bechst. Deut. iii. 949. Ring Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 635. Id Sup. 198. Br. Zool. i. No. 102. Id. fol. 84. t. O. Id. Ed. 1812.1, p.392. Arct. Zool. ii. 329. B. Lewin’s Birds, iv. pl. 129. Albin, ii. pl.46. Bewick, i. pl. p. 270. Hayes, pl. 15. Walcot, un. pl. 187. Pult. Dors. p-7. Orn. Dict. THIS is a large Species, and full seventeen imches and a half in length. Bill fourteen lines and, yellowish ; the nostrils covered with a meally, red, fleshy membrane ; irides pale yellow; head, wing coverts, and scapulars bluish ash-colour, deepest on the head ; upper part of the back brownish; the lower, rump, and fore part of the neck, pale ash-colour; the rest of the neck and breast vmaceous mixed; belly, thighs, and vent dirty white; sides of the neck green gold, changing to blue and copper in different lights; and on each side of the neck a crescent of white ; the greater quills dusky; all of them, except the outmost, have the exterior edges whitish ; second quills greyish brown, at the base of the bastard wing a dash of white; the tail ash-coloured above, and the end blackish; but beneath both the base and end are black, the middle hoary ; legs feathered much below the joint; legs and claws black. . The female is like the male, but a trifle smaller. The Ring Pigeon is sufficiently common in the woods of England, and has been supposed to depart elsewhere at the latter end of the year, and to return early in spring; but if so, it cannot be said of the whole of them, as I have had them sent to me several times beyond the middle of December. ‘The truth perhaps is, that except in deep woods they are rarely met with in winter, and therefore less observed ; but as spring approaches they pair off, and disperse abroad ; and this happening within a small space of time, has given rise to the con- Jecture of their migration. They pair early in spring, and build on the tops of trees, and not unfrequently have two broods in a year; 16 PIGEON. sometimes the nest is found in bushes, and in tall hedges, frequently in fir trees, and it is suspected to be partial to the breeding places of the former year, as one has been known to frequent one tree for three years following. The nest composed of a few small sticks, large, flat, and loosely put together. The eggs white, rarely more than two in number. The male and female sit in turn, and the young are hatched in fourteen days. Their food is grain of all kinds, but they will eat turnip tops, and greens of all kinds, as well as Ivy Berries, in want of other food ; often destroy crops of peas; one shot in the spring was found to have no fewer than eighty-five peas in the crop, and these being sown, produced in autumn 6064 in number, equal to two gallons in measure, though the whole did not vegetate. From this may be conjectured, the injury done, not only by these, but by the Pigeon tribe in general, to the farmer, on whose lands they trespass. This species is known in England by the additional names of Queest, Cushat, and Wood Culver; said to be most plentiful in Norfolk, and to be very destructive to the corn. This species is known throughout Europe, except in the Arctic Zone; and this not merely on account of the cold, but the defect of food; common in the Russian forests; seen in Sweden only in summer; is very scarce in Siberia, and unknown in Norway. To the South we trace it as far as Spain; seen in Aragonia in winter ; likewise at Gibraltar, and on the Morocco shore ; is well known, we believe, in Egypt, as it was also to the ancients, under the name of Palumbus *. It may probably be found in the East Indies, if the same with one figured in drawings from thence. This was fifteen or sixteen inches long; general colour cinereous grey, or slate-colour, belly and vent pale; quills black, but no gloss on the sides of the neck. Bill and legs red. The wings reaching half way on the tail. * Palumbus torquatus, Mart. Epig. 1.13. No. 67, PIGEON. 17 A.—In the Museum of Mr. Bullock wasa large Pigeon, seven- teen inches long, in make like our Ring Species. Bill pale, head and neck as far as the breast fine copper bronze, varying to yellow and green; beginning of the back deep chocolate purple; wings and tail ash-colour ; quills and tail with a gilded gloss; beneath from the breast wholly: white; the quills reach to about the middle of the tail; legs pale; claws black. This was said to have been shot within a few miles of London; in appearance very like the Ring Species, but without any trace of the white crescent on the neck. 4.—SPOTTED RING PIGEON. Le Ramier Ramiron, Male, Levaill. Afr. vi. p. 67. pl. 264. Columba arquatrix, Colombe Rameron, Tem. Pig. fol. pl.5. Id. 8vo.i. p. 93. SIZE of the Ring Pigeon. Bill yellow; eyes pearl-colour, sur- rounded with a naked orange skin; crown bluish grey, on a brown ground ; breast and beneath vinaceous brown, marked with triangular white spots; wing coverts the same; quills and tail dusky, the outer margins pale grey; legs yellow. The female smaller, less spotted, and the colours in general more dull. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, very common in the Forests of Hottniqua, generally in flocks, except in the breeding season. Makes a nest, like the Ring Dove of Europe, and lays two white eggs, the young hatched in fourteen days; the young thought to be delicate meat; only seen in the woods, except now and then in the plains contiguous thereto. This bird, more often than any other, falls a prey to the Noisy Falcon; the latter lying in ambush, for the pur- pose. The Pigeon has the habit of flying above the trees in circular, or rather parabolic curves, and at the same time makes a singular VOL. VIII. D 18 PIGEON. noise, not unlike the friction of a pulley, when a great weight is to be drawn up. At this time, which is only in the morning and evening, the Hawk, being concealed in the tree, darts on its prey, which rarely escapes. This species chiefly feeds on a kind of wild olive, hence called Olieu Duyf (Olive Dove), so that where this fruit is found the Pigeon is of course met with. 5.—DOUBLE-RINGED. PIGEON. Columba bitorquata, Colombe a double Collier, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 40. Id. 8vo. i. p- 301. Lin. Trans. xiii. 183. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill ten lines, dusky, with a pale point; top of the head cinereous grey; neck, breast, and belly, vinaceous; on the neck a double collar, the upper white, bounded below by a black one; back and scapulars pale earthy brown; wing coverts cinereous grey ; quills blackish; tail four inches long, even, the three lateral feathers of it black for three-fourths of the length, from thence white on the outer web; the intermediate ones the same as the back; lower part of the belly white; legs red; the wings pretty long, and reach about half way on the tail. Inhabits India, also Java, and there called Puter-genni. A.—Pigeon cuivre Mangeur de Muscade, Son, Voy. 168. pl. 102. Gen. Syn. iv. 637. 30. Var. A. This seems to be very like the last described, and of the same size; the head blue grey. Bill grey; irides and legs pale carmine ; upper parts of the body green, glossed with gold and copper; neck, breast, and belly, reddish grey ; under tail coverts yellowish white ; quills and tail black. Inhabits New Guinea. One similar to this was in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, which came from New Zealand. PIGEON. 19 B.—This appears a smal] Variety, and only thirteen inches long. Bill one inch, the nostrils rising into a knob; head and neck ash- colour; irides orange; round:-the bill and chin grey ; upper parts of the body green, inclining to red on the ramp; beneath reddish brown ; wings blue; quills edged with deep blue; tail dusky; legs red. Met with at Amsterdam Isle, or Tongo taboo, and called Orooba Ya. 6.—NUTMEG PIGEON. Columba enea, Ind. Orn. ii. 602. Lin. i. 283. Gm. Lin. i. 780. Lin. Trans, xiii. 184. 316. Palumbus Moluccensis, Bris. i. 148. t. 13. f.2. Id. 8vo. 1. 38. Pigeon Ramier des Moluques, Buf. ii. 538. Pl. enl. 164. Colombe muscadivore, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 3 & 4. Id. 8vo. i. 86. Nutmeg Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 636. SIZE of the last; length seventeen inches. Bill hooked, and gibbous, dusky, inclining to green; irides blue; head, neck, and under parts, dirty white, tinged with vinaceous; back, rump, tail, and its coverts green, glossed with gold and copper; under tail coverts purplish chestnut; quills ash-colour, the tips of the prime, and outer edges, and tips of the secondaries, like the back ; tail even at the end; legs red, covered half way with feathers. Inhabits the Molucca Islands, and feeds on nutmegs.* The female is smaller, the plumage more dull in colour, and the head, neck, and beneath, have a vinaceous tinge. } * In Java, where it is also found, it feeds on the fruit of the Banian Tree, Ficus reli- giosa.—Lin. Called there Pohor Vrique. In Sumatra it is called Pergam. A Variety in Java named Geduwo. D2 20 PIGEON. 7.—BAY PIGEON. Columba badia, Lin. Trans. xii. 317. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill and legs red, the latter feathered nearly to the toes; irides white; circle of the eyelids bright red, but no naked space round the eye; back and wing coverts chestnut red ; under parts bluish, with a vinous tint, extending round the neck, and becoming bluish grey on the head and cheeks; wings deep brown, approaching to black ; tail long, nearly equal, almost black, with a cinereous tinge at the tip. Inhabits Sumatra, there called Lampattu, or Pergambu Kalabu : It has a considerable affinity to the preceding. 8.--WHITE NUTMEG PIGEON. Columba alba, Ind. Orn. ii. 602. Gm. Lin.i. 780. littoralis, Colombe marine, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.7. Id. 8vo.i. p. 99. Pigeon blanc, Mangeur de Muscade, Son. Voy. 169. pl. 103. White Nutmeg Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 638. THIS is of the middle size; length thirteen inches. Bill light grey; irides yellowish; plumage wholly white, except the quills, and one-third of the tail next the end, which are black; the legs are light grey. Inhabits New Guinea, also Java, and as well as the last, said to feed on nutmegs, and serves to propagate this useful spice in the same manner. It is most likely that the outer skin alone, or rather the mace, serves them for nourishment; as to the nut itself, it is voided whole, and so little altered, that after having passed the organs PIGEON. 21 ef digestion, it is not rendered less fit for vegetation ;* from hence it is that these birds, flying from island to island, sow and spread the nutmeg in all of them, which they are known to frequent.t Called in Java, Bouron-dora-louw, which signifies Sea Pigeon, being found near the sea, and building in the rocks; probably allied to the last. A.—A Variety of this, or what I take to be so, is wholly white, except just round the eye, where it is black ; the quills are also black, but the tail is white; bill and legs pale red. Inhabits China.—From the drawings of the late Capt. Broadley. In a similar drawing, im the Collection of Mr. Dent, the eye is not surrounded with black ; the tail is white, but the feathers edged with black; the sides over the thighs are also mixed with black. 9.—AURICULAR PIGEON. Columba Auricularis, Colombe Oricou, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 20. Id. 8vo. i. p. 236. SIZE of the Biset Pigeon; length eleven inches. Bill black ; plumage in general white; at the forehead a tuberculated, red, fleshy * Son. Voy. He seems to doubt the Pigeon being able to swallow a nutmeg, observing, that some of our tame Pigeons have been choaked with small horse beans. + A Pigeon was found, with two nutmegs in its stomach and craw, still surrounded with the scarlet covering, or mace, at the Isle of Rotterdam.—Forst. Voy. ii. 332. Ditto Reply, 35. Ina letter from Ceylon, in 1800, it is said, that while a neighbouring nation was in possession of the Banda, or Spice Islands, not a Pigeon or Dove was to be found there, although, in former years, they abounded in these birds; having been all destroyed, from the apprehension of their swallowing the nutmeg and clove whole, and voiding them in the same state on the adjacent islands ; thereby carrying the seed of an article, which the owners held exclusively to themselves. By this means, too, is the cinnamon propagated at Ceylon, by certain wild Doves, thence called Cinnamon-Eaters, which occasion the rise of so many young trees along the road, that they look like a forest. —Forrest’s Voy. 345. (no description - of bird). Pigeons are also said to be the propagators of the Loranthus Stelis, of Linnzus, feeding on the berries, and voiding the stones on the trunks of trees, where they grow.— Parkins. Voy. p. 38. 29 PIGEON. substance ; from this, taking in the eye, and occupying the chin and throat, isa fleshy appendage, as in the Turkey, which also is in folds, and changeable in colour; quills and outer edge of the wing mostly black ; tail grey at the base, for more or less than half the length, the rest black ; legs red. Supposed to inhabit some of the Islands of the Pacific Ocean. M. Temminck mentions a variety wholly white, and no part of the tail black, and others having the plumage spotted with grey and black, probably young birds. 10.—TRIANGULAR SPOTTED PIGEON. Columba Guinea, Ind. Orn. ii. 602. Lin. i. 282. Gm. Lin. i. 774. Bris. i. 132. Id. 8vo. 1. 33. Klein, 120. 25. Le Ramier roussard, Levail. Afr. vi. 70. pl. 265.—Male. Pigeon de Guinée, Buf. 11. 538. Tourterelle du Cap. de B. Esperance, Son. Voy. Ind. 11. 179. Colombe roussard, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 16.—Male. Id. 8vo.i. p. 214. Triangular spotted Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 639. Edw. pl. 75. SIZE of the Wood Pigeon; length twelve inches and a half. Bill blackish; eye surrounded by a red skin; irides bright yellow , head, neck, and under parts pale ash-colour, with vinaceous margins ; upper parts of the back, purplish brown, glossed with violet; wing coverts, and lesser quills the same, but each feather tipped with a triangular white spot, the point upwards; the greater quills black, edged with grey; lower part of the back and rump white; tail dull ash-colour, tipped with black; legs pale red, claws brown. In the female the colours are more dull. Inhabits Guinea, in the southern parts; the rocky parts of Africa ; and common about the Cape of Good Hope; there called Bosch- Duyf and Wilde Duyf, every where common, both at the Cape itself and the interior; chiefly where wheat or barley grows, which they often attack in large flocks ; roost at night in woods, or among the PLa (COOVAUE V4 Fa) ( /)- polled Yyicen Figen Zi PIGEON. 23- rocks, in both which they build their nest, and lay two white eggs. In one of these, brought into England by Mr. Salt, the lower part of the back and rump, as well as the upper tail coverts, are very pale ash-colour; belly and vent much the same. It is the common domestic Pigeon of Abyssinia ; hundreds are seen round the house ot every chief, and being well fed, afford an excellent meal. The Abyssinians do not object to eating them. They are not apt to vary in plumage. 11.—SPOTTED GREEN PIGEON.—PL. cxvit. Columba maculata, Ind. Orn. ii. 605. Gm. Lin. i. 780. Temm. Pig. 8vo. i. p. 465. Spotted green Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 642. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill black, tip pale yellow; round the eye somewhat naked; general colour of the plumage dark glossy green ; head and neck darker than the rest; the feathers of the neck longer than the others, and pointed, like the hackles of a Cock ; wing coverts and scapulars each tipped with a cinereous white spot, some- what triangular, the point upwards; quills and tail black, the former tipped with cinereous white; and the feathers of the latter with pale ferrugmous ; shape even at the end; belly, thighs, and vent, dusky black ; legs reddish brown, the shins covered half way with downy feathers; claws black. We have only seen two specimens; one in the collection of Gen. Davies, the other in possession of Sir Joseph Banks. Ina drawing of one at Sir Ashton Lever’s, the end of the tail is deep ferruginous. 12.—SUMATRAN PIGEON. BILL black; head, neck, and all beneath pale blue grey ; back and wings green; quills and tail dull greenish blue; legs red. Inbabits Sumatra.—India drawings. 94 PIGEON. 13. -NEW-ZEALAND PIGEON. Columba Zealandica, Ind. Orn. 11. 603. Gm. Lin. i. 773 Colombe Haggarrero, Temm. Pig. fol. p. 120. Id. 8vo.i. p. 371. New-Zealand Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 640. LENGTH eighteen inches. Bill one inch, red; irides, and round the eyes, the same; upper parts of the body ruby red, glossed with green on the fore part of the neck; quills dusky; rump blue; tail black; under parts from the breast white, inclining to blue towards the vent; legs red. Inhabits New Zealand, called at Dusky Bay, Hagarré roo. 14—BROWN PIGEON. Columba brunnea, Ind. Orn. ii. 603. Colombe bruvert, Temm. Pig. fol. p. 121. . Id. 8vo.i. p. 375. Brown Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 267. BILL and legs blood-red ; crown, upper part of the neck, back, and wing coverts red brown; breast, fore part of the neck, and rump, glossy green. Inhabits New Zealand. 15.—HACKLED PIGEON. Columba Francie, Ind. Orn. ii. 604. ‘Gm. Lin. i. 779. Pigeon Hollandois, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 175. pl. 101. Colombe herissé, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 19. Id. 8vo.i. p. 228. Hackled Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 64. LENGTH thirteen inches and a half. Bill and irides crimson; point of the bill yellowish; sides of the head naked, flesh-colour ; feathers of the head, neck, and breast, long, narrow, and pointed, PIGEON. 25 and of a singular construction, appearing as a polished surface, in the same manner as the appendages of the wing feathers of the Waxen Chatterer, or hackles of the Wild Indian Cock ; round the eye a naked, deep red skin; back, wings, and belly, deep blue; rump and tail deep crimson; shafts of the two middle feathers deep blue; legs blaish black. Said to inhabit the Isle of France, or Mauritius; and the flesh supposed to be poisonous; though some think it not to be a native of that place, but brought there from the Sechelle Islands. 16.—RUFF-NECKED PIGEON. Ramier herissé, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 74. No. 267. SIZE of the Biset Pigeon; length thirteen inches. Bill black, with a pale tip; top of the head, and the neck as far as the breast, covered with long, loose, slender feathers, of a whitish colour, with brown edges; these are loosely webbed, and the end of each con- tinued in a long, naked thread;.base of the bill red, and bare, continuing on each side round the eyes; on the crown these feathers are shorter than those of the neck, and stand nearly erect, as a crest; the others fall loosely over the neck, breast, and beginning of the wings; back and wings deep indigo blue, approaching to black ; beneath from the breast inclining to purple; and the tail, which is two inches long, purplish violet, with a reddish tinge; base and sides bluish ; the wings reach to about the middle of it; legs dusky, with a violet tinge. The female is smaller, and the colours more dall. Inhabits the Molucca Islands; according to M. Levaillant, is found also at the Cape of Good Hope, but as a bird of passage only, for it does not breed there; met with about the Great Namaquas, chiefly in woods; but not unfrequently in the plains in great flocks; feeds on berries and seeds: said also to be found in Senegal. VOL. VIII. E 26 PIGEON. In a collection of drawings made by Mr. Woodford, I find a similar one, in which the forehead and fore part of the crest feathers are dull crimson purple; bill, and bare part about the eye, pale yellow ; and the loose feathers of the head and neck considerably more downy in texture: on comparing Sonnerat’s engraving of the Hackled Pigeon, with that of M. Temminck’s Colombe herissé, it will not be easy to reconcile the two; in the former the feathers of the neck, although said to be stiff and laminated, lie close to the skin, whereas those of the head and neck, in the latter are long, loose, and in appearanse downy: we can no otherwise account for this, unless the bird should appear ina different dress at different seasons, or the male at a certain time of the year is furnished with the long flowing neck feathers, as is the case in respect to the male of our Ruff Sandpiper. 17.—SCALLOP-NECKED PIGEON. Columba speciosa, Ind. Orn. ii. 605. Gm. Lin. i. 783. Le Colombe Ramiret, Buf. ii. 541. Id. Sonnin. 248. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 14.—Male. Id. 8vo. i. p. 208. Pigeon Ramier de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 213. Scallop-necked Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 643. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill pale red, end yellowish, nostrils protuberant, white at the base; head chocolate purple; the feathers from the neck to the back black round the ends ; within this border those of the neck are white, appearing as spots; but on the lower part of the neck rufous instead of white, appearing waved or scal- loped; breast and belly dusky white, the feathers above bordered with pale chocolate brown; vent and under tail coverts nearly white ; back and wings fine deep rufous; quills dusky; tail rounded at the end, dusky black; legs red. The female is like the male, but much duller in colour. PIGEON. 27 Inhabits Cayenne.—In the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, who received it from Berbice; is met with also in Brazil, on the east coast, called Pomba trocaés, and near Babia, Pomba verdadeira.* 18.—SQUAMMOUS PIGEON. Columba squamosa, Colombe ecaillée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl]. 59. Id. 8vo.i, p. 336. Picuipinima, Marc. Bras. p. 204. LENGTH eight inches. Bill black; general colour of the plumage brown; crown and under parts much paler, inclined to vinaceous; the feathers every where appearing scaly, from each of them being fringed at the end with dusky ; wing coverts much mixed with white; quills black; tail three inches Jong, base black; the four exterior feathers on each side with white ends; the wings reach only to the base of the tail; legs red. Inhabits Brazil, about Bahia, and is a scarce species. 19.—GREY PIGEON. Columba Corensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 605. Gm. Lin.i. 783. Jacquin, Vog. 31. 25. Colombe a nuque ecaillée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 15. Id. 8vo.i. p, 211. Grey Pigeon, Gen. Syn, Sup, 201. SIZE of the Common Pigeon; eyes red, surrounded with a naked skin; spotted with black ; general colour of the body grey ; the feathers on the lower part of the neck appear changeable in different lights as if scalloped, though really not of different colours ; tail even. Inhabits Coro, in the district of Venetzuela, in South America, and when eaten young, is esteemed by the inhabitants for food. * Maxim. Trav. 217. E2 98 PIGEON. 20.—_W HITE-MASKED PIGEON. Columba larvata, Colombe 4 Masque blanc, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 31. Id. 8vo.i. p. 266. Tourterelle 4 Masque blanc, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 80. pl. 269. LENGTH about eight inches. Bill bluish ; irides orange ; the whole front, to beyond the eyes, white; the rest of the plumage in general rufous brown, with a purple gloss; wings and tail dusky, edged with bluish grey ; legs vinaceous. In the female the colours are less vivid. Inhabits Africa; found in the inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope, only in the country of the Hottniquas, and in the great woods there: is difficult to shoot, being always on the ground among the grass, and the thickets; when disturbed, flies among the thickest of the low branches of trees and shrubs, in the bifurcations of which it makes the nest, and lays two fulvous white eggs. 21.—JENISEE PIGEON. SMALLER than the Common Turtle. Plumage in general cinereous brown; rump white; tail crossed with a band of black. This is said, by Dr. Pallas, in some M.S. descriptions, to be a very scarce species ; found only in the southern latitudes, about the River Jenisee, in Siberia; but in no other part of it, except probably, the Great Chain towards the south. 22.—SOUTHERN PIGEON. Columba meridionalis, Ind. Orn: Sup. p. lx. Southern Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. u: 270. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black, a trifle bent at the end; the nostrils apparent, but not swelling; corners of the mouth dark red; PIGEON. 29 the orbits bluish; irides dark; general colour of the plumage deep vinaceous brown, paler on the breast; from thence, all beneath, reddish white; quills deep brown ; on the lesser wing coverts three or four blackish purple marks; tail short, greatly rounded, the feathers rather pointed at the ends; the two middle black brown, with a bar of black three-fourths from the end; the others brown, but white for about one inch next the tip; the two colours joming in a lunular form; the outer one white on the outer web, the whole length; the legs are red. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. Swainson. A.—In a drawing of one of these, the general colours are the same; some of the second quills marked with a similar spot as on the coyerts; on the inner webs, near the tips, and some others with the ends, white; sides of the neck glossy violet purple; behind the eye a glossy violet spot, a quarter of an inch in diameter; below the ear a longer one of the same; the four middle tail feathers like the back ; the others dove-colour, with pale grey ends, between which is a curved bar of black. The female, or young bird, is much the same, but with fewer black spots on the wings, and the colours less bright. One of the last described in the collection of Lord Stanley. 23.—PORTO-RICO PIGEON. Columba Portoricensis, Colombe a nuche ecaillée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 15. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half. Bill reddish at the base ; round the eye a bare, granulated, red space; back, wing coverts, and under part of the body bluish grey; head and neck vinaceous ; back part of the neck green and purple, the feathers changing alternately into those colours, appearing like scales, and in some lights very brilliant; legs red. This specimen brought from Porto-Rico; the manners unknown. 30 PIGEON. -24.—PEREGRINE PIGEON. LENGTH eight inches. Bill red; plumage above pale brown; wing coverts marked with white; the belly and under parts white; second quills buff-colour ; primaries black; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers dusky; the others black, with the end half white; the legs red. Inhabits New South Wales.—General Davies. 25.—PALE PIGEON. Columba pallida, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 1x. Pale Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 270. BILL and legs brown; plumage in general greenish white; the head and neck inclining to ash-colour; outer edge of the wing, and quills dusky; the greater plain, the others marked regularly with black on each side of the shaft; the two middle tail feathers dusky ; the others very pale, or whitish.— Inhabits New-Holland. 26.—NORFOLK PIGEON. Columba Norfolcienis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. |x. Norfolk Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. Add. p. 374. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill black ; head and neck to the breast white; from the last to the vent black; quills black; back and wings deep purple, with a few darker markings; tail dull purple, inner webs of the feathers dusky; legs red. One, supposed to be the female, had the head, neck, and breast, ferruginous ; back and wings green ; quills dusky; belly, thighs, rump, and vent, brownish purple; the two middle tail feathers ferrugmous, the rest pale brownish purple. A third had the head, neck, and under parts, white; tail greenish, glossed with copper.—Inhabits Norfolk Island. PIGEON. 31 27.—CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED PIGEON. Columba spadicea, Ind. Orn. Sup. pl. Ix. Colombe Geant, T'em. Pig. fol. pl. 1. Id. 8vo. i. p. 74. Chestnut-shouldered Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. Add. p. 375. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill red, with a yellow tip; irides crimson; head and neck before, to the breast, glossy deep green ; towards the breast paler; belly white; shoulders deep chocolate red, or chestnut; part of the neck glossed with copper; quills edged with glossy light grey ; tail a trifle hollowed at the end, more than seven inches long, brown, glossed with bluish purple, the end oker yellow; beneath pale grey; towards the end a broad bar of brown; the quills reach to about the middle; legs red. Inhabits Norfolk Island, one of the Friendly Group, but seems to be a scarce species. 28.—BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. Columba chalcoptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 604. Colombe lumachelle, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 8.—Male. Jd. 8vo. i. p. 103. Bronze-winged Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 266. Phil. Bot. Bay, pl. p. 162: White's Journ. pl. p. 146. Lev. Mus. 227. pl. 55. LENGTH fifteen inches and a half. Bill red; plumage above cinereous brown ; beneath cinereous, tinged with red on the breast; on the middle of the wing, a double broad bar of beautiful, and splendid, copper bronze, varying to red and green, from the outer coverts having a large oval bronze spot on the outer webs of each, near the end; some of the adjoining ones have also similar spots, but in a less degree, and making no part of the large patch; some of the outer second quills are also marked in a similar manner ; the tail has eighteen feathers, much rounded, the two middle feathers brown, the others dove-colour, crossed with a bar of black near the end; legs red. 32. PIGEON. In some specimens the forehead is bufl-colour, nearly white; chin the same, passing under the eye; but in others the whole face is brown, with a dark streak through the eye; probably this may arise from difference of sex. Inhabits Norfolk Island, also various parts of New-Holland ; very common in the neighbourhood of Sydney Cove, and Botany Bay ; frequents the sand hills, and all desert or burnt grounds, and a sportsman can kill often six brace in a day during their stay, which is from September to February; but from February to September rarely one is seen; for although they may be said not actually to. migrate, they certainly shift their quarters at different seasons. They make a nest on the ground, very slight, and open ; sometimes on the stuinp of a tree, laying two eggs, and hatch in November. Feed on fruits, chiefly on a sort of cherry, the stones of which are often found. in their stomachs; for the most part are seen in pairs, and have a loud kind of cooing note, which at a distance may be mistaken for the lowing of a cow. Is called by the natives, Goadgang ; by the English, Brush Pigeon, and Ground Pigeon, from being mostly seen on the ground, or low bushes. Its body is heavy, and it is unable to take long flights. 29.—GOLD-WINGED PIGEON. LENGTH ten inches. Bill almost an inch long, and_ black ; forehead, as far as the middle of the crown, yellowish white; close to the bill nearly yellow; between that and the eye a slender black line; sides round the eyes white, passing to the hindhead, and there curving somewhat downward; chin white; fore part of the neck and breast pale purplish red; from thence to the vent, reddish white; on each side of the neck, from the under jaw, a fillet of pale blue grey, dividing the pale brown of the hind part of the neck, from the breast; the general colour of the plumage, on the upper parts, pale PIGEON. 33 rufous brown, but the hind part of the head has a tinge of purple; wing coverts fine blue grey, marked on each with a rich glossy spot on the outer web, of a gilded hue, changing into copper ; the second quills green, edged with grey, and have a resplendent gloss of metal ; bastard wing glossy green; prime quills and tail the colour of the back, but the feathers of the latter are at the ends blue grey; the tail is two inches and a half long, rounded at the end, and the quills reach only to the base; legs fine red, claws black. This was brought from Malacca, and is a most beautiful bird ; in some things it coincides with the last described, but we think it to be a different species; for, had it no other distinction, the comparison of the length of the quills with that of the tail would be one ; as in the present bird they reach no farther than the base, but in the Bronze winged to full half of the length; the tail, too, in the latter is shorter in proportion. This is well represented among the faithful drawings in the collection of General Hardwicke. 30.—OPALINE PIGEON. Columba elegans, Colombe Labrador, Temm. Pig. fol, pl. 22. Id. 8yo.i. p. 240. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill dusky; crown, fore part of the neck, breast, and under parts pale grey, with a rufous tinge on the front; behind the eye a narrow streak of fine rufous chocolate, passing backwards to the nape, and hind part of the neck, which are of the same colour; on the throat a triangular patch of the same; back and wings olive brown; across the latter two bands of most brilhant patches of feathers, imitating the opal and ruby, in different lights, or in the manner of the Labrador Spar; the ends of these feathers are silver grey, the rest blue grey, with brown ends, within rufous; tail grey, with a band of black, three-fourths from the base, the end brown ; legs red. Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land. This has only fourteen feathers in the tail, whereas the Bronze-winged has eighteen. VOL. VIII. ig 34 PIGEON. 31.—VIOLET-NAPED PIGEON. Columba violacea, Colombe a nuque violette, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 29. Id. 8vo.i. p. 260. LENGTH nine inches. Bill reddish; eye in a naked red skin ; general colour of the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, purplish rufous; forehead and beneath white, with a rufous tinge on the fore part of the neck and breast; nape and neck behind inclining to violet, and glossy; the wings reach to about the middle of the tail, which is a trifle cuneiform; legs red. Supposed to inhabit New-Holland. 32.—VLOUVLOU PIGEON. Columba holosericea, Colombe Vlouvlou, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 32. Id. 8vo. 1. p. 269. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Baill black; general colour of the plumage glossy green; chin white; at the bottom of the breast a black, transverse, narrow black band, within this one of whites; from thence to the middle of the belly, the vent, and under tail coverts fine yellow; on the wings two bands of light grey; thigh feathers dusky white, covering the shins half way ; legs grey; the great quills are singularly shaped, being bent outwardly like a sabre at the ends, for one-fourth of the length. Inhabits the Sandwich Isles. 33.--BELTED PIGEON. Columba cincta, Colombe a ceinturon noir, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 23. Id. 8vo.i. p. 243. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill yellowish white ; head white ; neck and breast yellowish ; across the breast a broad band of velvety PIGEON. 39 black ; back and wings glossy black ; belly and thighs fine yellow ; under tail coverts grey, with yellowish margins ; rump greenish ; tail of fourteen feathers, greenish black above, with the end greenish grey; beneath cinereous, with the end white; shins feathered to the toes, which are yellow. Inbabits the south parts of Asia, but uncertain where ; the one from which the figure was copied, said to have been sent from Batavia. 34.—ROUSSET PIGEON. Columba ruffina, Colombe Rousette, Temm. Pig. fol. p- 24. Jd. 8vo. i. p. 249. Pigeon ramier de Cayenne, Bonn, Tab. Encycl. Orn. p. 234. sp. 8. LENGTH nearly twelve inches. Bill dusky; the lower part of the neck, back, and lesser wing coverts, deep rufous, tinged with violet ; head much the same, with a greenish tinge on the hindhead; back, rump, and under wing coverts, bluish grey ; throat white ; belly and under tail coverts grey ; quills and tail cinereous grey; legs red, claws brown. The females are without the glossy green on the hindhead; the tail short in both, rounded, and the wings reach to half the length of it. Inhabits Guiana ; also found in Cuba, St. Domingo, and Jamaica. 35.—GEOFFROY’S PIGEON. Columba Geoffroyi, Colombe Geoffroy, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 57. Id. 8vo. i. p. 297. THIS elegant Pigeon is eight inches Jong. Bill dusky ; general colour of the plumage pearly grey, inclining to brown on the back ; tail very pale; belly and vent whites; on the shoulders five or six spots of violet black, changing in different lights to blue and green ; F2 36 PIGEON. on the middle of the wing some of the same, and others rufous snuff- colour; quills dusky; tail short, a little rounded at the end; legs red.—Inhabits Brazil, and some other parts of America. 36.—EMERAUDINE PIGEON. Columba Afra, Ind. Orn. ii. 611. Lin.i. 284. Gm. Lin. i. 786. Turtur Senegalensis, Bris. i. 122. t. 10. f. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 30. Tourterelle du Senegal, Buf. ii. 553. Pl. enl. 160. emeraudine, Levail. Afr. vi. 84. pl. 271. Colombe emeraudine, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 38. 89. Id. 8vo.i. p. 291. African Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 656. SIZE one-third less than the Common Turtle. Bill dusky ; irides reddish; crown and nape ash-colour; forehead white ; neck and under parts pale vinaceous ; vent white ; back vinous brown, or dove-colour; greater wing coverts deep blue, approaching to greenish black in some lights, forming two half bars on the middle of the wing ; rump crossed with two dusky bars; quills and tail otherwise dusky, or cinnamon-coloured within ; legs vinous red. The female is smaller, and the greenish bars on the wings narrow. Inhabits the inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope, abundant about the Rivers of Gamtoo, Louris, and Van Stade, as well as the Great Fish River, and all the Caffres: makes the nest on bushes, between the ramifications of the branches, and lays two white eggs ; is a wild species; and the cooing of the male in sound like Cou-cou- cou-cou, in a languishing tone, repeated till out of breath. 37.—TAMBOURIN PIGEON. Tourterelle tambourette, Levail. Afr. vi. 86. p. 172. Colomba tympanistria, Colombe Tambourette, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 36. Id. 8vo.1. 287. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and irides brown ; top of the head white, descending through each eye, and finishing below it; body PIGEON. 37 above vinous brown, inclining to olive; under parts from the chin white, but from the nostrils a streak of brown divides the white, mixing below with the colour of the back; a black mark, and in some two, on the rump; with the same spots on the wings as in the last species, but bluish, not at all green. In the female, the white is not pure; otherwise both sexes are alike. —Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly towards the Caftre Country, and contrary to the former, is a familiar bird, but far less common ; is called Tambourette, as the cooing, or what may be termed so, imitates the tambourin. Both these are found together, chiefly inhabiting deep woods ; making the nest on trees, and laying two white eggs. 38.—MUSTACHOE PIGEON. Columba mystacea, Colombe 4 Moustaches blanches, Temm. Pig. fol. p.56. Id. 8vo. i. p. 275. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill red, point yellowish ; eye in ared skin; plumage above generally brown, with more or less reflections of green gold on the neck behind, and the beginning of the back; also at the bend of the wing; beneath the eye a long streak of white, passing almost to the hindhead; under parts of the body pale vinaceous ; belly much paler, nearly white; quills and tail, except the two middle feathers, rufous; tail four inches long, even at the end, and the wings reach to about the middle; legs red. Inhabits America, but the precise part is uncertain. 39.—VARIED PIGEON. Columba cinerea, Colombe Souris, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 58. Id. 8yo. i. p. 299 LENGTH seven inches. Bill pale, with a dusky end; body above and wings rufous brown; on the wing coverts and scapulars 38 PIGEON. six or eight spots of glossy black; under parts, from the throat, brownish blossom-colour ; under wing coverts black; greater quills wholly black; tail rounded, the two middle feathers like the back, the rest black, fringed at the ends with rufous, most so on the exterior feather; legs very pale, or yellowish. Inhabits Brazil.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 40.---SURINAM PIGEON. Columba Surinamensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 607. Gm. Lin. i. 787. La Tourterelle, Descr. de Surin. ii. 165. Sonnin. Buf. vii. 304. Colombe Fermin, Temm. Pig. seconde suite, Id. 8vo. 1. p. 379. Surinam Turtle, Gen. Syn. ii. 647. LENGTH ten inches; breadth eighteen. Bill fine, long, deep blue, within red; head and neck ash-colour; throat mixed green and black ; exterior wing feathers brown ; those of the middle ash-colour; breast and belly whitish; legs red. Inhabits Surinam ; said to have two broods in a year; makes the nest in the woods, distant from habitations, on the highest trees, like the Common Turtle, to which it has some resemblance : the flesh is juicy, and esteemed very delicious. 41.-MEXICAN PIGEON. Columba Mexicana, Ind. Orn. ii. 601. Gm. Lin.i. 777. Bris.i. 99. Id. 8vo. i. 23. Pigeon du Mexique, Buf. ii. 525. Cehoilotl, Razz, 63. 14. Mexican Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 633. THE whole related of this bird is, that the eyes are surrounded with crimson ; irides black ; the whole plumage brown, except the breast and tips of the wings, which are white ; legs red. Inhabits Mexico. PIGEON. 39 Among Mr. Dent’s collection of drawings is one, probably the same. It is a small species, between five and six inches long. Bill black; head, throat, and hind part of the neck, fine pale cinereous blue; all the breast white, from thence deep chocolate ; back, wings, and tail, fine deep chestnut ; quills dusky; legs red. 42.---BLACK-SPOTTED PIGEON. Columba nevia, Ind. Orn. ii. 601. Gm. Lin. i. 777. Oenas Mexicana, Bris.i. 100. Jd. 8vo. 23. Buf. il. 525. Hoilotl, Rait, 63. 12. Black-spotted Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 633. SIZE of a Common Pigeon. Bill black ; head, neck, and upper parts, brown, spotted with black ; breast, belly, and thighs, pale fulvous ; under tail coverts, and under the wings, cinereous; quills and tail brown; legs red. Inhabits Mexico, found in the woods in the colder parts. 43.---W HITE-SHOULDERED PIGEON. Columba Hoilotl, Ind. Orn:ii. 601. Gm. Lin.i. 777. Rati, 63.13. Buf. 11. 525. montana Mexicana, Bris. i. 130. Jd. 8vo. 32. White-shouldered Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 654. SIZE of the Roman Pigeon. Bill and legs scarlet; plumage of a purplish rufous colour, except the lesser wing coverts, which are white. Inhabits Mexico; some are pale fulvous, with the lesser wing coverts white, as in the others; bill and legs reddish. 40 PIGEON. 44.—-EGYPTIAN PIGEON. Columba gyptiaca, Ind. Orn. ii. 607. Faun. arab. p. 5. 15. Colombe Egyptienne, Temm. Pig fol. p. 119. Id. 8vo.i. p. 370. Egyptian Turtle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 267. BILL black; legs flesh-colour, with a tinge of violet; orbits naked, and bluish ; feathers of the throat cuneiform, divided at the ends into two slender. lobes, which diverge, have their ends truncated, and are rusty flesh-colour ; back cinereous ; breast violet flesh-colour; belly and thighs whitish; wings chiefly brown ; the two outmost tail feathers are a trifle shorter than the others, and cinereous at the base, black in the middle, the very tips whitish; the fifth on each side brown, in the middle dusky, and the two middle ones wholly brown ; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Egypt, mostly seen about houses, but whether the most common is not said.* The Arabian name is Jemam. 45,.---MALABAR PIGEON. Columba Malabarica, Ind. Orn. ii. 609. Gm. Lin. i. 779. Tourterelle de la Cote de Malabar, Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii. 180. Colombe Brame, Temm. Pig. fol. seconde suite, Id. 8vo.i. p. 376. Malabar Turtle, Gen. Syn. Sup. iv. 652. SIZE of the Collared Species. Bill and irides red ; head, back, and wings, pale cinereous grey; neck and breast light vinaceous grey; the middle wing coverts marked with oval spots; the two middle tail feathers grey, the others black for two-thirds, the rest of the length white; belly white; legs red. Inhabits the Coast of Malabar. * Savary says, that in Egypt Pigeons are more numerous than in any other country, being in such vast flights as to darken the air; which appears credible, as every hamlet and every town, as we are told, forms one vast Pigeon-house.—Letters on Egypt, No. 31. PIGEON. Al 46.—GREEN PIGEON. Columba viridis, Ind. Orn. ii. 653. Lin. 1. 283. Gm. Lin. 1. 780. Turtur viridis Amboinensis, Bris.i. 152. t. 15. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 39. Turvert, Buf. ii. 555. (first species) Id. Sonnin. vi. 289. Tourterelle 4 Gorge pourprée d’Amboine, Pl. enl. 142. Colombe 4 Gorge pourprée, Temm. Pig. suite. Id. 8vo. i. p. 374. Green Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 653. LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill eight lines long, red ; fore part of the head and throat ash-coloured; hind part and neck, back, rump, wings, and tail coverts, and beneath from the breast green gold, glossed with copper; fore part of the neck most beautiful violet-purple; greater wing coverts edged, and tipped with brimstone; under wing coverts ash-colour ; quills blackish, with the edges and ends of the same colour as the body; tail blue green, glossed with copper; the two middle feathers plain, and blackish on the inner webs; the others tipped with brimstone, but beneath all appear blackish, and the tips dirty white; legs red, half covered with feathers, claws red brown. __ Inhabits the Island of Amboina. 47.— BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON. Columba melanocephala, Ind. Orn. ii. 610. Gm. Lin. i. 781. Zool. Indic. 16. t. 7. Sonn. Buf. vii. 290. Nat. Misc. pl. 777. Turvert, Buf. ii. 555.—Second Species. Tourterelle de Batavia, Pl. enl. 214. Colombe Turgris, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 30. Id. 8vo. i. p. 263. Black-capped Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 654. Ind. Zool. 41. pl. 8. LENGTH nine inches and a half. _ Bill black, tip yellow; irides reddish brown ; head bluish ash-colour, the back part of it black ; round the eye slightly bare; chin and throat fine deep yellow; neck and body deep green; vent orange yellow; some of the outside VOL. VIII. ‘ G 49 PIGEON. feathers of the thighs tipped with the same, within white; vent yellow; tail deep grey, a trifle cuneiform, the feathers pale at the ends; under coverts nearly as long as the tail, and crimson; legs red, shins half covered with feathers. Inhabits the Island of Java, in the vicinity of Bognania Vangria, in the deep woods. That figured in the Indian Zoology, has the lower belly, as well as the vent yellow, and was found dead on the ground. 48.—BLUE PIGEON. Columba cerulea, Ind. Orn. ii. 601. Bris.i. 140. Jd. 8vo. i. 39. Tlacahoilotl, Rati, 63.15. Buf. ii. 525. Blue Pigeon, Gen. Syn: iv. 634. SIZE of the Common Pigeon. Bill, irides, and legs, red; head, neck, and upper parts of the body, and thighs, blue; on the head and neck-a mixture of red, especially on the fore part; breast, belly, sides, wing coverts, and beneath the tail red; quills and tail blue. Tnhabits Mexico. 49.—-BERBICE PIGEON. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill black; crown of the head vinaceous purple; the rest of the head and neck ash-colour; lower part of the neck behind, the back, and wing coverts, fine purplish red; breast the same, but paler; belly and vent very pale ash ; round the neck a slight gloss of claret; from the middle of the back to the rump slate-colour; wings long, reaching three-fourths on the tail, which is pretty much rounded, the two middle feathers four inches long, the outer three ; colour bluish brown, or dove-colour, the end for one-third much paler; legs yellow. Inhabits Berbice and Surinam.—In the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, under the name of Wakoekwar. PIGEON. 43 50.—-AZURE PIGEON. Columba czrulea, Colombe azurée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 37.—Male. Id. 8vo.i. p. 290. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs red; plumage in general above turquoise blue; before to the breast, vinaceous; sides under the eye and chin white; breast, belly, and under tail coverts dusky white.—Supposed to inhabit Bengal. 51.—RING-TAILED PIGEON. Columba Caribea, Ind. Orn. ii. 603. Gm. Lin. i. 773. Vieill. Am. 4. Jacq. Vog. 30. No. 24. 4 Columba cauda annulo cincta Jamaicensis, Bris. i. 138. Id. 8vo.i. 35. Buf. ii. 539. cauda fascia notata, Rati, 63.-17. & 183. 22. Sloan. Jam, 332. 27. Brown, Jam. 468. Klein, 120. 19. - Colombe a queue annulée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 10. Id. 8vo.i. p. 114. Ring-tailed Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 639. LENGTH fifteen inches. Nostrils gibbous; irides crimson ; head, fore part of the neck, and breast, purplish; neck behind greenish purple, with a silky gloss; back, ramp, and upper tail coverts, pale blue; wings brownish ; belly whitish; tail like the back, even at the end, crossed with a band of black ; bill and legs red. Inhabits Jamaica, there called Mountain Pigeon ; sometimes met with in the Savannah woods in January; found also both in the Caribbee and Bahama Islands; fond of various seeds, especially coffee. 52.—CARIBBEE PIGEON. Columba Caribzea, Ind. Orn. ii. 603.36. 8. Jacq. Vog. 30. No. 24. Ring-tailed Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 199. THE bill in this bird is greenish red ; space round the eyes bare, and dirty yellow ; tail cuneiform, and about the length of the body; G2 44 PIGEON. general colour of the plumage inclines to blue. It is compared to that described by Brisson, but the belly is not white, nor has it any black bar across the tail, which being wedge-shaped, proves it not to be the same bird. Found in all the woods of the Caribbee Islands ; is pretty tame, but never sufficiently so to be at large, though it will lay eggs when. confined in a cage. It is so much esteemed for food, that each bird sells for a dollar. 53.--FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON. Columba pacifica, Ind. Orn. ii. 600. Gm. Lin. i. 777. cristata, Colombe-Largup, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 9. Id. Svo.i. p. 108. Ferruginous-vented Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 633. LENGTH thirteen inches or more. Bill black ; nostrils gibbous; upper parts of the body brown, with a green gloss; breast reddish buff, with a vinaceous, metalline tinge ; belly ash-colour, inclining to brown down the middle; vent and under tail coverts deep ferru- ginous; quills dark brown, edged with greenish brown ; tail five inches long, black, with a greenish gloss; legs red, in some dusky. Inhabits the Friendly Isles, in the South Seas. A.—Ind. Orn. ii. 600. 27. B. In this the head, neck, breast, and belly, are whitish; back, wing coverts and tail pale green; base of the bill very much en- larged into a knob ; round the eyes bare, and dusky red. Inhabits the Islands of Otaheite and Tongo taboo.—In the figure given by M. Temminck, the feathers are elongated, forming a crest ; head, neck, and under parts light grey; darkest on the belly ; beneath the eye a yellowish oker patch, reaching to the ears; chin pale; quills ferruginous red ; back reddish chestnut. PIGEON. 45 54.—BLUE-TOPPED PIGEON. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill red; crown wholly blue; fore- head and chin buff-colour ; through the eye to the nape cmnamon, as in the other, but none of that colour under the chin ; under parts of the body pale bluish white, with a tinge of blossom-colour on the breast ; on the wings eight spots, or crescents of red, margined with yellow; the second quills have the ends red, fringed with yellow, but not glossy ; legs red. Inhabits New South Wales with the last.—General Davies. 55.—PACIFIC PIGEON. LENGTH eighteen inches. Head, neck, and breast, purple ; nape glossed with green; chin and throat white; the rest of the body cinnamon-colour. Inhabits Howe’s Island.—General Davies. 56.—ANTARCTIC PIGEON. Columba Antarctica, Zool. N. Holl. p. 15. t. 5. SIZE of a Wood Pigeon; length eighteen inches. Bill red, narrow, hooked, the under mandible broad, and the upper one shuts into it; nostrils black ; plumage fine dove-colour; top of the head crested, most so at the back part, where it hangs loose, and is ferru- ginous ; beneath this a streak of black ; the neck feathers are narrow, not unlike hackles, and fine grey ; quills and tail black, the last even at the end, marked with a bar of white, an inch broad, and a little more than that space from the end; under part of the body blue grey, near the vent white; legs red. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogdon. 46 PIGEON. 57.—YELLOW-WINGED PIGEON. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill small, pale; head and neck cinereous, inclined to green near the breast, and on the belly to blue; back and wings olive-green; across the coverts an oblique yellow bar, formed by a series of yellow spots; below this green; quills glossy deep green, nearly black, margined with green; under wing coverts, vent, and under tail coverts yellow; tail green, even at the end; the wings reach to about the middle of it; legs scaly, dusky, claws hooked. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. Harrison ; another, at General Davies’s, had the breast and middle of the belly purple. 58.—WHITE-FACED PIGEON. Columba melanoleuca, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lix. Colombe Goadgang, Temm. Pig. fol. p. 118. Id. 8vo.i. p. 369. White-faced Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 268. 4. THIS is above sixteen inches long. Bill and legs reddish; face and sides of the head, as far as the eyes, white; before the eye a triangle of black, and behind a crimson spot; crown and hind part of the head pale ash; the rest of the neck dusky; body above, and wings dull green, some of the inner quills ferruginous ; beneath, from the breast, white; sides of the breast, next the wings, black; sides of the body marked with a double series of white spots; the wings reach one-third on the tail, which is even, dusky above, and pale ash beneath, the ends approaching to white. Inhabits New-Holland, called there Goadgang. Met with in December. PIGEON. 47 59.—BLUE-NAPED PIGEON. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill red; plumage in general ecm- namon-colour ; front to the middle of the crown pale rufous; behind blue; from the eye to the nape pale cinnamon; from eye to eye; taking in the chin, white; beneath this cinnamon; the rest of the under parts pale bluish white; quills dusky ; edges of the greater wing coverts gilded, and some of the ends green. Inhabits New South Wales, and there called Goadgang. 60.—PIED PIGEON. Columba picata, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lix. armillaris, Colombe grivelée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.6. Id. 8vo.i. p. 97. Pied Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 268. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill and legs reddish; the whole face, beyond the eyes, white; plumage in general above greenish black, wholly surrounding the neck ; the rest of the under parts white; the black, besides passing round the neck, comes forward on each side of the breast in an irregular manner, but does not meet in front; on the sides of the body, near the wings, quite to the vent, marked with several black spots, but less numerous than in the last described ; tail black, tipped with white. Inhabits New-Holiand with the last, perhaps differing in sex, or age; both of them seen at Port Jackson in December. - A.—In the collection of Mr. Francillon was a Pigeon, which seemed allied, if not the same; length eighteen inches. Bill pale red ; plumage in general very dark slate-colour ; head and neck blue 48 PIGEON. black ; on the fore part of the eye black ; behind and round it red ; tail a little rounded, black, the three outer feathers tipped with white ; under parts of the body white, but the vent feathers clay-colour, in the middle brown ; under wing coverts brown and white; legs red. Inhabits New-Holland, and there called Goadgang :* in another, at Mr. Lambert’s, the length is sixteen inches; the black on the throat and breast is broken with a mixture of white on the sides of the neck; and the side feathers all along the wing are black, with white margins ; thighs brown; vent feathers clay-colour, black down the shafts, and margined with white; bill red, tip black; legs red: the four last described seem much allied, if not Varieties of each other. 61.—STRIATED PIGEON. Columba Sinica, Ind. Orn. ii. 608. Lin. i. 284. Gm. Lin. i. 783. Klein, 120. 22. Turtur Sinensis striatus, Bris.i. 107. Id. 8vo.i. 26. Colombe a ventre rouge, Temm. Pig. suite. Id. 8vo.i. p. 373. Tourterelle rayée de la Chine, Buf. ii. p. 556. Id. Sonnin. vii. 292. Dove from China, Albin, i. p. 46. Striated Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 650. SIZE of the Collared Turtle. Bill bluish ash-coloar; irides white; top of the head ash-colour; cheeks and sides of the neck yellow ; the feathers of the last tipped with red; which colour is separated from the upper part of the neck by a longitudinal band of blue; hind part of the head, and upper part of the neck, the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, brown, transversely marked with nar- row, black, arcuated bands; breast, belly, sides, and thighs, rose- colour ; lesser wing coverts pale brown, varied with a black and white mark near the tips; the other coverts black, tipped with white ; quills black, with white edges; tail palish brown ; legs red. Inhabits China. * Several Pigeons from New-Holland are called by this name; hence we suspect, that it is one by which the whole tribe is known; and not any particular species. PIGEON. 49 62.—SAINT DOMINGO PIGEON. Columba Dominicensis, Jnd. Orn. 11. 605. Tourterelle de Saint Domingue, Pl. enl. 487. Colombe a Moustaches noires, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 51. Id. 8vo. i. p. 361. Saint Domingo Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 271. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill black; plumage in general cinereous grey, somewhat undulated on the back; on the wings a few dusky spots; breast vinaceous; forehead, throat, and sides of the head, white, passing as a collar under the nape ; on the crown a black spot; under the eye a band of black, growing broader behind ; on the middle of the neck a black collar; vent white ; tail grey, the ends of all but the two middle feathers white ; legs red. Inhabits the Island of Saint Domingo. The one referred to in the Pl. enlum. has the whole body, above and below, cinereous grey ; but the vent is white; the four middle tail feathers grey, the others wholly white, at least so on the outer webs ; the tail appears to be cuneiform. 63.—W HITE-CROWNED PIGEON. Columba leucocephala, Ind. Orn. it. 594. Lin.i. 281. Gm. Lin. i. 772. Raii, 63. 16. Jd. 184. 24. Klein, 120. 8. Columba saxatilis Jamaicensis, Bris.i. 187. Id. 8vo. i. 34. Pigeon de la Jamaique, Buf. ii. 529. Id. Sonnin. vii. p. 216. a la couronne blanche, Seligm. Vog.i. p. 50. Colombe a calotte blanche, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 13. Id. 8vo. i. p. 204. Bald-pated Pigeon, Sloan. Jam. 303. p. 261.2. Brown, Jam. 468. White-crowned Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 616. Cates. Car. i. pl. 65. Arct. Zool. ii. 189. LENGTH from ten to thirteen inches. Bill red, with a white tip ; eyes surrounded with a naked, white skin ; irides yellow ; top of the head white; beneath it changeable purple; neck green and VOL. VIII. H 30 PIGEON. blue, glossed with copper; body above and beneath bluish grey brown; quills and tail brown; the wings reach about two-thirds on the tail; legs and claws red. ‘ Inhabits Jamaica, St. Domingo, and the Bahama Islands, where it breeds in vast numbers, making the nest among the rocks; feeds on the berries of the sweet wood: as to the flesh, it is said to be bitter, or pleasant, according to the time of year, and most probably owing to the food; for when the bird meets with plenty of sweet berries, it is accounted excellent. 64.—COMMON TURTLE. Columba Turtur, Ind. Orn. ii. 605. Lin. i. 284. Gn. Lin. i. 786. Scop. i. No. 181. _ Kram. 359. 3. Frisch, t.140. Georgi, 173. Faun. Arag. p. 88, Faun. Arab. p- 4.14. Sepp, Vog. t.p. 11. Borowsk. iii. 212. t.75. B. Raii, 61. A. 2, Wiil. 134. t. 35. Jd. Engl. 183. Bris. i. 92. Id. 8vo.i. 21. Gerin. iii. 289. & 288? Tem. Man. d’Orn. 280. Ed. Ed. ii. p. 448. Lin. Trans. xiii. 318. Turtur auritus, Rati, 184.26. Sloan. Jam. 304. t. 262. 22 Palumbus Turtur, Klein, 119. 12. Jd. Stem. 27. t. 29. f. 3. a.b. Id. Ov. 33. t. 16. f.3. 8. Roman. Orn. i. 89. t. 15.1. Id. p. 94. White.—Faun. Helvet. Turteltaube, Naturf. xvii. 76. Bechst. Deut. iii. p. 1076. Tourterelle, Buf. ii, 545, t.25. Pl. enl. 394. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 42. Id. 8vo. 1. p- 305. Tortora, Zinnan. Uov. 33. t. 4. f.15. Olin. Uc. t. p. 34. Cett. Uc. Sard. 143. Common Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 644. Id. Sup. 199. Br. Zool. ii. 103. pl. 45. Id. fol. 89. pl. O. 1. Fd. 1812.1. 394. pl. 49. Osb. Voy. i. 158. Hayes’s Birds, pl.14. Bewick, i. pl. p. 272. Lewin, iv. pl. 130. Walcot, ii. t. 188, Pult. Dorset. p. 7. Orn. Dict. LENGTH. twelve inches, weight six ounces. Bill brown; irides yellow; eye in a crimson skin ; top of the head cinereous olive; fore- head and chin néarly white; on each side of the neck a patch of black feathers, with white tips; the back ash-coloured, the feathers margined with reddish brown; scapulars and wing coverts much the same, but the feathers black in the middle; quills brown, with pale edges and tips; fore part of the neck vinaceous; lower part of PIGEON. a1 the breast and sides dusky grey; belly, thighs, and vent, white; tail rounded in shape, blackish, tipped with white ; the two middle feathers wholly dusky brown, and the outer one much shorter, and white on the outer edge; legs red. The female is a trifle smaller, and the colour less bright. This is not uncommon in these kmgdoms; appears in spring,* and disappears the beginning of September; for although we allow of some remaining, if not all, of the Common and Ring Species, it is probable, that the Turtle wholly migrates. It is pretty common in Kent, in the skirts of woods, frequenting the fields of peas, in flocks of twenty or more, sometimes making great devastation ; said to be found in small flocks in Romney Marsh, in August; annually visiting the same spot ; not uncommon in Buckinghamshire, Gloucestershire, and Shropshire; rarely as far southward as Devonshire ;+ how far north they are known in England, we have not been able to deter- mine.t We believe it to be a species which does not bear cold, and think that it is not an inhabitant of Sweden, or Linnzeus would have entered it in his Fauna Suecica. It is, however, noted by most authors, and well known in all the moderate, and warmer climates of Europe, as well asin Africa and Asia, and most of the adjacent Isles; § extremely frequent in the south of Russia, and in the rocky country beyond the Lake Baikal. Said to be highly favoured in the Turkish Dominions, where it is extremely plentiful; Government allowing a certain rate per cent. in respect to the duty on corn, on their account; a crowd of these constantly alight on the vessels which cross the Port of Constantinople, and carry their commodity uncovered to the magazines, or mills; and the boatmen never oppose * Mr. Markwick’s earliest date of appearance is June 4; but I once saw this in Kent, March, 31, 1792. See Lin. Trans. Vol. i. 122. + Orn. Dict. + A flock of these seen at Prestwick Carr, in Northumberland, Sept. 1794, and one of them shot ; this agreed with the Common Turtle, excepting the mark on each side of the neck, which was wholly wanting.—Bewick, p. 273. No doubt a young bird. § In Java, Ind. Zool. p. 42. Osb. Voy. 1. 158. The Common English Turtle met with in the Island of Savu.u—Mr. Pennant. In India called Barkown. H 2 o2 PIGEON. their greediness ; this permission brings them in greater numbers, and familiarizes them to such a degree, that they may be seen standing on the shoulders of the rowers, watching for a vacant place where they may fill their crops.* We have seen specimens from China and India, not only of this, but the Spotted-necked, as well as drawings of some others, apparently not greatly differing.+ That which was from China, appeared brighter in plumage, and was a trifle larger than ours; and another, from India, differed merely in having the tail more cuneiform, the two middle feathers being four inches long, the outer only two inches and a half. It builds the nest in woods, chiefly in a tree, and for the most part the loftiest; it is composed of twigs, ill put together; it lays two eggs, like most of the Genus, and is supposed to have only one brood during the stay with us, which is rarely more than four months. According to Brisson, this corres- ponds with the Ear Dove of Sloane; and if so, should be a native of Jamaica; but we may doubt this, as it does not appear to be known on the American Continent. A.—Spotted-necked Turtle, Gen. Syn.iv. 645. 40. A. Ind. Orn. 1. 606. This differs from the other in having almost the whole side of the neck black, instead of a patch only; the feathers not being tipped with white, but having a round spot of it very near the end, giving that part a most beautiful appearance ; the first we observed of these was in the Leverian Museum, shot in Buckinghamshire, since which others have been noticed in other parts of England; found also at the Cape of Good Hope, as well as in China§ and India, particularly the latter, in which the bird is observed with different proportions of * Memoirs of Baron de Tott. + Common in Sumatra, and called Balam, or Terkooku. + Hist. Jam. i. 304. t. 262. 2. Rati, Syn. 184. 26. § In some fine drawings from China, shewn to me by the late Mr. Pigou, it is called Pan kiou; Pan, signifies speckled; and Kiou, from its cooing. PIGEON. f5} black and white on the sides of the neck, but the plumage otherwise much alike; some, indeed, had no markings on the neck, which without doubt were young birds. B.—Turtur Lusitanicus, Bris. 1.98. Id. 8vo.1. 23. Klein, 119. 14. Tourterelle de Portugal, Buf. 1. 556. Portugal Dove, Gen. Syn. iv. 646. Albin, ii. pl. 48. Bigger than our Turtle. Bill black; irides saffron-colour ; plumage in general deep brown; on each side of the neck, about the middle, two or three shining black feathers, tipped with white ; lesser wing coverts black, edged with white; the others brown, edged with yellow; quills blackish, edged yellow; two middle tail feathers deep ash, tipped with white; the others white on the outer edges and tips, and ash-coloured within; legs red, claws black. Inhabits Portugal. C.—Tourterelle grise de 1’Isle de Luzon, Son. Voy. 52. pl. 22. Size of a Turtle. Bill and irides the colour of carmine; head and neck light ash-colour; on each side of the neck six or seven feathers, tipped with black ; breast and belly vinaceous grey ; quills black; secondaries the same, but tinged at the end brownish yellow ; the two middle tail feathers black, the others white; legs reddish. Inhabits Manilla—Among the drawings of Dr. Buchanan is one, greatly similar, from Luckipoor; it differed chiefly in the tail, which was black, tipped with white: it is the Googoo of the Ben- galese, and the Penduky of Hindustan proper. The Bengal name, Gugu, is common to several species of the Turtle Dove, and given in imitation of their cooing. 54 PIGEON. D.—Columba orientalis, Ind. Orn. ii. 606. La Tourterelle brune de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. it. 177. Chinese Turtle, Gen. Syn.iv. 647. Var. D. Size of the others. Bill and irides red; head, neck, breast, and back, dirty brownish grey, palest on the back ; on each side of the neck some black feathers, with pale cinereous grey ends; wings brown, crossed with a band of yellow; quills brown; rump and tail cinereous grey; belly and thighs vinous grey; under tail coverts _cimereous grey; legs red. | Inhabits China. Weare at a loss to fix where the Varieties of the Turtle end, and the specific differences begin, as they seem to differ most exceedingly; and nothing short of a naturalist residing on the spot for some years, and. being very inquisitive concerning their manners, can ever decide the question. We will, therefore, only mention two or three more, and finish the subject. E.—This has the whole of the neck behind from the nape black, dotted with white; the rest of the head blue grey; wing coverts marked with a black streak at the tips, within this a pale spot; tail as in the Common, but more of the end white. ‘This is called in India Chitka : some birds much darker than others. ¥F.—Bill pale; round the eye bare and blue; head, neck, begin- ning of the back, and all beneath reddish white; on the sides of the neck a blue grey patch, the feathers margined with grey white ; rump and vent cinereous white; back and wing coverts pale brown ; base of the quills ash-colour, forming a spot; the rest of the length black ; tail short, black ; legs pale red. Inhabits India: at first sight has the the appearance of the Common Turtle ; called at Calcutta, Googoo. PIGEON. D5 65.—COLLARED TURTLE. Columba risoria, Ind. Orn. ii. 607. Lin. i. 285. Scop.i. No. 182. Frisch, t. 141. 1. Brun. No. 220. Borowsk. iii. 214. Gm. Lin. i. 787. Turtur torquatus, Bris. i. 95. Id. 8vo. i. 22. Roman. Orn. i. 92. t. 15. Turtur Indicus Aldr. Ruiz, 61. 3. Will. 134. t. 35. Id. Engl. 184. Klein, 119. 18. Gerin. i. t. 287. Colombe blonde, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 44. Id. 8vo. i. p. 323. Levail. Afr. vi. 78. No. 268. Hist. Prov. i. 490. Tourterelle 4 Collier, Buf. ii. 550. pl. 26. Pl. enl. 244. Die Lachtaube, Naturf. xvii. 76. Indian Turtle, A/bin, iii. pl. 45. Hayes’s Birds, pl. 13. Collared Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 648. A TRIFLE larger than the Common Turtle. Bill blackish; irides fine red ;.plumage above, the head and neck, back and wmng coverts, rufous, or reddish white, nearly cream-colour; fore part of the neck and breast vinaceous white; belly and vent white; rump greyish brown ; quills the same, with whitish edges; tail cinereous, the two middle tail feathers plain, the others white at the ends, the outer one white on the outer web; hind part of the neck marked with a collar of black feathers; legs red, claws brown. The female much the same, but the colours incline to grey. Inhabits India; also common to France, and the other parts of the European Continent ;* but certainly not met with at large in England. M. Buffon is of opinion, that this and the Common Species produce many Varieties. Is feund wild in the confines of the countries of Grand Namaqua, within the Cape of Good Hope ; lays two white eggs, as the Common Species, and has a similar voice; makes a flat nest, placed on trees. * Some say as far as Sweden, but I think Linnzus’s words do not justify this; he says “* Habitat in India, nobis communis Turtur,” by which he probably only means, that it is every where kept in cages, as with us in England. It is not mentioned in the Fauna Suecica. 06 PIGEON. Another like this last, but larger, is also common. This is bluish grey, varied with white on the sides of the neck; belly white. Bill black ; legs rose-colour. This makesthe nest on bushes, and named Tortel Duyf; is easily tamed, and in this state kept in cages. 66.—COLLARED SENEGAL TURTLE. Columba vinacea, Ind. Orn.ii. 611. Gm. Lin.i. 782. Turtur torquatus Senegalensis, Bris.i. 124. t. 11. 1. Id. 8yo.1. 30. Tourterelle 4 Collier du Senegal, Buf. ii. 553. Pl. enl. 161. Collared Senegal Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 656. SIZE of the others. Bill blackish ; head, neck, and breast, vinaceous, darker on the upper parts; back, rump, and wing coverts, grey brown; belly and under parts dirty white; tail three ches long, the two middle feathers grey brown, the others black for two- thirds, the rest of the length grey ; on the back of the neck a black collar, which rises upwards on the sides of the neck ; legs reddish. Inhabits Senegal, probably the same as the Collared Species. A.—Turtur hybridus, Bris.i. 97. A. Id. 8vo.i. p. 22. Hybridal Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 649. 42. B. This is a mixed breed between the Common and Collared Turtle. The head, neck, and breast, vinaceous; back dull, reddish ash- colour; belly, beneath the wings, and tip of the tail as in the other; quills brown ; legs dull red. 67.—VINACEOUS TURTLE. Columba vinacea, Colombe vineuse, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 41. Id. 8vo. i. p. 303. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black ; head, neck, and all the parts beneath, fine deep purple, or the colour of wine lees; wings, back, and tail, deep bistre brown; legs red brown. PIGEON. D7 Inhabits Guiana.—Although M. Temminck gives it the same appellation with the last description, he is of opinion that it is quite a distinct species; and the only one known, at the time he wrote, was in the Museum at Paris. 68.—WHITE TURTLE. Columba alba, Columbe blanche, J'emm. Pig. fol. pl. 46. Id. 8vo. i. 333. Tourterelle blanche, Sonnin. Buf. vii. No. 67. f. 2. SHORTER than the Common Turtle. Bill and irides red ; the wings are longer, and the tail shorter than in that bird; the former reaching to about the middle of the latter; the whole plumage milk white. Inhabits China; often seen in Chinese paintings. A pair of these in Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings, from Persia, had the name of Kurney. This may be thought a white Variety of the Collared sort, but is most certainly distinct. We have seen, indeed, such white Varieties, but some remains of the mark on the sides of the neck, might be traced very distinctly. 69.—SURAT TURTLE. Columba Suratensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 609. Gm. Lin. i. 778. — tigrina, Colombe a nuche perlée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 43. Id. 8vo.i. p. 317. Tourterelle de Surat, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 179. grise de la Chine, Son. Voy. ii. 176. t. 102. Sonn. Buf. vii. 307. Chinese grey Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 649. 42. A. Surat Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. p. 652. Id. Sup. ii. 270. 9. SIZE of the Collared Turtle. Bill black; irides red; crown pale ash-colour; head and neck before vinous grey ; breast, belly, and thighs, the same, but paler; the feathers on the top of the neck behind black, tipped with white; on the lower part black also, but VOL. VIII. I 58 PIGEON. with rufous tips; wing coverts pale ash grey, streaked with black down the shafts, widening near the tips; quills black; back, ramp, and tail, deep dirty grey brown, the four middle feathers plain, the others grey at the base, then crossed with a black band, and finally ending in white; legs yellow. Inhabits Surat, in the East Indies, also Java, there called Fre- courou; in Madras it is known by the name of Kamta and Kamri : ‘it is also figured in Chinese drawings ; said to be a tame and docile species, and is kept in cages in China. ~ 70.—CAMBAIAN TURTLE. Columba Cambaiensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 609. Gm. Lin. i. 779. Tourterelle grise de Surate, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 180. Colombe maillée, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 45. Id. 8vo.1. p. 829. Levaill. Afr. vi. 82. pl. 270. Cambaian Turtle, Gen. Syn.iv, 652. SIZE of the last. Bill, irides, and legs, the same; head pale vinaceous grey; the feathers on the neck before black for two-thirds of their length, the rest pale rufous; hind part of the neck and back dirty grey; wing coverts cinereous grey; quills black ; belly, thighs, and vent, white; the two middle tail feathers dirty grey, the others half black, half grey. Inhabits Surat, and other parts of Cambaia. A.—Columba Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 610. Lin. i. 283. Gm. Lin. i. 782. Turtur gutture maculato Senegalensis, Bris.1. 125. t. 8. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 3h Tourterelle 4 gorge tachetée du Senegal, Buf. ii. 552. Senegal Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 655. Length nine inches and three quarters. Bill blackish; head, neck, and breast, vinaceous; fore part of the neck spotted with black; back brown, the ends of the feathers tinged with rufous; PIGEON. 59 wing coverts, nearest the body, the same, the others ash-colour, as well as the lower part of the back and rump; belly and under parts white; quills ash-colour, beneath and within brown; tail much rounded, the six middle feathers cinereous brown, the three exterior on each side, dark ash-colour to the middle, and then white to the ends; under parts half black, half ash-colour, but the three outer feathers are white; legs red. Inhabits Senegal, as well as other parts of the African Coast. M. Thunberg shot this species near Picquet Mountain, at the Cape of Good Hope; but it is found in greater plenty farther up the country, and was never met with so near the Cape till within seven years before that time.* 71.—PAINTED PIGEON. Columba picturata, Colombe peinte, Temm. Pig. 8vo. i. p. 315. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill and legs bluish ash-colour ; head, hind part of the neck, and throat greyish ash-colour ; fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, light vinaceous; on the sides of the neck some feathers bifid at the ends; at the base they are black, but the ends are pale vinaceous, and appear not unlike a coat of mail; back, and lesser wing coverts, vinaceous; scapulars, and second quills brown; tail longish, and rounded at the end ; the two middle feathers brown, the others dusky grey, for one-fourth towards the end blackish. This is met with in the Isle of France, where it is found for a small space at certain times, appearing to rest there in the course of its migration to some other place: it is probably a new Species. * Thunbery’s Travels, ii. 140. 12 60 PIGEON. 72.—_JAVAN TURTLE. Columba Javanica, Ind. Orn. ii. 610. Gm. Lin. i. 781. Lin. Trans. xiii. 183. 317. Le Turvert, Buf. ii. 556. (third species.) Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 26. Id. 8vo.i. 252. Tourterelle de Java, Pl. enl. 177. Javan Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 654. LENGTH nine or ten inches. Bill pale red, covered with a white cere; head, neck, and breast, vinaceous red; forehead and sides palest; back and wings deep green; greater quills brown ; belly dusky, very pale towards the tail, which is dusky beneath ; legs red. Inhabits Java, and called Delimu, and Glimukan ; is frequently kept tame. That mentioned by Sir T. S. Raffles, had the head and neck cinereous blue; forehead and temples whitish. Is called also Poonai Touna, because it is seen generally on or near the ground, and rarely on trees. They are caught by means of the followmg device :—a small hut is erected, sufficient to conceal the fowler; a space is cleared in front of it, and a tame Pigeon placed on it; a trumpet js then blown within the hut, and the wild Pigeons are attracted by the sound; when they alight, they are taken by a run- ning noose at the end of a wand, which the fowler manages without being seen by the birds. At Sumatra is known by the name of Limoo-an. A.—Columba ceruleocephala, Ind. Orn. 11. 610. Gm. Lin. 1. 781. Blue-crowned Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 655. In this the bill is red; crown of the head blue; upper parts of the neck and body green; neck and under parts reddish ; quills and tail blue black. Inhabits India and China, at the latter called Yaupan. PIGEON. 61 B.—Columba Indica, Ind. Orn. ii. 598. Lin.i. 284. Gm. Lin.i. 785. Klein, 120. 20. Palumbus Amboinensis, Bris. i. 150. t. 15. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 39. Green-winged Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv: 625. Id. Sup. 198. Edw. pl. 14. Length ten inches. Bill scarlet, nostrils bluish ; eye dark ; fore- head white ; through the eye a white streak ; top of the head bluish ; sides of the head, neck, and breast, reddish; hind part of the neck deepest ; back and wing coverts green gold, glossed with copper; ridge of the wing spotted with white ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, ash-colour ; belly, sides, thighs, and beneath the tail, reddish brown ; quills brownish, the inner webs for two-thirds from the base rufous ; tail three inches long, the two middle feathers black, the rest cinereous, with black tips; legs red, claws black. Inhabits Amboina.—One figured in Lord Mountnorris’s drawings had the forehead dirty white, the trace over the eye not very con- spicuous ; all the tail feathers cinereous, with dusky black ends. C.—This differs in having the top of the head reddish, not inclining to blue; no white on the ridge of the wing ; lower part of the belly, thighs, and vent, dusky rufous white. Inhabits India, called Sonaka Pandock, or Golden Turtle Dove. D.—This has the crown ash-colour, the rest of the neck vina- ceous, paler on the belly and vent; wings deep green, clouded here and there with black; inner ridge of the wing white ; rump vinaceous; tail short, wholly black ; it has the the streak over the eye, but indistinct. Found with the last; called Soon Faukta.—India drawings. 62 PIGEON. E.—Columba Indica, Jacquin, Vog. 35. t. 16. Ind. Orn. ii. 598. 16. B. Green-winged Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 198. This, Jacquin tells us, has the quills and tail green; wing coverts violet; rump and vent blue. 73.—JAMBOO PIGEON. Columba jambos, Ind. Orn. 11. 598. Gm. Lin. i. 784. Pooni Jamboo, Marsd. Sumat. p. 84. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 316. ‘Colombe Jamboo, Sonnin. Buf. vii. p. 265. ‘Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 27. 18.—male and female. Id. 8vo.i. p. 257. : Jamboo Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 627. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill yellow; round the eyes a naked yellowish space ; irides orange; fore part of the head deep pink, in some crimson ; back, wings, and tail, green; breast and crop white; down the middle of the chin and throat a black streak ; on the front of the breast a light shade of pink ; the white of the breast is continued in a narrow streak, having green on one side and pink on the other, half round the eye, which is large and yellow. In one specimen the whole face is fine pink-colour; chin brown; end of the tail yellowish white, beneath it black ; vent brown; the fore part of the neck brown; on the breast a reddish tinge; legs feathered nearly to the toes, and red. Inhabits the Isle of Java, and feeds on the berries of the Rum- pooni, but will freely live on boiled rice and padda. One was brought from China by Sir George Staunton. The female has the fore part of the head dull purplish pink ; the rest of the head and neck green ; whereas, in the male, the fore part of the neck and breast are white. It is said to vary at different ages ; when young it is almost entirely PIGEON. 63 green; the head first gets the red colour by degrees, the lower parts next become lighter, and only get the full whiteness when mature ; the red spot on the breast is the last colour that appears, and it is doubtful whether the female ever has it. 74.—PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. Columba purpurata, Ind. Orn. ii. 598. Gm. Lin. i. 784. Colombe Kurukuru, Temm. Pig. fol, pl. 34. 35.—male and female. Jd. 8vo. i. p. 280. Purple-crowned Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 626. Boug. Voy. 247. 329 ? LENGTH nine inches. Bill yellowish; irides pale yellow ; forehead to the middle of the crown purple; head, neck, and under parts of the body, pale green, inclining to ash-colour; vent and under tail coverts yellow; upper parts of the body beautiful deep green, very glossy; quills black, the two outer plain, the others edged with green; second quills fringed with yellow; tail three inches and a half long, even at the end, the feathers pomted, colour greenish black, margined outwardly with green; and when spread open, a greyish bar appears near the end, but it is interrupted, this colour occupying only the inner webs; legs rough, dusky black. Inhabits Otaheite ; described by a specimen brought from thence, where it is not uncommon; but these birds are subject to great variety, according to the different Islands which they inhabit, for they are found throughout the Pacific Ocean, within the Tropics. At Otaheite the crown is faint purple; at Ulietea, and some other Islands, deeper; the specimens from Tongo taboo have the crown exceedingly deep and vivid purple, which is surrounded with yellow: in one, the bill isdusky ; vent almost orange ; legs deep red. Some have not the least trace of red\on the crown; but whether such are different in sex, or young birds, has not been determined. At Otaheite this bird is called Oopa, or Oopara. At Tongo taboo, Kurukuru. It lives on Bananas, and is easily tamed. Whether the 64 PIGEON. the beautiful Turtle Dove mentioned by Bougainville* is the same, cannot be well determined. ‘This voyager mentions also, Pigeons of a green and gold plumage,+ with a greyish white neck and belly, and a little crest on their heads ; but the description is too concise to determine any thing about it. In the collection of General Davies was one with the head and neck pale bluish grey; on the top of the head a deep purple spot; edges of the quills yellow; the rest as in the first described ; the bill yellow; legs dusky. This was brought from Tongo taboo. We found, too, among some other drawings, a bird answering to the description, but without the greyish bar near the end of the tail, that part being of one colour, glossy rufous green, and a trifle hol- lowed out at the end, which is for half an inch white: we observed one bird with the crown dull crimson, and the feathers edged with. yellow; in another dusky purple, half way pale crimson. In that figured as a male by M. Temminck, there is an orange broad band across the belly, just before the thighs, and the tail feathers are green at the ends. 75.—RED-CROWNED PIGEON. Columba rubricapilla, Ind. Orn. ii. 599. Gm. Lin.i. 784. Le Pigeon violet 4 téte rouge d’Antigue, Son. Voy. p. 112. t. 67. Colombe Rouge cap, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 20. Id. 8vo. i. p. 233. Red-crowned Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 628. LENGTH ten inches. Bill grey, from the base of the upper mandible a fleshy bright red membrane, which encircles the eyes ; the irides have two circles, a large one of red, and a lesser grey ; top of the head covered with slender feathers of a fine red colour, forming a kind of hood ; the neck, upper part of the back, and breast bluish grey, paler on the breast; the feathers long and loose; the * Voy. p. 247. + Id. p. 829. PIGEON. 65 rest of the body and tail velvet black, changing into both violet and blue in different reflections of light; legs grey, the shins covered with short black feathers for half the length. This was found at Antigue, in the Isle of Panay, by M. Sonnerat. Several living specimens have been brought into Holland, where they have survived a good while. 76.—W HITE-WINGED PIGEON. Columba leucoptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 595. Lin.i. 617. Gm. Lin.i. 773. Jacquin, Vog. 38. 27? Columba aurita, Temm. Pig. fol. 25: & 25 bis. Id. 8vo. i. p. 247. — Indica, Bris.i. 105. Id. 8vo. i. 25. Klein, 120. 26. — gymnopthalmos, Colombe Jounud, Tem. Pig. fol. pl. 18. Id. 8vo. i. p. 225. Brown Indian Dove, Edw. pl. 76. White-winged Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 617. Id. Sup. 197. Brown, Jam. 468, LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill dusky reddish yellow ; round the eyes a fine blue warted skin, reaching to the base of the bill; irides crimson; forehead, cheeks, neck before, and breast, pale rufous brown ; hind part of the head and neck dullish brown; beneath the ears a transverse stripe, visible only when the neck is stretched out; beneath this the feathers have a gloss of green gold; below, as well as behind the neck, the gloss changes to violet ; upper parts of the body dark brown, appearing in some lights blue; greater wing coverts the same, with the outer margins and tips white; lower part of the back and rump ash-colour; Jower belly and under tail coverts white; quills black, with pale edges; the two middle tail feathers like the back, the others dull ash-colour, with white tips ; legs red. Said by Brisson to inhabit the East Indies; but according to Jacquin, it is found at Carthagena, in America. VOL. VIII. K 66 PIGEON. 77.—AURITED PIGEON. Columba Martinicana, Bris.i, 104. 14. Jd. 8vo. i. p. 25. Pigeon roux de Cayenne, Buf. ii. 526. Pl. enl. 141. Gen. Syn. iv. 618. 7. A. Columba aurita, Colombe a Oreillon bleu, Tem. Pig. fol. pl. 25. 26. Id. 8vo.i. p. 247. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black ; round the eye bare and red; head, neck, and breast, purplish chestnut ; lower part of the neck glossy, appearing as a kind of collar; body and wings rufous brown, with some black spots on the coverts, next the body; belly, thighs, and under tail coverts light fulvous, with a vinaceous tinge; sides and under wing coverts ash-colour; quills dusky, the outer edges whitish ; second quills the same, with greyish tips; the two middle tail feathers rufous brown for two-thirds, the rest of the length black, with grey ends, and the exterior grey on the outside the whole length; legs red, claws black. In M. Temminck’s figure the chin is greyish white; and on the sides of the neck, below the ears, a patch three quarters of an inch long, of violet blue, gilded feathers. This is the male. The female, as to general colours, is the same, the black spots on the wings more manifest, but without the long patch of blue on the sides of the neck, or any appearance of gloss about the shoulders. Inhabits Martinico, and no doubt various parts of South America : a similar one being in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, which came from Berbice, by the name of Aderi. 78.—PICAZURO PIGEON. — Colombe Picazuro, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. 128. No. 317. Temm. Pig. Suite. Id. 8vo. 1. p. lll. LENGTH thirteen inches and a half. Bill blue, meally, round the eyes naked; irides blood red; head, chin, and neck before PIGEON. 67 vinaceous red; neck behind and sides dusky, marked with curved white spots, and others mixed with vinous ; back and rump bright bluish lead-colour ; upper part of the back and wings brown ; tail dusky brown; under part of the body bluish; under wing and tail coverts light bluish lead-colour; legs red. The female differs in being smaller. Inhabits Paraguay. Called by the Guaranis, Picazu; by the Spaniards, Paloma, and Paloma torcas. Generally found in pairs, but sometimes in great numbers, and chiefly on trees, not well clothed with leaves, but never in deep woods: is fond of the maize, at its first sprouting from the ground; it also feeds on fruits, and has been known to pick up bits of raw flesh, from any recently killed animal. 79.—TIGER PIGEON. Columba maculosa, Colombe tigrée, Temm. Pig. Suite. Id. 8vo: i. p. 118. Voy. d’ Azara, iv. p. 28. No. 318. LENGTH twelve inches. Irides white ; head, neck, under part, and sides of the body, under wing coverts, back, and rump, light lead or dove-colour; upper wing coverts brown, with a white spot at the tips; but the lesser ones are also fringed at the end with white; the neck feathers appear somewhat ruffled; legs reddish violet. Inhabits Paraguay, between 27 and 28 degrees of latitude, according to Azara. 80.—JUNGLE PIGEON. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill one inch, pale; round the eye a bare space; head pale cinereous grey, inclining to blossom on the crown; neck surrounded with a pale bluish ring; beneath K 2 68 PIGEON. this, on the fore part to the breast, blossom-colour; the rest of the plumage pale cinereous grey ; tail the same, in shape nearly rounded, tip dusky white ; legs pale red. Inhabits India, called in the Persian, Kubootu jungly, or Jungle Pigeon. One greatly similar, is among the General Hardwicke’s drawings. In this the general colour is the same, but the wing coverts are brownish purple; quills black, outer edges pale; tail plain dove or ash-colour, the end not white; round the eye a ring or circle of red. Met with in India in August. 81.—INDIAN PIGEON. Columba Asiatica, Ind. Orn. 11. 597. Indian Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 202. 60. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill bluish at the base, and white towards the tip; head ash-colour; neck pale yellowish green; the lower part all round, middle of the wing, near the shoulder, and all the under parts white; outer edge of the wing and quills black, with whitish edges ; body above and tail greenish ash-colour, end of the latter dusky ; legs bluish, claws black. Inhabits India.—Mr. Middleton. One, among the drawings of Mrs. Wheeler, had the legs yellow. 82.—ASIATIC PIGEON. BILL black; head bluish white; behind the neck black ; general colour of the plumage above rusty ferruginous, or coffee- brown ; lower part of the back and lower belly pale; quills black ; tail bluish black ; legs grey. Inhabits India, by the name of Jerra Guwa.—India drawings. PIGEON. 69 83.—RUST-FRONTED PIGEON. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; upper parts of the body chocolate brown; forehead, sides, round the eyes, and all beneath to the belly, fine ferruginous, passing round the lower part of the neck as a ring; lower belly, thighs, and vent, pale reddish ash-colour ; wings greenish brown; quills and tail dusky; legs red. In the collection of drawings in the possession of Mr. Dent. 84.—YELLOW-FRONTED PIGEON. LENGTH eight inches. Bill black ; forehead to the middle of the crown deep yellow; behind deep green, and below this fine chestnut; sides, beneath the eye, greenish white, and between the bill and eye chestnut; upper parts of the bird brownish chestnut, under wing coverts chestnut, with a yellowish mixture; all beneath from the breast yellow, paler down the middle; vent pale; under tail coverts pale ash; legs red. Found with the last described. Native place of both uncertain. 85.—PURPLE-BREASTED PIGEON. Columba Eimensis, Ind. Orn. 1. 599. Gm. Lin. i. 784. Colombe 4 Collier pourpre, Tem. Pig. Suite. Id. 8vo. i. p.872. Sonnin. Buf. vii. 263. Purple-breasted Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 629. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill black; sides of the head, be- neath the eyes, dusky; forehead, throat, and fore part of the neck, pale rufous, or vinaceous; crown and neck behind dusky brown, the former tinged with green; sides of the neck red-brown, changing to glossy purple, or lake, in proceeding downwards, and uniting on 70 PIGEON. both sides to form a bar on the breast, above which is a transverse band of white ; wings purplish red, like the breast ; quills and belly dusky ; legs red.—Inhabits the Island of Eimeo. 86.—BLOSSOM-HEADED PIGEON. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; top of the head pale lilac ; nape dull green; fore part of the neck and throat lilac and grey mixed ; belly whitish, the ends of the feathers for some length green ; hind part of the neck to the back the colour of red-lead, with a chestnut tinge; upper parts of the body Parrot-green, marked on the wing coverts with black spots; second coverts and second quills green, with yellow edges; greater quills dusky black ; upper tail coverts as the back; tail deep, muddy green, rounded at the end, the two middle feathers marked with a large purple lilac oval spot; the others much the same, but the spot paler, the inner webs grey ; legs greenish.—Inhabits New-Holland. In the collection of Gen. Davies. A.—Crown purple; nape and neck behind green; chin and throat ash-colour ; round the neck vinaceous green ; on the shoulders a blue glossy spot; across the breast a broad belt of deep indigo; belly pale, mixed green and white; vent white; tail blue green, paler at the end. Seen among the drawings aforesaid, and is probably a Variety ; but as the tail was not expanded, no lilac spots were visible. 87.—_TEMMINCK’S PIGEON. Columba superba, Colombe Poukiobou, Tem. Pig. fol. p. 75. pl. 33. Id. 8vo. i. p. 277. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill horn-colour; eye ina small, naked, red skin ; crown of the head purplish; on the ears PIGEON. 71 pale green; neck behind pale rufous brown ; back, wings, and tail, green, consisting of sixteen feathers, the ends grey; under parts from chin to vent white, crossed on the breast with a broad band of deep blue; the bend of the wing is also blue; legs reddish. Said to have been brought from Otaheite, having a label tied to it with the word Poukiobou, supposed to be the name of the bird. 88.—_GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. Columba erythroptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 597. Gm. Lin. i. 778. Colombe erythroptere, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 55. Id. 8vo.i. p. 273. Pigeon a ailes rouges, Sonnin. Buf. vii. 223. Garnet-winged Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 624. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, dusky yellow, in some black ; forehead white, passing in a streak over the eye, almost to the hindhead; which, as well as the nape is black ; the lower part of the neck behind, the shoulders, and wing coverts, are of a beautiful deep garnet-colour ; back, between the wings, quills, tail, lower part of the breast, belly, and vent, black ; tail two inches and a half long, even at the end; the base half greyish ash-colour, the end half black, beneath pale dusky; legs brown. | Inhabits the Isle of Eimeo. A.—Columba erythroptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 598. 15. 6. This is about one inch longer. Forehead, throat, fore part of the neck and breast, white ; hind part of the neck dusky ; over the eye a ferruginous streak, passing a little down on each side of the neck ; back dusky black; belly dusky ; shoulders and wing coverts as im the other; quills and tail blackish. Inhabits Otaheite. 72 PIGEON. B.—Columba erythroptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 598. 15. y. This seems to be between the two former, for it has the white streak over the eye, as in the first described, and the fore parts to the breast white, as in Var. A. The forehead, sides, and fore part of the neck, are also white ; legs dull crimson; belly and back reddish black ; tail rounded. This last was brought from the Island of Tanna; and in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks. 89.—_MADAGASCAR PIGEON. Columba Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 264. Lin.i. 283. Gm. Lin. i. 779. Bris. i. 140. t. 14. f. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 36. Nat. Mise. pl. 709. Le Founingo, Buf.ii. 539, Id. Sonnin. vii. 249. Levail. Afr. vi. 72. pl. 266. Tem. Pig. fol. pl. 17. Id. 8vo.i. p. 221. Pigeon ramier bleu de Madagascar, Pl. enl. 11. Madagascar Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 640. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill and legs red ; eye in a bare, naked skin; plumage in general blue black, and very glossy; the feathers of the neck narrower than the rest, with a mixture of ash-colour; tail violet purple. The female differs from the male, im being less bright in colour. Inhabits Madagascar, called Founingo-mena-rabou ; seen also at Cape of Good Hope, but not stationary ; comes in February, and departs in September; frequents the great woods, on high, well clothed trees, on which it scarcely could be discovered, did it not betray itself by the cooing; which is so loud, as to be compared to the sound of a hunter’s horn: is said to live both on fruits and grain. PIGEON. 73 90.—SHORT-TAILED PIGEON. SIZE of a Common Turtle. Bill dusky; plumage in general dull green; chin and middle of the throat white, appearing as a streak ; across the breast a bar of black, bounded above with a nar- rower one of yellow, and below more or less yellow to the vent; thighs green; second quills edged with blue grey; prime quills black, reaching to the end of the tail, which is very short, appearing at first sight as if the bird was without one; legs lead-colour. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. One among the collection of drawings of Mr. Dent, had the chief part of the plumage yellow green, and was clothed with white feathers from the joint to the toes, which were red; the under tail coverts yellow; it had also a white streak down the middle of the throat. 91.—POMPADOUR PIGEON. Columba Pompadora, Ind. Orn. ii. 597. Gm. Lin. i. 775. Pompadour Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 624, Jd. Sup. 198. Brown, Ill. pl. 19.—male. Id. pl. 20.—female. LESS than a Turtle. Bill bluish ; cheeks and chin pale yellow; back, breast, and belly, pale green; wing coverts fine Pompadour purplish colour ; quills black, edged with yellow; tail light green, and Jong; legs red. In the female the colours are paler, and the wing coverts the same colour as the body. Inhabits Ceylon; always seen on trees, especially those known by the name of Waringen* Grothebria, on the fruit of which it * Ficus Indica, or Broad-leaved Waringen Fig-tree, See the account of catching them in Penn. Hindoost. i. 208. VOL. VIII. L 74 PIGEON. delights to feed. They are much esteemed, and are shot by the Europeans for the sake of the flesh; are also caught by birdlime. It is common about Bengal, where it is called Coucla. Inhabits also various parts of India, has a whistling kind of note, not unlike that of a Thrush, very different from that of other Pigeons. 92.—PURPLE-SHOULDERED PIGEON. Columba pheenicoptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 597. Purple-shouldered Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 202. 60. B. SIZE of the Common Pigeon. Bill stout, dusky, edges pale; head and neck olive-yellow ; between the neck and back ash-colour; back and wings olive; lesser wing coverts pale purple; the greater and second quills striped longitudinally black and white; prime quills black, but the outer edges of the first three are white ; breast and belly pale ash; tail olive-green, the end dusky; legs pale orange yellow.—Inhabits India.--Lady Impey. 93.—HURRIAL PIGEON. SIZE and colour of the Pompadour Pigeon ; the length twelve inches. Bill cinereous ; irides purple, surrounded by a scarlet rim; the front greenish ash-colour, inclining to purple ; upper part of the neck olive-green ; lower, with the chin and breast, yellowish ; round the lower part of the neck a cinereous circle; back, ramp, and upper tail coverts cinereous green ; on each shoulder an ill defined, purple spot; the lesser wing coverts part black, part green, margined with yellow ; under wing coverts and sides cinereous; quills black, below dusky, the outer margins yellow ; belly yellowish ash-colour; thighs greenish; the joint, and almost the whole of the leg, covered with yellow feathers; the vent and under tail coverts purple, tipped with PIGEON. Va white ; tail dark ash-colour, tinged at the base with green; below black at the root, and the end half cinereous: some individuals have more purple on the shoulders than others, as well as more brown on the under tail coverts, and want the green on the tail feathers: this probably distinguishes the sexes, but which is the male appears uncertain ; legs yellow, claws black. This is the Hurrial, or Hurta Googoo, of the Bengalese, and derives a name in that language from the neck being the colour of orpiment; it lives in very large fig trees, the fruit of which is its principal food ; is never seen on the ground, but keeps entirely on those fine shady trees: found at Calcutta the whole year—Dr. Buchanan. One of these, in General Hardwicke’s fine drawings, had the bill and claws white; tail dove-colour: shot at Cawnpore, in March. 94.—PARROT PIGEON. Columba vernans, Ind. Orn. ii. 599. Lin. Mant. 1771. 526. Gm. Lin. i. 789. Lin. Trans. xiii. 318. Columba viridis Philippensis, Bris. i. 143. t. 11.2. Id. 8vo.i. 37. Pigeon vert des Philippines, Buf. ii. 528. Pl. end. 138. Colombar Joojoo, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 10. 11. Id. 8vo. i. 70. Columba Maderaspatana, Rati, 196. t. 2. f. 15.—Parrot Dove. Pigeon vert male de Luzon, Son. Voy. 110. pl. 64. verd femelle de Luzon, Son. Voy. 111. pl. 65. Parrot Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 629.—male. 630.—female. LENGTH nine or ten inches. Bill slender, whitish, and inclining to red at the base ; irides of two circles, the outer red, the inner blue ; space round the eye not naked ; head and throat dull olive-green ; neck pale chestnut, with a vinaceous tinge ; back, rump, sides, and upper tail coverts, green; wing coverts the same, the greater tipped with brimstone, forming a bar on the wing; breast orange, inclined to purple above; belly and thighs, pale yellowish olive-green ; towards the vent nearly yellow; under tail coverts rufous, and as L 2 76 PIGEON. long as the tail itself; quills blackish above, and ash-coloured be- neath, edged with brimstone; tail much the same in colour, with the end pale; legs red. Sonnerat’s bird had the crown pale greyish ash-colour ; the breast the colour of orpiment, not orange.* In the female, the head and upper parts are greyish green ; irides apple green ; breast and belly yellowish green; quills black, edged with yellow, but the second quills have a reddish gloss ; tail black, the ends of the feathers white. The above birds inhabit the Islands of Manilla and Panay, and supposed to feed on fruits. I observe one from India, with the head rather dusky, the crown deep blue, nearly black ; breast red; shoulders and quills blue; tail short, the feathers fringed with rufous; the general colour otherwise green. Found in Sumatra ; called there simply by the name of Poonai. 95.—PURPLE PIGEON. Columba purpurea, Ind. Orn. 11. 599. Gm. Lin. i. 784. Purple Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 628. Brown. Ill. 42. pl. 18. SIZE of the English Wood Pigeon. Front pale green; head and neck fine purple; breast orange ; back, scapulars, and belly, light green ; vent scarlet ; quills and tail dusky; the latter rounded in shape. The female wholly green, paler beneath; vent very pale purple; quills and tail as in the male. Inhabits Java, where it is called Jooan, from Joo, which signifies green, in the Javan and Malayant languages. A native also of Malacca. Most probably allied to the last, if not the same. * Brisson mentions one seen by him from beyond the Ganges, which differed only in having the head fine greyish white. Orn. i. p. 145. + Mr. Loten mentions, that he has known more than 18 or 20 species of Wood Pigeons on the Islands of Java, Celebes, and Ceylon; some as large as a small hen, of a beautiful white, with black wings and tail; some bluish green; some entirely dark, beautiful red, between scarlet and carmine; and some also like our European Turtle. PIGEON. 77 96.—GREY-HEADED PIGEON. Columba albicapilla, Ind. Orn. ii. 597. Gm. Lin. i. 775. Pigeon vert a téte grise d’Antigue, Son. Voy. 112. t. 66. Grey-headed Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 623. SIZE of the last. Bill dull red ; irides yellow; upper part of the head dirty white; hind part of the head and sides of the neck reddish brown, glossed with copper; second quills bright green, with a changeable, metalline gloss; greater quills and_ tail -black ; between the bend of the wing and the body, asemicircular spot of feathers, half green, half grey ; the rest of the body green ; legs dull red.—Inhabits the Isle of Panay. 97.—TABUAN PIGEON. LENGTH about eight inches. Bill ash-colour; crown pale crimson; the rest of the head, and neck to the breast, pale ash-colour ; plumage above green, margins of the feathers reddish; beneath from the breast pale dull green; vent yellowish; on the breast a large crimson spot ; thighs grey ; legs brown: the tail was wanting. Inhabits Tongo taboo.—In the collection of General Davies. 98.—WAALIA PIGEON. Columba Abyssinica, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 1x. Columbar, Levail. Afr. vi. pl. 276. 277. Waalia, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 8. & 9. male and female. Jd. 8vo. i. 64. Waalia Pigeon, Gen. Syn. ii. 269. Bruce's Trav.iv. 282.290. Id. App. t. p. 186. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill bluish white; nostrils large; irides dark orange; the general colour of the plumage green, 78 PIGEON. inclining to olive ; head and neck dull green; shoulder of the wing beautiful pompadour-colour, the outer edge narrowly marked with white; tail dirty pale blue, the end white ; under coverts pale brown, with whitish margins; thighs and vent white; the tail consists of fourteen feathers, blue grey above, and greenish white at the ends beneath ; the belly is bright yellow as far as the thighs ; legs feathered for half their length; toes red. The female is rather smaller; the belly not yellow, but of the same green as the body; thighs only white, and the pompadour- colour on the shoulder paler, and of less extent ; but the wing coverts and quills in both sexes are edged yellow. Inhabits the low parts of Abyssinia, perches on the highest trees, sitting quietly during the heat of the day; flies high, and in vast flocks; mostly frequents a species of beech tree, on the mast of which it chiefly lives: In the beginning of the rainy season in the Kolla, it emigrates to the south, and south-west, and is frequently so ex- tremely fat, as to burst on falling to the ground. Mr. Bruce, from whom the above is taken, observes, that it is the best of all the Pigeon kind; yet the Abyssinians will not taste the flesh, holding it in abhorrence: the name given by Mr. Bruce, is from the bird being frequently met with at Waalia, which lies due N. W. from Gondar. Mr. Salt observes, that it is a wild species, generally to be found among the Daro Trees, near a stream; the one referred to in his Travels, was shot at Ghella: he likewise says, that this bird is eaten by the Abyssinians. Said to make the nest in the holes of high trees, in woods, and to lay four yellowish white eggs; chiefly seen in pairs. 99.—PSITTACEOUS PIGEON. Colomba psittacea, Colombar unicolor, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.4. Id. 8vo. i. p. 47. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill horn-colour, bent, at the base a reddish naked skin; general colour of the plumage green 5 PIGEON. 79 quills black, edged with yellow; tail deep grey, towards the middle black, the end white; the two middle feathers plain green; the legs dusky blue. Male and female much alike. Inhabits the Isle of Timor; also found at Batavia. 100.—AUSTRAL PIGEON. Columba Australis, Ind. Orn. ii. 604. Lin. Mant. 1771. 526. Gm. Lin. i. 779. Palumbus viridis Madagascariensis, Bris.i. 142, t.14.2. Id. 8vo.i. 36. Colombar Maitsou, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.3. Id. 8vo. i. p. 43. Pigeon ramier de Madagascar, Buf. ii. 540. Pl. end. 111. Sonnin. Buf. vir. 247. Madagascar Pigeon, Gen. Syn.iv. 641. 35. Var. A. LENGTH twelve inches and ‘a half. Bill ash-colour, with a reddish cere; head, neck, breast, belly, and sides, olive green ; back, rump, upper wing and tail coverts, the same, but deeper; near the bend of the wing a small, reddish purple spot; the quills blackish above, ash-coloured beneath, the outer edges brimstone; the greater wing coverts tipped with the same; lower part of the belly, and the thighs, as the body, mixed with yellow and blackish; under tail coverts mixed rufous and yellowish white; tail ash-colour, feathers deeper at the base; legs red, feathered to near the toes. Inhabits Madagascar, there called Founingo-maitsou ; food and manners unknown. 101.—AROMATIC PIGEON. Columba aromatica, Ind. Orn. 11. 599. Gm. Lin. i. 778. Nat. Misc. 785. viridis Amboinensis, Bris:i. 145. t.10. f.2. Id. Svo. i. 37. Pigeon verd d’Amboine, Buf. ii. 528, Pl. enl. 163. Colombar aromatique, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.5. Id. 8vo. i. p. 50. Aromatic Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 631. SIZE of a Turtle; length ten inches and a half. Bill greenish ; upper part of the head light grey, deeper behind ; the sides, throat, 80 PIGEON. neck, breast, belly, ramp, upper tail coverts, and tail, olive-green, inclining to yellow on the neck and breast; under part of the tail black at the base, and greyish white towards the end; coverts dirty yellowish white; back and wing coverts fine chestnut; the tips of of some yellowish, forming a band on the wing; and below this black, edged with yellow; bend of the wing blackish ; quills black, edged with yellow, narrowest on the prime ones; legs grey. Inhabits Amboina, also Java, where it is called Bouron-Jouane.* A.—Bill and legs dusky; head, neck, and under parts of the body, fine pale blue grey; on the crown a large deep dusky spot, inclining to purple; back and wings deep chestnut purple ; across the lower wing coverts some feathers with whitish ends, forming a bar; below this others with the ends white; on the middle of the wing some ash-coloured ones, forming a patch; greater quills and tail black; the wings reach one-third on the tail. Inhabits India. We do not learn what food it prefers, but it is not improbable, that part of its food may be the nutmeg, and that the name may have been not improperly applied from the circumstance. B.—Colombar aromatique, var. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 6. Id. 8vo. i. 53. This has the head, neck, and breast, rufous cinnamon-colour ; belly and vent blue grey ; thighs and margins of the wing coverts ycllow ; tail black ; beneath all the feathers ending in dirty white. From Batavia. * From Jouane green, and Bouron Bird. Fee CXCVTE- ara S ioe CHA Tigeon LZ fi PIGEON. 81 102.—_SAINT THOMAS’S PIGEON. Columba St. Thome, Ind. Orn. ii. 600. Bris.i. 147. Id. 8vo.i. 88. Hein, 119. 11. Gm. Lin. i. 778. Rati, 62. 7. Will. 134. Id. Engl. 183. Columba militaris, Colombar Commandeur, Temm, Pig. fol. pl. 1. &2. Id. 8vo. i. 39. St. Thomas’s Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 631. THIS is a large Species, being twelve inches long. Bill grey; the whole head to below the ears bluish grey; plumage in general above light green; breast fine yellow, passing to the hind part of the neck ; from the breast to the vent light purplish grey; thighs pale yellow; at the bend of the wing brownish purple; greater coverts and quills black, edged with yellow; tail half green, halt grey, but the two middle feathers wholly green ; under coverts pale purplish red, with yellowish margins ; legs red. The female is less bright in colour, the breast not yellow, but of the same colour as the common plumage; in other things not unlike the male. Inhabits the Isle of St. Thomas. —M. Temminck adds, India, but not any particular part. 103.—HOOK-BILLED PIGEON.—-PL. cxviit. Columba curvirostra, Ind. Orn. ii. 600. Gm. Lin. i. 777. Lin. Trans. xiii. 318. Hook-billed Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 632. pl. 59. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill sharply carinated at top, and much incurvated at the end, the base red; the rest yellow ; about the eyes a naked, bright, glaucous-coloured space; general colour of the bird green, yellowish beneath ; on the wings two yellow bars; some of the coverts and secondaries having yellow ends ; back and shoulders fine reddish chestnut, the outer part of the thighs ash-colour; under tail coverts ferruginous; but the vent VOL. VIII. M 82 PIGEON. itself is white; tail rounded, the two middle feathers green, the others dark ash-colour, with a bar of black about three quarters of an inch from the end ; legs red. One, supposed to be a female, had the back and shoulders green, and the under tail coverts white, as well as the vent. Inhabits the Island of Tanna, in the South Seas. M.'Temminck supposes this to be allied to the Aromatic Pigeon, differing only in having a black band near the end of the tail. Said to be found in Sumatra, and there called Poonai Ubar. 104.—TANNA PIGEON. Columba Tannensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 600. Gen. Syn.iv. 632. 23.—last paragraph. LENGTH eleven inches. The bill hooked, but less so than in the former; round the eye bluish; general colour of the plumage green; lesser wing coverts spotted with white; ends of the second quills yellow on the outer webs; end of the tail very pale ; vent and under tail coverts yellow, the latter mixed with green; legs dusky red.—Found with the last, of which it may be a Variety, or young bird. 105.—BALD PIGEON. Columba calva, Colombar a front nud, Tem. Pig. fol. p. 36. pl. 7. Id. 8vo. i. p. 63. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill stout, end of both mandibles bent, and silvery horn-colour at the base, where it is bald as in the Coot, and orange-coloured; head, neck, and all beneath, pale green, inclining to cinereous grey on the back; bend of the wing deep violet; quills black, the secondaries edged with yellow; the two middle tail feathers green, the others light grey for three-fourths of the length, then deeper, and lastly light grey at the ends; under PIGEON. 83 tail coverts rufous cinnamon, tipped with white ; thigh feathers yellow, and covering great part of the shins; legs orange. Inhabits Africa, the above specimen brought from Angola. 106.—GREAT-CROWNED PIGEON. Columba coronata, Ind. Orn.ii. 596. Lin. i. 282. Gm. Lin. i. 774. Pallas, Ad. 78. Mill. Til. t. 16. A. Columba mugiens, Scop.i. 179. Phasianus cristatus Indicus, Bris. i. 279. t.26. f.1. Id. 8vo.i. 78. Faisan couronné des Indes, Buf. iii. 354. 542. Pl. end. 118. Sonnin. Buf. vil. 253. Colombi Hocco, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 107. pl. 280. Colombi-galline, Goura, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.1. Id. 8vo.i. 377. Son. Voy. 169. pl. 104. Kronyogel, Naturf. xvii. S.32. Id. xix. 88. Great-crowned Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 620. Edw. pl.338. Damp. Voy. ii. pt.2. 93. pl.3. Staunt. Chin. i. 249. Penn. Outl.iv. 217. Nat. Misc. p\. 457. SIZE of a Turkey; length more than two feet. Bull black, two inches long; from the base a streak of black through the eyes, continuing a little behind; irides red; head, breast, and all beneath cinereous blue; head feathers near five inches long, the webs of a very loose texture, forming a beautiful crest; and as some are much shorter, when erected, it-appears flat on the sides, and rounded in shape; upper parts of the body deep ash-colour, with a mixture of purplish chesnut on the upper part of the back and scapulars; at the bend of the wing a horny excrescence; the lesser wing coverts deep ash-colour, tipped with purplish chestnut; the greater ones, nearest the body, ash-coloured within, white on the outsides, and tipped as the others, the white occupying more space on the outside than within; the greater wing coverts, farthest from the body, ash- coloured within, and purplish chestnut on the outsides and tips; the quills deep blackish ash-colour; tail the same, but pale ash-colour at the tip; legs blackish, or ash-colour, in some spotted with red. The female has the crest smaller, otherwise does not differ from the male. M 2 84 PIGEON. This species inhabits the Molucca Isles, and New Guinea, and is not unfrequent in Amboina; kept alive in the Menageries of England, as well as other parts of Europe: Scopoli mentions a pair, that not only made a nest on the trees,* of hay and stalks, in the place they were kept in, but laid eggs; he observed, that the hen never sat on the eggs, but stood over them, and it was probably from this cause, that they did not prove prolific. In the East Indies they are kept tame in the court yards, by many, among other Poultry ;+ the note is plaintive, yet cooing, like other Pigeons, only more loud in proportion ; their mournful notes alarmed the crew of M. Bougain- ville, when in the neighbourhood of them, thinking they were the cries of the human species. Both Brisson, and Buffon, have ranked this bird with the Pheasants, and the Pl. enlum. have retained that name; but it certainly differs from other Pigeons only from its size, yet, in many of its manners, has great affinity to the Gallinaceous Tribe. M. Sonnerat, as well as Dampier, found them in plenty at New Guinea, but the Dutch chiefly procure them from Banda, into which, no doubt, they were originally transported from the former place. 107.—NICOBAR PIGEON. Columba Nicobarica, Ind. Orn. i. 605. Lin.i. 283. Gm. Lin. i. 783. Bris. i. 153. Id. 8vo.i. 40. Klein, 120. 23. Colombi-galline 4 Camail, Levai/. Afr. vi. 102. pl. 279. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 2. Id. 8vo. i. p. 385. Pigeon de Nincombar, Buf. ii. 541. Pl. enl. 491. Nicobar Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 642. Edw. pl. 339. Albin, ii. pl. 47. 48.—male and female. SIZE of a middling Fowl; length thirteen or fourteen inches. Bill dusky; irides hazel; head, neck, and all beneath, dark bluish * Dampier says, they build on trees, and the eggs are as big as those of the Hen. + The same at Batavia, where it is called the Crown Bird. ‘ The most familiar about «« the House of the Embassador’s Host, was the Crown Bird.’’—Staunt. Chin. i. 249. PIGEON. 85 purple; the feathers of the neck very long, and pointed, reflecting glosses of blue, red, copper, and gold, in different lights; back and wings green, glossed equally with copper and gold; body large and massive, the belly dark green, almost black ; some of the outer quills and coverts above them, fine blue; tail short, the feathers of it, and upper coverts white; the wings, when closed, exceed it in length; legs reddish, large, and scaly. The female differs in being less glossy; neck feathers shorter, and less brilliant. Inhabits Sumatra, the Isle of Nicobar, and other parts of India: is a heavy bird, with rounded wings, and keeps on the ground in the manner of other poultry; and, like them, feeds on grain, but occa- sionally eats insects, and all kinds of worms; will mix with other poultry, and roost with them on the trees at night; they fly heavily, and not a great way at a time, but run on the ground sufliciently fast ; are now and then brought into Europe, but with difficulty pass through the winter, especially the first season, though by degrees become more hardy; and we have seen them more than once in England, in good condition: care should be taken to keep them in a close and dry habitation, moisture bemg very destructive to them. Among some drawings, done under the inspection of Dr. Bu- chanan, was a specimen answering in plumage to the above; but I observed that the crown was black, and on the centre a wrinkled kind of caruncle, resembling in miniature the comb of a Cock; the irides dark brown, surrounded witha pale ring; and the wings, when closed, reached one inch beyond the tail. This came from Malacca, and was alive in the Aviary when Dr. Buchanan took his figure and description, and according to M. Tem- minck is the male bird. It is probably scarce in India,. for I do not observe mention made of more than one. The flesh of this bird is said to be very good and savoury. 86 PIGEON. 108.—CARUNCULATED PIGEON. Columba carunculata, Colombi-galline a barbillon, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 11. Id. 8vo. i. p- 415. Levail. Afr. vi. p. 98. pl. 278. SIZE of the European Turtle; length ten inches. Bill red at the base, and black at the point; front surrounded with a naked red skin, extending to the ears; on the middle of the throat a fleshy kind of red wattle; the eye also surrounded with a bare red skin ; plumage in general slaty grey, inclining to brown in some lights, in others appearing finely striped with brown; scapulars and wing coverts silvery grey, the last fringed with white; rump, under wing coverts, sides, and outer edge of the exterior feather white ; tail very short, and slightly cuneiform, above grey brown, and white at the base beneath, much concealed above with the upper tail coverts ; legs red, claws hooked. The female is smaller, and the colour more dull, without the wattle of the male, and the wmg coverts bordered with white. Inhabits the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, at the foot of the mountain of Namaqua, which being dry and sterile, most other Doves avoid: the nest is made on the ground, in a small hollow, covered with slender sticks, and some fine dry grass; the eggs six or eight in number, rufous white; the male and female sit alternately : the young, as soon as hatched, are covered with grey down, and keep with their mother, who covers them with the wings like a Hen, and feeds them with ant’s eggs, soft insects, and worms; but they subsist afterwards both on insects and grain: these keep all together till they pair for a new brood; in this, following the nature of other gallina- ceous birds. The young run on the ground like Partridges, and the old ones call after them, as a Hen does her chickens. PIGEON. 87 109.—HOTTENTOT PIGEON. Colombi-Caille, Levail. Afr. vi. 116. pl. 283. male. Columba Hottentotta, Colombi-galline Hottentot, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.15, Id. 8vo. i. p- 429. SIZE of our Quail. Plumage above rufous cinnamon-colour, very bright, each feather terminated with brown; bill yellow. brown ; irides reddish; forehead and throat white; fore part of the neck, and sides light vinous grey brown, marked with scales of black, the feathers being edged with black on the upper parts; middle of the breast, belly, thighs, and under tail coverts light rufous; wings rufous, like the back, within dusky; tail short, rounded, above cinnamon, beneath rufous grey; legs reddish. The female is smaller, and the colours are less vivid. Inhabits Africa, found in the mountains of the Grand Namaqua, within the Cape of Good Hope. 110.—BLUE-HEADED PIGEON. Columba cyanocephala, Ind. Orn. ii. 608. Lin. i. 282. Gm. Lin. i. 778. Jacquin, 36. t.17. Turtur Jamaicensis, Bris.i. 135. t.13. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 34. Klein, 11. p. 9, 15. Colombi-perdrix 4 cravate noire, Levail. Afr. vi. 112. pl. 281. male. Colombi-galline 4 cravate noire, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 3. Id. 8vo.i. p. 390. Tourterelle de la Jamaique, Bufvii. 558. Pl. enl.174. Albin, ii. pl. 49. Blue-headed Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 651. Id. Sup. p. 200. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill red at the base, and ash-coloured at the point; crown and throat blue, descending a little way down the middle of the neck before, beneath which the feathers are black, and on some of them is a transverse stripe of white; from the lower jaw to the hind part of the head, a stripe of white, passing beneath the eye; neck behind, back, rump, wing and tail coverts vinaceous 88 PIGEON. brown ; fore part of the neck, except just down the middle, and the breast fine vinaceous; belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts the same, but incline to rufous; the quills brown, edged outwardly with rufous; tail dusky ash-colour above, and blackish beneath ; legs and claws red; shins rough. Inhabits Jamaica, and other parts of America; very common in Cuba, where it is caught in traps, and brought into the markets in great numbers for eating; may be brought up tame, but in that state will not propagate ; this experiment having been tried in an aviary for some time, without effect. Levaillant says, they are about equal in bulk to our European Turtle, but the wings and tail shorter in proportion; legs longer, tail carried downwards, like our Partridge ; forms into small bands ; chiefly seen on the ground, on which it often squats, like that bird, and does not pass the night on trees. 111.—PARTRIDGE PIGEON. Columba montana, Ind. Orn. i1. 594. Lin. i. 281. Gm. Lin. i. 772. Perdix montana, Rati, Syn. 180. Sloan. Jam. 302. pl.261. Brown, Jam. 469: Colombi-perdrix roux violet, Levaz/. Afr. vi. 114. pl. 282. Colombi-galline montagnard, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.4. Id. 8vo. 1. p. 399. Mountain Partridge, Edw. pl. 119. Partridge Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 615. Id. Sup. 197. LENGTH eight or nine inches. Bill red, with a black tip; the irides red, surrounded with a red warty skin ; upper parts of the body rufous, with a purplish tinge; the under, as far as the breast, flesh- colour; belly, sides, thighs, and vent inclining to rufous; under wing coverts, quills, and tail rufous; legs red; claws brown. The female rather smaller, otherwise like the other sex. Inhabits Cayenne, also Jamaica; that described by Edwards, from the latter place, had the forehead clay-colour; head and neck reddish purple; back, wings, and tail red brown, with a polished PIGEON. - 89 copper gloss; neck before reddish clay; breast, belly, thighs, and under tail coverts, light clay-colour; besides which, is a spot of white on each side, under the eye, and another at the side of the throat, near the joint of the wing. These birds build in trees which have low boughs, and make the nest with hair and cotton; at first sight have greatly the appearance of Partridges. How far we can allow of the above being found in Saint Helena, cannot easily be determined ; for I find in Mr. Anderson’s catalogue, one set down by the name of Perdix montana, and said to be common in that Island, but without further description. 112.—MARTINICO PIGEON. Columba Martinica, Ind. Orn. ii. 595. Lin. i. 283. Gm. Lin.i. 781. , violacea Martinicana, Bris.i. 129. t.12. f.1. Id. 8vo.i. p. 32. Pigeon violet de la Martinique, Buf. ii. 525. Pl. enl. 162. Colombi-galline roux violet, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.5.6. Id. 8vo. i. p. 400. Columba rufa Cayennensis, Bris. i. 131. pl. 12. f.2. Id. 8yvo. i. p. 32. Pigeon roux de Cayenne, Pl. en/. 141. male. rouge et jaune, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 321. Martinico Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 618. SIZE of a Turtle; length nine inches and a quarter. Bill red; eye surrounded with crimson tubercles ; irides crimson ; head, neck, and upper part of the body chestnut, with a violet gloss; chin and throat flesh-colour ; beneath the eye a long, flesh-coloured streak ; breast and belly, to the thighs, purplish fiesh-colour ; from thence to the vent yellow ochre; quills violet chestnut on the outer edges, on the inner rufous ; tail like the quills; legs red. The female is much the same in colour, but wants the flesh- coloured streak beneath the eye; and all the under parts, from the breast, are the colour of yellow ochre, though somewhat paler than in the male. Inhabits Martinico, and there called a Partridge. VOL. VIII. N 90 PIGEON. 113.—TETRAOID PIGEON. Columba tetraoides; Ind. Orn. ii. 594. Gm. Lin. i. 772. Scop.i. No. 180. Tetraoid Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 616. THIS is said to be equal to the Red-legged Partridge in size. Head and neck black, encompassed with a white ring, as in that bird: further than this we have no description, or any account from whence it came, except that it was seen in a Menagerie. 114.--RED-BREASTED PIGEON. Columba cruenta, Ind. Orn. ii: 611. Gm. Ein.i. 785. Colombi-galline poignardé, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 8. &9. Id. 8vo. 1. p- 407. La Tourterelle grise ensanglantée, Son. Voy. Ind. 52. pl. 21. Son. Buf. vii. p. 302. Red-breasted Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 657. SIZE of the Common Turtle; length ten inches and a half. Bill black ; irides ferruginous; top of the head whitish grey; the neck behind violet, glossed with green, before. white; on the breast a blood-coloured spot, paler on the edges; the belly grey, tinged with red; across the wings two grey bands, and between these two of black ; quills black; tail grey at the base, and black at the end ; legs reddish violet.—Inhabits Manilla. A.—In this Variety the neck behind is pale rufous red, but not glossy ; back, between the wings, brownish grey ; wing coverts blue grey; the rest of the wing rafous red; across the wing two blue grey bands, but the spaces between not black; tail deep blue black. Inhabits India: the last described from drawings. Perouse met with these, which he called Stabbed Doves, at Morvula, one of the Philippine Islands. * Voy. ii. 299. PIGEON. 91 115.—SANGUINE TURTLE. Columba sanguinea, Ind. Orn. ii. 611. Gm. Lin. i. 785. Tourterelle blanche ensanglantée, Son. Voy. Ind. 52. pl. 20. Colombi-galline poignardé varieté, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.9. Id. 8vo. i. p. 407. Sanguine Turtle, Gen. Syn.iv. 657. IN this the whole plumage is white, except the lower part of the neck and breast, on which is the same kind of blood red spot as in the other, appearing as if a sword had pierced that part, and the blood had soiled the feathers. Inhabits Manilla; it is probably a white Variety of the former; as, on near inspection, although at first sight the whole plumage seems white, the bands on the wings can be traced: on the same principle, a white Variety of the Collared may be detected, as some trace of the black of the hind part of the neck may be observed on close inspection. 116.—GROUND TURTLE. Columba passerina, Ind. Orn. ii. 611. Lin.i. 285. Gm. Lin. i. 787. Scop.i. No. 183. Jacquin, Vog. 32. t. 26. Turtur parvus Americanus, Bris.i. 113. t. 9. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 27. Columbus minimus, Klein, 129. 24. Bartr. Trav. 288. Turtur Indicus, Cocotzin, Rati, 61, 62. No. 4,5, 6. p. 184.25. Will. 135. t. 36. Id. Engl. 184§. V1. Buf. ii. 559. Id. Sonnin. vii. 398. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 13.14. Id. 8vo.i. 425. Les petites Tourterelles, Pl. end. 243. f. l.—male. 2.—female, Le Picui, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 324? Ground Dove, Gen. Syn. iv. 659. Id. Sup. 200. Arct. Zool.ii. No. 191. Amer. Orn. vi. pl. 40. f. 2.3. Cates. Car. i. pl. 26. Sloan. Jam. ii. 305. pl. 261. 1. Brown, Jam. 469. THIS is a small Species, not much bigger than the Crested Lark; length six inches and a quarter. Bill pale red, with a N 2 92 PIGEON. blackish tip; irides orange; upper parts of the head and neck ash- colour; back, ramp, and upper tail coverts, the same, but deeper ; the forehead, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, sides, belly, and under tail coverts, vinaceous, spotted with brown on the fore part of the neck and breast; the middle of each feather being of that colour; some of the wing coverts deep ash-colour, others vinaceous, marked with glossy green, or purplish spots, beneath rufous; quills rufous, edges and tips blackish; the two middle tail feathers deep ash-colour, the others blackish; the exterior one white on the margin, round the end; legs red. The female differs in bemg more pale, and the spots on the wings inclined to blood-colour. Inhabits the warmer parts of America, and contiguous Islands, chiefly between the Tropics. Sloane mentions, that these birds feed . on the ground as Partridges, and spring as they do, taking a short flight, and again alighting on the ground; are often seen many together, and accounted very good meat: chiefly found in ali the plains of the Island, and feed on the grain, and seeds of vegetables ; often taken in clavanies, or traps made of reeds, baited with the seeds of the Wild Cassada : is also common at Mexico, where it inhabits mountainous places. Bancroft says, that it is the only Dove met with in Guiana. Jacquin tells us, that it is plentiful in all the Caribbee Islands, under the bushes: the French call it Ortolan ; the English, Ground Dove; the Dutch, Steen Duifje ; and the Spaniards, Palemito. The voice is plaintive and weak, very like that of the Common Turtle. At Carthagena are some Varieties, larger than othets, having few brown spots, and the belly not scalloped; and others with the belly scalloped, yet in a different manner. Is said to propagate in a state of domesticity, having been tried at Vienna. It is sometimes found as far as North Carolina, but not beyond. Mr. Abbot informs me, that it is very rare in Georgia, only one having been killed in Burke Country, in his remembrance. * Jatropha elastica. PIGEON. 93 117. PASSERINE TURTLE. Columba minuta, Ind. Orn. 11. 612. Lin.i. 285. Gm. Lin.i. 788. Turdus parvus fuscus Americanus, Bris. i. 116. t. 8. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 27. Colombi-Galline Pigmé, J'emm. Pig. fol. pl. 16. Id. 8vo. i. p. 432. Pigeon nain, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 325. Passerine Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 660. SMALLER than the last; length five inches and a half. Upper parts of the body brown, the under more or less rufous white, with seven small spots, the colour of polished steel; three on the lesser, and four on the greater wing coverts; quills as in the last species; the two middle tail feathers brown, the others first ash-coloured, then black, with brown tips, the two outer white on the outer web, near the tips; bill and legs brown. Inhabits St. Domingo, and some of the warmer parts of America. Found in Paraguay. 118.—TALPACOTI PIGEON. Columbi-Galline Talpacoti, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 12. Id. 8vo. i. p. 421. Cocotzin aliud Genus, Tlapalcotli, Will. 135. Another sort of Cocotzin, Will. Engl. p. 184. Le Pigeon roussatre, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. p. 134. No. 323. LENGTH seven inches. Bill reddish brown, slender, a trifle bent at the tip; top of the head blue grey; throat, and sides of the neck, vinous grey; back, wings, and tail coverts, neck before, and the rest of the under parts, deep rufous, with a vinaceous gloss; on the greater wing coverts a few small black spots; quills dusky brown; under wing coverts and flanks black ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers rufous brown, the rest black, the exterior margins and tips, rufous; legs orange, with a narrow band of downy, short, feathers on the outside* of the shins. * Azara says the inside. “94 PIGEON. Inhabits South America.—This is, no doubt, the bird mentioned by Willughby, under the name of Tlapalcocotli, from its being ful- vous and black; but further than this we have no account from the said author. Azara observes, that it generally is seen in pairs, perches on trees, or bushes, at a moderate height from the ground ; that it is a tame species, and does not migrate; he adds, that the name at Paraguay is Picuipita, or Red Turtle. 119.—WHITE-BELLIED PIGEON. Columba Jamaicensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 595. Lin.i. 283. Gm. Lin. i. 782. Bris.i. 134. Id. 8vo. i. 33. Columba minor ventre candido, Rati, 63. 16. & 183. 23. Sloan. Jam. 303. pl. 262. 1. Brown, Jam. 469. Pigeon de la Jamaique, Buf. ii. 529. pl. 21. brun a couvertures infer. des Ailes rouges, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. 310, White-bellied Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 619. LENGTH nine inches. Bill dusky; the nostrils much elevated, forming two tubercles at the base; irides white, or orange; top of the head, and all the under parts white ; hind part of the neck varied blue and purple; back, ramp, and upper tail coverts purplish brown, with a light tinge of red ; the tail blue, terminated by a small band of white. Inhabits Jamaica, found in the Savannas in January, probably in its passage to some other parts; feeds on berries, is accounted good food, being less bitter than the White-crowned Species: it makes a mournful noise on the trees, through the whole island, and sometimes very loud and disagreeable. The Guaranis call it Yeruti; it is sedentary, and according to Azara, is found as faras the River Plata; it has a naked orange skin about the eyes, and to the angles of Hath mouth, but scarcely visible in dried specimens. PIGEON. 95 A.—Length eleven inches. Bill black ; crown blue grey, darker at the back part; the plumage above, quills, and tail rufous brown ; chin nearly white; breast vinaceous, or the colour of lilac; belly and vent white, with a slight mixture of black on the latter; under wing coverts rufous; the inner webs of the quills the same, but paler; tail four inches long, a trifle rounded, the two outer feathers darker, and tipped with a white spot; the third also darker, with a pale end, but not white; wings reach to the middle of the tail; legs yellow. Inhabits Berbice: in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, and called Wiroe.*s 120.—W HITE-FRONTED PIGEON. Columba erythrothorax, Colombi-Galline 4 face blanche, Temm. Pig. fol. pl.7. Id. 8vo. i. p. 405. LENGTH ten inches. Bill slender, dusky ; round the eye bare, and red ; face white; top of the head, the neck, and breast, vinaceous; belly and vent ferruginous; back, wings, upper tail coverts, and two middle tail feathers, sooty brown ; at the lower part of the neck some glossy green feathers, variable; the rest of the tail feathers dusky black, with white ends; shape of the tail much rounded ; legs red. Inhabits Surinam. 121.—GREY-FRONTED PIGEON. Columba frontalis, Colombi-Galline a front gris, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 10. Id. 8vo. i. p- 411. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill black ; front bluish grey; back, wings, and upper tail coverts, purplish olive; throat light * Wiroe, Klyn Zoort (Lesser Sort), alluding, no doubt, to there being one larger. 96 PIGEON. tufous; breast, belly, and vent, pale vinaceous; quills rufous within and dusky without; tail olive-brown; the ends of the three outer feathers white; legs red. In the male the back has some gilded reflections of purple.—Inhabits Guiana. Thought by M. Temminck to be the same as the White-bellied Species. ** WITH CUNEIFORM LONG TAILS. 122.—_MIGRATORY PIGEON. Columba migratoria, Ind. Orn. ii. 612. Lin. i. 285. Gm. Lin.i. 789. Borowsk. iui. 205. t. 214. Bartr. Trav. 288. 467. Oenas Americana, Bris.i. 100. Jd. 8vo. i. 24. Frisch, t. 142. Palumbus Caroliniensis, Klein, 119. Pigeon de Passage, Buf. ii. 527. Sonnin. Buf. vi. 210. Cates. Car. i. pl. 23. Colombe voyageuse, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 48. 49. Id. 8vo. i. p. 346. Passenger, or Migratory Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 661. Arct. Zool.ii. No. 187. Phil. Trans. |xii. 398. Kalm. Trav. ii. pl. in p. 82. Amer. Orn. v. p. 102. pl. 44. £. 1. Wood’s Zoogr.i. p. 474. Frankl. Narr. App. p. 670. SIZE of the Common Pigeon; length from fourteen to sixteen inches, extent of wing twenty-four ; weight about nine ounces. Bill eleven lines long, and black ; round the eyes crimson ; irides orange ; throat and all the upper parts cinereous; wing coverts marked with some black spots; sides of the neck glossy, variable purple; fore part of the neck and breast vinaceous; belly and under parts the same, but paler; quills black brown, with pale cinereous white edges, half way from the base, broadest on the inner ones; tail greatly cuneiform, consisting of twelve feathers, the middle and outer one differing in length five inches; the two middle dove-colour black, the next on each side very little shorter, of a pale lead-colour, except the inner web, from the middle to the end, and about one inch from the tip, where it is very pale, almost white; the next one — PIGEON. 97 inch shorter, the same in colour, but only whitish at the end ; the two next four inches and a half long, the exterior only four inches ; these have also the ends white; the last white the whole length of the outer web, and all of them, except the two middle, have a black mark on the inner web, about two inches from their insertion ; legs red. The female is somewhat smaller, and the colours less vivid. Inhabits North America, chiefly between 20 and 60 degrees of latitude ; breeding in the more northern, and retiring towards the southern provinces, at the approach of winter. Is called by the Europeans at Moose Fort and Severn River, Wood Pigeon, and Passenger Pigeon; by the natives Memewuck. They build in trees, and are extremely good eating. It can scarcely be conceived in what prodigious flocks they are seen in their passage from one part to the other; often in strings of two miles in length, and a quarter in breadth; and during their flight over any place, quite darken the air; frequently alight on trees, and sometimes in such vast numbers, as to break down moderately strong branches. The people of Phila- delphia shoot them from the tops of their houses ; and in New England knock them down from their roosting places in the evening, which is not difficult to do, as they are very tame at the time, or much fatigued ; and the common people during flight time chiefly subsist on them.** Their food consists of acorns,t or mast of all kinds, but they will destroy corn, rice, peas, and other seeds, to the great detriment of the farmers ; they will also feed on juniper, and other berries; but not when better food can be obtained. Often do vast damage in * They have also another way of taking them in Louisiana. A party of five or six goes in the evening into the woods, having several flat dishes, with brimstone, which is set on fire, under such trees as the birds roost on; the fume of which so stupifies them, as to cause their fall to the ground, and several sacks have at times been filled with these birds : in this they are often accompanied by the Ladies, who esteem it an agreeable evening’s amusement ; independent of the stupefaction by brimstone, they are frequently confounded by a sudden blaze of light of pine splinters, and multitudes are killed by sticks. + Very fond of the sweet, small acorns of the Quercus aquatica, Sempervirens, Flam- mula, and others, which induce these birds to migrate into such parts, as these trees are found in.— Bartram. VOL. VIII. O 98 PIGEON. autumn by devouring the corn, before they begin their southern flight. Now and then they come into Georgia in small flocks, pro- bably from their not findmg mast, acorns, &c. in other places, their most usual rout of migration. This Species is said only to have one young at a time, a circum- stance observed in at least 100 nests; one of their breeding places said to be near Shelbyville, in the state of Kentucky, which was several miles in breadth, and almost every tree furnished with nests, where- ever the branches could accommodate them; so that by cutting down one tree, they procure sometimes 200 squabs, which are almost a mass of fat, in so much that many melt it down, to be used as a substitute for butter and lard. An enlarged and amusing account of this bird may be read in the American Ornithology. 123.—CANADA PIGEON. Columba Canadensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 613. Ein. i. 284. Gm. Lin: i. 785. Bris.i. 118. Id. 8vo. i. 29. Tourterelle de Canada, Buf. ii. 552. Sonnin. Buf. vii. 280. t. 43. f. 1. Pl. enl. 176. Canada Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 658. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 190. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill blackish; upper part of the head, neck, back, and wings, grey brown ; lower part of the back and rump ash-colour; from chin to breast yellowish brown, greyish on the sides; beneath from the breast white; wing coverts marked with blackish brown spots; quills brown, the greater edged with yellowish ; tail cuneiform, ash-colour, the longest feather five inches and a half; all the feathers tipped with white, but the outer one wholly white, and all, except the two middle ones, marked withm near the base with a rufous spot, beneath which is another of dusky black ; legs red. In the female the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and upper parts, are tipped with dirty white, giving them a striated appearance. PIGEON. 99 Inhabits Canada, and as it resembles in many things the Mi- gratory Pigeon, may possibly be a Variety of that bird, if not specifically different. M.Temminck thinks it to be the female of the Migratory. 124.—CAROLINA PIGEON. Columba Carolinensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 613. Lin. i. 286. Gm. Lin. i. 789. Turtur Caroliniensis, Brés.i. 110. t. 8. f. 1. Jd. Svo.i. 27. Vieill. Am. iv. pl. Picacuroba, Will. 134. Klein, 119. Tourte, Tourterelle de la Caroline, Buf. n. 557. Pl. end. 175.—female. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 50. Td. 8vo. 1. p. 355. Seligm. Vog.i. pl. 48.—male. Carolina Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 663. ‘Arct. Zool. ii. 188. pl. 14. Cates. Car.i. pl. 24. Bartr. Trav. 288. Amer. Orn. v. p. 91. pl. 43. f. 1. LENGTH ten inches and a half, or more; breadth eighteen. Bill blackish ; eyes in a bare bluish skin; irides black; the forehead, neck before, and breast, reddish, glossed with green gold and violet; the rest of the under parts pale rufous; hind part of the head and neck brownish ash-colour; back, wing coverts nearest the body, rump, and upper tail coverts, ash-colour, mixed with rufous; the rest of the wing coverts cinereous brown; on each wing, near the tips of the greater coverts, a few black spots; quills blackish ash-colour, with whitish edges; tail cuneiform, consisting of fourteen feathers, Jength five inches, the outer one little more than two, the two middle ones ash-coloured brown; the two next ash-colour, marked with black in the middle, the others light ash-colour, with the ends whitish, and a black spot between the two colours; beneath, the two middle feathers the same as above, but the end half white; legs red. The female wants the gloss on the breast, otherwise the same as the male. Inhabits Carolina, Brazil, St. Domingo, &c. ; found in the first the whole year: met with also in Georgia; it builds there in trees, 02 100 PIGEON. the beginning of May, the nest made of large dried stalks, and fibres of plants, without any art; lays two white eggs. Is a com- mon bird in the plantations in winter, but the nest is not often met with; in fact, numbers of them depart southward, but many remain in Pennsylvania, and other parts, the whole winter. It is a very tame and familiar species, and sometimes collects in great numbers during the cold season, at which time they are killed by the inhabi- tants, as the flesh is savoury, and greatly esteemed. 125.—MARGINATED PIGEON. Columba marginata, Ind. Orn, ii. 614. Lin.i. 286. Gm. Lin. i. 791. Turtur Americanus, Bris. i. 101. Id. 8vo. i. 24. Tourterelle d’Amerique, Buf. v. 552. Long-tailed Dove, Edw. pl. 15.—male. Marginated Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 664. SIZE of the Common Turtle; length eleven inches. Bill horn- colour, darker at the tip; irides dull rufous; from the gape to the eyes a white streak ; the fore part of the head and throat rufous brown; hindhead bluish ash-colour; between the two, under the ears, a black spot, the size of a tare; neck behind, back, scapulars, and wing coverts, dull brown; the two last marked with oval black spots, of different sizes; the lower part of the back and rump incline to ash-colour; neck before and breast rose-colour, paler on the sides ; belly and under parts brown, mixed with ash-colour; quills deep brown, edged outwardly with rufous; tail cuneiform,* the two middle feathers blackish, the others ash-colour, with white tips, and between the two colours a black band ; legs red. Inhabits America.—Edwards’s bird was brought from the West Indies. M.Temminck supposes it the same as the Carolina Species. * Edwards says, that in his bird the tail was like that of a Magpie, and more than the length of the body. PIGEON. 101 126.— CRESCENT-BREASTED PIGEON. LENGTH ten inches. Bill dusky red; round the eye bare and bluish ; general colour of the plumage above rusty brownish black ; forehead and chin pale rufous, or buff-colour ; feathers of the crown rather elevated ; on the breast, before the wing, a clay-coloured crescent, beginning on each side of the neck ; and below this, from the bend of each wing a second; belly clay-colour, the lower part variegated with curved black marks as far as the vent ; thighs black ; tail cuneiform, four inches long, the two middle feathers plain brownish black, the others the same, tipped with white; the wings reach to about the middle ; legs pale red. This was met with in a collection of drawings, with no account annexed, but supposed to come from America. 127.—BLACK-WINGED PIGEON. Columba melanoptera, Ind. Orn. ii. 615. Gm. Lin. i. 790. Molin. Chil. 308. Id. Fr. edit. 215. Pigeon sauvage, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. p. 129. No. 319. Colombe melanoptere, Temm. Pig. 2de. Suite, Id. 8vo.i. p. 359. Black-winged Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. n. 271. THE short description of this bird, from Molina, merely tells us, that it is found in Chili, and of a bluish grey colour; black quills, and a wedge-shaped tail; but M.d’Azara describes one more at large, probably the same, from Paraguay, twelve inches long, with a cuneiform tail; the bill black ; irides of two circles, the imner ash- colour, the outer garnet; fore part of the head, neck, throat, and lesser wing coverts inclining to violet; behind the head deep rufous, and gilded in some lights with green and crimson; wings and tail 102 PIGEON. blackish, but the feathers of the latter white at the ends; the rest of the plumage rufous blue, paler on the belly ; found in October, and not very common. 128.—AMBOINA PIGEON. Columba Amboinensis, Ind. Orn.ii. 614. Lin.i. 286. Gm. Lin. i. 790. Bris. i. 127. t. 9. f. 3. Id. 8vo.i. 31. Lin. Trans. xiii. 318. Tourterelle d’Amboine, Buf. ii. 557. Amboina Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 665. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill red; plumage for the most part rufous, but the feathers on the top of the head, the neck, and breast, marked with a blackish band near the tips; those of the upper parts of the back and wing coverts, deep brown, with the ends rufous ; the lower, ramp, and upper tail coverts, rufous; quills deep brown; the tail very unequal, the outer feathers being very short; general colour rufous brown ; legs red. The female differs in being less bright. Inhabits the Island of Amboina; found also in Sumatra. 129.—CAPE PIGEON. Columba Capensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 614. Lin. i. 286. Gm. Lin.i. 790. — Bris. i. 120. t. 9. f.2.—male. Id. 8vo. i. 29. La Tourtelette, Buf. ii. 554. Pl. end. 140.—male. Sonnin. Buf. vii. 286. t. 48. f. 1. Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 53.54. Id. 8vo. i. p. 366. Tourterelle a Cravate noire, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 82. pl. 273, 274, 275. Cape Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 666. THIS is a very small and beautiful Species, scarcely bigger than a Lark, but in length nine inches and a half. Bill red; forehead and chin nearly white; threat, and fore part of the neck, to the breast, black ; head, neck, breast, back, ramp, wing and tail coverts, grey brown; greater wing coverts tipped with black ; belly, sides, and under tail coverts, dirty white; on each wing a bright spot like PIGEON. 103 polished steel; greater quills rufous within, and brown on the outer webs and tips; the second quills brown, edged with grey ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches and a half long, the outer one very short; the long ones blackish brown, with a rufous tinge; the rest grey from the base, and blackish at the ends; beneath black, except the outer one, which has the eutside and tip white; legs red. The female is smaller, and has the throat and fore part of the neck of the same colour as the head; mottled with brown on the breast; the crown waved with brown, and particularly the wing, marked with crescents of brown and black, and appears in this state a most beautiful bird; the greater wing coverts not tipped with black. Inhabits Africa, both at the Cape of Good Hope, and Senegal, and probably in all the southern parts of that quarter; makes the nest in bushes, of a moderate height, of sticks, like most of the tribe; the eggs but two in number, white, and so transparent, that the colour of the yolk may be seen through the shell. We have noticed several variations; im some the forehead is black ; one had a stripe of white across the head, and down each side of the neck, a bar of white across the rump, and the spots on the wing blue green, instead of black. In another specimen a crescent of very pale ash-colour on the breast, and the sides, beneath the eye, mottled cinereous and black. In the Pl. enlum. the forehead is dusky black, sides of the neck from the eye to the wing fine pale, mixed grey ; wing coverts and rump fine blue grey; tail wholly black; and the under parts from the breast pure white. Thunberg says, it is frequent in the gardens at the Cape, and feeds on seeds, he calls it Maquas Duye, and Namaqua Dove. One at Mr. Brogden’s was brought from Senegal, but in this the whole face to the eyes, as well as the throat, and neck before, was black. 104 PIGEON. 130.—MALACCA TURTLE. Columba Malaccensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 612. Gm. Lin. i. 788. Colombe a large Queue, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 67. Id. 8vo. i. p. 339. Petite Tourterelle de Queda, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 177. Sonnin. Buf. vii. 305. Malacca Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 661. Shaw’s Zool. xxi. pl. 929. LENGTH eight inches. Bill black, tinged with yellow at the base and tip; irides yellow; forehead and throat light cinereous grey; hind part of the head the same, crossed with black lines; back, rump, and lesser wing coverts pale cinereous grey, tipped with a black band; sides of the neck white, crossed with numerous lines of black; breast and belly pale vinous grey ; sides of the last undu- lated with black lines; quills brown; middle tail feathers the same, the others brown for two-thirds of the length ; from thence to the ends white; thighs and under tail coverts white; legs like yellow orpiment. Inhabits Malacca, and is a most beautiful species; the flesh said to be extremely delicate. This has been transported to the Isle of Mauritius, where it multiplies exceedingly. 131.—BANTAMESE PIGEON. Columba Bantamensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 615. striata, Mus. Carls. t. 67. Bantamese Pigeon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 271. LENGTH eight inches. Bill black ; plumage above hoary ash- colour; beneath whitish, marked on the back, wings, and breast, with slender, waved crescents; chin and vent nearly white; tail cuneiform, the length of the body, consisting of fourteen feathers, the six middle ones black, the rest the same, but white towards the tips; legs red. PIGEON. 105 Inhabits the Island of Java ; exceedingly common near Bantam, -in the palm woods, where it fills the ears of the neighbouring inhabitants with its pleasing, melancholy notes. We will not be positive that this may not be a young bird of the Malacca Species, if not the female. One similar, said to have come from New-Holland, had the chin nearly white ; forehead paler than the rest; from the belly to the vent very pale ash-colour. Inhabits Sumatra, called Katitiran ;* but in this the breast is of a vinous red, less bright in the female. Said to be three Varieties, differing in size: this is the Turtle often kept tame, and trained to fight with each other. Poonas is the generic name of the Doves, which the Malays distinguish from the Balam, er Turtle family, by being less exclusively graniyorous, 132.—BARRED TURTLE. Columba striata, Ind. Orn. ii. 608. Lin. i. 282. Gm. Lin. i. 775. Klein, 120. 21. Jacquin, Vog. 32. t. 15. Turtur Indicus striatus, Bris.i. 109. Id. 8vo.i. 26. Tourterelle rayée des Indes, Buf. ii. 557. Id. Sonnin. vii. p. 292. Barred Turtle, Gen. Syn. iv. 650. Id. Sup. 200. Edw. pl. 16. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, pale horn-colour ; nostrils pale blue ; irides. blue grey ; the eyes in a bare white skin, which passes to ihe nostrils; forehead, cheeks, and throat, pale blue; the top of the head and hindhead incline to rufous; upper part of the neck, the back, and wing coverts, brownish ash-colour, marked with transverse, arcuated bands of black ; rump the same, but not banded; sides of the neck and body incline to blue, crossed with slender blue black lines; fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs, tinged with rose-colour; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers deep dove-colour, the rest black, with the ends more or less white; under coverts white; legs pale red, claws brown. * Lin. Trans. xiii. 319, VOL. VIII. J2 106 PIGEON. Inhabits the East Indies and China, called in the latter, Fowat ; frequent at Malacca, as well as in the Island of St. Helena. This and the two last, according to M.Temminck, form only one and the same species. A 133.—MAUGE PIGEON. Columba Maugei, Colombe Maugé, Temm. Pig. fol. pl. 52. Id. 8vo. i. p. 363. A TRIFLE larger than the Malacca Species ; ten inches. Bill black ; top of the head light grey; nape chestnut; back and wings pale reddish brown, the fringes of the feathers pale; quills deeper; sides of the jaw, under the eye, deeper ash grey; neck and under parts dusky white; the feathers of the former margined with dusky, and of the latter with brown; tail very cuneiform, consisting of twelve feathers, the eight middle ones nearly even, and the two outer scarcely more than half their length ; the two middle like the quills, the others black, with the ends white; legs black. Inhabits South Asia; at first sight is like the Malacca Species, but on comparison, is certainly a distinct bird ; besides other things, differing much in the tail; as in the Malacca, it is equally graduated ; but in the present one, eight of the feathers are nearly of one length, and only the two outer shortest. 134.—CRESTED PIGEON. SIZE a trifle larger than the Common Turtle; length, including the tail, fifteen inches. Bill black; irides yellow ; head, neck, and beneath the body, pale dove-colour; round the eye bare, and reddish; neck behind, middle of the back, and lower part of the breast rufous doye-colour, or brownish buff; at the nape several elongated, narrow, PIGEON. 107 black feathers, some three inches or more in length, giving the appearance of the crest of the Coly; across the wing eight or ten dusky bars ; quills brown; on the middle a large, pale, gilded, bronze spot, similar to that in the Bronze-winged Pigeon ; below this several of the second quills are vivid purple and copper, bronzed with blue ; and all the feathers forming these vivid parts fringed at the ends with white ; tail cuneiform, five inches long, the outer feather, one inch and a half, at least, shorter than the two middle ones ; general colour dusky black, with whitish ends; the two middle feathers glossed on the edges with a greenish bronze tinge; legs red. The male and female much alike in plumage. Inhabits New-Holland.—A few of these were met with in the vicinity of Macquarrie’s. River, but are far from common. A fine pair in the Linnean Museum. 135.—PHEASANT-TAILED PIGEON. Columba phasianella, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 129. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half. Bill and legs rufous brown ; plumage above dull rufous brown, inclining to chestnut ; on the crown and sides of the neck, a gloss of green and purple; nape marked with broad bands of brown, and narrow ones of rufous ; quills dull brown, edged and tipped with rufous chestnut ; tail very long, and cuneiform, the middle feathers dull rufous, the lateral ones bright rufous; about the middle a broad band of black; throat rufous, the rest of the under parts purplish brown, transversely banded with narrow black zigzags; flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts plain bright chestnut. Inhabits the interior of New-Holland, about Port Jackson. r P2 108 PIGEON. 136.—GREAT-TAILED PIGEON. Columba macroura, Ind. Orn. ii. 615. Gm. Lin. i. 790. Le Tourocco, Buf ii. 553. Temm. Pig. 8vo. i. p. 344. Tourterelle a large Queue, Pl. enl. 329. Sonnin. Buf. vii. 285. t. 69. f. 2. Great-tailed Pigeon, Gen. Syn. iv. 667. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill red, base covered with a white cere; head, neck, and upper parts of the body, reddish cinnamon- colour; breast, belly, and thighs, dusky white; tail very long, cuneiform, and at least half the length of the bird, in colour like the upper parts, the ends of the feathers white ; legs red. Inhabits Senegal: is said to carry the tail like the Crested Curassow. ORDER V. GALLINACEOUS. GENUS LV.—PEACOCK. 1 Crested Peacock 2 Black-shouldered | 5 Iris A Var. 3 Javan | 6 Thibet B Var. 4 Japan 7 Malay "THE bill in this Genus is convex, and strong. Nostrils large. . Head small, crested. Spurs on the legs. Feathers above the tail long, broad, expansible. 1.—CRESTED PEACOCK. Pavo cristatus, Ind. Orn. ii. 616. Lin. i. 267. Faun. swec. No. 197. Gm. Lin. 1. 729. Scop.i. No. 162. Brun. p.58. Kramer, p.355. Frisch, t. 118. Raii, 51. A. 2. Will. 112. t.27. Bris.i. 281. t. 27. Id. Svo.i. 79. Klein, 112. B. Id. Ov. 32. t. 14. f. 1.2. Borowsk, ii. 164. Gerin. ii. t. 217, Spalowsk. ii. t- 28. Roman. Orn. 26. t.2. & 3. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 319. Le Paon, Buf. ii. 288. pl. 10. Pl. end. 433. 434. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xc. Pfau, Gunth. Nest.u. Ey. t.22. .Naturf. iv. s. 605. Id. xvii. 66. Schmid, Vog. p. 95. t. 81. Pavone, Zinnan. Uov. 25. t. 1. No. 1. Crested Peacock, Gen. Syn. iv. 668. Will. Engl. 158. pl. 27. Raii, p. 51. A.2. & 183. 18. Sloan. Jam. 302. No. 23. Brown, Jam. 470. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p- 289. SIZE of a middling Turkey ; length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail three feet eight inches, and sometimes more than 110 PEACOCK. four feet. The bill is nearly two inches long, and brown; irides yellow ; on the crown is a kind of crest, composed of twenty-four feathers, scarcely webbed, except at the ends, which are gilded green, the shafts whitish ; the head, neck, and breast, are green gold, glossed with blue; over the eye a streak of white, and beneath it another; the back and rump green gold, glossed with copper ; the feathers distinct, and lie over one another like shells; the belly and vent greenish black; thighs yellowish ; scapulars and lesser wing coverts reddish cream-colour, varied with black; the middle ones deep blue, with a gilded gloss; the greater coverts and bastard wing rufous; quills rufous, some of them variegated with rufous, blackish and green ; the tail consists of eighteen grey-brown feathers, eighteen inches long, marked on the sides with rufous grey ; above the tail springs an inimitable set of long beautiful feathers or upper tail coverts, adorned with a most brilliant and variegated eye at the end of each, and of various colours, yellow gilded, a deep olive and violet, with a black disk. _ These are very numerous, and of different lengths: some equalling five feet, besides the quill, which is three inches more: this grand train, or tail, as it is by some falsely called, may be expanded perpendicularly upwards, being supported by the feathers of the true tail ;** the legs are short, greyish brown, and those of the male furnished with a strong spur, three quarters of an inch in length. . The female is smaller. Bill white ; irides lead-colour’; the crest on the head the same; on the sides of the head a greater portion of * One circumstance relating to this bird seems equally to have escaped Naturalists and Philosophers—the power it seems to possess of communicating an electric motion to the fibres of the long feathers of the the train when expanded ; for from no other cause can one explain that tremulous movement, and horizontal position which the fibres acquire at certain moments of the expansion, and which is accompanied with a noise like the emission of the electric matter. Whatever command a bird may possess over the immediate tube of the feather, the webs seem totally inanimate, and incapable of receiving any impulse whatever. PEACOCK. ill white; throat and neck green; the rest of the body and wings cinereous brown ; breast fringed with white; legs as in the male, but without a spur, though in some birds the rudiment of one is seen. In some male birds the whole of the wing coverts and scapulars are fine deep’ blue green, very glossy ; but the outer edge of the wing and quills are of the usual colour. This bird, so common in Europe, is of Eastern origin, and ie been the admiration of all ages from that of the King Solomon,* to the present; found in a wild state in many parts of Africa and Asia,t but no where so large and fine as in India ;¢ more particularly in the neighbourhood of the Ganges; all the Jungles in the Nabob of Oude’s Territories are full of Peacocks; about the passes in the Jungleterrey District, especially Tehriagully, whole woods are said to be covered with their beautiful plumage, not less than twelve or fifteen hundred, of various sizes, being seen near one spot within an hour:§ is a native of the Malay Peninsula, and of Java, but is not common near Bencoolen; is known by the name of Mira, or Marak. They make the nest on the ground, ordinarily on a small bank, where in some proper bush, they collect leaves, small sticks, &c. and sit very close, usually on twelve or fifteen eggs, and hatch about the beginning of November. By degrees they have spread into all parts, increasing in a wild state in the warmer climates,|| but requiring some care in the colder. In this kingdom it rarely comes to fullness of * Every three years once came the Ships of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, apes, and Peacocks, Chron. ii. ix. v.21. 1 Kings, x. v. 22. + Not indigenous to China. + Said to be natives of the Isle of Samos, and are represented on the coin of that state, and from this Island to have passed into the rest of Greece, Anachars. vi. 253. The Roman epicures prized those from Samos, above all others. § Chiefly found in the copses, or the banks of rivers, and no where more plentiful than in the Bhaughulpore district, not far from Termbony Nullah, but the going after them is often a dangerous undertaking, from the tigers, which are also abundant in the same vicinity. Oriental Sports. || Not uncommon at Ceylon, but not so numerous there as in India: found wild at St. Helena, also at Barbadoes, and other West India Islands. 112 PEACOCK. plumage till the third year. The female seldom lays more than five or six eggs, which are greyish white, and of the size of those of a Turkey, in some marked with a few blackish spots; sits from twenty- seven to thirty days. The young are usually fed with curd, chopped leeks, barley meal, &e. also soft food, and insects, and in five or six months will feed at large with the old ones. These birds prefer the most elevated places to roost on during the night, such as high trees, tops of houses, and the like. The cry is loud, and inharmonious, a perfect contrast to their external beauty, which is no protection to them.* Are said to be caught in India by carrying lights to the trees on which they roost, with painted representations of the bird, and when they put out the neck to look at the figure, a noose is slipped over the head, by which they are secured.t In most ages they have been esteemed as a salutary and agreeable food, and at the present day a young Pea Fowl is esteemed a delicacy. Hortensius gave the ex- ample at Rome, where it was carried to the highest piteh of luxury by selling very dear.t The life of this bird is said by some to be about 25 years,§ by others to exceed 100. || * « Miraris quoties gemmantes explicat alas, ‘* Et potes hunc seevo tradere, dure, coco?’ Mart. Epig. L.13. Ep, \xx. + Tavernier’s Trav. iii. 57. The inhabitants of the Mountains on both sides of the Ganges, catch them with birdlime, prepared from the milky juice of two sorts of trees, * boiled with oils to a consistence, which proves sufficiently tenacious to entangle them, or the largest birds. —Phil. Trans. lxxi. 376. + Pliny, B.x. Ch. xx.—They must have been in plenty notwithstanding, or the Emperor Vitelljus could not have procured sufficient for his large dish, called the Buckler of Minerva, which was said to be filled with the livers of Scari, tongues of Flamingoes, and brains of Peacocks. § Aristotle, Pliny, Buffon. || Willughby. ‘Ten or eleven years since, a Peacock, belonging to Mr. Henwood, of Cordenham, in Cornwall, which had attained to 90 years, was killed by a ferocious he~ * Ficus religiosa and Indica, Lin. IEICE CG XGIXE Ve PEACOCK. 113 A.—Pavo varius, Bris. i. 288. Id. 8vo.i. 81. Frisch, t. 119. Ind. Orn. ii. 616. 1. 6. Borowsk. ii. 166: Gen. Syn. iv. 671. This is probably a mixed breed between the Common and White Peacock ; and of course is to be seen in every variety and proportion of colour between these two birds. B.—Pavo albus, Bris.i. 288. Jd. 8vo.i. 81. Frisch, t. 120. Rati, 51. A. 2. Borowsk. i1.. 167. Gerin. ii. 74. 218. Roman. Orn. ii. 37. Le Paon blanc, Buf. ii. 323. White Peacock, Gen. Syn. iv.. 672. 1. Var. B. This is wholly white, the eyes of the train not excepted; but these are to be plainly traced out on the feathers by a different un- dulation in shade, though apparently of the same pure white colour. This Variety is said to be more common in England than elsewhere. To the above may be added a circumstance now and then oc- curring in the female of this species, having the external marks of the plumage of the male. We have met with two instances of this; one belonging to a particular friend, the other in the Leverian Museum, formerly in the possession of Lady Tynte;* the latter of these had bred for several years, but after ceasing to lay eggs, gained by degrees the eyed feathers of the male, and at the time of its death, appeared like a young male bird. The above is, however, not singular, as we have known it instanced both in Pheasants and common poultry; but we cannot at all account for the opposite circumstance taking place in respect to a male Peacock changing into a female, as mentioned by Ausonius in one of his Epigrams :— «© Vallebanez (nova res et vix credenda Poetis . << Sed que de vera promitur Historia) ‘¢ Femineam in speciem convertit masculus Ales ; “«¢ Pavaque de Pavo constitit ante oculos.”’ Auson. Epig. 69. * P). cxixe VOL. VIII. Q 114 PEACOCK. Among some Chinese drawings which some years since came under our inspection, was an extraordinary Variety of the Peacock. It had a semicircular, yellowish skin, surrounding the hind part of the head; the scapular feathers covered with eyes, and the feathers of the crest adorned in the same manner; the tail, or train, fan-shaped, the feathers. with two eyes on each, with an outer circle of crimson ; legs blue, with a sharp spur. We can only observe here, that as the other birds in this collection of drawings seemed to be faithfully done, it may form an apology for at least giving its description. Independent of the value set upon the Peacock as an article of food, the feathers were ever esteemed for ornament; for we learn, that the crest made part of the dress of great men both in India, and this Kingdom. In the reign of King John a fine was paid to him by Ernald de Aclent, which consisted, among other things, of Peacocks’ crests; and in the time of Queen Elizabeth, fans were in use, composed of the feathers of the train of this splendid bird ; probably before the folding paper, or leather, fans came into use, and which seem to have originated with the Chinese. ‘The feather fans, we are told, were for the most part rather expensive: we may suppose on account of the handles, in which the value chiefly con- sisted. One is mentioned as having been presented to the Queen, as a new-year’s gift, studded with diamonds ;+ and it is not uncommon for a fan to cost £40.¢ Silver handled fans are mentioned by many authors, as also those of gold. 2.—_ BLACK-SHOULDERED PEACOCK. Pavo cristatus primus, Paon sauvage, Tem. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 28? THE size of this beautiful bird is somewhat less than the Common Peacock, and at first may be taken for a Variety of that Species ; * See the shape of such fan in Qu. Eliz. Progress, 1578. p. 106. also p. 53. where fans of other feathers are engraved, one according to appearance composed of those of the Ostrich. + Warton. Id. p. 53. $+ Id. ib.— Malone. PEACOCK. 115 but there will, on comparison, be found some striking differences between the two; the present one is rather more round in the body, and better proportioned, and the general colours more brilliant ; the wing coverts and scapulars are entirely without those variations of black, on a cream-coloured ground, seen in the first species; instead of which those parts are wholly covered with black feathers, which have the appearance of velvet, and in certain lights appear of a most brilliant sapphire-coloured blue; the rest of the wing is not unlike that of the Common Peacock, but more dusky. The female has also evident traces of the difference of sex; in her the shoulders are not wholly black, but marbled with dusky white, the feathers being chiefly cream-coloured, deeply margined with black, and the addition of some streaks and bars. The young males more or less resemble the female parent, till the third year, when their plumage becomes complete. A pair of these gorgeous birds was in the Leverian Museum, and said to be natives of Japan; but from later information are rather supposed to inhabit Thibet, in Tartary ; are scarce birds, and little known except in our kingdom, and Holland; they are often met with at the shops of the dealers in birds, but at a most extravagant price : how far this is distinct, or a Variety only of the Common Sort, we are not prepared to answer, but it is certain, that they multiply with each other, and the produce, as may be expected, varies accordingly. M. Temminck observes, that the original Peacock chiefly differs from the domesticated one in the colour of the wing coverts, which have a gold green and blue gloss, instead of cream-colour, varied with black, as seen in the birds bred in confinement. The above black-shouldered one seems to approach near to the Wild Species. Q2 116 PEACOCK. 3.—JAVAN PEACOCK. Pavo javanicus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 185.—Horsfield. THIS chiefly differs from the well-known Crested Species, in that the crest is not composed of distinct feathers, enlarged at the end; but isa kind of upright tuft of slender ones; feathers of the neck, breast, and back, glossy green gold, terminated with a violet black band ; scapulars and lesser wing coverts mixed, glossy emerald-green and sky-blue. Inhabits Java, where it is called Merak ; further than the above we are not furnished with a description ; but we think it to be not much differmg from the following, a specimen of which is in the Museum at the India House, London. This is in shape like our Crested Species, but smaller; from the crown arises a loose tuft of several pale feathers, about four inches in length ; chin and throat bare of feathers; back and rump gilded green, the feathers narrowly edged with blue; neck waved with glossy brownish green feathers, deeply edged with gilded green ; outer ridge of the wing half way buff; quills brownish, deep green ; body brownish green, the feathers with black edges. The train as in-our Peacock, but smaller in proportion, and furnished with eye- like spots as in that bird, which are in the middle deep blue encircled with fine green, then a large bed of brown, and finally surrounded with a margin of gilded copper-colour ; legs stout, brown, furnished with a single, strong spur. This last described was from Java, or Sumatra. 4.-JAPAN PEACOCK. Pavo muticus, Ind. Orn. i. 617. Lin.i. 268. Gm. Lin.i. 731. Borowsk. ti. 167. Japanicus, Bris.i. 289. Id. 8vo.i. 81. Aldr. Av. ii. t. 33. 34. Johnst. Av. t. 23. — Spicifer, Nat. Misc. pl. 641. PEACOCK. 117 Le Spicifere, Buf. 11. 266. : Pheasant one kind of, Kempf. Jap. Engl. Ed. p. 129. Japan Peacock, Gen. Syn. iv. 672. SIZE of the Crested Peacock. The bill larger, and ash-coloured ; space round the eyes red; irides yellow; on the top of the head an upright crest, four inches long, by some compared to an ear of corn ; colour green and blue mixed; the top of the head and neck greenish, with spots of blue, which have a white streak down the middle of each ; back greenish blue; breast blue and green gold mixed; belly, sides, and thighs, ash-colour, with black spots, streaked with white on the belly; wing coverts and secondaries, not unlike the back ; greater quills green, transversely barred with black lines, but growing yellowish towards the ends, where they are black; the upper tail coverts are fewer than those of the Common Peacock, yet longer than the tail; they are chestnut brown, with white shafts, and have at the end of each a large spot, gilded in the middle, then blue, and surrounded with green; legs ash-colour, and not furnished with spurs. The female is smaller, the belly quite black, and the upper tail coverts much shorter; the tail green, edged with blue, and white shafts. This inhabits Japan, and is no doubt the bird which Kempfer calls a Pheasant, ‘“‘ remarkable for the various colours and lustre ‘* of its feathers, and for the beauty of its tail, which equals half a ‘man’s length, and in a curious variety and mixture of the finest “colours, chiefly blue and gold, in no ways inferior to that of a ** Peacock.” This bird is also. known in India, as itis well represented in the curious collection of drawings belonging to Sir J. Anstruther. In this the bill is dusky, or pale blue; crown of the head and back, at the nape, and round the chin, deep blue, nearly black; sides of the head pale blue, and bare, in the middle of which are the eyes ; beneath this, on the ears, a deep crescent of yellow skin, divided into two parts, the rest of the head deep blue; from the back part of the 118 PEACOCK. crown springs an upright crest of loose feathers, two inches at least in height, and pointed at the top; the rest of the neck and breast glossy changeable green, the edges of the feathers very brilliant, giving the appearance of undulations; the wings are reddish brown, mixed with green on the shoulders and back; under parts of the body dusky; quills brown, some of them margined with green and bluish, and towards the ends very pale ; tail uncertain; train not unlike that of the Common Peacock, the feathers glossy green, with white shafts, and an eye at the end of each, of a gilded brown, in the middle of which is a large green spot, within that a blue one, and finally in the centre a cordated spot of black; the feathers of the train seem shorter than in the Common Species, and perhaps less in number, as the eyes appear not so numerous; legs dusky ash- colour, furnished with a single spur behind. Inhabits India; found at Chittagong and Bhauglepore; not uncommon in the east parts of Bengal.—Sir J. Anstruther. It is most probably the same with the Japan Species,* which has been known to Europe only by means of a painting, sent by the Emperor of Japan to the Pope. In this representation the legs had no spurs, but this might have been overlooked by the draughtsman. 5.—IRIS PEACOCK. Pavo bicalcaratus, Ind. Orn. ii. 617. Lin.i. 268. Gm. Lin.i. 730. Borowsk, ii. 163. t. 26. Spalowsk. ii. t.32. Mus. Lev. t.6. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 319. Pavo Sinensis, Bris.i. 291. Id. Svo. i. 82. Gerin. ii. 219. 220. Phasianus pavoneus, Klein, 114. 6.—male. Jd. Ph..fuscus.—female. Polyplectron Chinquis, Eperronier Chinquis, Temm., Pig. § Gall. 8vo.ii. p. 363. Id. Sonnin. vi. 227. pl. 46. f. 2. L’Eperronier, Buf. ii. 868. Pl. enl. 492. 493. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p.xci. Enc. Orn. p. 178. pl. 83. * The late Mr. Woodford mentioned to me his having seen, among the French King’s collection of drawings, one called Spicifere, which was clearly the Impeyan Pheasant. PEACOCK. 119 Le petit Paon de Malacca, Son. Voy. Ind. 11. 173. pl. 99. Peacock Pheasant, Edw. p| 67. 69. Iris Peacock, Gen. Syn. iv. 673. SIZE of a Dunghill Cock, or bigger. Bill grey, tip dusky; irides yellow; between the bill and eye, and round the latter, ash- colour, and almost bare, being only covered with a few scattered hairs; head, neck, and back the same, mottled with fine lines, and dots of white; behind the neck some dusky spots; chin and throat nearly white; breast, and all beneath, marked with greyish white and brown, in waves, two or three on each feather; those of the rump, sides of the tail, and coverts with whitish margins, and within them numerous dots of white; wings marbled with whitish, on which are rows of gilded, bronzed, purple red, spots, about the size of a silver penny ; these are less regular on the coverts, and smaller, and all of them changing into blue and green in different lights; the back, between the shoulders, is also spotted; the tail feathers, or rather the elongated coverts, have likewise the same lucid spots, but more oval, one on each side of the shaft, not far from the end; the legs are brown, and on the back part of each two spurs, one above the other. The female is smaller by one-third, and the colours less vivid ; the eyes on the wings much the same ; tail brown, appearing between the coverts, which are less numerous, and only here and there one charged with splendid glossy spots, so conspicuous in the male; and which in this sex are comparatively more dull ; the legs not furnished with spurs.** These beautiful birds inhabit China and India, from both which they are now and then brought alive to Europe.t The bird described by Sonnerat had three spurs on one leg, and two on the other, but this was most probably a Lusus Nature. In the drawings of Sir J. * T observe one, supposed a female, in drawings, having two spurs, probably a young male. + One of these was in the Menagerie of the late Duchess Dowager of Portland, alive, some years since. 120 PEACOCK. Anstruther I observe a bird of this kind which had only two or three feathers of the tail marked with resplendent purple spots, and but few on the wings; it was said to be a female, but is probably a young bird, called by the people of Asam, Deo-Kukura. It is frequent throughout the Malay Peninsula, and is known also in Sumatra, and there called Kuaow Chirmin. 6.—THIBET PEACOCK. Pavo Tibetanus, Ind: Orn. ii. 617. Lin. i. 26. 2. 8. Gm. Lin. i. 731. Bris. i. 294. t. 28. A. #2. Id. 8vo. i. 83. Gerin. ii. t. 221.—a White Variety. Le Chinquis, Buf. ii. 365. Tem. Pig. & Gall. 8vo..ii. p. 363. Eperonnier, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xci. Thibet Peacock, Gen. Syn.iv. 675. Nat. Misc. pl. 441. SIZE of the Pintado; length two feet one inch and a half. Bill one inch and half long, and cinereous ; irides yellow; head, neck, and under parts ash-colour, with blackish lmes; wing coverts, back, and rump, grey, with small white dots; besides which, on the wing coverts and back are large round spots of a fine blue, changing in different lights to violet and green gold; quills and upper tail coverts grey, with blackish lines; on the quills two round blue spots on each, like those of the coverts; on the outer webs, and on each tail feather, four of the same, two on each side of the web, one above the other ; the middle coverts are the longest, the others shorten by degrees; the legs are grey, furnished with two spurs behind, one above the other, the upper one the shortest of the two. Inhabits the Kingdom of Thibet. Described from a drawing taken from the living bird by M. Poivre. It is probably too, in China, as I found it well figured among the Chinese drawings. of. the late Mr. Pigou, where it is called Kin-chien-Kee, or Gold Fowl. I observed it also in some drawings in possession of Sir J. Banks, Bart. but in this figure there is only one spur on each leg. ale OXCXS Yip Y 6 SCHCO We Z. Ml: ‘ PEACOCK. 121 Linneus supposes it to be a Variety of the Iris, or last Species. M. Temminck joins the two as one and the same, under the name of Polyplectron. 7.—MALAY PEACOCK.—PL. cxx. SIZE large. Bill white; greater part of the head, and upper part of the neck naked, having only straggling bristles, and of an indigo colour; from the bill, along the summit of the head, is a line of short, black, bristly feathers, reversed on the nape, and forming a short crest ; the lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs dark glossy brown; neck variegated with longitudinal, rust-coloured lines, and the breast waved with lines of the same colour; back, and wing coverts marked with dark brown, or black, white, and ferru- ginous, beautifully disposed in dots and waves; in the fore part, the ferruginous, behind the white, is most prevalent; wings as long as the shorter feathers of the tail, and, when folded, appear of a fine brown, with a purple gloss, marked with many longitudinal waved black lines; quills, next the body, at the tip dark ferruginous, with many large white spots, surrounded with large, black, angular lines; from the root, to within five or six inches of the summit, the outer web is pale ferruginous, with a purple gloss, but near the shaft inclining te yellow; towards the edge it is marked with several longitudinal black, waved lines, which, near the margin, consist of approximated spots; near the shaft is a row of about sixteen eye-like spots, consisting each of two black incurved lines, including a space, which towards the roots is ferruginous, and towards the apex becomes gradually lighter, until it is white; between these eyes are several irregular, black, transverse lines; the inner web, towards the shaft. dusky, towards the edge white; in the dusky part a row of round, VOL, VIII. R | 122 PEACOCK. large, black spots, each surrounded with a pale circle; in the white part are many black, circular spots; the tail is compressed, straight, and the feathers placed vertically in two rows, the uppermost vastly longer than the others, have white tips, and are acuminated; on the upper web they are greyish, and on the inner brown, on both innumerable white spots, each surrounded by a black ring; rump pale rust-colour, with many large, black, irregular spots on each feather; legs and feet naked from the knees, bright red, the hind toe small; the leg not furnished with spurs. This bird has not been unfrequently met with in aviaries in India, and the above description was taken from a fine male specimen, by Dr. Buchanan, and by him communicated to me. These birds, he believes, have always been brought from the Malay Peninsula, and have, at times, the power of spreading the tail as the Peacock, which it is observed te do now and then: according to the Doctor, it is a distinct species from the Argus Pheasant, which differs m many particulars, as will be noticed in the description of that bird. Should this be the case, which we think by no means improbable, it serves to shew, that we have not yet seen a complete specimen of the latter in England ; but this is not the only bird of which we have an imperfect idea, as may be seen in respect to the long-tail+ of some sort of Pheasant, brought from China, of which we have little more than conjecture; the same also may be observed in several Paradise Birds, as we are only in possession of their fragments. Among the drawings of General Hardwicke is a male, with his tine gaudy plumage displayed; and in the same drawings, one also of the female, which, as the General was informed by an intelligent friend,* had. the general plumage buff-colour, mottled with grey, not unlike the back of the Little Bustard. In this drawing, the sides of the head, and neck before, were bare, and of a bluish colour ; crown and hind part of the neck with elongated brown feathers ; * Captain Griffiths. + See Pl. cxxiv.* PEACOCK. 123 neck and breast rufous. It is said that these birds are found in the greatest plenty in Sumatra, in the midst of the deepest woods, and are easily taken by snares, laid for them in the night, during which time they seek their food, never appearing in the day time; that they assemble in great flocks, and the noise of their wings, and their cries, may be heard at a great distance. A drawing of this bird, of the full size, in General Hardwicke’s collection, of which we have given a figure, measured six feet in length, and differed in some particulars; the head wholly covered with feathers, variegated, and waved with dusky, dull orange, and whitish. Bill and legs pale reddish brown; the two centre tail feathers are about four feet long, waved on the edges, ending in a blunt point; and although the colour of the plumage in general nearly answers to the former description, yet the whole is much darker, and appears less brilliant. This is probably either a female bird or a young male, yet from its very complete plumage it is more probably the former. Among some drawings of this bird in the Museum at the India House, is a figure of one, in which the predo- minant colour above is dusky plain black; the whole of the head, neck, and all the belly, marbled red brown and black, in concentric circles ; in other parts inclining to rufous ; legs red, smooth, without any spur. In a book of drawings belonging to A. B. Lambert, Esq. is a singular, large bird of the Gallinaceous Tribe, supposed to be hybridous. It is of the size of a small Turkey. The bill dusky, under mandible paler, shaped asin others of the kind ; the head, as far as the eyes, yellowish white mottled ; the feathers of the crown a trifle elevated or tufted; the general colour of the plumage red brown, paler on the under parts of the body, and the margins of the feathers in general palest; many of the longer tail coverts mottled with black and red brown; but the tail itself is for the most part R 2 124 PEACOCK. black, the feathers fringed with white at the ends; though two or three of the outer ones are white; as are the ends of many of the quills; the thighs are feathered to the joint; legs stout, pale brown; toes furnished with a kind of nail; between the toes a slight web.— A bird of this kind was sent by Lord Wellesley, from Bhaughulpore, in the East Indies. The natives supposed it to be an hybrid of the Peacock, and common Jungle Fowl. I have seen the same among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke; likewise those of Sir J. Anstruther; but whether they were copied from a single specimen, or whether it was a circumstance which commonly occurred, we are left to conjecture. TURKEY. 125 GENUS LVI.—TURKEY. 1 American Turkey \| 2 Honduras Turkey BILi convex, short, and strong. Nostrils open, pointed at the end, lodged in a membrane. Head and neck, or throat, covered with naked, carunculated flesh ; the skin of the last flaccid, and membranaceous. Tail broad, extensile. Legs with a blunt spur behind. -1.—AMERICAN TURKEY. Meleagris Gallopavo, Ind. Orn.ii. 618. Lin. i. 268. Faun. suec. No.198. Gm. Lin. i. 732. Bris.i. 158. t.16. Jd. 8vo.i. 41. Raii,51. A.3. Id. 182. p.16. Will. 113. t.27. Phil. Trans. xviii. 992. Id.1xxi. 67, Faun. arag. 80. Borowsk, ii. 168. Frisch, t. 122. Gerin.ii. 75. t. 222.226. Schef. el. Orn. t.37. Klein, 112. 1. Jd. Ov. 32. t.13. f.4. Daud.Orn.i. p.95. pl.7. Skeleton. Johnst. Av. pl. 24. f.1.2. Jd. pl.29. f.1. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 381.—and Pl. Anat. iil. £15. Gallina Indiana, Zinnan. Uov. 27. t.2. f.3. Rom. Orn.i. 47. t. 5. Der Kalekutische Hahn, Naturf. xvii. 66. Il Gallinacio, Ceétt. Uc. Sard. 111. Der Gemeine Truthahn, Schmid, Vog. p. 96. t.82. Bechst. Deutsch. iii. 1112. t. 41. Le Dindon, Buf. ii. 132. pl. 5. Id. Sonnin. v. 228. pl. 38. f.1. Pl. enl. 97. American Turkey, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 178. Gen. Syn. iv. 676. Bartr. Trav. p. 288. Domestic Turkey, Gen. Syn. iv. 679. Br. Zool.i. No. 97. Will. Engl. 159. pl. 27. Albin, iii. pl.35. Bewick,i. pl. in p. 286. THE Turkey, in its domesticated state, rarely exceeds three feet and a half in length, and four feet and a half in breadth ; as to size and weight, it varies very considerably ; 14 or 15 pounds is reckoned a very fine bird, but it has been known, though rarely, to exceed 25 pounds. The bill is formed not unlike that of the Peacock, but stronger; the head and neck not only destitute of feathers, but the 126 TURKEY. skin is very dilatable, and much carunculated, especially round the throat, where there are large tubercles; from the forehead springs an elongated, fleshy appendage, capable of great extension, so as frequently to hang downwards over the bill, to some length; the colour of the tuberculated parts is various— white, red, or blue, according to the quiescent, or irritated state in which the bird appears; as to the plumage, it for the most part inclines to black, in some — lights appearing of the most resplendent, gilded, copper-colour, in others glossy green, here and there inclining to purple; the greater wing coverts are glossy brown; quills green gold, growing black towards the ends, and whitish at the tips; the tail consists of 18 feathers, brown, mottled with black, the ends black; the coverts with whitish margins ; on the breast a tuft of black hairs, full eight inches in length; the legs very strong, with a short, stout, blunt knob at the back part. ; The female is smaller; the tuft of hairs much shorter than in the male, in young birds scarcely perceivable; and the legs quite smooth behind. Such is the plumage of a bird in the usual high state of black feathers in this kingdom. Although some have asserted the contrary, we have not a doubt of the Turkey having originally been brought from America, and they are said to be found largest in the northern parts of that Con- tinent,* where they are met with by hundreds in a flock ; in the day * Fermin observes, that they weigh at Surinam, 25lbs. Catesby speaks of 301bs, and upwards, in Carolina; and others forty or more; and this General Davies has averred to me to be true: but Clayton, in his account of Virginia, asserts, that they are met with there, weighing 50, or even 60 pounds.—Phil. Trans. xviii. p. 992. They were introduced into England, as is supposed, about the year 1524; it is certain, that the name does not occur in the list of Archbishop Nevil’s Feast :* nor is it mentioned in the Earl of Northumber- land’s Household Book, so late as 1512, The ancient Naturalists do not seem to have known it; nor could it, in fact, be known before the discovery of America. Was first seen in France in the reign of Francis 1;+ and in England in that of Henry VIII:+ but even to this day I cannot find it to be any where in a wild state, except in America. * Viz. before the year 1486. + He reigned from 1515 to 1547. + Not mentioned in the MS. relating to the Household of this King. See 4rch@ol. Vol. iii. p. 257. TURKEY. yee 127 time frequent the woods, and feed on acorns, and returning at night to roost in the swamps, on the trees. Are frequently taken by means of dogs, which they will at first outrun, but the dogs persisting in the pursuit, the birds soon grow fatigued, when they take to the highest trees, and will suffer themselves to be shot one after another. The hen begins to lay early in the sprmg, but in general produces only one brood in a year, which frequently amounts to sixteen or seventeen, though some assert a greater number; the eggs are white, two inches and a half long, marked with reddish yellow spots, appearing as freckles; and it is said that the hen may be allured to attempt a second brood, by putting fresh eggs under her as soon as the first set are hatched; but this covetous conduct, as may be sup- posed, greatly injures the bird.* The male Turkey is said to break the eggs, during the time of incubation, if he can by any means get at them ; but Mr. Oedman gives an instance of a Turkey Cock hatching the eggs by sitting on them. + Turkies are bred in large quantities in some of the northern counties of England, and are driven up to London, towards autumn for sale, in flocks of several hundreds, which are collected from various cottages about Norfolk, Suffolk, and neighbouring counties, the inhabitants of which think it well worth their while, to attend carefully to them, by making these birds a part of the family during the breeding season. * They are said to have as many as three broods in a year, in the West Indies. + See New Stockh. Trans. Vol. x. and Phil. Mag. Vol. iii. 309. = It has long been a custom for the inhabitants of Norwich to send annually great numbers of Turkies to London, either as presents or on purchase, and the account now lying before us, is well authenticated, that in the year 1793, were sent by the coaches, be- tween one Saturday morning and Sunday night, 1700 Turkies, weighing 9 tons, 2 cwt. 1 quarter, and 2 pounds—value supposed £680 sterling, and two days after half as many more. 128 TURKEY. It is pleasing to see with what facility the drivers manage them by means of a piece of red rag, fastened to the end of a stick; which, from their antipathy to it as a colour, acts on them as a scourge to a quadruped. It is needless to specify here the places where the Turkey is now found, as it appears to be domesticated every where; and in France those of Languedoc and Provence are in as high estimation, as those of Norfolk are in England. The note of the Turkey, if so it can be called, is a kind of guttural scream, several times repeated, which is termed a gobble, but that which the hen utters, when in fear for the safety of the young ones, from a Kite, or other Bird of Prey, beg in view, is compared by Dr. Darwin to the words Koe-ut Koe-ut.* It is needless to say more here, as the history of this bird is treated of at large in the Histoire des Ois. and not less scientifically in the 71st Vol. of the Phil. Trans.t by my late friend, T. Pennant, Esq. above referred to, and the mode of rearing them in a state of domes- tication largely discussed by M. Temminck, in the 2d volume of the Histoire des Pigeons et Gallinacées. The Varieties of this Species which have arisen from domestica- tion, are not easily recorded ; the most common are dark grey in various shades, inclining to black, or barred dusky white and black. There is also a beautiful Variety of a fine deep copper-colout : the greater quills pure white; the tail dirty white; and is, when old, and in full plumage, a most beautiful bird. Another Variety with the plumage wholly white,+ is now not unfrequent ; it is a very handsome bird, and was once esteemed as a * Zoonom. p. 153. + See also in the same Transactions for 1807, p. 144—a Dissertation on the Stomach of the Turkey, by Sir E. Home, Bart. + The packet of hairs on the breast excepted, which is black throughout all the Varie- ties, and as conspicuous in this as in any of the others. TURKEY. 129 great rarity, the breed supposed originally to have arisen in Holland.* In the Leverian Museum was alsoa Common Turkey with a large tuft of feathers on the head, much resembling one figured by Albin,+ and in the same place a fine specimen under the name of Georgian Turkey, which differed from the usual Black Sort, in having the most resplendent gloss in the plumage, varying in different situations of light, but for the most part every feather had a black margin; in this the green, and copper bronzes were chiefly conspicuous. This, what- ever place originally produced it, was formerly held in great esteem, and sold dear, but is now very rare, from having mixed with the Common Black Sort, the produce of which, although gaining part of the gloss of the Georgian, is so very inferior to it, as to be little more esteemed than the Common Sort. 2.—HONDURAS TURKEY. SIZE of the first. Bill as in that bird ; head and neck as far as the middle, bare; the forehead, crown, and about the eyes bare, red, and carunculated ; with an elongated appendage over the forehead ; feathers of the back in waves of fine blue, margined near the ends with black, and fringed at the tips with gilded brown; over the shoulders a large patch of copper glossed ; wings mottled, and mixed with blackish and white; tail of twelve feathers,+ marbled and barred blackish and grey, with the ends gilded brown as in the * Phil. Trans. \xxi. p. 68. This is probably an early Variety, as a pair of White Turkies are represented going into Noah’s Ark, among others, in a Painting of Bassan.* + Fol. ii. pl. 35. See Bris.ii. p. 161. Schof. el. t. 37. Gerin. pl. 224. + We are by no means certain that this was the original number ; indeed it may rather be supposed to the contrary, as in all the Gallinaceous Tribe, they are considerably more numerous. ® This Painter was born in the year 1510, and died in 1592. VOL. VHII. s 130 TURKEY. feathers of the back ; but the bars and fringes are half an inch or more in breadth; legs stout, brown red, at the back part a large spur, one inch and a half long, and pointed. Inhabits South America.—In the collection of Mr. Bullock, of the London Museum. Said to have come from the Bay of Honduras. How far it may be right to notice this bird, as distinct in species, we cannot determine; but most certainly the brilliancy of colours throughout, as well as distribution of them, encourages an appear- ance of propriety in so doing. As we can scarcely suppose that the mere difference of climate, in the warmer and colder parts of America, is sufficient to account for the great difference of plumage. GUAN. 13] GENUS LVII.—GUAN. 1 Crested Guan 5 Crying Guan 9 Motmot Guan 2 Piping 6 Obscure 10 Parraqua 3 Yacou 7 Supercilious 11 Courer 4 Marail 8 Eyebrow | BILL naked at the base. Head covered with feathers. Throat naked. Tail consisting of twelve feathers. Legs without spurs. 1—CRESTED GUAN. Penelope cristata, Ind. Orn. ii. 619. Gm. Lin. i. 733. Jacupema, Merrem, Ic. ii. 42. t. 11. Meleagris cristata, Lin. i. 269. Borowsk. ii. 170. Gallopavo Brasiliensis, Bris. i. 162. Id. 8vo.i. 48, Gerin. 1. t. 227. Phasianus fuscus Brasiliensis, Klezn, 112. 4. 114. 2. Penelope cristata, Penelope Guan, Tem. Pig. § Gall: iii. p. 45. Id. t. 6. f. 1, 2, 3— the windpipe. Der Penelope mit den Schopfe, Schmid, Vog. p. 98. t. 84. Jacupema, Raii, 56, 2. Will. 118. t. 28. Id. Engl. 165. L’Yacu-apeti,*. Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 337. Guan or Quan, Gen. Syn. iv. 680. Edw. pl. 13. Lin. Trans. iv. 101. pl. x. f. l— the windpipe. SIZE of a Fowl]; length thirty inches. Bill two inches long, black ; irides dirty orange; the feathers on the top of the head one inch and three quarters long, not pointed at the ends, but forming a kind of crest; general colour of the plumage black, with a greenish gloss, the margins of the feathers mostly white; the head feathers * L’Yacu-apeti in the language of the Guaranis, means Yacu with white spots. $2 132 GUAN. and those of the neck and breast much the same; those on the sides of the breast are also margined with white on the edges, but not at the ends; belly rufous, mottled with dusky black ; wing coverts like the back, but the lower part of the latter is deep brown ; tail much rounded, or very slightly cuneiform ; the two middle feathers nearly fourteen inches long, the outer one not quite ten; the first quill feather is shorter than the next by four inches and a half, each growing longer by degrees to the fifth, which is the longest; the colour brown, especially on the outer webs; the sides of the head covered with a naked, purplish blue skin, in which the eyes are placed ; beneath the throat, for an inch and a half, the skin is loose, fine red, and covered only with a few hairs; legs red, claws black. Some birds have little or no crest; are a trifle smaller; and supposed to be females. Inhabits Brazil, and other parts of South America, where it is often made tame, and frequently makes a noise like the word Jacu : the flesh is much esteemed. The above described from a specimen in the collection of A. Mc. Leay, Esq. who received it from Berbice, by the name of Maroedi. A great singularity is observable in respect to the trachea, or windpipe of this species, similar indeed to that of the Marail,** and Parraqua Species, but far exceeding them in structure; for it descends so low on the belly under the skin, as nearly to reach the vent, before it returns upwards, to pass over the clavicle into the cavity of the thorax ; besides which, it has a double upwards on the lower part of the belly ; it differs, too, in passing down on the right side of the breast, and not on the left, as in the others. What end the above construction of parts is meant to answer, we are yet to learn; nor is it certain that both sexes have the trachea formed in the same manner. * Buffon confounds the Guan with the Marail, from which it differs in the internal structure; but this proof, now fully convincing, was not known at the time, when that author wrote. ne, w, ‘* nok ay » 1g 02.0: & Whe MNfacot. ; GUAN. 133 2.—PIPING GUAN. Penelope Pipile, Ind. Orn. ii. 620. Gm. Lin. i. 734. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. XClile Crax Pipile, Jacquin, Vog. 26. t. 21. Penelope Pipile, Sifleur, Temm. Pig. § Gall. iii. p. 76. Piping Curassow, Gen. Syn. Sup. 205. SIZE of a Hen Turkey. General colour of the plumage more or less inclining to black ; bill dusky, moderately straight, and very little curved towards the point; the cere, orbits, and top of the head, are white, the white reaching beyond the eye behind; head not crested ; beneath the throat a wattle of a deep blue colour; the back inclines to red brown, spotted with black ; on the wing coverts a great mixture of white; belly black ; legs red, claws black. Inhabits South America, chiefly in the neighbourhood of the River Oronooko, particularly Cumana. The voice is low and piping. 3.—YACOU GUAN.—PL. cxx1. Penelope Cumanensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 620. Gm. Lin.i. 734. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p- XCiii. Penelope leucolophos, Merrem, Ic. 43. t. 12. Crax Cumanensis, Jacquin, Vog. 25. 19. t. 12. Cumana Curassow, Gen. Syn. Sup. 205. Yacou, Gen. Syn. iv. 681. pl. 61. Mem. sur Cay. i. 398. pl. 5. Buf. ii. 387. LENGTH twenty inches or more. Bill black ; irides pale rose- colour, and very brilliant; head feathers long and pointed, forming a crest, which for the most part hangs behind, but may be erected at will: this crest varies in colour, in some it is white, or mixed with white; but in others the colour of the rest of the plumage; space round the eyes naked, of a reddish blue, not unlike that of a 134 GUAN. Turkey, and surrounds the base of the bill as a cere; beneath the chin a naked membrane, or kind of wattle, capable of elongation, but not at all times elongated, or liable to change colour as in the Turkey ; plumage in general brown, with some markings of white on the neck, breast, wing coverts, and belly; the three exterior quills are most bent towards the end, growing narrow and ending in a point; the tail is long, consisting of twelve feathers, and even at the end; legs red. In some birds the general colour of the plumage is nearly black, and the breast marked with short white streaks, in the middle of each feather: probably these variations may be owing to difference of sex. Inhabits Cayenne, but is somewhat rare, being met with only in the inner parts, or about the Amazon’s Country; is in much greater plenty up the River Oyapoc, especially about the Camoupi; and indeed those seen about Cayenne are for the most part tame ones, for it is a familar bird, and will breed in that state, and mix with other poultry. It makes the nest on the ground, laying five or six eggs, and hatches the young there, but at other times mostly seen on trees. It frequently erects a crest, when pleased, or taken notice of, and will sometimes spread the tail like a fan, in the manner of a Turkey. It has two kinds of cry, one like that of a young Turkey, the other lower, and more plaintive; the first of these is thought by the Indians to express the word Couejovoit, the other Yacou. It lives on fruits, worms, insects, &c. Merrem observes, that the trachea in this bird proceeds at once into the cavity of the thorax, not ex- tending over the external muscles, differing in this particular from the following species. This and the former inhabit Brazil, and are called Jacutingas ; thought by some to be the same, differing in sex, age, or variety of plumage. GUAN. 135 4.—MARAIL GUAN. Penelope Marail, Ind. Orn. ii. 620. Gm. Lin.i. 734. Buf. ii. 390. Id. Sonnin, y. p- 307. Id. Addit. 310. pl. 49. f.2. Bonat. Tab. Encyc. Orn. 171. pl. 83. f. 4. Faisan verdatre de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 338. Penelope Marail, T’emm. Pig. et Gall. iii. p.56. Id. tab. Anat.7. f. 1.—Windpipe. Maraye, Mem. sur Cay,i. 383. pl. 3.4. Deser, de Surin, ii. 149, Marail Turkey, Gen. Syn. iv. 682. Lin. Trans. iv. 100. pl. 9. f.2.—the Trachea. SIZE and shape of a full grown Fowl; length about two feet. Bill and irides blackish; round the eye bare, and pale red; chin, throat, and fore part of the neck scarcely covered with feathers, but the throat itself is bare, and the membrane elongated to half an inch or more; both this, and the skin round the eyes, change colour, and become deeper, and thicker, when the bird is irritated ; the head feathers, too, are longish, and appear like a crest when raised up, or when the bird is agitated, at which time it erects the feathers of the whole head, and so disfigures itself, as scarcely to be known: the general colour of the plumage is greenish black ; the feathers on the fore part of the neck tipped with white; the wings are short ; tail long, consisting of twelve feathers, rounded at the end, and generally carried pendent, but capable of being erected, in the manner of that of the Turkey; legs bright red ; claws crooked, and sharp. The female differs in the plumage being more dull, and the head feathers shorter. This is not uncommon in the woods of Guiana; also about Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, there called Jacupemba ; chiefly at a distance from the sea, but not generally known; is rarely found but in small flocks, except in breeding time ; for the most part seen in pairs, and on the ground, or low shrubs, but passes the night on high trees: the female makes the nest on a low bushy tree, near the trunk, and lays three or four eggs ; after ten or twelve days the young descend with the parents, who act as other Fowls, scratching on the ground like a Hen, and brooding the young, which quit their nurse as soon 136 GUAN. as they are able to shift for themselves: they have two broods in a year, one in December or January, the other in May or June. It is by some called the Brazilian Turkey, and the flesh is much esteemed. These birds are met with in the morning or evening on such trees as they frequent for the sake of the fruit, and may be discovered by some of it falling to the ground ; the young are easily tamed, seldom forsake the places in which they have been brought up, and give very little trouble, as they prefer the roosting on tall trees to any other place; its cry is not inharmonious, excepting when irritated, or wounded, when it is harsh and loud; the flesh is much esteemed. The windpipe in this species is of a singular construction, passing down the neck to the entrance of the breast, where it rises on the outside of the flesh under the skin, and after proceeding a little way downwards, returns, and enters the cavity of the chest. It is kept im its place on the outside by a muscular ligament, which is per- ceivable quite to the breast bone. This circumstance is found in both sexes, and proves, that it differs essentially from the Yacou, which has no uncommon elongation of the windpipe in either sex. This is probably the bird mentioned by Bancroft, as common at Guiana, under the name of Marrodée, which he says, is wholly brownish black; bill black; legs grey; that they perch on trees, and the Indians imitate their cry so exactly, as to lead to the dis- covery of the places they are in, by their answering it: the flesh compared to that of a Fowl. One of these, which came under my view, from Cayenne, was twenty-eight inches long. The bill as in the Fowl, brown, rather hooked ; round the eye bare ; head crested; feathers of the neck before tipped with white ; breast and belly rufous brown ; the rest of the plumage greenish brown; tail eleven inches long, and rounded at the end; the quills reach just beyond the ramp; legs brown, claws hooked. Another in Mr. Me. Leay’s collection, was twenty-two inches long. The head chestnut, tinged with violet; plumage above red GUAN. 137 brown; the quills darker; round the eye bare, the chin scarcely feathered, the skin being rather beset with hairs; the under parts in general pale light ash-colour ; tail cuneiform, the two interior feathers ten inches long, the outer six inches and a half, the two middle ones olive-brown, the others fine chestnut; the wings reach but little beyond the rump; legs red brown. This was brought from Berbice, by the name of Karoeba. 5.—CRYING GUAN. Penelope vociferans, Gm. Lin. i. 735. Phasianus vociferans, Ind. Orn. i1. 625. Chachalacametl, Rati, 163. Fern. H. N. Hisp. ch. 41. Chacamel, Buf. ii. 394. Crying Curassow, Gen. Syn. iv. 696. 4. SIZE of asmall Turkey. Bill stout, rather bent, the nostrils placed near the base, colour bluish ; orbits bare, and bluish ; and the breast has a tinge of blue; but the general colour of the plumage is brown ; belly and under parts paler ; tail rather long, and rounded at the end; legs dull yellow. Inhabits Mexico, and cries like other Fowls, but so loudly, and continually, that it may be compared to the whole family of the poultry crying out at once; for one of these will often make as much noise as all the rest together; hence has arisen the name of Chacha- lacametl or Crying Bird: in its wild state it is found in mountainous parts, and frequently with the Curassow Birds, who are fond of the same haunts. Ina drawing which came under our inspection, the two outer feathers of the tail were rufous, the rest of the tail brown. 6.—OBSCURE GUAN. Penelope obscura, Yacuhu, Temm. Pig. § Gall. iii. p. 68. Voy. d’ Azara, iv. p. 163. LENGTH twenty-eight inches. Bill black; eye surrounded with black, extending to the base of it; irides reddish; from the VOL. VIII. T 138 GUAN. lower mandible, a red membrane passes downwards for two inches, in the manner of the Turkey, but when the bird is irritated this disappears ; at the base of the bill some short, narrow, black feathers; the forehead, crown, and one-third of the neck, are black, the rest of the neck, upper part of the back, and wing coverts dusky black, the feathers slightly edged with white; the rest of the back, belly, and thighs, chestnut; quills and tail black, the last much rounded in shape, and consists of twelve feathers, the outer being shorter than the middle ones by three inches. This is not uncommon at Paraguay ; there called Yacuhu, or Black Yacu; by the Spaniards about the River Plate, Pabo di Monte, or Mountain Turkey. Isis mostly found about rivers and Jakes, trees being most abundant in such places: it has a sharp cry like the word Yac, Yac, frequently repeated, and very loud: said to make the nest in October, and to lay eight eggs. | Nothing more of this bird is known, than what is collected from M. d’Azara. 7.—SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. Penelope superciliaris, Peoa, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. p. 72. LENGTH twenty-three inches. Bill fourteen lines long, dusky purple; irides reddish brown; forehead and crown smooth, but on the first some straggling hairs; sides of the head covered with a dusky purple, naked skin; head and nape dusky brown; at the lower jaw arises a black band, and passes over the ear; from the nostrils a band of white, passing over the naked part to the ears; beginning of the back greenish, the feathers edged with grey ; wing coverts, second quills, and tail coverts deep green, bordered with light rufous; lower part of the neck and breast cinereous brown, with whitish edges; thighs, belly, and rump, chestnut; the throat and upper part of the neck bare of feathers, the skin membranous, and loose, but furnished with a few straggling hairs; tail green, with GUAN. 139 a rufous tinge, eleven inches in length, and very cuneiform; legs bluish horn-colour. Male and female much alike. Inhabits Brazil, particularly in the district of Para, called by the Indians Jacu-peoa. 8.—EYE-BROW GUAN. SIZE of a small Hen Turkey. Bill dusky, shaped as in our common poultry, and a trifle bending downwards ; nostrils pervious; feathers of the crown and hindhead somewhat elongated, and incline upwards; plumage in general dusky brown; over the eye a white streak, passing some way down on the neck on each side; chin, and neck before, as far as the breast, bare of feathers, and yellow orange, with here and there a few hairs ; several of the feathers of the sides of the neck before, also on the breast, and wing coverts, with whitish margins; the tail about one-third of the length of the bird, cuneiform ; legs stout and scaly, not unlike those of a Turkey, but shorter, and the claws more hooked. The female is smaller, and paler, with more undulations of white among the feathers; round the eye not covered with feathers; throat bare and reddish as in the male; and the feathers of the head less elongated. Inhabits South America; and seems to be very similar to, if not the same as the last described.—General Davies. 9.—MOTMOT GUAN. Phasianus Motmot, Ind. Orn. ii. 632. Lin.i. 271. Gm. Lin.i. 740. Borowsk. ii. 181. Phasianus Guianensis, Bris. i. 270. t. 26. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 76. Faisan de la Guiane, Pl, enl, 146. Penelope, Temm. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xciii. T2 140 GUAN. Le Katraca, Buf. ii. 364. Avis Motmot Brasiliensis coloris spadicei, Seba, i. 103. t. 67. 2 ? Motmot Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 721. SIZE of a Fowl; length eighteen inches. Bill reddish ; head feathers elongated, rufous, the head deep brown; neck and upper parts olive-brown ; breast, belly, sides, and thighs, rufous brown ; under tail coverts chestnut; quills and two middle tail feathers like the back ; the rest blackish, except the outer, which is rufous; shape of the tail cuneiform ; legs blackish, claws brown. Inhabits Brazil and Guiana. That figured by Brisson, and in the Pl. enlum. have cuneiform long tails ; but the one in Seba’s plate has that part much shorter, and even; the description, too, in this author, is not quite the same; he calls the size that of a Pigeon, with a large head and short neck, a short and thick bill as in the common Fowl, and the legs of the same make; plumage in general chestnut; quills greenish blue; and the base of the bill bordered with blackish feathers. He adds, that the flesh of this bird, well dressed, is very well flavoured. One of these in the Leverian Museum was somewhat bare, and reddish under the chin; the tail cuneiform. This and the followimg bird do not seem to be sufficiently known, at least not enough to identify, how far they may be related to each other, or distinct species. 10.—PARRAQUA GUAN. Phasianus Parraqua, Ind. Orn. ii. 632. Gm. Lin. i. 740. Mem. sur Cay.i. 378. pl. 1.2. Buf.ir. 894. Id. Sonnin. vi. 320. & Add. 323. Tem. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. i. p. 85. & Anat. t. viii.—Windpipe. Hannequaw, Bancr. Guian. p. 176 ? Yacu caraquata, Voy. d’Azara, iv. p. 164. No. 336. Parraqua Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 722. Lin. Trans. iv. 101. pl. ix. f. 3.—Windpipe. SIZE and make of a small Fowl; length twenty-three inches. Bill dark rufous, shaped as in the common Fowl; eyes brown; GUAN. 14] plumage in general deep brown above, and fulvous beneath; the top of the head of this latter colour, and the feathers longish, but not sufficient to form a real crest; wings short, the webs of some of the quills incline to rufous ; the tail about one foot long, and consists of twelve feathers, of equal lengths, and though capable of being erected, is carried pendent for the most part; legs dark rufous, in- clining to black, claws like those of other Fowls. The two sexes of this bird are said not to differ externally, but in the male the windpipe is of a peculiar structure : it is of a great length, and instead of directly entering into the cavity of the breast, it first passes over the left clavicle, on the outside of the flesh of the breast, being covered only by the skin, to more than half way, and then making a bend, returns upward on the right side, and lastly turns over the clavicle into the hollow, there to unite with the lungs; somewhat of this construction is seen in the Marail Turkey, but in a much inferior degree, and observed too in both sexes, but in the Parraqua it is only seen in the male. This species is common in the woods of Guiana and Cayenne, and many other parts of South America. At sun-rise, sets up a violent cry, which is thought to be the loudest of all the birds of the new world. At this time the eyes appear red, and a small red skin appears on the breast, which at other times is not visible, nor at all noticed, except when the bird makes such exertions, or is angry : the cry supposed to resemble the word Parraqua, and is repeated many times together; frequently many are heard at once, or answering one another, but mostly in breeding time, which is twice in the year, when they lay from four to six eggs; make the nest in low branches, or stumps of trees, and treat the chickens in the same manner as Hens do; the food is grains, seeds, and herbs; but they collect worms and insects for the nestling birds; these inhabit the woods by day, leaving them for the open savannas, in the morning and evening, to 142 GUAN. feed, when they are killed by the natives and others; are frequently brought up tame, and the flesh much esteemed. The Hannequaw mentioned by Bancroft is probably the same ; he says it is black, roosts in trees, and may be heard early in the morning, distinctly, but hoarsely, repeating the word Hannequaw, very loud. One related to this, but smaller, is very frequent in Brazil ; called, on the East Coast, Aracuan, and esteemed good food: size of our Pheasant ; is always seen in pairs, and rises with great noise ; it is not easy to kill them, as they mostly frequent the thickest woods and bushes. Probably this is Humboldt’s Phasianus Garrulus.* M. Temminck is of opinion, that the Motmot and Parraqua form but one Species. 11.—COURIER GUAN. Phasianus Mexicanus, Ind. Orn. ii. 632. Gm. Lin. i. 741. Perdix nove Hispanie, Ind. Orn. ii. 653. Gm. Lin.i. 763. Coturnix major Mexicana, Bris. i. 257. Id. 8vo. i. 72. Hoitlallotl, Rati, p.158. Will. 304. Buf. ii. 395. Fern. N. Hisp. ch. iii. p. 25. Le grand Colin, Buf. ii. 485. Long Bird, or Hoitlallotl, Will. Engl. 393. Mexican Quail, Gen. Syn. iv. 786. Courier Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 723. FOR the description of this bird we are indebted to Fernandez, who has given but an imperfect account ; it is said by Willughby to be nine inches long. The bill black above, cinereous beneath, three inches long, and moderately thick; tail green, three inches long, with a purplish splendour; the feathers of the whole body from white tend to fulvous, but towards the tail from black to the same colour, yet the upper side of the body is black, sprinkled with white spots ; the wings are short. * Maxim. Trav.i. p. 245. GUAN. 143 Inhabits the hotter parts of Mexico, ‘‘ it flies near the ground, ** and makes but short flights ; but runs so swiftly, that it far exceeds “* the speed of the fleetest horses.” Its flesh is not in much esteem. The bird described by Brisson from Fernandez, is said to be much larger than our Quail. The bill and legs black; head and neck varied white and black ; back whitish, the rest of the body fulvous; the quills tipped with white. It is much to be wished that a more accurate account could be had of this bird. 144 PINTADO. GENUS LVIII.—PINTADO. 1 Guinea Pintado 2 Egyptian 4 Crested A Var. | 3 Mitred | BILy convex, strong, short; at the base a carunculated cere, in which the nostrils are placed. Head and neck naked, slightly beset with bristles. A conical protuberance reflected, and Jarge, on the head.* Wattles hanging from the cheeks. Tail short, pointing downwards. 1.—GUINEA PINTADO. Numida Meleagris, Ind. Orn. ii. 621. Lin.i. 273. Mus. Ad. Fr.ii. 27. Gm. Lin. i. 744. Scop.i. No. 165. Borowsk. 182, t.20. Gerin. ii. t. 230. Hasselq. It. 274. Id. Voy. 202. 42. Frisch, t.126. Schef. el. Orn. t.46. Rom. Orn. i. 69. t. 10. Bris.i. 176. t.18. Id. 8vo. i. 49. Klein, 18. 2. Id. Stem. 25. t. 26. f.1.—a. b. Id. Ov. 32. t. 23. £.5.6. Gesn. Av. pl. in p. 424. Gallus et Gallina Guineensis, Rati, 52. 8. Jd. 182. 17. Will. 115. t. 26.27. Gallina de Africa, 6 de Guinea, Gabin. de Madrid, ii. p. 31. lam. 51. Peintade, Buf. ii. 163. t.4. Jd. Sonnin. v. p.270. Pl. enl. 108. Zinn. Uov. 27. t. 2. f.4. Bonat. Tab. Enc. Orn. 191. pl. 83. f. 1. Voy. en Barb.i, 268. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 8vo. ii. 431. Id. Pl. Anat.i. f.4.5. : Perle Hiner, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t.94. Naturf.xvii. 69. Schmid, Vog. p. 97. t.88. Guinea Pintado, Gen. Syn.iv. 685. Id. Sup. 204. Will. Engl. 162. Sparr. Voy. ii. p-19. Sloan. Jam. 303. Brown, Jam.470. Pitf. Mem.t.p.174. Bewick, Birds, pl. p. 293. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 179. THIS well known bird is bigger than a large Cock ; the length twenty-two inches. Bill reddish horn-colour ; head bare of feathers, and bluish; on the top, at the hind part, a bluish red protuberance, conical in shape, and compressed laterally; from the base of the upper mandible hangs, on each side, a bluish red wattle; the neck * In one Species a crest of feathers. PINTADO. 145 is sparingly beset with hairy feathers, and the skin, which appears between, is bluish ash-colour ; the lower part of the neck is feathered, and inclines more to violet; the rest of the plumage black, marked with round white spots of different sizes, and crossed in the inter- mediate spaces with grey lines, the wings and tail not excepted; legs greyish brown. ‘The female has the wattles rather less in size, and red, which in the male are inclined to blue. _The native place of this bird is on all hands allowed to be A frica,* and is the Meleagris of old authors; it is, however, supposed to have been originally from Nubia,t and esteemed in the Roman banquets ; met with in flocks of two or three hundred, by various travellers. Dampier found them in numbers in the Island of Mayo,t and Forster speaks of them, as being in plenty at St. Jago :|| are common im various parts about the Cape of Good Hope, being found in the road from Zee Cow River, to near Sunday River, in flocks, and are very shy and cautious; fly low, and straight forwards, like our - Partridges, and although they perch in the night together on trees, they appear to get the greatest part of the food on the ground, and Mr. Sparrman once met with such numbers at roost, that he killed six of them at one shot, and wounded several others; the flesh, however, in his opinion, was dry, and much inferior to that of the Common Hen. M. Levaillant gives much the same account, as being in great plenty about Droog Riviere; but adds, that when frightened from * Africee hoc est Gallinarum Genus, gibberum, variis sparsum plumis, quz novissime sunt peregrinarum avium in mensas recepte propter ingratum virus.—Plin. 1.x. chap. 26. Mnesias Africae locum Sycionem appellatum, et Cratin amnem in oceanum effluentem é lacu in quo aves quas Meleagridas et Penelopas vocat, vivere.—Plin. lib. 37. cap. ii. + Hasselquist; from whence he says also, Apes, Parrots, &c. are brought to Cairo, and other parts of Africa; met within the plains of Zarai and Admara, in Abyssinia, in plenty. Valent. Voy. i. p.4. ~ Damp. Voy. iii. pt. 1. p. 28. || Voy. p. 39, VOL. Vill. U 146 PINTADO. the trees, they run a good way, and.on their attempting to take wing again, are often caught in numbers by the dogs, without firing a shot ; and sometimes by the dogs barking at the foot of the trees, on which they roost at night by hundreds, they are so frightened, as to become an easy prey to those who wait for them below: are likewise very common on the mountains in the Isle of Hinzuan, or Johanna.** They are found also in various parts of America, the West India Islands, and in several are not only domesticated, but found in a wild state. In this kingdom the young birds are much esteemed for the table, but although they are fond of ranging at large, are never found but in a domesticated state. The female lays many eggs in a season, which by some are set under Hens, and, in general, care is required in bringing up the young birds, yet im many seasons they may be raised without difficulty.. Although the hen of this species does not readily submit to the confinement of an enclosed and sheltered building, to sit on her eggs; she will often secrete a nest, and appear on a sudden with twenty young running after her: the egg is smaller than that of a Hen, and rounder, from end to end two inches and.a quarter, the colour reddish white, obscurely freckled with a darker colour.t It is a very clamorous bird, having a harsh kind of note, by some compared to a door turning on rusty hinges, by others to an ungreased axle tree; and is easily disturbed when on the roost, so as to hinder a family from taking rest, on account of the noise. * Asiatic Research. ii. p. 86.—Guinea Pintadoes have their origin, most probably, from Africa, but when introduced here is not certain. The Pintado does not occur in the list of birds in the famous feast of Archbishop Nevill, in the reign of Edward IV. nor in the Duke of Northumberland’s Household Book, 1512; neither is it mentioned in that of the House- hold of King Henry VIII. although Peions (Peacocks) make a conspicuous share in all of them. + Said frequently to lay 24 eggs, and even as far as 27. The egg said to weigh some- what under two ounces. PINTADO. 147 A.—Meleagris pectore albo, Bris.i. 181. A. Id. 8vo.i. p.50. Roman. Orn. i. 72. Bechst. Deutch. iii. p. 1147. 2. Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 681. White-breasted Pintado, Gen. Syn. iv. 687. Albin, i. pl. 85. Brown, Jam. 470. This has a white breast, marked with large spots of black, in which are smaller ones of white; the four first quills, and the same number of the outer greater wing coverts, are also white. This Variety is found in Jamaica, and perhaps in England also, as it varies greatly ; in some the ground is bluish instead of black ; in others so very pale as to make the white spots little conspicuous, and not unfrequently of a pure white throughout,* specimens of which are extant in several Museums of Natural History ; besides which, one is mentioned by M. Bechstein, a mule bird, between the Pintado and Common Cock, but as a rare occurrence.t 2.—EGYPTIAN PINTADO. Numida Hgyptiaca, Ind. Orn. 11. 622. Gerin. ii. 80. t. 232. Egyptian Pintado, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 272. THIS hasa pale red bill ; head and neck rufous, thinly furnished with hairs, appearing nearly naked; on the top of the head the feathers are long, and stand upwards, forming a crest; on each jaw a folded, rugose, pale, blue skin, but scarcely to be called a wattle ; the body is black, marked with bluish spots, much larger than in the Crested Species, of which it may probably prove only a Variety. The above description taken from a living specimen in the Aviary at Versailles, in the year 1728. * See Gerin. Orn. ii. t. 231. + Deutsch. iii. 1147, 4. 148 PINTADO. 3.—MITRED PINTADO. Numida mitrata, Ind. Orn. ii. 622. Gm. Lin. i. 745. Pall. Spic. iv. p. 18 t. 3. f. 1. the Head. Borowsk. ii. 184. 3. Peintade mitrée, Sonnin. Buf. v. 311. Encyc. Orn. 192. pl. 85. f.3. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 444. Mitred Pintado, Gen. Syn. iv. 688. SIZE of the‘Common One. Bill yellowish ; the head crowned with an helmet, but smaller than in the other; the crown, and about _ the bill, dirty red; on each side of the gape a longish linear portion of flesh, pointed at the end, longest in the male, and red at the tip; under the throat a kind of wattle, somewhat similar to that of a Turkey; the upper part of the neck is bluish, and naked; body black ; the lower part of the neck transversely undulated with white, and the body spotted with the same as in the Common Sort ; but the ground colour is more black, and the spots larger; legs blackish. Inhabits Madagascar and Guinea, but is not common.—Pallas seems to think that it may be the bird mentioned by Columella,* as differng from the common one; which will account for Pliny’st having thought the Numida and Meleagris to be different birds.— This species is common at Mosambique, as also in Abyssinia. 4.—CRESTED PINTADO.—PL. cxxtt. Numida cristata, Ind. Orn. ii. 622. Gm. Lin. i. 746. Pall. Spic. iv. p. 15. t. 2. Borowsk. ii. 184. 2. Nat. Misc. pl. 757. Peintade Cornal, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 448. Peintade a Créte, Sonnin. Buf. v. p. 3138. Encyc. Orn, 192. pl. 85. f. 3. Crested Pintado, Gen. Syn. iv. 688. pl. 62. THIS is less than the Common Sort. Bill horn-colour; base covered with a sort of cere, in which the nostrils are placed; there * De re rustica, lib. vill. cap, 2. + Nat. Hist. lib. x. cap. 26 & 48. © Xoxale 7) “). Cee Po pate PINTADO. 149 are no wattles, but at the angles of the mouth is a kind of fold; the head and neck, beyond the middle, are naked, of a dull blue, sprinkled only with a few hairs; the space round the ears most covered ; the fore part from the throat sanguineous ; on the head is a large crest, of thick-set, slender, black feathers ; the greater part of which turns backwards, but inclining on the fore part over the bill; the whole plumage is black; the neck and fore part of the body plain; the rest covered with bluish spots, little bigger than millet seeds; on some of the feathers four, on others three on each web; prime quills blackish brown; secondaries the same, with four spots, two or three on the outer margins broad and white; the tail, which has fourteen feathers, is crossed with undulated broken lines, but hid by the upper coverts; legs blackish ; hind claw elevated from the ground, bent, and blunt at the end. Inhabits Africa ; all the three species above described are found at Mozambique, but the Crested one most beautiful, and variegated in plumage. In the drawings of Mr. Dent is a Crested Guinea Fowl]: the bill yellow; plumage wholly blue black, with innumerable minute white spots, in rows, appearing like beads, but the neck and crest are black ; the feathers of the last long, and curved backwards on the nape; the whole head otherwise bare, wrinkled, and red ; legs brown. Found at Sierra Leona; perhaps related to the one which Marcgrave mentions from that place, and said to have a kind of -membranaceous collar about the neck, of a bluish ash-colour, and a Jarger roundish black crest. I am greatly indebted to the Jate Lord Seaforth for the skeleton of the breast of the Pintado from Africa, of which he had once the living bird in his possession; and as doubts had arisen in some minds of the probability of the various sorts being related to each other, on the death of it he was enabled to prove the fallacy of this supposition ; for in the Common sort the Trachea proceeds at once straight to the lungs, in the usual way, but in the other is so totally different in 150 PINTADO. manner, as to merit description. The construction of the windpipe had nothing singular, but the circumstance, and situation of it, in its passage to the lungs, differs from any other yet noticed ; it passes on the fore part of the neck in the common course, and instead of entering the chest, is greatly elongated, and continues down between the divarication of the clavicle, to the bottom, which finishes in a kind of pouch, compressed on the sides, and about three quarters of an inch in depth, into which it is received ; and bending again upwards, passes into the cavity of the chest, somewhat in the manner of the Wild Swan, but differmg, in that the keel in this Pintado is narrow, without any cavity, as in the Swan; and the bend of the trachea in its case stands about half an inch from it, but attached thereto by a membrane. We have been for some time uncertain to what precise Species this curious ‘construction above mentioned belonged, it being merely called the African Guinea Bird ; appearing, however, to have no relation to the first, with which it has been by some compared. This doubt has been cleared up to me by the ingenious and indefa- tigable Mr. Cliff, of the College of Surgeons, who shewed me the bird, from which a breast bone and trachea were taken, precisely similar in structure, and was no other than the Crested Species. CURASSOW. 15] GENUS LIX.—CURASSOW. i Crested Curassow C Hybrid 6 Razor-billed 2 Red 3 Globose 7 Cushew A Var. 4 Wattled 8 Galeated B Var. | 5 Blue BILL convex, strong, and thick, the base.covered with a cere, often with a large knob. Nostrils small, lodged in the cere. Head sometimes with a crest of feathers, curling at. the ends. Tail large, straight. 1.— CRESTED CURASSOW. Crax Alector, Ind. Orn. ii. 622. Lin.1. 269. Gin. Lin. i. 735. Scop. i. No. 263. Klein, 111.3. Borowsk. 1. 170. t. 28. Crax Guianensis, Bris. i. 298. t.29.. Jd. 8vo. i. 84.. Frisch, t. 121. Mituporanga, Raii, 56.6. fd. 183.19. Well. 115. t. 28.—the Head. Johnst. Av. p. 153. t. 27.28. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. v. 3. p.27. & t.5. f. 1. 2.2.—Anat. Mitu, vel Mutu, Brasil. Gerin. ii. 79. t. 228. Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 338. Hocco dela Guiane, Buf. 375. pl. 13. Sonnin. Buf. v. 253.-& 267. pl. 47. f. 1. Desc. Surin. i. 149. Indian Cock, Pitf. Mem. pl. p. 190. Phil. Trans. lvi. p. 215. pl. x. f. 3.—Windpipe. Mem. de 1’ Acad. Sci. iii. part 1, p. 221. Pheasant of Guiana, Bancr. Guian. p. 173. Crested Curassow, Gen. Syn. iv. 690. Brown, Jam. 470. Sloan. Jam. 302. t. 260. Damp. Voy. ii. part 2. p. 67. Fd.in. part 1. p. 75. = Lin. Trans. iv. 104. pl. x. f.2.3.—Windpipe. Nat. Misc. pl. 117.—Male. SIZE of a Turkey; length nearly three feet. Bill one inch and three quarters long and horn-colour, covered from the base to the middle with a skin or cere, which passes quite round, and behind the eyes; plumage in general a full black; the feathers of the neck soft and velvety ; on the crown an upright crest, composed of twisted long black feathers; the longest three inches, the others much shorter; 152 CURASSOW. lower part of the belly, vent, and thighs, white; the tail is eleven inches long, and consists of fourteen feathers, rounded at the end, and black ; legs strong, dusky brown. In the wild state both sexes are nearly alike, but the crest is smaller. It varies in having the belly barred with white ; and the end of the tail of the same colour. These are frequent at Guiana, and are called Powese, from their cry, which is supposed to imitate that word ; are pretty numerous in the woods, and make great part of the food of the planters, being supplied by the Indian hunters; the flesh reckoned delicate, being much like that of a Turkey. Are frequently brought up tame, and common in the Dutch Settlements of Berbice, Essequibo, and De- merary ; are called at Brazil, Curasso, and by some, Peacock Pheasant, and Mutum. We learn that they breed freely in the Menageries of Holland, and have also done the same in this kingdom, but the climate of either does not seem sufficiently warm for their nature. The construction of the trachea, or windpipe, is curious, not going into the breast bone at once as usual in most birds, but making a bend downwards, increases in breadth, and is flattened ; it then rises upwards, becomes smaller, and proceeds to the lungs. This is _ represented in the various plates referred to. 2.—RED CURASSOW .—PL. cxxilt. Crax rubra, Lin. i. 270. Gm. Lin. i. 736. Alector, femina, Ind. Orn. i1. 623. globicera hybrida, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ili. p. 25. — Peruvianus, Bris. i. 305. Id. 8vo. i. 86. Klein, Av. 112. 4? Hocco de Perou, Buf. ii. 375. pl. 14. Pl. enl, 125. Coxolitli, Ratz, p.57. Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 21. Red Peruvian Hen, Albin, iii. pl. 40. Crested Curassow, Gen. Syn. iv. p. 693. pl. Ixiii. THIS is a beautiful Species; the size much the same as the last. Bill gibbous at the base, the colour of yellow oker, with a brown Pil CACC = eT om i Ge a) 4 Sten crested GZ rafron— CURASSOW. 153 tip; sides of the head covered with feathers, and black ; crest white, tipped with black ; the whole of the neck encircled with alternate black and white rings; body and wings red brown; tail the same, crossed with eight or nine yellowish white bars, powdered with minute dusky spots, bounded above and beneath with blackish; the legs yellowish ; the claws dusky. The gibbosity above mentioned varies greatly in respect to size, bemg most conspicuous in old birds; always smaller in the female, and in the young birds very little elevated; the space round the eyes also, not always the same, in some being bare, in others covered with short feathers. Inhabit Pera and Mexico, and are kept in a domesticated state in all the warmer parts of America, and the West India Islands, where they become very familiar, and breed freely; but are subject to vary exceedingly in colour, and not unfrequently, by attaching themselves to others of the Genus, produce mongrel birds, differing much from the parent stock. In the mountamous parts they are by no means shy, as they will suffer themselves to be shot at many times, without attempting to escape. They are not unfrequent in our Menageries in England, and readily mix with other poultry, feeding with them, and sometimes breeding ; but this climate does not seem to be warm enough for their nature, nor are they able to bear the dampness of the grass in the meadows, as it renders them subject to have their toes rotted off. In this state they will, however, live for some time, and in one instance the whole of one foot was gone, and but part of one toe left of the other, before the bird died. A.—Ind. Orn. ii. 624. B. Gen. Syn. iv. 693. Var. A. In this Variety the neck is alternately white and black as in the last; the lower belly and vent white ; tail plain brown. VOL. VIII. x 154 CURASSOW. B.—Ind. Orn. ii. 624. y. Gen. Syn. iv. 693. Var. B. The plumage in this is reddish brown, barred all over with cream-colour, and is a young bird. One similar to this was hatched in the Menagerie at Osterley Park. C.—Autre hybride, &c. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii, p. 43. Length two feet and a half. Cheeks naked; bill horn-colour ; crest white, with the end black; head, neck, breast, and upper part of the back, plain black; wings, quills, and upper tail coverts, barred pale rafous and black ; tail black, crossed with distant, yel- lowish white bands, and ending with the same; under parts of the body, from the breast, plain yellowish rufous. This M. Temminck esteems a Variety, between the Red and Globose Species. 3.—GLOBOSE CURASSOW. Crax globicera, Ind. Orn. ii, 624. Lin. i. 695. Gm. Lin. i. 736. Borowsk. ii. 171. Curassous, Bris. 1. 300. Id. Svo. i. 85. Mituporanga, Curassavia, Gerin. ii. pl. 229. Gallus Indicusalius, K/ein, 111.3. Ratt, 52.7. Will. 110. 115. Gerin. ii. 79. t. 229. Hocco Teucholi, Temm. Pig. & Gall. Svo. iii. p. 13. Pl. enl. 86.—young. Another Indian Cock, Will. Engl. p. 162. Curassow Cock and Hen, Albin, ii. pl. 31. 32. Edw. pl. 295. 1. Globose Curassow, Gen. Syn. iv. 695. SIZE of the last. Bill yellow, with a cimereous tip; over the nostrils a round knob, like a cherry, very hard, and of a fine yellow ; irides red; round the eyes white; on the head the feathers are long, and form a crest, which points forwards; the colour black, with CURASSOW. 155 white tips, which are a little bent; the rest of the plumage black, except the lower belly, vent, and across the thighs, which are white ; legs pale ferruginous: in some the tail is white. Both sexes are: much alike. A.—This Variety has the head and neck behind black; the crest black, with a white band; some of the neck feathers tipped with white; fore part of the neck and breast, back and-wings, dull brown; upper part of the belly white, with some of the feathers tipped with black; the lower part, vent, and thighs, pale yellowish brown ; tail black, crossed with four broad white bands; knob of the bill as in the male, but both bil] and legs are ash-colour. Inhabits Guiana, especially about Curassow, and seems to be a mere Variety of the former species. M. 'Temminck esteems it to be a mixed breed between the Globose and Red Species. 4.—-WATTLED CURASSOW. Crax carunculata, Pauxi a barbillons, Temm. Pig. & Gall. Syo. iii. p. 44. pl. 4. f. 3.— the Head. THIS has a shorter bill, but stronger than in the Crested Species, and the upper mandible more elevated; the cere at the base red, and reaches to the base of the lower mandible on each side, finishing in a round caruncle, or wattle; round the eye naked: at the hind- head a set of upright feathers, broader at the ends, and bent, or twisted: the whole of the plumage, without exception, is black, with a greenish gloss, as in the Crested One. Inhabits Brazil ; the manners totally unknown, as M. Temminck has seen only one, preserved there, and sent into Eurepe. >. 04 156 CURASSOW. 5.—BLUE CURASSOW. SIZE of a female Turkey. Bill very much elevated and rounded above; nostrils not far from the base, the under mandible moderate ; colour of the bill red ; round the eyes not well clothed with feathers; the general colour of the plumage fine blue; feathers of the crown long, forming a crest, inclining backwards; from the breast to the thighs greenish yellow; the lower belly, vent, and thighs deep ferruginous; tail long, rounded at the end; two or more of the middle feathers blue for more than half from the base, the rest of the length dusky, or brownish black; the others blue at the base, then dusky yellow, and finally brownish black, but the ends of all incline to blue; legs brown, segments remarkably rough and scaly. Inhabits Sierra Leona ; the above account taken from a drawing of the bird by Gen. Davies, who copied it from a preserved specimen. I find it also among the drawings of Mr. Dent. In General Davies's figure the feathers on the crown form a tuft of two or three series, standing upright, and are rounded at the tips, and these are wholly deep black. 6.—RAZOR-BILLED CURASSOW. Crax Mitu, Lin. i. 270. Gm. Lin.i. 736. B. Rati, Syn.52. 4. Will.114. t.28. Id. Engl. 160. iv. Gerin. ii. t. 228. Ind. Orn. ii. 623. 8. Marcg. Bras. t. p. 194. Johnst, Av. 153. t. 58. Pauxi Mitu, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. iii. p. 8.—and Tab. Anat. iv. f. 2.—the Bill. Crax Brasiliensis, Bris. i. 296. Id. 8vo. i. 83. Hocco de la Guiane, Tab. Enc. Orn. p. 174. Crested Curassow, Gen. Syn. iv. 691. A. SIZE of a Cock; length two feet and a half. Bill of a bright carnation-colour, crooked at the point, and above continued into a rounded prominence, one inch and three quarters in height ; nostrils CURASSOW. 157 at the base; irides red brown; behind the ear a naked white spot; plumage in general black, except on the belly, and under the tail, where the colour is brown, almost like that of a Partridge; the tail one foot in length. A bird, which appeared to me to be the same,was in the collection of Mr. Brooks, a Dealer, in Piccadilly, which answered nearly to the above description: the bill very high ridged, and flattened on the sides, as in the Ani; under mandible very narrow, colour deep red; the crest consisting’of eight or ten feathers longer than the rest, and broader at the end; which the bird could erect or depress at will; the bare white part behind the ears not perceivable, unless on strict examination; the belly and vent dull ferruginous ; tail tipped with white for one inch from the end ;* legs red. This last bird was imported from Portugal, and said to be a native of Brazil; was gentle in its manners, and had a plaintive, and not unpleasing note: is also said to be found at Guiana, and there called Hocco de Para. 7.—CUSHEW CURASSOW. Crax Pauxi, Ind. Orn. ii. 624. Lin. i. 270. Gm. Lin. i. 737. Rati, 52.5. Will. 114, 305. Id. Engl. 161 394. Borowsk. ii. 172. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. xcn. Crax Mexicanus, Bris. i. 302. Id. 8vo.i. 85. Pauxi galeata, Pauxi 4 Pierre, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. iii. p.1. & t. Anat, pl. 4. f. 1. PI, enl. 78. Gallina Indica alia, Will. 110. Hocco du Mexique, Buf. ii. 348. Id. Sonnin. v. 282. pl. 48. 1. Das Hockerhuhn, Schmid, Vog. p. 99. t. 85. Paxara Piedra, Gabin. de Madrid, i. p. 55. lam. 24. Cushew Curassow, Gen. Syn. iv. 696. Lin. Trans. iv. 101. pl. xi. f. 1. 2.—Windpipe. Edw. pl. 295. SIZE of the others, but more elegant in shape. Bill red 3 a the base of the forehead a very large gibbosity, of the size of a small * M. Temminck mentions one, which had the end of the tail chestnut. 158 CURASSOW. pear, and. not unlike it in shape: this is very hard, and in colour a fine blue; the base of the under mandible is also blue; the plumage in general glossy, purplish, blue black, but the lower belly, under tail coverts, and tip of the tail, are white; legs pale red. The female has those parts brown, which are red in the male. Inhabits Mexico; but is either a more rare bird, or less valued ; as we do not see it so often in our Menageries. The windpipe of this bird affords no less a singularity, than before observed in the Crested Species. It is greatly elongated, and continues first downwards the whole length of the pectoral muscle, after which it makes a double, and ascends again before it enters the cavity of the chest. 8.—GALEATED CURASSOW. Crax galeata, Ind. Orn. ii. 624. vertice cono corneo onusto, Bris. 8vo. i. p. 87. Galeated Curassow, Gen. Syn. Sup. 206. THIS is almost as large asa Turkey. Biull and legs red ; on the crown of the head a horny substance, about two inches in height, broad at the bottom, and ending ima blunt point, like a helmet ; the general colour of the plumage black, except the vent, and under tail coverts, which are white. Inhabits Curassow, and is probably the same as the Cushew Species. ATXX) Td MENURA. 159 GENUS LX.—MENURA. THIS Genus consists of one Species only. The bill is stout, conico-convex, a trifle naked at the base. Nostrils oval, placed about the middle of the bill. Tail long, consisting of sixteen loose-webbed feathers, the two middle ones narrow, exceeding the others in length; the outer one on each side growing much broader, and curved at the end. Legs stout, made for walking. SUPERB MENURA.—PL. cxxiv. Menura Nove Hollandiz, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 1x1. Menura Superba, Lin. Trans. vii. 207. pl. 22. Collins’s N.S. Wales, ii. pl. in p. 93. Lyre, Tem. Man. d’Orn. Anal. p.\vi. Le Parkinson, Os. dor. ii. pl. 14. 15. male—I6 jeune age. Das Schweifhahn, Schmid, Vog. p. 100. t. 86. Parkinsonian Paradise-Bird, Nat. Misc. 577. Superb Menura, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 271. THIS most smgular bird is about the size of a Hen Pheasant ; length, from the point of the bill to the end of the longest feathers of the tail, three feet anda half; that of the bill, to the gape, one inch and a half, in shape nearly straight, a trifle bent towards the tip, and black; the nostrils in a longish oval slit, placed beyond the middle, where it is depressed ; round the eye very scantily covered with feathers. In the male, the feathers of the crown are somewhat elongated, so as to make that part appear crested ; the general colour of the plumage above is brown; the greater part of the wing inclines to rufous; from the chin to the breast the colour is pale rufous, but the rest of the under parts are brownish ash-colour, paler towards the vent; the tailis chiefly composed of loose-webbed feathers, not 160 MENURA. ill resembling those which are situated beneath the wings of the Paradise-Bird, but the vanes are at a quarter of an inch distance each, stouter, and situated alternate on each side; these feathers are twelve in number, and more than two feet in Jength ; independent of these, in the centre rise two slender ones, which are considerably longer than the others, and are fully webbed on the outer side, but on the inner the webs are short; the exterior feather, on each side, is singularly conspicuous, and a trifie shorter than the others, but the webs are fully connected throughout; at the base the width is about one inch, gradually increasing to the extremity, where the breadth is full two inches, and considerably curved; the outer web is pale brown, and narrow, the inner very broad, inclining to grey; but from the middle to the edge fine rufous, marked with sixteen curved marks, at first view of a darker colour, but on closer inspection are perfectly transparent; the end of the curved part of the feather is black, fringed all round with white; hence the tail, in the whole, consists of sixteen feathers: the thighs are clothed with feathers to the joint ; the legs glossy black, scaly, and rough; the claws strong, curved, and not unlike those of a Fowl, or Turkey. Tn the British Museum is a similar bird, which we suspect to be amale, not arrived at fall growth ; in this, the loose-webbed feathers of the tail are only so from the middle to the ends, the rest of the length being closely connected, as in other birds ; and not only the exterior feather has the crescents, but the next adjoining on each side, though much Jess distinct: in this, also, the two slender middle tail feathers are wanting; whether accidental or not, could not be determined. Another of these, pointed out to me as differing in sex, had, as usual, sixteen feathers in the tail, but two of the outer ones were Iunated, though less perfect ; they were also bent at the ends, but no trace of black as in the first described ; also in this, supposed to be a female, the two centre feathers were fully webbed, which in the male are only so on one side of the shaft. In this too, I observed, MENURA. 161 that the shafts of the feathers of the bedy in general were so delicate as to give the appearance and softness of fur. One specimen, put into our hands asa female, and most likely to prove so, was thirty-five inches in length, from bill to tail, whieh was cuneiform in shape; the longest, or two middle feathers, bemg nineteen inches, fhe outer one eleven ; and all the feathers perfectly webbed, on both sides of the shaft; the plumage in general deep brown, belly inclined to ash-colour, but the quills and tail darker than the rest ; when the wing was closed the quills reached about two inches beyond the base. General Davies, in the Linnean Transactions, above referred to, has described the male fully, and given a good representation of it ; but that mentioned by him as the female, we rather suspect to be a young male: this is thirty-one inches long, with a dull blackish plumage, inclining to rufous on the chin and throat, and to brown on the scapulars; the whole covering, from breast to vent, and from the shoulders to the ramp, composed of long, slender, thread-like, silky feathers, resembling fringe, of a dull, greyish black, paler on the breast, belly, and vent; from head to rump fourteen inches ; tail eighteen inches, above dull brown black, beneath grey; the two middle feathers sharp-pointed at the ends, the rest rounded, and darker in colour, shortening by degrees, so as to appear cuneiform ; the two outer ones shortest, in shape like those of the male first described ; and the crescents, which are of a deeper colour, are not so visible, nor so large, but more transparent than in that bird: they are about one inch and a half broad, but not black at the ends. The above is all we can collect concerning this very curious bird, and for want of more authentic information, conjecture must supply the rest, as to the change of plumage the sexes undergo before they arrive at the complete adult state. The Menura inhabits New-Holland; said to be chiefly found in the hilly parts of the country, and called by the inhabitants the VOL. VIII. Y 162 MENURA. Mountain Pheasant : as to the general manners, very little has come to our knowledge. It is said, that it will frequently imitate the notes of other birds, so as to deceive most people. It will occasionally perch on trees, but for the most part is found on the ground, having the manners of our poultry; as is manifest, from observing the ends of the claws, which in most specimens are much blunted. I do not tind that it has yet been attempted, whether it will bear confinement; but if the trial should turn out successful, it would be a fine acqui- sition to our Menageries. In the engraving in Mr. Collins’s Work, the bird is figured with the tail excessively erect, as in the Turkey, in which attitude the bird now and then appears; though Mr. Collins does not mention it in his narrative; in addition to which, I saw it so represented in a painting done on the spot by the late Mr. Lewin : it is likewise so figured in Dr. Shaw’s Work. PHEASANT. 163 GENUS LXI.—PHEASANT. * Crown with fleshy Comb L_ Tophaceous E Hybridal landaiWateles: M Horned F Roussard N Silk G Turkey 1 Jago Cock O Pencilled 10 Painted 2 Malabar P. Siberian 11 Barred-tailed 3 Javan Q Barbary 12 Pencilled 4 Superb 6 Sonnerat’s Wild Cock 13 Chittygong 5 Domestic 7 Fire-backed Cock 14 Lineated A Crested A Var. 15 Nepaul B Darking 8 Butool Cock 16 Coloured C Friesland : 17 Sumatran D Rumpless Ful Coord dovengd geptth 18 Rufous-tailed E Dwarf Feathers. 19 Sanguine F Bantam 9 Common Pheasant 20 Argus G Rough-footed A Ring 21 Sylhet H Turkish B Variegated 22 Horned I Paduan C White 23 Impeyan K Negro D Bohemian 24 Crested THE bill, in this Genus, is convex, short, and strong. Head more or less covered with a carunculated bare, fleshy membrane on the sides, which, in some, is continued upwards to the crown, and beneath, so as to hang pendent under each jaw. Legs, for the most part, furnished with spurs behind. The Common Fowl, and we believe all the granivorous birds, more or less, are observed to pick up small pebbles along with the grain dealt out to them for food; that it is for the sake of assisting digestion, there is no doubt; but writers have differed in opinion. Boerhaave thinks these stones serve as an absorbent to counteract the acid in the stomach; but this can scarcely be, as the birds as often pick up small portions of flint as any other; neither can we allow, that it is owing to the mere stupidity of the Fowl, as Spallanzani* * Dissertation on the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables, translated by Dr. Beddoes, 1784. Vol. i. p. 27. V2 164 PHEASANT. conjectures ; but a much more probable supposition is suggested by Mr. Lawrence,* that these stones serve, by friction, to kill the grain, and deprive it of its vitality, which, otherwise, would resist the action of the digestive powers. Thus it has been found, that if oats, or barley, given to horses, are previously killed by heating, the animal only requires half the quantity, and yet thrives equally : it is, perhaps, on this principle also, that the rational feeders of horses bruise the grain coarsely, before it is put into the manger. We have divided the Genus Pheasant into two sections: the one containing such as are most like our Domestic Cock, and its Varie- ties; the second those assimilating with the Pheasant; but including in the latter division the Argus, Horned, and Impeyan Pheasants, all of which, if a more scrutinizing division were to take place, might occupy as many new Genera. We have retained too, our Crested Pheasant, not knowing where better to place it. 1.—JAGO COCK. Gallus giganteus, Coq Jago, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 84. Id. Tab. Anat. 2. f. 1. Jago Cock, Marsd. Sumatr. p. 98. THE whole we are able to learn, concerning this noble species, is, that it is of twice the size of our poultry; that it is called the Jago Breed, and inhabits Sumatra and Java; though a description is not given, Mr. Marsden observes, that this bird is so tall as to enable it to peck food off a common dining table; and that it has the habit, when fatigued, of resting its body on the hind part of its leg, and in that state is taller than a common Fowl. We have not been fortunate enough te see a specimen of this bird, but that it must be a giant of its race, can easily be imagined, from the figure * Systent of Comparative Anatomy, translated from the German of J. F. Blumenback, p- 146.—Note. PHEASANT. 165 of a leg of the natural size, sent to M. Temminck, from Batavia, at the back of which is a tremendous spur, two inches in length, and stout in proportion. 2.—MALABAR COCK. THIS is a very large bird, scarcely inferior to a Hen Turkey, not unfrequently brought into England, by the East India ships, and easily propagated among us. The colour of the plumage is very like that of our Game Cock, with legs remarkably stout, and a large spur, with a gait uncommonly erect, and bold. Such a breed of Fowls is procured in the Dooab in India. The cock bird measures two feet in length, with comb and wattles not far different from many in Europe; the head, neck, and back, pale or yellowish, streaked with pale ferruginous; wing coverts ferruginous, paler in the middle; quills white, or nearly so; all the under parts fine fer- ruginous ; the feathers falling on each side of the tail pale, dashed down the middle with ferruginous; long tail feathers much the same; legs pale yellow, very stout, with a spur an inch in length. In the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke is one, probably a female: in this the comb and wattles are much Jess conspicuous; plumage in general deep ferruginous, with a pale dash down the shafts of the feathers; quills and tail dark brown, the latter without any long recumbent feathers; the hackle at the back of the neck short, paler ferruginous, the feathers black in the middle, with a pale streak down the shaft; legs pale, stout, with only the rudiment of a spur. Probably this may be the sort which Fryer* talks of, used for fighting at Visapour, which is as large as a Turkey. * Travels, p. 165. 166 PHEASANT. 3.—JAVAN COCK. Gallus Bankiva, Lin. Trans. xiii. 135. 319. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii, 87. LENGTH twenty inches or more. The bill as in our common Poultry, pale brown; sides of the head bare; from the forehead to the middle of the crown a comb, serrated on the top, as in our Cock ; on each side of the jaw, a wattle of a moderate size; the crown, nape, and neck, furnished wholly with fulvo-ferruginous hackles, very bright in colour; at the lower part of the back similar hackle- like feathers, but of a paler colour, and hang on each side over the quills ; the middle of the back, and across the middle of- the wing coverts, fine reddish chestnut; but the shoulders, the lower series of wing coverts, and scapulars, are steel black ; quills tawny brown, with blackish ends, within dusky ; beneath the body, from the breast, and under wing coverts, black ; tail steel black, long, curving down- wards, the feathers of unequal lengths; the two middle ones being eleven inches; the shortest only five; the two longest bend as a sickle, and are four inches longer than the adjacent one; legs dusky, with a stout, and sharp spur, three quarters of an inch in length. The supposed female is much smaller, and has hackles likewise on the neck, which are brownish black, edged with buff; the plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, minutely speckled, or powdered with buff, only to be seen on close inspection; breast and belly rufous clay-colour, the feathers with pale shafts, appearing asa line; top of the head brown, mixed with paler brown; tail cuneiform, forming a ridge on the upper part, and carried like that of the Common Hen; the bill is pale brown ; legs without a spur. Inhabits Java; frequent also in the forests of Sumatra, and called Ayamutan, or Brooga.—A specimen in the Museum of Mr. Bullock seems to coincide in many things with the Bankiva above quoted, as- PHEASANT. 167 also with the Superb Pheasant, though differmg in others. One in the same collection under the name of Superb Pheasant, with a most magnificent comb, very large, reaching from the forehead quite beyond the nape, and hanging over it at the back part; the fore part of the neck bare, with only here and there a minute feathery spot ; the wattles, too, very large, and dependent; the general colour of the plumage waved steel-colour, the feathers edged with black at the hind part of the neck and beginning of the back ; on the lower part of the back and rump narrow hackles, from two to three inches long, blunt at the ends, edged with buff, and hanging on each side of the tail; wing coverts long, fulvous, or reddish, down the middle black ; breast and all beneath black ; quills black ; tail the same, long, and bending downwards. This is also said to come from Java; perhaps allied to the following. Y 4.—SUPERB PHEASANT. Phasianus superbus, Ind. Orn. ii. 628. Lin. Mant. 1771. 526. Gm. Lin. i. 744. Gallus Javanicus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 185. Phasianus varius, Variegated Pheasant, Nat. Misc. pl. 353. Superb Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 709. Id. Sup. ii. 273. SIZE of a small Cock. Bill and legs yellow; head furnished with a crest and wattles; the latter occupying almost as much space as in the Turkey ; the neck, or hackle feathers long, and narrow, as in the Cock, dark green, with pale edges; those of the shoulders long, black, and edged with chestnut ; breast and under parts black ; the rump furnished with long black feathers, with pale edges, hang- ing down on each side of the base of the tail, which is glossy dark green, with long, sickle-shaped, feathers, curving down on each side, as in the Common Cock ; quills brown; on each leg behind a single spur. Inhabits Java, known there by the name of Pitte-wonno. 168 PHEASANT. I observed a specimen of this at the late Mr. Humphries’s, a collector of natural history curiosities, who informed me, that it came from India. In a drawing, pointed out to me by the late Mr. Woodford, and of which I have a copy, the neck feathers are deep blue, edged with yellow ; wing coverts golden yellow, the rest of the wing orange tawny; vent white; quills and tail blue black, the rest as above men- tioned.—The one described by Linnzus, and which E judge to be the same, has a red bill; on the forehead a red, rounded caruncle, and two bloed-red wattles under the chin ; crown of the head green; at the hindhead a folded blue crest; neck behind green, furnished on each side with long variegated feathers, standing out from the neck, and turning backwards; shoulders green, spotted with white; wings red; prime quills blue; body red; tail long, and cuneiform, the feathers blue and red mixed ; the coverts of several colours, falling over the sides of it; legs yellow, without spurs. This was described from the various representations of it on paper hangings, and Porce- lain, assisted by a Chinese book, which came under his inspection. I have scarcely a doubt of this and the one described above being the same; but in that which I saw, the end of the tail was imperfect. 5.—DOMESTIC COCK. Phasianus Gallus, Ein..i. 270. Gm. Lin. i. 737. Faun. suec. No. 199. Borowsk. ii. 177. Gallus. domesticus et Gallina, Bris.i. 166. JId.8vo.i. 45. Rati,51. A.1. Will. 109. t. 26. Schef. el. orn. t.38. Roman.i. 56. t. 9. & p. 59. t. 7. Gerin. i. 207.208. Demm. Pig. & Gall. Svo. 11. p. 92. Alector, Klein, 111. A. 1. Id. Ov. 31. t.13. f.1. Naturf. xvii. 68. Der Gemeine Haushahn, Schmid, Vog. p. 93. t. 79. Coq commun, Buf. ii. 116. t.2. Pl. enl. 1. Robert, Ic. pl. 7. Domestic Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 700. Albin, iii. pl. 32. Will. Engl. 54, pl. 26. Sloan. Jam.ii. 301. Phil. Trans. xii. 923. Bewick,i. pl. p..276. Walcot’s Birds, p. 177. OUR common Poultry, with all the Varieties, seem to have originated from: one or other of the species above described, and vary PHEASANT. 169 without end; are every where seen, and their manners known to every one. It is however, observed, that they breed more freely in the warmer situations, but in the very cold countries, though they will live and thrive, they cease to multiply.* The one meant by the above named authors, seems to have the largest comb of any, with eight or nine serratures; the bare space round the eyes larger, and the wattles hanging very low down; the head, neck, back, and wing coverts, orange ; greater wing coverts, quills, and under parts, white; the long sickle feathers of the tail blue black: and inde- pendent of every other variation, it is very common to see them of a pure white, the combs and wattles excepted. At the head of the domestic sort, stands the Game Cock, which is valued on account of its courage, in which point only it differs from the rest, and its chief use is for the sport of Cock-fighting. + For this purpose it is usual, before the combat, so to mutilate the plumage, as to render the creature unknown to those who have seen it only in its perfect state. This trimming of the bird, as it is called, renders it lighter, and more active in itself, and gives less advantage of hold to its antagonist ;t and great care is taken of the breed, as well as after feeding, by the promoters of this sport; as is done by the gentlemen of the turf, in respect to their running-horses. The Game Cocks of England § are confessedly superior to those of any other nation. The training of them to fight, has continued to be practised here, ever since the Romans|| first introduced it. In * They are not found to breed in the northern parts of Siberia; and in Greenland are — only kept as rarities.—Faun. Groenl. + See a curious Memoir on this subject by Mr. Pegge.—Archerol. iii. No. 19. p. 132. ~ One sort when thus trimmed, and armed with an artificial spur of steel, is called a Ginger ; another favourite Variety is called a Duck-wing—a sort between the Dunghill Cock and Game, is called a Bastard, and is less valued for fighting. § Coq d’Angleterre, Bris. Orn.i. 171. Buf.ii. 120. Frisch, t. 129. 180. Le Coq d’ Angleterre est superieur a celui de France pour le Combat.—Buffon. || The original institution is said to be Grecian.x—Arch@ol. The Athenians encouraged it.—Blian. H. Var. lib. ii, ch. 28. VOL. VIII. Z 170 PHEASANT. some reigns endeavours have been made to suppress it as a crue: diversion ;* whilst in others full sanction has been given by Royal example, in erecting a theatre, + for the accommodation of the spec- tators. We find, also, that far distant nations are fond of this sport, it being used as a pastime in China, and many parts of India.t In Sumatra they do not trim the Cocks as in England, § nor is the same kind of artificial spur, (or Gafile, as it is called) used, being flat, and sharp-edged, like a crooked lancet, or rather like a blade of a scimetar, || and proves a most destructive weapon. This is not confined to a particular part of the leg, but placed higher or lower; according to the weight or size of the birds matched against each other, Jest one should fight with advantage; and it is affirmed, that the sport is carried to so high a pitch at Sumatra, that instances have occurred, of a father staking his children, or wife; and a son his mother, and sisters, on the issue of a battle. ¥ * Edward III. disapproved, and prohibited Cock-fighting. Oliver Cromwell did the same in 1654. + The Cockpit at Whitehall, was founded by King Henry VIII. King James I. was Pal fond of Cock-fighting. + Sonnerat observes, that there are two races se ‘Cocks in India; the one kept about their Pence merely for curiosity, as the inhabitants do not eat flesh ; the other trained up for fighting; a sport which they are very fond of. Surely this cannot be general; at least it should seem not likely to be an amusement to those who believe in the Metempsychosis ! § Neither did the Ancients. Two antique gems relating to this sport convince us of it. See Archeol. iii. pl. 9. Indeed Cocks in full plumage appear on many gems, though not to the same purport as in the two above mentioned.—See Wilde’s Gemm. Select. No. 110, 111, 143. Agust. Gem. No. 199. 202, 203. also three hieroglyphics placed on the legs of Cocks, taken from M. Angelo’s Gemm. Antiche, Gent. Mag. 1747. p. 388. || Perhaps the weapon called a Razor, by Fryer; who says, that in the kingdom of Visa- pour, in the East Indies, they use Cock-fighting with Cocks as big as Turkies, which they arm with razors tied flat under their claws,—Fryer’s Travels, 175. Cock-fighting carried to excess in the Philippine Islands.—Kofzeb. Voy. 1. 266. q Hist. Sumatr. p. 238. Gent. Mag. 1770. p. 564. The Tanagrians, of old, had a passion for Cock-fighting, and they had Cocks of an extraordinary size and beauty, con- veyed to different cities for that purpose; and to render their fury the more destructive, their spurs were tipped with points of brass. Anachars, ill. p.254, Rhodus, and Tanagra Sy PHEASANT. 171 To descant on the manners of our Common Cocks and Hens in England, would be needless, as every good housewife finds herself equal to the task of raising chickens under Hens; but it is, perhaps, not so generally known, that in the warm regions they are hatched m a properly regulated heat, by means of ovens, or rather warm cham- bers, particularly in Egypt, where they are produced by thousands; and the people from all quarters come at the expected time to buy them, being reared from the egg, with very little care.* How this might succeed in the colder climates has probably not been tried in earnest; but it is to be feared, that it would not be attended with the same success. The making of Capons, by depriving the male of the ability of propagating its species, was, we believe, more the custom in former years than at present, though such birds are yet sought after by the lovers of good eating, their flesh being juicy and delicate. In this business no people are so expert and successful as the Pahariahs (native Indians), and the birds are so cheap in consequence of the general practice, that the average price in India may be deemed about two-pence or three-pence each. They are chiefly white, and grow very large and fat.t had the first repute for furnishing the best birds; and Melos, and Chalcis held the second rank.—Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 16. ch. 21. The ancients preferred the breeds of Tanagra and Rhodes, as also Chalcis in Euboea, and the country of Media, for their magnanimous race of chickens; probably including Persia, whence this kind was brought into Greece. This superiority consisted in their weight and largeness, perhaps of the nature of those called by our sportsmen Shake-bags, or Turnpokes. Again, there was a breed of Hens at Alexandria, in Egypt, called Moyécoge:, which produced the best fighting Cocks. See Archeol. iii. p. 142. * Pocock’s Travels, i. p. 38. 260. pl. 71. The women in Egypt are said to hatch the chickens under their arm-pits, Hasselq. Voy. p. 55. An account of the Chicken Ovens at Mansoure, mentioned in Savary’s Travels. + Oriental Field Sports, ii. p. 19. 172 PHEASANT. A.—Phasianus cristatus, Lin.i. 270. 1. B. Gm. Lin. i. 738. y. Faun. suec. No. 199. B. Rati, 51. A. 1. var.i. Will. 110. Borowsk. ii. 178. a. Roman. Orn. i. 60. Gerin. ii. t. 216. Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8yo. ii. p. 239. Le Coq huppé, Buf. ii. 116. Pl. enl, 49. Crested Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 703. Will. Engl. 158. This differs from the Common Sort, in having a tuft of feathers on the head, instead of the comb; though retaining the wattles. It is not uncommon; and in some the crest is so large, as to hide almost the sight of the eyes, by hanging over them. As to the colour of the plumage, it varies in the manner of the Common Sort. We have observed some beautiful birds of this kind, having the crest, belly, wings, and tail, white, the rest like the Game Cock ; the sickle tail feathers green and white. The Polish breed, so called, belongs to this division, and is mostly of a dark, greenish black, rarely a mixture; generally with very long wattles, and a very large and spreading tuft of white feathers on the crown; and for the most part a large-sized bird. B.—Phasianus peutadactylus, Gm. Lin. i. 738. 9. Bris.ii. 169, Id. Svo.i. 46. Frisch, t. 127. 128. Roman. Orn. 62. Le Coq a cing Doigts, Buf. ii. 124. Darking Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 703. This has two toes behind instead of one, otherwise like the others, and is common in England, chiefly about Dorking, in Surrey, hence called the Dorking Fowls. They are larger too than most others. * The Silk Fowl has frequently two hind toes as well as other kinds. I have a leg of a Fowl with three toes behind, which I believe not to be uncommon:; and in the Museum of the late Sir A. Lever was a Cock Sparrow, with seven claws on each foot. The Dorking Fowls are in great esteem for their size, and incredible-numbers sold about Christmas, being frequently known to weigh seven or eight pounds, when plucked; but a friend of mine sent some of these into Scotland, one of the Cocks of which weighed almost fourteen pounds. PHEASANT. 173 C.—Gallus crispus, Lin.i. 271. ». Gm. Lin. i. 738. €& Bris.i. 173. t.17, 1. Ed. 8vo. i. 47. Raiz, 51. A. 1. Var.4. Frisch, t.185. Borowsk. ii. 180. Bechst. Deutsch. 1. 1290. Gallus cincinnatus, Gerin. 11. t, 215. Gallina Frieslandica, W2//. 110. Le Cog frisé, Bufvii. 121. No.13. Id. Sonnin.v. 189. Enc. Orn. 182. 9. Temm. Pig. § Gall, 8vo. ii. 259. Crisped, or Friesland Cock, Gen. Syn.iv. 704. Will. Engl.156. Baner. Guian. 175. Descr. Surin. uu. 159. This sort varies in colour equally with the others, differmg only in the feathers, as the end of every one is curled up, appearing at a distance like wool, or as some think, giving the idea of having just come out of the water. It is found at Java, and throughout the south part of Asia; also at Japan, where it is probably native ; hence the young chickens are more difficult to rear in England than others, not well bearing the cold: they are common enough, but seldom kept, except as a rarity. Found also at Surinam, and Guiana, and appears to be the only sort met with by Fermin and Bancroft; the latter author adds, that they are smaller than ours, and are brought from the inland parts, where they are reared by the Indians, who suppose them to be natural to this part of America; the flesh is firm and delicate. D.—Phasianus Gallus ecaudatus, Lin.i. 271. y. Gm. Lin.i. 188. 2 Reaii, 51. A. 1. Var.3. Frisch, t. 131.132. Borowsk. ii. 181. 1. Le Coq sans Croupion, Buf. ii. 122. Gallus Persicus, Johnst. Av. 30. f. 3. 14. Rumpless, or Persian Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 705. Will. Engl. 156. This singular Variety wants even the rudiment of a tail, but differs not from the common one, except in this particular; how the change is produced in England we know not; but it has been 174 PHEASANT. affirmed, that those transported from England to Virginia, lost their tails.*—M. Levaillant, at Paris, received one of these from Ceylon, shot in a state of nature; the distinguishing mark is a spot just below the throat, like a gorget, composed of hard, short, square, shining feathers ;+ it is the size of the Common Cock, but a little higher and more erect on the legs; colour not unlike that of the Game Cock, but all the feathers yellow, striped down the middle with black ; the quills very dark. E.—Phasianus Gallus Pumilio, Gm. Lin. i. 738. y. Bris.i. 171. 2. Id. 8vo. 1. 46. Raii, 51. A. 1. Var.2. Frisch, t. 133. 134. Will. 110. t. 26. Gerin. ii. 70. t. 214, Johnst. Av. pl. 15. f. 5. Le Cog nain, Buf. ii. 118. Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. i. p. 244. Dwarf Cock, or Creeper, Gen. Syn. iv. 705. Will. Engl. 156. This has the legs exceedingly short, from thence termed Dwarf, and is besides considerably smaller than other Fowls, some not ex- ceeding the size of a large Pigeon; allied to this is the Acoho, or Coq de Madagascar,t and the Poule de l’Isthme de Darien,§ which is also very small; with a circle of feathers about the legs; a thick tail, which it carries straight; and the ends of the wings black ; others said to come from Cambodia, || and now found in the Philippme Isles, have the legs so short, as to drag the wings on the ground. In addition to which, Buffon mentions a Fowl in Britany, which is always obliged to leap, the legs being so short. It is the size of a Common Fowl, and kept as being very fruitful. * Clayton’s account of Virginia, in Phil. Trans. xvii. 992. + The general colour of the plumage yellowish orange, each feather striped down the middlewith black. ~ Hist. des Ois. ii. 117.4. This kind is said to cover 30 eggs of its own at once. § Ibid. ii. 118. 6. \| Zo. 1. 118. iw) | PHEASANT. 17: F.—Phasianus Gallus pusillus, Lin. i. 271. ¢ Gm. Lin.i. 738. 3. Borowsk. ii. 179. Gallus Banticus, Bris.i. 172. B. Id. S8vo. i. 47. plumipes, Roman. p. 61. Le Coq de Bantam, Buf. 11. 119. Bantam Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 706. Albin, iii. pl. 33. 34. Brown. Jam. 471. Hayes’s Birds, pl. 23. This is a small race, but with the legs longer than in the last, which, as well as the toes, are covered with feathers, and sometimes of so great a length, as to be quite an incumbrance in walking. It is by some valued on account of the number of eggs the Hen Jays without sitting, but the smallness of them, as well as the trifling quantity, must ever preclude their coming into general use. Some of the Bantam breed are without any feathers on the legs ; but the connoisseurs in these matters call such birds Bastards. The booted legs are also seen in large Fowls, perhaps by mixing the breed. G.—Gallus plumipes, Gm. Lin. i. 738. 1. Bris.i. 172. A. Id.8vo. i. 47. Will. 110. Gerin.ii. t.212. Johnst. Av. pl. 29. f.8. Gallus et Gallina minor, Frisch, t. 136. 137. Rough-footed Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 706. Will. Engl. 156. This is a small kind, and differs only in being clothed with feathers on the legs, quite to the toes. The three last scarcely seem to be worth separating. H.—Gallus Turcicus, Gm. Lin. i. 738. x. Bris. i. 170. D. Id. 8vo. i: 46. Aldrov. Ap. ii. t. p. 314, 315. 316. Will. 110. Borowsk.ii. 180. Johnst. Av. pl. 30. f. 1. 2. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo.i1. p. 242. Turkish Cock, Gen. Syn.iv. 707. Will. Engl. 156. Willughby’s words are—The Turkish Cock and Hen differ from ours, especially in the variety and beauty of their colours. 176 -PHEASANT. I.—Gallus Patavinus, G~. Lin.i. 739. A. Bris.i. 170. C. Id. 8vo.i. 46. Wiil. 110. Aldr. Av. ii. t. p. 810.811. Borowsk. ii. 181. k. Gerin.ii. 66. t. 209.210. Rom. 63. t.8.9. Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. 86. * Le Cog de Caux, ou de Padoue, Buf.ii. 125. Paduan Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 707. Will. Engl. 156. These are described as of a very large size, often weighing from eight to ten pounds; they have a large comb on the head, frequently double, and in form of a crown; besides that, a kind of crest, which is most distinguishable in the Hens; the voice is also said to be more strong and rough than in other Fowls. It is observed, that the great Fowls of Bahia* are not feathered well till half grown: it is so with the Paduans, as they get the feathers later than others. In respect to the Paduan breed, with the large head, Pallas is clearly convinced that it is owing to disease, as is the case with the next but one. K.—Phasianus Gallus Morio, Lin.i. 271. 6. Gm. Lin. i. 739. fw. Borowsk. ii. 180. h. Gallus Mozambicanus, Bris.i. 174. Id. 8vo.i. 48. Will. 298. Coq negre, Buf. ii. 122. Son. Buf. v. 191. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 253. Gallus Persicus epidermide nigricante, S. G. Gmel. iii. 285. Mohrenhuner, Naturf. xviii. 239. Blackamoor Pullet, Fryer’s Tr. p.53. Harris’s Coll. Voy. ii. 468. Mozambick Hen, Will. Engl. p. 387. Negro Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 708. In this Variety, the comb, wattles, and membrane which covers the bones, are black; the plumage, for the most part, of the same colour, and the flesh itself, when boiled, not far different 3+ however, in some, the flesh is said to be white.+ * Damp. Voy. iii. 76. Hist. Sumat. 98. + Celles qui ont le Chair et les os noirs sont les meilleurs.—Voy. de Siam, i. 299. + The outward skin was a perfect negro; the bones also as black as jet ; under the skin nothing could be whiter than the flesh, more tender, or more grateful.—Fryer. Voy. de Stam,i. 279. There are also, at Siam, Fowls with black combs, and skin, with white flesh. Harris’s Coll. Voy. ii. 468. PHEASANT. 177 These birds are found in the Provinces of Mozambique, in Africa, the Coast of Malabar, Siam, &c. and are reputed good eating, though at first disgusting to an European palate. This is called, by some, the Bastard Silk Fowl. L.—Gallina vertice tuberoso, Pall. Spic. iv. 20. t. 3. f. 2. Phasianus tophaceus, Ind. Orn. ii. 628. 1. ¥. Gm. Lin. 1. 738. &. In this the chief difference, from others, consists in the skull, which is considerably enlarged, so as to appear monstrous; this can scarcely be simply called a variety, as it arises solely from disease of the part; for Dr. Pallas assures us, that on macerating the head of a subject of this kind, so as to render the skull clean; he found the tuberous part to be preternaturally diseased, and enlarged from caries, appearing in hollows like sponge; and this, of course, in a greater proportion, as the part was more diseased ; and further, that birds so situated, appear stupid and foolish, and at any rate not long lived. M.—Phasianus vertice cornibus donato, Gerin. 11. t. 213. Johnst. Av. pl. 29. f. 2. Phasianns cornutus, Ind. Orn. ii. 638. 1. &. I cannot learn that this Variety differs from others, further than in having three bent spurs on the crown ; to produce such a monstrosity, we have been assured, is no difficult matter, and only consists in cutting off a spur from the leg, and grafting it on the top of the skull, where it will not unfrequently take root and unite; after which it continues to increase, and sometimes to a great Jength; an instance of this may be seen in a White Cock in the British Museum, on the head of which isa long spiral horn, in the shape of a large corkscrew, obtained, as I was informed, by the above mode of engrafting. VOL. VIII. Aa 178 PHEASANT. N.—Phasianus gallus lanatus, Lin. i. 271. Gm. Lin. i. 739. Borowsk. ii. 180. G. Ind. Orn. ii. 628. Johnst. Av. pl. 30. f. 10. Gallus Japonicus, Bris. i. 175. t. 17. 2.—female. Id. 8yo. i. 48. Das Wallhuhn, Bechst. Deutsch. iii. 1291. Poule 4 Duvet du Japon, Buf. ii. 121. Id. Sonnin. v. 190. Pl. enl. 98. Tab. Enc. Orn. 183. Var. y. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. 11. 256. Silk Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 708. This has the whole body covered with feathers, the webs of which are so disunited, as to appear like hairs, or glossy silk ; the general colour is white, and the legs covered wholly on the outside, quite to the toes. These inhabit Japan, where they are valued,* also China, and are there reckoned scarce. ‘The people of Canton carry them about in cages for sale to the Europeans. As in other Varieties, individuals of this sort differ in. respect to colour, some are pure white, others dingy brown, but.all of them with dark-coloured legs, on which for the most part is a thick, stout, short spur; though I observed one Cock to be totally without, nor are the legs always feathered. In the collection of the late Mr. Boddam was one with two hind toes,t and a blunt flat spur above an inch in length. Both this and the Negro Cock have the black epidermis, but have grown into disrepute on account of the facility with which they bastardise our common poultry, so as to render them unseemly both in bones and wattles. We have, as above, mentioned the Varieties most known, but there are still others which have fallen under our notice. * A penalty is incurred by killing a Cock in Japan.—Kempf. Jap. 581. t This occurs in the Fowls of Siam.—Osbeck, Voy. ii. 255. PHEASANT. 179 O.—The Dutch Pencilled Fowl] is much like what we call the Dunghill Breed, having a white plumage ; but spotted on the body, wings, and tail with black; and the tail feathers, especially, more or less black. ‘This sort is annually brought from Holland, by the dealers. ; P.—The Siberian Fowl seems to differ chiefly from others in having considerable tufts of brown or dark loose feathers, springing from each jaw, and others more elongated, or fuller, from the lower mandible, like a Jew’s long beard. In the Hen is an upright tuft, spreading out from the hindhead of the same silky texture; inde- pendent of these, the Cock has the usual comb and wattles, and the Hen a small comb likewise. This sort is said to have come from Moscow, at least the one of which I have seen a drawing ; which was white, with the ends of the feathers glossy blue or black, giving a spotted appearance. The legs, too, were covered with fibrous, or downy feathers. It probably varies in colour, as I observe others with the plumage of the Game Breed, a fine tawny orange, spotted with black. Q.—The Barbary Fowl is generally of a pale or dun-colour, spotted about the neck sparingly with black, and the feathers at that part very full; on the crown a large, full tuft of feathers, the same in colour with the body; one of these, the size of a very large Fowl], was in the Leverian Museum, said to have come from Fez. A singular breed of Cocks, said to be common at Brazil: they resemble the English Cocks in plumage and shape; but they crow very loud, and continue their last note a minute or two. When their voice is good, they are much esteemed, and are sent for as curiosities from al] parts of Brazil.* * Mawe’s Travels in Brazil, p. 70. Aa2 180 PHEASANT. The use of the eggs of our common Poultry is too well known to be enlarged on in this place; suffice it to say, that they enter very many of our savoury dishes, and prove not only palatable, but particularly nutritious. The custom of staining eggs with various colours is, if not wholly exploded, at present but little used; but in Catholic times, both here, as in other nations, they were put up as ornaments at tables, or placed on cupboards. Mr. Brand* mentions, that the custom of presenting such eggs to children, at Easter, still continues in the North of England, and are called Paste (Pasque) Eggs. In Hackluyt’s Voyages,t among the descriptions of the manners of Russia, about the 16th century, the circumstance of these painted eggs is mentioned. ‘ Every Yeare against Easter they ‘‘ die, or colour red with Brazzell, a great number of Egges, of ‘*‘ which every Man and Woman giveth one unto the Priest of their ‘‘ Parish upon Easter Day in the Morning, and moreover, the ‘*common People use to carrie in their Hands one of these red ‘ Egges, not only upon Easter Day, but also 3 or 4 Dayes after, and ‘Gentlemen and Gentlewomen have Egges gilded, which they “ carry in the same manner,” &c. Clarke, in his Travels, mentions the same ceremony of present- ing eggs, at Easter, as being continued in Russia to this present day, with this addition :—On Easter Monday begins the presentation of the Pascal Eggs, ; lovers to their mistresses, relatives to each other, servants to their masters, all bring ornamented eggs; every offering at this season is called a Pascal Egg: the meanest pauper in the street, presenting an egg, and repeating the words Christos vos cress, may demand a salute even of the Empress. ¢ The use of feathers of all kinds is experienced by most, parti- cularly in stuffing for beds, pillows, mattresses, and such like, in * Antiq. Com. Peop. p.310. + Edit. 1589. p. 342. $ Travels in Russia, §c. 1810. p.59. Stained eggs, ornamented with figures scratched on them, were sold in the streets of Paris, during the Easter holidays, in the year 1771.— Thunb. Trav.i. p. 53. PHEASANT. 181 which those of our Poultry bear great part, though in general less esteemed than those of the Goose Kind, which being more elastic and light, are more suitable to the purpose. We have not been informed of the utmost limit of years to which the Common Poultry arrives. We learn, that a Cock was living, and in the possession of Mr. W. Williams, of Fronddu, Cemlyn, Anglesea, which had attained to the extraordinary age of half a century :* but we believe that the Common Cock rarely exceeds 25 years, and perhaps, for the most part, may be called aged at 15. The use of Fowls of every kind for food is, we believe, common throughout Europe; but we are informed that they were not eaten by the Ancient Britons. + 6.—SONNERAT’S WILD COCK. Phasianus Gallus, Ind. Orn. ii. 625. Gm. Lin. i. 737. Gallus Sonneratii, Coq et Poule Sonnerat, Z'emm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 246. Id. Pl. Anat. ii. f. 1, 2. Coq sauvage, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 153. pl. 94.—male. Id. 160. pl. 95.—female. Wild Cock, Gen. Syn. iv. 698. Zool. Mise. pl. 61. LENGTH two feet four inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, the body one-third less than in the Domesticated Species; the comb large, dentated, and of a bright red; the wattles as in the Common Cock ; the sides of the head, and a longitudinal line between the crest and eye, naked ; all these bare parts are flesh-coloured ; behind the eye a pearl-coloured spot, in size and shape like the little finger nail, composed of very short feathers; the feathers of the head and neck are long and narrow, longer as they proceed downwards; the webs equal on both sides, the shafts broad, and so visible as to give the idea of being striped down the middle; at the base the colour is * Hampshire Chronicle, June 30, 1817. + Archeol. iv. p. 419. 182 PHEASANT. grey, in the middle black, and at the end white, at which part the shaft is spread out, and appears as a yellowish white spot, glossy in appearance, and in substance horny, like that in the wing of the Waxen Chatterer ;* the feathers of the upper parts of the body long and narrow, greyish, crossed with white ; on each side of the white is a stripe of black ; breast, sides, and thighs, like the upper parts, but broadest on the thighs ; those of the breast incline to rufous, and have a glossy, cartilaginous appearance, like those of the neck ; the wings reach to the beginning of the tail; quills dusky black ; lesser wing coverts like the back, the greater long, narrow, and stiff, the colour rufous, inclined to chestnut; transversely striped with black and white; tail coverts violet, with a polished gloss; tail as in the Common Cock; legs five inches, with a large bent spur behind, one-third of an inch in length. The Hen is one-third less than the Cock, and is without comb and wattles; the head and neck behind grey; cheeks and _ throat whitish ; the lower part of the neck behind brownish, crossed with rufous white stripes; fore part, breast, and belly, brown, striped with dirty white; sides of the head grey; back pale brown, tinged with grey, pale rufous down the shafts; wing coverts the same; quills blackish within, and brownish, dotted with grey, without; tail greyish; legs scaly, grey; instead of a spur on the leg a rising knob. Inhabits the Forests of India, and is called by the English Jun- gle Fowl, bemg frequently shot in the jungle woods. It is observed that the Jungle Cock, born and reared in a wild state, though much smaller than the general size of Game Cocks, will, from superior courage and activity, almost to a certainty, be victorious in combat: this is proved by the Mussulman Natives of Hindustan, who are to a degree fond of Cock-fighting; but the Jungle Cocks are with difficulty obtained, though sought for by all lovers of the sport. The Hindoos, on the contrary, will not bear * See Temm. Pig. § Gallin. pl. i. f. 1. 2. aca. a. PHEASANT. 183 the existence of poultry on their premises; and it is said, that their detestation is such, that an Hindoo would sooner forfeit his life, than wear a Fowl’s feather. Poultry, therefore, can only be obtained among the Mussulmans.* We learn also from Mr. Salt, that in the Bay of Ampila, in Abyssinia, Danakil, as well as the Adaiel, and Somauli, entertain a particular prejudice against common Fowls, the flesh ot which is held among them in abhorrence; this may perhaps lead to the idea of these tribes being sprung from an Egyptian origin.t A fine specimen in the collection of Mr. Harrison, was brought from the northern Circars of India; and this is, most probably, the original stock, from whence all our Domestic Varieties have sprung. Indeed, there are few places in which the different voyagers have not met with Cocks and Hens, either wild or tame, as Pulo Condore,+ Isle of Timor, the Philippine and Molucca Isles, Sumatra and Java, New Guinea,|| Tinian,§ the Pellew Islands,f and most of those in the South Seas,**** but neither at New-Holland, nor New-Zealand. * Oriental Field Sports, i. p. 7. & 285. + Voyage to Abyssinia, p. 179. + Like ours, but much less; only the size of a Crow. The Cocks crow like ours, but much weaker and more shrill.— Damp. Voy.i. 392. Two wild ones shot there by our last voyagers.—Ell. Narr. ii. 340. A wild hen shot at Condore, by one of the gentlemen on board the Discovery, of a speckled colour, but less than ours in Europe; and the crowing of Cocks not only heard onall sides, but several seen on the wing.—Cook’s last Voy. iti. 463. || But not in plenty. Talking of marriage, it is mentioned, “ that they kill a Cock, which is procured with difficulty, and then it is a marriage.”’—Forr. Voy. 105. § The Fowls which we met with wild ‘ were run down without much trouble, as they could scarcely fly farther than 100 yards at a flight.””»—~Anson’s Voy. 416. In plenty at the Pellew Islands, but wild in the woods, and not used for food till pointed out by the crew, though the natives were fond of the eggs.—Keate’s Acc. p. 300. ** Forster observes, that they are in plenty at Easter, the Society, and the Friendly Isles; at the two last of a prodigious size. Not uncommon at the Marquesas, Hebrides, and New Caledonia, but the low Isles quite destitute of them.—See Obs. p. 195. Both Poultry and Ducks numerous in the Sandwich Isles.—Cook’s Journ. 229. owls of a large breed found at Tongo taboo, supposed to have sprung from some left in 1773, and others got from Feejee.—-Cook’s last Voy.i. 333, 184 PHEASANT. 7.—FIRE-BACKED PHEASANT. Phasianus ignitus, nd. Orn. Sup. p. 1xi. Gallus Macartneii, Houpifere Macartney, Temm. Pig. § Gall. S8vo. ii. p. 278. Fire-backed Pheasant, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 274. Emb. to China, i. 246. pl. 13. Naz. Misc. pl. 321. THIS is larger than a common Fowl]; length two feet or more. Bill long, pale, and much curved, but less so than in the Impeyan Pheasant; the face and sides of the head beyond the eyes, covered with a bare bluish skin, continuing as a wattle on each side of the throat; general colour of the plumage black, with a blue gloss, marked on the sides with transverse stripes of white; feathers of the head much elongated, forming a large pointed crest, of the same colour as the body, and tending backwards; the lower part of the back ferruginous, varying into bright orange in different reflections of light. This colour surrounds the upper part of the belly, but with little or no brilliancy, the belly, and inside of the thighs bluish ash; the feathers of the neck and breast rounded at the ends, appear- ing distinct; tail feathers mostly of the same general blue black colour, bending downwards; four of the middle ones are white, and there are two sickle-shaped ones, fourteen inches in length; these are white, with the ends black ; also some others much the same, but shorter, and all curving downwards; legs stout, scaly, pale in colour, and each furnished with a stout spur, at least one inch and a half m length, and sharp at the end. The female is smaller, rufous on the upper parts of the body, the crest much as in the male, neck before with whitish mottlings ; breast feathers black, with white edges ; belly black, edged more broadly with white ; lower belly and thighs black and white mixed; the bill is browns; sides of the head as in the male; the tail bends down- wards, as in that sex, but without the elongated curved feathers ; legs bluish. PHEASANT. 185 For the above description I am indebted to the late Mr. Samuel Daniell, who met with complete specimens of both sexes, brought from the Malay Coast. Sir ‘IT. S. Raffles, however, says that the female is only brown and black, no white feathers in the tail, and the flame-coloured patch on the back wanting.—Found in Sumatra, and there called Tugang. — That figured in the Embassy to China is a good representation, but the tail is somewhat imperfect. Sir George Staunton met with it in a Menagerie, at Batavia; it ditfered, too, from the above de- scribed, in having the fiery zone on the lower part of the back continued wholly round the belly, but appearing there without the brilliancy seen on the upper parts. It also varies in respect to the bright orange encircling the body, or not; as may be observed in various drawings, especially in those I was favoured with by General Hardwicke. It is probable, therefore, that this distinction may arise from age, or at least is not a permanent one. A.—In this the bill is dusky brown, not greatly curved; nostrils prominent ; round the eye bare and blue; from the middle of the crown a rounded tuft of black feathers, standing nearly erect; general colour of the plamage deep black; lower half of the back and rump only deep chestnut; tail bent downwards and shaped as in the last described, some of the longer feathers white; of the others black, and all of them rounded at the ends; feathers of the sides, over the thighs, sharp-pointed, and margined with white; legs reddish on the fore part, and pale behind, with a large, pale spur, but short, and less formidable than in the first described. Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Lord Mountnorris. T observe in this bird, that the bare space round the eyes does not extend over the nostrils, as in the Fire-backed, nor does it elongate VOL. VIII. Bes 186 PHEASANT. so as to hang on each side of the throat. It may therefore be sup- posed, that the specimen, from which it was figured was not of adult age. It is said to be very shy in its wild state, but how far it may be domesticated is yet unknown. 8.—BUTOOL PHEASANT. THE bill in this bird is black, and bent at the point; on the top of the head an erect, rounded, flat, crenated crest; and on the throat a kind of wattle, both similar to, and the colour of, those of a Cock ; sides of the head, above the eye, white; below the eye, and sides of the throat black; the rest of the plumage of the body olive green; paler beneath; back and rump darkest, cressed with numerous white lines; wings rufous, marked about the middle with an oblique white band; quills dark greenish black; the tail is rather more than half the length of the bird, the two middle feathers broad at the base, and lessening towards the point; colour pale green, crossed with 20 or more, broadish, dusky blue, or blackish bars; the two next, on each side, are broad for about half the length, where they become very narrow, and after continuing so for some way, enlarge again, and finally turn into a half circle, broadest at the ends; these feathers are pale green half way; the remaining, or end half, dusky black; the legs are stout, dull red, with blackish segments, and furnished with a large, strong, black, and sharp spur behind, nearly straight ; claws black. This bird is well represented in a fine collection of drawings belonging to Sir John Anstruther, Bart. and by the writing at the bottom, in the Persic tongue, it is called Gilwut, and found on the hills of Buteel (er Betool); the drawing is said to be one-fourth of the natural size, and as this was nearly twenty inches, the total length, tail included, must be not far short of seven feet. PHEASANT. 187 3* CROWN COVERED WITH FEATHERS. 9.—COMMON PHEASANT. Phasianus Colchicus, Ind. Orn. ii. 629. Lin. i. 271. Gm. Lin.i. 741. Scop.i. No. 166. Brun. p.58. Bris. i. 262. Id. 8vo.i. p.73. Klein, 114. 1. Id. Stem. 25. t. 29. B. Id. Ov. 32. t. 14. £.7.8. Frisch, t.123. N.C. Petr. xvi. 451. 7. Raii, 56. A.1. Will. 117. t.28. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 159. Borowsk.u. 173. Gerin. i. 258. Schef. el. t.55. Rom. Orn. i. 42. t.4. Temm. Man. d’ Orn. 283. Id. Pig. & Gall. 8vo.ii. p. 289. _ Fassan, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey.t.16. Naturf. xvi. 69. Le Faisan, Buf. ii. p. 328. pl.11. Jd. Sonnzn, vi. p. 155. t. 44.1. Pl, enl. 121. 122. Johnst. Av. t.24. f.4.5. Tub. Enc. Orn. 183. pl. 87. f. 1. Fagiano, Zinnan. Uov. 28. t. 2. f.5. Olin. Uc. t. p. 49. Der Gemeine Fasan, Bechst. Deutch. ii. 412. Id. Ed.ii. v. ii. p. 1160. Common Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 712. Will. Engl. 163. pl.28. Albin, i. pl. 25. 26. Hayes’s Birds, p|.20. Bewick,i. pl. p. 282. Lewin’s Birds, pl. 131. Id. Eggs, pl.xx. No.l. Walcot, Birds, pl.178. Donov. Birds, p\.101. Pult. Dors. p. 7. Graves’s Br. Orn. Orn. Dict. SIZE of a Fowl]; length from two feet and three quarters to three feet; weight sometimes as far as three pounds ;* extent of wing two feet and a half. Bill horn-colour; irides yellow ; sides of the head deep crimson, granulated with mimute specks of black, running into a point behind, and in old birds elongated over each jaw, like the wattle of a Cock, but not exceeding the length of the feathers at that part; from the nostrils springs a line of greenish black feathers, which passes under the eye, and a little beyond it; the rest of the head and neck green gold, changing to violet and blue in some lights; the lower part of the neck, breast, and sides glossy reddish chestnut, the feathers margined at the ends with black; and this colour, rising upwards a little way on the shaft, gives the feather the * One killed Dec. 8, 1809, at Irton Hall, near Whitehaven, was $3ft. 5in. in length, and weighed fifty-six ounces. BB2 188 PHEASANT. appearance of being bifid at the end; the feathers on the shoulders have each more or less of a buff-coloured, curved mark in the middle, bounded within and without with a black line; the lower part of the back the same, but less distinct; rump plain, glossy reddish brown, with a tinge of green; the wing coverts and quills brown, the first variegated with yellowish white, the latter spotted on both webs with the same; belly and vent dusky; tail cuneiform ; the longest feathers twenty inches in length, the shortest less than five, and consists in the whole of eighteen in number; all of them marked with transverse bars of black on each side the shaft, about twenty-four in number on the two middle ones, and on the others in proportion; legs dusky, with a blunt spur three quarters of an inch above the hind toe. The female is smaller. The general colour brown, varied with grey, rufous, and blackish; tail much shorter, but barred as in the male; and the regions of the ears covered with feathers. The Pheasant is at present found in a state of nature in almost the whole of the Old Continent ; but supposed to have been originally from Colchis, and particularly plentiful about the River Phasis,** whence the name Pheasant was derived; first introduced into Greece, and by degrees into others parts of the world; but not found in any part of America;+ and the wings being very short, they are not made for long flights, and of course must have been purposely conveyed to every place in which we now find them, rather than to have come there by chance.t In many parts of England they are * «* Argiva primum sum transportata carina ** Ante mihi notum est nil, nisi Phasis erat.”’—Mart. ep. 1. xii. 72. + Anson talks of Pheasants at the Isle of St. Catherine, on the Coast of Brazil, Voy. p- 62. and again at Chequetan, 30 leagues west of Acapulco, in the Province of Mexico, Voy. p. 364. but these cannot be our Pheasants ? ¢~ They are completely imprisoned in the Isolo Madre, in the Laggo Maggiore, at Turin, as they cannot fly over the Lake; for on their attempting to do this, they are drowned, un- less the boatmen pick them up.—Keys/. Trav. i. 378. PHEASANT. 189 s in tolerable plenty, breeding in the woods, * and afford full sport to those who delight in the gun. They deposit the eggs, twelve or more in number, on the ground, among Jong grass, the colour greenish white, rounded in shape, and smaller than those of an Hen;+ the young follow the mother like chickens. The male crows somewhat like a Cock, and it is said will now and then come into the adjoining farm yards, and produce cross breeds with the Hens. M. Salernet remarks, that the Hen Pheasant, when done laying and sitting, will get the plumage of the male, and after that become so little respected by him, as to be treated with the same incivility as he would shew to one of his own sex. He mentions this as a new observation, but it is far more common than generally supposed, and had been long before mentioned by Mr. Edwards.§ A gentleman of my acquaintance, now dead, who used to keep these birds for his amusement, observed the same to me; and the late Mr. J. Hunter has given his sentiments scientifically in the Phil. Trans.|| to the same purport; but in addition to this, it appears, that it does not always require mature age to give the Hen Pheasant the appearance of the male, as sometimes young birds will be adorned with his fine * They not only frequent woods in preference, but chiefly such as are adjoining to cul- tivated land; are fond of buck-wheat ; most partial to beech and oak woods, being very fond of the mast of the former, and the acorns of the oak, which they swallow whole. Dr. Lamb informed me, that having killed one in Berkshire, in October 1792, he found eleven acorns whole, with some others half digested, besides wheat, in the stomach. + Said to weigh 1 oz. and 1 dram (zwey loth and 1-16th theilchen).—Naturf. xiv. s. 49. + Ornith. § This author gave for example one kept in the Menagerie of the Duke of Leeds; and remarks, that this change is most likely to happen when in a confined state. The circumstance of the Hen acquiring the plumage of the Cock, after a certain time, is not confined to the Pheasant ; the instance of a Peahen belonging to Lady Tynte, beforementioned, evinces the contrary, not only gaining much of the fine plumage of the male, but a great portion also of the fine feathers of the train. The female also of the Rock Manakin is said to gain the plumage of the opposite sex, after a number of years, and pro- bably may turn out to be the case with many other birds. M. Levaillant mentions, having once found a Cuckow in the male dress; on opening it he found an egg, ready to be ex- cluded.* \| Vol. Ixx. 527. * See Vol. iii. of this Work, p. 289. 190 PHEASANT. plumage. [I will not say how this happens ; or whether it may be peculiar to this species to grow barren (if that be the reason*) sooner than‘any other of the Gallinaceous Tribe; but I have been assured, that such birds have proved, on eating, to be young, from their juici- ness and delicacy of flavour. A.—Phasianus torquatus, Ind. Orn. ii. 629. 4. 8B. Gm. Lin.i. 742. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 326. Ring Pheasant, Gen. Syn.iv. 715. Id. Sup. 208. Zool. Misc. pl. 66. This beautiful Variety has the plumage much the same as in the Commun Sort, but the colours more decided and brilliant, particu- larly the feathers of the lower part of the neck and breast, which are more deeply indented at the ends, each being there divided, or bifid. It differs, too, in having the top of the head fine deep brown; a ring of white round the middle of the neck; the shoulders glossy ash-colour; the rump silky greenish ; down the middle of the belly glossy black; sides of the vent ferruginous. This is common in the woods of many parts of China; and one brought from thence by the late Sir George Staunton, did not differ from those now at large in England, except in having a dusky white trace over each eye, which I have also observed in Chinese drawings. These were, it is said, first introduced by the late Duke of Nor- thumberland, by the name of Barbary Pheasants, and many were bred, and turned out at large, at his Grace’s seat at Alnwick. Lord Carnarvon did the same at Highclere, in Berkshire; and the late Dutchess Dowager of Portland, at Bulstrode, Bucks; beside many * The late Mr. Porter, of Chertsey, had a black Game Hen, which one year grew spot- ted, the next quite white; spurs grew, and she crowed, but she bred for some years after- wards.—A Cock at a farm-house in Fairfield, near Buxton, for three or four successive years, changed from black to white, and vice versa. OnSeptember 3, 1796, when it was noticed by my informant, it had got about half way through its annual transformation. To which we may add, Mr. Butter’s Essay on the same subject, in the Werner. Trans. Vol. iii. p- 183. PHEASANT. , 191 private gentlemen, by which means the breed is daily becoming more common : it is true, that these mix and breed with the Common Sort, and that in such produce the ring on the neck is less bright, and sometimes incomplete, but which of the two will ultimately prepon- derate, in respect to plumage, can scarcely be conjectured. These are frequent in India, but smaller than the Common Pheasant; and by the drawing of one in the collecton of Sir John Anstruther, the feathers at the hind part of the head are elongated into a tuft; and from the back part of each caruncle, a sort of appendage standing out backwards about a quarter of an inch. They are also common about the Caspian Sea, and in the south part of the Desert between the Rivers Don and Wolga; likewise in Great Tartary, and in the south of the Mongolian Desert, but are observed to be Jess than the Common Pheasant, and in their wild state are seldom known to perch on trees. They are also pretty common at St. Helena. B.—Phasianus varius, Ind. Orn. ii. 630. y. Gm. Lin. i. 742. Bris. i. 267. A. t. 28. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 75. Frisch, t.124. Borowsk.ii. 175. Nat. Misc. pl. 353. Tem. Pig. & Gail. 8vo. ii. p. 309. Le Faisan panaché, Buf. ii. 352. Variegated Pheasant, Gen. Syn.iv. 716. Hayes’s Birds, pl. 21. The general colour of the plumage of this bird is white, marked in various parts with the usual colours of the Pheasant. C.—Phasianus albus, Ind. Orn. ii. 630. 6. Bris.i. 268. B. Jd. 8vo.i. 75. Gm. Lin. i. 742. Borowsk. ii. 175. Gerin. ii. t. 259. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. il. p. 312. Weisser Faisan, Naturf. xvi. 126 (Goetz). This is wholly white, except a few minute black spots about the neck, and some rufous ones on the scapulars. 192 PHEASANT. One in the Leverian Museum was wholly white; I likewise observed another in the collection of Gen. Davies, which was killed in a wood, seven miles from Chichester, in Sussex, Nov. 1787.% D.—This seems a beautiful Variety, for as such it can only be esteemed : the carunculated red skin round the eye occupies less space than in the Common Sort, but the head and neck much the same in colour, the plumage otherwise a clouded rufous white; the feathers on the under parts with black margins, and on the upper streaked and margined with dusky or brown; the tail, too, has the bars as usnal, but less defined in colour ; bill and legs pale. Such birds as these are said to come from Bohemia, and a specimen of this isin Mr. Bullock’s Museum. E.—Phasianus hybridus, Ind. Orn. ii. 630. &. Gm. Lin.i. 742. Bris.i. 268. C. Id. 8vo.i. 75. Frisch, t.125. Borowsk. ii. 175. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 314. Le Coquar, Buf. ii. 353. pl. 12. Hybridal Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 716. _ This has the eyes surrounded with a red skin, and a few white spots on the crown of the head; upper part of the back rufous, varied with brown and white; from thence to the tail ash-colour, crossed with black ; belly, thighs, and under tail coverts, pale brown, ash-colour, and dusky, mixed; wing coverts much like the back; greater quills pale brown; the lesser white, varied on the outer edge with black; within black edged with rufous; tail black in the middle; bill and legs grey. * White Pheasants were esteemed formerly,. and kept in gentlemen’s aviaries; for in the account of some gardens, near London, in 1691, is mentioned <‘ An enclosure, wired in ‘‘ for White Pheasants and Partridges’’, in Lord Fauconbergh’s garden, at Sutton Court, Archeol. xii, p. 184. PHEASANT. 193 This is supposed to be a mixed breed, between the Pheasant and a Cock, a circumstance which is said to happen where farm yards are adjoining to woods, where Pheasants abound ; but according to Frisch, it is no uncommon circumstance in Germany, where they encourage the breeding of such mongrel birds, which are thought to be most delicious eating. , One of these in the Leverian Museum was almost throughout of a dingy reddish brown colour. F.—Phasianus hybridus, Faisan roussard, Metis, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 319. This is said to be a mixed breed, between the Common and Painted Pheasants; general colour of the plumage more or less gilded rufous, with a violaceous tinge ; feathers of the head elongated into a loose, bright rufous crest, tinged with violet at the end ; the two middle tail feathers light rufous, the rest deeper, marked irregu- larly with black and brown spots. M.'Temminck bought this of a dealer, as a nondescript species, but on trials with the two sorts, had reason to conclude it a hybrid bird, between the Common and Painted Species. G.—Phasianus Gallopavonis, Gm. Lin.i. 742. Ind. Orn. ii. 680. Faisan Dindon, Buf. ii. 160. zs Turkey Pheasant, Gen. Syn.iv. 717. Edw. 337. Phil. Trans. li. 838. pl. 19. Edw. pl. 377. Size between the Pheasant and Turkey. Extent of wing thirty- two inches; round the eyes a bare red skin; the rest of the head covered with feathers; the plumage variegated, partaking both of the Turkey and Pheasant. Three of these were met with near Handford, in Dorsetshire, of which one was killed, and sent by H. Seymer, Esq. to Mr. Edwards. VOL. VIII. Cec 194. PHEASANT. In the Hist. des Otis. we find a bird by the name of Demi-Poule d’Inde, said to proceed from the Cock and Turkey. It is mostly of a dark colour, like a Vulture; has neither comb nor wattles; carries its tail like a Turkey; and stands very high on its legs. This last is said to be peculiar to the Isle of Java, where it is kept for the sake of fighting. The late Mr. Woodford informed me that he had seen at the Bishop of Winchester’s, at Farnham Castle, a mixed breed, between the Common and Pencilled Pheasant; the general colour brown and grey, and in no instance could he see any marks of the splendid colours of the Common Pheasant. We have heard the same of the Gold Pheasant, and that the descendants were entirely destitute of the gay plumage they seem to have such a title to. i 10.—PAINTED PHEASANT. Phasianus pictus, Ind. Orn. 11. 630. Lin.i. 272. Gm. Lin. i, 743. Amen. Ac. 1. 562. t. 1. Borowsk. ii. 173. t. 29. Gerin. iii.. t. 260. Spalowsk. 1. t. 29. Mus. Lev. 206. t.50. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p.xc. Id. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 341. Phasianus sanguineus, Adein, 114. 3. aureus Sinensis, Bris. i. 271. Id. 8vo.i. 76. Faisan doré de la Chine, Bufiii. 855. Pl. enl, 217.—male and female. Gabin. de Madrid, i. p. 49. lam. 21. Gold Fassan, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t.24. Naturf. xiv. S.204. Schmid, Vog. p. 94. t. 80. Painted, or Gold Pheasant, Gen. Syn.iv. 717. Edw. pl. 68.69. Albin, ii. pl. 36. Hayes Birds, pl. 22. THIS is smaller than the Common Pheasant; length two feet nine inches and a half. Bill and irides yellow ; plumage in general crimson ; on the head the feathers are greatly elongated, of a glossy, or gilded yellow, appearmg like silk, and falling over the nape behind; cheeks very sparingly covered with feathers, and flesh- coloured ; those of the hindhead orange-coloured, square at the ends, crossed with black lines; they are long, and hang down on the neck, but capable of being erected as in the Cock; lower down the feathers are green, and rounded at the ends, which are black; back and PHEASANT. 195 rump yellow; upper tail coverts long, narrow, and crimson, falling down on each side of the tail; wing coverts chestnut and brown mixed; scapulars blue; quills brown, with yellowish spots; tail long, and cuneiform, the longest feathers twenty-three inches, the outer one very short; the colour chestnut and black, beautifully variegated ; legs yellow, with a spur, a quarter of an inch long, at the back part. The female is smaller; irides hazel; head feathers longish; general colour of the plumage brown, varied with yellowish brown ; the tail shorter, but not much unlike that of the male; the legs without spurs. The native place of this beautiful species is China, where it is called Kinki, or Kinkee, which signifies Gold-flower Fowl, or Wrought Fow]. We do not know of its breeding at large any where in Europe, being kept in Menageries, and bearmg confinement well; for as it breeds freely, any further importation from the native country seems needless: the eggs are redder than in our Pheasant, not unlike those of the Guinea Fow]; will breed with our Species. Buffon relates an instance of this, which produced two male birds, one of which paired with a female Common Pheasant, and had one young, a female. As they are hardy birds, attempts have been made to naturalize them to our climate, and many pairs have been turned out for this purpose, but, it is to be lamented, without success, having in every instance been shot by some greedy and improvident sportsman: the flavour of the flesh is said to exceed that of the Common Pheasant. This species, like the other, is subject to change the appearance of sex: Edwards mentions the circumstances in some kept by Lady Essex, the females of which, in the space of ‘six years, gradually gained the male feathers ; and we have been informed by others, that it is not unusual for the hens, when about four or five years old, to be neglected by the cocks, and gradually to gain the plumage of the other sex. Cc2 196 PHEASANT. 11.—BARRED-TAIL PHEASANT. Phasianus superbus, Faisan superbe, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 336 ? IF we may judge from the relative proportions between the body and tail of this bird, it should seem to be bigger than the Gold Pheasant. The bill is rather more elongated than in that bird, and red; just round the eye bare; from the bill a black streak. passes through the eye, and behind it; whole head, and part of the neck, yellow; the feathers of the nape elongated into a pointed crest; those at the back of the neck ferruginous, crossed with numerous black lines; the lower part of the neck, and beginning of the back green, the feathers waved on the margins with deep brown, or black ; the rest of the back and rump yellow, and dotted with the same in the middle of each feather; all the under parts, from throat to vent, yellowish rufous, the feathers margined with dusky; wing coverts rufous, the lower series crossed with dusky bars; second quills blue, marked with bars of dusky; greater quills deep blue black ; the tail is pale rufous, of a great length, and cuneiform; the two middle feathers of double the length of any of the others, the outmost very short; all of them pomted at the ends, and crossed with numerous bars of dusky on the two middle ones, the others in proportion; the thighs are blue; legs dusky, and not furnished with spurs. I met with a figure of the above among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, which says,—it inhabits China, called the Golden Pheasant, and found in the Surinagur Hills; but from the writing beneath it, in the Persian language, it is said that the name is Doom durauz (Long-tail), and found in the snowy mountains of Surinagur; that the drawing is a quarter of the natural size, and the weight of the bird half asare:* hence, as the length of the bird in the drawing, from bill to ramp, is six inches and a half, and the * A sare is about two pounds, though not exactly the same every where. . ae ; $ 2 ol Pa . , i t ' ll ‘ toy oo - i : r ~ ~ ¥ ? we * \ ' y @ ..2 ? ‘ > : S ten € ; © ‘ iy “ ° a 4 ? t¢ ty + » * . ’ | ‘ » , ‘ be ‘ \ ‘ - ro i “uF PL.CXXTIv. * ——————— oe oe —— Kya PFE IL ee GY sen wl? PHEASANT. 197 tail eleven inches, making in all seventeen inches and a half, it will make the length of the real subject to be six feet. How far this bird is allied to the Gold Pheasant is not for us to say, but certainly the colours of the plumage, as well as distribu- tion, will scarcely justify us in making it a distinct species; for in respect to the tail and its coverts it differs very materially; being wholly without the fine narrow crimson feathers, which hang down over the sides of the tail from the base; besides which, instead of the mottled, and variegated colours on the tail, all of them are crossed with numerous black bars; from this circumstance I have an idea of this bird being the species to which the long feather belongs, as first mentioned in Vol. iv. p. 710, of my Gen. Synopsis, and is now figured in the plate opposite ; the general colour of this feather is fine blue grey, margined on the sides with rufous cream- colour, and marked on each side of the shaft with about seventy or eighty curved black brown bars, which bend downwards, but do not correspond with each other on both sides of the shaft; the difference, however, seems to be, that in the drawing above-mentioned the bars are more narrow, and numerous, and quite transverse, not curved, and 120 at least on the two middle feathers; but as this drawing does not seem to be executed with very great precision, it may probably mean to represent the species we allude to; and till we can obtain specimens of the bird with our elegant tail feathers attached, we will venture to hazard our sentiments on the subject. Some years since I had the opportunity of seeing a bundle of thirty or forty of these tail feathers, which were brought from China; I found among them every length from more than seven feet, to eighteen inches, but all marked with similar transverse bands. Marco Polo, in his Travels, p. 46, observes—‘‘ There be plenty “‘ of Feysants and very greate, for 1 of them is as bigge as 2 of ours, ‘with Tayles of eygth, 9, and tenne spannes long, from the King- “dom of Erguyl or Arguill, the W. side of Tartary.”. The province 198 PHBASANT. of Tayuth is on the west side of China, or rather north-west borders of China. In the Latin Ed. 1671, p. 54. cap. 62,—“ Sunt in ea * maximi fasiani caudas habentes longitudinis 10 Palmorum aut octo, “ cap. 62, de regione Erigimul et Civitate Singui.” In a late English translation of M. Polo, 1818, p. 225. the tail feathers are said to be eight or ten palms in length; and in Mr. Marsden’s note on this, he seems inclined to think the bird referred to may possibly mean the Argus Pheasant; but the two centre feathers of this bird are by no means similar to those of the Barred- tail Species, nor are we able to ascertain the feathers to which M. Polo’s bird belongs. I observed, at Sir Jos. Banks’s, some fine drawings, taken from Lady Banks’s curious collection of ancient porcelain, wherein is represented a mock fight on the water, for the Emperor's amuse- ment, supposed to be between his Tartarian and Chinese subjects, personated by the females in his seraglio—the Chieftains of the former having one of these barred feathers on each side of the bonnet, perhaps as insignia of one order; the opponent, or Chinese, have also two feathers of the Pheasant, but of a smaller sort, probably of the Painted One: hence we may conclude our bird to be a native of Tartary, and not unlikely as common there, as the Chinese Pheasant is to the last named empire. Mr. Pennant possibly alludes to this when he says, speaking of birds belonging to the Tartarian, or Siberian World,—<< But the ‘« Species of the Pheasant Kind, with the feathers of the tail three “ feet long, are confined to this country; the feathers are sent from ‘* Koree, as an article of commerce to various parts of the Chinese « Empire.”* Again this author observes, that the bird itself hasa body no larger than that of a Pigeon.+ It is unlucky, that we have been able to furnish no certain description from the livmg specimen, for we are informed, that one of the kind died on board a ship on its * Pennant’s China.i. p. 166. + Id, p 126, PHEASANT. 199 passage from China, in 1781; and from the tail feather of which, drawn by the accurate pencil of General Davies, we were first made acquainted with the subject. In looking over some Chinese drawings of birds, in the possession of Mr. Forster, of Fitzroy Square, this gentleman pointed out to me one of a Pheasant. with a barred tail, somewhat similar to that we are already in possession of: in this the bill and legs are pale yellow; round the eye bare and red; head and neck pale ash-colour, inclining to white at the back of the neck, where it is crossed by two dusky bands; general colour of the plumage otherwise pale brown, with a rufous tinge, each feather marked at the end with a spot of black, with a white pupil; the greater quills dusky blue, barred with dusky; at the end a black spot; the tail long, shaped as in our Pheasant ; the two middle feathers crossed with many oblique, dusky bars, and some dusky black spots; all the others darker, with 14 or 15 oblique dusky brown bars. There are few who do not know, how little credit ean be given to Chinese paintings in general, but we observed among those alluded to, the representation of other birds well known, which were faithfully done, and will apologize for our troubling the reader with this description. 12.—PENCILLED PHEASANT. Phasianus nycthemerus, Ind. Orn. 11. 631. Lin. 1.272. Gm. Lin.i. 743. Scop.i. 167. Borowsk. ii. 167. Gerin. ii. t. 261. 262. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xe: Phasianus albus Sinensis, Bris.i. 276. Id.8vo.i. 77. Klein, 114. 4, Le Faisan noir et blanc de la Chine, Buf. ii. 359. Pl. enl. 123. 124. Silber Fassan, Gunth Nest. u. Ey. t. 49. Naturf. xvi. 122. Black aud white China Pheasant, Edw. pl. 66. Albin, iii. pl. 37. Pencilled Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 719. THIS is stouter than the Common Species; length two feet and a half. Bill and irides yellow ; sides of the head covered with a earunculated, crimson, bare skin, which in some old birds rises 200 PHEASANT. above the level of the crown, giving the appearance of a kind of horn over each eye; and hangs so deep below, on each side of the Jaw, as to appear like wattles; the feathers on the top of the head, are elongated into a crest, hanging behind ; and this, as well as all the under parts from chin to vent, are purplish black; the upper parts are in general white, and each feather marked with three or four dusky lines one within another, parallel to the margin; the tail. is cuneiform, the feathers obliquely striated with black, except the two middle, which are plain white; the legs are red, furnished with * a whitish spur behind. The female is smaller. Bill brown; irides yellow brown ; eyes surrounded with a red skin, but narrower, and less bright than in the male ; the head is crested, but the feathers less elongated, and with the neck, breast, and upper parts, wings, and rump, are rufous brown. the lower part of the breast, belly, and other parts beneath, white, irregularly mixed with brown, and crossed with undulated black bands ; greater quills blackish ; second quills like the back; those nearest the body dotted with white; tail shorter than in the male, the two middle feathers brown; the others black and white mixed, and striped obliquely with black ; legs red; no spurs. | Inhabits China, known there by the name of Puck-hoan, or White Bird ; is common in our Menageries, and breeds freely; the eggs of a pale, yellowish ash-colour, with a tinge of red. This sort, as well as the Painted Species, has been turned out at large, with the view of naturalising so beautiful a bird; but we do not find that in either case the attempt has succeeded. 13.—CHITTYGONG PHEASANT. SIZE of a Turkey; length three feet eight inches. — Bill bent, longish, and yellowish ; round the eyes a fine crimson, carunculated skin, as in the last species; the rest of the head, hind part of the PHEASANT. 201 neck, the chin, and throat, deep blue black ; hindhead crested, but the feathers not greatly elongated; the upper half of the back, and the rump fine glossy green; the rest of the back, and the wings chocolate brown; fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, pure white; vent dusky brown; tail even at the end, rather short, but somewhat compressed; the legs pale, dusky yellow ; at the back part a short, blunt, spur; claws dusky. Inhabits India; is a native of the Chittygong Hills, and known by the name of Muthurau. — Sir J. Anstruther. 14.—LINEATED PHEASANT. LENGTH two feet two inches to the end of the tail, but to the tees four inches shorter. Bill pale green, nostrils round, naked, at the root of the bill; cheeks covered with a scarlet, naked, papillous skin, from the nostrils to the nape, where it ends in a sharp point, and extends a considerable distance above, and below the eye; irides dark red; on the hind part of the head a fine erect crest, longer than the head and bill, consisting of many black, bristly feathers ; general colour of the plumage black, but all above variegated, in a most beautiful manner, with numerous white lines; on the sides of the neck and breast the feathers are Jong, and sharp, and each has a white line in the direction of the shaft, somewhat mottled ; upper and under wing coverts much the same; quills black, variegated with white, waving lines, disposed somewhat longitudinally; and generally approximated by pairs; the wings, when closed, reach just beyond the root of the tail; which is wedge-shaped, compressed, falcated, and nearly a foot long, consisting of fourteen sharp feathers; those placed upwards, and inwards, being gradually longer; the four undermost are black, with numerous white lines, the two next black on the outer web, marked also with white lines, and on the inner VOL. VIII. Dob 902 PHEASANT. lineated and dotted with black ; the tips white, but the lower half of the outer web has numerous black lines and dots; legs dirty flesh- colour; spurs straight and strong. Described from a bird in an aviary in India; but from whence uncertain. It was a male, and has many things in common with the Coloured Pheasant; but seems to differ considerably both in crest and tail feathers, nor is it likely that these birds vary merely in sex, as both are furnished with spurs on the legs. I am indebted te Dr. Buchanan for the above account. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is a similar bird, but the upper parts are lead, or slate-colour, not black, though with the saine markings. 15.—NEPAUL PHEASANT. SIZE of the last; and like that, tufted on the back part of the head, but the tuft more compact, and of a greater length; head, neck behind, chin, and throat, bluish black ; the upper half of the back much the same, but the feathers fringed with rufous ; the lower half, ramp, and upper tail coverts, blue black, the feathers deeply fringed with white; those of the under parts, from the throat, long, and pointed, of a dusky white, very little darker in the middle; thighs and vent dusky; wing coverts as the back; quills brown; tail long, wedge-shaped, the feathers covering each other, and com- pressed as in the last described, but are less numerous, and rounded at the ends; colour greenish black ; the bill is pale, hooked at the end; legs pale flesh-colour, with a small, very short, and blunt spur, nearly straight. The female is wholly brown, the margins of all the feathers pale rufous; sides of the head paler, and the carunculated parts, round the eyes, less bright; bill hooked at the end; nostrils pervious, and seem rounded, and somewhat rugose at the top; legs without spurs. PHEASANT. 203 Inhabits India, chiefly Nepaul.—One of the males, in the draw- ings of General Hardwicke, answers; but the feathers at the nape are merely a slender tuft, three inches and a half long, and white, springing from a black base. Among Lord Mountnorris’s collection of drawings are figures of both sexes of this bird. 16.—COLOURED PHEASANT. Phasianus leucomelanos, Ind. Orn, ii. 633. Temm. Pig. §& Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 353. Lophophore, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. xci. ; Faisan noir, Sonnin. Buf. vi. 246. Tab. Enc. Orn. p. 189. Coloured Pheasant, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 210. SIZE of a Fowl]; the length twenty-two inches. Bill greenish white, and much hookeds sides of the head naked, carunculated, and red; the feathers at the back of the head long, forming a crest, which hangs down behind; the head, throat, and neck, at the back part, are black; back, ramp, and wing coverts the same, slightly edged with white; prime quills dusky brown; tail long, even at the end, and black ; fore part of the neck, breast, and belly covered with longish, sharp-pointed, black feathers, deeply edged on the sides with white; thighs black ; legs brown black, behind each a spur of a moderate length; claws curved, black. Inhabits India, and called there the Coloured Fow!.—From the drawings of Lady Impey. The last three are described from the various figures in the collections referred to, but it is by no means certain, that they may not vary in their plumage, like many of the Gallimaceous Tribe, and prove to be one and the same bird, at different periods of growth. D v2 204 PHEASANT. 17.—SUMATRAN PHEASANT. Phasianus rufus, Burong Trab, Lin. Trans. xiii. 321. THIS is larger than a Common Cock, and twenty inches in length. The irides red ; the plumage above is of a deep ferruginous colour, finely mottled with black ; the feathers of the breast are also ferruginous, but each has a black band, and is edged with white, while those of the abdomen are principally white and dusky; chin nearly white; on the head is a crest, which lies backwards, but can be elevated in some degree ; the naked space on the cheeks blue; the tail is not long, and similar in colour to the back ; legs sometimes reddish, sometimes bluish, and are unarmed, there being only a small tubercle in place of a spur. The female differs but little from the male. Inhabits Sumatra, known by the name of Burong Trab ; it does not appear to have been hitherto described.—The ahove account taken from the description given of it by Sir T. S. Raffles. 18.—RUFOUS-TAILED PHEASANT. Phasianus erythropthalmus, Mira Mata, Lin. Trans. xiii. 321. SIZE of a large Fowl. Bil! blackish, and strong; the naked skin on the chin of a bright red; but neither crest nor wattles; the plumage black, with a blue and green gloss; on the back and wings finely undulated with white or grey; wing feathers brown; those of the tail disposed in two inclined planes, and of a bright rufous, or ferruginous colour; tail coverts tinged with purple or violet; legs bluish, and armed with strong spurs. 4 The female is entirely of a steel black, without white undulations, or rufous tail; in the young ones also the tail is black. Inhabits Sumatra, the name Mira Mata.—Sir T. S. Raffles. PHEASANT. 205 19.—SANGUINE PHEASANT. Phasianus cruentus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 237. SIZE of asmall Fowl; the length seventeen inches. Bill eight- tenths of an inch, convex, very strong, and black; the base red, including the nostrils; temples naked; the skin red, but feathered between the bill and eye; from the base of the upper mandible, a small crest, of short, various-coloured feathers, inclining backwards ; plumage above dark ash, with white shafts; wing coverts variously tinged with green, having broad strokes of white through the length of each feather ; the primaries and secondaries brownish black, with white shafts; the feathers of the chin deep crimson; neck much mixed with white; on the breast, belly, and sides the feathers are lance-shaped, of various lengths; tips greep, with crimson margins, collectively resembling dashes of blood, scattered on the breast and belly ; vent rufous ; the tail consists of twelve subequal feathers, about six inches in length; shafts white, rounded, the ends whitish ; the coverts, both above and below, a rich crimson red ; legs deep red, armed with three unequal spurs, but varying in number in different subjects; toes long; claws strong, long, and black. The hen is similar to the cock in plumage, and _ al] other marks, but smaller, and without spurs. This fine species of Pheasant is a native of the Nepaul Hills.— Described from well preserved subjects in the possession of General Hardwicke, from whom the above account is taken. 20.—ARGUS PHEASANT. Phasianus Argus, Ind. Orn. ii. 629. Lin.i. 272. Gm. Lin. i. 742. Borowsk. i. 176. Mus. Lev. t. 10. Lin. Trans. xii. p. 320. Argus, or Luen, Phil. Trans. lv. p. 88. pl.3. Lond. Mag. 1766. pl. p. 473. Gent. Mag. 1768. pl. p. 621. Tab. Enc. Orn. pl. 87. f.3. Buf. ii. 361. Id. Sonnin. vi. 217. & Add. p. 218. 206 PHEASANT. Argus Geant, Temm. Pig. Gall. 8vo. ii. 410.—male. 427.—femelle. Argus Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 710. SIZE of a Cock Turkey; total length five feet. Bill like that of our Pheasant, pale yellow; fore part of the head, and beginning of the throat, covered with a fine scarlet, granulated skin ; irides orange ; round the eye the skin is dusky, with a black mark likea whisker on each side of the lower jaw; the top and hind part of the head and neck changeable blue; at the hindhead a forked crest ; the lower part, back, and wing coverts, marked irregularly across with reddish brown; the nine outer quills pale yellow brown, marked with small dusky spots, as large as tares, on the outer webs, and smaller spots of white on the inner; the eleven remaining quills dark brown, with round and oblong spots on both webs, and on the outer, near the shafts, a row of large eyes, from twelve to fifteen in number, the largest an inch in diameter, somewhat resembling those on a Peacock’s train; the throat, breast, rump, and upper tail coverts, dull orange, marked with round dusky spots; the tail con- sists of fourteen feathers: the two middle ones three feet long, the next eighteen inches, gradually shortening to the outer ones, which are only twelve inches, the colour dusky brown, dotted with white ; besides which the two middle ones have round white spots, encircled with black on the outer, and brown, irregular ones, surrounded with dusky, on the inner webs ; the lower belly and vent are dusky, mixed irregularly with brown; legs like those of a Turkey, greenish ash- colour.** One, supposed to be the female, had the sides of the head and neck, from the chin before, the middle of the crown, nape, and neck behind, furnished with feathers rather elongated; the rest of the neck and breast ferraginous; back and wings beautifully mottled brown, rufous, and clay-colour; quills and outside of the wings ferruginous; belly, thighs, and vent, mottled as the back, but paler ; tail not unlike the back; bill and legs dull yellow. * That figured in the Phil. Trans. has no spurs on the legs behind ; but in a drawing done by Mr. Edwards, to be seen in his Memoirs, the legs have a short, blunt, spur at the back part. PHEASANT. 207 M. Temminck describes the female as being so different from the male, as not to be recognized as the same species. Size much the same, but shorter, being only twenty-six inches from the point of the bill to the end of the tail; the head, on the sides, and neck, naked as im the male, and of the same colour; a short, cottony, grey-brown down, covers the crown and hindhead; lower part of the neck, breast, and upper part of the back rufous chestnut; as are more of the upper parts, but marked with some zigzags of black ; lower part of the back, ramp, and wing and tail coverts, yellowish brown, with cross stripes of black, and some zigzags ; wings shaped as in the male, but without the eyed spots on the secondaries ; instead of which some marks like Chinese characters are to be seen; bill, naked skin of neck, and legs, as in the male. Inhabits China.—That in engraved in Phil. Trans. supposed to be pretty exact. The head and legs were, indeed, wanting in the specimen, but those parts were supplied from imitating the painted figure sent with it. This bird, if not confounded with the Malay Peacock, is said to be found in the woods of Sumatra, and there called Coo-ow, or Kuaow. It does not bear confinement for any length of time, after catching it in the woods, never more than a month. It seems to have an antipathy to the light, being quite inanimate during the day ; but when kept in a dark place, appears perfectly at ease, and sometimes inakes its note or call, from which it takes its name, and which is rather plaintive, and not harsh, like that of the Peacock. The flesh resembles, in flavour, that of the Common Pheasant: much doubt has arisen in our minds whether this, and the Malay Peacock, were distinct birds: the latter we have never seen specimens of, and have therefore, only to rely on Dr. Buchanan for our figure and description. MM: Temminck has complete skins of the Argus, from which he has been enabled to describe both sexes, as well as the young bird. The Argus Pheasant too, isin Van Marum’s Museum, at Haarlem, quite perfect even to the feet, which are usually wanting in collections. * * Hortic. Tour, p. 288. 208 PHEASANT. 21.—SYLHET PHEASANT. LENGTH three feet at least. General colour of the plumage glossy violet black ; on the back part of the head a kind of crest, composed of six or more feathers, of unequal lengths, and loose in texture, being narrow and distinct, and incline backwards; begin- ning of the back violet black; the remainder, and rump the same, but the feathers deeply margined with white; the tail longish, compressed, the feathers of unequal lengths, violet blue black, rather rounded at the ends; some of the exterior ones fringed at the tips with white ; greater quills dusky brown; the bill formed as in the Cock, pale; the whole side of the head covered with a fine, carunculated, crimson skin, as in the Pheasant; the legs pale flesh- colour, with a long spur at the back part. Inhabits India; brought from Sylhet, in the Province of Bengal. Sir J. Anstruther. 22.- HORNED PHEASANT. Meleagris Satyra, Ind. Orn. ii. 619. Lin.i. 269. Borowsk. ii. t.27. Gerin. iii. t. 263. Penelope Satyra, Gm. Lin. 1. 753. Phasianus cornutus, Bris. App. p.14. Id. 8vo. i. 86. Phasianus Satyrus, Faisan Napal, Temm. Pig. & Gallin. 8vo. ii. p. 349. Le Nepaul, ou Faisan cornu, Buf. ii. 349. Horned Pheasant, Edw. pl. 116. Horned Turkey, Gen. Syn.iv. 680. Id. Sup. 203. View of Hindoost.ii. pl. in p.344. SIZE between a Fowl and a Turkey. Bill brown; the nostrils, fore part of the head, and round the eyes, covered with slender, black, hairy feathers; top of the head red; behind each eyea fleshy, callous, blue substance, like a horn, tending backwards; on the fore part of the neck and throat a loose flap, of an exceedingly fine blue colour, marked with orange spots ; the lower part beset with a PHEASANT. 209 few hairs; down the middle it is more loose than on the sides, appearing wrinkled ;* the breast and upper part of the back full red; the neck and breast inclined to orange ; the others parts of the plumage, and tail rufous brown, marked all over with white spots, surrounded with black; the tail is rounded in shape, composed of twenty feathers, which are black at the ends; legs whitish, furnished with a spur behind. The female has the head and neck of a silky black, glossed with blue, marked on the sides of the throat with an irregular patch of red ; the feathers at the back of the head and nape crimson, and those of the whole upper part of the head loose, tending backwards ; the general markings of the rest of the plumage much as in the male, but the colours less bright; the back, and part of the wing coverts, besides the spots of white, are also beautifully intermixed with streaks of black and crimson, on a fillemot ground ; the ramp and tail feathers are somewhat similar, the crimson decreasing towards the tail, the end of which is dusky black ; legs furnished with a blunt spur behind. Inhabits India.—Mrs. Wheeler informed me, that she had both sexes alive in her possession, and had it not been for an illness ameng the poultry on board the ship, should have brought the above mentioned male to England; this sex, when alive, had the faculty of dilating, and lengthening the flap on the throat, so as to hang over the breast, much in the same manner as the Cock Turkey does the caruncles on the neck and flap of the forehead, at which time the colours were greatly heightened, appearing of a beautiful deep blue, barred across with crimson. These birds are by no means common, though not unfrequent m drawings done in India; and are particularly well figured in those of Mr. Middleton, and Lady Impey: Sir Elijah informed me, that it is known in India by two names, the one Singhee Moory, or Marbled * Tn fact, this flap is only attached at its base, round and over the bill, and a little way on the throat, from whence it hangs down like a gorget. VOL, VIII. EE 210 PHEASANT. Fowl; the other, Moory Manmoorei, or Bright Fowl. In the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther it is said to inhabit the snowy Alps of Thibet. _93.—IMPEYAN PHEASANT.—PL. cxxvy. Phasianus Impejanus, Ind, Orn. 1. 632. — curvirostris, Mus. Lev. pl. p. 103. Lophophorus refulgens, Lophophore resplendissant, T’emm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. il. p. 355. Impeyan Pheasant, Gen. Syn. Sup. 208. pl. 114. LARGER than a Cock; length two feet. Bill brown, two inches long, and greatly curved, the under mandible shorter, and concealed beneath the upper; round the eye bare, of a greenish blue; on the head an erect crest, as in the Peacock, of seventeen or eighteen feathers, of different lengths, the longest three inches and a half; these consist of little more than shafts, except at the ends, where they are oval, with a spear-shaped point; the feathers of the neck are long and loose, not unlike the hackles of a Cock; those of the head and throat are green bronze ; of the middle of the neck purple, with a gloss of copper; and the lower part yellow copper bronze ; all exceedingly brilliant, and changeable in different reflections of hight; the back and wing coverts rich purple, tipped with green bronze; prime quills black ; the under parts of the body, from chin to vent, dull black, with here and there a greenish gloss; thighs the same, feathered below the joint; tail brownish cinnamon-colour, rounded at the end, where it is dusky, the feathers fourteen in number; legs stout, rough, and scaly, of a dark brown; toes long, between them at the base, a slight membrane; at the back part of the legs a thick, short, spur. The female is smaller, and less elegant in shape, length twenty- two inches. Bill, and sides round the eyes, as in the male; plumage in general brown, the middle of each feather paler, or buff-coloured, mottled, and barred with dark brown, somewhat like the back of Hil epe @SXOXGV - tif, _ - Mnfrs CEM” 2. YO LE. PHEASANT. 211 the Great-eared Owl; beneath the eye a broad dusky white band ; prime quills black ; the secondaries barred black and ferruginous ; tail very short, scarcely exceeding the length of the quills, in colour like the back ; legs as in the male, but furnished with a blunt knob in place of a spur. The above inhabits India, but not common, being brought from the hills in the northern parts of Hindustan to Calcutta, as a rarity. Lady Impey attempted, with great prospect of success, to bring some of them to England, but after living on board for two months they caught a disorder from the other poultry, and died; the food they had, during the passage, was rice in the husk; and I was informed, that they are known in India, by the name of Monaul, which is foolishly translated Mouth-piece ; that the male is called by some the Golden Fowl. They bear cold, but are impatient of heat. The Cock never observed to crow, but had a strong, hoarse cackle, not unlike that of a Pheasant. This species is finely expressed in Sir J. Anstruther’s drawings, but the bird does not seem to stand so high on its legs, as it appears elsewhere; nor is the bill so very long and hooked; we may there- fore suppose, that the accretion only takes place in those under confinement, where the necessity of providing food, by raking up the ground, does not occur; and the bill, of course, less worn. I observe that the hind claw is very crooked, and the tail is very little darker at the end than the rest of its length. In the drawings of Lord Mountnorris, is one of the male, with a large patch of white in the middle of the back, which I have not seen in any other representation of this singularly beautiful species. In General Hardwicke’s drawings, called Moory Zereen. E«r2 212 ; PHEASANT. 24.—CRESTED PHEASANT. Phasianus cristatus, Ind. Orn. ii 631. Gm. Lin. i. 741. Crax fuscus Mexicanus, Bris.i. 304. Id. 8vo.i. 86. Borowsk. ii. 172. Opisthocomus, Sasa, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. xlix. Hoactzin, Rati, 163. Will. 300. Id. Engl.389. Buf. ii. 385. Faisan huppé de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 337. Crested Pheasant, Gen. Syn. iv. 720. pl. 64. LENGTH twenty-one inches. Bill black; the head furnished with a crest, the feathers of which are of different lengths, the longest three inches, colour dirty brownish white ; beneath black, round the eye bare, and reddish; upper parts of the body brown ; the under, as far as the belly, rufous white; belly and vent rufous; from the hindhead, to the lower part of the neck behind, each feather has a streak of white down the middle; tips of the middle and larger wing coverts white, forming two bars on the wing; the edge of the wing, half way from the bend, white; quills rufous, the first very short ; tail cuneiform, ten inches long, colour of the back ; all the feathers yellow at the ends; legs black, without spurs behind. Inhabits Mexico, and parts adjacent, and said to feed on snakes; it makes a howling kind of noise, is found on trees, near rivers, and accounted an unlucky bird; met with chiefly in autumn, and said to pronounce a sound not unlike the word Hoactzin. We are told that it may be domesticated, being seen in that state among the natives ; and that it feeds on ants, worms, and other insects, as well as snakes. How far this should be removed from the Genus of Pheasant, on account of its food, we are unable to determine, but we know none which do not readily feed on grain or fruits, which this bird also is said to do. M.Temminck removes this from the Gallinaceous Tribe into that of his Omnivores,* or General Feeders, under the name of Opisthocomus. * See Tem. Manuel, pt.1. p. 105. for the character of the order. ale Goxoxevall: SOT > — — (Gee CLL Le. TINAMOU. 213 GENUS LXII.—TINAMOU. 1 Great Tinamou 6 Nocturnal 1] Variegated 2 Tao 7 Macaco 12 Little 3 Cinereous 8 Obsolete 13 Dwarf 4 Undulated | 9 Tataupa 14 Rufescent 5 Barred-tail 10 Oariana 15 Spotted Bri long, blunt at the end; nostrils in the middle; gape wide; sides of the head and throat not well furnished with feathers. Tail very short, often hid in the feathers of the coverts, which are unusually long. Hind toe short, for the most part useless in walking; the claws hollowed beneath. The general manners of all much like those of the first species. 1.—GREAT TINAMOU. Tinamus Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 633. Tetrao major, Gm. Lin. i. 767. Perdix Brasiliensis, Bris.i. 227. Id. 8vo.i. 63. Perdix major Brasiliensis, Bris. i. 927. Id. 8vo. 1. 64. Macucagua, Raii, 53. Will. 116. t. 26. Id. Engl. 163. Klein, 18. 4. Jambu, Rati, 57. 4. Will. 119. Id. Engl. p. 167§. iv? Le Magoua, Buf. iv. 507. pl. 24. Id. Sonnin. xiv. p. 36. Enc, Orn. 224. pl. 89. t. 3. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. iii. 562. Tinamou de Cayenne, PI. enl. 476? Grosse Perdrix de la Guiane, Mem. sur Cay. 11. 269. Great Partridge, Descr. Surin. 11. 188. Great Tinamou, Gen. Syn. iv. 724. SIZE of a Fowl]; length eighteen inches. Bill black, one inch and a quarter long, and blunt at the end, with a kind of furrow on each side of the upper mandible, in the middle of which are the nostrils ; top of the head deep rufous; the general colour otherwise 214 TINAMOU. greyish brown, inclining to olive, with a mixture of white on the upper part of the belly and sides, and greenish on the neck ; on the beginning of the back, wing coverts, and tail, marked with dusky, transverse spots, fewest on the last; the sides of the head, throat, and fore part of the neck, not well clothed with feathers ;* on the second quills a mixture of rufous; the greater are plain ash-colour ; tail short; legs yellowish brown, very rough behind, the scales projecting, and giving the appearance of the bark of a Fir-tree. Inhabits the woods of several parts of South America, particu- larly Cayenne and Guiana, roosting at night on the lower branches of the trees, two or three feet from the ground. The female lays from twelve to sixteen eggs, the size of those of a Hen, and of a beautiful green colour: the nest is on the ground, near the stump of a large tree; and if disturbed the hen is said to roll the eggs to another place, at a good distance; the young follow as soon as hatched, and hide themselves on the least approach of danger ; said to have two broods in a year. The food consists of fruits and gram, as well as worms and insects. The Indians frequently kill them in the night-time, whilst roosting on the trees, as the flesh is accounted very good, and said to be double in quantity to that of a Common Fowl ; the eggs are also a great dainty. The note is a kind of dull whistle, by no means unpleasant, and may be heard a great way off ;_ this they make exactly at sun-set every evening, and at break of day, but not at other times; and the natives, by imitating their note, decoy the birds within reach of the gun, or net. *In the Pl. enlum. the sides of the head are red, and are seemingly bare, but in the specimens we have seen, those parts are thinly covered with short feathers, of the same colour as the rest of the plumage; neither have the legs any roughness behind, but perfectly smooth ; should therefore the drawing of the bird figured in this plate be faithful, it must mean at least a different species. The figure given in the Hist. des Ois. is better, as the sides round the eyes appear sufficiently covered with feathers, but the legs here are perfectly smooth behind, TINAMOU. 215 2—TAO TINAMOU. Tinamus Tao, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. 569. Le Mocoicocoe, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. p. 154. LENGTH nineteen or twenty inches. Bill dusky ash-colour, seventeen lines long; irides rufous; plumage in general above dusky black, waved with ash-colour; belly pale cinereous, waved with paler; lower belly rufous, undulated with black; on each side of the head, above the eyes, astreak of grey, passing to the middle of the neck, and meeting behind; the chin and throat whitish, varied obscurely with dusky; sides of the head blackish, descending by the ears, on each side of the neck, asa band; quills dusky ; tail feathers dusky, with greyish white zigzags; legs lead-colour; shins rough behind. Inhabits Para and Brazil, and there called Ynambu Tao; the manners not mentioned. 3.—CINEREOUS TINAMOU. Tinamus cinereus, Ind. Orn. ii. 633. Tetrao cinereus, Gm. Lin. i. 768. Le Tinamou cendré, Buf. iv. 510. Id. Sonnin. xiv. p. 40. Tab. Enc. Orn. 225. Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 574. Cinereous Tinamou, Gen. Syn. iv. 726. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill one inch and a half, dusky, the under mandible pale; plumage in general deep chocolate brown ; all the feathers of the wings, and the second quills spotted on the outer margin with clay-colour; the spots on the latter twelve or fourteen in number; great quills plain; sides of the vent obsoletely barred with clay-colour; tail very short, and the coverts hang over it beyond the end, so as to hide it; legs pale, at the back part a small toe with a claw, but placed too high to be useful. 216 TINAMOU. Inhabits South America.—The above description taken from a fine specimen in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, which came from Berbice. The name given to it Reroe manari. 4.—UNDULATED TINAMOU. Tinamus undulatus, Tinamou rayé, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. iii. p. 582. “Ynambu rayé, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. p. 153. LENGTH nearly thirteen inches. Bill one inch, bluish black ; inides bright red; plumage above chiefly bluish brown, striated across with rufous; beneath pale yellow; top of the head plain;. beneath the body yellowish white; feathers of the thighs edged with rufous white, with some scalloped marks of black ; wing coverts charged with irregular markings, mixed with the strice; the greater and quills chestnut; legs fillemot-colour, and the shins smooth behind. Inhabits Paraguay, in Brazil; manners unknown. 5.—BARRED-TAIL TINAMOU. BILL dull yellow, a trifle curved at the point; general colour of the plumage rufous brown; sides of the head, and chin paler, imclining to ash-colour; the neck a little mottled with dusky lines ; back and wings marked with dusky bars, several on each feather ; the upper tail coverts reach to about the middle of the tail, and hang over on each side of it; the tail itself rather long and cunei- form, the feathers marked more than half way with numerous dusky bars, the rest of the length dusky; under parts from the breast ash-colour; legs dull yellow, hind toe placed high up, though of a moderate length. From the drawings of Mr. Dent. TINAMOU. 217 6.— NOCTURNAL TINAMOU. Tinamus noctivagus, Maxim. Tr. i. p. 136. LENGTH about thirteen inches. Plumage above grey brown; back rather chestnut brown; crown of the head deep ash-blue, with blackish spots ; lower part of the back and rump reddish, rusty brown: but all these parts striped transversely with dark brown ; throat whitish, lower part of the neck ash-grey; breast bright, brownish yellow ; belly of a paler colour. Inhabits Brazil, and called Juo ; has a kind of deep, loud whistle in three or four notes ; is heard at all hours of the day, and even at midnight, in the immense forests near St. Salvador. The flesh is as well tasted as that of any species of this Genus. 7.—MACACO TINAMOU. Tinamus adspersus, Tinamou Macaco, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. 582. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one; irides reddish brown; plumage above brownish red, undulated across with black ; crown brown ; chin white; neck, breast, and belly, pale ash-colour, with darker waves; lower belly whitish ; greater wing coverts and second quills brownish ash, marked as the rest of the upper parts; greater quills plain ; tail feathers brownish, but towards the end crossed with fine, irregular lines; under wing coverts brownish ; under tail coverts yellowish white, marked with lines of black and ferruginous; legs smooth behind. 8.— OBSOLETE TINAMOU. Tinamus obsoletus, Tinamou Apequia, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8yo. ii. p. 588. Ynambu bleuatre, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. 152. No. 330. LENGTH ten or eleven inches. Bill reddish brown; irides orange ; plumage above brownish black and rufous, obsoletely VOL. VIII. FF 218 TINAMOU. clouded, deeper at the back of the neck ; beneath the body rufous; striated on the sides transversely with black, and on the belly with the same, in bands; quills grey brown; legs rufous, shins smooth behind. Inhabits Brazil, but does not seem to be a common species. The Guaranis call it Ynambu Apequia, or dull-coloured Ynambu. 9.—TATAUPA TINAMOU. Tinamus Tataupa, Tinamou Tataupa, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. iii. p. 590. Le Tataupa, Voy. d’Azara, iv. 150. No. 320. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and irides red as coral; general colour of the plumage above dusky rufous; breast, under parts of the body, and ridge of the wings, cinereous lead-colour; throat and neck before white; lower part of the neck, breast, and belly, lead- colour; sides of the body and thighs black, edged with white; under tail coverts barred rufous and black; legs bright reddish violet ; shins behind smooth. Inhabits Brazil; called by the Guaranis Tataupa, which means Ynambu of the Chimney; as it often approaches habitations. It makes the nest on the ground, of dry herbs, near the trunks of trees; and lays four deep blue eggs. The flesh is not esteemed: it has a strong voice, more so than any other of the kind. 10.—OARIANA TINAMOU. Tinamus strigulosus, Tinamou Oariana, Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. iii. p. 594. LENGTH ten inches. Bill brown, the base and under mandible white ; plumage above the body rufous, the feathers edged near the tip with black ; on the wing coverts some spots of yellow, with black striz ; forehead black, surrounding the top of the head as a crown ; a ee ~ oat 30 nf heen PL.CXXVIL, aan aero — Sy Ss Ey thee Wa . = C Liparnott 9 AMEYMEL TINAMOU. 219 throat rufous white ; cheeks, hindhead, nape, and lower part of the neck deep rufous ; breast and sides plumbeous, with an olive tinge ; belly yellowish ash, indistinctly waved with pale ash; belly white; tail coverts rufous, varied with streaks of black, and tipped with rufous white; tail bluish ash, inclining to olive near the end, with a large spot of black, and a smaller yellowish one near the tips of the feathers; legs cinereous yellow, smooth behind. Inhabits Brazil, by the name of Ynambu pinime; several killed in the province of Para. Manners not mentioned. * 11.—VARIEGATED TINAMOU.—PL. cxxvit. Tinamus variegatus, Ind. Orn. ii. 634. Tetrao variegatus, Gm. Lin.i. 768. Nat. Misc. pl. 733. - Tinamou varié, Buf. iv. 411. Id. Sonnin. xiv. p. 42. Pl. enl. 828. Mem. Cay. ii. 272. L’Ynambu rayé, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 331? Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. iii. 576. Variegated Titmou, Gen. Syn. iv. 726. pl. 65. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, dusky; under mandible yellowish ; head and neck behind black, the rest of the upper parts transversely barred with orange brown, and black; about the eye very pale, and not well feathered ; throat and middle of the belly white; the neck, breast, and upper parts of the belly, rufous; sides and thighs barred with brown, rufous, and white; quills plain brown; the wings, when folded up, reach nearly to the end of the tail; legs dusky. Inhabits Guiana, but is less common than the first species. The female lays ten or twelve eggs, of a beautiful lilac-colour, and a trifle less than those of a Pheasant. At Brazil it is named Chororao, and its flesh in great repute, as being well flavoured. M. Bajon says, that this species does not roost on trees; and differs, in the young birds remaining a longer time with the mother. If this be the Ynambu varié of Azara, of which there is doubt, it is said to lay four violet eggs. FrF2 220 TINAMOU. 12.—LITTLE TINAMOU. Tetrao Soui, Ind. Orn. ii. 634. Gm. Lin. i. 768. Le Soui, Petit Tinamou, Buf. iv. 512. Id. Sonnin. xiv. 44. pl. 180. f. 1. Pl. enl. 829. Encyc. Orn. 225. pl. 90. f. 2. Tem. Pig. & Gall. 8yo. 1. 597. Little Tinamou, Gen. Syn. iv. 727. LENGTH nine inches, or little more. Bill dusky; head deep olive-brown, or dusky; upper parts of the body fine reddish brown; chin white; neck before olive-brown; under parts fine yellowish clay-colour, inclining to rufous; sides over the thighs crossed with brown streaks; the wing coverts faintly tipped with yellowish ; tail short, hid in the coverts; legs yellowish; instead of a hind toe, only a short yellowish spur; and the shins are smooth behind. Inhabits Guiana and parts adjacent, where the French call it Perdrix cul rond, from the shortness of its tail; it differs from the others, as it builds in the low forks of trees; the nest is of an hemi- spherical shape, about six inches broad, and five deep, composed of leaves, the eggs from three to six in number, nearly round, and the size of those of a Pigeon. The flesh is much esteemed. One of these birds, in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, was brought from Berbice, under the name of Siweriri. 13.—DW ARF TINAMOU. Tinamus nanus, Tinamou Carapé, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. iii. 600. Ynambu Carapé, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. 148. No. 328. LENGTH six inches, extent nine inches and a half. Bill brown, beneath white; plumage above, the neck, and body, rufous, varied with white and black; beneath whitish; on the breast, spotted with dusky, and fasciated on the sides with the same; the nape and temples pale rufous, spotted with black; tail coverts very long, covering and hiding the tail; legs olive-colour, shins smooth behind. TINAMOU. 22] This is the least of the Genus, and inhabits Brazil, Peru, and Chili; known to the Guaranis, by the name of Ynambu Carapé, or Ynambu Yarii; is a shy bird, skulkmg among the bushes, but as it cannot fly far at a time, is often ran down, and taken by the hand ; mostly found in the meadows well clothed with grass, never in the woods. In October and November, has a cry hike the syllables pi pi ; supposed not to be granivorous; as one taken by M. Azara, refused maize and bread, yet would eat the spiders it met with in the house, and died on the third day. 14.—RUFESCENT TINAMOU. Tinamus rufescens, Ynambu Guazu, Voy. d’Azara, iv. p. 143. No.326. Tem. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 552. LENGTH fifteen inches and a half. Bill dusky blue, one inch and a half long, or more; neck, breast, and belly, pale rufous, the last marked with transverse stripes, nearly obsolete on the breast and belly ; general colour of the plumage above rufous grey, trans- versely barred white and black ; over the ears a dusky spot; and an obsolete streak at the angles of the mandible; quills, outer edge of the wing, and bastard wing, rufous red: it has no appearance of a a tail; legs pale rufous. Inhabits Paraguay, but is rare. It makes a nest, concealed as much as may be, under some tuft of grass, and lays seven deep violet-coloured eggs; after hatching, the young birds soon disperse, - and are caught, by hunting them down with dogs, trained for the purpose, or shot in the usual way; it is said to be a very handsome bird; some have bred in confinement, but they are in general very wild, and are not to be domesticated, as they use every endeavour to make their escape. 222 TINAMOU. 15.—SPOTTED TINAMOU. Tinamus maculosus, Tinamou Ynambui, Temm. Pig. § Gail. 8vo. iii. p. 557. LENGTH about ten inches. Bill brown, beneath whitish; irides bright red ; plumage in general on the upper parts rufous brown, more or less varied and spotted with rufous white, and in some parts with dusky ; throat and under parts rufous white, on the neck before the feathers dashed with black down the middle; secondary quills barred rufous and black ; prime ones the same, but only on the outer webs; legs pale brown; the tail feathers appear to be wanting in this, as well as the last species. Inhabits Monte Video, Buenos Ayres, and other parts of South America, but not observed at Guiana. The Spaniards know it under the name of a Small Partridge, or Quail; but it is strictly neither. It has a loud and sharp cry, far from agreeable; but may be heard far off ; it lays six or eight dull violet-coloured eggs, and forms the nest very like the former: the flesh is not much esteemed : they are often taken by means of a noose at the end ofa pole, or may be shot like other birds. GROUS. 293 GENUS LXII.—GROUS. * With Four Toes. 10 Hazel 20 Libyan 1 Wood 11 Helsingian 21 Sand 2 Sharp-tailed 12 Nemesian A Var. 3 Black 13 Birch B Aragonian A Var. 14 Willow 22 Surinagur B Var. 15 Rehusak 23 Bahtah 4 Hybrid 16 Red 24 Double-banded 5 Spotted * * Back Toe incomplete. 25 Indian 6 Ruffed 17 Pintailed *** Back Toe wanting. 7 Pinnated A Var. 26 Heteroclite 8 Ptarmigan 18 Namaqua 27 Gooto 9 Rock 19 Senegal THE bill in this Genus is convex, strong, and short. Above each eye a naked skin. Nostrils small, hid in the feathers. Tongue pointed at the end. Legs strong, feathered to the toes, and sometimes quite to the claws. The toes of several pectinated on the sides. * WITH FOUR TOES. 1.—WOOD GROUS. Tetrao Urogallus, Ind. Orn. ii. 634. Lin. i. 273. Faun. suec. No. 200. Id. Retz. No. 183. Gm. Lin. i. 746. Scop. i. No. 169. Brun. No. 194,195. Muller, No. 221. Borowsk. ii. 186. Schef. el. t.42. Id. Hist. Lapl. 344. Frisch, t. 107, 108. Kramer, 356. Georgi, p. 172. Rati, 53. A.1. Will. 123. t. 30. Mus. Lev. 223. t.54. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 286. Id. Ed. i. 457. Id. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. iii, p. 114. Jd. Tab. Anat. ix. f. 1. 294 GROUS. Urogallus major, Bris. i. 182. Jd. 8vo.1. 51. Klein, 115. Id. Stem. 25. t. 27. f. 1. a.b. Id. Ov. 33. t. 15.1. Hasselq. Voy. p. 16. Gerin. ii. t. 236, 237. Gesn. Av. 1617. pl. p. 422. Will. Engl. p. 172. pl. 30. Coq de Bruyere, ou Tetras, Buf. ii. 191. pl.5. Jd. Sonnin. v. p. 315. t. 39. f. 1. 2. Pl. enl. 73, 74. Hist. Prov. i. 331. Tab. Enc. Orn. 193. pl. 90. f. 8. Der Averhahn, Naturf. xvii. 70. Schr. d. Berl. Nat. v. 470. Gunth Nest. u. Ey. t. 8. Das Averhuhn, Bechst. Deut. iii. 470. Id. Ed. 2d, iti. 1298. Schmid, Vog. p. 100. t. 87. Capricalea, Sib. Scot. xvi. t. 14. 18. Wood Grous, Gen. Syn. iv. 729. Br. Zool. i. 92. pl. 40,41, Id. fol. M.M.* Td. Ed. 1812. 347. pl. 44, 45. Arct. Zool. ii. 8312. A. Id. Sup. 62. Tour in Scotl. 1769. pl. p. 217.—Male. Id. p. 97. pl. Il. £.2—female. Id. Ed. 8vo. 278. pl. 15, 16. Flor. Scot. i. p. 22. Bewick, i. pl. p. 295. Lewin, Birds, iv. pl. 132. Walcot, Birds. Donov. Birds, iv. pl. 89. Rural Sports, pl. p. 411. Orn. Dice. & Supp. THIS species is as large as a Turkey; length two feet nine inches, breadth three feet ten inches; weight from seven or eight, to twelve pounds, and even more.* ‘The bill is two inches long, very strong, and horn-coloured, the upper mandible very convex, and hooked, the under shutting within it; nostrils covered with short feathers; irides hazel; the feathers of the chin and threat black, and longer than the rest; head and neck ash-colour, delicately marked with transverse, narrow, blackish lines; the upper parts of the wings and body are chestnut-brown, irregularly marked with blackish lines; the feathers at the setting on of the wings white; the breast very glossy, blackish green ; the rest of the under parts black ; but the belly and feathers over the thighs and vent are marked with white; sides as the neck; the tail consists of eighteen feathers, and rounded in shape, marked on each side with a few white spots; the legs are strong, covered with short, brown feathers ; the edges of the toes pectinated. The female is much smaller; length twenty-six inches ; breadth forty. Bili dusky; threat red; head, neck, and back marked with transverse bars of red and black; the breast has some white spots, and the lower part is plain orange-colour; belly barred: pale orange * Fourteen or fifteen pounds.—Br. Zool. GROUS. 225 and black, the tips of the feathers white; back and scapulars black, the edges of the feathers mottled black and pale reddish brown ; scapulars tipped with white; the inner webs of the quills dusky, exterior mottled with dusky and pale brown; tail deep rust-colour, barred with black, and tipped with white. * | This species inhabits, for the most part, the colder countries; and when in the warmer, chuses the elevated regions, where the tempe- rature is bleak and chilling: hence is found in various parts of the Old Continent, from the North of Russia, to Italy,+ and on several parts of the Alps: formerly inhabited Ireland and Scotland, but in the former is believed to be extinct, and in the latter extremely scarce ; one being shot at Inverness, mentioned as a rare instance.t It was certainly once frequent in the Highlands, but now confined to the pine forests, North of Loch Ness, and is called the Horse of the Woods.|| The female lays from eight to sixteen white eggs, spotted with yellow, and bigger than those of a Hen; they are deposited upon moss, on the ground, in some dry spot,§ the female alone sitting the whole time of incubation, and hiding the place, by covering the eggs with leaves, when at any time obliged to leave them: the young run after the mother as soon as hatched, and often with part of the egg shell attached to them, in the manner of Partridges. The sexes live separate, except from the beginning of February; when the male, morning and evening, mounts on the stump of an * Mr. Pennant says, that this sex has sixteen tail feathers ; Brisson allows the male only sixteen ; Schwenckfield will have but twelve, yet he gives the female eighteen. Hence it should seem, that eighteen is the number intended by nature for both sexes; nor do I recollect any bird, wherein the male and female differ in the numbers. Linnzeus, in the Fauna Suecica, mentions eighteen feathers, but he only describes the male. + Met with at the Island of Milo, in the Archipelago.—Hasselq. Voy. (ng. Ed.) p. 16. + Br. Zool. \| Tour in Scotland, 1771. Vel. ii. p. 23.—Br. Zool. § One of these birds found in Scotland, in the Chicholm’s great forest, in Strathglass, the nest of which was placed on a Scotch pine. The late Mr. Dickson, of Covent Garden, met with a flock of six or eight near the district of Lochaber, more than twenty years since ; and we have heard of one being now and then seen, but always considered as an uncommon occurrence. VOL. VIII. Ge 296 GROUS. old pine, with his tail spread, and quills lowered to the feet; the neck protruded, and the head feathers ruffled ; when he makes a noise, not unlike the whetting of a scythe, repeating it alternately, and so loud, as to be heard a great way off, at the same time putting himself into very strange attitudes; to this call the females attend, more or fewer, as they are within hearing, and he continues so to do till the end of March, or beginning of April. The food consists of many kinds of plants, grains, and the young buds of trees; but above all, the seeds of pine and fir; and sometimes they wholly strip one tree of its cones, while the next remains untouched. We find the greatest number of these birds in Russia and Siberia, in all the woods in the northern parts, especially the pine forests: also about Moscow, and St. Petersburgh, from whence they are sent» with White Hares, Ptarmigans, &c. to London, as presents, during the cold season, and for the most part they arrive in good condition for the table, the flesh being much esteemed. We are inforined that there is a Variety, much smaller than the Common Sort.* 2.—SHARP-TAILED GROUS. Tetrao Phasianellus, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 635. Lin. i. 273. 1. Var. 8. Gm. Lin.i. p. 747. Phil. Trans. \xii. 425. Tetras Phasianelle, Temm. Pig. & Gall. Syo. iii. p. 152. Coq de Bruyeres 4 longue queue, Bris. Sup. p.9. Buf.ii. 286. III. Td. Sonnin. vi. p.72. Tab. Enc. Orn. 196. pl. 91. f. 1. Francolin a longue queue, Hearn. Voy. p. 386. Sharp-tailed Grous, Arct. Zool.11. No. 181. Frankl. Narr. App. 680. Long-tailed Grous, Gen. Syn.iv. 732. Id. Sup.212. Edw. pl.117. Phil. Trans. 1xii. 394. & 426. THIS is rather larger than a‘ Pheasant; length eighteen inches ; breadth twenty-five; weight two pounds. Bill black ; irides hazel ; * Mr. Pennant. It is observed that birds of the Grous Tribe are smaller in Lapland, than more towards the south; perhaps owing to a greater degree of cold.—Amen. ac. iii. p. 162. Whether this small Variety is most frequent in the northern parts is not said. GROUS. BT over the eye a red caruncle; head, neck, and upper parts testaceous, transversely fasciated with black ; the bands broader on the back ; between the bill and eye a white spot; the sides of the neck marked ‘with roundish white spots; rump hoary; breast and belly whitish, with cordated, testaceous brown spots, deepest on the belly ; on the wing coverts both round white spots and stripes; the quills black, spotted with white on the outer edge; secondaries brown, fasciated on the outer edge and tip with white; the tail short, consisting of eighteen feathers, the colour of the back; the two middle longest by nearly an inch, and spotted with testaceous; the three outer ones white;* legs covered with soft, and long feathers, extending over the toes, which are pectinated, having a row of short, flexible teeth on each side, like those of a comb. The female varies but little; the breast more inclines to chocolate in the male, and the caruncle over the eye is one inch long, and three-eighths of an inch high, but in the female it is considerably smaller. I have observed, too, in the tails of some males, that the two middle feathers exceed the others by full one inch and a half. Inhabits Hudson's Bay, and perhaps sparingly towards Virginia ; it continues at the Bay the whole year, keeping in pairs, or at most in small flocks, in the juniper plains, feeding on the buds and berries alternately, but chiefly on buds in the winter; are mostly seen on the ground, and about the same haunts, but when roused, fly to the top of a high tree: they make a loose nest of grass, lined with feathers, on the ground, and jay as far as twelve or thirteen white eggs, marked with a few coloured spots ; the young are hatched the middle of June, and run as soon as out of the shell. The male has a shrill, crowing note, but not very loud; said to make a noise with the tail feathers, like the cracking of a fan.** The flesh is esteemed, for though it is by no means white, it is plump, * Pale brown, with white ends.—Phil. Trans. |xi. 426, + This should not escape our attention; may it not arise from the same cause, as men- tioned before in respect to the train of the Peacock ? G «2 228 GROUS. and very juicy. The bird is called by the natives, Oc-kiss-cow, or Aukuskow. Linnzeus conjectures it to be a Variety of the Wood Grous, but, independent of its being so much less in size, the tail being cuneiform, and that of the Wood Grous even at the end, it makes a truly specific distinction. Besides, our Great Grous is not found at all on the American Continent. 3.—-BLACK GROUS. Tetrao Tetrix, Ind. Orn. ii. 635. Lin.i. 274. Faun. suec.. No. 202. Id. Retz. No. 184. Gm. Lin. i. 748. Scop.i. No. 196. Brun. No. 196, 197. Muller, No. 222. Frisch, t. 109. Kramer, 356. Georgi, 172. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 165. Borowsk. ii. 182. Gerin. ii. 82. t. 233, 234, 235. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 289. Id. Ed. 8vo. ii. p. 460. Id. Pig. § Gall. iii. p. 140. Urogallus minor, Bris. i. 186. Jd. 8vo.i. 52. Klein, Av. 116. II. Id. Stem. 25. t. 27. f.2. a,b. Id. Ov. 33. t. 15. f.3. Rati, 53. A.2. Will. 124. t.31. Robert, Ic. pl. 17. Johnst. Av. pl. 25. f.3. Gesn. Av. 1617. pl. p. 437, 438 ? Cog de bruyeres 4 queue fourchue, Buf. ii. 210. pl.6. Pl. end. 172, 173. Hist. Prov. i. 3386. Birkhahn, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 34. Naturf. xvii. 70. Das Birkhuhn, Beckst. Deuts. ii. 483. Id. Ed. ii. V. 3. 1338. Schmid, Vog. p. 201. t. 88. La Gelinotte, Buf. ii. p. 233. Pl. enl. 474, 475. Black Grous, Black Cock, Black Game, Gen. Syn. iv. 733. Id. Sup. p. 213. Br. Zool. i..No. 93. pl. 42. Jd. fol. 85. pl. M. 1.2. Jd. Ed. 1812. i. p. 352. pl. 46. Arct. Zool. ii. 814. C. Will. Engl. 173. pl. 31. Alb.i. pl. 22. Bewick, Birds, 1. pl. p. 298. Lin. Trans. viii. 269. Lewin, Birds, iv. pl. 133. Td. pl. xx. No. 2. theege. Wale. Birds, ii. pl. 181. Donov. Birds, pl. 97. Pult..Dors. Rural Sports, ii. pl. p. 413. Orn. Dict. § Supp. Graves’s Br. Orn. ii.—male & female. THIS is larger than a Fowl ; length twenty-four inches, weight as far as four pounds. Bill dusky ; irides hazel ; plumage in general fine glossy blue black; wing coverts dusky brown; the four first quills black; the next white at bottom ; the lower half, the tips of the secondaries, and the inner wing coverts white; thighs and legs dark brown ; the former with a few white spots; the tail has sixteen glossy black feathers; the four exterior ones curve outwards, and GROUS. 229 are square at the ends; the eight middle ones much shorter, making the tail forked; under tail coverts white; legs feathered, and the toes pectinated as in the two last species.* The female is smaller, as in the Wood Grous, and differs from the male in much the same manner, and the colours of the plumage very similar. This species is common in all the northern parts of Great Britain, but especially Scotland, and Wales, more sparingly scattered as we advance southward; chiefly affects woody and mountainous situa- tions; feeds on seeds and berries, and not unfrequently on acorns ; some met with in Cumberland ; and in the moors of Yorkshire they are tolerably plentiful; are also exceedingly numerous in Stafford- shire, most so on the estates of Lord Paget. Have formerly been found in abundance in the New Forest, in Hampshire, but we believe are at this time somewhat scarce; many are met with in Sussex, and some in Surrey; though probably lessen in number in proportion as the sportsmen increase. The females assemble at the crowing of tlie male, as in the Wood Grous. The eggs are six or eight in number, two inches long, yellowish white, speckled with ferruginous, and some larger spots of the same, at the small end. The males of this species will often meet and fight, like the Game Cocks, and during the combat, are so off their guard as to be knocked down with a stick. Are common in all parts of Russia and Siberia, where birch trees grow ; fond also of the Tacamahac Poplar,+ which gives the flesh an exceedingly fine flavour. In Siberia a singular mode of taking them is noticed by Dr. Pallas. In the birch forests some poles are placed horizontally on forked sticks, on * The trachea in this bird is considerably enlarged at the division of the bronchi, the enlargement is not bony, like the labyrinths of some of the Duck Genus, but soft and pulpy. This was the case in a bird examined by Mr. Simmonds ; and it would be right to observe in future, if this structure of the trachea be general.—Lin, Trans. vii. 269. + Populus balsamifera.—Lin. 930 GROUS. which are small bundles of corn; near them are set conical tall baskets, with the broader part uppermost ; within the mouth is a small wheel, through which passes an axis, so nicely fixed, as to admit it to play easily, so that on the least touch, it drops down on either side, and again recovers its first situation. The birds first alight on the corn on the poles, and after feeding a little while, fly on the baskets, and on their attempt to settle on their tops, the wheel turns side ways, and they tumble into the trap basket, which is sometimes found half full. A.—Tetrao Tetrix Mas var. Mus. Carls. iii. t. 65. This is a variety of the male bird; the,bill is black ; the hindhead, cheeks, and throat black, spotted with white ; neck white, spotted with black ; on the breast a large patch of black ; belly white, here and there marked with black; vent white; back blackish, spotted with white and brown; wings variegated whitish and black; tail black. This beautiful Variety came from Norland, sent among others of the Common Sort to Count Carlson, of Sweden. B.—Tetrao Tetrix femina var, Mus. Carls. iii t. 66. Act. Sc. Holm. 1785. 231. Bill black; general colour of the plumage dirty white, undulated obsoletely with ferruginous; the feathers of the neck, breast, and back each crossed with three pale ferruginous lines; feet ferruginous. This Variety was killed among others near Hedemora, in Sweden. 4.—HYBRID GROUS. Tetrao Tetrix, Ind. Orn. ii. 636. 3. y. Tetrao hybridus, Faun. Suec. No.201. Id. Ed. Retz. No. 584. Mus. Carls. i. t. 15. Grygallus, Rackelhane, Lin. Syst. Ed. vi. p. 28. Urogallus minor punctatus, Bris. i. 191. A. Id. 8vo. i. 53. Tetrao medius, Tem. Man. p. 287, Id. Ed.ii. p. 459. Id. Pig. & Gail. 8yo. iii. p. 129. GROUS. 931 Gallus Screator, Act. R. Ac. Sc. Suec. v. 181. Lagopus hybridus, Klein, Stem. 25. t. 28. f.a.b.c. Zd. Ov. 33. f. 2. Bastard Waldhuhn, Beckst. Deut. iii. 497. Id. Ed. 2d, iii. p. 1335. Rakhelhanar, Schw. Abh. 6. Bande, s. 173. Vog. Kurl. s. 69. 145. Spurious Grous, Arct. Zool. ii. 314. B. Id. Sup. 62. Gen. Syn. iv. 734. Var. A. Id. Sup. 214. SIZE of the Female Wood Grous, and varies greatly in colour, scarcely two being found alike. That figured in the Carlsonian Museum is in general black, with the carunculated crimson skin above the eye, and a white trace beneath it; back and wings finely mottled with brown and tawny; at the inner bend of the wing a white large spot; tail black, having a less forked appearance than in the Black Grous, but the exterior feathers somewhat turned out- ward ; tail coverts fringed with white; vent and under tail coverts white, spotted with black; thighs and legs mottled tawny brown ; toes pectinated, brown. This bird is supposed to be produced between the Female Wood, and the Male Black, Grous, varying greatly in colour, so that no two are found alike; is a remarkably stupid bird. Its note resembles most that of the Wood Grous, but more loud: and harsh, and every way more disagreeable. Dr. Sparrman adds, that the birds hitherto met with, whether associating with males or females, are always of the male sex; and that such birds are not uncommon in the woods of Sweden and Finland. I was informed by the late Mr. Tunstall, that according to the account of some old Scotch gentleman, both the Wood Grous and the Hybrid Grous, were extant in Scotland, in their memory ; and M. Temminck esteems the latter as a distinct species; yet by many authors it is thought to be a spurious sort, springing from a mix- ture of Black and Wood Grous. Linnzeus is of this latter opinion, in his Fauna Suecica ; and omits the mention of it in all the editions of his Systema, beyond the sixth, where it is called Rackelhane. It may not be improper to add in this place the Hybrid Pheasant, of the Waturalist’s Calendar, p. 65, pl. opposite. This is said to 232 GROUS. be in size and weight equal to a full grown Cock Pheasant ; head, neck, breast, and belly, fine glossy black ; back, wings, and tail, pale russet, curiously streaked, somewhat in the manner of a Hen Partridge; tail much shorter than that of the Hen Pheasant, blunt and square at the end; legs and feet naked, not being at all feathery; toes not pectinated ; legs not furnished with a spur behind, the colour of them yellowish brown ; the bill is short and thick, very like that of the Black Grous; but the bare crimson skin is wholly continued round the eye, as in the Pheasant; and it is not improbable to be a a spurious mixture between the two last named birds, as it seems to partake of both. It was shot in a coppice belonging to Lord Stowel, by one of his keepers, not far from Selborne, in Hampshire. The only objection to this supposition is, that according to the Rev. Mr. White, the Black Grous was then thought to be extinct at Selborne, and had been so for some years past. 5.—SPOTTED GROUS. MALE. Tetrao Canadensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 637. Lin. i. 274. Gm. Lin. i. 749. Bonasa freti Hudsonis, Bris.i. 201. Id. Sup. p.10. Id. 8vo.i. 56. — Canadensis, Bris. i. 203. t. 20. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 57. Lagopus freti Hudsonis, Klein, Av. 117. 6. La Gelinotte de Canada, Buf. ii. 279. Id. Sonnin. vi. p. 58. PI. end. 131. Tetras tacheté, ou Acaho, Temm. Pig. & Gall. 8vo. iii. 160. bis. a. Black and Spotted Heathcock, Edw. pl. 118. Spotted Grous, or Wood Partridge, Gen. Syn. iv. 735. Id. Sup. 214. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 182. Phil. Trans. \xii. 389. Frankl. Narr. App. p. 683. FEMALE. Tetro Canace, Lin. i. 275. Gm. Lin. i. 749. 3b. Bonasia Canadensis, Bris. i. 203. t. 20. f.2. Id. 8vo. i. 57. Gelinotte du Canada, P/. enl. 132. Brown and Spotted Heathcock, Edw. pl.71. Ell. Huds. Bay. i. pl. p. 50. Spotted Grous, Gen. Syn. iv. 735. SIZE of the Ptarmigan ; length from fourteen to eighteen inches, breadth twenty-three inches and a half; weight twenty-three ounces GROUS. 233 and a half. Bill black, close to the nostrils a white spot; between them covered with short, downy, black, feathers; those of the crown longer than the rest; chin and throat black, surrounded with black and white; over the eyes a bare, carunculated space ; top of the head, round the middle of the neck, and all the hind part, the back, and tail, barred black and ash-colour, the bars numerous; wing coverts the same, but the cinereous bars incline to brown; quills dusky, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, edged outwardly with white; tail as the quills, all the feathers tipped with rufous ; the lower part of the neck, and middle of the breast black; sides of the breast and belly mottled, and undulated black and white; sides, under the wings, black and ash-colour; vent dirty white ; under tail coverts black and white; legs feathered to the toes, cimereous, and dusky white ; toes brown, much pectinated. - The female is smaller; length under twelve inches ; all the upper parts crossed with rufous, blackish, and grey brown, forming patches on the back ; fore part and sides of the neck rufous, with blackish bands near the end of each feather; breast crossed rufous and blackish alternate, the feathers tipped with dirty rufous white; belly and under tail coverts barred blackish and rufous white ; the sides with rufous and grey, and tipped dirty white; quills as in the male; tail barred rufous and black; legs feathered, and toes pectinated as in the male. These inhabit Hudson’s Bay, at all seasons, and are called Wood, or Spruce Partridges; as in winter they feed on the cones of the latter, and juniper berries; when killed, the natives preserve them through the winter, by exposing them to the frost, suspended by the ‘bill, and during the whole of the inclement season, they will keep sweet; when wanted, they are laid in water, to thaw them before dressing ; are at all times thought good food, but most so in the summer, as they then feed on berries. They are very stupid birds, may be knocked down with a stick, and frequently are caught by VOL. VIII. Hu 934 GROUS. a loop, at the end of a long pole. Ifone is shot, its mate scarcely moves from the place, and will suffer itself to have a noose put over the head, whilst on a tree, &c. It makes the nest in May, in a hole in the moss, and lays from five to ten eggs, marked with black, yellow, and white spots; hatch in June; the young bird is yellow, and flies soon after it is hatched: the name given by the natives is Mistic-a-pethou. A.—Spotted Grous, Gen. Syn. Sup. 214. Length sixteen inches. General colour of the plumage ferru- ginous cream, marbled and striated across with brown and yellow clay-colour ; fore part of the neck and breast inclined to yellow; under parts of the body white, spotted, or rather barred, with cine- reous brown; quills brownish cream-colour; tail yellowish brown, prettily mottled with darker brown; the tips of all the feathers pale ferruginous. : This Variety was added to my collection by the late Mr. Hutchins, who received it among others from Hudson’s Bay. The legs were wanting. 6.—RUFFED GROUS. MALE. Tetrao Umbellus, Ind. Orn. ii. 638. Lin. 1. 275. Gm. Lin. 1. 752. Borowsk. ti. 185. t.31. Attagen Pennsylvania, Bris. i. 214. Id. 8vo. 1. 59. Tetrao Tympanus, Pheasant of Pennsylvania, Bartr. 288. Coq de Bruyere a fraise, Buf. ii. 281. Id. Sonnin. vi. 68. pl. 42. fi 1. Tab. Enc. Orn. p. 198. pl. 191. f.3. Temm. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. ii. p. 165. Ruffed Heathcock, Phil. Trans. xlviii. 499. pl. 15. Edw. pl. 248. — Grous, Gen. Syn. iv. 738. Id. Sup. 215. Wood’s Zoogr.i. p. 470. _ Amer. Orn. vi. p. 45. pl. 49. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 179. Frankl. Narr. App. p. 679. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill brownish horn-colour; feathers of the crown long, and may be erected as a crest; head and all the upper parts variegated with different coloured browns, and a mixture OROUS. 235 of black; the feathers of the neck long and loose, and may be elevated asin the Cock; throat and fore part of the neck orange brown ; the rest of the under parts yellowish white, marked with a few curved black spots on the breast and sides ; under tail coverts pale orange, spotted with white; quills and tail lke the back; the former with pale brown spots; the latter, consisting of eighteen feathers, crossed with narrow bars of black, and one broad, black band near the tips; legs covered with hairs to the toes, which are flesh-coloured, and pectinated on the sides. The young of the Ruffed Grous is mottled in waves, brown, rufous, and black; beneath paler, mixed with white, marked with transverse black streaks; tail as in the male, with a bar at the end, but the mottlings above indistinct. FEMALE. Tetrao togatus, Lin.i. 275. Gm. Lin. i. 752. Bonasa major Canadensis, Bris. i. 207. t. 21. 1. Jd. 8vo. i. 57. La Grosse Gelinotte de Canada, Buf. i. 281. Pl. enl. 204. Francolin 4 Collier, Hearn’s Voy. 348. Shoulder-knot Grous, Gen. Syn. iv. 737. Ph. Trans. 1xii. 393. Arct. Zool. ii. 179. Length fifteen inches and a half. Bill brown; head and upper parts varied with rufous, brown, black, and ash-colour; throat and fore part of the neck rufous, with small spots and bands of brown ; upper parts of the breast blackish and grey, forming a sort of band, communicating on each side, with a packet of long black feathers, falling over the wing; the rest of the under parts crossed with brown, rufous, and dirty white; tail not unlike the back, crossed with five or six narrow black bars, and a broad one near the end, the tips of the feathers grey; legs as in the male. From both the sexes being apt to vary at different periods of life, they have been esteemed as distinct species. One of these formerly in my collection, and supposed a female, was much paler than the H n2 236 GROUS. Ruffed Grous; the tail ash-colour, crossed with dusky bars, and mottled with the same, between each bar, with a broad band of chestnut brown instead of black. Dr. Forster, in Phil. Trans. mentions one, supposed a young bird, -or female, which wanted the black shoulder-knot, otherwise answered the description. The tails, however, in both sexes, when at full age, are exactly similar. Inhabits various parts of North America, but no where more plentiful than in the southern parts of Hudson’s Bay, where it is called Puskee and Pepuskee; found also in Pennsylvania, New York, and Nova Scotia, the Carolinas, and probably as far as Louisiana. In manners this species seems to coincide with the Wood Grous, and: Black Cock; the male placing himself on some stump of a tree, and flapping his wings for the space of a minute; he repeats the same at seven or eight minutes interval, for several times, elevating the crest of the head, and the neck feathers all together, in the atti- tude which Edwards has happily imitated. This he repeats morning and evening, and the signal is attended to by the females. During this ecstacy, he is blind to the approach of a sportsman, who may take aim at leisure, directed to the bird by the noise, which may be heard a mile off. The male repeats this flapping in autumn.* They stay at Hudson’s Bay the whole year, and make the nest on the ground early in May, among the leaves; will often lay as many as sixteen eggs, of a brownish white, but rarely have fewer than nine young at a hatch, to which the the mother clucks, and broods them on occasion, like the Common Hen, and they follow her like chickens. Both old and young keep together till nature prompts the latter to provide for an offspring of their own. In winter they feed on birch buds, juniper tops, and ivy berries, for the most part; * General Davies informed me, that the male does this at other times, as well as in the breeding season ; and that he begins the flapping at first very slow, increasing by degrees, till he arrives at a stupendous velocity; after which he ceases, and crows like our Cock Pheasant ; after an interval begins again. This action is only at sun-set; and the bird is observed to do the same when kept tame in the house. GROUS. 237 in summer on gooseberries, raspberries, cranberries, currants, and other fruits. It is called by some the Drumming Partridge. The flesh is much esteemed, having a most delicate flavour, and in season in September and October; when these birds are in greater plenty than at any other time of the year, and to be had in the markets for a dollar a couple. 7.—PINNATED GROUS. Tetrao Cupido, Ind. Orn. ii. 638. Lin. i. 274. Gm. Lin. i. 751. Borowsk. ii. 190. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 27. f. 1. Attagen Americana, Bris.i. 212. Id. 8vo. i. 59. Gelinotte huppée d’Amerique, Sonnin. Buf. vi. p. 74. Tem. Pig. § Gall. 8vo. iii. 161. Urogallus minor fuscus in cervice plumis alas imitantibus, Klein, dv. 117. vii. Cat. Car. App. pl. 1. Gelinotte 4 double ailes, Tab. Enc. Orn. p. 19. Pinnated Grous, Gen. Syn. iv. 740. Arct. Zool. No. 180. SIZE of a Pheasant; length nineteen inches, breadth twenty- seven; weight three pounds and a half. Over the eye a naked orange-coloured skin; bill brown; irides hazel ; the whole plumage reddish brown, transversely marked with black and white waved lines; the feathers of the head are elongated into a crest; on each side of the neck a tuft of feathers ; five of which are three inches in length, and several others shorter,* one lapping over the other; they take rise high on the neck, not far from the hind part of the head ; under the neck tufts are two wrinkled bladders, which the bird can inflate, and when in that state, resemble a middle sized orange; greater quills blackish, spotted with rufous on the outer edges ; tail black beneath; legs covered with downy, brown feathers ; toes naked, pectinated, and pale brown. * These feathers are said in the Amer. Ornith. to be eighteen in number, five of which are black, and three inches long, the rest shorter, unequal in length; black, streaked with brown. 238 GROUS. The female is smaller, less bright in colour, and wants the wing like feathers on the neck. This singular species is found in Carolina, New Jersey, and other parts of North America, but particularly on the brushy plains of Long Island, where they are very numerous; supposed to lay many eggs, as they are seen in families of twenty-four or more, old and young together ;* they breed in July; the chief food is huckle- berries, and acorns of the Dwarf Oak. In September and October form themselves into flocks of 200 or more, and as soon as the snow falls, frequent places where Pines grow: the male crows for half an hour, about day-break, and at that time sets the wing-like feathers quite upright, which at other times fall on each side of the neck. In severe weather mix with the poultry, and glean the scattered Indian corn, seemingly half domesticated. It is observed, that more males are brought to market than females, notwithstanding the probable superabundance of the latter, no doubt occasioned by their being betrayed to the sportsman, by their noise. It is also found about 100 miles up Albany River, in Hudson’s Bay, but not near the Fort, or farther northward: knots of the brier were found in the crop of one, also a species of green lichen, and some grains of Indian corn. The Amer. Orn. observes, that two packs often join so as to form a company of twenty-two, at which time they are not easily dis- turbed ; for they will suffer almost the whole to be killed with the gun before they disperse ; they keep in packs till pairmg time, when several males meet, and often engage with fierceness, and spirit ; are stationary, but not to be domesticated. The favourite food is heath- hen plums, or Partridge berry ;+ fond also of Hurts,¢ and Cran- berries,§ worms and insects: in winter chiefly live on acorns and buds of trees. It makes the nest on the ground, and lays from ten * A nest of one of these was found, containing fifteen brownish white eggs, the size of Pullet’s ; often two packs will mix, and associate together. + Mitchella + Vaccinium Myrtillus § Vaccinium Oxyococcos. GROUS. 939 to twelve eggs, like those of the Guinea Fowl; the common name is Heath-Hen. An Act for their preservation was passed in 1791, and a fine of two dollars, if killed between the Ist of April and 5th of October. About twenty years since, a brace could be had for a dollar, but now fetch from three to five dollars, as they are become more rare. The flesh is delicate. 8.—PTARMIGAN GROUS. Tetrao Lagopus, Ind. Orn.ii. 639. Lin. 1.274. Faun. suec. No. 203. Gm. Lin.i. 749. Scop.i. No. 270. Brun. No. 198, 199. Muller, No. 223. Phil. Trans. Ixii. 490. Jd. |xiii. 224. Frisch, t. 110. 111. Kramer, 356. Faun. Groenil. No. 80. Georgi, 172. Faun. arag. p. 80. Raii, 55.5. Will. 127. t. 22. Bris.i. 216. Id. 8vo.i. 60. Klein, 116. iv. pl. in p. 226. Id. stem. p. 26. Borowsk. ii. 189. Gerin. ii. 85. t.239.—Summer. 240.—Winter. _Gesner. Av. 1617. t. p» 518. Bartr. Trav. p. 288. Tem. Man. 294. Id. Ed. ii. p. 470. Id. Pig. § Gall. ii. 185. Id. Tab. Anat. x. f. 1, 2, 3. Tetrao mutus, Mart. Act. Soc. Lund. iii. 55. La Gelinotte blanche, Pl. enl. 129. Id. 494.—in the summer dress. Das Schneehuhn, WNaturf. xvii. 71. Bechst. Deut. ii. 508. Id. Ed. 2d. i. 1347. Schmid, Vog. p. 102. t. 90. Habenfussige Waldhuhn, Bechst. ii. 1347. Le Lagopede, Buf. ii. 264. pl.9. Id. Sonnin. iv. 36. pl. 42. f.2. Enc. Orn. 203. White Game, Will. Engl. 176. pl. 32. Ptarmigan, Gen. Syn. iv. 741. Br. Zool.i. 95. pl. 43. Id. fol. 86. pl.M.4,5. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 359. pl.57. Arct. Zool. ti. 315. & 816. D: Tour in Scotland, 1769. pl. 11. f.1. Jd. 8vo. pl.16. f.1. Flor. Scot. i. p.23. Gent. Mag. 1772. pl. p. 74. Bewick, i. pl. p. 303. Lewin, iv. pl. 134. Wale. ii. pl. 182. Donov. pl. 12. Orn. Dict. § Sup. Graves, Br. Orn. V.ii. Frankl. Narr. App. 688. LENGTH fifteen inches, weight nineteen ounces. Bill black ; plumage pale brown, or ash-colour, elegantly crossed with small dusky spots, and minute bars ; head and neck marked with broad bars of black, rust-colour, and white; wings white; the shafts of the greater quills black; the belly white; in the male the grey predo- minates, but on the head and neck is a great mixture of red, with bars of white: the female, and young birds, have a great deal of 240 GROUS. rust-colour about them ; both agree in the winter dress, which is pure white, except, that the male has a black line between the bill and eye, and the shafts of the first seven quills are black; the tail con- sists of sixteen feathers,* the two middle ones are ash-coloured in the summer, and white in the winter; the two next black, slightly marked with white near the end ; the next wholly black ;+ the upper tail coverts almost cover the tail; legs covered to the claws with thick, white, downy feathers ; the toes not pectinated on the sides. This species inhabits most of the northern parts of Europe, as far as Greenland ; very common in Russia and Siberia; is frequent alse in the Alpine Mountains of Savoy; and in plenty on the Alps and Mount Cenis; with us it is chiefly met with on the summits of the highest Highland Hills of Scotland; not uncommon in the He- brides, and Orknies; and a few still inhabit the lofty hills near Keswick, in Cumberland, as well as in Wales. The female lays eight or ten eggs, of a pale rufous, with very deep blood-coloured blotch- ings of various sizes, all over, interspersed with a few minute specks; they are of the size of those of the Pigeon, placed on the earth, and the time of incubation is about the end of June; are often met with in large flocks the beginning of October, is called by the Norwegians, Ficelde Rype, or Mountain Grous; but in Russia it inhabits woods, mountains, plains, and marshes indifferently ; it is a silly bird, suf- fering itself to be caught by any stratagem, however slight; the Greenlanders take them in nooses, hung to a line, drawn between two men, dropping them over the necks of these stupid animals. The natives were formerly adroit in killmg them with stones, but now chiefly shoot them with a gun; in either way, when the female is killed, the male unwillingly deserts the body, hence this species is supposed to be monogamous; and often met with in flocks in the * Brisson says eighteen, but I suspect that he counts the two middle long tail coverts into that number; and if so, all seems right. + In the PJ. enlum. the whole of the tail feathers are white; as also in the plate of the Hist, des Otis. The carunculated part over the eye is very small. GROUS. . 941 winter, when they are so sluggish and insensible, as to be easily knocked down, or driven into any snare set for them. The food consists of the buds of trees, young shoots of pine and heath, also fruits and berries, which grow on the mountains; on the Continent they feed on the dwarf birch, and black-berried heath; and some- times on various kinds of liverwort. The Greenlanders are fond of the flesh in any state, dressed, or half rotten, and raw, using the lard of seals for sauce. The intestines, especially the parts adjoming the crop, and those near the vent, when fresh extracted, are reckoned great dainties. The skins sewn together and worn with the feathers inwards, make a warm and comfortable covering, next to the body; and the women use the black tail feathers, made into bands, to tie on the hair.* 9.—ROCK GROUS. Tetrao rupestris, Ind. Orn. ii. 640. Gm. Lin. i. 751. Perdrix des roches, Hearn, Voy. 393. Rock Grous, Gen. Syn. Sup. 217. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 184. THIS species is said to be in all things like the Ptarmigan, in its winter dress, but differs in having a black line from the bill passing under the eye. According to Mr. Hutchins, who first described it to me, it is a distinct species, and differs in manners, as it inhabits rocky places, or juniper plains, at all seasons; it frequently makes a croaking noise, with the neck stretched out. Is very numerous on the two extremes of Hudson’s Bay, but never visits the middle settlements, except in very severe weather, at a time when the Ptarmigans are scarce; and which, too truly, denotes a hard winter ; is never found in the woods, but sits on the rocks, or burrows in the snow: the flesh is inferior to that of the two last. This is called by the natives Uscathachish; by the English, Rock Partridge.+ * Faun. Groenl. 116. + Captain Sabine says, that this bird is no other than the Ptarmigan, and that one was killed in June, at Hare Island, in Greenland.—Lin. Trans, xii. p. 530. VOL. VIII. Ir 249 GROUS. 10.—HASEL GROUS. Tetrao Benasia, Ind. Orn. it. 640. Lin. i. 275. Faun. suec. No. 204. Id. Retz. No. 187. Gm. Lin. i. p.753. Scop.i. No. 173. Brun. No. 200. Muller, No. 224. Frisch, t. 112. Kramer, 356. 4. Georgi, p.175. Bris.i. 191. Td. 8vo.i. 53. Borowsk.ii. 191, Gerin. ii. 84. t.238. Temm. Man.291. Id. Ed. 463. Id. Pig. &§ Gall.iii. 174. Attagen, Gallina Corylorum, Bonosa, Gesn. Av. 199. &e. t. p. 203. Lagopus Corylorum, Klein, 116. 3. Id. Stem. 25. t.26. 3,a.b. Id. Ov. 33. t. 15. 4. Gallina Corylorum, Raii, 55.6. Will. 126. t. 31. Das Haselhuhn, Naturf. xvii. 71. Td. xvii. 235. Bechst. Deuts. iii. 500. t. 18. Id. Ed, 2.11. 13818. Schmid, Vog.101. t. 89. Gelinotte, Buf. ii. 233. pl.7. Id. Sonn.v. p.41. f.2. Pl. enl. 474.475. Faun. Helvet. Tub. Enc. Orn.197. pl. 91. f. 4. Hasel Grous, Gen. Syn.iv. 744. / TRUMPETER. 347 GENUS LXV.--TRUMPETER. 1 Gold-breasted \| 2 Undulated \| 3 Chili BiLt moderate, the upper mandible a little convex. Nostrils oblong, sunk, and pervious. Tongue cartilaginous, flat, frmged at the end. Legs naked a little above the knees. Toes three before and one behind, the last small, with a round protuberance beneath it, which is at a little distance from the ground. 1.—GOLD-BREASTED TRUMPETER.—PL. cxxxi1t. Psophia crepitans, Ind. Orn. ii. p, 657. Lin. i. 263. Gm. Lin. i. 720. Borowsk. ii. p- 81. Mus. Lev. t.57: Vosmaer, Monog. 1768. p.6. Tem. Man. d’Orn.i. p. xcv. Grus Psophia, Pall. Spic.iv. t. 1. Phasianus Antillarum, Bris. i. 269. Id. 8vo.i. 75. Raitt, p. 56. 2. Sect. 2. L’Agami, Buf. iv. 487. pl.25. Pl. enl. 169. Trompetenvogel, Schmid, Vog. p. 111. t. 97. Le Caracara, Buf. ii. 292. Hist. des Antil. i. cap. 5. §. 8. L’Oiseau Trompette, Descr. de Surin. i. 162. Gold-breasted Trumpeter, Gen. Syn. iv. 793. pl. 68. SIZE of a large Fowl, but the neck is long, and it stands high on the legs; Jength twenty inches. Bill dull yellowish green, with the end dusky, in some birds black; irides luteous brown; round the eyes somewhat bare, and reddish ; general colour of the plumage black ; the feathers of the head and neck very short, and downy : those on the fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, glossy gilded green, with a reflection of blue in some lights ; feathers between the shoulders ferruginous, changing into pale ash-colour as Vevey 348 TRUMPETER. they pass downwards, and are loose and silky ; those of the scapulars very long, and hang over the tail, which is short, and consists of twelve black feathers; legs long and greenish; claws black. In some birds the colour varies a little, having a mixture of white in the wings. This singular bird inhabits various parts of South America, as Brazil, Guiana, Surinam, &c. but no where in more abundance than in the Amazon’s Country ; lays two blue-green eggs, a little bigger than those of a Hen; said to be very familiar, and much attached to its keeper: is remarkable for a particular kind of noise it emits, and about which authors differ much, in respect to the place from whence it proceeds; some think it to be from the anus,* others the belly. At first the sound seems to come from the mouth; it is not unlike the word Scherck, two or three times repeated ; this is answered by a noise from within, imitating the cooing of a Dove, many times repeated; the belly seems much agitated during this noise, but sometimes the bird makes it without any sound from the mouth preceding. It is said to feed on bread, flesh, and small fish; runs fast, and with long strides, assisted by expanded wings; sleeps on one foot, with the head drawn in between the shoulders, in the manner of the Stork. The bird mentioned by Du Tertre, in his Hist. des Antilles, is probably the same; he says, it is as large as a Capon, with a bill like that of a Raven; the neck and legs longer than in the Cock ; the feathers of the neck and breast blue, and glossy, equalling those of the Peacock ; back grey brown; wings and tail black, the last very short. This is said to inhabit the Caribbee Islands, and there called Pheasant; often tamed, and kept among Poultry ;+ is quarrelsome, * Rostro mussitante respondet per anum.—Lin. + One of these, a young bird, found its way into a farm yard, in Surrey, and associated with the poultry; it was perfectly tame, and on one occasion accompanied the hounds, for three miles, and kept up with them. It was last in possession of Lord Stanley, but died on its way into Lancashire. TRUMPETER. 349 and for the most part victorious, often killing not only Fowls, but Turkies also, and will follow the inhabitants, especially the negroes, pecking their legs, and not unfrequently till they bleed ; the flesh is reckoned as good as that of a Pheasant. 2.—UNDULATED TRUMPETER. Psophia undulata, Ind. Orn. ii. 657. Gm. Lin. i. 721. Jacq. Vog. 24. 18. t. 9. Undulated Trumpeter, Gen. Syn. Sup. 225. SIZE of a Goose. Bill dusky blue; the general colour of the plumage on the head and upper parts, somewhat like that of a Bustard, being pale reddish brown, beautifully undulated with black ; the feathers at the back part of the head long, forming a dependent crest; beneath the ears begins a list of black, which passes down on each side of the neck, growing wider as it descends, and meeting on the lower part before, where the feathers become greatly elongated, and hang loosely, somewhat in the manner of the Demoiselle Heron ; beyond this, all the under parts from chin to vent are white; legs in colour like the bill. Inhabits Africa —The specimen, from which the above account is drawn up, was brought from Tripoll. M. Temminck gives this bird as one of the synonyms, along with the Ruff and Rhaad Bustards, as being the same; that the two last named are one and the same we can readily allow, as mentioned hereafter; but in respect to the Undulated Trumpeter, if the figure of it be correct, it cannot belong to the Bustard Genus, as it has a very conspicuous back toe, similar to that of the Gold-breasted Trumpeter, though the plumage on the back is very like that of the Bustard. 350 TRUMPETER. 3.—CHILI TRUMPETER. Otis Chilensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 658. Gm. Lin. 1. 725. Molin. Chil. Fr. ed. 241. Chili Bustard, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 284. THIS is larger than the Great Bustard, with bill and legs similar. Colour of the plumage for the most part white; but the crown of the head and fore part of the wings are grey, and the quills black ; the tail has 18 feathers, and is rather short ; the legs furnished with three toes, placed forwards, and a fourth a little way up behind. Inhabits the Plains ef Chili, and there called Piuquen; mostly met with in flocks, and feeds on herbage. It does not begin to pair before two years old. The female lays six white eggs, the size of those of a Goose; it readily becomes tame, and may be domesticated in the manner of other poultry. As no specimen of the bird, or even a figure of it has come under our view, we have to rest on the authority of Molina, for its ranking with the Bustard ; but from the circumstance of its having a fourth toe behind, we have ventured to join it with the Trumpeter Genus. BUSTARD. 351 GENUS LXVI.--BUSTARD. 1 Great Bustard | 6 Black-headed 12 Little 2 New-Holland 7 Blue-necked 13 Passarage 3 Arabian 8 Abyssinian 14 Ruffed ewes. 9 African Buvew 15 Rhaad 4 White-eared 10 Great-billed 16 White-chinned 5 Indian 11 Marbled 17 Thick-necked Bite a little convex, nostrils open, oblong. Tongue sloping on each side near the end, and pointed. Legs long, naked more or less above the knee. Toes only three, all placed forwards. Birds -of this Genus are met with in various places of the Old Continent, and Islands adjacent, but not a single species has hitherte been discovered in America.* 1.—GREAT BUSTARD. Otis Tarda, Ind. Orn. ii. 658. Lin. i. 264. Gm. Lin. i. 722. Scop.i. No. 259. Frisch, t. 106. Kramer, 354. 1. Georgi, 172. Faun. arag. 79. Rati, 58. A. 1. Will. 229. t.32. Bris. v. 18. Id. 8vo. ii. 216. Klein, 18.1. Id. Stem. 3. t.2. f. 1.3. Id. Ov. 16. t. 3. f. 1. Borowsk. i. 115. t.59. Schaef. El. Orn. t. 51. Gerin. m1. t. 265. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 307. Id. Ed. 2d. 506. Trappe, Wirs. Vog. t. 33. Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. 43. Schr. d. Berl. Nat. iii. 376. t. 8. f.2. Naturf. xi. S.11. Id. xxii. 180. Bechst. Deutsch. iii. 278. Id. Ed. 2d. iii. p- 1432. Schmid, Vog. p. 104. t. 93. Outarde, Buf.u. p.1. pl. 1. Pl. enl. 245. Hist. Prov. i. 353. Abutarda, Gabin. de Madrid, 11. p. 73. lam. 70. * If we except the one so called by Molina; but which, from its possessing a fourth, or hind toe, seems more properly to belong to the Trumpeters, where, till we can obtain further information, we have placed it. 392 BUSTARD. Great Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 796. Br. Zool. i. No. 98. pl. 44. Id. fol. 87. pl. N. Ed. 1812.1. p. 376. pl. 48. Aret. Zool. ii. No. 186. Id. Sup. p. 63. Will. Engl. 178. pl. 382. Edw. pl.79. 80. Albin, iii. pl. 38. 39. Pitf. Mem. pl. p. 196. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p. 314. Lewin, Birds, iv. pl. 139. Jd. Pl. xxiii. 1.—the ege. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 173. Pult. Dors. p.6. Shaw’s Zool. Lect. t. 72. Rural Sports, ii. t. p. 383. Orn. Dict. & Supp. THIS is the largest of the Land Fowl in these Islands, the male weighing frum twenty-five to thirty pounds; length four feet, breadth nine. The bill is dusky; irides pale hazel; the head and neck are ash-coloured ; the back barred transversely black, and bright rust- colour; quills black; belly white; tail barred red and black, and consists of twenty feathers, the two outer ones nearly white, with two or three bars of black ; legs dusky brown. The female is about half the size of the male, and weighs rarely more than twelve pounds; the crown of a deep orange, crossed with transverse black lines; the rest of the head brown; lower part of the neck before ash-coloured, otherwise like the male, but the colours of the back and wings more dull. The male differs, too, from the female, in having a tuft of feathers about five inches long, on each side of the lower mandible; besides which, there is a pouch, on the fore part of the neck, capable of holding nearly seven pints of water, the entrance immediately under the tongue. This, wnatever uses it may be put to, seems of conse- quence while the female is sitting, which is generally at a great distance from water; or for the young, till they can move from the nest: a different use of this bag has been observed at Morocco, where itis usual to fly the Hawk at the Bustard ; for on the attack of the Hawk, the Bustard has been known to make use of this reservoir of water, to spirt it out against the assailant; who, not uncommonly, by this means is baffled in the pursuit. The Bustard makes no nest, but lays the eggs on ‘the ground, scratching a hole in some dry corn field ; generally two in number, as big as those of a Goose, pale olive-brown, marked with spots of a BUSTARD. 393 deeper colour. The female is said to abandon the eggs, if any one touches them in her absence. The food is chiefly grain, and herbs, but likewise worms, which the bird finds, crawled out of the ground in summer, before sun-set; mice, frogs, and other reptiles. This noble bird appears at present to be almost confined to the Old Continent, extending southward to Greece and Syria; and to the north, Sweden and Russia. In great plenty in some parts, in others exceedingly scarce, especially in such as are well inhabited, as from timidity, it avoids all commerce with mankind ; and it is well known, that the most despicable cur dog will drive whole herds of them away. In England they have formerly been met with in troops of fifty or more, but are now very rare; the places where they mostly frequent are the open countries of the south and east parts, from Dorsetshire, as far as the Wolds, in Yorkshire, and on Salisbury Plains, in Wiltshire; but except upon the latter they are almost extinct, and in Scotland certainly so.* Are very slow in taking wing, nor do they so with ease; but run very swiftly, so that few but greyhounds can well overtake them ; and it is said, that these swift coursers have ran them down before they could rise from the ground; of late the eggs are sought after, for the purpose of hatch- ing them under Hens, and half a guinea is said to be no unusual price for an egg, and ten or twelve guineas for a pair of young birds, not full grown.t Are common in some parts of Germany,} and pro- bably migrate from one part to another. This bird is frequent also in all the southern Plains of Russia, and Deserts of Tartary, and is solitary, except at the time of migration, when it unites into small flocks:§ with us they can scarcely be said to be migratory, as they * Br. Zool. + Orn. Dict. These were certainly once in sufficient plenty in England, as we find them, among other birds, admitted to the table of the Duke of North- umberland, in 1512; and again in 1605, being then said to be in season from October to May. See Breviate touching the Order, &c. of a Nobleman’s House.—-Archeol. xiii. p. 315. & seq. ~ So common in Hungary, that sometimes 4 or 500 are seen in a flight.—Keys/. Trav. iv. 176.—Kramer. § Decouv. russ. VOL. VIII. ZZ 354 BUSTARD. only leave the usual haunts in very severe winters, when the downs are covered with snow for some time, and when hunger forces them to the more enclosed situations in small flocks, at which time they stray to a great distance. In the winter of 1798, one was killed near Plymouth, in Devonshire, and two others the following year, in the same county.* Some years before, seven or eight were seen in the lower parts of Gloucestershire, and two at least were killed ; and in the year 1783, in very severe weather, two Bustards were seen at St. Margaret’s, on the Kentish Coast, and one of them shot.+ 2.—NEW-HOLLAND BUSTARD. LENGTH three feet one inch. Bill black; crown of the head the same; neck dun-colour, speckled with minute blackish spots; wing coverts white, marked with spots of black and lead-colour near the end; the five outer quills brown, the rest grey, with three large white spots, the ends white; back and tail brown grey, minutely spotted with white ; belly and vent white; thighs white, waved with black: the tail consists of fourteen feathers, which are white at the ends; legs black : from the joint to the heel seven inches; length of the middle toe three inches and a half. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. The late Mr. Pennant informed me of a Bustard, in New-Holland, weighing sixteen pounds, with a black band across the breast, but could not furnish any further account. 3.—ARABIAN BUSTARD. Otis Arabs, Ind. Orn. ii. 801. Lin. i. 264. Gm. Lin. i. 725. Buf. v. 30. Id. 8vo. il. 219. Klein, 18. 3. Borowsk. ui. 120. Gerin. in. pl. 266. Le Lohong, Outarde hupée d’Arabie, Buf. i. 52. * Orn. Dict. + Mr. Boys. BUSTARD. 359 Wilde Pauw, Wild Peacock, Barrow’s Trav. 139 ? Paon sauvage de Lugon, Son. Voy. 85. pl. 49. Flying Ostrich, Adans. Voy. Seney..8vo. p. 294. Arabian Bustard, Gen. Syn.iv. 801. Id. Sup. 226. Edw. pl. 12. SIZE of the Great Bustard, but the bill, neck, and legs, are longer; the first pale horn-colour; irides dull brown; back part of the head crested, and black; forehead whitish ; on each side of the head a black mark, passing into a crest behind ; the rest of the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, rufous, mixed with black, not unlike the markings of a Woodcock ; throat and neck before ash- colour, crossed with brown lines; breast and under parts white; quills black ; the secondaries black and white in spots; those nearest the body rufous, crossed with blackish; the two middle tail feathers blackish, the others white, a little mottled, and crossed with a black band ; legs pale brown. Inhabits Arabia Felix.—Mr. Edwards saw one alive at Sir Hans Sloane’s, in London, which came from Mocha, there known by the name of Lohong. This no doubt is the Flying Ostrich, of Le Maire, and Adanson, above mentioned, and not the next, as Buffon supposes. The long neck, crest, and size, forbid it; and especially as it is scarcely one- third the size. A.—Le Paon sauvage de Lucon, Son. Voy. 85. pl. 49. Arabian Bustard, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 226. Length three feet. Bill Jong, pointed, straight, a little enlarge at the end, dusky black; head, neck, and breast, light grey, with semicircular lines of black; on the head a long tuft of feathers, ending in a point, which the bird carries horizontally; the crest is black above, and grey beneath, banded with black; back, wings, and tail brown; bastard wing white, margined with grey; belly white ; toes three in number, placed forwards, and united as far as the first jeint. Z2z2 396 BUSTARD. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and Cape of Good Hope ; is called Wild Peacock by the inhabitants, but on what account seems uncertain ; perhaps some of its actions or attitudes correspond with those of the Peacock. B.—Length three feet. Bill three inches long, and pale; fore- head, sides round the eyes, whole of the neck, and beneath, pale cinereous white, crossed with numerous minute lines of dusky; belly and thighs nearly plain; back and wing coverts beautifully mottled rufous brown, with dusky irregular, abrupt lines, appearing marbled; some of the outer series of the second wing coverts are black, others ash-colour, with a large spot of white at the end of each; second quills greenish grey for the most part, the greater black ; behind the thighs and vent pale marbled rufous brown, with a few large dusky spots ; tail the same, inclining to cinereous near the end, but un- spotted; and finally, the ends of the feathers are dusky black for about an inch; legs yellow. Inhabits India.—Taken from a fine drawing, of full size, in the collection of General Hardwicke. 4.—WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.—PL. cxxxiv. Otis Afra, Ind. Orn. ii. 659, Gm. Lin.i. 724. Borowsk. iii. 120. Otis Atra, Lin. i. 264. Gerin. iil. t. 266. L’Outarde d’ Afrique, Buf. 1. 54, Knor-Cock, Kolb. Cap.ii. 139. pl. 7. f.2. Sparrm. Voy.i. 153. White-eared Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 802. Id. Sup. 227. SIZE of a Jarge Fowl ; length twenty-two inches. Bill yellow, at the end black; crown blackish brown, irregularly barred with white lines, and bounded on each side with the same: on the ears a large patch of white; the rest of the head, neck, and under parts, are black; round the lower part of the neck behind a band of white, BUSTARD. 357 passing forwards to the breast, as a collar, but not meeting before ; upper part of the body and wings deep blackish brown, crossed with irregular rufous streaks, of different shapes; the outer edge of the wing black ; above this a large bed of white, occupying almost the whole length of the wing; the secondaries are longer than the prime quills, and hang over them in a state of rest, the last are black ; the tail consists of fourteen feathers at least, in length five inches; the shape rounded, marked not unlike the back, but inclining to ash-colour, and paler at the end; besides which, all but the two middle feathers are crossed with two bars of black; the lower part of the feathers, round the lower part of the thighs, white ; legs yellow, claws black. The female has the head and neck like the back, but the lines more delicate‘ the breast and belly black, as in the male, but the white patch on the ears, and ring at the lower part of the neck, are wanting. The white patch on the ears is so conspicuous, as to be charac- teristic, and cannot be taken for a crest, as Buffon* seems to think; indeed, Linnzus calls the colour of the crown, and upper parts cinereous, omitting to mention any mottlings, yet leaves traces fully sufficient to ascertain, that he means the bird here described. These birds inhabit the Cape of Good Hope, and are to be seen in the collections of several gentlemen in this kingdom. Mr. Masson met with them in plenty in his botanical travels, about seventeen days journey from the Cape,t where they are called Korhaen. Kolben calls them Knor-cock, and Knor-hen, and says, that they serve as sentries to the other birds, for as soon as they discover any man, they make a loud noise, like the word crack, repeating it very clamorously, to the frequent disappomtment of the sportsman. They frequent heaths, and places remote from habitations, and build their nest in bushes, but never lay above two eggs in a season; the flesh is of an * Cette huppe est sans doute ce que M. Linneus appelle les Oreilles.—Hist. des Ois. ii. p. 5d. 308 BUSTARD. agreeable flavour, but not so fine as that of most tame birds: they are shot, chiefly, because they warn other birds, from the noise they make, to get out of the way. In Kolben’s figure, which is very bad, there appear some whitish obscure spots, on which account Brisson supposed this bird to be the Guinea Pintado, but there is nothing in Kolben’s description to confirm it. ‘ Dr. Sparrman observes, that it has the art of concealing itself perfectly till any one comes near, when on a sudden it soars aloft, almost perpendicular, into the air, with a sharp, hasty, quavering scream of Korrh korrh, which alarms the animals throughout the neighbourhood. 5.—INDIAN BUSTARD. Otis Bengalensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 660. Gm. Lin. i. 724. Pluvialis Bengalensis, Bris. v. 82. Id. Svo. i. 231. Le Churge, ou L’Outarde moyenne des Indes, Buf. ii. 56. Large Eyes, Adans. Seneg. 8vo. p. 77. Indian Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 804. Id. Sup. 228. Edw. pl. 250. LENGTH twenty-three inches; height, when standing erect, twenty-two inches ; weight from twelve to fourteen pounds. Bill two inches and three quarters long, and whitish; eyes very large; © irrides hazel; eyelids cinereous; sides of the head, round the eyes, brown; rest of the head, neck, and under parts, black, the feathers hanging loose ; back, rump, and tail, light brown, the middle of each feather black; a bar of brown, spotted with black, passes all round the breast; tail brown, barred and spotted with black ; wing coverts white, a few of the outer ones only margined with black ; quills white without, and cinereous at the tip; secondaries white, spotted with black, and crossed with black bands; some of them nearest the body grey, marked with black spots; legs pale ash- colour, claws brown. BUSTARD. 359 The female differs much, the ground light cream-colour, mottled speckled, and streaked on the neck and wings with brown and black, in a beautiful manner, and some spots of dusky black on the back and scapulars; beneath from the breast cream yellow, obscurely streaked with dusky; head tufted behind as the male, but coloured as the rest of the plumage; mottled with brown on the wings, and crossed with three or four dusky bands; quills dusky black ; legs as in the male. Inhabits India, and called Churge; not uncommon at Bengal called there by some the Florikm.—Sir J. Anstruther. I observe in some drawings, that the breast and under parts in the male are deep brown, not black. In others in possession of Mr. Lambert, I find this bird is called Cirris, that it is plentiful in India, and much esteemed for eating, as the flesh is thought to be delicate, and well flavoured. It seems to be greatly allied to the White-eared Species. In Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings it is called Trina Mayara, in the Sanscrit, which means Grass Peacock. 6.—BLACK-HEADED BUSTARD. LENGTH nearly fifteen inches. Bill longish, black ; the whole head black, descending as low as half the neck behind, and. before as far as the breast; sides of the neck, and lower part of it behind, the back, and wing coverts, dull greyish rufous, crossed with fine lines of black; the ends of the feathers margined with dull rufous; the under parts from the breast plain rufous cream-colour, with a few undulations of brown on the latter; all the outer edge of the wing, bastard wing, and quills black; tail much rounded, or slightly cuneiform, undulated with lines and dots, and crossed with six or seven dusky bars; legs black, bare for three quarters of an inch above the joint. Inhabits India. Found about Lucknow, called a Species of Churge, but seems not to have been before described.—Sir John Anstruther. 360 BUSTARD. 7.—BLUE-NECKED BUSTARD. BILL pale brown, crown of the head black; nape blue, and beneath this again black; sides of the head rufous white ; over the ears pale rufous; chin black, diverging a little on each jaw; below this the fore part of the neck to the breast is pale blue; from thence to the vent white; the hind part of the neck is pale ferruginous brown; sides between that and the blue in front, pale ferruginous; back and_ wing coverts most beautifully spotted with ferruginous, white, and brown, in spots, transverse lines, and minute dottings; the second quills more blotched, and the markings larger than the wing coverts ; tail as the second quills; greater quills black ; wings and tail nearly even ; legs yellow, claws black. Another of these differed, in having a greater proportion of black about the head, chin, and throat; but the sides of the head as in the other white; the markings on the back mottled, and dotted much in the same manner, but less variegated and beautiful, all the neck, breast, and beneath blue, but deeper coloured than in the other ; bill and legs the same. I found these two birds among the drawings of Mr. Dent, most beautifully executed; and suppose them to be the two sexes of this species, which has not before been under our observation. This may possibly be the Wild Pauw, or Wild Peacock, of Barrow’s Travels,** which, he says, is as large as the Norfolk Bustard, bemg three feet and a half in length, and extent of wing seven feet; that the feathers of the neck are long, very thick and loose, like those of a Domestic Fowl], colour light chestnut on the upper parts, and ash- coloured blue under the throat, and on the breast; back beautifully undulated with black and brown lines; belly white; tail feathers from sixteen to twenty, marked with alternate bars of black and white. * P. 139. BUSTARD. 361 This inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and is by much the finest in Southern Africa, is not uncommon. Seen in great numbers in the neighbourhood of Zwart-kop’s Bay, chiefly near the farm houses, and to all appearance might be domesticated. The flesh is exceed- ingly good, with a high game flavour. 8.—ABYSSINIAN BUSTARD. LENGTH two feet eight inches. Bill pale, depressed, from gape to point three inches; from the end of the bill to that of the claws, two feet nine inches; crown of the head crested, the feathers elon- gated, black; upper parts of the body finely marbled as in the first species, but with very fine lines beneath; neck greyish white, marked with transverse lines of black ; tail white, crossed with three or four brown bars, the end mottled; but near the body white, and a streak down the wings; legs pale, stout, and bare three inches above the knee. Inhabits Abyssinia, brought from thence by Mr. Salt. 9.—AFRICAN BUSTARD. LENGTH nearly four feet. Bill stout, horn-coloured; head and neck nearly bare, being covered only with longish, weak, slender feathers ; most bare on the fore part, longer on the sides, and falling on the breast somewhat like a loose ruff; all these are very pale buff-colour; the body on the upper parts brown, minutely marked with yellowish, as in some others of the Genus; the wings chiefly black, irregularly charged with large spots of white; quills brown; the top of the head is brown; all the under parts from the breast white ; tail long, brown and white in alternate bars, six bars VOL. VIII. AAA 362 BUSTARD. in all, the two middle ones marked as the back; the legs are stout, tessellated, bare very high above the joint; the wings reach three- fourths on the tail. Brought from Africa, by Mr. Salt.— A specimen in the Museum of Mr. Bullock. 10.—GREAT-BILLED BUSTARD. LENGTH eighteen or nineteen inches: Bill large in proportion to the size of the bird, bread at the base, and flattened; length of it from the gape to the point three inches and a half; base to the nostrils yellow, the rest black ; eyes pale yellowish green, and large; plumage in general fine pale ash-colour; belly, thighs, and vent, white; on the sides of the head a bed of black; between: the bill and eye white, passing round it, broader above, and ending in along streak. behind, dividing the black; the chin and threat are also whitish ; but on each side of the jaw is a curved brown whisker; lesser wing coverts darker than the back, the greater paler; quills black ; tail rounded, the two middle feathers as the back; the others white, or nearly so, with the ends, for three quarters of an inch, black ; the quills reach to within one inch of the end of the tail; legs formed as in the Thick-kneed Species, pale greenish white. Inhabits India ; found at Cawnpore in April.—Gen. Hardwicke. 11.—MARBLED BUSTARD. SIZE uncertain. Bill pale; head above the eyes, back of the neck, and all the upper parts, wings, and tail, pale rufous; crown of of the head darker, or dusky ; back and wing coverts beautifully mottled with dusky brown, in various shapes of transverse lines, and irregular markings ;. and: the greater wing feathers barred three or _BUSTARD. 363 four times with dusky; tail rather pomted, marked as the greater wing feathers; under. parts from the chin generally white, with some obsolete, dusky mottlings across the breast; legs dusky pale yellow, and, as usual, bare above the knees. A drawing of this bird is among others in the collection of Mr. Dent, but although the colours are beautifully mixed, the whole seems less distinct than in many of the Bustard Genus. 12.—LITTLE BUSTARD. Otis Tetrax, Ind. Orn. ii. 659. Lin.i. 264. Faun. suec. No. 196. Gm. Lin. i. 725. Muller, No. 220. Faun. arag. 79. Borowsk. iii. 118. Gerin. iii. t. 264. Gel. reise, iv. 137. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 319. Id. Ed. ii. p. 508. Otis minor, Bris. v. 24. t.2. f. 1.2. Jd. 8vo. ii. 218. Rati, 59. 2. Will. 129, t. 32. Otis Tetrax, Shaw’s Zool. pl. 454. Tarda nana, Klein, 18. 2. Petite Outarde, Buf. 11.40. “Pl. enl. 25.—male. Jd. 10.—female. Canapetiere, Hist. Prov. i. 353. Gallina pratojuola, Cet. Uc. Sard. 122. Der Kleine Trappe, Bechst. Deut. iii. 288. Id. Ed. ii. iii. p. 1446. Field Duck, Albin, iii. pl. 41. Lesser Bustard, Br. Zool. i. 286. Id. Ed. 1812. 379. Little Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 759. Id. Sup. 226. Arct. Zool. ii. 321. A. Edw. pl. 251. Phil. Trans. xlviii. 502. pl. 16. Id. lvii. 349. Bewick,i. pl. p.318. Lewin, Birds, iv. pl. 140.. Walcot, Birds, ti. pl. 174.: Nat. Misc. pl. 573.—female. Orn. Dict. § Supp. SIZE of a Pheasant; length seventeen inches. Bill grey brown; crown of the head black, dashed with rufous; sides of it, the chin, and throat, rufous white, marked with small dashes of black; the whole neck black, encircled with two irregular bands of white, one near the top, the.other near the bottom; back and wings rufous, mottled brown, :crossed with fine, irregular black lines, mixed with some perpendicular dashes of the last; under parts of the body and outer edges of the wings white; the tail consists of eighteen feathers, of which the four middle are tawny, barred with blackish ; the others white, marked with transverse, irregular, narrow, blackish bands; legs grey. Aaag2 364 BUSTARD. The female said to want the black on the neck, which is of the same colour as the rest of the upper parts, and much the same as in the male, but the lines not so delicate, and the irregular, and lon- gitudinal spots more numerous; breast rufous white, with blackish striz; the rest of the under parts white.* This species is found in many parts of Europe, but is very rarely met with in England ; and except in one instance all specimens have been females, or supposed to be such; and if so, this may be well accounted for, as there are more of that sex.t The males are said to fight with each other vigorously, and each to keep master of a certain district. In several parts of France it is in sufficient plenty, as well as in Spain; but in others little known; and we believe it to be no where very common. Linnzus notes it in his Swedish List, saying, that it is seen there in spring, but very rarely ;t but no where farther to the north; very frequent in the southern and south west Plains of Russia; and in small flocks, when it migrates; continues a good way into the deserts of Tartary, but never seen in Siberia. The female lays from three to five glossy green eggs in June; the young follow the mother as soon as hatched, like chickens, and squat on the least noise; they are able to fly about the middle of August: is a shy and crafty species; if disturbed, will fly for two or three hundred paces, not far from the ground, and then run faster than a man can follow on foot.§ Feeds on all sorts of grain, ants, beetles, and green corn: the flesh is dark in colour, but much esteemed, being of a very high flavour; by some thought to taste much like that of a hare. The eggs are also accounted a great delicacy. * It is probable that the male retains the female plumage for a season or two, as the late Mr. Tunstall had one in his Museum, shot in Sussex, appearing outwardly as a female, but proved, on dissection, to be a male; or does the male possess the distinction of the black» neck for a certain time every year? + Salerne observes, that one male is sufficient for many females. + Buffon says, that Linneus has not mentioned it in his Fauna Suecica, He had not read the last edition of that work. § From this cunning, a proverb has arisen in France, that a man “ plays the Land- Duck.” BUSTARD. 365 We have been informed of three or four of these birds, which have of late years been killed in this kingdom. One shot in or near Wherwell Wood, not far from Andover, in Hampshire, in the middle of December, 1808. Another in Yorkshire, near Beverley ; communicated by the late Mr. Folijambe, of Grosvenor-place ; time of the year not mentioned; this, though given to him as a male, was in the female plumage. A third shot in Jan. 1809, by the Hon. W. Temple, in a turnip field, in the parish of Wellow, near Romsey, Hants. This latter was eighteen inches in length, to the end of the tail; but to that of the toes twenty inches and a half; extent of the wings two feet nine inches ; weight thirty-three ounces (averdup.) This, as well as the two last mentioned, had the plumage of the female, as described above; the real sex, from the inside being in decay, could not be ascertained ; but the colour of the plumage was very bright and distinct. In addition to the above Mr. Selby, of Twizel House, Northumberland, informs me, that one of these, in the female plumage, was killed near him in January last, and found, on dis- section, to be a male. From the above circumstances it is not unfair to conjecture, that either the male does not get the black neck for a a season or two, at any rate, or that one or both sexes obtain this mark, or distinction, during the time of incubation ; unless, as M. Salerne tells us, that this species is polygamous. 13.—PASSARAGE BUSTARD. Otis aurita, Ind. Orn. i. 660. Passarage Plover, View of Hindoostan, ii. pl. p. 271. Passarage Bustard, Gen. Syn. Sup. 228. SIZE of the Little Bustard; length eighteen inches. Bill Jong, and slender, bluish; head, neck, breast, and belly black; on the ears a white patch ; junction of the neck and breast white; the whole 366 BUSTARD. back, wings, and tail, mottled and barred with anet work of the finest lines of black and brown, in the manner of the last species : greater wing coverts white; on the hindhead four pairs of capillary, black feathers, each pair of different lengths, and dilating at the ends into a Jance-shaped tuft; the longest pair four inches, the shortest scarcely ‘rising insight ; tail rounded at the end ; legs strong, pale yellow ; toes divided to their origin. ‘The female is nineteen inches in length; head and neck cream- ‘colour; ‘sides of the head nearly plain; crown marked with brown streaks; the rest of the neck marbled, and streaked with brown; back beautifully marbled with clay-colour and brown ; the feathers margined with pale cream-colour; and ‘as they fall over each other, appear chequered, or lozenge-shaped; wing coverts black; scapulars, and part of the greater ones, white; belly and legs black ; tail’as in the male, but paler. Tnhabits India, called Leek, “or Chulla Churj. In some drawings I observe the white on the ears to be less conspicuous ; tail crossed with four or five bars of black; the wings at the inner bend, and scapulars, mixed''with much ‘white, the ‘rest of the coverts dusky black ; ‘quills mottled clay-colour, barred with black. It appears from an account ‘sent to Lady Clive, that it is called Nehla Nemalia, and that it lives in the Circah Jungle; is the Ground Peacock of the Gentoos, and feeds on insects; by some called the Passarage Plover.** In some parts of India known by the name of Oorail, and by some of the English, Flercher : is greatly esteemed for the table, and much sought after: the flesh of the breast is partly white, partly brown, and is accounted a great delicacy. It is not uncommon, but being a shy bird, very few are taken. Among General Hardwicke’s drawings is the figure of one as large as life, and measuring in length eighteen inches. This had the head greatly blotched with black ; ears buff-colour; neck wholly * Lady: Impey. BUSTARD. 367 marked with transverse blotches of black; back marbled as in the former description ; wing coverts black, scapulars the whole length white, the rest of the wing rufous buff, spotted with black ; belly, thighs, and vent, black, with a patch or two of buff on the first ; tail as the back ; legs dirty flesh-colour. Inhabits India, called Abluk-Cherui. The female does not differ much from that sex described above, but has a greater mixture of black. The name given to this was Tok-dar. 14.—RUFFED BUSTARD. Otis Houbara, Ind. Orn. ii. 660. Gm. Lin.i. 725. Borowsk. Nat. iii, 121. Mus. Lev. pl. in p. 215. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 321. Id. Ed. 2d. p. 511. Houbara, Buf: ii. 59.. Shaw's Trav. pl. p. 252. Gent. Mag. V. 19. plein p. 497. 501. Voy. en. Barb. i. 267. Bruce, Trav. Ed. 8vo. vii. pl. 55. Ruffed Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 805. SIZE ofa Capon, but longer. Bill nearly one inch and.a half long, and flat, like that of a Starling; plumage in general light dun, or yellowish, marked all over with little brown spots; head furnished with a white pendent crest; neck feathers whitish, streaked with black, and very long, capable of being erected as in the cock, and: the Ruff Sandpiper; breast, belly, vent, and thighs, dusky white ; larger wing feathers black, each of them marked with a white spot near the middle; the tail is pale in colour, dotted across with brown, and marked with four or five bars of blackish brown; legs yellowish brown, with three toes only, placed forwards. So far the description of Shaw; who adds, that it frequents the deserts of Arabia, and feeds on shrubs and insects; is often pursued by the Hawk, when it makes a variety of flights and stratagems in order to escape. The figure engraved in the last edition of Bruce's Travels is not unlike that in Shaw's Travels, but more squat, and was said to have been shot at. Syene, immediately under the Tropic. It is called by 368 BUSTARD. the natives Houbara, or Hibbarrar, and is said to be a bird of the highest flavour in the universe. Mr. Beckstein mentions one of these having been killed in Siberia; and M. Temminck informs us of two others, killed in Spain, but the being met with in Europe is far from a common circumstance. 15.—RHAAD BUSTARD. Otis Rhaad, Ind. Orn. ii. 660. Gm. Lin. i. 725. Bufiii. 61. f,2. Voy. en Barb. i. 267. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 511. Rhaad Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 805. Shaw’s Trav. p. 255. ACCORDING to Dr. Shaw, there are two sorts, the first is the size of the Houbara. Bill and legs strong; head black ; at the hind part a dark blue tuft; upper parts of the body and wings spotted with brown ; belly white; tail pale brown, crossed with stripes of black. The smaller is the size of a Common Fowl, and without the crest at the back of the head; the back and legs stronger than those of a Partridge, with a plumage much the same as in the other. Both have three toes only. These are found in Arabia, and known by the name of Rhaad, or Saf-Saf; are granivorous and gregarious. It is probable, that these two birds may be different in sex, if not Varieties of each other. 16.—WHITE-CHINNED BUSTARD. Otis Indica, Ind. Orn. ii. 661. Gm. Lin. i. 725. J. F. Miller, t. 33. White-chinned Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 806. SIZE of the Thick-kneed Bustard.* Bill dusky black; crown of the head black ; the upper parts of the body brown, waved with * Supposed so, from the head being figured of a full size in Miller’s Plate. BUSTARD. 369 black ; tail dusky ; round the eyes mottled with black; on each side of the head a black streak; chin white; the rest of the under parts dusky yellowish creain-colour; sides nearly white; legs pale dusky brown.— Inhabits India. 17.—THICK-KNEED BUSTARD. Otis Oedicnemus, Ind. Orn. ii. 661. Charadrius Oedicnemus, Lin. i. 255. Gm. Lin. i. 689. Klein, 20. 4. Faun. arag. 78. Borowsk.iii. 112. 6. Gerin. iv. t. 472. Oedicnemus crepitans, Tem. Man. d’Orn. 322. Id. Ed. 2d. in. 521. Charadrius Scolopax, Gmel. reise, iil. 87. t. 16. Pluvialis minor, Oedicnemus, Bris. i. 76. t.7. f. 1. Jd. 8vo.ii. 230. Ratz, 108. A. 4. Will. 227. t.58. 77. Schef. el. Orn. t. 58. Fedoa nostra tertia, Stone Curlew, Raié, 105, A. 6 >* Will. 2162 Charadrius Illyricus, It. Poseg. 26. t.3. Der Steinwalzer, Bechst. Deut. ii. 197. t.17? Id. Ed. 2d. 4. p. 387. t. 45. LeGrand Pluvier, Buf. viii. 105. pl. 7. Pl.enl. 919. L’Eddinemo, Cet. uc. Sard. 260. The Third Sort of Godwit, Will. Engl. 293.§ 111? Stone Curlew, Albin, i. pl. 69. Will. Engi. 306. 293. t. 58. 77. Thick-kneed Bustard, Gen. Syn. iv. 806. Br. Zool.i. No. 100. Id. fol. 127. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p. 321. White, Selb. p. 43. 88. Id. Nat. Cal. pp. 15. 50. 76. Lewin, Birds, iv. pl. 141. Id. pl. xxiii. 2.—the ege. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 163. Pult. Dors. p. 16. Orn. Dict. & Supp. LENGTH from sixteen to eighteen inches, breadth two feet; weight seventeen ounces. Bill almost two inches long, yellowish, towards the point inclining to black ; irides and eyelids pale yellow ; the eye large, and furnished with a dusky, nictitating membrane, coming from the external angle of the eye, by which the eye is de- fended, without closing the lids: the head is large, and round, somewhat flattened on the top, the feathers of it, the neck, and upper parts of the body pale tawny brown, with a dash of blackish down * This may be doubted ; Linnzus was deceived probably by Ray’s calling it the Stone Curlew ; but Willughby says, “it differs from his second Godwit, in that it hath a much shorter, and slenderer bill.”” He adds, that this in Cornwall they call the Stone Curlew; but that others call the Oedicnemus of Belon, by this name. VOL. VIII. BBB 370 BUSTARD. the shaft; the under parts much the same, but somewhat paler, except the chin, belly, thighs, and vent, which are pale yellowish white ; above and beneath the eyes is a pale band; and below the eye a bare yellowish green space ;* on the coverts, parallel to the edge of the wing, a pale band; quills black ; tail rounded, composed of twelve feathers;+ the six middle ones banded with brown, the three outer on each side white, barred with dusky ; all but the two middle marked more or less at the ends with black ; legs yellow, or greenish white; knees thick, as if swelled, the outer toe united to the middle one, as far as the first joint; claws black. The female does not differ from the male in outward appearance. This bird is found in Europe, but not farther north than this king- dom, nor even here in the colder parts; chiefly in the western counties, but not there observed beyond Dorsetshire; not uncommon in some parts of Kent, frequenting the rising slopes, and hills on each side of the whole vale between Dartford and Farningham, and beyond the latter, especially those parts which are stony and dry ;} is well known also in Hampshire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk, and from this latter has gained the name of Norfolk Plover ;§ It lays two or three cinereous white eggs, weighing about one ounce and a half ; two inches and a quarter long, and marked with blotches and scratches of blackish olive brown; in some specimens mixed with obscure dusky ones; the eggs are placed on the ground, or in a small hollow of the earth, in general sheltered by a stone or two, and the hen sits thirty days. It seems to hatch late, as the young have been brought to me, unable to fly, the middle of October; and they will follow, like Chickens, as soon as hatched; for some time they are grey, and downy like a young Owl. The food is chiefly insects, and * I have not found this bare part in the birds which have come under my inspection ; perhaps it appears only in very old subjects. + Hasselquist says 13, but he must have miscounted, or else his specimen had 14; for in no instance have we observed an odd number. + Salerne observes, that poor land is not unfrequently called Curlew-land, § It is called also, in some parts, the Stone Curlew. BUSTARD. 371 their larvae, toads, mice, &c. the cry is singular, an hoarse kind of whistle, three or four times repeated, heard more than a mile, and chiefly in the evening, more like the creaking of the handle of a well, grindstone, or other axle wanting grease. Buffon compares this note to the words Turrlui, turrlui; and says, the bird is common in France. It appears first towards the end of April, but is some- times heard much earlier,** and will now and then stay till Novem- ber;t+ but more frequently departs in October. Mr. Boys has seen them on high chalk downs in winter, and once shot a bird at Sand- wich, in January 1781; though their remaining here throughout the year is by no means common. Independent of France, it also inhabits Italy and Spain, and in the Province of Andalusia is found in all moist grounds from September to March, which is the very season of its general disappearance in England, in the southern counties of which Jast it mostly abounds, and vast flocks are some- times seen to congregrate in Sussex, before their departure ; itis now and then seen at Gibraltar, on the rocks near Europa Pomt on the opposite shore, in the spring, and therefore conjectured to have come from Barbary; and, if the Kervan} of Hasselquist, is found in Arabia, where the Turks and Egyptians keep it alive in cages, being fond of the noise it makes, to them agreeable. A specimen brought from the Cape of Good Hope was larger, twenty inches in length. Ihave also seen it represented in various drawings from India, and the name known by there is Curwaruk, said to be of the usual size, as was the skin of one brought from Barbary,§ in the year 1784. | * February 27. April 24.—WNat. Cal. p. 15. + September 1. November 7. Id. p. 50. & 76. + Hasselquist says, it differs from the Corvus Genus, only in not having sete at the base of the nostrils.—See Trav. p. 93. § I have seen it figured in India drawings of a larger size than common, and named Kervan. || Also said to be a native of Owhyhee.—See Ellis’s Narr. ii. 143. B ps 2 QVRDER VI. STRUTHIOUS. GENUS LXVII.—DODO. 1 Hooded II 2 Solitary \| 3 Nazarene Bi large, bending inwards from the middle of the upper man- dible, marked with two oblique ribs, and much hooked at the end. Nostrils placed obliquely near the edge, in the middle of the bill. Legs short, thick, feathered a little below the knees: toes, three forward, one backward. 1.—HOODED DODO.—PL. cxxxv. Didus ineptus, Ind. Orn.ii. p.662. Lin.i. 267. Gm. Lin. i. 728. Borowsk. ii. 161. t.25. Nat. Mise. pl. 123. Zd. pl. 143. the leg. Jd. pl. 166. the head. Johnst. Av, pl. 56. £.5. very bad figure. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. cxiv. Cygnus cucullatus, Grew, Mus. p.60. last parag. Raii, 37. 4. Will. 107. t. 27. Raphus, Bris. v. 15. Id. 8vo. ii. 214. Gallus gallinaceus peregrinus, Clus. Exot. 99. t.10. Olear. Mus. xxiii. t. 18. f. 5. Le Dronte, Buf. i. 480. Bont. Ind. Or. t. p. 70. Dod-eersen, or Valgh-Vogel, Herbert Tr. Ed. 1684. t. p. 212. Id. Ed. 1677. t. p.382. Dodar from the Island of Mauritius, Mus. Tradesc. p. 4. Hooded Dodo, Gen. Syn. y. p. 1. pl. 70. Id. Sup. ii, 287. Edw. pl. 294. Will. Engl. 153. pl. 27. THIS uncouth being is rather larger than a Swan, and not far short of three feet in length. The bill pale blue, except the end of PIG; CXOGrOv SS aaa y (CO. ( Aoodee a COFL DODO. 373 - the upper mandible, which is yellowish, and a red spot on the bend of it; end of the lower blackish ; irides white, bright, and shining ; the general colour of the plumage is cinereous, and soft to the touch ; belly and thighs whitish; the head large, and covered with a sort of cowl or hood, composed of short black feathers; the wings are very short, and of a yellowish ash-colour; end of the coverts black , tail feathers curled, standing up on the rump, and incline to yellow, like the wings; the legs are very stout, short, and yellowish ; the claws black. This account agrees with a painting of the bird in the British Museum. Herbert, in his Travels, describes this bird, as having seen it, though his figure is a bad one. He says, <<‘ It seldom weighs less ‘than fifty pounds; that the pace is slow, and the body round and ‘fat; by some eaten as meat, but is more pleasant to look, than «feed upon; and the stomach so fiery. that it can digest stones; in *‘ that, and shape, not a little resembling the Ostrich.” This awkward figure is said to inhabit the Island of Mauritius, and that of Bourbon,* in the Indian Ocean. The picture, above mentioned, was copied by the late Mr. Edwards, from one drawn from a living bird, brought from Saint Matrice’s Island. Dr. Grew, who mentions the leg of one, among other treasures of the British Museum, sufficiently describes this part; but we owe the figure of it to Dr. Shaw, being the identical one mentioned by Dr. Grew; and this gentleman has also favoured the world with an engraving of the head, which, with another Jeg of the same, is now to be seen in the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford; but it is probable, that a specimen of the whole bird was in the Museum of John Tradescant, as such an one is recorded under the name of Dodar, as composing part of that gentleman’s curious * These birds must have been imported into the above Islands from elsewhere, as it is said that the Portuguese, who first discovered them, found neither land bird nor quadruped in either. Mem. de M. Commerson.—Hist, des Ois. V. p. 280. 374 DODO. collection at South Lambeth. In a late history of Mauritius,+ we are told, that it is no longer found there, or in Bourbon, Rodriguez, or Sechelles ; and must now be placed among those species which once existed, but have been destroyed, by the facility with which it could be effected. No hope, therefore, can now be entertained of finding them, but on the shores of uninhabited Islands. Leguat calls this bird the Giant ; and in the narrative of M. du Quesne, he talks of the Giant, and the Dodo, as large birds, of an extraordinary height, which frequent the rivers and lakes; and whose flesh is like that of the Bittern. 2.—SOLITARY DODO. Didus solitarius, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 3. Gm. Lin. i. 728. Le Solitaire, Buf. i. 485. Leguat, Voy. i. 98. pl. in ditto. Solitary Dodo, Gen. Syn. v. p. 3. THIS is described as a large bird, and the male to weigh some- times forty-five pounds. ‘The bill and legs like those of a Turkey ; but the bill more bent, and the bird standing higher on the legs: the neck of a proportionable length; the eye black and lively; head not crested, and the general colour of the plumage grey and brown mixed ; it has scarce any tail; and the bastard wing swells out into a round knob; the wings too short for flight, and the hind parts rounded like a horse’s rump, being clothed with feathers, which may be called coverts. + Called in his catalogue ‘* Dodar, from the Island of Mauritius; it is not able to flie “* being so big.’’—See p. 4. + First called Cermé, or Swan Island, before the Dutch took possession in 1698, as the sailors found there a great number of white Fowls, without tails, which on that account they took to be Swans. It should seem that these could be no other than our Dodo; and if they are now extinct, it is no wonder, since their extreme difficulty of moving from place to place, must have rendered them an easy prey to any one. Some think, however, that by Cerné was meant Madagascar, and if so, and the Island being more than 1000 miles long, and about 300 broad, it is possible that the Dodo may yet exist there. DODO. 375 The female is sometimes brown, and sometimes light yellow, and appears very beautiful: this has also a kind of widow’s peak above the bill, and the feathers on each side of the breast enlarge into two white tufts, somewhat like the bosom of a woman; the feathers of the thighs rounded at the end, like shells; and according to Leguat, the bird has altogether a noble and elegant gait. Said to inhabit Rodrigue, and not uncommon; but not met with in flocks, scarcely more than two being found together. It makes the nest in bye places, with leaves of the palm, a foot and a half thick, and Jays one egg, bigger than that of a Goose. The male sits in turn, and does not suffer any bird to approach within two hundred yards of the spot, while the hen is sitting, which is seven weeks; the young one is some months before it is able to shift for itself; the parents in the mean time are affectionate to it, and faithful to each other afterwards, &c. Tt is also mentioned, that a stone is always found in the gizzard, which perhaps may be no more than may be met with in all gra- nivorous birds, serving merely to prove it to be of that race.— Young birds though timid, are stupid enough to suffer the approach of any one, but when grown up, are more shy, and will not be tamed. Two of them were shipped from Bourbon, but soon died, as they refused to eat. They are chaced in winter, viz. from March to September, being then fat, and the young birds are much esteemed for the table. 3.—NAZARENE DODO. Didus Nazarenus, Ind. Orn. ii. 663. Gm. Lin. i. 728. Oiseau de Nazareth, O. de Nausée, Buf.i. 485. Cauche, Madag. 130. Borowsk. ii. 162. Nazarene Dodo, Gen. Syn. v. p. 4. BIGGER than a Swan. Bill large, bent downwards; the whole body covered with black down instead of feathers, but the wings 376 DODO. are feathered, and it has some frizzled ones upen the rump, serving instead of a tail ; legs long and scaly, and three toes on each foot. This was met with at the Isle of France, by F. Cauche, whe adds, that the female lays only one egg, white, as big as a penny loaf, and that there is always found with it a white stone, the size of a Hen’s egg: that it makes the nest of leaves, and dry herbs, in the forests, on the ground; and in the gizzard of the young bird a grey stone. The three last described seem to have much aflinity to each other, and probably may: prove hereafter to be the same species, differing only in age or sex; but although this is our opinion of the matter, we have mentioned the above references, to enable the reader to judge for himself. Pil, CXN .CXX XVI “I EMEU. 37 GENUS LXVIII.—EMEU. Bit straight, depressed, somewhat rounded at the tip. Wings useless for flight. Lower part of the thighs bare of feathers. Legs furnished with three toes forwards, and a knob behind instead of a back toe. AMERICAN EMEU.—PL. cxxxvi. Rhea Americana, Ind. Orn. 11. 665. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. xcviii- Struthio Rhea, Lin.i. 266. Gm. Lin. i. 727. Borowsk. iii. 127. 2. Nat. Mis. pl. 72. nothus, Klein, Ord. Av. p. 17. Id. Stem. Av. p. 1. —--— Camelus Americanus, Nhandu-guacu, Rai, 36.2. Will. Orn. 105. Td. Engl. 150. Struthio Emeu, Eus. Nieremb. 117. t. p. 118? Johnst. Av. t.56? Le Touyouyou, Bajon, Cay. ii. 263. Buf. i. 452. Le Cheuque, Molin. Chil. 232. Id. Fr. Ed. 241. Le Nandu, Churi, ou Autruche, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 239. Ferm. Surin. 142, American Ostrich, Gen. Syn. v. p. 23.—note*, Clavig. Mezic. ii. 290. 293. Falk. Patag. 52,53. & al. Wallis’s Voy. 273. Damp. Voy. iii. part i. p.. 76. Enc. Brit. xvi, 205. pl. 437. Wafer’s Voy. 222. American Rhea, or Emeu, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 292. pl. exxxvii. THIS bird, notwithstanding it is sufficiently common in South America, has, till lately, so far escaped the researches of naturalists, as to make it an uncertain, and obscure species. M. Bajon gave us reason to think that it was the same with the Jabiru,** and _ this mistake was not a little favoured, from Marcerave, and others, having blended several names, nearly similar, with each other; such as Nhandu-guacu, and Jabiru-guacu; and Nhandu-apoa for a greater * Mem. sur Cay. VOL. VIII. Cece 378 EMEU. Jabiru ; and again, Jabiru for a small Species,* which is, according to Barrere, called also Aouarou, by the inhabitants of Guiana. This author too, likens the Nhandu-guacu, or supposed American Ostrich, to a Crane ;} yet adds, that it has somewhat the appearance of an Ostrich. The account given by Willughby, from Marcgrave, is the best of old authors; he says, “ that this sort is somewhat less than the « African; the head like that of a Goose, with fair black eyes, a “‘ compressed and flat bill, not very broad, and two inehes and a half “long; the neck about two feet long, which they carry like a Swan “‘ or Stork ; little wings, unfit for flight ; one of which they spread, ‘“‘ and set up asa sail, to assist them in running, which they do with ‘‘ that speed and swiftness, that a good greyhound can hardly-over- “ take them: their whole body is covered with grey feathers, which “ are longer and more beautiful on the back: the body, with their «feathers, appears almost round. They have not such a tail, made ‘up of crested feathers, as commonly represented in pictures of ‘«< Ostriches, but stretched forth along the back even to the vent; « the legs long, the lower about one foot and a half, the upper one “foot; they have three toes on each foot, armed with thick, black, ‘“‘ but not sharp, claws; one toe standing backward, which is round « and gross, so that they can hardly walk on a smooth or boarded «« floor, but easily slip and fall.” Molina, in his History of Chili, says, it is rather less than the Common Ostrich ; and when standing, the head is elevated from the ground, about the height of aman. The neck two feet eight inches long; the head small, rounded, and covered with feathers; eyes * Hist. Bras. 200, 290.—Pison. Nat. Hist. No. 84. + Grus cinerea ferrivora. He calls it in another place a Heron. In Barleus’s Account of Brazil, the following occurs, talking of birds, ‘‘ quedam volandi impotentia memora- biles sunt,’”’ p. 226, and in Pison. Hist. Nat. & Med. in the same book adds, et “ Stru- ‘* thiones primarios ambre grisez przedones,” p. 610. EMEU. 379 black ; the lids furnished with eye-lashes ; bill short and broad, like that of a Duck; legs the length of the neck, with three toes placed forwards, and the rudiment of a fourth behind ; tail of short feathers, of equal lengths, springing from the rump; extent of wings from tip to tip eight feet, but on account of want of unity of the webs of the feathers, are useless in flight ; hanging over and hiding the tail ; the general colour of the plumage on the back and wings is dull grey, otherwise white; but some individuals are wholly white, and others black, which may be esteemed Varieties. Azara makes the total length of the bird to be fifty-seven inches and a half; the feathers of the body white, on the back lead-colour, behind the head dusky; at the nape a kind of black stripe, which descends on the hind part of the neck, growing broader as it passes down to the back; the rest of the head and neck whitish ; shoulders and scapulars ash-colour, like the habit of a Franciscan; wings much the same, but the feathers white towards the base, and dusky in the middle; beneath the wings some pure white feathers, but the others are only so for one-third of the length, the rest dusky; the feathers in general long and dishevelled, those of the head like hairs; at the bend of the wing aspur six lines long, but not useful; eye round, covered by a projecting bone; rump conic, pointed, but no tail; shins very stout before, and covered with great scales. We have never met with any figure of the adult bird, which can be depended upon, nor any specimen, except of one about half grown, in the Leverian Museum, and from which our engraving was taken, and a still younger specimen in the Museum of Mr. Bullock. The height of the latter, standing erect, from the bill to the ground nearly forty inches; the neck alone twenty. It had no appearance of a tail, as the elongated wing feathers, and those of the back hung down and covered it; and many of the back feathers appeared to be crossed with eight or ten narrow, obscure bars; the general colour of the plumage was dun, approaching nearly to white on the belly ; the segments of the shins about twenty in number, and Ccc2 380 EMEU. a conspicuous knob instead of a back toe, the forward ones united at the base by a membrane. The Emeu is found in South America, from Guiana, to the most southern coast; at Rio grande, Serigippo,* about Buenos Ayres,+ and even to the Coast of Patagonia;+ but no where more plentiful than in the neighbourhood of the Lake Nahuelguapi, in the Valley of the Andes. Dampier§ also talks of Ostriches being found to the south of Bahia, in great plenty, though not so large as those of Africa; chiefly in the southern parts of Brazil, among the large savannas, near the River Plata, and from thence to the Straits of the Magellan: it is said to live on fruits: is a voracious bird; and like the Ostrich, — swallows any thing indiscriminately offered to it; but according to Molina, its favourite food is flies, which it catches with a peculiar address. Azara says, it is known to the Guaranis by the names of Nandu, and Churi, but the other inhabitants call it Emeu, and Autruche; and that it is more plentiful on the borders of the River Plata, than in Paraguay; for the most part seen in the open. parts in pairs, though now and then in flocks of thirty: the nest is only a large hole in the ground, often with a little straw at the bottom, and on this the eggs are laid; from 60 to 80 have been found in one nest; hence it may be supposed, that several females contribute to produce them, and that each female lays 16 or 17; as to size, the egg is said to contain about two pints of liquid. They are often taken by hunting, by means of slings, with stones at the ends; which being thrown at them, they are thereby entangled; at other times shot, but are rarely to be overtaken, unless by a person on horseback. When caught young, they are said to become familiar in a day or two: the flesh is much esteemed, being when young, tender and well-fiavoured. * Willughby. + Faulkn. Patag. + Id. pp. 52, 53. 101. 109. 126, Where he mentions the methods used in taking them, and says their name is Choique. See also Wallis’s Voy. p. 378. § Voy. vol. iii. parti. p. 76. CASSOWARY. 381 GENUS LXIX.—CASSOWARY. 1 Galeated || 2 New-Holland || 3 Van Diemen’s THIS Genus has a straight, depressed bill, which is pointed at the end. Neck more or less bare of feathers. Wings very small, and useless for flight. Thighs bare of feathers above the knee. Toes three in number, and all placed forwards. 1.—GALEATED CASSOW ARY.—PL. cxxxvIl. Casuarius Emeu, Ind. Orn. iu. 664. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xevin. Struthio Casuarius, Lin. 265. Gm. Lin. i. 726. Casuarius, Casoar, Bris. v. p. 10. Jd. 8vo. ii. 212. Ratz, 363. Will. 105. t. 25. Frisch, t.105. Klein, 17. Id. Stem. p.2. Id. Ov. t.2. Gerin. 11. 28. t. 136. Borowsk. iii. 128.3. Nat. Mise. pl. 297. Le Casoar, Buf. i. 464. Pl. enl. 313. Robert, Ic. pl. ix. Der Gehaubte Kasuar, Schmid, Vog. p. 14. t. 2. Galeated Cassowary, Gen. Syn. v. p.10. pl. 72. Albin, i. pl. 60. Wall. Engl. 151. pl. 25. J. F. Miller, Ill. t. 14. Gent. Mag. xlii. pl. p. 471. Prtf. Mem. pl. p. 240. Grew’s Mus. pl. 27.—the Viscera. Ogilb. Chin. 2d part, pl. in p. 59. THIS is a large bird, and not greatly inferior to an Ostrich in bulk; though, having a shorter neck, does not appear so tall; the length about four feet, but from the bill to the end of the claws, five and a half. The bill is about four inches and a half long, grey brown, a little notched at the end, the gape very wide; irides the colour of a topaz; eyelids beset with hairs; the nostrils oblong, placed near the end of the bill; the ears large and open; on the top of the head is a kind of helmet, beginning at the base of the bill, and reaching to the middle of the crown; this is three inches high, 382 CASSOWARY. and one inch broad at the base, but gradually grows thinner, so that the upper part is not more than a quarter of an inch thick, the colour is yellowish, but blackish on the fore part; the sides of the head and neck naked, covered only with a wrinkled reddish skin, thinly beset with hairs, and tinged with both blue and purple; on the lower part on each side, forwards, are two fleshy membranes one inch and a half long, and three quarters broad; these are partly red, and partly blue, changing into each other occasionally; they take rise about the middle of the neck, and are very slender at the base; the breast is a callous bare part, serving the same purpose, of resting the body on the ground, as in the Ostrich ; the body in general is covered with brownish black, loose-webbed, feathers, for the most part two arising out of one shaft; on the rump these are fourteen inches long at least, and hang downwards; in place of a tail, for the bird is destitute of one, the wing, or member which may be called such, is not furnished with feathers, having only five bare shafts, like the quills of a por- cupine, the longest ten or twelve inches, and dusky m ‘colour; at the end of the last joint a kind of claw; the legs have three toes, all placed forwards, at the end of each a claw, almost straight, and pointed, the inner one the longest; colour of the legs and_ toes greyish brown; claws black. This species inhabits the eastern parts of Asia, towards the south ; in the Molucca Islands, those of Banda, Java, Sumatra, and parts corresponding, but no where in plenty; nor ever met with beyond the limits of the Torrid Zone. It is unable to fly, but runs very fast, and in the wild state is very fierce; grunts like a hog, and kicks with the legs like a horse; the egg is smaller, and longer than that of an Ostrich, of a greenish grey, inclining to ash-colour, and marked with continuous, and thick set, small, deep green protuberances ; and measures longways fifteen inches in circumference; crossways * Linnzus calls the spots indented: ova punctis excavatis. The egg is well figured in Klein, Ov. pl. 2. CASSOWARY. 383 about twelve, and is more thin, and brittle than that of the Ostrich.* The food is of the vegetable kind, as it will eat bread, apples, and such like, when in confinement; all which it swallows whole, not bruising it with the bill; and will indiscriminately gorge stones, ivon, and any thing offered to it, like the Ostrich.+ 2.—NEW-HOLLAND CASSOWARY. Casuarius Nove Hollandiw, Ind. Orn. ii. 665. Emu of New South Wales, Collin. N. S. Wales, ii. pl. p. 307. Southern Cassowary, Nat. Misc. -pl. 99. New-Holland Cassowary, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 290. Phill. Bot. Bay, pl. p. 271. White, Journ. pl. p. 129. THIS is a large bird, being more than seven feet in length. The bill is black ; the plumage for the most part mixed brown and grey, paler beneath ; the head differs much from the former species, being covered with feathers; nor has it any helmet, or rising protuberance, as in that bird; the feathers, however, about the head and neck are of a hairy texture, and the fore part of the chin and throat so nearly destitute of any, that the purple colour of the skin may be seen through them; the long spines, observable in the wings of the Common Sort, are here wanting, but instead of them are real wings, though of so small a size as to be useless for flight ; they are covered with feathers like the rest of the body, and when the bird is quite at rest, are scarcely discernible; the legs are dusky, and stout, in celour not unlike those in the other species, but are greatly serrated, and indented at the back part; the three toes placed all forwards, in the same manner. We are told that it differs from the Old Species * Some eggs are white. In the catalogue of Swammerdam’s Museum, we find both White and Green Cassowary’s eggs mentioned; in number, four of the former, aud five of the latter; with a sixth, which was ornamented with engravings: —Swam. Mus. p. 25. + A bird of a brown colour, which at a distance appeared like a Cassowary, met with about three miles from Dhalac-el-Kibeer, Jan. 9; but beimg shot at, escaped without further knowledge being obtained ; the natives said it was good to eat.—-Valent. Tr. ii. 226. 384 CASSOWARY. internally, in having no gizzard; and the liver being so small, as not to exceed that of a Blackbird, yet the gall-bladder was large, and distended with bile ; the crop contained at least six or seven pounds of grass, flowers, a few berries, and seeds; the intestinal canal six yards long; the heart and lungs separated by a diaphragm, and bore a tolerable proportion to the size of the bird.* Inhabits New-Holland, where it is not uncommon, being fre- quently seen by our settlers, but is exceedingly shy, and runs so swiftly, thata greyhound can scarcely overtake it. The flesh is said to be well relished, tasting not unlike young tender beef. + Mr. Tench, in his Narrative of Botany Bay,t says, the weight is seventy pounds, and the length seven feet two inches; and that the foot differed from the Ostrich in forming a triangle instead of being cloven. 3.—VAN DIEMEN’S CASSOWARY.—PL. cxxxvitt. Casoare de la nouvelle Hollande, Voy. aux Terr. Austr. i. 467. pl. 36. & 41. THIS bird has been thought by some to be the same with the New-Holland Cassowary, or last described, but by no means answers to the description of that bird. To what size it arrives when full grown is not said, but certainly not so large as the New-Holland Species: we have met with two specimens alive in a London exhi- bition, which appeared to exceed the bulk of a large Bustard, though giving the idea of a still bigger bird, owing to the fullness of the plumage: the bill is broad at the gape, lessening by degrees to the point, where it is a trifle bent ; the nostrils placed near the edge, about the middle; colour dusky blue; the space round the eyes and some part of the neck nearly bare, and of the same colour * Sir E. Home’s description of the solvent glands and gizzards of this and the Common Species may be read with advantage in Phil. Trans. for 1813, p. 77. &c. + White's Voy.