ay ‘} Ait ae 4 Lae GENERAL HISTORY BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. F.R.S. A.S. ano LS. Acapb. Czs. Nat. Curios. Rec. Hotm. ET Soc. Nat. Scrut. BEROLIN. Soc, &c. &e. VOL. III. WINCHESTER: PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR:—SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, Ww. WooD, 428, sTRAND; AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET. 1822. 7 Tea a oa Ne RU eps ine ve ase NAN teats Rene ‘PLXXXVIIL Zs ~ 7 Zia - (Gorse Wiarttle Burl BIRDS. GENUS XIV.—WATTLE-BIRD. THE bill in this Genus is incurvated ; the upper mandible exceed- ing the lower in length. At the gape on each side a carunculated Wattle, arising from the under mandible. Nostrils depressed, half covered by a membrane, of a texture somewhat cartilaginous, and tufted at the end. Tongue subcartilagmous, divided at the end, or rather deeply serrated, and ciliated. Legs made for walking; toes three before and one behind, the shins carinated at the back part. Ca CINEREOUS WATTLE-BIRD.—P. XXXVIII. Calloeas cinerea, Ind. Orn.i. 149. Glaucopis cinerea, Gm. Lin.i. 363. Daud. ii. 293. pl, 21. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 388. pl. 42. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. li. Der Aschgraue Lappen vogel, Schmid Vog. p. 65. t, 53. Cinereous Wattle-Bird, Gen. Syn.i. 364, pl. 14. SIZE of a Jay; length fifteen inches. Bill black, strong, and curves downwards, in length one inch and a quarter ; nostrils placed VOL, Ill. B 2 WATTLE-BIRD. m a hollow at the base, and half covered with velvety feathers, and those between the bill and eye of the same texture. The tongue is singularly shaped, the end being indented into three or four angles, and furnished with short bristles ;* at the base of the under mandible, on each side, a round, flat, blue substance, not unlike the wattle of a cock, changing by degrees, from the base, to a fine orange; irides blue; the plumage on the forehead--and between the bill and eye is black ; the rest dark ash or slate-colour, quills and tail darker. The tail consists of twelve feathers, about five inches in length, and cuneiform in shape, the outer feather one inch shorter than the two middle ones; the wings, when closed, reach only to the base; legs long, black, stout ; the hind claw much longer than the others. inhabits New-Zealand : is often seen walking on the ground, though sometimes observed to perch on trees, but less frequently : it feeds on berries of all kinds, and imsects; and it is said, on small birds also. The flesh is good to eat, and by some even accounted savoury ; has a nete not unlike a whistle, and now and then a kind of mur- muring, though not an unpleasant one.—I am indebted to the late J. R. Koster, for the above account.+ In one of these I observe the hind claw to be singularly placed ; not sprmging as usual from the end of the toe, but from a kind of process, a little above it, and which I have not noticed in any other bird. This came from New- Holland. * See the Tongue at the bottom of the Plate. + Dr. Foster talks of the shrill notes of Thrushes, the graver pipe of the Wattle-Birds, and the enchanting melody of various Creepers, resounding on all sides.—See: Voy. vol. i. 148. 1 Raven A Cross-billed R. B Northern white R. C Pied R. D White R. South-Sea R. White-necked R. Carrion Crow A Clerical Cr. 5 Rook 6 Enca Cr. 7 Bald Crow 8 Hooded Cr. 9 White-breasted Cr. 10 Jackdaw A Collared J. B White J. C Black J. 11 Jay 12 Russian Crow A Siberian Jay 13 Nutcracker 14 Alpine Cr. 15 Red-legged Cr. 16 Hermit Cr. 17 Red-billed Cr. 18 African Cr. 19 Caribbean Cr. 20 Rufous Cr. A Var. 21 Magpie me WW CROW. GENUS XV.—CROW. 22 New Caledonian M. 23. Changeable Cr. 24 Velvet-faced Cr. 25 Plush-faced Cr. 26 Indigo Cr. 27 Rufous-breasted Cr. 28 Pacific Cr. 29 Tropic Cr. 30 Australasian Cr. 31 Sydney Cr. 32 Blue Cr. 33 Senegal Cr. 34 Rufous-bellied C. 35 Variable Cr. 36 Kent’s Cr. 37 New Caledonian Cr. 38 White-eared Jay A Var. 39 White-cheeked Cr. A Var. 40 Wave-breasted Cr. 41 New-Guinea Cr. A Var. 42 Papuan Cr: 43 Black-faced Cr. 44 Black-breasted Cr. 45 White-naped Cr. 46 White-crowned Cr. 47 Blue and white Cr. 48 Black and white Cr. 49 Hottentot Cr. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Six-shafted Cr. Crishna Cr. Purple-headed Cr. Macao Cr. Plain Cr. Hunting Cr: A Chinese Roller Brown Cr. Blue Jay Steller’s Cr. Chattering Cr. Downy Cr. Fish Cr. Peruvian Jay Paraguan J. Yellow-bellied J. Lesser Mexican Cr. Cinereous Cr. Cayenne Cr; Surinam Cr. €lark’s Cr. Blue-tailed Cr. Short-tailed Cr. A Var. B Var. C Var. D Var. E Var. F Var. G Var. IN the Crow Genus the bill is strong, the upper mandible a little convex, the edges cultrated, and in most of the species a small notch near the tip. Nostrils covered with bristles reflected over them. Tongue divided at the end.* * Except in the Black-faced Species, and perhaps one or two others. B2 4 CROW. Toes placed three forwards and one backwards, that of the middle attached to the outer as far as the first jomt.* The different species belonging to this Genus, found in every climate. They are in general clamorous, promiscuous feeders ; build chiefly in trees, and lay about six eggs. Several species inhabit England, whose nature is well known, and may serve to give an idea of the manners of the rest. 1.—RAVEN. Corvus Corax, Ind. Orn.i. 150. Lin. i. 155. Gm. Lin.i. 364. Faun. Suec. No. 85. Scop. Ann:i. No. 45. Brun. No. 27. Muller. p.11. Kram. El. 333. Georgi 164. Faun. arag. p. 72. Faun. groenl. No.38. Ph. Trans.lvi. 347. Gerin.ii. 32. t. 140. Bor. Nat. ii. 103. Bris.ii. p. 8. Id. 8vo.i. 156. Rai. Syn. p. 39. A 1. Will. p. 82. t. 18. Frisch. t. 63. Klein. Av. p. 58. Scheff. El. t. 30. Cett. Uc. Sard. p.69. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 341. Amer. Orn. ix. 113. pl. 75. f.3. Lin. Trans. xi. p. 530. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 66. Id. Ed. ii. p. 107. Grand Corbeau, Buf. iii. 13. pl. 2. Pl. enl. 495. Kolb. Cap. ii. 1462 ~Levail. Ois. pl. 51. Daud. ii. p. 224. Gunth. Nest.U, Ey. t.71. Bartr. Trav. p. 286: Kolkrabe, Naturf. ix. s. 140. 42. Schmid Vog. p. 44. t. 29. Raven, Gen. Syn.i. 367. Id. Sup. 74. Id. Sup. ii. 106. Br. Zool. i. 218.74. 9 Id. fol. p. 75. Id. Ed. 1812. 1. 279. Arct. Zool. ii. 134. Russ. Alep. p. 69. Alb. ii. pl. 20. Bewick.i. pl. p. 66. Lewin. Birds, i. pl. 33. Id. Eggs. pl. vi. f. 1. Will. Engl. 121. t.18. Walcot Syn.i. pl. 32. Wood's Zoogr.i. p. 435. Orn. Dict. & Sup. THIS, the largest of the Genus, weighs from two and a half to three pounds ; length about two feet, extent of the wings four. Bill two inches and three quarters long, and covered with bristles for two- thirds of its length, hiding the nostrils; colour of the plumage fine, rich, glossy blue-black ; beneath more dull, mclining to dusky. The female a little bigger than the male. This is not uncommon in England, but more rare than any of the other species; seen only in pairs, and the connection supposed to * In one or two doubtful Species, the toes are cloven to the bottom. CROW. D continue for life; for the most part makes the nest in a tall tree,** and does not suffer any competitor within a moderate distance. The nest is composed of large twigs, lined with wool, hair, &c. placed between the forks of a tree. ‘This bird builds very early in the spring,+ and lays five or six pale bluish eggs,t spotted with brown; seems more fond of carrion than other food, which it will scent at a vast distance, yet is found to destroy many living animals: rabbits, young ducks and chickens fall a prey, as well as their eggs ; and it will peck out the eyes of lambs, which are weak, whilst the creature is yet alive; will also pick up shell-fish on the shore: is a crafty bird when at large, and not easily shot; and when brought up tame has been known to pilfer, and hide valuable articles, so as to cause blame and disgrace on persons suspected of the theft. It seems an universal species, being found on both Continents from Iceland§ to the Cape of Good Hope on the one, and from Canada to Mexico on the other. Known at Hudson’s Bay, by the name of Ka-ka-kew : has been killed also in Greenland, but mentioned as a solitary instance: with the natives of Hudson’s Bay held in detesta- tion ; yet the Magicians, when they visit the sick, invoke the Raven, and imitate its voice: seen every where in Russia and Siberia, except within the Arctic Circle, and our Circumnavigators found it in Sandwich Islands, in the village of Kackooe; also at Owhyhee, where it was ranked among the Eatous.|—The bird which M. Le- vaillant found at the Cape of Good Hope was bigger, and the bill more curved ; and according to this author, unites into flocks, attack- ing Antelopes, and killing them. * Weare told that a pair of Ravens has been known to build in one beech tree for above one hundred years —Lin. Trans. iii. p. 15. + Sometimes before the end of February. + The egg weighs scarcely seven drams, and the female Raven about two pounds ten ounces ; therefore, forty-eight of them will only make up the weight of the bird. The ege of the Cuckow is less disproportionate, requiring only thirty-eight to equal the parent in weight.— Montagu. § Hooker’s Iceland, p. 31.—but the Crow is not found there. || Cook’s Last Voy. ni. 161, 6 CROW. M. Sonnini* mentions it as a bird of Egypt, a few appearing with flocks of other ‘sorts of Crows, which frequent the inhabited places about Rosetta, ini February. Mr. White observes, that while at Gibraltar a single pair inhabited the South point of the Rock, and were masters of the district, suffer- img no intruders whatever, and that he has received a specimen from Algiers, no way differmg from the common sort.t Mr. Markwick ¢ mentions the antipathy between the Raven and Rook, and gives two imstances of all the Rooks forsaking a rookery, on a Raven buildmg a nest on the spot, and that in the latter instance§ the flight of the Rooks was considered by the country people as ommously portending the death of the possessor, who then was ill; but he afterwards recovered. A.—Corax crucirostra, Daud. ii. 226. This variety has the two mandibles crossing each other. B.—Corvus borealis albus, Bris. vi. App. 33. t.2. f. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 165. The head in this is white, spotted with black; neck and body above, and breast, glossy black, under parts white; quills white, with the outer margins dusky ; tail varied black and white. Found in the Island of Ferroe. * Trav. i. 239. + Lin. Trans.1. p. 127. + Rookery at Broomham, near Hastings, at the Bishop of Chichester’s.-It was, how- ever, the arrival of the Raven which was considered portentous of death, as Lady Macbeth sayS—— «* The Raven himself. is hoarse «¢ That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan “¢ Under my Battlements.” Macb. Act I, Sc. V. § It was received by the name of Graab_ el Sahara; by which name a bird is mentioned by Shaw, but this had the bill and legs red; called also the Red-legged Crow, and Crow of the Desert.—See Shaw’s Trav. in Barbary, p. 251.—probably this may be-our Red-legged, or the Hermit Species ? CROW. 7 C.—Corvus varius, Bris. u. p.12. Jd. 8vo.i. 157. Cacabotl, Fern. Hist. N. Hisp. p. 48. Pied Raven, Gen. Syn. i. 369. A. Differs from the commmon sort, only in having a mixture of white feathers, and mhabits Mexico. D.—Corvus candidus, Bris. 1. p.12. B. Id. 8vo.i. 151. Schw. Av. Sil: 245. This is white throughout, and met with in Norway and Iceland ; more than one instance has also occurred to us, wherein the whole brood was white, and in one buff-coloured ; a mixture of white in the black plumage is not uncommon; and we are told that Crows in the Orknies change more or less to white in the winter. Of these Mr. Bullock had one in his Museum, in the intermediate state of change. 2.—SOUTH-SEA RAVEN. Corvus Australis, Ind. Orn.i. 151. Gm. Lin. i. 365. Daud. ii. 226. South-Sea Raven, Gen. Syn.i. 363. Cook’s Last Voy.i. 109. LENGTH nineteeen inches. Bill strong, compressed on the sides, in length two inches and three quarters, and black ; plumage dusky black; the feathers beneath the chin remarkably loose in texture ; quills and tail brownish black, the latter eight inches long ; legs and claws black. Inhabits the Friendly Isles, in the South Seas; found also at New-Holland ; not uncommon in Van Diemen’s Land: is probably a further Variety of the Common Raven. 8 CROW. 3.—WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. Corvus albicollis, Ind. Orn.i. 151. Daud. ii. 227. Vulturinus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 848. torquatus, Spalowsk. Vog. ii. t. 10. Corbiveau, Levail. Ois.ii. pl. 50. South-Sea Raven, Gen. Syn. Sup. 75. Id. Sup. ii. 107. Bruce’s Trav. App. p. 152. LENGTH eighteen or nineteen inches; size smaller than the common species. Bill ridged, and arched on the top, as in the Ani, but not sharp-edged ; general colour of the plumage glossy black, except a large patch of white at the nape, and an irregular, broken stripe of the same on each side, surrounding the neck before, as a crescent ; the tail is cuneiform, and the wings, when closed, reach beyond it ; the feathers of the head and neck seem elongated, and dishevelled. The female is smaller than the male, with less white on the neck ; the plumage less glossy, and inclined to brown.—M. Levaillant adds, that the feathers of the throat are forked, the webs extending beyond the shafts, and colour less black than the others. He found it every where in his African travels, but particularly among the great Nama- quas, and in Swarteland, but less common than at the Cape itself, and did not think it to be a bird of passage. This is a bold species, attacking young lambs and antelopes: it feeds also on Carrion, and may be esteemed a link between the Crow and Vulture Genus. I observed a figure of one among the late Mr. Bruce’s drawings, which differed merely in having the shoulders of the wings brownish, the tip of the bill white, and the back of the neck brownish, with a large triangular patch of white on the nape,* having no other mark of white, for the general colour of the plumage was black. * Mr. Bruce calls this ‘‘a figure like a cup or chalice of white feathers on the occiput, or hind part of the head.” CROW. 9 Mr. Levaillant found a nest of one in October, it was of a vast size, composed of large branches of trees, lined within with soft materials. The eggs, four in number, of a greenish colour, marked with brown; called at the Cape Ring-hals-kraai, or Ring-necked- Crow. In the British Museum is a specimen twenty inches long, in which all the back part of the neck is white, passing forward, and forming a crescent before; tail even at the end, consisting of twelve feathers. 4.—CARRION CROW. Corvus Corone, Ind. Orn.i. 151. Lin.i. 155. Gm. Lin. i. 365. Faun. Suec. No. 86; Scop: Ann. i. No. 36. Brun. No. 29. Muller. No. 87. Georgi. p. 165. Faun. Arag. p. 72. Frisch. t. 66. Bor. Nat.. 110. Sepp. Vog. ii. t. 115. Daud.ii. 226. Hist. Prov.i. 486. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 345. Amer. Orn. iv, pl. 35. f.3. Tem. Man. d@’Orn. p. 67. Id. Ed. ii. p. 108. Cornix, Razi. p. 39. A.2. Will. p. 83. t.18. Bris.ii. p. 12. Jd. 8vo,i. 157. Klein. Av. p. 58. 6? Schwarze Krahe, Naturf. ix. s. 41. La Corneille, Buf. iii. 45. pl. 3.. Pl. enl. 483. Carrion Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 370. Id. Sup. 75. Id. Sup.ii. 108. Br. Zool.i. No. 75. pl. 34. Id. fol. p. 75. Jd. 1812. 1. p. 281. pl. 35. Arct. Zool. ii. 135. Alb. iii. pl. 21. Hist. Selb. p. 97. Will. Eng. 122. pl. 18. Bewick. i. p.68. Lewin Birds,i. pl. 34. Id. Eggs, pl. vi. f.ii. Walcot. Syn.i. pl. 33. Orn. Dict. § Sup. THE length of this species is eighteen inches ; breadth thirty-six; weight, twenty ounces. The bill black ; irides dusky ; the plumage violet black, but less glossy than in the Raven; tail nearly even at the end; the female has the colours less bright. The two sexes are for the most part seen together, and the opinion is, that they remain so during life. The nest is made on tall trees, chiefly in woods, and the eggs five or six in number, similar to those of the Raven, but smaller.* Like that bird, the Crow is fondest of carrion and animal * Weight five drams; that of the Raven between six and seven. VOL. Il. Cc 10 CROW. food ; not unfrequently makes great havock of young game of all kinds, and has also been known to peck out the eyes of young Jambs. This bird, like the Raven, is very tenacious of its own residence, not suffermg any bird to approach within a moderate distance without an attack, and for the most part defeating the enemy. This species is found in many parts of the world, though not so far spread as the Raven: is scarce in Russia, only in the northern parts; grows more numerous in Siberia, especially beyond the Lena, where the Hooded Crow is not seen: pretty common about the Lake Baikal ; but most of all plentiful about Astrachan; where, in com- pany with others of the Genus, they do immense damage to the vine-yards, and oblige the owners to drive them off with clappers,* &e.; not uncommon at Aleppo,t and may be noticed in drawings from China and India; not often seen. in Prussia,t and very rare in Sweden, § but in France and: Germany as common as in England. We hear of it at Madeira. ||—Dampier met with it at New-Holland, and. New-Guinea;** and Dr. Forster at. New-Caledonia. ++—On the New Continent it is frequent about Hudson’s Bay, where it is called Hahaseu ; is more plentiful in-land, beimg rarely seen on the coasts ;++ not.always in Canada in the winter, for according to Kalm, it is not.at Quebec at that season.§§° More of the manners need not be mentioned, as the species is so generally known. |j|{ * However they may join the company of their congeners, as observed above, they cer- tainly do not form themselves into flocks of their own species. + Russel Alep. p. 69. + Klein. Ord. Av. p..d8. § Only; seen once, Maun. Suec. || Forster’s Voy. p.25. ** Damp. iv. 138. +f Vol. 11. 402. +t Mr. Hutchins. 8§ Trav. ui. 206. ||\| A-singular anecdote of this bird is welljattested. In March 1783;-aCrow was observed to build a nest on the yane of the top of the Exchange at Newcastle, and the more remark-~ able, as the spindle on which it was constructed, being fixed to the vane, moved with it, and in course turned round to every point of the compass. A small copper-plate was engraved, with a representation ofthe circumstance, of the size of a watch-paper, and.so pleased were the inhabitants with it, that so many were sold at sixpence each, as to produce the sum of ten pounds. CROW. , 11 A.—Corvus clericus, Ind. Orn.i. 152.4. 8B. Gm. Lin.i. 365. Muse. Carls. fase. i. t. 2. This chiefly differs from the common one, in having the base of the bill ash-coloured, the chin white, and the black in some parts more inclined to dusky. Ray, in his Letters, p. 108, mentions one wholly white. 5.— ROOK. Corvus Frugilegus, Ind. Orn.i. 152. Lin.i. 156: Faun. Suec. No. 85. It. Oel. 67. Gm. Lin. i. 366. Kram.333.2. Bor. Nat. . 105. Rai. p. 83. A.3. Will. $4. t.18. Frisch. t. 64. Gerini, 11. 35. t. 143.145. Bris.ii. 16. Jd. 8vo. i. 158. Klein. Av. p. 59. Id. Stem. p. 10. t.10. f. 3.a.b. Id. Ov. t. 8. f.10. Daud. ii. 229. . Sepp. Voy. iii. t. 103. Shaw's Zool. vii. 347. Tem. Man. d’Crn. p. 69. Id. Ed. u. p. 110. Saatkrahe, Waturf. ix. s. 41. Le Freux, on la Frayonne, Buf. 11.55. Pl. enl. 484. Corneille du Cap, Levail Otis. 11. p. 11. No. 52. Rook, Gen. Syn. i. 372. Id. Sup. 76. Id. Sup. ii. 109. Bart. Trav. 286. Br. Zool. i. pl: 84. Td. 1812, 282. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 250. A. Alb. ii. pl. 23. Will. Eng. 123. Bewick. Birds, pl. p. 71. Lewin,i. pl. 35. Id. Eggs pl. vi. f.3. . Walc. Birdsi. pl. 34. Orn. Dict. & Supp. THIS and the Crow are not easily distnguished while young, though the former is somewhat bigger, but the Rook, when at mature age, appears bare about the nostrils, and root of the bill, arising from the Jatter being thrust into the earth after worms and other insects, which the Crow never does, and therefore retains the bristles over the nostrils as long as it lives. In the Rook too, the tail feathers are more rounded at the end. The Rook feeds also on grains of all sorts, hence is injurious to the husbandman, and would be more so, did it not at the same time destroy. vast quantities of the larvee of the Chafer Beetles,* which in‘ some seasons ruin whole crops of corn, by feeding on the roots. * Scarabevs Melolontha, & Solstitialis.—Lin. C2 12 CROW. This species is common every where in England, and at all times. gregarious, and great numbers often form themselves into societies, particularly in breeding time, chusing a clump of the largest and tallest trees whereon to make their nests. These are called Rooke- ries, and from their perpetual chatter, and litter they occasion, are to most people a great annoyance. The eggsas in the Crow, but smaller, and the spots larger; they begin to build early in March; the male and female sit by turns, and after the breeding season roost elsewhere; in their gomg and returning from their haunts, they sometimes are in such vast flocks as to darken the air. In England they remain throughout the year, but in France and Silesia are migratory. We do not see it in Aso’s list, as a bird of Spain, though the Crow is mentioned; and Mr. White has assured me, that he never met with either Crow or Rook in Gibraltar. Linnzeus ranks it among his Swedish birds; but neither Brunnich nor Muller mention it as be- longing to Denmark ; noris it in Georgi’s list of the birds of Lake Baikal. It is, however, not uncommon in Russia, and the west part of Siberia, particularly in the more southern latitudes. M. Levaillant met with many at the Cape of Good Hope,* but observes, that they are not bare about the nostrils; and if so, this no doubt must arise from some different mode of procuring food. I do not find it mentioned as an American species. It is said that there are no Rooks in the Isle of Jersey, although Crows and Magpies are not unfrequent, nor is it certain that the Jay inhabits that Island. * Whether it is this or the Hooded Crow we are not clear, but Linschoten, in his Voyages, p- 84, says, that in India ‘‘ there are a most wonderful number of black Crows, which do ““much hurt, and are so bold, that oftentimes they come flying in at their windows, and take *¢ the meat out of the dish, asit standeth on the table before them that are set down to eate; ‘‘and as I myself sate writing above in a chamber, the windowes being open, one flew in at the “‘ window, picked the cotton out of my inkehorne, and blotted all the paper that lay on my ‘table, do what I could tolet him. They sitte commonly uppon the Buftles backes, and << pecke off their haire.”? &c, &c. I suspect these not to be the common Crow, as this is not known to congregate. CROW. 13 Crows are said by M. Landt* to be singularly troublesome in the Ferroe Islands, deriving great part of their subsistence from plunder ; picking seeds from the field; digging up the newly planted potatoes ; destroying barley before it is ripe; cutting off cabbage roots, and those of almost every other garden vegetable ; devour the fish which is hung up to dry, and carry off goslings and ducklings ; will often enter houses where people are sitting, in search of prey; and also feed on shell-fish, which they let fall on the rocks from a considerable height. Mr. L. talks of their extraordinary assemblies or Crow- courts ; from which it may be suspected that the birds he talks of may be Rooks, and not Crows. The Rook, as well as the Crow, varies in plumage, aac some- tunes found quite white, even the bill. I have also seen others black and white; and one quite brown, the colour of a Jay. 6.—ENCA CROW. Fregilus Enca, Cuvier, Lin. Trans. xin. p. 164. LENGTH seventeen inches. Plumage, for the most part, glossy blue-black, beneath more dull; forehead, cheeks forwards, and chin black ; the lower and posterior parts of the space surrounding the eye are naked. Inhabits Java; known there by the name of Enca. Dr. Horsfield refers, for the general characters of the Genus Fregilus, to Cuvier, and gives only the above short description. From the length, it should appear to equal a rook in size, except the excess is made up of the length of tail, which is not mentioned. * Description of the Ferroe Isles. t A curiosity now presents itself in the Tower of London. It is of a Rook’s nest lately erected, and inhabited in the centre of the Crowns that surmount the weather-cock on the top of the White Tower.—=Salisb. Journ. Ap. 3. 1815. 14 CROW: 7.—BALD CROW. Corvus calvus, Ind. Orn. i. 153. Gm. Lin. i. 372. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 352. Choneas chauve, Buf. ii. 80.. Pl. ent. 521, Le Chauve, Levail. Am. § Ind. i. 147. pl. 49. Coracine, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xii. Bald Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 383. THIS is thirteen inches in length. Bill strong, rather bent, and dusky black ; the breadth at the base about. half of the total length; plumage, on the upper parts of the bird, ferruginous brown, beneath paler, mclining to red ; upper tail coverts the same ; the fore part of the head, as far as the crown, and beyond the eyes, totally bare of feathers, and the chin but sparingly covered with them. This bald- ness is probably the effect of rooting into the ground with the bill, in the manner of our Rook, and will account for the want of feathers in the same parts, as in that bird. Inhabits Cayenne.—Mr. Levaillant says, it is common through- out Guiana, and known there by the negroes, under the name of Oiseau mon Pere, having, as they think, the robe of the Capucins, who are so called. The male said to be atrifle bigger than. the female, and when young, the head covered. with feathers as well.as the nostrils: im some the chin is also destitute of feathers, and like the rest of the head. Mr. L. ranks this, bird among his Cotingas, or Chatterers. One of these, in the collection, of Mr. MsLeay, brought. from Berbice, was.called Kwaa. CROW. 15 8.—HOODED CROW. Corvus Cornix, Ind. Orn. i. 153. Lin. Syst. i. 156. Faun. Suec. No. 88. Gm. Lin.i. 366. Scop. Ann.i. No.37. Mull No. 88. Brun. No.30. Georgi. 165. Kram. el. 388. Bor. Nat. ii. 105. -Sepp. Vog. iii. pl. 106. Daud. Orn. ii. 231. Sehr: d. Berl, Nat. iii. 198. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 348. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.68. Id, Ed. ii. p: 109. Cornix cinerea, Bris. iis 19. Id. 8vo.i. 159. Klein. Av. 59. Id. Stem. 9. t. 11. f. 1. ab. Jd. Ov. 21. t.8.f.9. Frisch. t. 65. Rati. Syn.39. A.4. Will. 84. t. 18. & 77. Gerin. ii. 35. t. 144? 146. 147. Le Mulacchia, Cet. uc. Sard. 71. Zinn. Uov. t. 10. f. 61. Nebelkrahe, Naturf.ix. s. 41. La Corneille mantelée, Buf. iii. 61. pl.4. Pl. enl. 76. Royston Crow, Alb. ii. t. 23. Will. Engl. 124. pl. 18. & 77. Russ. Alep. p. 69. Hooded Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 374. Id. Sup.77. Id. Sup. ii. 109. Br. Zool. i. No. 77. Id. fol. t. D.1. Td. 1812. 286. Arct. Zool. ii. 251. B: Flor. Scot.i. t.2. Bewick. i. pl. p. 69. Lewin. Birds, i. pl. 36. Id. (Eggs) pl. vi. f.4. Donov.v. pl. 117. Walc. Syn.i. pl. 35. Orn. Dict. Grav. Br. Orn. SIZE of the Rook; weight! twenty-two ounces; length 'twenty- two inches. Bill two inches long, black ; irides dusky hazel ; the head) fore part of the neck, wings, and tail fine glossy blue-black ; the rest of the body pale ash-colour; legs black; toes broad and fiat. This bird; in the northern parts of this kingdom; Scotland, and the northern Islands,** is a’constant inhabitant, and breeds there ; is gregarious, buildmg the nest in trees, laymg six pale green eggs, spotted with brown; but separate into pairs in the breeding season,+ after which they unite into bands: it also continues the year through in several parts of Ireland: in the southern parts of England is only a winter inhabitant, coming in October, and retiring the end of March, or beginning of April; during their stay, -seen frequently in flocks of ten or more on our heaths and downs, and not unfrequent on the shores of the Thames, in Kent and Essex,+ where they pick up * In the Hebrides it is the only one of the Genus. + An instance is given of the male of the Hooded Crow, pairing with a female of the Carrion Species, which attachment lasted for three or four years.—-Compend. of Ornith. + Hence, called Essex Crow ; by some, Dun-Crow. 16 CROW. offal and shell-fish; but will be content with insects, seeds, and berries; _on the Continent they are alike migratory; in Carniola,* and in Swe- den, where they breed, as well asin the south parts of Germany ; in the woods of the Islands of the Danube ;+ and is probably the species mentioned by Fryer,$ as inhabiting Ispahan, in Persia, and has been brought from the Philippine Islands, by M. Sonnerat; is common throughout Russia and Siberia, but not beyond the Lena. Migrates to Woronesck, and passes the winter there; grows very large beyond the Ob, and often varies to tense blackness ;§ found also at Aleppo, and about the Lake Baikal, probably extending to other parts of Asia; as I have been informed, that in some parts of India they are common, and so bold, as to snatch the food from the dishes, while the servants are carrying them across the Court-yard ; not unfrequent on the West Coast: of Africa.** Itis said, that the propagation of the cinnamon tree is owing to Crows, but what species is uncertain ; these birds eat the quick-tasted, and red fruit of this tree,- and swallowing the kernels with the fruit, scatter them every where with their excrements; on this account, none dare shoot a Crow, under a severe penalty. t+ Independent of the Black Variety near the River Ob, we know of no other, except one mentioned by M. Schrank, which had the two mandibles curved across each other, as in the Cross-bill. ++ * Scop. Ann. Hist. i. p. 25. + Kram. el. 333. + The Crows here are like our Royston Crows, grey on their backs and wings.—Fryer’s Trav. p. 318. § Arct. Zool. ; || Mr. Pennant. This is among Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings, but painted of a less size. ** Life and Adventures of Christian Wolf. Mem. This circumstance is attributed ta the White Nutmeg-Pigeon. +t Captain Tuckey met with them in his voyage up the River Congo, £5 See Schrift. der Berl. Nat. iii. s. 119. tab, iv. fig. 10. PLXXXTX. Ni ik ¢ pepe (Four cRow. 17 9.—W HITE-BREASTED CROW.—PL. xxxix. Corvus Dauricus, Ind. Orn. i. 154. Gm. Lin.i. 367. Pall. It. iii. 694. Georgi. 165. Shaw's Zool. vir. 349. Corvus scapulatus, Daud. Orn. ii. 232. Corneille A scapulaire blanc, Levail. Ois. ii. 14. pl. 53. Corneille du Senegal, Buf. iii. 67. Pl. enl. 327. Chinese black Raven with a white neck, Osb. Voy.i. 377. White-breasted Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 367. pl. 15, Id. Sup.ii, 110. Kolb. Cap. ii. 146. Fryer. Trav, p. 21. SIZE of a small Crow; length at least twelve inches. Bill black; head and throat black, glossed with blue; neck and breast, and some- times the belly white ; the rest of the body, wings, and tail blue-black; legs lead-colour ; claws black, The wings are long, and reach three-fourths on the tail. Inhabits Senegal, and various other parts of Africa, but no where more plentiful than at the Cape of Good Hope, where it makes the nest in trees, or bushes, not well clothed with leaves, and lays five or six green eggs, spotted: with brown. The Hottentots hold this, and some others of the Crow Genus, in great estimation ; being of singular use in picking out insects from the backs of oxen, with which they are sometimes so covered as to be in danger of losing their lives. Pallas observes, that the Corvus dauricus, or Chinese Jackdaw, comes early in the spring, in great flights from China, and the South Monguls Country, into the parts about the Lake Baikal, most fre- quent about the towns and villages on the River Lena; in which part the Jackdaws and Royston Crows are seldom seen :* found also in Persia. It inhabits likewise the Island of Johanna, where it lives on insects and fruits; and Mr. Bruce found it in Abyssinia, as did Lord Valentia the beginning of January, about Dhalac.t—It is subject to * Ind. Orn. i. p. 154. 8. B. t+ See Trav. ii. 225, TOL, IlI. D 18 CROW. variety, independent of the difference of the belly; for Pallas men- tions one which was almost wholly black, with the nape of the neck and throat brown.—Such an one is in Lord Stanley’s' collection. In this the neck and breast are fine brown ; belly and vent black ; the outer quill not half the length of the fifth, which is the longest. T have observed this variety too, in several drawings of Indian birds. 10.—JACKDAW. Corvus Monedula, Ind. Orn.i. 154. Lin. i. 156; Faun. Suec. No. 89. Gm. Lin. i. 367. Scop. Ann.i. No. 38. Brun. No.32. Muller. No. 89. Georgi. 165. Ph. Trans. lvii. 347. Bris. ii. p. 24. Id. 8vo.i. 160. Kramer. 334. Frisch. t. 67. Rati. 40. A.5. Will. 85. t. 19. Borowsk.ii. 106. Gerini. t. 144? Sepp. Vog. ii. t. 113. Daud. ii. 232. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 350. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.70. Id. Ed. ii. p. 112. Cornix garrula, Klein. Av. 59. Id. Stem. 10. t. 11. f.2. a.b. Zd. Ov. 21. t. 8. f. 4. Le Choucas, Buf. ii. 69. Pl. enl. 523. Dohle, Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. 51. t. 11. fig. inf. Naturf. x1. s. 42. Taccole. Cett. Uc. Sard.72. Zinnan. Ov. 71. t. 10. f. 62. Jackdaw, Gen. Syn.i. 378. Id. Sup. 78. Id. Sup.ii. 110. Br. Zool. i. No. 81. pl. 34. Id. fol. p. 78. Id. 4812. 296. pl. 35. Arct. Zool. ii. 251. C. Hist. Selb. 59. 60. Alb.i, pl. 14. Will. Engl. 125. pl. 19. Bewick,i. pl. in p.73. Lewin, i. pl. 37. Id, Eggs. vu. f.1. Walcot,i. pl. 36. Orn. Dict. THE Jackdaw is thirteen inches long, and weighs about nine ounces. Bill black ; irides nearly white; hind head and back part of the neck elegant cinereous grey, passing on each side towards the breast; the rest of the plumage glossy blue-black, but the under parts incline to dusky ; legs black. Male and female much alike. This is a common species in England, remaining the whole year; builds in trees, more commonly in rocks, and ruimed edifices, out of the reach of common intruders ; and now and then in rabbit burrows, as well as in hollow trees; the nest composed of sticks and twigs, having a lining of wool, &c. lays five or six eggs, smaller than those of the Crow, paler, and marked with fewer spots; sometimes also in cRow. 19 chimnies, for want of other convenience.* Independent of our own Island, this bird is found in France, Austria, and many other parts of Germany and Spain; very frequent at Athens: common at Gib- raltar, breeding in vast numbers on the loftiest precipices, and staying throughout the year; feeds on both vegetable and animal food ; grapes, figs, corn, pulse, and shell-fish, frogs, young birds, eggs, young poultry, and carrion; will also, like the Raven, keep vora- cious birds at a distance.t In most parts of the Continent, however, it is more or less migratory ; common all over Russia and the West of Siberia: but is seen in winter only in the South-west of Russia; a few beyond Lake Baikal. It is subject to some variety of plumage. A.—Collared Jackdaw, Gen. Syn. i. 379. A. Helvetian Daw, Charlt. Ex. p. 75. No.7. This differs in having a collar of white round the neck, and is jound in Switzerland. B.—White Jackdaw, Gen. Syn.i. 379. B. Ray’s Letters, p. 108. Wholly white, with a yellowish bill. That recorded by Ray was met with at Hurworth, near Croft Bridge. * A person in the Isle of Ely, having occasion to kindle a fire ina room, which had not been used for some time, the chimney took fire, owing to the materials collected by the Jackdaws, which were in such quantity, as to make it the greatest difficulty to prevent the house itself from being destroyed. + Rey. Mr, White. 90 CROW. C.—Black Jackdaw, Gen. Syn.i. 379.C. Frisch. t. 68. This is smaller, with spots of white about the eyes, bluish inides, and wanting the greyish tint about the head; such an one is found about the Volga ;* others are mentioned bemg black, with flesh- coloured bill and legs: one with a mixture of white in the wings, and the mandibles crossing each other.—In the Museum of the late Dr. Hunter, was a buff-coloured specimen, with white shoulders. 11.—JAY. Corous glandarius, Ind. Orn.i. 157. Lin.i. 156. Faun. Suec. No. 90. Gm. Lin. i. 868. Scop.i. No. 39. Brun. No. 33. Muller. No. 90. Kramer. p. 334. Georgi, 165. Faun. Arag.72. Frisch. t.55. Rati. 41. A2. Will. 88. t.19. Gerini.ii. t. 161. Sepp. Vog. t. p. 1. Gunth. Nest. U, Ey. t.38. Borowsk. i. 108. 8. Daud. ii. 247. Shaw’s Zool. vu. 356. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 73. Id. Ed.ii. 114. Garrulus, Bris. 11.47. Id. 8vo. 1.168. Scheff. el. t. 39. Robert. ic. pl. 18. Pica glandaria, Klein. dv. 61. Id. Stem, t.12. f.4.a.b. Id. Ov. t. 8. f. 2. Jeay, Buf. ii. 107. t. 8. Pl. enl. 481. Ghiandaia, Olin. 35. Zinnan. Uov. t.10. f.58. Cet. Uc. Sard. 76. Der Holzhaher, Naturf. 9. s.43. Schmid Vog. p. 45. t. 31. Jay, Gen. Syn.i. 384. Id. Sup. 79. Br. Zool.i. No.79. Id. Fol.x. D. Id. 1812. 291. Arct. Zool. ii.252. E. Will. Eng. 130. Pl.19. Russ. Alep. 69. Alb. i. pl. 16. Hayes Birds, pl. 7. Bewick, pl. p.80. Lewin’s Birds, pl. 38. Id. Eggs, pl. vii. f. 2. Walcot, pl. 37. Nat. Misc. pl. 549. Orn. Dict. Graves Br. Orn. Donov. v. pl. 2. LENGTH thirteen inches; weight seven ounces. Bill dusky; irides whitish ; the head crested; feathers of the forehead white, dashed with black ; chin white; from the angles of the mouth a broad black streak passes beneath the eye; the plumage for the most part vina- ceous buff-colour ; lesser wing coverts light bay; the greater most * Ph. Trans. lvi. 347. 7.—According to M. Levaillant, the black one, and that with the grey head and nape, only shew difference of sex—See Ois.ii. 129. but I doubt this, as we have no such distinction in England, where they are sufficiently common,, CROW. 21 elegantly barred, rich blue and black alternately, the rest black ; quills part ash-colour, part black ; the base of some, and the edges of others white; the imner ones chestnut, with black tips; rump white; tail black, the feathers edged with dusky, the outer ones wholly dusky ; legs brown. The female differs chiefly in the colour being less brilliant. The Jay is not uncommon in all the woods of this kmgdom ; is a restless and noisy species, alarming by its screams the rest of the feathered tribe, on the approach of any one; yet at intervals has a sort of note not unpleasant; it will also imitate the cries of various animals in the wild state; but when kept tame, may be taught to mimic many more; and we have witnessed one that mewed so exactly like a cat as to be mistaken for one.-—The Jay feeds on various things, especially fruit, and grains, also acorns; likewise birds eggs, and sometimes the parent birds, as well as mice; makes the nest in woods, of sticks, fibres of roots, &c. and lays five or six eggs, the size of those of a Pigeon, cimereous-olive, marked with paler brown.* This species is by no means so far spread as many of its congeners : said to be common in France, Italy, and Spain, as far as the woody parts in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar, but not on the rock itself; frequents the woods of Russia and Siberia, but not beyond the Lena. Georgi mentions its being near the Lake Baikal; and Russel at Aleppo. I have also seen it in drawings done in China,+ and there- fore we may suppose it indigenous to that country. Both in Sweden and Spain it is brought to market promiscuously with other birds for the table, but is rarely used for this purpose in England. I have observed only two Varieties, the one wholly white,+ the other with white quills only, the rest of the bird as in common.§ * In Sepp’s Plate they are white. + Gen. Syn. i. 386.. A. Said to be frequent there. Penn. China. p. 193. ~ Gen. Syn.i.386. A. Donov. pl.34. § Spalowsk. Vog. i. t. 2. 22 CROW. 12.—RUSSIAN CROW. Corvus infaustus, Ind. Orn.i.159. Lin. Faun. Suec. No.93: Brun.p.10. Muller, No. 93. Mus. Carls. Fasc. iv. t. 76. Georgi. 164? Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 176. Id. ed. ii. p. 116. Lanius infaustus, Lin.i. 188. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 302. Geai orangé, Levail. ois. de Parad. i. pl. 47. Corvus Russicus, Gmel [t.i. 50. t. 11. LENGTH nine inches or more. _ Bill black ; head dusky brown ; chin and face whitish, mixed with ferruginous and ash-colour; neck, shoulders, back, and breast cinereous ; belly and thighs pale rufous ; rump and vent ferruginous; some of the wimg coverts the same; others incline more to rufous ; quills dusky, the outer one shortest ; tail the length of the body, cuneiform ; the two middle feathers dusky ash, the others pale ferruginous, with the ends more or less dusky ; legs black. Inhabits Sweden ; found also in Lapland ; common in the North of Russia and Siberia, in all the woody parts ; but not in Kamts- chatka; is a bold bird, approaches the traveller while enjoying his meal in the open air, that it may partake of the scraps. ‘The figure in the Carlsonian Museum seems pretty correct. A.—Corvus Sibiricus, Gm. Lin. i. 373. Geay de Siberie, Buf. in. 118. PI. enl. 608. Siberian Jay, Gen. Syn. i. 390. Less than a Jay ; length ten inches. Bill dusky ; crown brown- black, and somewhat crested ; upper part of the body and wings cinereous, verging to brown on the back ; quills cmereous; forehead and sides, chin, and neck before, pale, with a tinge of blue on the CROW. 23 sides of the head, and a shade of buff on the breast; the breast itself, and the under part of the body, and rump, ferruginous orange ; the two middle tail feathers cinereous, the others orange; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Siberia, and is no doubt a variety of the other. 13.—NUTCRACKER. Corvus Caryocatactes, Ind. Orn. i. 164. Lin. i. 159. Faun. Suec. No. 91. Gm. Lin. i. 370. Scop. An.i. No.40. Raii. p.42. Will. 90. t. 20. Brun. No. 34. Muller, No. 91. Georgi, 165. Kram. 334. Sepp.Vog. t.3. Gerin. ii. p. 163. Borowsk. ii. 108. Spalowsk. ii. t. 12. Daud. ii. 251. pl. 17. Bechst. Deutsch. ii. 457. Shaw's Zool. vii. 353. t. 43. Nucifraga, Bris. ii. 59. t.5. f.1. Id. 8vo.i.171: Klein. Av. 61. Id. Stem. p. 12. f. 2.a.b. Frisch. t.56. Schef. el. t. 49. Tem. Man. p. 74: Id. Ed. ii. p. 118. Casse noix, Buf. iii. 122. t.9. Pl. enl. 50. Nushraehe, Nusshaeher, Schr. Nat. 67. Gunt. Nest. U. Ey. 38. Naturf. ix. s. 44. Nutcracker, Gen. Syn.i. 400. Id. Sup. 82. Will. Eng. 132. pl. 20. Br. Zool. ii. App. pl. 3. Id. 1812. 298, pl. 37. Arct. Zool. 252. D. Edw. pl. 240. Bewick, i. pl. 79. Lewin, pl. 40. Walcot, pl. 88. Orn. Dict. & Supp. SIZE of a Magpie; length thirteen inches. Bill two inches long, black ; irides hazel; nostrils well covered with feathers, edged with brown; general colour of the plumage rusty brown ; crown and nape inclining to dusky ; most of the feathers marked with triangular white spots; largest on the under parts; vent white; quills and tail black, the latter tipped with white; legs black. This is very rare in respect to England, not having been met with more than three times to our knowledge; is more common on the Continent, but no where so plentiful as in Germany; sometimes comes in vast flocks into France, especially Burgundy; frequents the mountainous parts of Sweden and Denmark ; met with as high as Sondmor: common im the Pine Forests of Russia and Siberia, and all over Kamtschatka ; now and then seen in America, but not near the sea coast. 24. CROW. It is said to resemble the Jay in manners, laying up store of acorns and nuts, on the latter of which it most delights to feed, but will eat insects of various kinds. Makes the nest in the holes of trees, and, like the Woodpecker, enlarges them with the bill; the eggs five or six, pale yellow, marked with small black spots. According to Klein, there are two Varieties, a smaller and a larger. Muller also mentions two, the one rufous, the other spotted black and white; and Mr. Bechstein saw a specimen wholly white. M. Temminck forms a distinct Genus of this, of which it is the only species. 14.—ALPINE CROW. Corvus Pyrrhocorax, Ind. Orn.i. 165. Lin.i. 158. Gm. Lin. i.376. Bris. ii. 30. t. 1. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 162. Shaw's Zool. vii. 380. Tem. Man.d’Orn. p.71. Id. Ed. ii, p. 121. Coracias, Gerin. 11. t. 150, 151. Crave des Alpes, Daud. ii. 252: Neu. Schw. Abh.iu. s. 104. Choucas des Alpes, Buf. iii. 76. t. 6. Pl. enl. 531. Alpine Crow, Gen. Syn. 1. 381. SIZE of the Jackdaw ; length fifteen inches; breadth two feet seven inches. Bill hike that of a Jackdaw, but rather longer, colour yellow ; plumage wholly black ; tail even at the end, and reaching but little beyond the wing when closed ; legs and claws black. * Inhabits the Alps; has a sharp, disagreeable voice, lives on grain and fruits, and does much damage to the harvest: the flesh accounted good: makes the nest generally in crags and clefts of rocks, rarely in trees; and lays four white eggs, marked with dusky yellow spots. * Peyrouse observes, that the colour of the legs differs according to the age; in some black, in others orange, and in old birds deep crimson. cRow. 25 15.—RED-LEGGED CROW. Corvus graculus, Ind. Orn. i. 165. Lin. i. 158. Gm. Lin.i. 377. Faun. Arag 72, Daud. ii. 253. Bechst. Deutsch. ii. 447. -Shaw’s Zool. vii. 378. Pyrrhocorax Coracias, Tem. Man. p. 72. Id. Ed.ii. p. 122 Corvus docilis, Gm. It. 111. 385. t. 39. Gracula Pyrrhocorax, Scop. i. 46. Upupa Pyrrhocorax, Hasselq. It. 238.19. Id. Engl. 197. Coracias, seu Pyrrhocorax, Rati. 40. A. 6. Will. 86. t. 19. Bris, ii. p.3.t. 1, f. 1. Td. 8vo.i. 154. Shaw’s Trav. 251. Gerini, 1. t. 149. Klein. Av. p. 60. 11. Buf. iii. 1. pl. 1. Pl. enl. 255. Cornish Chough, 4/b.ii. pl. 24. Borl. Cornw. 248. pl, 24. Will. Engl. 126, pl. 19. Hayes, pl. 6. Red-legged Crow, Lin. Syst.i. 401. Id. Sup.82. Id. Sup. ii. 115. Br. Zool. i. pl. 35. Td. fol. 83. t. L.* Td. 1812. 294. pl. 36. Bewick. 1. pl. p. 77. Lewin. pl. 4. Id. Eggs. pl. vii. f.4. Walcot, pl. 40. Orn. Dict. SIZE of a Jackdaw; length sixteen inches; extent of wing two feet nine inches; weight fourteen ounces. Bill two inches long, much curved, and sharp at the point; colour that of red sealing wax ; irides grey, with an outer circle of red; eyelids red; plumage wholly purplish black ; legs red;* the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. The female is smaller, and the bill somewhat shorter.—This is- called by some Cornish Daw, Cornish Kae, Killigrew, and Chauk ; pretty common on some of our English coasts, particularly the western: in Devonshire and Cornwall, in Wales and Scotland. We have also received it from Dover Cliffs, where they breed, but said to have arisen from a pair originally sent from the West; found also to fre- quent the South Downs about Beachy-Head and East-Bourn, and there called the Red-billed Jackdaw.t Makes the nest in the clefts * Scopoli says, in autumn the feet in some are black—According to Bechstein, it is in the spring that this colour in the feet is seen; and others affirm, that in the first year the bill and legs are black ; these seeming contradictions can only be reconciled by supposing the describers to mean two different species, as in this kingdom, the young birds have the bill and legs red the first year. + Lin. Trans. iy. p. 14. VOL, Il. E 26 CROW. of rocks, of sticks, lmed with hair, and lays four or five white eggs, bigger than those of a Jackdaw, spotted with yellow, or pale brown,* weighing three drams and a half.+ I do not see it mentioned asa bird of France, but is not uncom- mon in the Alps and Carinthia: { migrates into Lower Egypt, towards the end of the inundation of the Nile, in September and October :§ is seen about all high rocks of the south latitude of Siberia, and Mount Caucasus, the mountams of Persia,|| and the Island of Candia ;** also common on the Northern Alps and Switzerland ; feeds on juniper berries ; roots corn out of the ground; feeds, too, on insects, as locusts, &e. tf does not migrate with us in England, at any season ; is a greedy, restless, and clamorous bird, fearmg neither dog nor wolf: in general imitates the Jackdaw in manners ; is thievish, fond ef glitter, and dangerous to be kept tame, as it has been known to catch up lighted sticks, whereby houses have been set on fire. 16.—HERMIT CROW. Corvus Eremita, Ind. Orn.i. 166. Lin.i. 159. Gm. Lin.i. 3. 377. Borowsck. ii. 107. t.71. 9. B. Daud. ii. 254. Bechst.u. 470. t. 17. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 382. Coracia cristata, Bris. 1. 6. Id. 8vo.i. 155. Corvus sylvaticus, Gesner. pl. in p. 309. Will. 306. Gerin. ii. t, 252? Johnst. Av. pls A7 ito. Upupa montana, Alein. Av. 111. Coracias hupé, Buf. ii. p-. 9. Wood Crow from Switzerland, Alb. i. pl. 16. Will. Engl. 396. Hermit Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 303. Id. Sup. ii. 115. SIZE of a Hen. Bill long, pointed, bent and red; head crested, dusky yellow, streaked with red; plumage in general black, glossed with green; tail short; legs dull red. * Smutty-coloured, Bechstein. + Col. Montagu. + Scopoli. § Hasselquist. || At Jerom, the bills and feet (of the crows) are as red as vermilion. ** Belon. Obs. p.17. ++ Scopoli says,. they sometimes come down in the low meadows by hundreds, in the latter hay time, for this purpose. CROW. 27 This bird, first described and figured by Gesner, is said to be found on all the high mountains of Italy, Stiria, Switzerland, and Bavaria, and the rocks on the borders of the Danube, but more common in Switzerland than elsewhere, and there called Waldrapp, and Stemrapp; flies very high; is gregarious and migratory ; arrives at Zurich with the Storks, the beginning of April: the female lays two or three eggs, and the young fly the beginning of June; is easily tamed, if taken young, and is accounted good eating. The food is chiefly small fry of fishes, frogs, and all sorts of insects. Neither the young, nor very old birds have the crest, whence they have been called Bald Crows.* According to M.'Temminck, this bird has no exis- tence, being made up from the Red-legged, by forming a crest of additional feathers. ‘This we cannot contradict, as we have only seen figures of the bird; but if such a fraud has been practised on Gesner, it is, we believe, not the only one known among Ornitho- logists. 17.—RED-BILLED JAY. Corvus erythrorynchos, Ind. Orn. i. 161. Gm. Lin: i. 372. Daud. ii. 240. pl. 15. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 361. Geay de la Chine a bec rouge, Buf. iii. 115. Pl. enl. 622. La Pie bleue, Levail. Ois. ii. 24. pl. 57. Red-billed Jay, Gen. Syn. i. 390. Id. Sup. p. 80. “Id. Sup. ii. p. 112. SIZE of a Jay. Bill red; fore part of the head, neck, and breast velvety black ; behind light grey, mixing irregularly with the black on the fore part; body brown above, whitish beneath, with a violet tinge, most conspicuous on the wings ; each feather of which is light violet at the base, black in the middle, and white at the end. Tail * Neither Albin’s Figure, nor that of Borowski has a crest, which gives the bird the appearance of a bald kind of Ibis, and the figure in Gesner is bare above the knee. I have neyer seen aspecimen, and must therefore rely upon what former authors have recorded. E 2 28 CROW. half as long again as the rest of the bird, and fully as cuneiform as that of the Magpie, the feathers blue with black ends, and an oval spot of white at the tip of each.* Inhabits China, and there called Shannaw : often kept in cages, and becomes very tame ; and by the Chinese taught many tricks, by way of entertaining the multitude. 18.—AFRICAN CROW. Corvus Africanus, Ind. Orn. i. 163. Gm. Lin. i. 874.. Daud. ii. 240. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 375. African Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 396. Nat. Misc. pl. 561. LENGTH twenty-two inches. Bill red; head and neck dark purple, the first somewhat crested ; each feather tipped with grey as far as the hind head; back brown; belly dirty ash-colour; quills blue on the outer edges; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers twelve inches long, the outer very short, all of them tipped with white ; legs red. Inhabits Africa. These two last seem to resemble each other, so as make us inclined to think them Varieties only. 19.—CARIBBEAN CROW. Corvus Caribbeus, Ind. Orn. i. 163. Gm. Lin. i. 874. Daud. ii. 242. Shaw's Zool. vil. 375. Galgulus Antillarum, Bris, 11.80. Id. 8vo. i. 176. Pica candata Indica, Raii.42. Will. 90. Pica Antillarum, Raié. 152. La Pie des Antilles, Buf. i. 101, 129. Persian Pie, Will. Engl. 132. § vi. parag. 2d. Caribbean Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 395. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill red; head and neck blue; the latter surrounded with a white collar; from the base of the bill, passing * In the Pl. enlum. CROW. 29 behind the neck, quite to the back, is a white mark, an inch broad, and three long, transversely barred with black ; back and scapulars ferruginous; rump and upper tail coverts yellow; under parts of the body white; lesser wing coverts chestnut; the middle ones green, _ with the edges deeper coloured; greater coverts blue, with white edges and shafts; quills blue green; tail long and cuneiform, the two middle feathers exceed the outer ones by eight or ten inches; colour blue, striated with white; legs red. The female differs in wanting the transverse stripes on the white mark at the back of the head, and the wing coverts green instead of blue. Said to inhabit the Caribbee Islands, and to be common about the rivers of Guadaloupe; but according to Ray, is a bird of Persia. It certainly bears much resemblance to the two last described. 20.—RUFOUS CROW. Corvus rufus, Ind. Orn.i. 161.. Daud ii. 245. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 368. Coracias vagabundus, Ind. Orn.i. 171. Daud. ii. 265. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 397. La Pie rousse, Levail. Ois. p).59. Grey-tailed Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. uu. 112. Rufous Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 112. LENGTH sixteen or seventeen inches. Bill strong, black, rather bent and not notched; tongue bifid; nostrils covered with bristles ; irides red; head and neck black, tinged with brown; body and tail coverts reddish brown; wings black, with a broad grey stripe, which includes the greater and smaller wing coverts near the body, and the outer webs of four or five of the second quills; under wing coverts dirty white, tinged with brown; tail long, consisting of twelve feathers, and is greatly cuneiform; the outmost scarcely three inches long, the two middle ones ten inches in the whole, but stand out beyond any of the others at least four inches; all the feathers are 30 CROW. grey, and have the ends deeply tipped with black; the wings when closed, reach about one-fifth thereon; legs black. Tnhabits India, found near Calcutta, but not very common; is called by the Bengalese, Harri Chacha; the women imagine when- ever they hear this bird calling, that it forebodes the approach of religious mendicants, who, by partaking in the fare prepared for thé family, will clear the pots used in cooking ; from which circumstance its native name is derived; builds on large trees, and more than one at a time is seldom observed. T owe the above to Dr. Buchanan. It may be supposed to vary ; as that described from Lady Impey’s drawings had the breast and belly ash-colour; middle of the wings white; in these drawings the name given to it is the Vagabond. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, I observe three or four different representations, varying considerably from each other, in the different shades of brown, though the general division of colours is the same; in one which appears to be most complete, the two middle tail feathers are double the length of the others. The name given to it in the Persian tongue is Makoka ;* is called also Laut. In another specimen the feathers round the bill and chin are deeper black than the rest ; bend of the wing yellow. One figured in Col. Hardwicke’s fine collection of Drawmgs of Indian birds, was sixteen inches long, said to be a male, had a lead- coloured bill, with a black poimt; the two mnddle tail feathers ex- ceeded the rest by three inches, were pale ash from the base to as far asthe ends of the adjommg, then white for near two inches, and finally black for more than one inch; the side feathers white for the greater part from the base, then black, with the ends white, but the black oecupymg most space on the outer feathers. * The Antiguan Coucal also bears this name. CROW. 31 Inhabits India. The name Kereyh; drawn at Futteyghur, in December; and, as in another drawing, the date of it is in August, it is probable that these birds are permanent in the neighbourhood the year through. A.—La Pie rousse dela Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. i. p. 186. pl. 136. Rufous Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 84. Size of a Blackbird. Bill black ; irides rufous yellow ; head and neck brown, the last paler; breast and belly rufous white; back and rump yellowish, inclining to rufous; lesser wing coverts dirty rufous; the others pale grey; second quills grey, within brown ; primaries brownish black ; tail cuneiform, grey; the two middle feathers brown at the ends; the others grey as far as the middle, the rest of the length brown, with white tips; legs black. Tnhabits China. 21.— MAGPIE. Corvus Pica, Ind. Orn.i. 162. Lin.i. 157: Faun. Suec: No. 92. Gm. Lin.i. 373. Ph. Trans. \xii. 387. Seop. Ann:i. No. 41. Brun. No. 32. Sepp.Vog’. t. p. 3. Raii p. 41. Awl. Will. 87.t.19. Georgi, 165. Kram. 335. Faweearag. p. 72. Frisch. t. 58. Bris. ii. 35. Id. 8vo. i. 164. Gerin. ii. t. 155. Borowsk. ii. 109. Schef. el. t.56. Daud. ii. 237. Klein. Av: p. 60. Id. Stem. p. 10. t. 12. £. 1. aob.c. Id. Ov. t. 8. f.3. Shaw’s Zool, vi. 369. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 35v f. 2 Tem. Man. @ Orn. p. 73. Id. Ed. ir. p. 113. Aelster, Gnnth. Nest. U. Ey. t.53: Bechst. Deutsch. 11. 462, Gazza con la Coda lunga, Zinnan. Uov. t. 10. f. 57. Europaisch Elster, Naturf. ix. s. 44. Schmid Vog. p. 45: t. 30: La Pie, Buf. iii. 85:7. Pl. enl. 488, Magpie, Pianet, Gen,.Syn.i. 392. 29. Id. Sup. p. 80. Id. Sup. ii. p. 113. Br. Zool.i. No. 78. Id. Fol. p.77. t. D.2. Id. 1812. p. 289. Arcét. Zool. ii. No. 136. Alb.i. pl. 15. Will. Engl. 127. pl.19. Hayes pi! 8: Bewick, i. pl. p. 75. Lewin, pl. 39. Id. Eggs. pl. viii f.3. Donov.iv: 95: — Walcot, i: pl. 39: Graves Br. Orn. Orn. Dict, § Supp. LENGTE. eighteen. inches ; extent of wing twenty-two; weight eight or nine ounces. Bill black; irides hazel ; scapulars,. and all 32 CROW. the under parts from the breast, white; the rest of the plumage, wings, and tail black, glossed with green, purple, and blue as opposed to various lights; the eleven first quills are white in the middle on _the inner web, lessening by degrees as they advance inwards ; the tail very cuneiform, the two middle feathers near eleven inches long; the outer only five inches and half ; legs black. The above is the description of a bird in the highest plumage in the wild state, but when domesticated, and kept in a cage, the colours lose their brilliancy, and appear to be merely black and white, and the latter far from pure; in short, in its state of nature, we must confess, that our kingdom does not possess a more beautiful species. The Magpie is very common in England, and feeds both on animal and vegetable substances, frequently killing young ducks and chickens, and sucking the eggs; will sometimes pick out the eyes of lambs, hares, rabbits, &c. if weak ; also eats insects, fruits, and even grain, when distressed for food; makes a large oval nest, of sticks of black-thorn intermixed, having a cover at top, composed of the latter, with a lining of earth, and fibres at bottom: this is built both on high trees, and low shrubs ;* the eggs six or seven, of a pale greenish colour, thickly spotted with black: is a crafty bird: when brought up young, becomes familiar; will talk many sentences, and imitate, like the Parrot, every noise it hears, but in a less distinct manner. This species is seen more or less throughout Europe: no where more common than in the temperate and southern latitudes of Russia, Siberia, and Kamtschatka, as well as in the adjacent Islands.— Forster met with it at Madeira; Russel at Aleppo;+ and Georgi about the Lake Baikal. It is also seen in Chinese drawings ; and I once saw a specimen from thence, the same as ours, but a trifle smaller.—It certainly is a native of America, and though it very seldom approaches the settlements, is to be found in the interior parts * Hence the distinction of Tree and Bush Magpie, supposed two different sorts, + Hist. Alep. p. 69. CROW. 33 all seasons. One caught at York Fort, in a martin trap, was thought a rarity, as the circumstance had not happened for twenty years before. I find that it is called at Hudson’s Bay, by some of the Indians, Oue-ta-kee-aske, or Heart-Bird ; by others, She-pecum memewuck.* We have observed several Varieties; viz. wholly white+—black and white in streakst—white and soot-colour; with other deviations from nature. § Camden || observes, that Magpies found in the Isle of Man, did not inhabit it originally, but were carried there. 22.—NEW-CALEDONIAN MAGPIE. Corvus Caledonicus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxv. Magpie of New-Caledonia, D’ Entrecasteux’s Voy. il. 226. pl. 35. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 116. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill black and stout, the end for one-third yellowish, and slightly notched ; head black, the feathers of it silky, and the webs loose; round the eye somewhat bare; whole of the neck white, and a little of the same in the middle of the belly ; but the general colour of the plumage otherwise black ; tail very cuneiform, formed as in the Magpie, the two middle feathers eleven inches long, the next on each side nine, diminishing regularly to the outer ones, which measure no more than three inches and a half : legs dusky. Inhabits the woods of New-Caledonia, described from a specimen in the collection of Mr. Thompson, of St. Martin’s Lane, London. * Mr. Hutchins. + Mus. Carls. t. 53. + Lev. Mus. § Viz. an old bird of adun-colour, with the wing coverts, breast, and belly white; also three from one nest wholly cream-colour, with white bills; and a fourth from the same nest of the common hue.—See Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 1138. || Magpies haye been lately introduced, as well as Frogs.—Gough’s Camd. Brit. p. 699. Vol. 3. VOL, ILI, F 34 CROW. 23—-CHANGEABLE CROW. Corvus varians, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvi. Phrenotrix Temia, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 165. Horsf. Zool. Res. No. 1.—plate of the Bird. Td. pl. of bills, N.a. b. Le Temia, Levail. Ois. ii. p.22: pl. 56. Daud. ii. 244. Shaw's Zool. vii. 372. Changeable Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 119. SIZE of the Song Thrush, but longer. Bill black ;- general colour of the plumage black, and the texture of the feathers delicate and soft ; those round the base of the bill to the eye and chin stiff and short, similar to black velvet; but on the rest of the bird appear glossed with green and purple in different lights; the tail greatly cuneiform, composed of ten feathers, the four middle ones of equal lengths, exceeding the rest of the body, being seven inches long, the others lessen by degrees to the onter, which are very short and broad, colour of the four middle ones black, glossed with green ; the others black, but with a gloss of green only on the outer webs; legs black. This was received from Batavia, but where it originally came from, quite uncertain. The bill in shape is thick, and not unlike that of the Beef-eater, which may lead to think, that im manners it may somewhat resemble that bird. In Java, known by the name of Chekitut, or Benteot. Inhabits Java, where it is not uncommon, but is not a familiar bird, never approaching the villages and habitations like many others ; for the most part found near solitary hamlets, situated in tracts re- cently cleared for cultivation, where its food is supplied in abundance, by the insects contamed in the rich mould, and by the wild fruit trees about the skirts.—In Dr. Horsfield’s figure the four middle tail feathers are not equal in length, but those on each side of the two middle ones are shorter, as in the Magpie. In Mr. Bullock’s Museum was one greatly similar, im which the colour of the plumage was glossy black, inclining to brown on the cRow. 30 back ; beneath very dark brown, the two middle tail feathers seven inches and half long, the exterior only two inches. The wings reach one-fourth on the tail. This said to have been brought from Java. 24.—_VELVET-FACED CROW. LENGTH twelve inches and half. Bill black, remarkably stout, and the upper mandible bending as in the Ani; the base of it, and round the eye, the whole face, and chin covered with black velvet- like feathers ; plumage wholly deep bottle-green. Tail five inches and a half long, cuneiform, black, having in some lights, a gloss of purple; legs rather long, stout, and black, claws long and hooked. Native place uncertain—supposed New-Holland.—Gen. Davies. One not unlike the above, in Mr. Francillon’s possession, had the plumage slaty-grey, mstead of bottle-green. A similarone,in Mr. Harrison’s collection, was twelve inches long; in this the plumage was glossy black ; the bill and legs both pale. This last came from New-Holland. These seem greatly allied to the Changeable, or last Species. 25.—PLUSH-FACED CROW. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill black, stout, and rather curved ; the nostrils, and all round incireling the eyes, covered with black feathers like plush, or velvet; plumage otherwise deep bottle-green ; scapulars edged with rufous; from thence a rufous band, about half an inch broad, extends across the back; prime quills black, with pale margins ; tail seven inches long, cuneiform, the feathers broadest at the extremities ; colour deep muddy, blackish green, appearing undulated on the outer webs ; legs black, not very stout. F 2 36 CROW. _ Native place uncertain. I observe one in the drawings of Mr. Woodford, which was without the rufous band. This may be probably allied to the foregoing, but the one here described differs greatly in the bill, this bemg considerably stouter and shorter than in the Changeable Species; though im the plush-like feathers round it, and the colour of the plumage not greatly differmg. 26.—INDIGO CROW. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill one inch long, stout, pale yellow horn-colour, under mandible darker beneath ; the nostrils, forehead between the bill and eye, and the chin, covered with short, downy, plush-like, black feathers; the rest of the plumage in general like © that of a Crow, the feathers inclining to purple on the margins, especially on the back ; but those on the under parts are edged with the gloss of steel ; scapulars, and part of the wing coverts, purplish black, with deep margins of steel blue; quills black; the tail three inches long, nearly even at the end, the two middle feathers blue- black, the others much the same, margined with steel-blue; the wings, when closed, reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs stout, scaly, and brownish yellow. Inhabits New-Holland. 27.—_RUFOUS-BREASTED CROW. LENGTH seven inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, pale, the base of the upper, and beneath the under mandible, dusky ; the face quite round the bill covered with velvety tufted feathers, occu- pying the whole chin, and concealing the nostrils; besides which are several hairs half as long as the bill, which is a little bent at the end, CROW. 5 7/ and somewhat indented ; the head, neck, upper parts, wings, and tail pale cinereous grey ; breast, belly, thighs, and vent fine rufous; quills and tail dusky, edged outwardly with grey, the last of a moderate length, even at the end, and the quills reach just beyond the base : legs slender, black, claws crooked. Native place unknown.—Gen. Davies. 28.— PACIFIC CROW. Corvus pacificus, Ind. Orn.i. 157. Gm. Lin. i. 372. Daud. ii. 236. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 354. Pacific Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 383. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill bent at the end, with a notch near the tip, and black; plumage cinereous, paler beneath, with a tinge of reddish brown; forehead and throat cinereous white ; among the feathers of the latter some slender hairs; hind head and nape dusky black: quills blackish, with dirty white tips; tail black, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs blacks Inhabits the South Seas.—Place unknown. 29.—TROPIC CROW. Corvus tropicus, Ind. Orn.i. 157. Gm. Lin: i. 372. Daud. ii. 237. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 355. Tropic Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 384. Cook’s Last Voy. iii. 119 ? LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter long, rather broad at the base, and the tips of both mandibles notched ; plumage glossy black, more dull beneath ; wings and tail black, glossed with green, the last rounded; vent and sides tipped with dusky white ; legs black. From Owhyhee—one of the Sandwich Islands in the South Seas. 38 CROW. 30—AUSTRALASIAN CROW. SIZE of a Crow. Bill large, curved the whole of its length to the point, as in the Cornish Chough ; plumage in general black and glossy, the feathers of the head short; the wings reach one-third on the tail, which is cuneiform, or greatly rounded in shape at the end ; legs stout, made hike those of a Crow. Inhabits New-Holland: in the collection of Mr. Brogden, and in that of the Linnean Society. 31.—SYDNEY CROW. SIZE of a Jackdaw. Bill as in the Magpie, but not quite equal in strength, and somewhat bent ; tip of the upper mandible brown ; general colour of the plumage black ; some of the inner lesser quills white ; tail much rounded ; legs stout and black. In Mr. Bullock’s Museum, from New-Holland. Shot at Sydney. 32-—BLUE CROW. Corvus cyanus, Ind. Orn.i. 159. Gm. Lin. i. 373. Pallas It. iii. 694. Daud. ii. 238. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 362. Nat. Misc. pl, 829. Corvus melanocephalus, Daud. ii. 24). Pie bleue a téte noire, Levail. Ois. ii. pl. 58. Blue Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 394. Id. Sup. ii. 111. SIZE small; length from eight to twelve inches. Bill black ; top of the head to the nape glossy deep black ; body ash-colour, paler beneath ; wings and tail most beautiful blue ; the last very long and cuneiform, in shape like that of a Magpie, the feathers white CROW. 39 at the end; legs black.—In M. Levaillant’s plate the head feathers are elongated, forming a pointed crest, and the whole of the head below the eyes, as well as the chin black ; the body inclining to blue above, and wings and tail fine blue ; tail of twelve feathers. This species migrates from the Mongolian Deserts and China, only into that part of the Russian Dominions which lies to the South of Lake Baikal. M. Levaillant’s specimen came from China. 33.—SENEGAL CROW. Corvus Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 163. Lin.i. 158. Gm. Lin. i. 874. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 371. Corvus Afer, Lin. i. 157. Gm. Lin. i. 375. Pica Senegalensis, Bris. ii. 40. t. 5. f. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 166, Corvus Piapiac, Daud. 11. 239. Levail. Ois. 1. pl. 54. Pie du Senegal, Buf. ii. 97. Pl. enl. 538. Senegal Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 394. Id. Sup. ii. 114. LENGTH fourteen inches, size of a Magpie. Bill black; plumage in general violet black above, dusky black beneath; quills and tail brown, in shape cuneiform ; the two middle feathers seven inches long, the outer four, all of them edged with violet black ; legs black. Inhabits Senegal : found also at the Cape of Good Hope. The males have the tail much longer than the females ; perches on high trees, sometimes twenty together ; builds on the tops of the highest; and, like the Magpie, defends the nest with thorns, only leaving one opening ; lays from six to eight white eggs, spotted with brown, most so at the larger end; seen in the inward parts of the Cape, but rarely, if ever, at the Cape itself, called Pia piac from its cry.—M. Levaillant mentions a singularity in one of the tail feathers having two shafts arising from one quill, one of these entirely without webs, but whether a lusus nature,* or peculiar to the species, is by * I have a common goose quill which branches out into two shafts. 40 CROW. no means certain. Is found also in India, and blended with other birds, under the name of Bhejunga. 34-RUFOUS-BELLIED CROW. Corvus rufigaster, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvi. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 377. octopennatus, Daud. i. 243. Pie a culotte de Peau, Levail. Ois. 1. 20. pl. 55. Rufous-bellied Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 118. SIZE of the Blackbird. Bill and legs black ; whole plumage above glossy black ; tail cuneiform, half as long again as the bird, with a fine blue gloss on all the feathers in some lights; belly, thighs, and vent flesh-colour, or fine rufous ; the vent inclines to brown. This is figured by Levaillant from one in the collection of M. Ray de Breukelerward of Amsterdam. Said to have been brought from some of the South Sea Isles, and seems to have aftinity with the Senegal Species, from its shape and cuneiform tail; the bill less strong than in the Magpie, approaching to that of a Thrush. In this smgle specimen were only eight feathers in the tail, and no trace of more could be found; if this be really the case with all of the same species, as may be learned hereafter, it is, we believe, an unusual occurrence; for we do not at present know any bird with fewer than ten feathers in its tail, when complete. 35.— VARIABLE CROW. Corvus versicolor, Ind. Orn: Sup. xxv. Variable Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 117. THE true size of this bird is uncertain, but as the drawmg from whence this description is taken was nine inches in length, and men- tioned as one-fourth of the true size, we must consider it as a large CROW. 41 species. The bill is strong, somewhat less than in the Crow, though clearly characteristic of that Genus, and black; plumage dusky brown, with blue and reddish glosses in various parts ; the outer tail feathers shorter than the others, and the whole of them pale at the tips; legs strong and black. This was met with in New-Holland, and the only one of the kind seen there.-—Mr. Lambert. 36.—KENT’S CROW. SIZE of a Crow; length sixteen inches; breadth thirty-two. Bill stout, two inches and half long, and black ; plumage in general brown black ; the first quill three inches shorter than the second, and this one inch shorter than the third, all these tipped with white, but seven or eight of them marked with white within at the base ; several of the secondaries also frmged with white at the tips; the tail is eight inches long, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white, which reaches to double the extent on the mner webs; the quills, when closed, reach full three-fourths on the tail; legs black, stout, the middle claw furnished with a notch or tooth. Inhabits Kent's Group in New-Holland. One of these was in the collection of the late Gen. Davies. 37.—NEW-CALEDONIAN CROW. Corvus Caledonicus, Ind. Orn. i, 154. Gm. Lin. i. 367. Daud. ii. 231: Shaw's Zool. yu. 350. New-Caledonian Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 377. LENGTH above fifteen inches. Bill fourteen lines long, stout, and black, slightly toothed, and ihe end yellowish; irides pale VOL, Wit. 43 CROW. yellow ; eyelids black ; general colour of the plumage cinereous; except the tail, which is five inches long, and black ; legs black. Inhabits New-Caledonia. From the drawings of Sir Joseph Banks. 38.—WHITE-EARED JAY. Corvus auritus, Ind. Orn. i. 160 Daud. ii. 250. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 367. Petit Geay de la Chine, Son. Voy. ii. 188. t. 107. Little Jay, Penn. China, p. 195. White-eared Jay, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 83. SIZE of the blue Jay, length eleven inches. Bill black ; irides yellowish ; the feathers round the base of the bill, the throat, and fore part of the neck black ; top of the head bluish ash-colour, and the feathers elongated; between the black and ash-colour on the forehead, a few white feathers; on the ears a large patch of white; the colour of the body, wing coverts, and tail cinereous brown ; quills blackish, edged with grey; tail four inches long, rounded at the end, and bends downwards ; legs pale brown. Inhabits China; common at Canton: seen in flocks in Dean’s Island, Wampoo River, picking up food on the mud of the shore. A.—Length twelve inches and a half. Bill one inch, stout, and black ; the base above covered with short velvet-hke feathers, tending to the eye on each side; behind this, across the forehead, a narrow white crescent ; the rest of the head above, the nape, and hind. part of neck deep lead or ash-colour; beneath the eye on each side a large patch of white feathers, covering the jaws, and meeting together on the base of the under mandible; the rest of the plumage, wings, and tail brownish olive, but the outer edges of the great quills grey ; tail rounded, two inches and three quarters long; legs black. Inhabits China, and is probably a variety of the White-eared Jay. said to be remarkable for its singing. cRow. 43 39.—WHITE-CHEEKED CROW. Corvus olivaceus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvi. White-cheeked Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. u. 118. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch long, curved and dusky, base bristly, and the nostrils half covered with feathers ; irides straw- colour; crown black, the feathers elongated; the rest of the head and neck before to the breast black ; on each jaw a large white patch; and on the chin and middle of the breast some mixture of white; all the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail olive-green ; quills rusty brown; tail cuneiform, dusky, the two middle feathers six inches long, the outmost only three and a half; the two outer feathers tipped with white; the wings reach one-third on the tail; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland ; differs from the White-eared Jay, in not having the forehead whitish, nor does the white patch come so. near the eye as in that bird; besides, the tail. being cuneiform, forbids further comparison. A.—Size of the former. Bill compressed on the sides; nostrils imperfectly covered with reflected bristles, colour black; plumage in general much as in the other; a large patch of white extending the whole length of the under jaw; feathers of the throat fringed with white; breast, and beneath reddish brown, marbled on the former with black and white; tail as in the other. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 40.—W AVE-BREASTED CROW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill stout, bent, with a small notch near the tip, about one ineh long, and the nostrils covered with feathers; G2 44 CRow. tongue bifid ; irides white; plumage on the upper parts brownish olive, the shaft of each feather marked with a narrow whitish streak ; under parts of the body dusky white, marked with numerous darker crescents, appearing like waves; more close on the chin, throat, and breast ; wings and tail brown; inside of the wing coverts yellowish, marked with black ; of the quills plain, pale yellow half way from the base; shafts of the quills and tail feathers yellowish, the latter five inches long, even at the end; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; legs brown, one inch and a half long, the outer and middle toe united at the base; claws stout. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. Another specimen was one inch shorter, the under parts yellowish olive; each feather margined with darker olive, but on the chin, and neck before the colours seem indistinctly blended, or clouded. In a third specimen, in the collection of Mr. Harrison, the chin is plain yellowish white. 41.—NEW-GUINEA CROW. Corvus nove Guinee, Ind. Orn.i. 156. Gm. Lin. i. 371. Daud. ii. 235. Shaw's Zool. vii. 354. Le Choucas de la nouvelle Guinée, Buf. ii. 80. Pl. enl. 629. Echenilleur, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xii. New-Guinea Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 381. SIZE of a Jackdaw; length twelve inches. Bill strong, black- ish: forehead, all round the bill, black, passing im a streak through the eyes, and a little behind them; head, neck, back, and upper part of the breast, dark ash-colour ; wings dusky, edged with white ; lower part of the breast, the belly, and vent, the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts white, transversely barred with black ; tail black; legs short, and dusky. Inhabits New-Guinea. ¥ CROW. 45 A.—Ind. Orn. i. 156. 14. 8B. Gen. Syn. Sup. 78. No. 18. This variety is thirteen inches long: irides reddish; head and neck bluish ash-colour ; upper part of the body and wings the same, but darker; the eyein a bed of black, lengthening behind as in the other; breast, belly, and vent pale ferrugmous ; quills and tail dusky ; the last pretty long, and rounded at the end; legs red-brown, scaly, and rough. Native place uncertain. On comparmg the above with the fol- lowing, or Papuan Crow ; it seems not improbable that they may be Varieties of one of the same species. 42.—PAPUAN CROW. Corvus Papuensis, Ind. Orn. i. 157. Daud. ii. 236. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 354. Choncari de la nouvelle Guinée, Buf. iii. 81. Pl. enl. 630. Echenilleur, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xiii.—female. Papuan Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 382. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill stout and black, top of the upper mandible somewhat angular ; at the base a few hairs, covering the nostrils; from thence to the eye a broad black streak ; upper parts of plumage fine blue grey, beneath dusky-white, crossed with dusky narrow streaks on the belly, and vent ; tail five inches and half long, blue grey; quills darker, and reach on the tail more than one-third ; legs dusky blue. One supposed to differ in sex, is much the same as to colour, but the trace to the eye less distinct, the under parts from the chin to the belly crossed with fine dusky streaks; the belly and vent are plain dusky white. Inhabits New Guinea. I find both the above well figured among Sir J. Anstruther’s drawings of the birds of India, and the name there A6 ~ CRow. given is Cuperssooa. Also in the drawings of Col. Hardwicke, which say, that they are called in Oude, Bessera ; and that the male weighs two ounces and three quarters, the female two and a quarter. Ano- ther figure in the last named drawings had the bill more strait ; general colour of the plumage as in the female, barred wholly beneath, but the bars less numerous ; lesser wing coverts blue grey, middle of the wing white, outer parts and quills black with pale fringes; one or more of the outer tail feathers white on the outer webs. Found at Cawnpore.—From the above description we may sup- pose that these birds are subject to much variety. 43.—BLACK-FACED CROW. Corvus melanops, Ind. Orn. Snp. xxiv. Echenilleur, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. |xi.—male Black-faced Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. uu. 116. LENGTH twelve inches; size of the Jay. Bill black, broad at the base, and stout, one mch or more in length, sharp-ridged, and furnished with a few bristles; tongue rounded at the end; whole face from the nostrils, forehead, chin, and throat black ; plumage in general bluish ash-colour, paler beneath ; under wing coverts, belly, and vent white; quills blackish, with pale edges; tail six inches and a half long, dusky black, the two middle feathers plain, the others tipped white, with most white on the outer ones; legs dusky blue black. Tnhabits New-Holland, and there called Kai-a-lora. Said to be a bird of prey. Among the drawings of Mr. Lambert is one with a bill apparently more stout ; the head black fora greater space beyond the eyes, and the plumage darker in general ; tail of one colour. One, in the collection of Gen. Davies, had the black occupymg half way on the neck before, and all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs black; toes cloven to their origi. Said to “be the male of the last. cRoW. 47 44.—BLACK-BREASTED CROW. Corvus melanogaster, Ind. Orn. Snp. xxv. Black-breasted Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 371. SMALLER than the last; length ten inches. — Bill black, with a minute notch at the tip; upper parts of the plumage from the crown to the tail coverts, and the wings, fine pale blue grey ; face beyond the eyes, chin, throat, and breast black; the rest of the under parts white; outer part of the wing and quills black, edged with white ; tail and legs black. Inhabits Port Jackson; has much affinity to the last. One of these, in the collection of Lord Stanley, is one. inch longer, and the nostrils, and sides of the head, taking in the eyes, black ; beneath, to the breast, the feathers frmged on the margins with whitish, and on the chin much more so, as to appear altogether grey; breast and sides white, transversely barred with narrow black lines, two on each feather; under wing coverts, belly, and vent pure white; tail about half the length of the bird, and somewhat forked, the outer feather being a trifle the longest; the quills reach about three-fifths on the tail; legs black, weaker in proportion than in the Black-faced Crow, yet may probably be a further variety. 45.—W HITE-NAPED CROW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, stout, strait, except at the end, where it is a trifle curved; nostrils elongated, colour pale blue, with a dusky tip; tongue short, pointed; plumage merely black and white; back part of the neck, lower half of the back and rump, the belly and vent white; on the wing coverts a long, curved, broad, white streak; the tail, which is 48 CROW. rounded at the end, white for three-fourths of the length from the base; the rest at the end black; the remaining part of the plumage is also black ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Mrs. Sherard. Known there by the name of Darrung.—General Davies. 46.—W HITE-CROWNED CROW. Corvus leucolophus, White-crowned Crow, Lin. Trans. vol. xi. 208. pl. 15. LENGTH eleven inches and three quarters; size of a Jackdaw. Bill one inch and a quarter Jong from the gape, and black; on each side of the upper mandible four or five black hairs; nostrils small, oval, not covered, but the short feathers of the front turn forwards, and approach very near them; forehead black, passing to the eye, and just surrounding it above, but beneath proceeding as a streak behind it for more than half an inch; the rest of the head, neck, and breast white; feathers of the crown longer than the rest, so as to form a fine crest, and stand nearly upright; the rest of the body, wings, and tail, ferruginous brown, and between the white on the neck and the brown, a band of rufous, surrounding the bird; tail four inches long, even, the feathers rounded at the end ; the quills reach very little beyond the base; legs stout, pale ash-colour; claws large, black, the hind one much larger than the others. Inhabits India, by the name of Rawil-Khuy, or Rawil-Kuhy. General Hardwicke. By the English is called the Laughing Crow ; they assemble in numbers from twenty to fifty, and make a noise exactly resembling many persons laughing together. This bird is common in the forests between Hurdwar and Sireenagur ; it feeds on the fruits which it there meets with. cRow. 49 47.—BLUE AND WHITE CROW. Corvus cyanoleucos, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxv. Blue and white Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 117, RATHER smaller than a Magpie. Bill yellow brown, formed somewhat as in the Thrush, with very few bristles at the base, and less stout than in the Crow Tribe; the forehead, chin, and throat white ; breast, and all beneath the same; from behind the eye a streak of white, growing broader as it passes down on each side of the neck, at the bottom of which it bends forward to join the breast; top of the head, all the neck behind, to beyond the middle of the back, deep blue; wings brownish blue, the ends of the quills brown ; the inner half of the wing coverts white, forming a broad streak ; lower part of the back, the rump, and tail white, but the ends of the feathers of the last are deep blackish blue; on the two middle ones to about one-third, occupying less of the feathers as they are more outward; tail rather long, even at the end, and the wings reach to about three-fourths of it; legs brown. Inhabits New South Wales, there called Karrock, met with in April. It is esteemed a rare species. 48.—_ BLACK AND WHITE CROW. Corvus melanoleucus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxv. Black and white Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 117. SIZE of the last; length twenty inches. Bill and legs dusky black ; irides bluish; chin, throat, middle of the greater quills, ramp, vent, and middle of all but the two centre tail feathers, white; the rest of the plumage black. Inhabits New South Wales, chiefly seen in May. YOu. IE. H 50 CROW. 49.—HOTTENTOT CROW.. Corvus Hottentottus, Ind. Orn.i. 156. Lin.i. 155.. Gm. Lin. i. 364. Bor. Nat. ii. 103. Daud. ii. 234. Thunb. Trav. ii. p. 11. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 351. Monedula Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 33. t.2. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i, 263. Gerin. ii. 36. t. 148. Choucas moustache, Buf. iii. 79. Pl. enl. 226. Hottentot Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 380. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length eleven inches and a.quarter. Bill black, a little bent, about the nostrils feathers like black. velvet; above them arise some long hairs, above three inches in length, and others shorter, and stiff like bristles, at the corners of the mouth ;, the feathers.on the head, throat, and neck shining black green; those on the upper part of the neck narrow, and longer than the rest, falling over the back, and waving with every motion thereof ;, the rest of: the plumage greenish black, appearing in some lights blue ; legs black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—M. Thunberg saw these sitting on the backs of cows at Honingklipp, and picking the ticks from them; they are also accustomed to take the wheat out of the field, immediately after it is sown. 50.—SIX-SHAFTED CROW. Corvus crinitus, Daud. ii. 253. —— sexsetaceus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 380. Le Sicrin, Levail. Afr. 1. 127. pl. 82. THIS, in make, shape, and size, resembles the Alpe Crow. . Bill yellow, inclining to erange about: the nostrils; which are not -quite covered \with hairs; -feathers of) the head soft, andvelongated: into a: sort of crest; the plumage in general glossy black, varying: some lights to green on the wings and tail;,over the: eyes, ferruginous, PL XL. CROW. 51 bounding the under part of the crest:; ‘from behind the eye on'each side, spring three long, naked shafts, endmg im points, the shortest seven inches in length, thesecond ten inches, and the third so long as to reach seven inches beyond the tail ; these°are> black, but the ends are more or less rufous; legs dusky black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—M. Levaillant met with two specimens, but could never find the Hottentot Crow, from all his enquiries. 51.—CRISHNA CROW.—PL. xt. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill more than one inch Jong, cultrated, highly bent, and notched near the end; tongue edged with bristles ; several black ones project over the nostrils and gape; feathers of the front erect, and from them proceed eight or nine long black bristles, which hang down.on the shoulders ; indes dark brown; the head and neck feathers narrow, and acuminated ; general colour of the plumage black, glossed in parts with green and blue; second and third quills nearly of equal length, the first rather shorter ; tail forked, consisting of ten feathers, bent towards the sides, the outmost six inches long, has a very narrow outer web, and towards the point turned up spirally ; legs black. This is the Crishna Rai, and Kishen Rai of the Bengalese, and an enemy to the common Crow; is named Crishna after one of the Hindu Deities, who is represented as of a shining black colour, with a crest on his head, having been a great warrior. It is common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta,* and builds among the Bamboos, living in pairs, and feeding on insects; remains there throughout the year.—Mr. Cook, Surgeon, of Sylhet, observes, that it is there called * And probably in that of the Kristna, a river of Hindustan, if similarity of sound can bear any weight. H 2 o2 CROW. Bujunga and Caprage, and that it imitates the voice of other birds, though the natives do not allow of it. Mr. C. adds, that in the cold season it visits the high mountains, but returns to the plains of oe at the commencement of the rains. Among the drawings of the late Sir J. Anstruther, I observed two of these birds, answering to the general description. From the forehead spring twelve or more bristles near three inches long, falling backwards on the shoulders; irides red; in one the neck feathers appear curled, and silky, with a green tinge; but those of the chin and throat have a gloss of blue; hence we may suppose the two glosses to arise from different reflections of light, but the general colour in both black, tinged with green, perhaps arising from sex. 52.— PURPLE-HEADED CROW. Corvus purpurascens, Ind. Orn.i. 161. Daud. ii. 251. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 368. Purple-headed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 83. BILL lead-colour; nostrils covered with feathers; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale rufous, beneath yellow, inclining to purple on the head; quills and tail black, the last rather long; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits China.—From the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill. 53.—MACAO CROW. Corvus Sinensis, Ind. Orn.i. 161. Daud.ii. 244. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 369. Pie de Macao, Son. Voy. Ind. 1. 187. Macao Crow, Gen. Syn Sup. p. 84. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter, stout, black, rather bent at the pomt; irides yellowish ; * From the papers of Dr. Buchanan.—The Philippine Shrike is also known at Hindustan, by the name of Bujunga. CROW. ; 53 whole face, including the eyes, black ; hind part of the head, nape, and neck fine ash-colour; chin, throat, sides of the neck and breast, brown; back the same, growing pale ash-colour towards the rump ; belly and thighs paler ash; vent pale red ; wings black, about the middle an irregular white spot; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers seven inches long, and ash-coloured; the others black, shortening by degrees, the outer one bemg only four inches and a half; legs black. Inhabits India: common also about Macao, in China; chatters like a Magpie ; is apt to vary much in plumage. 54.—PLAIN CROW. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch long, a little compressed, with a slight notch at the tip, and a few hairs at the base; nostrils covered with reflected bristles; the crown, and below the eye on each side ash-colour ; body above dusky black brown, towards the rump ash-colour; back and wings rufous brown; beneath dusky white; chin and throat streaked with ash-colour ; tail four inches long, even at the end, and with its coverts ash-colour ; quills dusky with pale edges ; legs black ; the quills reach half way on the tail. Place and manners unknown. 55.—HUNTING CROW. LENGTH thirteen mches. Bill strong, upper mandible crooked at the tip; colour orange; at the base, above the gape, fine black bristles ; nostrils covered with reflected feathers ; tongue cleft ; eyelids orange; irides crimson; general colour of the plumage sky-blue, with a tinge of verdigrise on the belly and sides; through each eye 54 cRow. to the nape a*broad black band’; the feathers of the crown elongated, so.as to form a crest at will; quills dusky, with an obscure, gilded gloss, ‘and a few nextthe body have white tips; lesser wing ‘coverts blue; the larger like the quills ; tail cuneiform, and disposed in two rows; the feathers for two-thirds of the length blue, then: marked with white‘on the inner web, after that black ‘on both \webs, \ with the tips white ; the two middle feathers rather pointed, have no black, but the tips are white hike the rest; legs orange, the hind toe very strong, and armed with a much larger claw than the others. This is the Shirgunge of the Bengalese and Musulmans ; and inhabits the hills of Tipperah and Sylhet. It is said to be capable of instruction, and may be taught to hunt like a Hawk, so as to catch small birds ; besides a kind of chattering like a Jay or Magpie, it has an agree- able note, and will become very tame. A.—Coracias Sinensis, Ind. Orn.iz 171. Gm. Lin. i. 381. Daud. ii, 265. Galgulus Sinensis, Bris. 1, 77, t.6. f.2. Jd. 8yo.i. 175. Corvus speciosus, Shaw’s Zool, vii. 364. Rolle de la Chine, Buf. iii. 1382. Pl. enl. 620, Chinese Roller, Gen. Syn. iv 414. Size of a Jay; length eleven inches, breadth fifteen. Bill and irides red; head and upper part of the body green ; through the eyes a black stripe; under part of the body, from chin to vent yellowish white, tinged with green; thighs grey; wing coverts olive brown; quills the same, with a mixture of chestnut in some, and those nearest the body tipped with white; tail five iches long, cuneiform, the two middle feathers the colour of the back, green without, and green- ish white within, after that dusky ; and lastly, greenish white at the tips ;-legs pale red—Such is the description given by Brisson, sup- posing the bird to be a Roller; but as the feathers fully cover the nostrils, and the legs are longer than are usual, added to the great similarity it bears to the Hunting Crow, we cannot but suppose it to be a Variety of that bird. cROW. 55 56.—BROWN CROW. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill very stout, yellow, with a notch near the tip of the upper mandible ;, nostrils covered with hairs; and. some longer than the rest ; body above pale brown, with dashes of darker brown or blackish ; breast paler than the parts above, a little mottled ; belly dusky white ; prime quills dusky, on the outer web tawny, to within half an inch of the ends; the inner webs the same, but for a shorter length; the first: quill very short, the third longest-of all; tail six inches and a half long, cuneiform; the outer feathers bemg only three and a half, all of them rounded: at the ends; legs very: stout, black. I found a specimen of the above in the collection’ of Mr. Lead- beater. 57.—BLUE JAY. Corvus cristatus, Ind. Orn. i. 158. = Lin. i. 157. Gm. Lin. i. 369. Borowsk. ii. 102. p. 9. A. Bartr. Tr, 286. Daud. ii. 248. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 359. Nat. Misc. pl.313, Garrulus Canadensis coeruleus, Bris) 11.54. t.4. f.2; Ids 8vowi! 170; Garrulus Indicus ceeruleus, Robert Ic. pl. 20. Pica glandaria cristata, Klein. dv.61. Rob. Ic. 1676. t. 14. Le Geay bleu du Canada, Buf. iii. 120. Pl. enl. 529. Blue Jay, Gen. Syn.i. 386. Arct. Zool. ii. 138. Catesb.i. t. 15. Edw. pl. 239. Am. Orn.i. pl. 1. SMALLER than our Jay. Length eleven inches; breadth fifteen inches; weight two ounces and a half. Bill black, and above one inch long; round the base of it black; the hairs covering the nostrils pale blue; through the eyes a black streak, passing to the nape; above this the feathers of the head are full, and may be raised as acrest, whichis blue; from thence the black streak passes forwards to the breast, there forming a crescent; breast blossom-colour ; belly and under tail coverts white; sides of the head and throat bluish 36 CROW. white; over the eye a spot of the same; neck behind, back, wings, and tail blue; all the feathers of the last, except the two middle ones, tipped with white, and nearly as long as the rest of the bird; both wing and tail feathers elegantly barred with black; greater wing coverts and second quills tipped with white; legs dusky brown. The female is less bright, and the white at the end of the tail smaller in extent. Inhabits America, common at New York and New England in April and May; feeding on hazel nuts, chestnuts, &c. breaking the shells with its bill; not seen farther north than Albany; fond of maize, and often seen in flocks of forty or fifty, which alighting ona field of ten or twelve acres, soon lay waste the whole; sometimes eats snails and other vermin; continues in Georgia the whole year, but rarely uniting into flocks, as in the more northern States; hence, although they will attack the tender ears of Indian corn, are much less destructive thereto than the Red-Headed Woodpecker, for they will frequently be satisfied with acorns and berries; the nest is built in the forks of oaks and pines, lined with fibrous roots, thirty feet from the ground or more, but concealed with so much art as to make it difficult to find; the eggs are white.* This bird has a variety of notes, and some musical; will learn to talk; extends to Paraguay; observed to inhabit an extent of country more than seventy degrees from east to west, and more than thirty from north to south. 58.—STELLER’S CROW. Corvus Stelleri, Ind. Orn.i. 158. Gm. Lin. i. 370. Daud.ii. 248. Shaw's Zool. vii. 365. Pica glandaria ccerulea non cristata, Bartr. Trav. 170? Steller’s Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 387. Id. Sup. ii. 111. Arct. Zool. iu. No. 139. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill black, at the gape five or six bristles ; head crested, the crest composed of narrow, brown feathers ; * Mr. Abbot.—In the Amer. Ornith. they are said to be dull olive spotted with brown. CROW. 07 the rest of the plumage purplish black, inclining to green on the rump; half the wing coverts brownish black, the others deep blue ; second quills deep blue, crossed with eight or nine black bars, as in the last species; greater quills black, edged with blue green, fore part of the neck and breast dusky; belly and vent pale blue; tail six inches long, cuneiform, blue, the outer feathers shorter by one inch than the middle ones, shafts black; legs black. Inhabits North America, in the woods of Nootka Sound ;* Steller was the first who noticed this species, being shot there when Bering’s Crew landed upon America. Mr. Bartram met with a bird in the journey between the lower trading house and Rock Point, supposed to be no other than this. He says, it is of an azure blue, no crest on the head, nor so large as the blue Jay of Virginia, but equally clamorous in the clumps and coverts. 59.—CHATTERING CROW. Corvus Jamaicensis, Ind. Orn.i. 154. Gm. Lin. i. 367. Daud. ii. 230. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 345. Cornix Jamaicensis, Bris. ii. p- 22. Jd. 8vo. i. 160. Cornix nigra garrula, Raii Syn. 181. Sloan. Jam. 298. Brown Jam. 473, Klein Av.d9. Corneille de la Jamaique, Buf. ii. p. 67. Chattering Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 377. SIZE of a common Crow. Length eighteen inches. Bill one inch and a half long, black; plumage in general, also the legs, black. Inhabits the north side of the mountains of Jamaica; makes a chattering noise, different from that of the European Crow, and is thought not to be strictly the same bird; it feeds on berries, beetles, &e. and by some esteemed good meat; is probably found in Georgia, * A Bird, not greatly differing, was met with in New Caledonia, described as a kind of Crow, not half so big; the feathers tinged with blue.—Cook’s Voy. ii. 124, VOL, 111. I 28 CROW. as Mr. Abbot mentions a Crow seventeen inches long, thirty-one inches and a half broad; the bill one inch and three-quarters long ; and observes, that the wings reach within one inch of the end of the tail. He adds, that it makes great havock in the fields, by pulling up the corn and maize, when they first spring from the ground, some- times in flocks, destroying the green or roasting ears. It also sucks birds eggs, and those of the great Land Tortoise, called Gopher, which are laid in the earth, at the entrance of their dens; is certainly distinct from the Carrion Crow,as Dampier* talks of that, and the Chattering Crow,+ as two distinct species ; both are said to be called, at Brazil, Mackeraw. 60.—DOWNY CROW. Corvus leucognaphalus, Daud. 11.231. Damp. Voy. p. 81. SIZE and shape of the Chattermg Crow, and the plumage as in that bird, of a full deep black, and furnished with fine white down at the base of the feathers; tail rounded, and reaching but little beyond the wings when closed. Inhabits Porto Rico. A specimen of one is in the Museum at Paris; it is probably allied to, if not the same as, the last described. 61.—FISH CROW. Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow, Amer. Orn. vy. p. 27. pl. 37. f. 2. THIS is sixteen inches long, and thirty-three in extent of wing ; the upper mandible notched near the tip, and the edges of both * Voy.3. p.73. + The Ani is also called the Chattering Crow. CROW. o9 turned inwards about the middle, with large and long recumbent hairs or bristles; irides dark hazel; plumage wholly black, with reflections of steel-blue and purple; the chin bare of feathers round the base of the under mandible; first quill feather little more than half the length; the fourth the longest, which reaches to within two inches of the end of the tail; this last is rounded, seven inches long. Bill and legs black. Inhabits North America, observed first on the sea coast of Georgia, approaching the shores of the river Savannah by break of day, retiring to the interior as evening cameon. Its food dead fish or other garbage, that floated on the surface of the water, and which it picked up on the wing, by means of the claws; will also perch on the backs of cattle like the magpie; is seen sometimes to pick up small lizards, while they are swimming with their heads above the water ; this sort never mixes with the common Crows, and is supposed, by Mr. Wilson, to be a new and undescribed species; both from the manners and yoice, which is more hoarse and guttural than in the common Crow; seen near Philadelphia, from the middle of March to the beginning of June; they build in tall trees, near the sea or shore, and fromthe circumstance of six or seven being usually seen together in July, it is probable that they have four or five young at a time. The male and female are much allied to each other. 62:—PERUVIAN JAY. Corvus Peruvianus, Ind. Orn.i. 161. Gm. Lin. i. 373. Daud. ii. 249. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 363. Geay de Perou, Buf. iii. 116. PI. enl. 625. Peruvian Jay, Gen. Syn.i. 391. Nat. Misc. V. 6. pl. 213. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill dusky; forehead, and a patch on each jaw, fine blue; back part of the head, from the eye to behind the neck, whitish ; sides of the neck under the eye, the chin, throat, 12 60 CROW. and breast black, the feathers appearing like velvet; from thence to the vent yellow ; back, wings, and two middle tail feathers green, the others yellow; shape of the tail cuneiform, pretty long; legs dusky. Inhabits Peru. 63.—PARAGUAN JAY. L’Acahé, Voy. d’Azra, iii. No. 53. THIS is thirteen inches and a half long. Bill black, strong, and strait, nostrils covered with feathers; the top and sides of the head black, soft, and velvety ; a pale blue patch on the hind head, reaching an inch on the neck ; another over the eye like an eyebrow, a third on the lower eyelid, and a fourth at the base of the under mandible; the top and sides of the head, whole neck, all the upper | parts and tail deep blue, end of the last white; under parts of the body yellow in the male, and whitish in the female; legs black. M. D’Azara thinks this to be the Peruvian Jay, but M. Sonnini esteems it distinct, and a new species; it certainly differs from that bird in many points, but possibly may be an incomplete specimen. It is said to be common in Paraguay; comes near habitations, and is often domesticated; the nest is not known, but a pair in confinement produced eggs, which were whitish, inclining to dull blue at the large end, and every where spotted with brown. 64.—YELLOW-BELLIED JAY. Corvus flavigaster, Ind. Orn.i. 162. Gm. Lin.i. 373. Le Garlu, ou Geay a Ventre jaune, Buf.iii. 119: Pl. enl. 249. Yellow-bellied Jay, Gen. Syn.i. 392. LENGTH nine inches. Bill stout, dusky black ; plumage on the upper parts of the body greenish brown, darker on the head and CROW. 61 nape; chin white, from thence to vent yellow ; down the middle of the crown a golden yellow streak ; over each eye, from the nostrils, a streak of white; wings and tail reddish brown, margins of the feathers paler; legs slender, short, and lead-coloured. Inhabits Cayenne. We have hitherto only seen figures of this bird, and it may admit of a doubt, whether it is different from the Brazilian Shrike; for if we compare Nos.213 & 249, of the Pl. enlum. very little difference will appear as to distribution of colours, however essentially they may be from each other mm the bill ; we are certain, from a specimen in our possession of the former, that this part in the PI. enlum. is much exaggerated, nor does the bill in 249, convey any other idea than belonging to the Crow Genus; hence we can only recommend the two birds in question to future investigation. 65.—LESSER MEXICAN CROW. Corvus Zanoe, Ind. Orn.i. 164. Gm. Lin. i. 375. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 367. Sturnus Zanoe, Daud. ii. 319. Pica Mexicana minor, Bris.ii. 44. Id. 8vo. i. 167. Tzanahoei, Rati. 162. Buf. ii. 106. Lesser Mexican Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 397. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill black; plumage in general blackish, but the head and neck incline to fulvous ; tail very long; legs black. Inhabits Mexico, has the manners and cunning of the Magpie, learning to talk like that bird; said to cry like a Starling, from which circumstance, we may suppose, M. Daudin thought fit to place it in that Genus. 62 CROW. 66.—CINEREOUS CROW. Corvus Canadensis, Ind. Orn. i. 160. Lin.i. 158. Gm. Lin. i. 376. Daud. ii. 250: Shaw’s Zool. vii. 365. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 21. f. 1. Garrulus Canadensis fuscus, Bris. ii. 54. t. 4. f.2. Id. 8vo. 1. 170. Geay brun de Canada, Buf. ini. 117. PI. enl. 530. Cinereous Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 389. Id. Sup. ii. 112. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 187. Ph. Trans. |xii. 386. LESS than the Jay, length ten inches and half; breadth fifteen ; weight two ounces and a half. Bill blackish; irides dark hazel ; forehead and throat dirty yellowish white; hind head and sides blackish brown; neck whitish ; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail brown, the last somewhat cuneiform, and tipped with white ; under parts of the body pale ash, lighter coloured on the breast ; legs blackish. Male and female much alike. The plumage of this species, especially about the head, is very soft, and loose-webbed, and so full, as to prove a very warm covering. Inhabits Canada, and breeds there early in the spring, chiefly in the pine trees ; laying three or four blue eggs, and the young fly in May ; is not gregarious; feeds on moss, worms, and flesh; mostly seen in pairs throughout the year ; are bold, pilfering birds, stealing from the traveller even salted meat ; devour the baits from the traps set for the Martins; said to lay up stores for the winter, when they approach habitations; do not bear confinement well, nor are the natives desirous of it, as they detest the bird. The natural note said to be like that of the Baltimore Oriole; and like our Jay, it will imitate others, so as to deceive many ; very frequent about Hudson’s Bay, and known there by the name of Whiskiyjohn, and Whiskijack ; seen more often on the ground than on trees; is for the most part solitary, being rare to meet with two or three together. CROW. 63 67.—CAYENNE JAY. Corvus Cayanus, Ind. Orn. 1. 160, Lin. 1.157. Gm. Lin. i. 370. Daud. 11.242. Shaw's Zool. vii. 360. Garrulus Cayanensis, Bris. 11.52. t. 4. f. 1. Id: 8vo.i. 169. Geay de Cayenne, Buf, iii. 118. Pl. enl. 373. Cayenne Jay, Gen. Syn. i. 388. Id. Sup.ii. p. 80. SIZE of our Jay; length thirteen inches. Bill grey, round the base of it, the forehead, cheeks, throat, and lower part of the neck black ; on each side of the head three spots of white; back, wings, and tail violet, with a tinge of ash-colour ; tail rounded, violet, with brown edges, and white tips; the two middle feathers violet brown ; legs grey. Inhabits Cayenne.—-In Brisson’s figure, the white spots are blended into one, and form a curved patch of white from the eye to the chin on each side; and in a specimen in the Leverian Museum, the whole space in front is black, except a small perpendicular dash of white under the eye. 68.—SURINAM CROW. Corvus argyropthalmus, Ind. Orn.i. 164. Gm. Lin. i. 369. Jacq. Vog. t.1. Shaw's Zool. vii. 366. Corvus Surinamensis, Gm. Lin. 1. 375. Surinam Crow, Gen. Syn.i.897. Id. Sup. 81. Brown Til. t. 10. SIZE of a Crow. Bill dusky; Head deep brown; at the back of it rich blue, beneath that pale green; under each ear, and on the hind part of the neck, a spot of the same; neck, breast, belly, and wing coverts deep changeable green; prime quills dusky, the ends rich blue; tail dusky ; legs flesh-colour. 64 CROW. According to Jacquin, the general colour of the plumage is black; irides silvery; above and beneath the eye a blue spot; breast and outer part of the wing, the colour of Prussian blue; tip of the tail white; bill and legs black. The first mentioned was in the collection of the late Mr. Tunstall ; the latter said to mhabit Carthagena, in South America, and there called Oiseau de Plata; has a monotonous voice, frequents woods, is easily tamed, and often kept in houses. 69.—_CLARK’S CROW. Corvus Columbianus, Clark’s Crow, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 20. f. 2. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill dark brown; the general colour of the head, neck, and body, light silky drab, darkening almost to a Dove-colour on the breast and belly, vent white; the wings, two middle tail feathers, and inner vanes of the next, except at the tip, black, glossed with steel blue; the second quills except three next the body, white for one inch at the extremities, forming a large bed of white, when the wing is closed; tail rounded, yet the two middle feathers are shorter than those adjoining, all the rest pure white; legs black ; claws hooked, particularly the middle and hinder one; the quills, when closed, reach to the end of the tail. Said to inhabit the banks of Columbia, and country adjacent, in great numbers ; frequenting the river and sea shore, where it pro- bably feeds on fish. It greatly resembles our Jackdaw, but the claws are formidable, and most likely enable it to strike living animals, CROW. 65 70.—BLUE-TAILED CROW. Turdus cyanurus, Ind. Orn.i. 361. Gm. Lin.i. 818. Corvus cyanurus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 384. pl. 47. L’Azurin, Buf. iii. 410. Id. iv. 470. Merle dela Guiane, Pl. enl. 355. Pitta, Breve, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. lvii. Blue-tailed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 88. Nat. Mise. pl. 617. LARGER than a Blackbird. Length eight inches and a half. Bill one inch, brown; top of the head to the nape black; from the nostrils over the eye, an orange band, meeting at the neck behind ; from the gape springs a broad stripe of black, including the eye, and passing on each side of the neck to the back; scapulars and adjoining wing coverts reddish brown; but those next the outer parts and quills are black, except the greater wing coverts, which have white tips, forming an oblique indented band on the wing ; tail only two inches and a half long, cuneiform, blue; all the under parts of the body, from the breast, transversely striped alternate yellow and blue; legs brown. Inhabits Guiana. A.—This variety differs a little from the former; the crown is black ; over the eye a yellow streak, changing at the back part into orange ; through the eye abroad black band ; beneath this, from the chin, a broad yellow one passing backwards on the sides of the neck ; upper parts of the body rufous brown; all beneath from the throat pale blue, nearly white; on the sides of the breast several curved orange lines; wings black ; on the outer edge, near the bend, a patch of white, and a few of the second quills have the ends white ; tail as in the other, blue; legs long, brown. VOL. Ill. K 66 CROW. B.—In the collection of the late General Davies we observed a further variety; length eight mches. Bill brownish yellow ; crown chestnut, paler over each eye, nearly orange; through the eye black ; chin and throat buff-colour ;‘ across the throat, above the breast, a band of blue black, arising at the nape; plumage above brown; five or six of the outer wing coverts black, with an oblique, longish spot at the tip ofeach, on the outer web; greater quills dusky; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers brown, the others blue; side coverts blue; legs one inch and a half in length; thighs three- quarters of an inch; colour brown; outer and middle toe connected to the first joint.—It has hitherto been a doubt where to fix this bird, partaking so much of both the Thrush and Crow as to create a difference of opmion among authors. We have now placed it with the Crows, led thereto by the opinion of Dr. Shaw ; in addition to which, M. Temminck prefers making it into a separate Genus, and taking in the short-tailed under the name of Pitta, or Breve. C.—Mpyiothera affinis, Lin. Trans. xin. p. 154. THIS is smaller than the last, being no more than seven inches and a half in length; the colour of the plumage above is rufous brown ; beneath the body pale fulvous, with numerous violet bands ; chin pale ; cheeks black ; continued in a broad streak on each side of the neck ; throat divided from the breast by a band of black, terminated posteriorly with blue in the male, and with dusky grey in the female; the upper part of the head in that sex is nearly the colour of the back, and the lateral stripes testaceous chestnut ; on the wings an irregular band of white, formed as in the first described, from the tips of the coverts being of that colour. Inhabits Java, known there by the name of Punglor. CROW. 67 71—SHORT-TAILED CROW. Corvus brachyurus, Ind. Orn. i. 166. Lin.i. 188. Gm, Lin.i. 375. Shaw's Zool. vii. 385. t.48. Nat. Misc. pl. 553. Merula viridis Moluccensis, Bris. ii. 316. t. 382. f.1. Id. 8vo. i. 246. Breve de Bengale, Buf. iii. 414. Pl. enl. 258. Tem. Man. Ed. i. Anal. p. lvii.— Pitta. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 398. SIZE of a Blackbird; length seven inches. Buil grey brown, corners of the mouth orange ; irides whitish; head and throat black; over the eye a fulvous stripe; hind part of the neck, the back and scapulars fine green: all beneath fulvous, under the wings black ; lesser wing coverts shining blue green; quills black, on the six first a white spot about the middle; tail not above one inch long, black, tipped with green ; legs dirty red. Inhabits the Molucca Isles. A.—Merula viridis atricapilla, Bris. ii. 319. pl. 32. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 246. Breve des Philippines, Buf. iii. 413. Pl. enl. 89. Gen. Syn.i. 398. A. This is rather smaller, has the plumage more or less green in parts, but differs in having the whole of the head and neck black ; the under parts not fulyous, but pale green, the lower belly black, with the tips of the feathers rose-colour. Bill and legs brown. Found with the former. B.—Coturnix Capenis, Klein. Av. 115. La Breve, Buf. iii. 413. Madras Jay, Raii Syn. 195. 12. t. 1. f. 10. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 399.37. B. Edw. pl. 324. Nat. Misc. pl. 353. In this variety the head is net black, but marked merely with three black stripes, one from the forehead, passing over the crown K 2 68 CROW. and nape to the back, and one on each corner of the mouth down the sides of the neck; over the eye an orange brown stripe, a white line through the eye, and a second under the black line on the sides of the neck ; plumage on the back and wings green, inclin- ing to blue on the lesser wing and tail coverts ; beneath from chin to vent buff-colour ; towards the vent reddish; quills and tail black ; the former white in the middle, with yellowish or white tips, the latter with green. Bill flesh-colour ; legs reddish yellow. Inhabits India.—One of these in General Hardwicke’s drawings, met with at Futtehghur, in June, called Norunga; is also found at Ceylon. C.—Breve de Madagascar, Buf. ii. 414. Merle des Moluques, Pl. enl. 257. Gen. Syn. i. 399. C. The head in this variety is blackish brown at the top, with a little yellow at the back and sides, bounded by a crescent of black, encircling the neck behind ; also two bands of the same, passing beneath the eyes, and terminating at the corners of the mouth ; breast white and yellow; beneath the body yellow brown; wings asin Var. A. Tail tipped with blue green. D.—Turdus triostegus, Mus. Carls. fasc. iv. 84. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 115. G. In this bird the head and nape are dull green, with stripes of black, as in Var. B. but that at the angle of the mouth is bifid ; beneath from the chin buff-colour; towards the vent rose-colour ; shoulders blue, also the ends of the tail feathers; on the quills a patch of white as in the others. M. Thunberg brought this from some of the East India Islands. cRow. 69 E.—Breve de Malacca, Son. Voy. Ind. 11. 190. t. 110. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 81. 37. D. This varies chiefly in having the head and back part of the neck black ; over the eye a greenish streak, bounded beneath with blue; chin white; fore part of the neck and back green; belly rufous, vent red. Inhabits Malacca. F:—Breve de Malabar, Son. Voy. Ind. 1. 191. Gen. Syn. Sup. 82. This differs principally in having the head and neck black; down the crown a longitudinal rufous stripe; breast pale rufous; belly, thighs, and vent red. Found on the coast of Malabar. G.—Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p 82. F. The crown in this variety is rusty-brown ; through the eye, and round the head a streak of black ; under this a collar of white; the upper parts of the body green, the under white; on the middle of the belly a red spot; vent crimson; quills black; tail green, tipped with black ; legs pale red. Inhabits China—from the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill. Independent of the above, we have observed some other dis- tinctions of less note, and therefore not worth discriminating; serving, however, to shew the great variety of this species, all of which are beautiful. Whether they may be more allied to the Thrushes, as some suspect, than to the Crows, is not easily to be determined, as their manners are as yet imperfectly known. In some India drawings one of these is called Gooda. 70 1 Garrulous Roller : 2 Bengal R. A Spotted R. 3 Indian R. 4 Long-tailed R. 5 Senegal R. 6 Abyssinian R. A Var. B Var. 7 Pacific R. IN this Genus the bill is strait, bending towards the tip, edge cultrated. ROLLER. GENUS XVI.—ROLLER. 8 Oriental R. 9 Specious R. 10 Cape R. 11 Madagascar R. 12 Blue-striped R. 13 Black R. 14 African R. A Var. 15 Black-headed R. 16 Docile R, 17 Varied R. 18 Striated R: 19 Streaked R. 20 Hairy R. 21 Mexican R. 22 Cayenne R. 23 Piping R. 24 Pied R. 25 Noisy R. 26 Fairy R. Nostrils narrow, and naked. Legs, for the most part, short. Toes placed three before and one behind, divided to their origin. 1.—GARRULOUS ROLLER. Coracias Garrula, Ind. Orn.i. 168. Lin. Syst.i. 159. Faun. Suec. No.94. Gm. Lin. i. 878. Seop. Ann.i. No.44. Brun. No.35. Muller. No:94. Bor. Nat.ii. 111. t.10, Daud. ii. 257. Bechst. Deutsch. ii. 472. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 388. +t. 50. Tem. Man. d’Orn: p.78. Id. Ed. ii. p. 126. Coracias coerulea, Gerin. ii. t. 153: Id. p. 45. t. 164. Galgulus, Bris.ii. 64. t.5. £.2. Id. 8vo.i. 173. Sch. el. t. 35. Cornix coerulea Gesneri, Raii Syn. p.49. Will. p, 85. Pica marina, Raii Syn. p.41. Will. p.89. Garrulns Argentoratensis, Raii Syn. p.41. 3. Will. 89. t.20. Klein. Av. 62. 7. Id. Stem. t.12. f.3.a.b. Jd. Ov. t. 8. f.1. Frisch. t.57. Die blaue Rache, oder der gemeine Birkheher, Schmid Vog. p. 46. t. 32. Nussheer, Mandel Haher, Wirs. Vog. t.5. Gunth. Nest.u. Ey. t. 34. Mandelkrahe, Naturf. ix. 3.49. ROLLER. 71 Gazza marine, Zinnan. Uov. 68. t. 10. f. 59. Rollier, Buf. iii. 135. t.70. Pl. enl. 486. Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 406. Id. Sup. p.85. Br. Zool. App. pl.2. ‘Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 300. pl. 38. Edw. pl. 109. Will. Engl. 131. pl. 20. Arct. Zool. ii. 235. G, Bewick. Birds, i. pl. p.85. “Donov. Br. Birds, ii, pl.33. Lewin. Birds, ii. pl. 42. Walcot,i. pl. 41. Orn. Dict. SIZE of a Jay; length thirteen inches, breadth two feet three inches. Bill black, one inch and a half long, strait, hooked at the point, beset with bristles at the base, but not covering the nostrils ; space about the eyes somewhat bare; irides of two circles, brown and grey; the head, neck, breast, and belly are light bluish green ; back and scapulars reddish brown; coverts, on the ridge of the wing, rich blue, beneath them pale green; upper part and tips of the quills dusky, the lower parts fine deep blue; rump the same; tail forked, light blue; the outer feather tipped with black above, and beneath with deep blue; the same with such parts of the quill feathers as are black above; the other tail feathers are dull green; legs short, and of a dirty yellow. The female has the head, neck, breast, and belly ash-grey, with little gloss, nor in that sex any where so brilliant as the male, which does not come to the complete plumage till the second year. This bird is sufficiently common in many parts of Europe, in most of which it is migratory. To the northward it is found in Sweden and Denmark; also met with in Russia, but only from the southern parts to the neighbourhood of the Irtish,** and none farther to the east; has a screaming voice, like a Magpie, or Jackdaw; said to build on birch trees, in preference to any others, laying as far as five eggs, of a clear green, sprinkled with innumerable dark specks; will also build in the holes of old oaks ;+ the chief food is insects. In Germany, Malta, and Sicily, these birds are so common, as to be sold in the markets and poulterers shops, for they are accounted good food, the flesh tasting like that of the Turtle; has been called the * Arct. Zool. + Dec: russ. i. 108. 72 ROLLER. Strasburg Jay, but for what reason it is not easy to say, since it is very scarce there. Adanson says,* they come to reside for some months of the summer in the south parts of Europe, going back to spend the remainder of the year at Senegal, where they are sometimes seen in flocks, with the Cardinal Sparrows. In its passage from Barbary to Europe, it frequently rests for some time at Gibraltar, though not in great numbers; and in respect to England, it is very rarely seen, not more than two or three ever having been met with. + On the Continent is often found in tilled grounds, with Rooks, and other birds, searching for worms, small seeds, and roots,+ and will sometimes make the nest in holes in the ground ; the nest said to be filthy, from the young evacuating themselves therein, whence it has by some been said to make the nest of excrements. This, perhaps, is the Shagarag of Shaw,§ which he met with in Barbary ; about the size of a Jay; body brown; head, neck, and belly, light green ; wings and tail spotted with blue; and is probably the bird which Russel found at Aleppo. || 2.—BENGAL ROLLER. Coracias Bengalensis, Ind. Orn.i: 168. Lin. Syst.i, 159. Gm. Lin.1. 380. — Bor. Nat ii. 112. Daud. ii. 259. Nat. Mise. t.273: Shaw’s Zool. vi. 390. Galgulas Mindanoensis, Bris. ii. 69. t.6. f.1. Id. 8vo. i. 174. Rollier de Mindanao, Cuit, Buf. iii. 144. Pl. enl. 285. Jay from Bengal, Alb.i. pl. 17 Bengal Roller, Gen. Syn. i. 410. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill blackish; top of the head green, verging to blue near the eyes; hindpart of the neck * Adans. Voy. + Br. Zool. Once killed in Sussex.—Lin. Trans. p. 14. + Also beetles and frogs. —Faun. Suec. § Trav. p. 251. || A kind of Jay, beautifully variegated with blue, green, and a sort of brown.—Russel. Alep. p. 70. ROLLER. 73 fulvous, tinged with violet; back and scapulars the same; with a gloss of green and olive; lower part of the back and rump blue, mixed with green; throat rufouswhite; cheeks and fore part of the neck violet, dashed with bluish white down the shafts; breast rufous, inclining to violet: belly, sides, thighs, under wing and tail coverts blue green ; lesser wing coverts deep blue; the greater outer ones blue grey ; those of the middle blue and green mixed ; the five first quills deep blue ; the middle of the outer webs blue green ; tail even, the two middle feathers dull green, tinged with blue down the shafts ; the rest blue for one-third from the base, then blue green, with blue tips; legs grey. Inhabits Bengal, and the Isle of Mindanao, where it is called Cuit. It may be suspected, that this is related to the following species, for the reasons therein given. One of these met with at Mosambique, by Mr. Salt. A.—Coracias Bengalen sis, Ind. Orn.i. p. 168. 2 var. Rollier tacheté, Daud. Orn. ii. p. 258. Spotted Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 120, var. Size of the Common Roller; length thirteeninches. Bill black; head rufous, with a whitish mixture in the face; general colour of the plumage rufous, tinged with dirty green on the back, and inclining to red beneath, marked with a longitudinal white stripe on each feather; wings dull, pale green; quills sky-blue; tail rufous brown, pretty long, and the feathers of equal lengths; legs dusky. A specimen of this bird is in the Museum at Paris, brought trom Senegal by M. Geoffroy de Villeneuve. It has been also killed in Caffraria, by M. Levaillant. It is probably a young bird of the Bengal Roller. VOL. Itt. L 74. ROLLER. . 3.—LONG-TAILED ROLLER. Coracias caudata, Ind. Orn. i. 169. Lin. Syst.i. 160. Gm. Lin.i. 380. Bor. Nat. ii. 112. Daud. ii. 260. Coracias Angolensis, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 394. t. 51. Galgulus Angolensis, Bris.1. 72. pl. 7. f.1. Id. Svo.i. 174. Rollier d’Angola, Buf. ii. 144. Pl. enl. 88. Long-tailed Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 409. LENGTH fifteen inches and a half. Bill blackish; hindhead and neck green; back and scapulars fulvous, glossed with green ; wing coverts, lower part of the back, and rump fine blue; throat, neck before, and breast violet, the feathers on the two first marked with a streak of white down the shafts; belly, sides, thighs, under wing, and tail coverts sea-green; quills the same for half the length, the remainder deep blue on the outer webs; shafts and imner webs black; tail feathers even at the end, except the outmost, which is twice the length of the others; the two middle ones are deep green ; the others blue-green, and the outer one, as far as it is longer than the rest, deep blue; legs grey. Inhabits Angola, m Africa, and probably differs from the last only in sex, m bemg a young male, which does not gain the elongated outer tail feathers till the second year. 4.—INDIAN ROLLER. Coracias Indica, Ind. Orn.i. 170. Lin. i. 159. Gm. Lin. i. 378. Daud. ii. 262. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 390. Blue Jay from the East Indies, Edw. pl. 326. Indian Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 412. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill black; crown of the head blue green; throat, neck, breast, and back reddish brown; sides of the ROLLER. 79 head and throat darkest, streaked with white; rump, tail, and under parts, from the breast, fine blue; tail even, the two middle feathers green, the outer ones blue at the bottom and tips, and sea-green in the middle; wings green and blue. Inhabits Ceylon, and various parts of India; not unfrequent on the Coast of Coromandel. Seems to be greatly allied to the Bengal Roller, if not the same bird. A.—This measures also eleven inches. Crown of the head furnished with loose feathers of a fine light verditer green; the rest of the head and neck deep blue black; those of the chin and sides narrow, and pale blue; back and second quills deep green; wing coverts and outer part of the wing deep blue; quills dusky, edged with blue; under parts of the body blue; rump the same, but brillant; tail three inches long, the two middle feathers deep blue black, the outer ones more or less paler blue; legs stout, short, and yellow-brown; claws black. This, in many points, agrees with the last description, but appears to be a stouter bird. 5.—_SENEGAL ROLLER. Coracias Senegala, Ind. Orn.i. 169. Gm. Lin. i. 379. Daud, ii. 261. —albifrons, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 392. Roller du Senegal, Buf. iii. 143. PI. enl. 326. Swallow-tailed Indian Roller, Edw. pl. 327. Senegal Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 408. LESS than a Jay. Bill black; the whole face, as far as the eyes, white; head, neck, and under parts of the body, upper parts of the wings and tail bluish sea-green; shoulders and quills deep blue; the outer feathers exceed the others im length, as in the last described. Inhabits Senegal. 76 ROLLER. 6.—ABYSSINIAN ROLLER. Coracias Abyssinica, Ind. Orn.i. 169. Gm. Lin.i. 379. Daud. ii. 260. ——-— albifrons, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 392. Rollier d’Abyssinie, Buf iii. 143. Pl. enl. 626. Sheregrig, Bruce’s Trav. App. pl. in p. 182. Abyssinian Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 404. LENGTH eighteen inches. Head, to beyond the eyes, white; the rest of the head, neck, and wing coverts, fine green; shoulders, quills, and rump blue; back, and second quills orange brown; tail asin the last described, and the general colours of the bird very. brilhant. TInhabits Abyssinia, and seems to vary but little from the Senegal Species, and perhaps not sufficiently distinct from the two preceding. Mr. Bruce calls this Sheregrig, and the Senegal one is named Shagarag, which appears to be the Barbary name for Rollers in general, therefore ought not to be appropriated to one species. A.—Length, to the end of the shorter tail feathers, eight inches, but to that of the exterior ones three inches and a half more. Bill dusky , head, neck, and breast pale ferruginous, or testaceous brown, with paler streaks; back black, or very dark brown ; from the breast, all the under parts and thighs fine blue; wing coverts the same, but black down the middle; the middle of the wing pale blue; quills deep blue, within black, the outer margins more or less pale blue ; tail pale blue, the feathers two inches and a half in length, except the outmost on each side, which is three inches longer; legs dusky yellow. From the drawings of Mr. Woodford. B.— One, similar to this, in the collection of General Davies, had the head and neck, to the breast, pale greenish grey, the feathers ROLLER. 77 appearing streaked; back deep brown; wing coverts fine deep blue; on the middle of the wing a pale blue, irregular patch ; rest of the quills deep blue, changing to black near the ends; under parts from the breast deep blue; tail bluish sea-green, with two elongated outside feathers, as in the last described; bill black, with a band of black passing through the eyes, and ending in a point behind; legs stout, black. 7.—PACIFIC ROLLER. Coracias pacifica, Ind. Orn. Sup: p: xxvul. Pacific Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 371. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs red; head and neck chestnut; down the middle of the chin and throat black, bounded on each side with a line of white; the lower part of the neck, from the chestnut, changes to green, and from thence all beneath paler green ; wings fine blue; base of the quills white, forming a spot when expanded ; rump, and upper tail coverts, green; the tail, and ends of the quills, dusky blue black. Inhabits Port Jackson, in New South Wales. 8.—ORIENTAL ROLLER. Coracias Orientalis, Ind. Orn.i. 170. -Lin.i. 159. Gm. Lin: i. 379. Daud.ii. 261. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 403. Galgulus Indicus, Bris.ii. 75. t.7. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 175. Colaris Orientalis, Lin. Trans. xiii: p. 162. Rollier des Indes, Buf. iii. 147. Pl. enl. 619. Colaris, Rolle, Tem. Man. Anal. p. liii. Oriental Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 411. Nat. Misc. pl. 509. SIZE of a Jay; length ten inches and a half, breadth twenty-two. Bill pale yellow, broad at the base, and more hooked than in any of 78 ROLLER. the Genus; head, and neck behind, brown; back, rump, scapulars, wing and tail coverts, green brown; throat fine blue, down the shaft of each feather a pale line; rest of the under parts blue green; quills mixed blue and black, on the middle a pale blue spot; wings longer than usual, reaching almost to the end of the tail, which is short, and even at the end; the two middle feathers green at the base, the rest of the length black, the others first blue, then green, with black ends; legs yellowish; claws black, Inhabits the East Indies. One of these, said to be a female, measured twelve inches in length. Bill and legs red; plumage in general brownish blue ; top of the head nearly brown ; middle of the chin deep blue, shafts of the feathers pale; wings, except the coverts, blue green; quills dusky, on the middle of the six outer a patch of glowing, pale, greenish blue; tail even, four inches anda half long, the base half dull blue, the rest dusky to the tip. 9.—SPECIOUS ROLLER. AMONG the drawings of Mr. Woodford is a Roller, which I cannot exactly liken to any other. The bill black ; crown of the head, and nape, pale dull green, streaked with brown; chin, throat, and sides under the eyes, streaked yellowish, rufous, and brown; back and scapulars rufous brown; rump heary blue green; breast rufous, from thence, to the vent and thighs, pale green; shoulders of the wings fine blue, the rest of the coverts mixed pale blue, the immer green; beyond this again deep blue; quills deep blue, but several of the outer ones pale on the outer margins in the middle; the tail three inches in length, nearly even, the two middle feathers pale brown, the others deep blue, crossed about the middle with a broad bar of pale blue green; legs rufous yellow. ROLLER. 79 A second of these answered to the same description, with the addition of two elongated feathers of double the length of the others, and these are green. How far the above birds have connexion with other long-tailed Rollers, 1 am at a loss to determine, but certainly they do not exactly coincide with any. In the wings and outer tail feathers they are most like the Bengal Species. 10.—CAPE ROLLER, Coracias Caffra, Ind. Orn.i. 170. Lin. i. 159. Gm: Lin.i. 379. Daud. 11. 262. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 398. Cape Roller, Gen. Syn.1. 412. THIS bird is said to be blue, with the outer edges of the quills luteous. The female of a bluish black. This very slight description, given by Linnzus, informs us in addition, that the bird mhabits Ethiopia. 11.—MADAGASCAR ROLLER. Coracias Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn.1. 170. Gm. Lin.i. 379. Daud. ii. 263. Shaw's Zool. vii. 404. Rollier de Madagascar, Buf.ii. 148. Pl. enl. 501. Colaris, Rolle, Tem. Man. Anal. p. li. i Madagascar Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 413. SIZE of the common Roller; length ten inches. Bill stout at the base, rather short, and yellow ; plumage im general rusty, purplish brown; rump and vent blue green; quills deep blue above, and blue green beneath, inner webs black; tail blue green, near the end a purplish band, the tip blue-black ; legs reddish brown. Inhabits Madagascar. 80 ROLLER. 12.—BLUE-STRIPED ROLLER.—PL. x11. Coracias striata, Ind. Orn.i. 171. Gm. Lin.i. 381. Daud. i. 264. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 396. Blue-striped Roller, Gen. Syn. i. 414. pl. xvi. LENGTH eight inches. Bill three quarters of an inch long, bent at the tip, and black ; irides red; general colour of the plumage deep blue-black, dashed with streaks of greenish blue; the tail and _ legs black. The female is cinereous grey; crown of the head darkest; wing coverts and quills black, edged with cinereous, but not streaked with blue; tail plam grey ; legs black. This we believe to be an exceedingly scarce species. ‘The figures were supplied to us by Sir Joseph Banks’s drawings, taken from specimens met with at New Caledonia, in the South Seas, by Dr. J. R. Forster. We have never seen more than a single, mutilated specimen of the male. 13.—BLACK ROLLER. Coracias nigra, Ind. Orn. i. 172. Daud. ii. 266. Shaw's Zool. vii. 396. Black Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 85. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, strong, curved at the point; nostrils at the fore part of a depression, not far from the base, and covered with a membrane; colour of the bill brownish horn; general colour of the plumage glossy black ; the outer quill half the length of the adjoining ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches long, the outer four and three quarters, the feathers rounded at the ends; legs deep blackish brown, the feathers hang over the joint, and are short and scaly; the middle toe very long, and the claw larger than the others. PI MEE. y Lis srified: Lie ROLLER. 81 One of these was preserved in spirits in the British Museum, but the place from whence it was brought not mentioned. We have seen a second, in the possession of Mr. Comyns, of Dawlish, which came from Ceylon. 14.—-AFRICAN ROLLER. Coracias Afra, Ind. Orn.i. 172. Daud. ii. 267. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 405. Wat. Misc. pl. 401. African Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 86. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill stout, yellow, bent at the tip ; plumage on the upper parts pale cinnamon, ‘beneath paler, inclining to lilac; vent, and under tail coverts pale blue green; quills deep blue; the ends of the two middle tail feathers black, the others blue green, tipped with black; legs brown. Inhabits Africa. Described from a specimen in the British Museum; it seems a stout bird in respect to the length. A.—Length eleven inches and a half. Bill stout, one inch and three quarters long, black, with a conspicuous hook at the tip, inside yellow ; upper parts of the head, back, and inner wing coverts fine cinnamon-colour, inclining to brown on the back; feathers of the crown elongated ; under parts of the body the same as the upper, but paler, streaked on the chin, throat, and breast, with dusky white ; outer wing coverts, and the rest of the wing deep blue, the colour paler at the base, and the inner webs of the feathers black ; tail near six inches in length, marked as the quills, but the two middle feathers are dusky, with a greenish cast; legs yellow, strong; claws black. Inhabits Abyssinia.—Mr. Salt. VOL. Il. M 82 ROLLER. 15.—BLACK-HEADED ROLLER. Coracias melanocephala, Ind. Orn.i. 170. Daud. ii. 267. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 397. Black-headed Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 86. SIZE of a Jay. Bill red; head and neck black; hindhead greyish; upper parts of the body bluish purple, the under white; quills brown; the two middle tail feathers blue, the rest purplish, all of them tipped with white ; legs red. Supposed to inhabit China.—Described from drawings made in that country. 16.—DOCILE ROLLER. Coracias docilis, Ind. Orn. i. 172. S. G. Gmel. It. iii. 378. t. 42. Daud. ii. 266. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 403. Docile Roller, Gen, Syn. Sup.ii. 120. SIZE of a Jackdaw. Bill yellow, rather bent, feathered on the sides, and the under part covered with white feathers at the base ; eyes black, round them dull grey, behind and beneath whitish, with a slight mixture of red; the upper parts of the head, neck, and breast, much the same; belly and vent chestnut brown; the nine first quills half white, half black, the rest wholly black; tail black, with the tip white. Tnhabits Persia; and, according to Gmelin, has obtained its name from imitating the words and actions of those around, such as crying, laughing, and the like. ROLLER. 83 17—VARIED ROLLER. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill stout, one inch and a quarter Jong, greenish yellow; irides red-brown; nostrils visible; plumage parrot green beneath, sides of the neck paler, inclmed to brown, and each feather marked with a slender white streak down the shaft, swelling in the middle; vent plain; second wing coverts and quills marked with a small white spot at the tips, and the latter with three or four spots of white down the shafts; greater quills brown, edged with green; tail four inches and a half long, even at the end, all but the two middle feathers tipped with a white spot; legs stout, lead-colour; claws hooked and large. Said to be a male bird. Inhabits New-Holland.—General Davies. Another specimen in the collection of Mr. Harrison; it is also in the Linnean Museum. 18.—STRIATED ROLLER. Coracias sagittata, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvi. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 400. Striated Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 122. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill, from the gape, one inch and a quarter, stout, red brown; head, neck, back, rump, and lesser wing coverts green, the shafts of the feathers dark, appearing as lines; on the chin and throat a mixture of ash-colour; breast and under parts dusky white, marked with black streaks, broader and bifid beneath, appearing like the barbs of arrows; under wing coverts and sides tinged with yellow green; greater wing coverts and quills dark within, and ash-coloured on the outer web, each marked at the tip with white; tail of twelve feathers, even, four inches and a half M 2 84 ROLLER. long, all but the two middle marked at the tips with a large oval white spot on the inner, and just tipped with the same on the outer web, deepest on the outer feathers; the legs stout, short, brown; claws hooked. | TInhabits New South Wales. In a drawing of this bird the tongue appears to be bristly at the end, not unlike that of the Honey-eater. 19.—STREAKED ROLLER. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill stout, brown, with a slight notch on the upper mandible, at the tip; plumage above olive brown, inclining to green on the rump; all the feathers streaked down the middle with dusky; from the bill a mottled paler streak, passing over the eye, and surrounding the hindhead as a wreath, but not eminently conspicuous; under parts, from the chin, white, with dusky streaks, most numerous on the breast; vent white; wings brown, the feathers edged with tawny; under wing coverts mixed pale tawny; tail four inches and a half long, even, brown, all but the two middle feathers marked with a large oval white spot on the inner web at the end, and just tipped with the same on the outer ; legs stout. Another, supposed to be a female, wanted the tawny edges of the coverts, and the wreath round the head less conspicuous. Inhabits New-Holland ; has some things m common with the Striated Roller, and might pass for a young bird, or differing in sex, but the feathers of the tail in this have the ends pointed, and more narrow than in the Striated, which has the tail feathers in general broader, yet the white ends in both are precisely the same, and therefore gives a suspicion of their being allied to each other. From the collection of Lord Stanley. ROLLER, 85 20.—HAIRY ROLLER. Coracias pilosa, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvii. — crinita, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 401. Hairy Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii: 122. THE bill and legs in this bird are dusky blue; neck, breast, and belly testaceous brown, streaked with white, the feathers rather loose and elongated; over the eye a streak of white, and through it a darker one; back and wing coverts green brown, edged with blue, and changeable purple; quills deep blue; upper tail coverts pale blue; tail long, even at the end, and the same colour as the quills, which, when closed, reach to about one-fourth of the length. Taken from the drawings of Mr. Woodford. 21—MEXICAN ROLLER. Coracias Mexicana, Ind. Orn.i. 171. Gm. Lin.i. 381. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 399. Galgulus Mexicanus, Bris. ii. 83. Id. 8vo.i. 177. Merula Mexicana, Seba.i. 101. t.64.5. Klein. Av. 62. 5. Mexican Roller, Gen. Syn. i. 413. THIS is much larger than the Missel Thrush. Upper parts of the body dingy rufous grey; the under parts and wings light grey, mixed with flame-colour. Inhabits Mexico. 22.—CAYENNE ROLLER. Coracias Cayana, Ind. Orn.i. 172. Gm, Lin. 1. 381. Daud. ii. 265. Shaw's Zool. vii. 400. Grivert, ou Rolle de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 134. Pl. enl. 616. Cayenne Roller, Gen. Syn.i. 415. LENGTH nine inches. Bill strong, reddish, a little bent at the point; general colour of the plumage brownish green; over the eye 86 ROLLER. a white streak ; chin white; bounded on each side with black; fore part of the neck and breast dirty white, or pale ash-colour ; tail cuneiform, the edges of the feathers greenish; legs longer than usual in the Roller, pale grey. Inhabits Cayenne; approaches greatly to the Crow Genus. 23.—PIPING ROLLER. Coracias Tibicen, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 405. Cassican, Tem. Man. Ed.u. Anal. p. li. Piping Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 122. LENGTH eighteen or nmeteen inches. Bill bluish white, two inches or more in length, strait, except at the end of the upper mandible, which is bent; tip black, with a very slight notch near the point; general colour of the plumage deep black, but the nape, wing coverts, some of the greater quills at the base, rump, vent, and base of all the tail feathers, for two-thirds of the length, are white ; the remainder of the tail is black, as is the whole of the outer feather on the outer web; legs dusky slate-colour. In some specimens those parts are cinereous grey which are white in others. Inhabits New South Wales, by the name of ‘Tarra-war-nang. It has a soft note, not unlike the sound of a well-toned flute; preys often on small birds. 24.-PIED ROLLER. Coracias varia, Ind. Orn. i. 173. Gm. Lin.i. 381. Nat. Misc. 781. Gracula varia, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 464. Cassican de la nouvelle Guinée, Buf. vii. 137. t.7. Pl. enl. 628. Barita, Cassican, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. p.hi. Pied Roller, Gen. Syn. i. 415. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill two inches and a half, bluish, with a dark tip; head, neck, and upper part of the back, black; the ROLLER. 87 rest of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, breast, and vent, white, inclining to blue on the breast; wing coverts black and white mixed; some of the secondaries black, some white; greater quills - black; tail five inches long, even at the end, and black; all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs lead-colour ; claws stout, sharp, and black. Supposed to inhabit New Guinea; seems of a doubtful Genus, between the Oriole, Toucan, and Roller, yet strictly belonging to neither. We have, however, placed it in that of the last named, till its character and manners may be better known. 25.—NOISY ROLLER. Coracias strepera, Ind. Orn.i. 173. Gracula strepera, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 462. Cassican, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. li: Reveilleur de Isle de Norfolk, Daud. ii. 267. Corvus graculinus, White-vented Crow, White's Bot. Bay, t. p. 25. Noisy Roller, Gen. Syn Sup. ii. 121. LENGTH nineteen inches; larger than a Jackdaw. Bill two inches and three quarters long, curved at the point, with a slight notch at the very tip, colour black ; nostrils elongated ; irides orange; general colour of the plumage black, the feathers about the head short and stiff; the first quill feather is half the length of the fifth, which is the longest of all; the first six are white at. the base, producing, when closed, a white patch on the wing; vent, and base of all the tail feathers white; tail eight inches long, even at:the.end, the feathers pointed at the tips, and marked on the innerwebs, with white, but the two middle ones are wholly black; the wings, when closed, reach more than half way on the tail; legs strong, feathered rather below the heel; hind toe very large and strong. 88 ROLLER. Inhabits Norfolk Island ; very clamorous, especially in the night; and called by our sailors a Magpie, perhaps on account of the colour, added to the similarity of voice. It is a very foolish bird, running after every person, and suffering itself to be knocked down with a stick ; most frequent in June. M.Temminck unites the three last described and our Blue-green Paradise Bird into one Genus, by the name of Cassican. 26.—FAIRY ROLLER. Coracias Puella, Ind. Orn.i. 171. Daud. ii. 264. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 998. Irena Puella, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 153. Horsf. Zool. Res. No.1. pl. of male and female. Id. Plate of Bills. K. a.b. Fairy Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 87. SIZE of a Jackdaw. Bill stout, black, rather broad at the base, and a little curved at the point, at the base a few hairs; head, sides, front of the neck, and all beneath black, belly dusky; nape, neck behind to the beginning of the back, and Jesser wing coverts fine splendid blue; middle of the back, and the rest of the wing black, with three or four spots of blue at the base of the quills; lower part of the back, rump, and vent fine blue; tail dusky blue; legs lead- colour; the wings reach just beyond the base of the tail. - Inhabits India, and there called the Blue Fairy Bird. In various drawings from that part, I observe that the blue differs considerably in shade, being in some much paler, and the tail blue-black, the blue upper coverts reaching to at least half the length of it. At Chittygong it is known by the name of Nealumpurry, and in some other places is called Ootrool. In one of the drawings of Lord Mountnorris’s Collection, it is said to have been met with at Malacca ; it also is found in Java, and there called Bressi, but is very rare, and does not exceed nine inches and a half in length; found also in Sumatra, under the name of Biang-kapoor ; is seen likewise in the adjacent Islands. ROLLER. 89 In Dr. Horsfield’s figures the tail of the male is full black; the plumage of the female chiefly of a dull blue, in some lights havmg an obscure reflection of sea-green; greater quills brown; the lesser and the greater coverts the same, edged outwardly with dull blue; wings and tail both brown beneath. Is said to mhabit woods and forests, feeding on fruits and wild grains, concealing itself on solitary- hills, distant from habitations, preferrmg rather elevated and cool situations. It is a most beautiful species. VOL, It. N 90 ORIOLE. GENUS XVII.—ORIOLE. 1 Black and yellow 19 Red-winged 41 Fork-tailed A Black and yellow Daw || 20 White-headed 42 Whistler 2 Red-rumped A Var. | 43 Red-breasted A Brown Cassique B Hudsonian A Guiana 3 Crested 21 Para B Bengal A Var. 22 Black-crowned 44 Rusty-crowned 4 Red-billed 23 Olive 45 Rufous-winged 5 New-Holland | 24 Blue || 46 Yellow-throated 6 Southern | 25 Crimson-billed | 47. Sharp-tailed 7 Ruff-necked | 26 Icteric | 48 Aoonalashkan 8 Rice , 27 Baltimore 49 Red A Hudsonian Thrush A Spurious | 50 Antiguan yellow B New-York Thrush | 28 Weever ; 51 Kink C Labrador Thrush 29 Bonana 52 Golden 9 Cowpen 30 Hang-nest | A Mango A Brown-headed Stare | 31 Chestnut and black || 53 Yellow B Lesser black | 32 Lesser Bonana || 54 Black-cheeked 10 Cayenne Olive || 33 Least Bonana | A Var. 11 Chestnut | 34 St. Domingo B Yellow Thrush 12 Carthagena || 35 Jamacaii C Var. 13 Red-headed 36 Yellow-winged || 95 Cochinchina 14 Mexican 37 Gold-headed || 56 Indian A New Spain | 38 White-winged | 57 Black-headed 15 Ring-tailed 39 Yellow-headed || 58 Mottled 16 Brasilian Ay Var: 59 Nun 17 Japacani 40 Schomburger | 60 Striped-headed 18 Grey | A Spotted Troupiale | 61 Yellow-backed THE Oriole has a strait, conic, sharp-pointed bill, the edges cultrated, inclining inwards, both mandibles equal. Nostrils small, at the base of the bill, partly covered. Tongue divided at the end. Toes three before and one behind, the middle one united to the outer near the base. ORIOLE. 91 These birds are for the most part mhabitants of America; are a noisy, gregarious, frugivorous, granivorous, and voracious race, very numerous, and often have pensile nests. Several are comprised in this Genus as Orioles, although mhabit- ing the Old Continent, from the similarity of bill, &c. and some from New-Holland, which, in our opinion, could not well be brought under any other Genus. The Golden Oriole, with all its branchings, is well known to inhabit only the Old Contment, and although called by some authors a Thrush, by others a Grakle, and agam supposed to approach to the Chatterer as well as the Oriole, it might seem doubtful where to place it. In this case, the manners will assist in forming a situa- tion ; and its making a pensile nest like other Orioles, determined our predecessor, Linnzeus, to add it to that Genus, and we of course cannot do better than to follow the opimon of so distinguished a naturalist. 1.—BLACK AND YELLOW ORIOLE. Oriolus Persicus, Ind. Orn.i. 173. Lin.i. 161. Gm. Lin. i. 388. Borowsck. i. 117. Daud. ii. 827. pl. 24. Onolus Cassicus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 413. Tanagra albirostris, Ind. Orn.i. 430. Lin. i. 315, 12 & 18. Mus. Adolp. ii. 31. Gm. Lin. i. 894. Cassicus luteus, Bris. ii. 100 t. 9. f. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 183. Pica Persica Aldr, Rati 424. Will. p. 90. Jupujuba, Raz 46. Will. 98. t. 23. Id. Engl.142. Spalowsck. Vog. ii. t. 18. L’Yapu noir et jaune, Voy. d’ Azara. ii. No. 59. Le Cassique jaune, Buf. iii. 235. PI. enl. 184. White-billed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 241. Black and yellow Oriole, Gen. Syn.iii. 418.. Id. A. 419. LARGER than a Blackbird ; length eleven or twelve inches ; extent of wings seventeen inches. Bill sixteen lines long, pale N2 92 ORIOLE. yellow ; irides blue; the plumage consists of two colours only, the greater part full black, but on the middle of the wing is a large patch of golden yellow; the lower part of the back, rump, belly, and vent also yellow ; and the tail, for three-fourths of the length, of the same fine yellow, the rest black ; thighs yellow, in some black ; legs blaek. Inhabits Brazil and Cayenne, and other warm parts of America, as far as Paraguay, and makes a most curious nest, in the shape of an Alembic, about one foot and half m length, composed of dried grass, and a substance like hair,* or what appears to be so: the bottom for one foot upwards is hollow like a purse, the remainder or upper part, for half a foot being solid ; and it hangs by the top, on the extremity of a branch of a tree; often built near houses ; and one tree has been known to contain above 400 nests; the bird said not unfrequently to bring up three broods in a year. A.—Black and yellow Daw of Brazil, Edw. pl. 319. Gen. Syn. i. 419. B. This seems a trifle bigger; has a purplish lustre in the black of the plumage, and some of the yellow feathers, which compose the spot on the wings, tipped with black. One of these in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, was named Assewaka; the feathers had a musky, castor-like, smell. * Probably the Tillandsia usneoides, which may easily be mistaken for horse-hair. The bird may perhaps be the Petite Pe of Fermini, but his description merely is, that the colours are prettily diversified, and yellow from the middle of the back to the rmnmp. He adds, that it easily learns to talk a number of words; makes the nest on the tops of high trees; lays six or eight eggs, spotted with black, living on insects, and small birds, also their eggs; advances by hopping, and always flirts up the tail; is bold enough to attack birds of prey, as well as leverets, and other such game.—Descrip. de Surin. ii. p. 167. ORIOLE. 93 2.—RED-RUMPED ORIOLE. Oriolus hemorrhous, Ind. Orn.i. 174. Lin. i. 161. Lin. Gm.i. 387. Shaw's Zool. vil. 417. Nat. Misc. pl. 365. Cassicus ruber, Bris. ii. 98. t. 8. f. 2. Jd. 8vo.i. 183. Daud. ii. 328. Cassique rouge, Buf. ii. 238. Pl. enl. 482. Red-rumped Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 420. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill sulphur-coloured, thick at the base, and passing far back into the forehead, where it is rounded, and bare of feathers; plumage chiefly black, with a greenish gloss ; the lower part of the back, rump, upper and under tail coverts* fine glowing crimson ; wings and tail dusky black ; and the quills, when the wing is closed, reach almost to the end of the latter; legs black. Inhabits Brazil and Cayenne, and called Cassique ; said to have the same manners as the former, making the same kind of nest, and building it promiscuously with that bird; hence, has been by some esteemed only as a Variety, but of this we are not competent to judge. At Berbice it is known by the name of Jabbani; about Brazil it is called Guasch. A.—Cassique brun, Orn. de Salerne 112. Gen. Syn. ii. 420. A. Tn this the whole body is black brown ; rump and upper part of the tail the colour of wine lees ; under tail coverts light yellow. This is found at Guiana, and known by the name of Quiacagou. Said to frequent shady places, near water, and to scream like a Jay. * One in the collection of Mr. Francillon, had the under tail coverts black, not red. 94 ORIOLE. 3.—CRESTED ORIOLE. Oriolus cristatus, Ind. Orn.i. 174. Gm. Lin. i. 887. Daud. ii. 326. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 414. Xanthornus maximus, Pall. Spic.vi. 3. t. 1. L’Yapu proprement dit, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 57. Troupiale, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. liv. Cassique huppé de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 241. Pl. enl. 344. Crested Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 421. SIZE of a Magpie; length eighteen inches and a half. Bill strong, two inches long, dirty yellow, bare, somewhat gibbous, and rounded at the base; nostrils in a furrow; tongue jagged ; irides blue; head crested; head, neck, and body, to the middle, black; beyond this, the rump, and vent, deep chestnut; wings black ; tail eight inches long, the two middle feathers brownish black, and seven-eighths of an inch shorter than the next on each side, but the shape is cuneiform, for the outer one is only five inches and a half long; all but the two middle feathers are yellow ; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne, and other warmer parts of America. One, in the collection of Mr. M‘Leay, received from Berbice, was called Boeke roe roe. The female is crested as well as the male; it lives equally on fruits and insects, but particularly on a sort of Grenadilla;* also another plant, called by the Creoles, Grains cols jaunes ; when the bird eats the latter, the excrement becomes yellow ; found for the most part in pairs or single, though sometimes in flocks of 100, perch- ing on the tops of trees; the nest in the shape of a purse, three feet in length, and ten inches broad at the lower end, which is hemispheri- cal, the entrance at top, the bottom furnished within with a thick bed of dry leaves, and hung from the ends of branches, sometimes six hanging on the same tree; it is constructed of fine strips of the Caraguata, + * Passiflora lauriflora. + Tillandsia, as before mentioned under the first Species. ORIOLE. 95 interwoven by the birds, both sexes of which contribute their labour, and the threads so fine as to be easily mistaken for horse hair; the eggs are not described, but the young said to be fed with worms, and the adults to be fond of oranges and ananas. M. d’Azara mentions one which had five white and yellow spots, irregularly placed, at the beginning of the back, and upper tail coverts. Found at Paraguay, but not common, nor seen beyond the 26th degree of latitude; has a loud cry, but not disagreeable; the common name Yapu,* also Yapuri and Acahé-saiyu, or Yellow Acahé. A.— Gen. Syn. ii. p. 421. This is full twenty inches in length. The bill two inches and a quarter, yellow, with an orange tip; the feathers of the head elongated into a crest, as in the former, besides which, there are two slender feathers, two inches and a quarter long, springing from the hindhead, and hanging down behind; the plumage in general olive, with a hue of orange; lower half of the back, the rump, belly, and vent chestnut; tail rounded, the two middle feathers chestnut, the others yellow, but the outer one dusky on the exterior web; legs black. 4.—RED-BILLED ORIOLE. Oriolus cristatus, Ind. Orn.1. 175. y. Gen. Syn.ii. 422. B. — rufirostris, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 416, Xanthornus virens, Waturf. 18. s.1. tab, 1. Cassique vert de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 240. Pl. enl. 328. LENGTH fourteen inches, breadth twenty. Bill red; general colour of the plumage dull green, but the hind part of the body, * Yapu signifies Error. 96 ORIOLE. rump, vent, and thighs are chestnut; quills black; tail as in the others, the two middle feathers black, the others yellow. In the Pl. enlum. the two middle feathers are dusky black, but the exterior of the yellow ones dusky black on the outer web, for three quarters of an inch from the tip; the two middle in the plate of Waturforscher are dull green, and shorter than the adjoining, which is also seen m the first described. Inhabits Cayenne, Brazil, and Guiana, and though greatly similar, is probably distinct ; for, according to Sonnini, it does not associate, or frequent the same haunts. It generally builds on high trees hike the others, and the flesh is said to be well flavoured, not having the rank scent of castor, so observable in the first Species. 5.—NEW-HOLLAND ORIOLE. THIS is a large Species; length twenty-two inches. Bill stout, as in the Crow, but pointed at the end, in length two inches and a half, blackish, with a horn-coloured tip, the base for one imch, passing backwards, on the forehead, and rounded as in the Red- rumped Species ; nostrils a narrow slip, covered with a kind of flap; plumage cinereous grey, or pale soot-colour, beneath the same, but paler; belly and vent nearly white; the second quills very short, and the eight first are white for three-fourths of the length from the base within. Tail nine inches long, consisting of twelve feathers, in shape rounded at the end, the two middle ones more pointed than the others, and of one colour, the rest white for one inch on the imner webs, but the outer web is white quite to the end; the quills reach to about the middle of the tail; legs two imches and a half long, stout, the two middle and outer toes united at the base. Inhabits New-Holland.—Mr. Thompson. ORIOLE. 97 I observed another in the collection of Mr. Brogden, in which was a very minute notch near the tip of the bill; the feathers of the neck and breast of adowny or loose texture ; second quills white at the ends, the outer edges of the prime ones whitish ; tail feathers, the two middle ones excepted, white at the ends for full one inch. — Whether these slight differences refer to sex, or are Varieties, is quite uncertain. 6.—SOUTHERN ORIOLE. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill stout, slightly curved, with a minute notch at the tip, nostrils lnear ; tongue bifid at the end, full as long as the bill; irides yellow orange; head and throat dusky green; upper part of the neck, body, and wings olive-green, the middle of each feather marked with a narrow dusky streak ; throat, breast, and belly, dusky white, marked with longish dusky streaks ; vent plain; wings as the back, the margins of the feathers whitish ; greater quills black ; tail longish, rounded at the end, olive; the wings reach to one-fourth beyond the base ; legs stout, dusky blue. Inhabits New South Wales: manners unknown. One of these in a drawing had four of the outer feathers of the tail tipped on the inner webs with a spot of white ; legs black. 7.—RUFF-NECKED ORIOLE. LENGTH fifteen inches or more. Bill one inch and a half, stout, and pointed at the tip, the base above passing far back into the forehead, and rounded behind; general colour of the plumage fine glossy black, with a tinge of violet, green, and copper, in different VOL, Ill, oO 98 ORIOLE. lights; the feathers round the eye and chin short, like velvet; those of the neck much elongated, and capable of beimg erected, in the manner of the Ruffed Grous; the feathered part of the thighs reaches below the jomt; quills and tail deeper black, and have much less gloss than the other parts; the tail, somewhat rounded at the end, consists of twelve feathers, and is five inches and a half in length; when the wing is closed, the quills reach to about the middle of it; legs black ; outer and middle toes united at the base. Inhabits South America; brought from Trinidad by Lord Seaforth. Ts said to erect the feathers of the neck in a beautiful and singular manner. 8.—RICE ORIOLE. Oriolus niger, Ind. Orn.i. 185. Gm, Lin.i. 393. Shaw's Zool. vii. 442. —— orizyvorus, Ind. Orn.i. 176. Gm. Lin.i. 386. ——— ferrugineus, Ind. Orn.i. 176. Gm. Lin. i. 393. Daud.ii. 351. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 445. Cassicus niger, Daud. ii. 329. Shaw's Zool. vii. 439. Icterus niger, Bris. ii. 103. t.10. f.1. Zd. 8vo.i. 184. Cornix parva profunde nigra, Klein. Av. p, 59. Gracula ferruginea, Rusty Grakle, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 21. f. 3. Troupiale noir, Buf. ii. 320. Pl. enl. 534. Yapu noir, Voy. d’Azara,in. No. 58 and 60. Black Oriole, Gen. Syn. ti. 445. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 144. Rice Oriole, Gen. Syn.ii. 423. LENGTH nine inches; extent of the wings fourteen. Bill one inch and a half long, black, stout, sharp, and somewhat bent at the tip, the base passing backwards on the forehead, as in some of the former Species; irides silvery; plumage in general black, glossed with purple on the head, neck, and breast; tail five inches long, even at the end, and the wings, when closed, reach a little beyond the base; legs black; hind claws large. ORIOLE. 99 The female is one inch shorter. Head, neck, and breast wholly brown; over the eye a pale-coloured Ime; lore black; belly and rump ash-colour; upper and under tail coverts skirted with brown; wings black, edged with ferruginous: tail black, glossed with green. Young birds, of both sexes, have the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and back, margmed with ferrugimous, the rest of the plumage black, but less clear than in the adult. Inhabits various parts of America; comes into Pennsylvania, from the north, early in October, and associates with the Redwings, and Cowpens, chiefly in the corn fields, and where grasshoppers are plentiful, but is most fond of Indian corn; retires the middle of November. In Georgia frequents plantations, and there called Cowpen Blackbird. As this bird does not gain the full plumage the first year, it is often seen mixed with the young ones, which have variegated plumage, and will easily account for such bemg esteemed different Species. Said to build in trees, at about eight feet from the ground, making a nest of moss and grass, laying five dark-coloured eggs, spotted with black; is easily domesticated, but not frequently, as it is not valued for having any song. The Yapu noir of Azara seems to be this. He mentions the having a nest brought to him, found hanging at the ends of branches, and saw another, made of rushes and other flexible materials ; it was the size of that of the Crested Species, but narrower ; in this was an egg almost round, white, marbled with deep brown: the cry of this bird is Gaaa, at other times hike the word Pupui; is a solitary and rare Species, only found in the deep thickets. The three following appear to be the same, in different stages of plumage. A.—Turdus Hudsonicus, Ind. Orn. i. 362. Gm. Lin. i. 818. Vieill. Amer. ii. p. 16. Hudsonian Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 143. Arct. Zool.ii. No. 204. Length seven inches and a half. Plumage black, every feather more or less edged with chestnut: probably a young female. 02 100 ORIOLE. B.—Turdus Noveboracensis, Ind. Orn. i. 362. Gm. Lin.i. 818. New-York Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 144. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 205. In this, the head, neck, and breast, are mottled light rust-colour and black; back very glossy, edges of the feathers ferruginous; from the bill, above and beneath the eye, a band of black to the hindhead; belly dusky; wings and tail greenish glossy black. C.—Turdus Labradorus, Ind. Orn.i. 842. Gm. Lin.i. 832. Sturnus Jamaicensis, Daud. ii. 317. Labrador Thrush, Gen. Syn. ii. 46. Phil. Trans. 1xii. 400. Arct. Zool.ii, No. 206. General colour glossy shining black, varied with blue and green in different lights. The female dusky black, breast dark grey. Said to come in flocks to Severn River, in June, and to return South nm Autumn; suppposed to feed chiefly on worms and maggots; called at Hudson’s Bay, the Blackbird; lives among the willows, and builds in all sorts of trees. The three last, though hitherto ranked with the Thrushes, are no other than the Black Orioles, im various stages of life. 9.—COWPEN ORIOLE. Fringilla Pecoris, Ind. Orn.i. 443. Gm. Lin. i. 910. Emberiza Pecoris, Cow Bunting, Am. Orn. uu. pl. 18. f. 1, 2, 3. Sturnus stercorarius, Bartr. Trav. 289. Fringilla Virginiana, Bris. in. 165. Id. 8vo.i. 352. Le Troupiale commun, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 61.—male. Le Chapi, Voy. d’ Azara, ili. No. 62.—female. Le Brunet, Buf. iv. 138. Id. Tolcana, Buf. iii. 193. Troupiale de la Caroline, Pl. enl. 606. 1. Troupiale, Tem. Man. Ed. ii.Aunal. p. liv. Cowpen Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 269. Id. Sup. 165. Cates. Car.i. pl. 34. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 241. Gen. Zool. ix. 501. THIS is from seven to eight inches long, and eleven broad. Bill blackish ; head and neck fine brown, the rest of the body glossy black ; tail somewhat forked, or hollowed out in the middle. ORIOLE. 101 The female is less, all over brown; pale ash beneath, chin nearly white. Young birds have pale bills and legs, the plumage brown, and the margins of the feathers paler reddish brown ; chin, and middle of the belly white; under the eye an obscure dusky narrow streak, which bounds the white on the chin; just within the bend of the wmg an oval dusky patch. Inhabits America.—I am obliged for the above account to Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, who gives reason to suppose, that they vary greatly in different periods of age. They frequent places where rice grows, fly in flocks, both sexes generally together,* but are less common about Savannah, his place of residence, than in many others. I find from the Amer. Orn. that the length sometimes reaches to nine inches; that the young birds are altogether brown for a month or more ; bare of feathers round the eye and mouth ; breast spotted as in the Thrush, with light drab, and darker streaks: in two months after leaving the nest, the black begins at the shoulders, and gradually increases along each side, till the bird appears mottled on the back and breast, with deep black and light drab: at three months the colours are complete, and, except in moulting time, does not change colour : appears in Pennsylvania the end of March, or beginning of April, and departs in October ; called Cow Blackbird, Cowpen Bird, and Black Rice Bird. The female has the habit of laying her eggs in the nests of other birds, in the manner of the Cuckow, particu- larly in those of the Red-eyed Fly-catcher, Maryland Yellow-throat, Blue Bird, Chipping Sparrow, Golden-crowned Thrush, Yellow Bird, White-eyed and Small Grey Fly-catcher, and others; but the two first mentioned seem to be the favourite places of deposit. The bird lays but one egg in each nest; it is larger than that of the Blue Bird, dirty white, thickly sprinkled or granulated with pale brown ; * Mr. Wilson observes, that nothing like pairing, as in other birds, is discovered. 102 ORIOLE. generally appears in March, and departs about the end of October; passes the winter regularly in the lower parts of North and South Carolina and Georgia ; and is very common as far South as Paraguay ; and also at Buenos Ayres. In January, strmgs of them are seen for sale in the markets of Charles Town, for the use of the table: fre- quently accompanying the Red-winged Orioles, but oftener seen among cattle, feeding on seeds, worms, and such like, picked out of the excrements, hence called Cowpen Blackbirds.—M. d’Azara says, they build in the holes of trees, walls, rocks, and under the eaves of houses: the nest made with sticks and straw, lined with feathers, and other soft materials. A.—-Sturnus Junceti, Ind. Orn. i. 326. Razz. 168.—(Tolocatzanatl). obscurus, Gm. Lin.i. 804. —— nove Hispanie, Bris.ii. 448. Jd. 8yo.i. 283. Icterus Emberizoides, Daud. 11. 350. Oriolus fuscus, Gm. Lin.1. 393. Brown-headed Stare, Gen. Syn. ii. p. 11. Oriole, Arct. Zool. i. p. 259. This has the head rusty brown ; body and wings black, glossed with green; tail dusky.—Ray’s description is, less than a Starling, but like it in shape, wholly black, except the head, which is brown. Tnhabits New York, and other parts of North America. B.—Oriolus minor, Ind. Orn. i. 185. Gm. Lin.i. 394. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 443. Sturnus Mexicanus, Ind. Orn.i. 326. Gm. Lin.i. 804. TIcterus niger, Daud. 11. 351. Cotinga Mexicana, Bris. 11. 247. Id. 8vo. 1. 254. Caxaxtototl, Raitt 167. Buf. ii. 195. Petit Troupiale noir, Buf. in. 221. Mexican Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 12. Lesser black Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 446. Arct. Zool. 1. 144. Length from six to seven inches. Bill black ; irides reddish ; the whole plumage fine glossy black, tinged with blue about the ORIOLE. 103 head.—Ray’s description, from Fernandez, says, the bird is wholly deep blue or blackish, the size of a Starling ; yellow irides, and a longish, sharp-pointed black bill. There is scarcely a doubt of this, as well as the last, being allied to the Cowpen. In the collection of Lord Stanley is a bird supposed to be the same in early plumage; length seven inches ; general colour dusky olive black ; chin, neck, and breast, waved with grey, but not very conspicuous. 10.—CAYENNE OLIVE ORIOLE. Oriolus olivaceus, Ind. Orn.i. 186. Gm. Lin.i. 394. Shaw’s Zool.vii. 448. Icterus olivaceus, Daud. ii. 352. Troupiale olive de Cayenne, Buf. ili. 225. Pl. enl. 606. 2. Cayenne Olive Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 447. BILL black ; head, throat, and fore part of the neck: glossy brown, deeper on the throat, and inclming to orange on the breast ; quills dusky black, mixed with brown ; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne. 11.—CHESTNUT ORIOLE. Icterus castaneus, Daud. ii. 353. Olive Oriole, Var. Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 125. SIZE of the Olive Oriole. Bill black; head, neck, and general colour of the plumage fine velvet black ; throat; breast, belly, back, rump, and vent fine glossy chestnut; belly and thighs dusky ; wings and tail black; greater wing coverts tipped with white, forming. a transverse band of that colour ; legs black. The female is less deep in colour, inclining to brown above; and to rufous beneath ; vent grey. 104 ORIOLE. M. Daudin received the above from Cayenne, with the Olive Oriole, to which he seems to think it allied, if not the same in any change of plumage. It is said to make a plain, round, hemi- spherical nest, of dried roots and fibres, and that many nests are commonly found on the same tree. 12.—CARTHAGENA ORIOLE. Oriolus Carthagenensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxviii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 445. Coracias Cartagenensis, Scop. Ann. i. 40. Carthagena Oriole, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 126. SIZE of acommon Oriole. Bill and head black ; throat white ; back yaried rufous and brown; breast, belly, and rump yellow ; wings and tail rufous, spotted with black ; from the base of the upper mandible to the nape, on each side, a white streak. This was brought from Carthagena, in South America, by Cl. Jacquin, and placed in the Menagerie of the Emperor of Germany, at Vienna; it was an unquiet, and clamorous bird. 13.—RED-HEADED ORIOLE. Le Troupiale a téterouge, Voy. d’ Azara iv. No. 73. LENGTH eight inches and a quarter, extent twelve. Bill one mch, strong, strait, flattened at the base, but having the point as m other Orioles; tongue short, forked; head, and almost the whole neck before, a flaming red, so bright and glowing, that one might suppose those parts composed of glass instead of feathers; yet they are rough to the touch ; thighs bright orange ; the rest of the bird black, of which colour are also the bill, mouth, legs, irides, and ORIOLE. 105 edges of the eyelids; tail cuneiform, the outer feather half an inch shorter than the others ; legs covered with scales. Inhabits Paraguay, and from thence extends to the River Plata. 14.—MEXICAN ORIOLE. Onolus Nova* Hispania, Ind. Orn.i. 176. Gm. Lin.i. 885. Daud.ii. 341. Shaw's Zool. vii. 419. Icterus Mexicanus, Bris. ii. 88. Id. 8vo.i. 179. Acholchichi, Sebai. 90. t.55. f.4, Buf- iii. 206. Mexican Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 425. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill yellowish; head, neck, throat, quills, and tail black; neck, back, rump, breast, belly, sides, thighs, upper and under tail coverts, fine yellow; lesser wing coverts black, the greater tipped with yellow. . Inhabits Mexico. A.—Oriolus Costototl, Ind. Orn.i. 177. Gm. Lin.i. 385. Daud. ii. 841. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 440. Zool. Misc. tab. 2? Xochitototl, Razz, 167. Costototl, Id. 90. young bird. Icterus Nove Hispanie, Bris. 11. 95. Jd. 8vo.i. 182. Xochitol et Costotol, Buf. in. 210. New Spain Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 407. Size of a Starling. Head, throat, neck, back, rump, and upper tail coverts black; breast, belly, sides, and under tail coverts saffron- colour, mixed with black; thighs black ; wings cinereous, beneath mixed with black and white ; tail saffron-colour, varied with black. Inhabits Mexico. ‘The young birds are said to be yellow, except the tips of the wings, which are black. It is probable that the two last described form but one Species, of which the latter is the female, if not an imperfect male. VOL. II. P 106 ORIOLE. 15.—RING-TAIL ORIOLE. Oriolus annulatus, Ind. Orn.i. 177. Gm. Lin.i. 385. Daud.ii. 342. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 418. Icterus caudé annulata, Bris. ii. 89. Id. 8vo. i. 179. Cornix flava, Klein. Av. 59. Avis Ocotzinitzcan, Seb. Mus. i. 97. t. 61. f. 3. Arc en queue, Buf. ii. 207. Ring-tailed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 425. SIZE of a Pigeon. Bill yellow, a trifle bent at the point; head | throat, and neck, black; the rest of the body yellow, shaded with . a deeper colour on the upper and lower tail, and lesser wing coverts; the greater and quills blackish, edged with pale yellow; tail yellow, each feather marked with a broad, transverse, blackish band, appear- ing, when the tail is spread, as a crescent, with the concave part towards the bedy; legs grey. Inhabits America, where, according to Seba, it is accounted a bird of prey; how far it is an Oriole or not, must solely depend on his authority. 16.—BRASILIAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn.i. 177. Gm. Lin. i. 385. Daud. ii. 343. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 448. Icterus Brasiliensis, Bris.ii. 93. Id. 8vo.i. 181. Muscicapa e fusco et luteo varia, Sloan. 309. Raw Syn. 186. 35. Brasilian Oriole, Gen. Syn.i. 426. ENGTH four inches, breadth seven. Bill half an inch long, and black ; head and back hght brown, spotted with black ; tail one inch and a half long, brown; wings the same, with the ends whitish; about the eyes, the throat, sides of the neck, and tail coverts yellow ; breast the same, spotted with brown; belly white; legs brown, toes yellow. ORIOLE. 107 Inhabits Jamaica: common about the town of St. Jago, among bushes.— In Brisson, the size is said to be equal to a Starling, and if so, it must measure more than four inches. This species, therefore, wants further elucidation. 17.—JAPACANI ORIOLE. Oriolus Japacani, Ind. Orn.i. 177. Gm. Lin.i. 385. Daud. ii. 343. Shaw’s Zool. vu. 440. Japacani, Raii Syn. p. 84. 12. Will. 173. Id. Engl. 240. Buf. ii. 208. Japacani Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 426. SIZE of a Starling; length eight inches. Bill long, pointed, a little curved, and black; irides gold-colour; head blackish; hind part of the neck, back, wings, and rump varied with black and brown; tail blackish above, spotted with white beneath; breast, belly, and thighs mixed white and yellow, with transverse black lines ; legs dusky. These two species are made but one by Brisson, but they surely cannot be the same, the latter being twice the size of the other.— The description of the Japacani is from Margrave, as well as the size, not attending to the dimensions of Sloane’s bird ; though they are some what alike in colour to each other. 18.—GREY ORIOLE. Onriolus cinereus, Ind. Orn.i. 178. Gm. Lin. i. 386. Daud. ii. 8344. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 439. Icterus cinereus, Bris. 1. 96. Id. 8vo.i. 181. Ococolin, Tococolin, Rai Syn. 163. Buf. ii. 215. Grey Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 427. SIZE of a Starling ; the body variegated with black and yellow, : but the back, thighs, and belly, are aslicenlouel P 2 108 ORIOLE. ‘Inhabits New-Spain, in the forests, where it makes the nest, and brings up its young: is said not to sing: the flesh is savoury. The three last seem to merit further enquiry. 19.—RED-WINGED ORIOLE. Oriolus pheeniceus, Ind. Orn.i. 178. Lin. Syst.i. 161. Gm. Lin. i. 386. Daud. ii. 344. Shaw's Zool. vii. 421. Nat. Misc. pl. 341. Icterus pteropheeniceus, Bris. ii. 97. Id. 8vo. i. 182. Will. 302. Sturnus niger alis rubentibus, Klein. Av. 64. Sturnus predatorius, Red-winged Starling, Amer. Ornith. pl. 30. f. 12. Le Commandeur, Troupiale a ailes rouges, Buf. iil. 214. Pl. enl. 402. Acolchichi, Ratz Syn. 166. Will. Engl, 291. Red-winged Starling, Catesb.i. t.13. Gent. Mag. V. 22. t.p. 316. Alb.i. t. 38. Du Pratz.ii. 91. Kalm. Trav. t. p. 291. Bartr. Trav. p. 289. Red-winged Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 428. Arct. Zool. ii. 140. SIZE of a Starling; length nine inches. Bill black ; irides white; the whole bird deep black and somewhat glossy, except the shoulders of the wings, which are of a fine dull red ; the legs are black. The female is seven inches and three-quarters long, and twelve inches and three-quarters broad; the general colour brown, with every feather having avery pale margin ; beneath lighter, marked with irregular, dusky spots of brown; the sides of the head brownish, margined all round with very pale rufous, or nearly white, especially over the eye, where it appears as a white streak ; chin pale rufous orange. The young bird of the first summer is like the female, but more buff-coloured about the throat and breast; and the margins of the wing feathers broader, and brighter coloured than in the female; the shoulders of the wings obscurely marked with tawny red. Inhabits various parts of America, from Mexico to New York: frequents watery places, and builds in Jow bushes, in the islands ORIOLE. 109 within the ponds, the beginning of May; makes a strong and deep nest, formed outwardly with sticks, and dried stalks, lined with hay ; lays five pale black eggs, spotted with dark brown.* Catesby says, they attach the nest to the reeds; but if so, they must have two modes of building ; on all hands it is allowed to be a very destructive species, for they come often in such vast flocks, that at one draw of the net 300 or more have been taken. ‘These nets are spread in a bare path, at the side of a wood, and the place bemg strewed with rice, &c. it often happens that so many are taken, as to be obliged to kill most of them, in order to secure so vast a number. They are called by many Maize-thieves, from destroying that grain ; and first attack it while green, pecking a hole in the side, by which the rain gets in, and spoils the ear ; but some suppose the bird to do this m search of insects, which would ultimately destroy such ears. These birds are sometimes kept in cages, and have a pretty kind of note ; it is said also that they will imitate the human voice, but I suspect this to be a rare instance; nor does it appear that the flesh is well relished. + The Red-winged Orioles enter Pennsylvania about the 20th of March, and separate into pairs in three weeks after; the nest is found the last week in April, commonly made of rushes and tough grass, lined with bents, and secured to the adjoining twigs, though sometimes placed on the ground, or very near it; the young fly the middle of August, and often in flocks, at which time they resemble females. The brown continues to skirt the black feathers for a year or two, so that itis rare to find an old male entirely black, but the red is generally complete the following spring. ¢ One of these birds, completely white, was shot in the winter, in a plantation belonging to Mr. Read, about ten miles from Savannah. * Am. Ornith. says, faint tinges of light purple and long straggling lines and dashes of black. + Mr. Abbot. t Amer. Ornith.—Mr. Abbot sent to England a bird, having all the black feathers margined with fine rufous, which had the appearance of a young male— but it was larger than any full-grown bird, and he esteemed it a distinct Species, by the name of Streaked Oriole, 110 ORIOLE. 20.—W HITE-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 175. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 441. Ludovicianus, Gm. Lin. i. 387. Cassicus leucocephalus, Daud. ii. 328. Cassique de la Louisiane, Buf. iii. 242. Pl. enl. 646. White-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 422. Arct. Zool. ii. 147. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black, one inch long; head, neck, belly, and ramp, white; quills and tail changeable violet, bordered with white; the rest of the plumage white and black mixed; tail somewhat cuneiform, and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Louisiana, and other parts of North America. A.—White-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 88. Length nine inches and a half; breadth thirteen and a half; weight one ounce and three quarters. The head white, except a black spot on the crown; neck and breast glossy black, spotted with white; lesser wing coverts the same, but more faint; bastard wing white and black; outer quills white; the rest of the bird brownish black ; legs pale flesh-colour. This was brought to Mr. Hutchins, while at Hudson’s Bay, by the name of Wawpawchou Chuckithou, im July 1781. Said to associate with other Blackbirds, but not common. B.—Oriolus Hudsonicus, Gm. Lin. 1. 387. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 441. Hudsonian White-headed Oriole, Arct. Zool.11. No. 148. Gen. Syn. Sup. 88. sect. 2. This is about one inch and a half shorter. Head and throat white; ridge of the wing, first primary, and thighs the same, and a ORIOLE. VT] few oblong streaks of white on the breast; the rest of the bird dusky, glossed in parts with green. Found at Hudson’s Bay, with the former, and there can be little doubt of both being Varieties of the White-headed Oriole. 21.—PARA ORIOLE. LENGTH ten inches. Bill near one inch and a quarter, sharp, and black; from the nostrils a large, bare, dark-coloured space surrounds the eye, and continues behind, for some distance; another of the same on each side of the throat, on the sides of the under jaw ; head, neck, and beneath fine golden yellow; lesser wing coverts, and under the wing the same; the rest of the wing, back, and_ tail, fine glossy deep black ; tail rounded in shape, five inches and a half long, the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; the thigh feathers cover the jot before; legs black; claws hooked. A second was one inch shorter. Bill one inch; round the eye, and on the jaw bare, but the under part of the bill, and the bare parts are pale; the head, neck, wing coverts, and all beneath as in the other, but the colours less deep; it differs, too, in having the back of the head, from the middle of the crown to the nape, black ; the plumage, which is black im the other, inclines to brown, and the margins of the feathers dull yellow brown ; legs pale. ‘These birds are in the collection of Lord Stanley, and came from Para, in South America; they seem much allied to the Black- crowned or followmg Species, if not the same; but the bare cheeks are not mentioned in the description of that bird, nor is any such character observable in the Pl. enluminées. 112 ORIOLE. 22.—_ BLACK-CROWNED ORIOLE. Oriolus Mexicanus, Ind. Orn.i. 179. Lin.i. 162. Gm. Lin.i. 888. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 419. Icterus Mexiceaus, Daud. ii. 347. Icterus fuscus Nove Hispanie, Bris. ii. 105: Id. 8vo. i. 185.—female. Troupiale jaune a calotte noire, Buf. iii. 222. Pl. enl. 533.—male. Black-crowned Oriole, Gen. Syn. ti. 431. LENGTH eight inches and three-quarters. Bill yellowish ; head, throat, neck, breast, belly, sides, under tail coverts, lesser wing coverts, and beneath them yellow; crown, back, rump, and upper tail coverts black brown ; greater wing coverts the same, edged with yellowish grey ; quills and tail black ; legs yellowish. The female has the bill and legs pale: crown and under parts of the body dusky brown ; quills and tail dusky. Inhabits Mexico and Guiana. 23.—OLIVE ORIOLE. Oriolus Capensis, Ind. Orn.i. 184. Gm, Lin. i. 392. Shaw’s Zool. vu. 447. Icterus flavus, Daud. 11. 338. Xanthornus Cap. B. Spei, Bris. i. 128. Id. 8vo.i. 191. Carouge du Cap de B. Esperance, Pl. enl. 607. 2. olive de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 251. Olive Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 444. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 149. LENGTH seven inches. Bill brown ; plumage in general olive brown above, and yellow beneath; crown greyish; throat, and neck before, inclining to orange; edge of the wing yellow; coverts brown, margined and tipped with olive green; quills and tail brown, edged with olive; legs brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; varies in having the forehead, cheeks, and under parts yellow; the upper brown; wings and tail darker, edged with yellow. ORIOLE, 113 Buffon received one from Louisiana, which differed only in having the throat black, instead of orange, and the general colour inclining to olive, but he is doubtful if the same, being of opinion that no true Oriole is to be found on the Old Continent. 24.—BLUE ORIOLE. Oriolus ceeruleus, Ind. Orn.i. 185. Gm. Lin. i. 393. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 447. Icterus ceeruleus, Daud. ii. 339. Xanthornus ceeruleus, Bris. ii. 125. Id. 8vo.i. 190. Pall. Spic. vi. p. 3. a» Pica Maderaspatana minima, Raii 195. t.1. f. 11. Blue Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 444. BILL rufous; plumage in general black or ash-coloured, except the head, wings, and tail, which are blue. Inhabits Madras; called by the Gentoos, Peach-Caye. Dr. Pallas is of opinion, that it is certainly an Oriole, though the smallest of its race.** M. Fermin+ mentions one not unlike, at Surinam. Bill black ; head and upper parts blue, as far as the back; wings and tail black, on the former a long white spot;+ rest of the body sky blue. He adds, that it suspends the nest from the branches of trees. 25.—CRIMSON-BILLED ORIOLE. LENGTH six inches. Bill three-quarters of an inch, stout at the base, sharp at the pomt, and crimson; plumage fine blue, but the front, chin, and bend of the wing approach to white ; through the eye, from the nostrils, a broad black streak, inclosmg the eye, and ending at the nape in a point; quills brown; tail pale ash- colour, a trifle rounded at the end ; legs red. * Contra Xanthornus yerus est, quamvis in suo Genere minutissimus, et solo cyaneus, vigesimus octavus Brissonii: ZT Deser. Surin. ii. 171. ~ Can this Author mean the White-winged Oriole ? VOL. IT. Q 114 ORIOLE. A drawing of this is m the collection of Sir John Anstruther, said to inhabit the Eastern Islands in India; probably it may not very widely differ from the blue, or last described. 26.—ICTERIC ORIOLE. Oriolus Icterus, Ind. Orn.i. 176. Lin. i. 161. Gm. Lin. i. 384. Bris. ii. 86. t. 8. f. 1 Id. 8vo.i. 178. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 420. Icterus valgaris, Daud. ii. 340. Merula ex nigro-viridescente, &c. Gerin. 3. t.306. Coracias Xanthornus, Scop. Ann.i. No. 42. Pica luteo-nigra varia, Sloan. Jam. 301. t. 259. Razi 81. 10. Klein. Av. 63. 10. Turdus oculis ceeruleis, Klein. 69. 20. Id. 70. 33. Guira-tangeima, Rati 45. Will. 97. t. 43. Td. Engl. 141. Troupiale, Buf, iii. 203. t. 16. Pl. en. 532. Yellow and black Pye, Cates. Car. App. t. 5. Bonana Bird, Alb. ii. pl. 40. Brown. Jam. p. 447. Icteric Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 424. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length nine inches and half. Bill hoary, or black, with a brown base ; skin round the eye naked, and bluish ; irides yellow; head, and neck before to the breast, middle of the back, great part of the wings, and the tail black ; shoulders, and the rest of the bird golden yellow ; on the wing coverts an oblique bar of white, and a patch of the same on the quills; legs as the bill. In some birds the yellow is much deeper than in others, so as to be completely orange-colour. Tnhabits Carolina, also Brazil, and all the Caribbee Islands: feeds on insects; hops like a Magpie, but in its actions very lke the Starling; is ferocious, and will attack birds much larger than itself, for which purpose four or five will unite. In some places kept in houses tame, as it kills imsects of all kinds, making them its food ; will often tear up the cases of moths, which are spun up, for the sake of the pupz. ‘The nest is curious, as in many of this Genus, made m the form of a cylinder, and suspended from the end of the outmost ORIOLE. 115 branch of a tree, not unfrequently near habitations, and by this precaution it is safe from the plunder of other animals. One kept tame at Lady Emily Macleod’s, fed on any vegetable diet; was fond of the kernels of apples, and opened nuts given to it, without difliculty, for the sake of the contents. 27.—_ BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Oriolus Baltimore, Ind. Orn. i. 180. Lin. i. 162. Gm. Lin. i. 389. Borowsck. ii. 115. t. 11. Spalowsk. Vog. t. 4. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 425. Icterus Baltimore, Daud. i. 348. minor, Bris. u. 109. t. 12. f. 1. Id. Svo.i. 186. Klein. Av. p. 68. Le Baltimore, Buf. ui. 231. Pl. enl. 506. 1. Baltimore Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 432. Arct. Zool. i. 142. pl. 12. Cat. Car. i; pl. 48. Bartr. Tr. p.288. Gent. Mag. xxii. pl. p. 180; Amer. Orn. is pl. 1. £.3.-—-male. Id. pl. 53. f. 4.—female. LENGTH seven inches. Bill lead-colour; head, neck, and upper parts of the bedy black ; the rest of the body orange; also the bend of the wing and the lesser coverts; rest of the wing dirty brown ; greater coverts and quills black, the first tipped with white, making a bar on the wing; the last margined with white; the two middle tail feathers black, in shape somewhat forked, yet the outer feather is a quarter of an inch shorter than the others, so as to appear doubly rounded ; the four outer feathers are orange from the middle to the tips, the next just tipped with the same; legs black. The female has the head and back olive, edged with pale brown ; wing coverts the same, with a bar of white; under parts, and_ tail coverts yellow; tail dusky, edged with yellow. Tnhabits various parts of North America, often in flocks; migrating as far as Montreal to the North, and to Brazil on the South; most common in Virginia, The nest loosely constructed, of Q2 116 ORIOLE. some downy matter in threads, formed not unlike a purse, fastened to the extreme forks of the tulip, plane, or hiccory tree; there are four white eggs, marked with rufous spots; called by the common people Fire Birds, and justly, as they appear in their quick movements from tree to tree, like a flash of fire. It is generally three years before the plumage is complete; sometimes the whole tail of the male, in the spring, is yellow; at others the two middle feathers are black, and frequently the back skirted with orange, and the tail tipped with the same; feeds chiefly on caterpillars, beetles, &c.; has a clear mellow whistle, but it can scarcely be termed a song. A.—Oriolus spurius, Ind. Orn.i. 180. Lin. Syst.i. 162. Gm. Lin.i. 389. Bartr. Trav. 288. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 426. Icterus minor spurius, Bris.ii. 111. t. 10. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 186. Turdus minor gutture nigro, Klein. Av. 68. 14. Le Baltimore bastard, Buf. iii. 233. Pl. enl. 506. 2. Bastard Baltimore, Gen. Syn. ii. 433. Arct. Zool. ii. 143. Cates. Car.i. pl. 49. This is a trifle less than the other. Forehead and cheeks black, mixed with yellow ; hindhead and nape olive grey, with a few spots of black; upper part of the back the same, but more dull; lower part of the back, rump, fore part of the neck, to the vent, and under the wings, orange; wing coverts and quills deep brown, the greater tipped with dirty yellowish white; the two middle tail feathers are olive, then blackish, with a longitudinal yellowish spot at the end ; the next on each side olive and black, irregularly mixed; the four outer ones yellowish olive; legs bluish. This is, we believe, on all hands now acknowledged, as the female Baltimore, or, at least, the male, in imperfect plumage, in which state they differ greatly. We have seen several Varieties; in one, the parts above were olive brown; on the wings two bars of white, from the tips of the coverts; quills with pale edges; and the tail dusky; the under parts of the body olive yellow. Another was ORIOLE. 117 not unlike this, but the chin brown, and not black ; not far different from the Olive Oriole. Mr. Abbot thinks it distinct, under the name of Black-Throat. He says, the female differs in being paler, but is not a common bird in Georgia. 28.—WEEVER ORIOLE. Oriolus Textor, Ind. Orn.i. p. 180. Gm. Lin.i. 392. Shaw's Zool. vii. 429. Icterus Textor, Daud. ii. 349. Cap More, Buf. in. 226. Troupiale du Senegal, Pl. enl. 375. male. 376. female ? Tisserin, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. 1xx: Weever Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 435. SIZE of the Golden Oriole, but the wings shorter in proportion ; length seven inches and a half. Bill horn-colour; irides orange ; head brown, appearing gilded in the sun ; the rest of the body orange yellow; quills and tail dusky, edged with orange; legs flesh-colour. One, supposed to be the female, had the head, chin, sides, and fore part, to the breast, yellow; belly and thighs nearly white; hind part of the neck, and back brown; wings, tail, and legs as in the former. These were brought from Senegal, and supposed to be of opposite sexes, but after being kept for two years, the one thought to be a female gained the brown head; and in both birds the head lost its dark colour, and became yellow every autumn, regaining it in the spring; one of them, kept in a cage, had a sharp but lively note, and, having by chance got a bit of sewing silk, wove it among the wires, which being observed, more was put into the cage, when the bird interlaced the whole, but very confusedly, so as to hinder the greater part of one side of the cage from being seen through ; it was found to prefer green and yellow to any other colour. M. Buffon observed a similar occurrence in some in his possession, for having 118 ORIOLE. first entwined some stalks of pimpernel in the wires, some rush stalks were put into the cage, when they soon formed a nest large enough to hide one of them, but was eften deranged from day to day, as if the fabrication ef the nest im a state of nature was the work of both sexes, and if so, in all probability finished by the female. 29.—BONANA ORIOLE. Oriolus Bonana, Ind. Orn.i- 181. Lin. Syst.i. 162. Gm. Lin-i. 890. Bor. Nat. ii. 117. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 431. Icterus Bonana, Daud. ii. 332. Gabin. de Madrid, p.17. lam. 8. Xanthornus, Bris. ii. 115. t. 12. f.2. Id. Svo.i. 187. Icterus minor nidum suspendens, Sloane’s Jam. 299, t. 257.1. Fd. 300. 17. t. 258. 3 Rati Syn. 184. 27. Id. 167. 12. Xochitototl. Turdus minor varius, W/etn, Av. 6S. 13. Le Carouge, Buf. ni. 243. Pl. enl. 535. 1. Bonana Bird, Gen. Syn-ii. 486. Brown. Jam. 477. LENGTH seven inches, breadth eleven. Bill black, base of the under jaw grey; head, neck, and breast chestnut; upper parts of the back velvet black; the lower, lesser wing coverts, rump, belly, thighs, and under the wings deep orange red; greater wing coverts, quills, and tail black; legs grey. The female differs m being less bright. Inhabits Martinico, Jamaica, and other West India Islands. Et makes a nest of a curious construction, from fibres and leaves, in shape of the fourth part of a globe, sewed, with great art, to the under part of a Bonana leaf, so that the leaf makes one side of the nest. ORIOLE. 119 30.—HANG-NEST ORIOLE. Oriolus nidipendulus, Ind. Orn.i. 181. Gm. Lin. i. 390. Daud. ii. 233. Shaw's Zool, vii. 430. Icterus minor, &c. &c* Sloan. Jam. 300. pl. 258. 3. Raitt Syn. 184. Hang-nest Oriole, Gen. Syn. i. 437. THE bill, according to Sloane, is white, surreunded by a black line; crown of the head, neck, back, and tail, reddish brown; the wings deeper, intermixed with white, and a black line on the middle of the neck ; the sides of the breast, neck, and belly are of a feuillemot colour. He mentions a variety with the back more yellow; breast and belly light yellow, and the bill black. And adds, that this bird is common in the woods, and sings not unpleasantly; makes its nest of stalks, or inward hairs of Oldiman’s Beard, which is like horse hair, on high trees; such nests are often seen on the extreme twigs of the tallest, when the leaves are fallen off which hide them; known by the names of Watchy-Picket, Spanish Nightingale, and American Hang-nest. It seems to bear some aflinity to the Bonana, im respect to the nidification, but differmg im the materials with which the nest is composed. 31.—CHESTNUT AND BLACK ORIOLE. Oriolus castaneus, Ind. Orn. i. 181. Gm. Lin.i. 390. (Shaw’s Zool. vii, 427. Icterus varius, Daud. ii. 334: Le Carouge de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 607. 1. Onriolus mutatus, Orchard Oriole, Amer. Orn. i. pl. iv, Bastard Baltimore, Cates. Car. pl. 49. lower figure. Chestnut and black Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 487. Id. Sup. ii. 124. LENGTH six inches. Bill blue black; head, neck, breast, and to the middle of the back black; the lower part of the back, the 120 ORIOLE. rump, and all beneath from the breast, dull ferruginous; the lesser wing coverts the same, but the greater, the quills, and tail are black ; the second quills fringed on the outer edges with dusky white; tail much rounded, the two middle feathers two inches and three quarters, and the outer two inches and a quarter in length; two or three of the outer fringed at the tip with a very pale-colour; the wings reach one-third on the tail ; legs as the bill. The female is pale greenish brown above, and full yellow beneath ; crown dusky yellow ; wing feathers with very pale, nearly white, margins. : A young cock, of the second summer, is like the female, but the yellow more dusky; the chin, fore part of the neck, and throat black, which is seen at the base of the upper mandible, between that and the eye. A cock of the third summer is olive yellow, tending to brown above, yellow beneath ; some black markings at the beginning of the back, above each shoulder; wings dusky black, the feathers having pale edges; all beneath yellow; chin, throat, and neck black, as far as the ears, and even with the eye on the forehead: base of the tail mixed with black; on the breast a few markings of ferruginous orange ; the upper part of the tail plain olive. We are indebted for these observations to Mr. Abbot, who further informs us, that these birds frequent the sides of ponds in the spring, and first part of summer, sitting on the top sprigs of the saplings, or branches of the large pines, to warble out their notes ; as soon as the young are able to follow the parents, they all leave Georgia. The female begins to build the beginning of May, making the nest in the fork of a sweet gum tree,* curiously woven with the small stalks of a plant, like green hay, lined with wool, and lays five eggs, of a pale or whitish blue, marked or streaked round the larger end with dark brown. Young cocks have the manners of the old ones, smging * Amyris balsamifera.—Lin. ORIOLE. 121 as strong, and are in general more shy ; the colours in different birds also vary much, having more or less chestnut and black spots, and in the distribution of colours. One sent by Mr. Abbot, had the upper parts like a female, but more inclined to green ; beneath like that sex, but the yellow rather deeper; chin and throat black ; and from the nostrils to the eyes, the black margined beneath with a ferruginous tinge. This was probably a cock of the first summer, as, according to Mr. Abbot, they do not acquire the full plumage for three or four years. We have much the same account in the Amer. Ornithology, in which Mr. Wilson observes, that they generally make the nest ofa hemispherical shape, and suspend it from the twigs of an apple tree, usually in orchards; and that it is composed of a loose, tough, flexible grass, well knit and sewed together, lined with wool, and light down of the seeds of the Button-wood ;* and that the hen sits fourteen days. We learn, too, that the chief food is msects; and. the young birds are easily raised from the nest, bemg now and then kept for the sake of the song. 32.—LESSER BONANA ORIOLE. Oriolus Xanthornus, Ind. Orn.i. 181. Lin. Syst. i. 162. Gm. Lin.i. 391. Nat. Misc. pl. 243: Shaw’s Zool. vii. 432. Xanthornus Mexicanus, Bris. ii. 118. t. 11.2. Id. 8vo.i. 183. Icterus Xanthornus, Daud. ii. 334. Ayoquantototl, Ratz Syn. 171. Seb. ii. 102. t. 96. 4. Klein. Av. 54. 7. Petit Cul jaune de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 247. Pl. enl. 5. f.1. Lesser Bonana Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 438. Id: Sup. ii. 125. Edw. pl. 243. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill blackish ; face, throat, quills, and tail black; the rest of the bird bright yellow ; wing coverts black, chiefly edged with white, as are the quills within, towards the base; legs black. * Platanus occidentalis, Lin. VOL. Il. R 122 ORIOLE. Inhabits Jamaica, Mexico, &c. in some from the former place, the greater wing coverts were wholly white, and the yellow parts inclining to olive. Edwards's bird is bigger than that of Brisson: in the latter the lore and chin only are black ; but m the former the chin and throat also, and the coverts have a large portion of white; the yellow parts in Brisson’s are full and bright, but in that of Edwards of a greenish yellow. 33.—LEAST BONANA ORIOLE. LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill black; through the eyes black ; chin and throat the same; head, breast, and under parts fine yellow ; deeper and more inclined to orange on the two former; back, wings, and tail fine olive or yellow green; quills dusky, edged with the same ; tail rounded, plain; legs brown. A second of these had the wing coverts deeply margined with yellow ; the rump fine yellow, as well as the under parts of the body; legs brownish flesh-colour.—The chin in this bird is black, and cheeks under the eye, but not the throat; and being rather smaller, seems to prove it to differ in sex, or to be a young bird. 34.—SAINT DOMINGO ORIOLE. Oriolus Dominicensis, Ind. Orn. i. 182. Lin. Syst. i. 163. Gm. Lin. 391. Shaw's Zool. vii. 442. Icterus Dominicensis, Daud. ii. 335. Xanthornus Dominicensis,, Bris. ii. 121. t. 12. f. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 189. Le Guirahuro, Voy. d’Azara, iil. Nos. 64? 65? Carouge de St. Domingue, Bris. ii. 347: Pl. enl. 5. f. 2. Saint Domingo Oriole, Gen. Syn.ii. 439. LENGTH eight inches, breadth twelve inches and a half. Bill and legs black; general colour of the plumage black, except some of the lesser wing coverts, and lower part of the belly and vent, which are yellow. ORIOLE. 123 Tnhabits Mexico, Jamaica, and St. Domingo, where it is called Demoiselle ; and at Jamaica, Lesser Bonana Bird ; but whether any way allied to the last but one described, is uncertain, for it is known by the same name.* The note is said to be like that of a Golden Oriole, with the sharpness of that of a Magpie; and that these birds suspend their nests, which are in the form of purses, at the extreme twigs of large trees, especially when hanging over the river; it is also asserted, that in the nest are small partitions, im each of which is a separate nest ; these are very artful birds, and difficult to be taken. Le Guirahuro, of Azara, does not quite answer to our bird. He says, the bill is black, irides chestnut; head, and fore part of the neck dusky ; behind, and upper part of the back, quills, and upper wing coverts deep brown, lightly tinged with yellow, the same in respect to the upper tail coverts, which have, besides, a yellow margin; the rest of the plumage yellow.—If this be really the St. Domingo Species, it may not be in full plumage. It is very common in Paraguay, in the neighbourhood of water, especially on the River Plata, but not further South ; in small troops, but very shy ; male and female much alike. Said to form a suspended nest, hanging it between the thick reeds, more than a foot from the ground ; in one were three white eggs, spotted with rufous. 35.—_JAMACAII ORIOLE. Oriolus Jamacaii, Ind. Orn.i. 182. Gm. Lin.i. 391. Raitt Syn. 75. 4. Will. 173. t. 42. Id. Engl. 237. pl. 42. Salern. Orn. 221. t.16. 5. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 438. Xanthornus Brasiliensis, Bris. ii. 120. Id: 8vo.i. 89: Jamachai, ou Pic du Bresil. Robert. Ic. pl. 4. + Carouge du Bresil, Buf. iii. 249. Brasilian Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 439. LENGTH nine inches and three quarters. Bill black, base blue ; head, and fore part of the neck black, the rest of the body yellow; * Supposed by Buffon to be male and female.—Hist. Ois. iii. 247. t+ Robert’s bird has a black collar round the neck. R2 124 ORIOLE. between the wings a black mark ; wing coverts black, with a white spot in the middle; quills and tail black. Inhabits Brazil; makes a nest of rushes, lined with hair, and fastens it toa great leaf of a Bonana, by means of long threads, passing through the leaf, from the ribs to the edges alternately, and resembling a pouch. 36.—YELLOW-WINGED ORIOLE. Oniolus Cayanensis, Ind. Orn.i. 182. Lin.i. 168. Gm. Lin.i. 391. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 433. Icterus Cayanensis, Daud. ii. 336. Xanthornus Cayanensis, Bris. ii. 123. t.9. £.2. Id. 8vo.i. 190. Troupiale noir a couvertures des ailes jaunes, Voy. d’ Azara, in. No. 67. Carouge de St. Thomas, Buf. ii. 248. PI. enl. 535. f. 2. Yellow-winged Pye, Edw. 222. Oriole, Gen. Syn. 11. 440. SIZE of a Lark; length eight inches and a quarter, breadth thirteen. The bill, legs, and the whole of the plumage black, except a spot of fine yellow on the wing coverts; tail rounded at the end. This is in plenty about Paraguay, towards the 28th degree of latitude; less frequent at Buenos Ayres; inhabits the Island of St. Thomas; found at Cayenne, St. Domingo, and Porto Rico. Male and female much alike when adult, but do not gain the full plumage till the third year. pus aetna is é ey VY wre He G den ORIOLE. 125 37.—GOLD-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus chrysocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 183. Lin. i. 164. Gm. Lin.i. 395. Shaw's Zool. vii. 434. Icterus chrysocephalus, Daud. 11. 336. Xanthornus icteroceph. Amer. Bris. App.38. t.2. £.2. Id. 8vo.1; 192. Gracula chrysoptera, Merrem Ic. Av. Fasc.i. p. 10. t.3. Gold-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn, ii. 442. LENGTH eight inches. Bill black, a trifle bent; top of the head, and nape yellow; forehead, sides of the head, neck, back, rump, scapulars, breast, belly, upper part of the thighs, and sides shining black; lower part of the thighs yellow; upper and under tail coverts the same, but paler; lesser wing coverts beneath pale yellow, greater ones cinereous, mixed with yellow and black; above the lesser are fine yellow, the greater blackish; quills black, with pale edges; tail blackish, rounded ; legs lead-colour. In the Collection of Lord Seaforth was one, in which the tail was cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches long, the outer two and a half; in other things conformable to the above description. Brought from the Island of Trinidad. 38.—W HITE-WINGED ORIOLE.—PL. xu. Griolus leucopterus, Ind. Orn.i. 183. Gm. Lin. i. 392:° Shaw’s Zool. vii. 433. Oriolus melaleucus, Mus. Carls. Fasc. ii. t. 31, Tangara noir, Buf. iv. 257. Pl. enl. 179. 2. Troupiale des Bois noir 4 tache blanche, Voy. d’ Azara iii. No. 76. Guiana Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 225. the Male. White-backed Maize-thief, Arct. Zool. ii. 141. Kalm. It. ii. 274. White-winged Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 440. pl, in title page, rd SIZE of a Lark; length seven inches and three quarters. Bill and legs black ; general colour of the plumage glossy black, except 126 ORIOLE. the inner wing coverts, on which is a patch of white; under wing coverts white; tail three inches and a half long, even; the wings reach rather beyond the base. Inhabits Cayenne, and is the male of the following. Tangara noir, Buf. ii. 257. Pl. enl. 711. Guiana Tanager, Gen. Syn. ili. 225. the female. This is wholly rufous, inclining to ash-colour beneath; the bill is dusky ; legs yellowish. Inhabits Guiana, as well as Cayenne, in the more open spots, and lives on small fruits and insects; has a shrill voice, but not what may be called a song; generally seen in pairs, and never in flocks. 39.—YELLOW-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus icterocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 183. Lin.i. 163. Gm. Liu. i. 892. Shaw's Zool. vii. 434. Icterus icterocephalus, Daud. 11. 337. Xanthornus icteroceph. Bris.1i. 124. t.12. f.4. Id. 8vo. i. 190. Spalowsk. ii. t. 17. Cornix atra, capite, collo, pectoreque flavis, N.C. Petr. xi. 435. t. 15. Coiffes jaunes, Buf. ui. 217. 10. PI. enl. 343. Yellow-headed Starling, Edw. t. 323. Yellow-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 441. LENGTH seven inches. Bill blackish; base covered with short, black feathers; head, throat, and neck before fine yellow; the rest of the plumage black, not glossy ; the lore black; legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne. A.—Lengthten inches. Bill glossy black; head and neck before to the breast, fine deep yellow; lore and round the eye black; the rest of the plumage black, slightly glossed; some of the wing ORIOLE. 127 coverts are white, as also the bastard wing, forming an interrupted streak; under tail coverts mixed with yellow; tail even, four inches long; legs stout, black. A specimen of this was in the collection of Mr. Bullock ; it measured more in length than the other, yet agreed in too many points to form a distinct Species. 40.—SCHOMBURGER ORIOLE. Oriolus melancholicus, Ind. Orn.i. 184. Lin.i. 163. Gm. Lin. i. 392. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 435. Icterus melancholicus, Daud. 1. 337. Xanthornus nevius, Bris. ii. 126. Id. Svo.i. 191. Fringilla ex fusco et nigro varia, Klein. Av. 98. Schomburger Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 441. Edw. pl. 85. SIZE of a Lark; length six inches. Bill flesh-colour ; irides hazel; general colour of the plumage rufous brown, beneath the same, but paler, each feather marked with a blackish spot in the middle, except on the crown, where it is plain; lower part of the belly, thighs, and both tail coverts light brown ; scapulars the same, with a tinge of yellow ; cheeks and throat black, narrowing on each side of the neck, and ending in a point on the lower part of it, just above the shoulders; quills and tail blackish, the feathers edged with rufous; legs flesh-colour. The female is for the most part of a dingy yellow, blended with dirty white, giving an unpleasing uniformity. A.—Troupiale tacheté de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 123. Pl. enl. 448. Gen. Syn. ii. 442. A. In this the male has the throat white; a streak of the same through the eye, between two other black ones, parallel to it ; irides 128 ORIOLE. reddish orange; each feather black-brown in the middle, bordered with orange on the wings, tail, and lower part of the body; and with yellowish on the upper parts. Inhabits Cayenne. 41.—FORK-TAILED ORIOLE. Oriolus furcatus, Ind. Orn.i. 184. Gm. Lin.i. 395. Daud.ii. 354. Shaw’s Zool: vii. 432. Icterus cauda bifida, Bris. ii. 113. t. 10. f.2. Jd. S8vo,i. 187. Sturnus cauda divisa, Klein. Av. 64. Turdus niger Mexicanus, Sebai. 102. t. 65. f. 4. Fork-tailed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 443. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill yellow; plumage in general black, inclining to blue on the back, rump, quills, and tail ;. lower tail coverts white; tail long, and forked; legs black. Inhabits Mexico. 42.—WHISTLER ORIOLE. Oriolus viridis, Ind. Orn. i. 184. Gm. Lin. i. 395. Daud. ii. 352. Shaw's Zool. ii. 446. Icterus minor viridis, Bris. ii. 113. t. 10. f.2. Jd. Svo.i. 187. Troupiale de St. Domingue, Siffleur, Buf. il. 230. Pl. enl. 236. 1. Troupiale, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. liv. Whistler Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 448. LENGTH almost seven inches. Bill horn-colour; head, neck, and upper parts of the back olive-brown ; breast the same, tinged with rufous, forehead paler; lower part of the back, rump, belly, sides, upper and lower tail coverts, and lesser wing coyerts olive green; thighs, olive yellow; under wing coverts, and edge of the ORIOLE. 129 wing yellow; greater upper wing coverts brown, edged with yellow ; tail rounded, above dull olive, edged with olive green ; beneath olive green ; legs grey. Inhabits St. Domingo, where it is called Siffleur ; its note being a sort of whistle, and very agreeable.—Seems allied to the following. 43.—RED-BREASTED ORIOLE. Oriolus Americanus, Ind. Orn. i. 178. Gm. Lin. i. 386. Daud. ii: 343. Shaw's Zool. vii. 428. Merula Indica pectore cinnabarino, Raii 67. Will. 143. Klein. Av. 69. Tanagra militaris, Ind. Orn.i. 431. Lin.i. 316. Mus. Adolp.ii, 30. Gm. Lin. i. 895. Borowsk. iii. 174, Emberiza militaris, Amen. ac. iv. 241. Cardinalis fuscus, Bris. ii. 51. Fd. 8vo.1. 317. Buf.iv. 303.§ 7. Klein. 96. 16. Troupiale 4 Gorge ensanglantée, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 70. Troupiale de Cayenne, Buf. ii. 218. Pl. enl. 236. 2. Troupiale, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. liv. Greater Bulfinch, or Shirley, Edw. pl. 82 & 342. Bancr. Guian. 180. Osb. Voy.i. 329. Red-breasted Indian Blackbird, Will. Engl. 194. § 7? Mocking-bird of Guiana, Bancr. Guian. 177. Military Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 242. Red-breasted Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 430. LENGTH from six to seven inches. Bill dusky black ; general colour of the plumage dusky brown or black ; but the chin, fore part of the neck, and breast, are deep red; also the upper ridges of the wings; legs brown. This is the male. A.—Oriolus Guianensis, Ind. Orn.i. 179. Lin. i. 162. _Gm. Lin. i. 388. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 438. Icterus Guianensis, Bris. ii. 107. t. 11. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 185. Troupiale de la Guiane, Buf. iii. 218. Pl. enl. 536. Guiana Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 430. This is about seven inches long ; the plumage black, each feather margined with grey; beneath from the chin to middle of the belly VOL. Ill. s 130 ORIOLE. red ; the inner ridge of the wing is also red; tail somewhat striated with grey; legs brown. This is found with the former, and is probably the female, if not the young bird, which is subject to some variety, arising from different periods of age; some have the breast almost white, and are smaller, and in such the tail feathers are barred beneath with deeper and paler brown, and dashed with brown on the belly; in others the breast alone is red; and in one specimen only a few red dashes on the chin, and the breast not red; but in all the shoulders were more or less of the last-named colours. Dr. Bancroft’s bird is described with a flesh-coloured bill ; general colour of the plumage black; the chin, throat, breast, and margins of the wings, also the crown of the head, red. These birds inhabit Cayenne, Guiana, and other warm parts of America, and are said to make nests of a curious structure, cylin- drical, from twelve to fifteen imches in circumference ; these are fixed in a dependent manner, on the high branches of the tallest trees, and wafted in every direction by the wind, on which account their great length is necessary, to prevent the inhabitant bemg thrown out by every gust. The voice is sweet and harmonious, and sometimes imitates the notes of other birds. B.—Size of the other. Bill and legs pale; head, chin, and upper parts of the body, wings, and tail rufous brown ; throat, breast, and outer bend of the wing fine vermilion-colour ; thighs and vent rufous yellow. Inhabits Bengal, called there Rhoocorah, or Dirt-eater ; but why it has obtained that name is not said. _I_ have also seen a bird greatly similar, in drawings from China.—It is with great uncertainty that we join this with the others which are natives of America; to be justified only by external appearance. ORIOLE. 131 44, RUSTY-CROWNED ORIOLE. Troupiale a Calotte rousse, Voy. d’Azara, iy. No. 72. LENGTH seven inches, breadth ten. Bill stout, three quarters of an inch long, conical from the base, and pointed at the tip, colour pale lead ; the crown and whole top of the head fine ferruginous, in- clining to the colour of Spanish snuff ; chin and throat the same ; sides of the head, and all the rest of the plumage fine glossy black ; tail more than two inches long, even at the end, and the quills, when closed, reach to about one-fourth of the length ; legs rather stout, and black. Inhabits America.—M. Azara observed six of these together in Paraguay, said to have been met with in the marshes; one of them taken alive, and kept in a cage, lived for some time, and was fed with bruised maize.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 45.—RUFOUS-WINGED ORIOLE. Le Troupiale noir, 4 couvertures des ailes rousses, Voy. d@’ Azara iv. No. 74. LENGTH eight inches, extent ten. Bill stout, sharp-pointed, and black ; plumage wholly black, except a snuff-coloured spot, of half an inch in breadth, on the middle of the wing coverts; tail cuneiform ; the outer feather eleven lines shorter than the two middle ones; legs black. Tnhabits South America.—In Paraguay the Guaranis call it Guirahumi, (or Small Blackbird); makes a suspended nest, but neither long nor deep, attached to the end of the branches of the Palm-tree, but so shallow, that the sides scarcely rise above the thick bed of leaves, which serves for the linmg ; the eggs are three in number. $2 132 ORIOLE. 46.—YELLOW-THROATED ORIOLE. Oriolus virescens, Ind. Orn. 185. Gm. Lin.i. 393: Shaw’s Zool. vii. 444. Icterus virescens, Daud. ii. 185. Yellow-throated Oriole, Gen. Syn. Sup. 89. Arct. Zool. ii. 150. LENGTH nine inches, breadth fifteen and a half. Bill dusky; over the eye a bright yellow streak; cheeks and throat the same ; the rest of the plumage tinged with green; some of the wing coverts tipped with white ; legs dusky. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay. 47.—_SHARP-TAILED ORIOLE.—PL. xu. Oniolus caudacutus, Ind. Orn.i. 186. Gm. Lin.i. 394. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 436. Icterus caudacutus, Daud. ii. 354, Fringilla caudacuta, Sharp-tailed Finch, Amer. Orn. iv, pl. 34. f. 3. Sharp-tailed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 438. pl. 17. Arct. Zool. ii. 152. SIZE ofa Lark; length five inches and a quarter, extent of the wings seven and a quarter. Bill dusky; irides hazel; crown and cheeks brown ; above and below the latter, dusky yellow or orange ; from the forehead a broad stripe of ash-colour passes down the middle of the crown to the hind head, bounded on each side with a darker one; under parts from the breast dull, pale yellow, with dark brown streaks; the throat and middle of the belly white ; the back varied with ash-colour and black, and a few curved marks of white ; beneath the wings buff, spotted with black ; wing coverts and quills dusky, edged with light reddish buff; tail a trifle cuneiform, the feathers sharp-pointed, the colour much as in the quills, and seems obscurely barred with a darker colour; legs pale brown, or clay- colour. PL XLUOL Stra ip Lillie & ) ede ORIOLE, 133 Tnhabits America; not unfrequently found about New York. A specimen brought from thence in Miss Blackburn’s collection, from which Mr. Pennant obtained his description. Mr. Wilson observes, that it has the same manners, and associates with the Sea-side Finch, but is by far a less numerous species. 48.—AOONALASCHKAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Aoonalaschkensis, Ind. Orn.i. 186. Gm. Lin. i. 894. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 444. Daud, ii. 354. (Icterus). Aoonalashkan Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 447. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 151. LENGTH eight inches. Bill brown; plumage brown above, the middle of the feathers darker; between the bill and eye a white mark ; wing coverts and second quills edged with ferrugmous; prime quills brown; tail the same, with ferruginous edges; chin dirty white; on each side, under the throat, a diverging mark of brown; neck before, and breast rusty brown; middle of the belly plain; sides dusky ; legs brown. Inhabits Aoonalashka. 49.—RED ORIOLE. Oriolus ruber, Ind. Orn. i. 179: Gm. Lin.i. 388. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 429. Icterus ruber, Daud. ii. 346. Troupiale rouge d’Antigue, Son. Voy. 118. t. 68. Red Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 431: SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill blackish ; irides fire-coloured ; head, neck, back, and thighs vermilion red; quills, belly, and tail velvet black ; legs blackish. Inhabits the Isle of Panay. 134 ORIOLE. 50.—ANTIGUAN YELLOW ORIOLE. Oriolus flavus, Ind. Orn.i. 179. Gm. Lin.i. 389. Daud.ii. 347. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 420. Troupiale jaune d’Antigue, Son. Voy. 13. t. 69. Troupiale 4 téte jaune, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 66. Antiguan Yellow Oriole, Gen. Syn. 11. 432. SIZE of the last. Bull blackish; head, neck before, breast, and belly, the colour of yellow orpiment; neck behind, wings, and tail black, and like velvet; legs blackish. Found with the last—Said to inhabit also the New Continent, about the River Plate, in South America; called there Ventre-con- coloré. This M. Azara confirms, and that it is seven inches and a half long, and twelve broad ; very common in Paraguay, quite to Buenos Ayres, sometimes in flocks with other species, often approach- ing houses. Male and female alike. 51.—KINK ORIOLE. Oriolus Sinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 186. Gm. Lin. 1. 394. Oriolus Buffonianus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 437. Le Kink, Buf. ii. 253. Pl. enl. 617. Kink Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 448. SIZE of a Thrush. Bill reddish brown; head, neck, and upper part of the back greyish ash-colour; the rest of the plumage white ; quills the colour of polished steel, with a violet green gloss; tail short, rounded; the two middle feathers as the quills, with white tips; the two next the same, but the white increasing to the outer ones, which are mostly white, the base only being steel-coloured ; legs flesh-colour. Tnhabits China—seems a species between an Oriole and Thrush, partaking of both. ORIOLE. 135 52.—GOLDEN ORIOLE. Oriolus Galbula, Ind. Orn.i. 186. Lin. i. 160. Gm. Lin. i. 382. Act. Stockh. 1750. t. 3. £.5. Georgi. 165. Sepp.Vog. t. 11. Kram. 360. Bor. Nat.ii. 116. Faun. Arag. 72. Bechst. Deut. ii. 478. Id. Ed. ii. p. 1292. Gerin. iii. t. 307, 8, 9. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 408. pl.538. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 79. Id. Ed. 2. p. 128. Coracias Oriolus, Faun. Suec. No. 95. Scop. Ann.i. 45. Faun. Arab. 7. Turdus aureus, Klein. Av. 66. Id. Ov. t.9. f.2. Id. Stem. t. 14. f.8. a. Der gelbe Pirol, Goldamsel, Kirschfink, Schmid: Vog. p. 50. t. 38. Galbula, Raii 68. Will. 147. t.36. 38. Id. Engl. 198. (Witwall) Oriolus, Bris. ii. 320. Id. S8vo. 217. Hist. Prov. i. 491. Widewal, Pyrold, Frisch pl. 31. M & F. Die Golddrossel, Naturf. ix. s. 46. Kirschvogel, Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. t. 47. Oropendola, Gabin d. H. Nat. de Madrid, i. lam. 4. p. 9. Il Rigogolo, Cet. Uc. Sard. 79. Loriot, Buf. iii. 254. pl. 17. Pl. enl. 26. Voy. en Barb. i. 271. Yellow-bird from Bengal, Albin, ui. pl. 19? Golden Oriole, Golden Thrush, Gen. Syn. ii. 449. Id. Sup. 89. Id: Sup: u. 126. Br. Zool. App: iv. pl. 4. Id. 1812. 303. pl. 39. Lewin’s Birds, ii. pl. 48. Nat. Misc. pl. 285. Orn. Dict. &. Sup. SIZE of a Blackbird; length nine inches and a half. Bill brownish red; inides red; plumage chiefly fine golden yellow; between the bill and eye a streak of black; wings black, marked here and there with yellow; on the middle of the wing a patch of yellow; the two middle tail feathers black, the base of them olive, and the tips yellow; the others black from the base to the middle, from thence to the tip yellow ; legs lead-colour. The female is dull greenish where the male is black ; wings dusky ; tail dirty green, all but the two middle feathers yellowish white. The young birds resemble the females; at first are more spotted, but towards the end of August, the yellow begins to appear; they have a different note from the old ones, which is like the words Yo, Yo, Yo, sometimes followed by a mewing like a cat. 136 ORIOLE. This beautiful species is common in many parts of Europe, said to be plentiful in France in summer, and to breed there; migrates into England and Sweden, but at rare and uncertain periods; is mentioned as a Russian species ; comes twice a year into Switzerland ; found also in Carniola; is seen at Malta in September, on its passage southward, returning as spring advances to the north by the same track ; comes into Constantinople in the spring, and leaves it in Sep- tember; but remainsin Alexandria until November, when it departs; appears at Gibraltar the end of April, but only a few stragglers on their passage, their residence bemg im the more cultivated inland parts, where they meet with greater abundance of fruits, but some few never fail to stop in places where almonds, figs, cherries, oranges, pomegranates, pears, locust, and other fruits grow, taking up their residence among them for the summer , and in defect of other food, will be content with insects and their pupe. The nest is of a curious construction, not unlike some others of the Oriole tribe, in shape of a purse, fastened to the extreme forks of tall trees, and composed of fibres of hemp or straw, mixed with fine dry stalks of grass, lined with moss and lichen; eggs four or five, of a dirty white, spotted with dark brown, most so at the larger end; the female is so careful of her young, as sometimes to suffer herself to be taken with the nest and eggs; and has been known to sit upon them in a cage, till she died. The bird has a loud cry, to be heard far off, and it is said to whistle before rain.** The flesh is well relished, for Willughby mentions, having seen them exposed for sale in the poulterers shops at Naples; in short, they seem to be more or less frequent in the greater part of the old Continent. Russel found them at Aleppo, where they serve for food; the same in Egypt, where they are fifteen days in passmg.t There is no doubt of their being found in the province of Oude, m India, from whence drawings of both sexes have been sent to Lord Mount Norris, by the name of Pilluck. * Gesner. + Hist. Alep. ORIOLE. 137 A.—The Mango Bird found by Mr. Macneil in plenty in the Isle of Salset,** seems to be a Variety only of the above; general colours the same, but marked on the chin, throat, breast, and be- ginning of the belly with slender, dusky streaks; the two middle tail feathers olive-yellow, with bright yellow tips; the others, olive- yellow for half the length, then black, and lastly tipped with fine yellow; Mr. M. observes, that the notes are plaintive and melodious, though simple. Mr. Bartolomeo + likewise mentions another, found in India, and known at Malabar by the name of Magnakli. This is said to be entirely yellow, except the wings, which are black. The Variety of Golden Oriole, among Mr. Salt’s birds, differed in having a considerable portion of fine yellow on the margins of the wing coverts, so as to make them appear wholly yellow ; the margins also of all the quills are more or less yellow; and except the three outer ones, all are marked at the ends with the same; most of the second quills bifid at the tips, and broad; the two middle tail feathers are black, the very tips yellow, the next on each side black, with part of the outer edge and end yellow; the other four wholly yellow ; the imner one of these has the shaft black for one-third of the length. Bill and legs as in the European Species. 53.—YELLOW ORIOLE. Ampelis lutea, Ind. Orn. i. 368. Ampelis luteus, Mus. Carls. iii. t. 70: Yellow Chatterer, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 190. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black; at the gape a spot of white ; body above olive brown, beneath yellow, growing white towards the vent; rump yellow; the two middle tail feathers black, tipped with yellow ; the others dusky yellow; legs black. * Arche@olog. vii. 252. + Voy. to India, 224, VOL. III. T 138 ORIOLE. From whence the above came seems not to be known. The bill in Dr. Sparrman’s figure is a trifle bent, but very sharp at the point, more like that of an Oriole than of a Chatterer, as M. Sparrman calls it. Itis probably a Variety of the female of the Golden Oriole ; or a young bird in imperfect plumage. 54.—BLACK-CHEEKED ORIOLE. Loriodor, Levail. Afr. vi. 49. No. 260. RATHER larger than the Common Oriole, but much like it. Bill and eyes deep brownish red, at the base a few hairs; general colour of the plumage yellow ; through the eye to the nape a black streak, broader in the middle, and pointed before and behind ; wing coverts yellow, but some of them fringed with black ; quills black, more or less edged with yellow, having more yellow as they are nearer the back ; tail two inches and three quarters long, cuneiform ; the two middle feathers black, with a spot ef yellow, and pointed ; the others black, spotted with white, and the ends yellow, occupying a greater space as they are more outward, so that the exterior one is almost wholly yellow ; legs as the bill. The female is smaller, the yellow inclines to olive, and the black less pure. The young are olive-green, brownish on the wings and tail, and pale yellow on the belly and vent. Inhabits the South of Africa, and is there a Bird of Passage, being only met with during the time of incubation; after the fruit season departing elsewhere: the nest not met with: the song of the male is much varied. A.—Length nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, brownish red; plumage fine yellow; through the eye a black streak to the ORIOLE. 139 nape; lesser wing coverts yellow ; greater black edged yellow; quills, chiefly the inner, fringed with white ; tail black, the end for one-third yellow, but the two middle feathers only yellow for a quarter of an inch ; quills reach three-fourths on the tail; legs black. Tn the collection of Mr. Bullock. B.—Turdus flavus, Ind. Orn. i. 350. Gm. Lin. i. 836. Merle jaune de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. i. 193. Yellow Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 63. Size of a Blackbird. Bill red; irides grey ; plumage in general deep yellow, paler beneath ; shafts of the feathers white; eye sur- rounded with white feathers; from the upper mandible a band of black, finishing in a point beyond the eye ; legs red. Inhabits China. I find in Indian drawings one called Mutch- runga-Parowari: in this the upper parts have a tinge of green, the same streak through the eye; tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers yellow, the others black, spotted with white: probably this differs from the last described only in sex. 55.—COCHIN-CHINA ORIOLE. Oriolus Chinensis, Ind. Orn.i. p. 188. 6. Lin. i. 160. Gm. Lin. i. 383. — Gerin. iii. 320. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 412. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 152. Oriolus Cochinsinensis, Bris. ii. 326. t. 33.1. Id. 8vo.i. 248, Oropendula atris et aureis varieg. plumis, Ph. Trans. xxiii. 1397, Loriot, Tem. Man. Anal. ii. p. liv. Le Couliavan, Buf. iii. 262, I. Pl. enl. 570. Gen. Syn. iii. 452. C. Yellow Indian Starling, Edw. pl. 186. LENGTH ten inches. Bill yellowish; general colour of the plumage yellow and black, not unlike the others, but distinguished by having a black mark like a horse-shoe, across the crown, from T2 140 ORIOLE. eye to eye; wing coverts yellow instead of black; quills black, more or less, from the base, the rest of the length yellow, the latter occupying more space as the feathers are outward, the exterior being nearly all yellow; legs black. The female differs in having the colours less bright. Inhabits Cochin China, and there called Gouliavan; found also at Java, and called by the natives Kepodang. 56.—INDIAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Indicus, Bris. ii. 8328. Id. 8vo.i. 248. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 412. Ind. Orn. i. 188. «. Chlorio Indicus, Aldr. Av. i. t. 862. Johnst. p. 80. t. 41. Loriot des Indes, Buf. ii. 264. ITI. Gen. Syn. ii. 452. D. THE bill and legs in this bird are red, but in plumage it does not vary considerably from the last described; and like that, has the horse-shoe mark from the angles of the mouth, passing over the crown ; the wings are marked with bluish longitudinal spots, anda band of blue across the middle of the tail. Tnhabits the East Indies: varies but very little from the last. 57.—BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus melanocephalus, Lin. i. 160. Gm. Lin. i. 383. Shaw’s Zool, vii. 411. Ind. Orn. i. 187. B. Oriolus Bengalensis, Bris. ii. 329. Id. 8vo.i. 249. Pica Americ. luteo-nigra varia, Gerind. il. t. 158. Loriot, Tem. Man. Anal. pl. 54. Loriot de la Chine, Buf. iii. 262. II. Plenl. 79. Loriot Rieur, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 55. pl. 263. Yellow Starling from Bengal, Alb. 11. pl. 41. Black-headed Icterus, Edw. pl. 77. Gen. Syn. ii. 451. A. Nat. Mise. 473. LENGTH. nearly nine inches. Bill red ; irides hazel; head and throat deep black; quills black, marked longitudinally with yellow ; ORIOLE. 14] the rest of the bedy, and beneath, fine yellow; the two middle tail feathers yellow from the base to the middle, then black, with a yellow tip; the next yellow, with a large spot of black on the inner web, near the end, the others wholly yellow, shafts of all whitish ; legs dusky. That figured by Albin had the throat and neck before marked with minute brown streaks ; a variation arismg from age or sex. One of these, in General Hardwicke’s collection of drawings, said to be a female, had the head partially black, being dark green, with black streaks; general plumage pale yellow; greater wing coverts here and there streaked with dusky; quills dusky, margined with yellow; middle of the tail feathers marked irregularly with dusky; the forehead yellow; chin and throat white, the latter marked with a few narrow dusky streaks; bill black. Found at Calcutta; also at Madras, and other parts of India; called, on the Coast of Coromandel, Peercol and Peerool,* at Calcutta, Peeluck. M. Levaillant found it within the Cape of Good Hope, m the woods near Groote Vis Riviere, and: the Gamtoos. Nest and eggs unknown. 58.—MOTTLED ORIOLE. Icterus Maderaspatanus neevius, Bris.ii. 91. Jd.8vo. p.180. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 411. Ind. Orn. i. 187. y. Pica maderaspatana, Mottled Jay, Ratz 195. t.1. f.7. Gen. Syn.ii. 451. B. LENGTH near eight inches. Bill reddish brown; forehead, to the eyes, bright yellow; the rest of the head, throat, and neck black; the plumage otherwise fine yellow, dotted with black ; upper wing coverts, quills, and tail black. Inhabits Madras: Is called, by the Gentoos, Cundoe Vanga Pandooe. * The Golden Thrush is called in Silesia, Pirohlee—See Kramer. 142 ORIOLE. 59.—NUN ORIOLE. Turdus Monacha, Ind. Orn.i. 357. Gm. Lin: i. 824. Le Moloxita, ou la Religieuse d’Abissinie, Buf. iii. 406. Loriot Coudougnan, Levail. Afr. vi. 52. pl. 261. 262. Nun Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 77. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill reddish; head black, descending on the throat, and ending in a point on the breast; upper parts of the body yellow, more or less tinged with brown ; the under pale yellow; wing coverts and tail feathers brown, bordered with yellow, the end rounded; quills blackish, edged with hght grey ; legs cmereous. Inhabits the woods of Abyssinia, and feeds on berries and fruits ; found frequently on trees, growing on the edges of precipices, which renders it difficult to shoot, or to obtain afterwards. M. Levaillant says, the female is smaller, the colours more dull, and the young even more so; found very abundant in all the forests East of Africa, from Brak Rivier to the Caffres; the nest of twigs, fine roots, and moss, lined with feathers; eggs dirty white, with brown spots, encircling the larger end; the notes very agreeable, and it imitates those of other birds, its own supposed to resemble the word Coudougnan. Mr. Salt met with this at Mozambique, on a mango tree. 60.—STRIPED-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus radiatus, Ind. Orn.i. 188. Gm. Lin.i. 384. Shaw’s Zool. vii; 443. capite striato, Bris. ii. 332. Id. 8vo.i. 249. Merula bicolor, Aldrov.ii. 624. Rai 67. Will. 144. Loriot 4 téte rayée, Buf. ili. 265. Striped-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 453. LESS than a Blackbird. Bill reddish yellow; head, and neck before black, the feathers tipped with white; hind part of the neck, ORIOLE. 143 back, rump, and upper tail coverts reddish yellow; beneath the body the same, but paler; wing coverts and quills black, edged with white; tail reddish yellow; legs yellow, claws reddish. Country uncertain; probably belongs to the last described.— Among the birds brought from Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt, is one apparently between the two: in this last the tail is greatly rounded, the two middle feathers greenish olive, ends fringed with yellow; the next the same, with a dusky tip; the others black, with yellow ends; the yellow having most space on the outer feathers. 61.—YELLOW-BACKED ORIOLE. Onolus Xanthonotus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 152. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill red; plumage chiefly black; the belly whitish, streaked with black; scapulars, axillaries, rump, vent, and inner part of the tail feathers yellow; legs black. Inhabits Java. 144 GRAKLE. GENUS XVIII.—GRAKLE. * With the Head more or 11 New-Holland Gr. 24 Green Gr. less naked. 12 Surinagur Gr. 25 Black-headed Gr. 1 Minor Grakle. 13 Indian Gr. 26 Pied Gr. A Greater Gr. 14 Cockscomb Gr. 27 Cinereous Gr. 2 Bald Gr. 15 Yellow-faced Gr. 28 Brown Gr. 3 Paradise Gr. 16 Bare-necked Gr. 29 White-vented Gr. A Black-winged Gr. 17 Fetid Gr. 30 Sattin Gr. B White-tailed Gr. 18 Tufted Gr. 31 Glossy Gr. 4 White-headed Gr. 19 Long-billed Gr. 32 Shining Gr. 5 Pagoda Gr. ** The Head covered with || 33 Boat-tailed Gr. 6 Malabar Gr. feathers: 34 Georgian Gr. 7 Grey Gr. 20 Crested Gr. 35 Purple Gr. 8 Gingi Gr. 21 Dial Gr. 36 Chili Gr. 9 Gosalic Gr. A Var. 37 Noble Gr. A Var. 22 Egyptian Gr. 38 Climbing Gr. 10 Javan Gr. 23 Abyssinian Gr. 39 Picoid Gr. Bit convex, a little compressed on the sides, and cultrated. Nostrils small, often near the edge. Tongue various. Toes three before and one behind, the middle one connected at the base with the outer. Claws hooked and sharp. * WITH THE HEAD MORE OR LESS NAKED. 1.—MINOR GRAKLE. Gracula religiosa, Ind. Orn. i. 189. Lin. Syn.i.164. Gm. Lin. i. 395. Bor. Nat. ii. 118. t.12. Daud. ii. 283. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 451. t:54. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. li. Sturnus Indicus Bontii, Rati Syn. 68. Will. 145. t.38. Klein. Av.60. Gerin. iii. p. 318. t. 74. Corvus Javanensis, Osb. It.102. Jd. Engl. i. 157. Eulabes religiosa, Lin. Tran. xiii. p.162. GRAKLE. 145 Le Mainate, Bu/- iii. 416. pl. 25. Pl. enl. 268. Bris. ii. 305. t.28. f.2. Id. 8vo. i. 242. Der Plauderer, oder Minor, Schmid Vog. p. 46. t. 33. Bontius’s Indian Starling, Will. Engl. 196. pl. 38. Minor Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 455. Id. Sup.90. Alb. ii. pl. 388. Hist. Sumatr. 98. Edw. pl. 17. SIZE of a blackbird; length ten inches and a half; expanse of wing nineteen inches. Bill orange-colour, paler at the tip; nostrils oblong, in the middle of the bill; irides hazel ; feathers on the top of the head short, like velvet, but down the middle as on the rest of the body; on each side of the head isa naked membrane, from beneath each eye to the hind head, but does not unite there; it is irregular as to breadth, loose on the edges, and yellowish, varying in different seasons of the year, or when the bird is angry, or pleased: the general colour of the plumage is black, glossed with purple, vielet, and green, in different lights; sometimes with a slight tuft at the back of the neck, below the nape; on the quills a bar of white; tail even at the end, consisting of twelve feathers, and is three inches in length ; legs orange; claws pale brown. This species inhabits various parts of the East Indies, in the Isle of Haman, and almost every Isle beyond the Ganges; remarkable for whistling, singmg, and talkmg, more so than any Parrot, and very distinctly, imitating the human speech in greater perfection than any other of the feathered tribe; its food is said to consist of vegetables of all kinds, and fruits; is particularly fond of cherries and grapes, at least is greedy of them in a tame state; it is easily domesticated, and becomes very familiar.** Notwithstanding so many Authors have mentioned the bird, I do not find its manners at large, nidification, &c. treated of by any one. It is common at Java, and there called Maynoa, also Beo or Mencho; and at Sumatra, Teeong; in India, Moina, and Pahania * In Sir W, Jones’s Life, mention is made of the domestic and engaging Mayana, whick bids us good morrow at our windows. VOL, III. 5 U 146 GRAKLE. Mina, or Hill Moma. It probably is a native of China, as we frequently see it in Chinese Paintings, and is there called Lefkoa, yet we cannot be certain of this, as we were informed by a Friend, that those kept in cages, at Canton, were said to have been purchased at Java, and that they are there sold for five shillings each. M. Temminck forms a Genus of this under the name of Gracula, or Mainate, and of which the Minor Grakle is the only Species. A.—Mainatus major, Bris. ii. 308. Id. 8vo.i. 243. Cornicula, seu Monedula Indica orientalis, Klein. Av. 60. 12. Le grand Mainate, Buf. iii. 419. Gerin. iii. t. 319. Greater Minor, Gen. Syn. ii. 457. A. Edw. pl. 17. lower fig. This differs from the other only in size, being much bigger, and equal to that of a Jackdaw. Inhabits the Isle-of Haman, in Asia, and probably varies from the other only in sex or age. 2.—BALD GRAKLE. Gracula calva, Ind. Orn.i. 189. Lin.i. 164. Gm. Lin.i. 396. Daud. ii. 284. Nat. Misc. pl. 689. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 461. t. 56. Merula calva Philippensis, Bris. ii. 280. t.26. £.2. Id.8vo.i. 236. Pastor Martin, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. lv. Merle chauve des Philippines, Goulin, Buf. ii. 420. Pl. enl. 200. Iting, Tabaduru, Gulin, Palalacee Species, Phil. Trans. xxiii. 1397. 43. Bald Grakle, Gen. Syn. 11. 457. SIZE of a Blackbird; length ten imches, breadth fourteen and a quarter. Bill brown; head and cheeks bare, and flesh-coloured, but down the middle, from the base of the bill to the hindhead, isa narrow list of short brown feathers; general colour of the plumage, on the upper parts of the body, is silvery ash, beneath grey brown ; GRAKLE. 147 wing coverts, quills, and tail black brown, the last three inches and a half in length; legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and said to build the nest in hollow trees, especially the cocoa nut; lives on fruits, is very yoracious, soon digesting what it eats, msomuch that a vulgar error has arisen, of there being no circumvolution of intestines, but only one strait passage from the mouth to the vent; it is reported to be a noisy, chattering bird, and when irritated, the bare part about the head changes to a deep red. It varies in having the under parts brown, spotted with white ; and in some the under parts are yellow brown. Sonnerat mentions one, which was two inches longer: the feathers surrounding the naked part of the head, and down the middle of it, black; under parts of the body the same; wings, tail, and upper parts grey, lightest on the ramp and neck. One, similar to the above, twelve inches long, the tail four inches and a half, inhabits India, and called Gogoye; but this seems not peculiar, as others of a different Genus, such as s the Crying and Chinese Thrushes, are called by the same name. 3.—PARADISE GRAKLE. Gracula tristis, Ind. Orn.i. 190. Lin. Syst.i, 167: Gm. Lin.i. 401. (Paradisea). Shaw’s Zool. vii. 455. Gracula grillivora, Daud. ii. 285. Merula Philippensis, Bris. ii. 278. t.26. f.1. Id. 8vo.i. 235. Martin, Buf. iii. 423. Ess. Philosoph. p. 44. Merle des Philippines, PJ. enl. 219. Paradise Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 458. Id. Sup. ii. 127. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill yellow; irides dove- colour; the upper part of the head covered with narrow black feathers, similar to those of the Bird of Paradise; behind the eyes a U2 148 GRAKLE. triangular bare red space, taking rise from the nostrils, as a line; throat, neck, and upper parts of the breast blackish, tinged with grey ; lower part of the latter, back, rump, scapulars, upper and under wing, and upper tail coverts and thighs, chestnut brown ; belly, sides, edge of the wing, under wing and tail coverts, whitish ; prime quills half white, half dusky, secondaries brown; tail deeper brown, the side feathers tipped with white; legs yellow.* The female like the male in plumage. Inhabits the Philippe Islands, and Bombay; also Ceylon; is a various feeder, aud very gluttonous in its appetite; is useful in its wild state, in freemg the backs of oxen from vermin, and has been known, when kept in confinement, to swallow a young rat, more than two inches long, whole, after bruising it against the wires of its cage; is also very fond of locusts and grasshoppers. They build twice in a year, chiefly in the forks of palm trees, though not unfrequently in outhouses, making a coarse sort of nest, and generally lay four blue eggs. The young birds are easily tamed, and soon learn to speak, imitating the cries of the common domestic poultry, &c. This was ranked formerly by Linnzus with his Paradise Bird, on account of the velvet-like feathers about the bill; but why he should have named it érzstis is not so clear, as, according to Dr. Buchanan, it is the most cheerful bird in India: it has a great variety of musical powers, is often very noisy, but sometimes, especially at dawn, has a pleasant chirping song. When these birds meet with a snake, they assemble round it, and scream violently, and by this means discover it to others; when tame, it will imitate the human voice; eats grain, milk, and insects; builds in trees, lays the eggs in June, in the hollows, on a little straw; a nest of one met with, of twenty inches in diameter, was made of bents; in it were two greenish blue eggs, one end much narrower than the other. Dr. B. says it abounds in * TI observe a drawing of one from India, with the bill, caruncle, and legs orange. This is called Gursall Mainah. Another of these, not widely differing, was named Saulak. GRAKLE. 149 India,* and calls it a Thrush, as it has a notch at the tip of the upper mandible ; but this, though a general circumstance, is not an exclusive one, as some birds, by no means of that Genus, have it, and others, reputedly Thrushes, have no trace of such character. In the Hindustan Language it is called Desy Meina; at Ceylon, Kawadiya, or Eoms-kowy-deah. A.—Gracula melanoptera, Daud. ii. 286. Size of the former, and differs greatly in plumage, being wholly white, excepting the quills, which are black. One of these is in the Museum at Paris, and appears to be a mere Variety. B.—Length seven inches and a half. Bill one inch, deep yellow ; at the base arises a bare yellow space, continuing beneath the eye, and behind it, for near a quarter of an inch, ending in a point; plumage in general fine pale ash-colour, paler on the lower belly and vent; sides of the head inclining to dusky; lesser wing coverts as the back; the greater, and second quills dusky black, the base of the latter white for some length, forming a bar; greater quills white, but dusky in the middle; tail two inches long, rounded, wholly white, the quills reach to three-fourths of the length, when closed ; legs pale yellow. Inhabits India; found at Cawnpore, in September.—General Hardwicke. * T have before mentioned, that the inhabitants of the Isle of Bourbon having imported some of these birds, for the purpose of destroying the grasshoppers, they increased so fast, that after having cleared away the insects, they attacked not only the fruits, but the young pigeons, and became a greater scourge than the grasshoppers had been before. We learn, however, that this assertion is not precisely the fact, and most likely M. Buffon had been misinformed; for M. Duplessin, who gave it as his opinion, that these birds might usefully be introduced into that part of Spain, situated towards Africa, by way of destroying the locusts, had been many years resident in the Isle of Bourbon, where he had seen them intro- duced; that, indeed, they have much multiplied there, but so far from their being considered as a nuisance, the laws for their preservation are still in force. 150 GRAKLE. 4.—W HITE-HEADED GRAKLE. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter, black; head dull white; from the nostrils to the eye, all round it, and for some space behind, bare, and pale yellow; round the neck a collar of black, broader on the fore part; back and shoulders, wings and tail brownish black; the quills deeper; some of the second tipped with white; the outer edge of the wing, from the bend, half way white; from the breast to the vent, white; bend of the legs dusky ; shins pale brown, or horn-colour. Inhabits Cochin China.—General Davies. 5.—PAGODA GRAKLE. Turdus Pagodarum, Ind. Orn.i. 832. Gm. Lin. i. 816. Gracula Pagodarum, Shaw’s Zool. vi. 471. Sturnus subroseus, Nat. Mis. No. 805. Martin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lv. Le Martin Brame, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 189. Daud. ii. 287. Levail. Ois. pl. 95. 1. Pagoda Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 30. Id. Sup. 140. Penn. Hindoost. ii. 267. LENGTH seven or eight inches. Bill black, the end half yellow; irides blue; feathers of the head black, long, narrow, and form a crest; those of the throat, neck, breast, and belly the same in shape, colour dull rufous; on the neck they are streaked down the middle with white, and appear distinct, like the hackles of aCock. Back, rump, and wings blue-grey; quills and tail black ; under wing and tail coverts white; legs yellow. In some specimens the feathers of the neck are not streaked with white; round the eye somewhat bare; the outer tail feathers tipped with white.—Levaillant’s bird, the size ef a Starling, did not differ much in colour, but the plumage rufous GRAKLE. 151 grey; tail rounded, the outer feather white, except at the base, the rest white, lessening as they are more mward, and the two middle ones are wholly black. One of these was in the collection of General Davies. Inhabits the Coast of Malabar, and Coromandel, in India, and there called Martin Brame, as it is chiefly seen about the tops of pagodas; but the name it is most known by is Powee or Powe-ner. Mr. L. met with great flocks at the Cape of Good Hope, passing from west to east, under 27 degrees of latitude South, where he first fell m with the Cameleopard, but they rarely flew within gun-shot ; he killed two males, but the natives did not seem to know the birds : in India they are kept in cages for the sake of their song. One of these was seen alive at Mr. Kendrick’s, in Piccadilly. 6.—MALABAR GRAKLE. Turdus Malaharicus, Ind. Orn. i. 333. Gm. Lin.i. 816. Gracula Malabarica, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 471. Martin Vieillard, Son. Voy. Ind. 11. 195. Daud. ii. 289. Malabar Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 30. Id. Sup. 140. THIS is rather smaller than the last, and greatly similar in markings. Length seven inches; it differs in the head, being of the same colour with the body, and not furnished with a crest. The bill is black, the tip yellowish ; head, and neck feathers long and nairow, cinereous grey, with a streak of white down the shafts; back, rump, wings, and tail cmereous grey ; breast, belly, and under tail coyerts rufous brown ; legs yellow. Inhabits the Coast of Malabar, where it is kept in cages, and called Powee, as the last; in the Bengalese tongue Dessee Powee, or Native Powee, so called by the people of Calcutta, from being in that neighbourhood ; it builds in small bushes; goes in flocks, 152 GRAKLE. and lives on seeds and fruit. Dr. Buchanan observes, that it is not a Variety of the Pagoda Species, yet the two have great affinity in size and shape, but differ m colour. A bird, seemingly a Variety, was seven inches and half in length. Bill one inch, stout, yellow; head and throat furnished with short, stiff, grey feathers ; through the eye rufous brown; the rest of the plumage fine rufous brown, inclining to the latter on the belly and vent; quills and tail dusky ; legs rough and scaly, pale oker yellow; wings and tail nearly even. Found at Sierra Leone. In another drawing a black streak begins at the gape, passes round the eye, and ends in a point just behind. Probably this may differ in sex. 7.—GREY GRAKLE. Gracula grisea, Daud. ii. 286. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 469. Martin gris defer, Levail. Ois. ii. 187. pl. 95. f. 2. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch long, orange; head black, the feathers narrow and stiff; irides red-brown ; behind the eyes a triangular, narrow, bare, orange-coloured space ; beneath from the chin and upper parts of the body iron-grey, tending to fulvous on the neck and breast, and to brown on the nape; from breast to belly a band the colour of polished beech wood ; under tail coverts the same ; quills black, the ten first white at the base; on the wing a tri- angular rufous spot; lesser quills glossed with green or purple on the margins; tail short, rounded, glossy black, the four outer feathers marked with clay-colour at the ends; wings reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs citron-colour. In one specimen I observed, that all but the two middle tail feathers were orange at the end. The female is smaller, and the colours less bright. Inhabits Africa.—M. Levaillant met with three females and two males at the foot of Bruntjes Hoogte, on the borders of the Bird GRAKLE. 153 River, in their passage from the east to the north-west. The end of the tail was worn, seemingly a proof of the bird building in holes of some sort, or trailing much on the ground. Among Lord Mountnorris’s birds, one had the whole head black; the space behind the eye carunculated, narrow, and pointed; plumage more or less brown above, aud all beneath from the chin white ; near the outer edge of the coverts a triangular patch of white; the tail feathers with the ends white, and some of them white at the base. Bill and legs pale yellow. This seems a Variety, and was called in one drawing, Ablak Mainah—in a second, Sirwell Myna. 8.—GINGI GRAKLE. Turdus Ginginianus, Ind. Orn.i. 362. Daud.ii. 288. (Gracula). Le petit Martin de Gingi, Son. Voy. Ind. 11. 194. Gingi Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 144. LENGTH eight inches. Bill orange, strait, a trifle bent at the point, with a slight notch ; above carinated ; nostrils oblong, covered with feathers; tongue lacerated; irides dark red; the lids scaly, covered with dark feathers; a bare, yellow, wrinkled skin, from the gape, reaching behind the eye, and round it; feathers of the head sharp-pointed, those in front longer, and may be erected as a crest, colour greenish glossy black; neck, back, rump, sides, and thighs, grey; vent, and under wing coverts pale rufous; upper wing coyerts black, glossed with green; a few next the primaries pale rufous; quills black, the prime ones rufous at the base; tail rounded, black, the end rufous, deeper on the outer feathers; the two middle ones glossed with green; legs yellow; hind toe strong, as long as the middle one, which is united to outer at the base. The female has the feathers in front shorter, so as not to admit of forming a crest, the wing more white in it, and the quills ash-colour. VOL. Ill. x 154 GRAKLE. I observed some males, m which the wings had a patch of white, instead of rufous, and the ends of the tail feathers white, which in others are rufous; legs orange. Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel! ; brought to Calcutta from the hilly countries near Monghy; lives upon trees; is the Ram Salic of the Bengalese, as Dr. Buchanan informs me; also, that the Paradise and Crested Grakles are called, by the Hindoos, Salic or Saru, by others Serghet; and at Futtehghur, Chehey. 9.—GOSALIC GRAKLE. Sturnus Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 8322. Lin. i. 290. Gm. Lin. i. 802. Bris.ii. 446. t.41: 3. Id. 8yo.i. 282. Sturnus Contra, Ind. Orn. i. 322.2. A. Lin.i. 290. Gm. Lin.i. 803. Pastor Jalla, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 155. Icterus Bengalensis, Bris.1. 94. Id. Sup. 94. Id. 8vo.1. 181. Etourneau pie, Buf. iii. 191. Pl. enl. 280. Daud. 1. 303. Black and white Indian Starling, Edw. pl. 187. Cape Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p.5. Contra Stare, Gen. Syn.ii. p. 5. A. Albin. ii. pl. 21. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch and four-tenths, flattened towards the point, and with a slight notch ; nostrils about the middle of the bill, the base half of which is orange-coloured, the rest white ; tongue cleft, black, and about half the length of the bill; orbits, and a small space round the eye, bare, and orange-coloured, pointed before and behind; irides black, surrounded with a pale ring; the feathers of the head lance-shaped; from the nostrils a large patch of white, broad behind the eye, and narrowing in a point to the nape; the rump, margin of the wing, to the shoulders, and all beneath the breast white, inclining on the latter to pale ash-colour; the rest of the bird black; the two exterior tail feathers are shorter than the others, and have the outer edges white; legs brownish; hind toe very strong; claws black-brown, hooked, and sharp. The female scarcely differs from the male. od GRAKLE. 155 Inhabits India, and common about Calcutta, throughout the year; is the Gosalic of the Bengalese, and known at Hindustan by the name of Abluka; also called by some Abluka-mina ;* generally seen in pairs; lives chiefly on insects; usually found im pastures frequented by cows, on which account, in order to distinguish it from the Salic,t it has Go (that is, Cow) prefixed to its name. The Contra, or Condra of Bengal, is not this, but a different bird, bemg applied by the natives to the Jocose Shrike. I am indebted, for the above account, to Dr. Buchanan. This bird has been mentioned by some, as a native of the Cape of Good Hope, but, accerding to M. Levaillant, it belongs only to Bengal, as he never met with it at the Cape. A.—Among the Drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is a fine Variety, chiefly white; top of the head black and white, in streaks; chin and throat dotted with white; quills black; greater part of the tail feathers black, the rest white; on the sides of the vent some black crescents; bill and legs yellow. In another similar Variety, nearly the whole of the plumage was white. The Gosalic Grakle is mentioned as a bird of Java, where it is called Jallak, and Jallak-ruring. 10.—JAVAN GRAKLE. Pastor tricolor, Lin. Trans. xiii. p.155. Horsfield. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill and legs yellow; the plumage chiefly white; the quills and tail feathers black, the last white at the tips; on the back a blackish grey band. Inhabits Java; known by the name of Jallak-awu. * In one of General Hardwicke’s Drawings called Abulka or Ablka; in another named Sergut. + The Paradise, Crested, and Gingi Grakles, go by this name. XG? 156 GRAKLE. 11.—NEW-HOLLAND GRAKLE. LENGTH eight inches. Bill orange; from the gape a bare yellowish skin, passing through the eye and behind, where it is sprinkled with minute black feathers; head and chin black; neck and body slate-colour; wings glossy black; base of the greater quills rufous above, and white beneath; under wing coverts rufous; belly paler than the upper parts; towards the vent rufous; legs stout, and orange-coloured. TInhabits New-Holland ; there called Gattua Maino.—Probably a Variety of the Gingi, or Gosalic Grakle. 12.—SURINAGUR GRAKLE. BILL yellow, pretty long; on the forehead a rounded tuft of black soft feathers, standing upright, as in the Crested Grakle ; those of the crown black, and much elongated, so as to form a sort of crest, hanging over the nape behind; general colour of the plumage pale greenish grey; between the bill and eye downy, and behind the latter a naked, bare, blue space; wing coverts and tail blue; the rest of the wing blue-black ; legs long, pale greenish yellow ; claws black, long, and hooked; the quills, when closed, reach to the middle of the tail. Inhabits the internal parts of India, bemg found im the snowy mountains of Surinagur: called, in Persia, Gulgully. In the drawings of the late Sir J. Anstruther, it is said to be three-eighths of the weight of a Sare, which, supposing that to be equal to two pounds of our weight, makes the bird to be twelve ounces; and the drawing bemg nine inches Jong, and called half the real length, we may conclude that of the bird to be eighteen inches. GRAKLE. 157 13.—INDIAN GRAKLE. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill stout, bent, yellow; nostrils oval, placed in the middle; from gape to point one inch and a half, at the base a few bristles; irides brown; beneath the eyes a narrow bare yellowish rim; general colour of the plumage black ; the ends of all the feathers inclining to purple, giving an appearance of being spotted with dull purple; wings and tail dull blue, the shoulders brightest; tail even, five inches long; that and the quills dark blue- black; the wings, when closed, reach one-third on the tail; legs black, toes long, claws crooked, the shins near two inches in length. Inhabits India; among the drawings of General Hardwicke, but with no name annexed, or history; from various circumstances it may possibly be allied to the Surmagur Grakle; and if so, it probably differs in sex, as it has no elongation of feathers, either at the nape, or on the forehead. 14.—COCKSCOMB GRAKLE. Sturnus gallinaceus, Ind. Orn.i. p. 324. Gracula gallinacea, Daud. Oru. ii. p. 291. Gracula carunculata, Gm. Lin. i. 399. Gracula larvata, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 468. Tringa carunculata capensis, Naturf. xi. p. 9. t. 2. Martin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lv. Porte-lambeaux, Levail. Af. ii. p. 178. pl. 93, 94. Cockscomb Starling, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 9. No. 7. THIS species is a trifle larger than the Starling; length six mches and a half. The bill not unlike, and yellow; eyes brown ; general colour of the plumage rufous-grey, or ash-colour, paler 158 GRAKLE. beneath ; wings and tail glossy black, with a tinge of green and purple in various lights ; tail even at the end, and the wings reach to about the middle of it; legs long, pale yellow-brown. M. - Boddart, who described this bird more than twenty years before it came under M. Levaillant’s inspection, only had seen the dead spe- cimen, which was sent from the Cape of Good Hope to Holland, in spirits, and as it had wattled appendages on the jaw, as wellas a crest of the same bare substance on the top of the head, although they appeared im the dry state of no particular colour, supposed them to have been, when the bird was living, the same as those of the common Cock, and described them, accordingly, of a red, or orange- colour. M. Levaillant, however, assures us, that he has met with great numbers of these birds, and that the plumage is not different from what is mentioned in the Naturforscher, the male having a double kind of wattle, springing from the base of the bill on each side, and hanging down for an inch or more, ending in a point; on the forehead a kind of crest, of an irregular form, placed perpen- dicularly, and these bare parts in the living bird are black ; besides which, the whole face is also bare, but of a rufous yellow; eyes and legs brown. The female is smaller, and the face bare and yellow as in the male ; the appendage, or wattle, very small, scarcely projecting, and the crest on the crown very little apparent; the quills, and tail also have hardly any gloss. Young birds may be easily mistaken for a different species, not having in that state any bare appendage, though the head is destitute of feathers; the bill in this case yellowish brown; the legs brown ; and the colours of the plumage less defined. These birds are sometimes found in the neighbourhood of the Cape in large flocks, but do not breed there, as they go away in the rainy season ; among them are often observed several entirely white, which M. Levaillant having carefully paid attention to, pronounced to be young birds, not having gained the adult plumage, and is further of opinion, that GRAKLE. 159 many white Varieties, of other Species, which have hitherto been esteemed as old birds, are probably no other than young ones, not yet arrived at maturity. These are met with sometimes in vast flocks from the borders of the Gamtoos to Caffre-land, and attend Buffaloes, and other animals, for the sake of what they can pick out of their excrements; they will also feed on berries, fruits, and every thing to be collected from the moist grounds, which they frequent in preference. Among the drawings of Gen. Davies, copied from those belongin g to Col. Gordon, Commandant of the Cape of Good Hope, this bird is figured in apparently three diiferent stages of life; in the first, which measures nine inches in length, the crown is surmounted with a large crest in shape of crescent, of a black colour, and passing on each side round the eyes, finishes in a double elongated wattle, tending to a point; the rest of the head bare, brownish buff-colour, a little carunculated ; the general colour of the plumage above, pale brownish buff, beneath white, the lesser wing coverts like the back ; then follows an irregular, broad white band, the rest of the wing black ; the tail long, and black. In a second, the head seems bare, and with a double wattle beneath, but much shorter, and instead of a continued lunated crest, are two distinct ones above each eye, and bifid on the top. This is perhaps a young male. In a third, which is probably the female, there is a single, small crest, mdented at top, just rising above the forehead, and a double, narrow, elongated wattle, taking rise between the bill and eye; the top of the head covered with short down, scarcely bare. The aboye are known at the Cape of Good Hope, by the name of Washerwomen, probably from being seen near water. I observe, too, that the crest and wattles, in all of them, are of a full black, by no means inclining to red. 160 GRAKLE. 15.—YELLOW-FACED GRAKLE. Gracula icterops, Ind. Orn.i. 193. Daud. ii. 290. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 472. Yellow-faced Grakle, Gen. Syn. Sup. 91. BILL compressed ; nostrils oval; round the eye bare of feathers, covered only with a fine yellow, wrinkled skin; head, neck, back, wings, and tail black ; wing coverts crossed with a white line; neck black ; breast, belly, and vent white; legs yellow, and very scaly, Inhabits New-Holland. 16.—BARE-NECKED GRAKLE. Gracula nuda, Ind. Orn.i. 190. Gm. Lin. i. 371. - nudicollis, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 463. Colnud de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 82. Pl. enl. 609. Levail. Am. et Ind. i. 138. pl. 45. male. 46. female. Coracina, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p.1xu. Bare-necked Crow, Gen. Syn.i. 382. Id. Sup. p.'79. SIZE of a Jackdaw. Bill dusky blue, very broad at the base . the head covered with short, velvet-like feathers, and black ; these are very sparingly furnished on the fore part of the neck, and at the back, but the sides are almost bare, only here and there feathery ; beneath the eye a square, naked, yellow space; the rest of the plumage as in other birds, and black ; the second wing coverts and quills blue-grey on the outer webs; the wings reach nearly to the middle of the tail ; outer and middle toes united at the base. The female is smaller, and has the yellow skin under the eye, and bare sides of the neck, of smaller dimensions; general colour of the plumage dusky brown, or deep lead-colour, instead of black.— GRAKLE. 161 Young males resemble the old females, except that, at this time of life, the sides of the neck are clothed like the rest with feathers.* Inhabits Cayenne, Surmam, and throughout Guiana ; frequents great woods, and approaches plantations, with the Chatterers, as the fruit ripens, on which alone it feeds, making the nest in high trees, on the borders of the great rivers. M. Levaillant thinks that this bird ought to be placed among the Chatterers, having the same manners. In a specimen, which I observed in the Museum of the late Dr. Hunter, the bill was yellowish, with a black tip; the outer quill black ; the rest the same, but outwardly grey, to near the tips; wing coverts and second quills pale grey; tail six inches long, even; the legs dusky yellow. In the collection of Lord Seaforth are both sexes of this bird. The male eighteen inches in Jength, of which the bill makes one, the colour of it pale, towards the end black, and a little bent downwards ; the feathers come very forward at the base above, and are very short, hke velvet; the rest of the head, the nape, and neck behind covered with feathers of the same structure, as is likewise the chin; the under part of the eye is bare, and a large portion of each side of the neck, but the latter is covered in streaks of velvety down; the rest of the general plumage slaty black; but all the wing coverts, and outer part of the quills fine blue grey; legs yellow and stout. . The female is sixteen inches long, and in most things the same ; but only the forehead, crown, chin, and throat are velvety, and this sort of texture of feather less conspicuous; the same bare space is seen on the sides of the neck as in the other, but without the velvet markings; and the wing coverts, though paler than the rest, are of a darker, and less conspicuous colour than in the other sex ; belly paler; the ends of the feathers pale grey. These were brought from the Isle of Trinidad. * This is the case with the young Rook, and no doubt with the Bald Crow, and the bareness of the face is easily accounted for; but by what means the want of feathers on the sides of the neck is produced in this bird, is not easy to guess. VOL, IIt. Y 162 GRAKLE. 17.—FETID GRAKLE. Gracula fetida, Ind. Orn. i. 190. Lin.i. 164. Gm. Lin. i. 396. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 466. Coracina, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. |xii. Feetid Grakle, Gen. Syn. iii. 460. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill shaped like that of a Cuckow ; tongue plain, fleshy, pointed; nostrils oval, naked; head black, covered with short, velvet-like feathers ; on the neck a large bare space ; the outer edge of the quills bluish, but no spot on any of them; tail even at the end. Inhabits America, and is no further described by Linneus. It is probably related to, if not a female of the bare-necked Species. 18.—TUFTED GRAKLE. LENGTH uncertain. Bill stout, strait, the upper mandible sharp at the tip and a trifle bent; nostrils in the fore part of an oblong cavity ; the top of the head to the nape bare, and pale clay-colour ; round the eye a bare skin somewhat darker in colour, reaching over the ears, and much below them, finishing in a narrow end; just above this a large, heart-shaped, black, bare patch, bounded by a fine thread-like rim ; the chin and rest of the neck, and all the under parts white ; wings and tail reddish brown, the latter darker, pretty long, and cuneiform; between the shoulders a large tuft of long, silky, black feathers, rismg considerably above the rest, and covering the lower part of the neck, and beginning of the back; on lifting this up, a bare space appears beneath ; the lower part of the back and rump pale greenish ash-colour, and under this the parts are somewhat bare, which may be seen on lifting up the wings; the quills reach but little beyond the base of the tail; legs stout, and scaly, claws pale yellow-ochre, large, and hooked. Native place uncertain: probably Africa. GRAKLE. 163 19.—LONG-BILLED GRAKLE. Gracula longirostra, Ind. Orn. 1. 193. Gm. Lin. i. 398. Pall. Spic. 6. t. Bd, 55 O44 Borowsck, ii. 119. Daud. ii. 290. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 466. Long-billed Grakle, Gen. Syn. 11. 466. LESS than the Bee-Eater; length nearly nine inches. — Bill! thirteen lines long, and a little bent; irides dusky; nostrils distant from the base, and covered with a membrane; above the angles of the mouth two or three bristles; tongue plain, deeply bifid at the end, and lJacerated on the edges ; head and neck black ; back brown, towards the rump ferruginous ; under parts of the bird dirty yellow ; the sides under the wings undulated with black lines; on each side of the neck a naked wrinkled band, beginning at the ears, passing lengthwise on the neck, and almost covered by the adjacent fea- thers; wings soot-colour, inclinmg more to brown towards the shoulders ; prime quills and part of the shafts white at the base, forming an oblique bar; on the second quills no white ; tail cunei- form, black, tipped obliquely with white at the end, most white on the outer feather, which is black only one third from the base ; legs long, robust, and black. Tnhabits South America and Surinam. We owe the above ac- count to Dr. Pallas, who seems to be the only one who has seen the bird. 164 GRAKLE. ** THE HEAD COVERED WITH FEATHERS. 20.—CRESTED GRAKLE. Gracula cristatella, Ind. Orn.i. 192. Lin.i. 165. Gm. Lin. i. 397. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 453. Sturnus cristatella, Daud. ii. 320. Merula Sinensis cristata, Bris. 11. 252. Id. 8vo.i. 228. ’ Pastor, Martin, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lv. Sturnus crinibus cinereis, &c. Klein. Av. 64. Pastor griseus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 154. Merle huppé de la Chine, Buf. iii. 367. Pl. enl. 507. Chinese Starling, Edw. pl. 19. Hist. Sumat. 90. Crested Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 264. Id. Sup. p. 90. Id. Supe un. 128. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length eight mches and an half. Bill yellow; irides orange; plumage in general blackish, with a blue gloss; on the forehead, just over the bill, the feathers are longer, forming a kind of crest, to be erected at will; greater quills white half way from the base, the rest of the length blue black ; tail three inches long, all but the middle feathers tipped with white; legs dull yellow. This species is very common in China. Known there, in com- mon with the Mmor, by the name of Lefkoa, or Leuquoy; kept in cages, and the figures of them often seen in Chinese paintings ; feed on rice, insects, worms, &c. In its tame state will repeat some words, but by no means with the facility of the Minor, yet will learn to whistle. Is plentiful in the neighbourhood of the Ganges, as we have observed it among Indian drawings, under the name of the Surroo of the Ganges. In the British Museum is a specimen which is brown; the head and neck only black, and the latter dusky ; under tail coverts white ; the tail, when expanded, is a little hollowed out in the middle; all the ends of the feathers white, but the middle ones only white at the tips. GRAKLE. 165 This last came from the Mahratta Country, in India. Found also in Java, called there Jallak Sungu. 21.—DIAL GRAKLE. Gracula Saularis, Ind. Orn. i. 192. Lin. i. 165. Gm. Lin. i. 397. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 474, Sturnus Saularis, Daud. ii. 321. Lanius Bengalensis niger, Bris.ii. 184. Id. Supp. p.41. Id. 8vo. 1, 209. Gerin. ii. t. 157. Fringilla nigra, Klein. Av. p. 98. La Pie-griesche noire de Bengale, Buf, i. 297. Le Cadran, Levail. Afr. iii. 50. pl. 109: f. 1, 2. Saulary, Razz, 197. 19. mas. Id. 197, 20, fem. Indian Pye, or Dial Bird, Alb. iii. pl. 17, 181. Edw. pl. 181. Dial Grakle, Gen. Syn. ti. 265. Id. Supp. 91. Hist. Sumatr. 98, 938. SIZE of the Missel Thrush ; length seven inches or more. Bill black ; irides yellow ; corners of the mouth the same; plumage in general black; belly, sides, and under tail coverts white ; upper wing coverts next the body, and second quills white, forming a streak down the middle of the wing; the tail rounded, the four middle feathers black, the others white ;* legs brown or dusky. The female is smaller, inclines to ash-colour, and differs im having the fore parts of the neck and breast dark brown, the black parts not so deep as in the male, and the white appears sullied. This inhabits both Africa and India; common -at Sumatra, and there called Moori. Is a restless bird, flying perpetually from branch to branch, often in large flocks. The Achenese use it for the purpose of fighting, as the cock, and the two combatants fre- quently attack each other on the wing, and drop to the ground in the struggle. Has a pretty note, which commences with the dawn. * Brisson counted twelve feathers in the tail, but M. Levaillant allows of but ten; for, he says, the two middle feathers are black, the four others on each side white. In those I have seen the tail consisted of twelve. 166 GRAKLE. Is common near Calcutta, but never made use of there for combat. It is one of those birds, which are used when invoking the name of God, a custom which those of India have borrowed from the Hindoos. M. Levaillant found it only in the Grand Namaqua, within the Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Buchanan adds, that it is commonly called at Calcutta, Doil, by the Bengalese ; in Persia, Dahool or Dahale, and there kept only forits song. It makes an artless nest of sticks and hair on the branches of trees; the eggs pale greenish blue, with brown spots, most numerous at the large end. A.—Length seven inches. Bill stout, black, with a few short hairs at the base; head and neck black, descending before on the breast ; the rest of the under parts, back, wing coverts, upper tail coverts, and two middle tail feathers, fine light greyish blue; quills and tail black; the two outer feathers of the latter white at the ends; deepest on the exterior one; wings reaching half way on the tail ; legs black. Said to be a male. Found at Cawnpore in India, in June. Gen. Hardwicke. One of these was scarcely seven inches long; bill seven-eighths of an inch, made like that of the Thrush, with a slight notch at the tip; head, neck, and back black ; chin, neck before, and breast dusky black, or deep ash-colour; wings wholly deep rusty brown, with a streak of white down the middle, more than half an inch broad ; belly and vent white ; tail rounded, the four middle feathers black, the others wholly white; legs pale brown. In the collection of Lord Stanley, and appears to be a young bird. We think right to retain it here, on the authority of Linnzeus, but from the bill it certainly has every appearance of the Thrush. GRAKLE. 167 22.—_ EGYPTIAN GRAKLE. Gracula Atthis, Ind. Orn.i. 192. Lin.i. 165. Gm. Lin. i. 398. Ph. Trans. lvii. p. 347, 10. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 475. Corvus Agyptius, Hasselg. It. 140. 20. Id. Engl. 197. Sturnus Atthis, Daud. ii. 321. Egyptian Grakle, Gen. Syx. ii. 466. Id. Supp. i. 128. SIZE of a Lark. Bill dull black, base reddish; eye bluish ; head flattish at the top; upper part of the body deep green, spotted with blue green on the crown, nape, and shoulders; sides of neck and back the same, but not spotted; on each side of the neck a longitudinal broad line, which is ferruginous on the fore part, the rest whitish lucid blue; throat whitish; belly ferruginous; prime quills deep green without, and dusky within; tips the same; tail nearly even, deep blue; legs blood red ; eis blackish. TInhabits Egypt, supposed to live on insects, centipees, and scorpions, the remains of them being found in the stomach. Ina representation of this, among the drawings of the late Mr. Bruce, the colour is green, but the ears, axilla, and under parts glossed with a purplish blue; tail blue green; bill and legs black. This was found in Abyssinia, and known by the name of Warda.* Dr. Forster describes it as being the size of a jackdaw, with a green body, blue back, ferruginous belly, and red legs; he adds, that he met with it about the river Yerooslan, beyond the Volga. As I cannot reconcile the great difference of size between Dr. F.’s bird and that of Hasselquist, this matter must be left for future consideration. Thesize of Mr. Bruce’s is not mentioned. We have never met with the bird.+ * Sonnini callsit Egyptian Raven. See Trav. (Engl. ed.) ii. 239. Note *. + M. Temminck gives it asone of the Synonyms of the common Kingfisher. See Man, d’Ornith. ed. ii. p. 422. 168 GRAKLE. 23.—ABYSSINIAN GRAKLE. Gracula Abyssinica, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxviii.. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 475. Abyssinian Grakle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 128, SIZE uncertain. Bill black; irides straw-colour; plumage mostly green, ending in a point on the breast; head deep ash- colour ; under parts of the body ferruginous orange ; legs black. Inhabits Abyssinia with the Egyptian species, to which it seems nearly allied. From the drawings of Mr. Bruce. 24.—_GREEN GRAKLE. Gracula viridis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxviii. Shaw's Zool. vii. 473. Loriot, Tem. Man. Anal. p. liv. Green Grakle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 129. SCARCELY twelve inches im length. Bill a trifle bent, reddish brown, tongue half the length of it, and pointed; general colour of the plumage dull green; chi mottled, dusky and brown; under parts from the breast whitish, streaked with dusky; vent white; wings and tail dusky ; the latter two inches and a half long, a trifle rounded at the end, all but the two middle feathers marked with an oval white spot within at the tip; quills edged with white, and reach to the middle of the tail ; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland, and there said to be a rare bird.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. 25.—BLACK-HEADED GRAKLE. Gracula melanocephala, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 473. Black-headed Grakle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 129. LENGTH nine inches. Bill yellow, a little bent, and stout at the base ; forehead white, the rest of the head black; the throat, GRAKLE. 169 whole of the neck, and all beneath white, in some parts inclining to blue; back and wing coverts fine pale blue; across the latter a trace of white; quills dusky, edged with pale rust-colour; tail three inches long, bluish ash-colour, some of the outer feathers inclining to pale grey near the ends; legs longish, scaly, pale yellow; claws dusky and stout. Inhabits New South Wales.—General Davies. 26.—PIED GRAKLE. Gracula picata, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxix. Pied Grakle, Gen. Syn, Sup. u. 130. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill yellow, stout at the base, a trifle bending; forehead, chin, and throat white, with a trace of the same from the nape, on each side of the neck, to the bottom; the rest of the head and neck black, coming forwards in a bar on the breast; back, second quills, outer edge of the wing, and prime quills black, tinged with blue, in some lights; the rest of the feathers on the wing white, appearing as two white bars, connected in the middle; beneath, from the breast, white; tail white, even at the end, near which is a bar of black; legs dull slate-colour. Inhabits New South Wales; called there Murregan. 27.—CINEREOUS GRAKLE. LENGTH nine inches. Bill stout, bent towards the tip, with a minute notch, colour dusky; irides brown: plumage above pale brown; crown of the head darkest, each feather marked with a dark line down the shaft; under parts, from the chin, white, with a dusky VOL, 111. Z 170 GRAKLE. tinge on the breast, where also the feathers have a brown line down the shaft; wings as the back; the lesser coverts dusky down the middle ; second coverts plain; quills and tail darker brown, the last even at the end, and the wings reach just beyond the rump; legs deep blue, stout; claws crooked, sharp. Inhabits Port Jackson, in New South Wales; has the note of a Thrush. 28.— BROWN GRAKLE. LENGTH sixteen or seventeen inches. Bill stout, one inch and a half long, the upper mandible lead-colour, a little bent, and rather overhangs the under; nostrils near the base; irides dark; head and neck pale brownish grey, darker under the chin; back, wings, and tail rufous brown ; breast and belly dusky; lower belly, thighs, and vent pale, or brownish white; legs yellow brown ; claws hooked. Inhabits New South Wales; it seems to bear affinity with the Crow Genus, but having no reflected bristles on the bill, it may be more properly placed as a Grakle. 29.—WHITE-VENTED GRAKLE. LENGTH ine inches. Bill, from point to gape, one inch and a quarter, nostrils oval, near the base of the bill, contiguous to the gape; above are a few stiff hairs; the base half of the under mandible yellow, and the gape surrounded with a membranous skin of the same; plumage in general brown, the feathers of the neck, wing coverts, and tail having a gloss of green; the tail is rounded, seven inches long, glossed with green on the outer webs; quills pale GRAKLE. 171 brown; between the legs, vent, and under tail coverts yellowish white; legs black. The young bird measures about seven inches. Plumage dusky black, with very little gloss, and the membranous yellow, bounding the gape, more conspicuous; vent and under tail coverts buff-colour. The above were both in the collection of Lord Stanley. Native place uncertain. 30.—SATIN GRAKLE. SIZE of the last. Bill pale; plumage wholly glossy black; legs pale. The female and young bird are brown, more or less mixed and varied with greenish crescents, on a pale ground. Inhabits New-Holland. Specimens of these are in the Museum of the Linnzean Society, where it is called Satin-Bird. 31.—GLOSSY GRAKLE. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, black, stout, somewhat bending at the end; head and neck covered with short, velvety feathers, having a fine blue and purple gloss; the rest of the bird green; beneath fine deep blue; breast and belly purple; wings partly green, varied down the middle with brown; quills dusky black, edged outwardly with green, and reach half way on the tail, which consists of twelve feathers, rounded, one inch and three quar- ters in length, dusky, with a tinge of rufous; under side black; thighs stout, brown; the whole bird extremely glossy ; legs stout, brown. Inhabits Senegal ; has much similarity to the Blue-Green Para- dise Bird. A 172 GRAKLE. 32.—SHINING GRAKLE. LENGTH seven inches and an half. Bull black ; plumage wholly shining, violet purple black, except the wings and tail, which are equally glossy, but with a hue of green; legs stout, feathered a trifle below the joint, and brown; the tail is somewhat hollowed out at the end. Tnhabits Africa >— Mr. Bullock. This is so very like the Glossy Species, as to agree, except in beg so much smaller, but the bill was imperfect; what remained of it seemed to be somewhat like that of the Oriole. 33.—BOAT-TAILED GRAKLE.—PL. xtiv. Gracula Barita, Ind. Orn.i. 191. Lin. i. 165. Gm. Lin. i. 396. Borowsk.ii. 119. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 460. Sturnus Barita, Daud. ii. 320. Troupiale, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal, p. liv. Monedula tota nigra, Raitt 185. Sloan. Jam. 299. t. 257. 2. Boat-tailed Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 460. pl. 18, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 154. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill sharp, black, one inch and a half in length, naked at the base, the upper mandible bent; irides whitish; plumage black, glossed with purple, the edges of the quills and tail tinged with the same; the wings reach to the middle of the latter, which, when fully expanded, appears cuneiform, and is five inches and a half long, but when folded up is found to be singularly constructed ; for, instead of forming a plam surface at top, it smks into a hollow, or deep gutter; a good idea of which may be formed, by comparing it with a Hen’s tail, the under side uppermost ; legs and claws black. the latter strong. PI.XIIV. c= : Boat tale Gey d GRAKLE, 173 Inhabits Jamaica, and other Islands in the West Indies; has a note not unlike that of a Jackdaw; feeds on maize, beetles, and other insects, fond also of Bananas; often seen on the ground, at which time it carries the tail spread; folding it up in that singular manner above mentioned, only when perching or flying: is common in North America, and joins the flocks of Purple Grakles and Red-winged Orioles; breeds in the swamps, and migrates in September: seen in Georgia, but is there rare. This and the Icterus Viger are confounded by Linnzeus, but the latter (our Black Oriole) is a different Species, with a plain tail; yet he must have seen specimens of our Boat-tailed one, since he has taken his trivial name from that circumstance.* 34.—GEORGIAN GRAKLE. LENGTH thirteen inches and half. Bill one inch and a half, somewhat bare at the base, and black, very slightly curved, and ending in a sharp point, but without any notch ; nostrils open, with arim or flap hanging over them above; the feathers begin at the back part of the nostrils ; irides whitish yellow; plumage fine deep glossy black; from the breast to vent dull black; the head, before the eyes, and the chin appear short and velvety, but on the top some- what elongated ; on the head and neck appears a gloss of purple in some lights, and on the wings green; quills dusky black ; the first shorter by half an inch than the second ; the third and fourth the longest; the tail is cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches and a half long, the outmost four only, the colour black, and in some lights appears undulated across, seventeen or eighteen times; the legs are two inches long, with five or six segments; middle toe the same; hind toe one inch a half, the claw large; the wing, when closed, reaches two-fifths on the tail; but the upper coverts of the latter advance still farther. * Barita, from Pagis, a ship or barge. 174. GRAKLE. The above was received from Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, by the name of Boat-tailed Grakle ; but although it corresponds in general appearance, the feathers of the tail lie flat as in other birds, by no means folding like a Gutter, as in that bird; nor is it the purple species, though greatly resembling it, as may be seen by comparing the two together. Said to frequent the fields about Savannah in large flocks*. In one sent to Mr. Francillon, I observe that the three outer quills are of equal lengths. The outer tail feather five inches; the two middle seven inches. Another twelve inches long, said to be a female, was not of so full a black above, and less glossy; head and neck glossy greenish brown ; beneath brownish pale ash-colour; chin pale; lower belly, thighs, and vent, dark brown. 35.—PURPLE GRAKLE. Gracula Quiscula, Ind. Orn.i.191. Lin. i. 165. Gm. Lin. i. 397. Bor. Nat. ii. 119. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 458. Amer Orn.ii. pl. 2h. f. 4. Sturmus Quiscula, Daud. ii. 316. Pica Jamaicensis, Bris. ii. 41. Id. 8vo.1.166. Buf. iui. 97. Corvus Mexicanus, Bris. ii. 43. Id. 8vo. i. 167. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 366. Cornix purpurea, Klein Av. 60. Merops niger iride subargentea, Brown Jam. 476. Fur Zee, Kalm It. 33. Izanatl, Rati 168. WHoitzanatl, Jd. 1622 Hocisana, Buf. ii. 103? La Pie bleue, Voy. d’Azaraii. No. 54, 5d. Criard, Pernet. Voy.i. 185. Troupiale, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. p. liv. Black-bird, or Maize Thief, Kalm Trav.i pl. p. 291. Mexican Crow, Gen. Syn. 11.396. Purple Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 462. Id. Sup. p.90. Arct. Zool. ii. 153. SIZE of a Blackbird; length twelve inches; breadth seventeen inches and a half. Bill black; irides white, or pearly grey; plumage *Tn a drawing of this bird Mr. A. calls it the female of the Boat-tailed species, but I hesitate much in joining him in opinion. GRAKLE. 175 wholly black, richly glossed with purple, especially on the head and neck; tail cuneiform; legs black. The female is shorter by one inch than the male, and less glossy, otherwise not unlike, The young bird does not get the full plumage till the second year, before that time partaking more or less of brown, and as it proceeds in age is patched with black, or glossed with black or blue. This species inhabits various parts of America, Carolina, Mexico, and Jamaica; for the most part feeds on maize, hence the name of Maize-Thief has been given to it. These birds will also eat various kinds of insects; are destructive to the maize soon after it is sown, by scratching it up again, and no sooner is the leaf come out, than they dig it up with the bill; when ripe they do still more damage, for then they come by thousands, and are so bold, that if disturbed in one part of a field, they only go to another; after the maize harvest they are content to feed on other things, as the aquatic tare grass; and if obliged, by hunger, buck-wheat, oats, and other grain; they are said to destroy that pernicious insect the Bruchus Pisi. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania, three-pence per dozen were given for the dead birds, by which they were so nearly extirpated in 1750, as to be but few left ; but it was then observed, that the worms in the meadows so increased, the persecution of the birds abated, as it was found that they fed on these worms till the maize was ripe. At the first appearance in spring, all are more or less purple; though at the time of their uniting in such vast flocks, im summer, to visit the plantations of maize, a large proportion of brown birds are among them, having a small mixture of purple. They build the beginning of May, in societies of ten or fifteen together, in one tall tree, rarely in bushes, and chiefly about ponds. The nest composed of sticks, dried stalks, and hay, laying five bluish olive eggs, marked with large spots, and irregular streaks of black and dark brown, and have only one brood in a season, but the spots vary in colour, and some have a mixture of others of a paler tinge. Are said to pass 176 GRAKLE. the winter in swamps, and will now and then form one troop with the Red-Winged Orioles and Blue Jays. The note is thought by some to be agreeable, but the flesh is black and unsavoury. They are called in some parts Crow Blackbirds, and will learn to articu- late, but not distinctly. In the Museum of the late Sir A. Lever was a beautiful Variety. The bill pale, with a dusky tip; head white; back, shoulders, and breast white, mottled with black; quills and tail black ; some of the outer feathers of the latter white just at the tips. Another, represented in a drawing, sent by Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, had the eight middle tail feathers quite white; the two outer black. Much attachment has been observed between this bird and the Fishing Hawk; the nest of the latter is composed of large sticks, and is three or four feet in diameter, among the interstices of which the Purple Grakles will construct theirs, whilst the Hawk is sitting above, and each hatch their young, in perfect harmony. I must here observe, that M. Daudin separates the Pica Jamai- censis, and Merops niger iride subargentea, into different Species, and adds thereto the Corvus Mexicanus, which we believe is no other than our Purple Grakle; now all these are said to be as large, or larger than a Jackdaw, and, according to our conceptions, full eleven imches, or more, in length: yet, in his description of a Species thus divided, he gives the length but eight inches and a half—too great a difference to be the same bird. He adds as a synonym too, our Labrador Thrush; but this is in our opinion more probably a young Rice Oriole, as we have arranged it, from several specimens having passed under our eye. Nor is this species found greatly to the south- ward. We suspect that M. Daudin has been deceived by the Boat- Tailed Grakle, from having seen it at different periods of age, for he says, that in both his birds the tails are hollowed on the upper surface like a gutter ;* which is true in the Boat-Tailed Grakle, and * Queue 4 pennes étagees, et formant une gouttiere, par l’abaissement des intermediares. GRAKLE. 177 in no other. How far this may be the Criard of Pernetty, is not easy to be determined; this is said to be light blue, but, indeed, the plumage appears in some lights to be both blue and purple. 36.—CHILI GRAKLE. Turdus cureus, Ind. Orn.i. 348; Molin. Chil. 229. Id. Fr. ed. 232: Gm. Lin.i. 818. Sturnus cureus, Daud.ii. 318. Le Troupiale noir et varié, Voy. d’Azarain. No. 71. Chil Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 178. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill somewhat angular, recurved at the tip, and black ; eyes black; the whole plumage glossy black ; tail cuneiform, five inches long; legs black. Inhabits Chili, and is there common; said to sing remarkably well; is a restless species, chattering, and imitating the notes of others; will catch small birds, and pick out their brains; found often among flocks of Starlings, and lives both on grain and insects; its flesh is unsavoury, and black, as are also the bones; it makes the nest of twigs, and rushes, mixed with mud, and lays three bluish white eggs; frequently kept in cages. Is observed in Paraguay as far as 27 degrees. From the above description, we are inclined to believe, that this is no other than the Purple Species. 7.—NOBLE GRAKLE. Oriolus nobilis, Edle Atzel, Merrem Beytr.i. p. 8. t. 2. LENGTH eight inches. General colour of the plumage black, some of the feathers on the shoulders, and the under tail coverts yellow ; base of the outer tail feathers yellow. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands. VOL, III, AA 1'78 GRAKLE. 38.—CLIMBING GRAKLE. Gracula scandens, Ind. Orn. i. 193. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 476. - Cayanensis, Gm. Lin.i. 399. Le grand Pic-grimpereau, Voy. d’ Azaraiv. No. 241. Picucule de Cayenne, Buf. vii. 82. Pl. enl. 621. Ois.dor.ii. 113. pl.76. Tene. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. 1xxxi. Climbing Grakle, Gen. Syn.i. 467. LENGTH ten inches. Bill stout, black, slightly bent the whole length, and curved at the point, length one inch and three quarters ; nostrils small, close to the base; head and throat mottled rufous and white; the upper parts of the body rufous, the under rufous yellow, every where marked with narrow, transverse, dusky streaks; wings and. tail rufous, the latter four inches long, cuneiform, the outer feather a quarter of an inch shorter than the middle ones; all of them have the shafts projecting in a point beyond the ends of the feathers ; legs one inch and a quarter, dusky black. Inhabits the interior of Guiana, and climbs the trees like the Woodpecker, with which it is blended by the mhabitants, but, in fact, it does not belong to that Genus, nor to the Creepers, between which two it seems to have been placed, but whether we may have acted more properly in respect to the present arrangement, must remain for future investigation. One, in the collection of Lord Seaforth, was full thirteen inches in length, with the head and neck plain brown; wings and. tail dull rufous. 39.—PICOID GRAKLE. Oriolus Picus, Ind. Orn.1. 188. Gm. Lin. i. 384. Oriolus Picoides, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 476. Le Talapiot, Buf. vii. 82. Pl. enl. 605. Climbing Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 453. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill one inch and a half, dusky horn-colour, under mandible paler, tip of the: upper slightly GRAKLE. 179 hooked ; nostrils close to the base; crown, nape, and neck behind brown ; the middle of the feathers clay-colour; in some birds white, giving the appearance of spots, but at the nape appearing as streaks ; throat and breast much the same, but the clay spots are Jarger, and longer; chin plain buff clay-colour, or whitish; from the breast to the vent dusky brownish yellow ; the rest of the plumage deep rufous ; the tail consists of twelve feathers, cuneiform in shape, the two middie ones three inches and three-quarters long, the outmost two inches and three-quarters, the shafts pale, and remarkably stiff, as in the Wood- pecker, especially the middle ones, the shafts contmuing beyond the ends in a sharp point; all but the two middle have a disposition to turn outwards, and probably support the bird i climbing, or on a tree, ~ as in the Woodpecker ; the outer quill is one inch shorter than the third, which is longest of all, and the wings reach three-fourths on the tail; legs rather weak, claws stout, hooked, dusky lead-colour ; toes united to the first joint. The above described from a specimen in the possession of Mr. Mc. Leay, received from Berbice ; is also found as far South as Paraguay; it is larger than that figured in the Pl. enlum. which is only seven imches long. Said to be frequent in Guiana, in the inland parts, haying the manners of a Creeper or Woodpecker ; but the straitness of the bill prevents it being ranked with the former, and the toes beng placed three before and one behind, forbid it to have place in the latter Genus, independent of the tongue not being elongated; ob- served to feed chiefly on insects, which lurk beneath the bark of trees, which it displaces for that purpose with its bill. Both this and the Climbing Grakle are called Woodpeckers at Guiana; and both are included by M. Temminck in his Genus Picucule. Aa2 180 PARADISE BIRD. GENUS XIX.—PARADISE BIRD. 1 Greater Paradise Bird 9 Furcated 16 Frosted 2 Smaller 10 Hackled 17 Crisped 3 Doubtful 11 Emerald-breasted 18 Twelve-wired 4 Red 12 Gold-breasted A Wayghihu 5 King 13 Blue-green 19 White 6 Magnificent A Var. 20 Golden 7 Crested 14 Gorget A Var. 8 Superb 15 White-winged THE bill in this Genus is slightly bent, the base covered with velvet-like feathers. Nostrils small, concealed in the feathers. Tail of ten or m re feathers; in some the two middle ones, in others more, very long, and webbed only at the base, and tips. Legs and feet large and strong ; toes placed three before and one behind. The whole of this Genus have, till lately, been very imperfectly known, few cabinets possessing more than the greater, or common one, with, perhaps, the King Species; nor has any set of birds given rise to more fables, to be found in most of the early authors : such as their never touching the ground; living wholly on dew; being produced without legs; and many such like stories, too ridiculous to mention ; and the last error is not at this time wholly disbelieved. The circumstance which seems to have occasioned it, did not at first, perhaps, proceed from an intention to deceive, but was merely accidental. In those parts of the world which produce these birds, the natives mace use of th mas Aigrettes, and other ornaments of dress, and in course threw away the less brilliant ; arts. The only trouble taken was merely to skin them, and after pulling off the legs, and coarser parts of the wings, &c. to thrust a stick down the throat into the body, PARADISE BIRD. 181 suffering an inch or two to hang out of the mouth, beyond. the bill, and when dry, the skin collapsed about the stick, which became fixed, and supported the whole; and the end of it beng put into a socket fitted to receive it, was fastened in some manner to a turban, or else- where. By degrees these were imported into other isles for the same uses, and afterwards coveted by the Japanese, Chinese, and Persians, in whose nations they are frequently seen, as well asin many parts of India. The Grandees of the last parts not only ornamenting them- selves, but adorning their horses with these beautiful plumes. The whole of this race is supposed to inhabit New Guinea, migrating into the neighbouring isles for a time, but returning to the former in the breeding season, and never at all found but within a few degrees of the Equator. The Dutch get them chiefly from Banda, and it is there that the story of their bemg without legs is propagated, in order to enhance their value. The natives of Aroo bring them to that place by way of traffic, prepared as above, and put into the hollow of a Bamboo for further preservation. We here enumerate twenty Species and Varieties, and lament that the descriptions of some are necessarily imperfect, from the little knowledge to be obtained concerning them; but have remarked all that is generally known, with a hope that some future Naturalist will be found, who having undertaken a journey into New Guinea, may be capable of discriminating the subjects he shall find there, and by this means supply our present desiderata. 182 PARADISE BIRD. 1—GREATER PARADISE BIRD. Paradisea apoda, Ind. Orn.i. 194. Lin.i. 166. It. Wgoth.139. Mus. Ad. Fred. i. 15. Gm. Lin. i. 399. Borowsk. 11. 121. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 480. t. 58. Manucodiata, Paradisea Avis, Bris.ii. 130. t.13. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 193. Raii p. 20. 1. Td. 21. 3.5.6.7. Id. 22.8.9. Will. 56. t.11. p.57.5.6. p. 58.7. 8. p. 59. 9. Klein Av, 63. 1.3.5.6. Seba Mus.i. 99. t.63. f.1.2. Gerin. t.63. Zool. Indic. p.3l.1. Id. 4to. p. 18. pl. in title page. Mus. Lev. t. 8. Abe del Paraiso, Gabin. de Madrid.i. p. 67. lam. 29. Der grosse Paradiesvogel, Schmid Vog. p. 54. t. 41. Oiseau de Paradis, Buf. iii. 151. t.12. Pl. enl. 254: Robert Ic. pl. 19. L’Emeraude, Ois.de Paradis p.9. pl. 1. Birds of Paradise, Will. Orn. p. 91.1. 92. 3.5.6.7. 93. 8.9. pl. 11. Great Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. iit. 471. Edw.t.110. Alb. i. pl. 9. Forrest Voy. 135. Bradl. Nat. t. 12. f.1.2. THIS bird appears, from the plumage, to be as big as a Pigeon, but the body scarcely exceeds that of a Thrush. Bill one inch and a half long, stout, brown, and a little curved at the tip, from thence to the end of the tail twelve inches and a half; the head rounded, of a full proportion to the size of the bird, and, as well as the throat and neck, covered with very short, dense, stiff feathers ; those of the head, and hind part of the neck, of a pale gold-colour, but the base of the bill is surrounded with black velvet-like ones, changing in different lights to green; the fore part of the neck is green gold, lower part of it behind, back, wings, and tail chestnut ; breast deeper chestnut, inclining to purple; beneath the wings spring a great quantity of feathers, the webs of which are so loose as to appear like herrmg-bone,* some of them nearly eighteen inches in length: these are of different colours, some chestnut and purplish, others yellowish, and a few almost white; from the rump arise two feathers without webs, except for four inches next the base, and the same at the tips; these appear to be the two middle tail feathers, and are two feet * Appearing not unlike tufts of the Downy Feather-Grass—Stipa pennata, Lin. PARADISE BIRD. 1835 nine inches in length, but the rest are little more than six inches, and are even at the end; legs stout, and brown. The female is like the male, but the two wire-like feathers of the tail have shorter webs; these birds are said to moult, and to be without these long feathers for four months in the year. Inhabits the Molucca Islands, and those surroundmg New Guinea, particularly in the Isle of Aroo; the people of Amboyna call them Manu-key-aroo; the natives of Ternate, Burong papua, or Papua Bird; also Manuco-dewata, and Soffu, or Sioffu ; at Aroo they are called Fanaan: supposed to breed in New Guinea, coming from thence into Aroo, at the westerly, or dry Monsoon, and found there during the continuance of it, returning to New Guinea when the east or wet Monsoon sets in; they are seen going and returning, in flights of twenty or thirty, led by a king, which is observed constantly to fly higher than the rest; during this flight they cry like Starlings, and fly against the wind, if moderate, but when in’ distress, from its shifting, or blowing too strong, they croak like Ravens, and in this case their long scapular feathers become dishevelled, which quite hinders their flight, and they are lost in the water, or fall on the ground, in which latter case they are unable to rise again, without gaining an eminence; in this state they are watched by the natives, who secure many, and kill them on the spot, as it is said they cannot be kept alive by art,* and the trafhic in these birds is one part of their trade; they are also taken with birdlime, + when they settle in trees,-or shot with blunt arrows. They are sold at Banda, and its vicinity, for half a rix dollar, but the people of Aroo are content with a spike nail for each. The food of these birds is not known for certain, since the accounts given by Authors differ widely ; some affirm, that they feed on * The late Mr. Pennant furnished us with an instance to the contrary, from Sir Joseph Banks ; one of them having been brought alive to England.—Jnd. Zool. 4to. 12. note x. + Said to be prepared from the juice of Sukkom, or Bread-fruit (Artocarpus). 184 PARADISE BIRD. berries of the Waringa tree,* others that they are fond of nutmegs, + others say their food is large butterflies, and again, that they chace small birds;§ and the last circumstance does not appear improbable, as their bills and legs are sufficiently stout, and they are known to defend themselves courageously whenever they are taken alive. The Paradise Birds were formerly brought mto Europe without legs, and not a few persons were persuaded that they never had any; but the truth is, that the legs being useless for the purposes designed, they are torn off on the spot, and thrown aside. It is for ornament only that they are coveted, by such of the inhabitants of the east as are able to purchase them, as the chiefs of the country wear them constantly in their turbans, and the grandees of Persia, Surat, and other parts of the East Indies, use them as Aigrettes, and even adorn their horses with them. 2—SMALLER PARADISE BIRD. Paradisea minor Papuana, Zool. Ind. p.33. 2. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 486. Petit emeraude, Ois. de Paradis p. 12. pl. 2. Smaller Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. ii. 474. A. Forr. Voy.187. Ind. Zool. Ato. p.20. II. THIS is smaller, as the length, the scapular feathers included, is no more than twenty-one inches. Bill lead-colour, with a yellowish poimt, and two inches and a half long; the eye surrounded with black ; forehead and chin covered with velvety black feathers, glossed with green; throat and neck before wholly green ; top of the head, nape, and half the neck behind, ferruginous yellow, the lower half quite yellow; the back is also yellow, with a tinge of dirty grey; breast, belly, and wings chestnut; from the upper part of the tail * Ficus benjamina,’see Forrest, p. 136. + Tavernier, 1. 311. + Linneus. § Bontius, ‘‘unguibus incurvis et peracutis parvas aviculas Chlorides, Fringillas, et similes yenentur, easque mox, sicut reliquze aves devorent.”’ Lib. v. cap. 12. PARADISE BIRD. 185 spring two wire-like shafts, as in the former bird, as well as a tuft of long, loose-webbed feathers from beneath each wing ; these are of a delicate white, or light yellow, the last chiefly on the sides, where many of the shorter ones have purple tips; but in some specimens the base half is fine yellow, and the rest of the length satiny white, without the purple tips. This bird is only to be found in the Papuan Islands, where it is called Shag or Shague, by the people of Ternate, Toffu, or Boorong-papuwa. It is said, that the Papuans intoxicate them with Cocculus indicus,* so as to catch them with the hand; they then draw out the bowels, sear the inside with a red hot iron, and afterwards put each into the hollow of a bamboo, for preservation. I have, however, reason to suppose, that they do more than simply exenterate them, as I have ever found, that the skins alone were preserved, and in general, most, if not the whole, of the skull was taken away, whence the head appears unnaturally small.+ We are informed, that they build in tall trees, and do not migrate hike the first described; yet are said, like them, to fly in flocks, preceded by a king, who is black, with a purplish cast, and more finely coloured than the rest, and that the male has a longer bill and neck than the female. It is probable, that this and the former are mere Varieties, if not in different stages of growth. 3.—DOUBTFUL PARADISE BIRD. AMONG the excellent drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, is one of the fragments of a Paradise Bird, which I can scarcely reconcile to * Menispermum Cocculus, Lin. + I have met with one haying the skull complete, which was round, and nearly the size of that of the Magpie. VOL. III. Bs 186 PARADISE BIRD. any known Species, though perhaps it may come nearest to the lesser sort; the length to the end of the tail thirteen inches. Bill one inch long, at the base half an inch broad, colour brown; forehead not covered with black velvety feathers; the whole plumage on the upper parts (which alone appear in the drawing) of a fine glowing erange yellow; some of the greater quills remain attached, and are fine light brown ; second quills the same, fringed at the tips with yellow; m others nearly the whole of the inner webs are of the last colour, except at the tips; tail three inches and a half long, even at the end, colour light brown ; the quills reach to the base of the tail ; the rest of the bird is wanting. It differs from the Smaller Paradise Bird, as the bill is one-third shorter, and considerably broader at the base; the quills tipped with yellow; also, the plumage on the upper parts is fine orange yellow ; perhaps the chin and throat may be velvety, as some edges of dark coloured feathers appear on each side of the jaw, in the drawing, for about an inch and a half from the bill. In the same drawing is a single feather, four inches long, probably one of the side feathers of the tail; the inner web, from the base, half way, yellow ; this colour then diverges from the shaft to the end, so that the inner web appears brown and yellow, obliquely divided ; the outer wholly brown, except just at the base, where the feather is entirely yellow. 4.—RED PARADISE BIRD. Paradis rouge, Ois. de Paradis p. 14. pl. 3. Paradisea sanguinea, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 487. t. 59. LENGTH nine inches, but to the end of the axillary feathers twelve or thirteen. Bill horn-colour; forehead and chin velvety black ; the feathers on the forehead longer than the rest, forming a PARADISE BIRD. 187 crest, divided into two parts, and these, as well as those of the neck above, and throat, are of the same texture; neck behind, back, rump, sides, and great part of the breast yellow ; lower part of the belly, wings, and. tail brown, deeper on the breast; subaxillary feathers situated as in the others, and of a fine red, but instead of the two elongated, slender shafts, usually seen in other Species, this bird has two appendages of the same kind, twenty-two inches’ long, as thick asa goose quill, convex on one side, and concave on‘the other; at the base of these are some very short barbs; the rest of the length perfectly naked, and ending in a point. The specimen, from which the above account is taken, had neither wings nor legs, nor was it said from whence it came. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, is one of these, the _ total length two feet. Head, chin, and throat velvety, and fine emerald green, changing to blue; feathers of the crown rather long, and may be erected over the forehead; hind part of the neck, and beginning of the back tawny yellow; the rest rufous brown; the quills wanting, but the tufts springing from beneath them are fine sanguineous red; and ending in herring-bone points; the two elongated. quill-like appendages little more than fifteen inches, but the same in size and: form as in the other; colour of them black. This is said to have been brought from some of the Eastern Islands, the place not certain; thought to be Amboyna: 5 a a y Bit 7 4 Gorget ( Vigy, ( Pale. We PARADISE BIRD. 197 lights ; wings deep black ; beneath them the feathers are downy, but do not at all exceed in length, as in other Paradise birds. The tail is of an enormous length, and consists of twelve unequal feathers, the two middle ones being nearly twenty-two inches long, and the outer five; colour glossy purplish black; and in some lights appearing undulated across; legs black. The above description taken from a complete specimen im posses- sion of Sir Joseph Banks: it seems to bear some affinity with the black Bird of Paradise, mentioned by Forrest,** which he says, is four spans long, of a black colour, without any remarkable gloss ; but as this is all he mentions, the matter cannot be well determined. He adds, that the Alfoories, or Inhabitants of the Mountains in Messowal, shoot these birds, and sell them to the people of Tidore. I observe in the figure given in the Ois. de Paradis, that the whole throat has the gilded coppery lustre, and not merely a crescent or gorget, as in our figure, and the one given by Levaillant has the feathers of the crown so long as to be turned forwards, quite over the bill; hence we may suppose that this species differs essentially im plumage, either owing to age or sex. 15.—WHITE-WINGED PARADISE BIRD. Paradisea leucoptera, Ind. Orn.i. 196. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 500. Oiseau de Paradis a ailes blanches, Os. de Parad. p. 28. White-winged Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 92. LENGTH twenty-five inches. Bill one inch long, almost strait, black; the feathers on the chin nearly reaching to the end of it ; plumage in general black; back part of the neck glossed with copper ; quills white, with the outer edges black ; the tail consists of ten feathers, the two middle ones nineteen or twenty inches long, the * Forr. Voy: p. 140. No. 4. 198 PARADISE BIRD. second, sixteen ; the third, twelve ; the fourth, nine; the outer, only seven : the wings, when closed, reach to about one-third on the tail. A specimen of the above was in the Museum of the late Mr. Boddam, of Bull’s Cross ; but whether the plumage had any variable luster was uncertain, as the bird was fixed in a too obscure corner of the room to ascertain it. 16.—FROSTED PARADISE BIRD. Blue-green Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. ii. 482. 7. Parag. 2. SIZE of the last. Bill one inch and a quarter long, the under mandible shorter; tongue even at the end, and bristly; general colour of the plumage black, inclined to purple on the body, but the head and neck have a reflection of green, and the whole plumage of the head and body appears frosted, or frizzled, every feather being absolutely curled at the edges; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers seven inches long, the outer three and three quarters; the wings were wanting. This was in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, who had it from New Guinea. We have seen one also in the Museum of Mr. Bullock, perfect, except in the greater quills; bill one inch and a half long. 17.—CRISPED PARADISE BIRD. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill stout, curved, with a notch near the tip of the upper mandible; nostrils in a depression; the feathers come forward close to, but do not cover them; the head, neck, and breast have short and crisped feathers, but before the eyes most hke velvet; the plumage so far appears glossy steel green, but the feathers Pl. XCVOM. L; /) M06 LeGe {) Wd SEN > ew ~ 1 aN XS XN PARADISE BIRD. 199 are only of that colour at the tips, the rest of the length bemg dusky black; back and wings steel black, with a glossy blue tinge; tail seven inches long, appearing, when spread out, rounded, but the feathers, when folded up, have somewhat the shape of a Hen’s tail, being ridged at top, and hollowed beneath; legs black. The specimen, from which this description is taken, was in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, and seems so much like the Frosted Species, that it may be suspected to belong to that bird. 18.—TWELVE-WIRED PARADISE BIRD.—PL. xivitt. Paradisea nigricans, Black-bodied Paradise Bird, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p.489. pl. 60. 61. Paradise nova Species, Zool. Ind. p. 36. vi. Gerin. t. 65. f.1? Manucode a douze filets, Ois. de Paradis p.29. pl. 13. New Species of Paradise Bird, Ind. Zool. 4to. p. 24. VI. THE length of this singular bird, from the point of the bill to the end of the white tufts, is about twelve inches, but if the appendages are reckoned, seven or eight more, in all nineteen or twenty inches. The bill is two inches long, a trifle bent, and black ; tongue as long as the bill; head, neck, and breast covered with short feathers, like black velvet; across the lower part of the breast a most splendid green band; wings black; quills nearly white; sides of the body, and under the wings, covered with a tuft of cream-coloured feathers, very thickly set, and as soft as silk; from the ends of six of these, on each side, the naked shafts continue, appearing as wiry appendages, seven or eight inches long; the length of the tufts alone about five inches; at first sight, these tufts, from collapsing together, might be mistaken for the tail, which is entirely covered by them; the back of the bird is black, glossed with fine purple, and the true tail is only three inches long, consisting of twelve feathers, of equal lengths, the ends rather pointed, in colour like the back, but with more lustre; the under tail coverts yellowish white, and equal in 200 PARADISE BIRD. length with the tail, which, however, is never visible, unless the bird expands the wings, and the tufts are erected ; the legs are stout, and horn-coloured. According to Dr. Forster, this bird is said to have been brought into Amboina, from Missowal, in 1689; and much the same account is given by M. Audibert, in his Otis. de Paradis. We learn, however, that the same species inhabits the Molucca Islands, and Amboina, being there called the Leader of the Birds of Paradise. We have, many years since, taken a description from one in the collection of the late Lady Wilson; and again from one in the possession of Sir J. Anstruther, Bart. and fine specimens were also in the collection of Mr. Bullock. In one the black, wire-lke ap- pendages are perfect, in another none are visible, except a single short one, as fine as a hair. This may probably differ from sex. I observe, too, that in the one having the wiry shafts complete, the tail is absolutely black ; but in that without these additions, it is fine, glossy gilded purple. A.—Wayghihu, Ind. Orn.i. 197. 6. Ind. Zool. 23. V. 8. Gerin. t. 65. f. 1? In this bird the fore parts are black, the hinder white, with twelve slender, crooked, almost naked feathers ; this is the whole description. It is said to inhabit Wayghihu, one of the Papuan Islands, little frequented, to be the rarest of all the species, and procured through the people of Tidore. Dr. Forster makes it a Variety of the White, or following, but from its having twelve shafts, we rather think it more proper to be placed here. PARADISE BIRD. 901 19.—WHITE PARADISE BIRD. Paradisea alba, Ind. Orn.i. 197. Zool. Ind. p. 35. V. Gmel. Lin. i. 402. Shaw's Zool. vii. 501. Paradis blanc, Otis. de Purad. p. 27. Promerops, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \xxxvi. White Paradise Bird, Ind. Zool. 4to. p. 23. V. THIS is said to be entirely white, resembling the Papuan sort, our smaller species, as to general habit; that it is extremely rare, and found in New Guinea. ‘This very short account copied by Dr. Forster from Fr. Valentyn,* is the only one we find concerning this bird ; of which, we believe, there is no figure extant. M.'Temminck, perhaps, has been more fortunate in having seen a specimen, as he mentions it as Promerops. 20.—GOLDEN PARADISE BIRD Paradisea aurea, Ind. Orn.i. 197. Bor. Nat. 9. 122. flavo fulva, Mus. Ad. Fr. i. 15. aurantia, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 499. Oriolus aureus, Lin.i. 163. Gm. Lin. i. 394. Loriot, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. liv: Icterus Indicus, Bris. App.37 Id.8vo. 1. 191. Rollier de Paradis, Buf. iii. 149. Le Paradise orangé, Ois. de Parad. p. 26, pl. 11, 12. Golden Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. ii. 483. Edw. pl. 112. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch, rather bent and brown, darker at the tip; the throat and fore part of the neck for an inch and a quarter covered with black velvety feathers; the head, neck, and body fine orange colour; beneath yellow; shoulders of the * Franc. Valentyn. Beschryving van Oude end nieuwe Oost-Indien. vol. iii. p. 316, 317, 1724. Vou. I. Dob 202 PARADISE BIRD. wings mixed with black ; quills and tail black, with yellow shafts ; and the latter frmged with yellow at the tip; legs black. In young birds the beak is mottled with ash-colour. This is said to mhabit some part of the East Indies, but the place not determined. Authors have differed as to the situation it ought to hold in the system. Linneus at first ranked it with the Paradise Birds, but afterwards jomed with Brisson in making it an Oriole. Buffon thought it allied both to the Roller and Paradise Birds. But although we must own that it fails in some particulars, it comes nearest to the last named, under which head we have still continued it. A.—Paradis orange, Var. Ois. de Parad. p. 27. pl. 12. This differs from the other, merely m having the wings and tail greenish brown: such an one in the Museum of Mr. Bullock, of Pic- cadilly, has the edges of all the brown feathers very pale, approach- ing in some to white ; those of the tail appear to have many obsolete undulations across them. I observe in the complete bird, the feathers of the neck and breast, as well as of the back, are very long, and capable of being erected like a kind of ruff. CURUCUI. 203 GENUS XX.—CURUCUI. 1 Red-bellied Curucui 4 Violet-headed C. B Var. A Var. A Leverian 7 Ceylonese C. 2 Red-vented C. 5 Cinereous C. 8 Indian C. 3 Yellow-bellied C. 6 Rufous C. 9 Narina C. A‘ Var: A Var. 10 Fasciated C. iB Var. THE bill is short, thick, and convex, and for the most part den- tated on the edges. Nostrils covered with stiff bristles. Legs short, weak, and covered with feathers or down. Toes placed two before and two behind. Tail consisting of twelve feathers. As far as I can learn, the manners of these birds are much alike, and in which they, for the most part, agree with the first Species. The greater part of them are inhabitants of South America, except the four last species, which are found at Ceylon, India, or the Cape of Good Hope.—They are said to differ much in the various stages of life, which has given rise to confusion of species, and may render the following account of them less perfect than could be wished : are called at Guiana, Curucuis, or rather Couroucouis, from their note not ill resembling that word. They are said to feed on fruits. 1.—RED-BELLIED CURUCUI. Trogon Curucui, Ind. Orn.i. 192. Lin. i. 167. Gm. Lin.i. 403; Rait p. 45. Will. 96. pl. 22. Klein. Av.28. Merrem Ic. t.9. Bor. Nat. ii. 123. t. 14. Tzinitzian, Raii p. 163. Will. Engl. 392. Trogon Brasiliensis viridis, Bris. iv. 173. Id. 8vo. ii. p- 90. Gerin. t. 187. Der Curucui, Schm. Vog. p. 36. t. 22. Couroucou a Ventre rouge, Buf. iii. 287. pl. 14. Pl. enl. 452. Le Surucua, Voy. d’ Azaraiv. No. 270. Red-bellied Curucui, Gen. Syn.ii. 485. Gen. Zool. ix. pl. 4.* THIS is between ten and eleven inches long. The bill pale Dov2 204 CURUCUI. yellow; irides gold-colour ; the under mandible furnished with stiff black bristles, as well as the eye lids;* the head, neck, and upper part of the breast, back, ramp, and upper tail coverts shining green, with a gloss of blue in some lights; the throat black; wing coverts bluish grey, with numerous transverse, zigzag lines of black ; quills black, with part of the shafts white; the breast, belly, sides, and under tail coverts fine red; thighs blackish; the tail is cuneiform, and green, like the back, but the three outer feathers are blackish, crossed with slender lines of grey; legs brown. The female is said to have those parts, which are of a fine brilliant green in the male, black grey, and totally without gloss; the zigzag lines on the wings also are less conspicuous; and the three outer tail feathers have the webs marked with black and white; the upper mandible not yellow, but brown, and the red colour does not extend so high as the breast. Inhabits Mexico, Brazil, Peru, and other parts of South America. Itis the nature of the Curucui to lead:a solitary life in the thickest forests, especially in pairing time, when only two are found together. At this season the male has a kind of melancholy note, by which its haunts are discovered, at other times he is per- fectly mute. They pair in April, and lay three or four white eggs, in the hole of a rotten tree, on the bare dust: im defect. of this rotten matter, are said to bruise even sound wood into powder, with the bill, which being strong and toothed, may readily be supposed fully able to effect this. During incubation the male takes care to provide food for the female; and, by his trivial song, pleasant no doubt to her, to beguile the time. The young, when first hatched, are quite bare of feathers; the head out of all proportion large, and the legs, though short in the adult, seem too long. The parents feed these with small worms, caterpillars, and insects, and when able to shift for themselves, forsake them, to return to their solitary * Brisson mentions a bare spot of white beneath the eye, but I have not observed it in any specimen, which has. come under: observation: CURUCUI. 205 haunts, till nature prompts them to produce a second brood in August or September. It has been tried to bring up these birds tame, but without effect, for they refuse to eat, and die im consequence. M. Deshayes, who relates the above, observes, that they are called at St. Domingo Calecon rouge, and in other islands, Demoiselle, or Dame Angloise. A.—Avis anonyma tertia, Marc. Hist. Bras. 216. Bris.iv. 175. Red-bellied Curucui, Gen. Syn. 11. 486. 1. A. MARCGRAVE describes this, which differs in having the wing coverts plain brown; the bill ash-coloured, and the irides saffron colour ; it wants also the spot beneath the eye, which Brisson men- tions in his description. This bird is probably a female of the former. 2.—RED-VENTED CURUCUI. Couroucou gris 4 longue queue, Buf. vi. 288, Pl. enl. 737. Red-bellied Curucui, Var. B. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 486. THIS is eleven inches in length. Bill, as in the former, dusky ; general colour of the plumage cinereous grey, but on near inspection, some traces of green-gold are very apparent, especially on the back, and middle tail feathers; lower belly and vent red; the tail almost as long as the rest of the bird, a trifle rounded in shape, or nearly even ; the outer webs and tips of the three outer feathers white; the three outer quills also marked with black and white on the outer edge. Tuhabits Cayenne. According to Buffon this is a Variety of the former, but the extreme length of the tail, m proportion to that of the others, contradicts the supposition. 206 CURUCUI. 3.—YELLOW-BELLIED CURUCUI. Trogon viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 199. Lin.i. 167. Gm. Lin. i. 404. Bor. Nat. ix. 123. Bris.iv. 168. t. 17. 1. Id. 8yo. ix. p. 88. Gerin. t. 189. Spalowsck. Vog. iii. t.14. Couroucou a ventre jaune, Buf. vi. 291. Pl. enl. 195, Couroucou, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xxii. Yellow-bellied Curucui, Gen. Syn. ii. 488. Shaw’s Zool.ix. pl. 4. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill pale ash-colour, scarcely an inch long; the upper part of the head violet, with a mixture of green gold; sides of the head and throat black; the upper part of ~ the body green gold, passing forwards to form a band of the same colour on the breast; all beneath this is yellow orange; thighs nearly black, as are the under wing coverts ; the last margined with white ; upper side coverts and scapulars black; quills black brown, the outer edges, from the base to the middle, white; from this to the end spotted with white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers exceeding the outer ones by two inches; these are blackish, with a green gold gloss; the second and third the same, but the edges only are green gold ; and the third has only a black tip; the fourth black- ish, indented with white on the outer edge at the tip; and the two outer ones, half way from the base, blackish; the rest white, in- dented as the fourth; legs feathered to the toes, which are brownish ash-colour. Some specimens have the outer tail feathers barred black and white; and others have the three outer ones obliquely white at the ends, the colours being so separated, but not indented. A.—Psittacus flammeus viridis et cinereus, &c. Feutl. Obs. Phys. p. 20. Yellow-bellied green Cuckow, Edw. pl. 331. Seligm. Vog.9. t. 21- Size of the last. Bill yellow, surrounded with black feathers, extending round the eyes, and for an inch down the throat; irides CURUCUI. 207 yellow; top of the head, neck all round, the back, rump, and lesser outer wing coverts, splendid green, reflecting a gloss of blue and gold; fore part of the neck blue green; breast, belly, and under tail coverts full orange, or gold-colour; wings dusky white, crossed with minute, irregular dusky lines ; tail cuneiform, the six middle feathers green, with black tips, the others white, with transverse lines of black ; legs brownish. Inhabits Cayenne, and other parts of South America. In some parts of Brazil very common ; has not an unpleasant song, or rather whistle, frequently repeated ; sometimes soft, at others loud and shrill; this the natives imitate to decoy them within reach, for in general these birds frequent the tops of the trees, and being concealed under much cover, are not easily shot. B.—Trogon viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 199. 2. 8. Lin.i. 167. 3. 6. — ventre candido, Bris.iv. 170. Jd. Svo. ii. 89. Couroucou verd a ventre blanc, Buf. vi. 293. White-bellied Curucui, Gen. Syn. ii. 489. 2. A. This bird is a trifle smaller, and differs in having the belly white; the end half of the tail feathers white, separated obliquely, but mdented as the other. I have seen one, in which the white belly had a tinge of yellow, and is probably a Variety. 4.—VIOLET-HEADED CURUCUI. Trogon violaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 199. Gm. Lin. i. 404. Lanius capite, collo, pectoreque violaceo-nigric. &c. N. C. Petr.xi. 436. t. 16. f. 8. Le Couroucou a chaperon violet, Buf. vi. 294. Violet-headed Curucui, Gen. Syn. ii. 491. Gen. Zool. ix. p: 8. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill lead-colour with a whitish point; on the forehead, round the eyes, and ears blackish ; 208 CURUCUI. the rest of the head, the throat, neck, and breast, very deep violet ; eyelids yellow; back and rump deep gilded green; upper tail coyerts bluish green, with a gold gloss; the wings brown; coyerts and lesser quills dotted with white; the two middle tail feathers bluish-green tipped with black, the two next partly blue-green, partly black ; and the three outer ones black, barred, and tipped with white. Inhabits the same places as the former ones, and seems to be greatly allied to them. M.'Temminck thinks them to be the same. A.—Trogon Leverianus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxix. Lev. Mus. p. 175. pl. p. 177. Leverian Curucui, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.181. Size of the last. Bill Jead-colour, with a paler tip; head, neck, and breast fine deep violet blue; wings black; quills edged with white; back bluish-green, with a tinge of gold colour; upper tail coverts silky, deep lucid blue green ; tail black, imclining to green, the six middle feathers square at the ends, and slightly tipped with black; the three outer shorten by degrees, are black, obliquely edged with white, and the ends for one-third of the length white, as is also the belly, but tinged with reddish buff; legs black. Inhabits South America. In the collection of Mr. Bullock is a singular feather, full three feet in length, wholly most. brilliant and glossy green, similar to the back of the Red-bellied Curucui, the webs loose, as in the feathers of a Peacock’s train. Supposed to belong to the tail of some species of Curucui from South America, yet unknown. AEDS ) Cf Y -. ‘ Kafors Curt’ CURUCUI. 209 5.—CINEREOUS CURUCUI. Trogon strigilatus, Ind. Orn.i. 200. Lin.1. 167. Gm. Lin.i. 402. Trogon Cayanensis cinereus, Bris iv. 165. t. 16. 1. Jd. 8vo ii. 88. Gerin. t, 188. Couroucou de la Guiane, Bris. vi. 293. Pl. enl. 765. Cinereous Curucui, Gen. Syn. i. 489. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 10.' LENGTH twelve inches. Bill one inch, deep ash-colour ; general colour of the body very deep ash, darker on the thighs and legs; belly, and under tail coverts crange yellow ; scapulars, upper wing coverts, and the greater next the body blackish, transversely striated with narrow whitish lines; those farthest from the body plain; under wing coverts deep ash, edged with white; greater quills blackish ; the first five have white edges for two-thirds of the length, the secondaries the same, and white also at the base ; tail blackish, cuneiform, the six middle feathers six inches and a quarter long, and equal, the three outer on each side shorten by degrees, the exterior measuring less by two inches than the middle ones; these are striated across, black and white; legs deep ash-colour. Inhabits South America. I observe some to have a pale yellow bill; the outer quills indented with white on the edges; and the three outer tail feathers white, crossed with more numerous black bars on both webs, and the ends of these white for near three-fourths of an inch: supposed to be young birds of the Yellow-bellied, and Violet-headed. 6.—RUFOUS CURUCUI.—PL. xix. Trogon rufus, Ind. Orn. i. 200. Gm. Lin. 1. 404. Couroucou 4 queue rousse, Buf. vi. 293. Pl. enl. 736. Couroucou, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. pl. \xxvii. Rufous Curucui, Gen. Syn. i. 490. pl. 21. Gen. Zool. ix. pl. 2 & 3. LENGTH nine inches. Bill dusky ; plumage in general rufous; belly, thighs, and vent yellow; wing coverts striated black and grey ; VOL. III, Er 210 CURUCUI, quills black with dusky edges; tail cuneiform, six of the middle feathers equal in length and rufous, and the three outer ones on each side transversely barred black and white, and tipped with the latter ; legs dusky. The female in Mr. Bullock’s Museum is olive-brown, where the male is rufous; the striz on the wing coverts not clear white ; and the belly very pale yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. 7.—CEYLONESE CURUCUI. SIZE of the other. Head and neck brownish ash-colour; back cinereous ; wing coverts deep lead, with numerous, transverse white lines; quills black, with white shafts; tail cuneiform, as in most other Curucuis ; the four middle feathers deeply margined with black, the tip also black; the others half white, half cimnamon-colour, edged with black, as in the others. One, said to be a female, has the head ash-colour ; wing coverts rufous grey, with black lines; all beneath pale cinnamon, or bufi- colour; the rest as in the male, but wholly paler. From Ceylon, in the collection of General Davies, and is most probably a Variety of the Fasciated Species. 8.—INDIAN CURUCUI. Trogon Indicus, Ind. Orn. i. 201. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 13. Indian Curucui, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 94. BILL bluish, very hooked; head and neck black, striped with white; from the corners of the mouth, just beneath the cheeks, a whitish stripe; back and wings dusky, marked with round rusty CURUCUI. 211 spots; breast and belly yellowish white, barred with dusky ; tail very long, cuneiform, crossed with narrow dusky bars; legs ash-colour. Inhabits India, and called Bungummi.—From the drawings of Lady Impey. 9.—NARINA CURUCUIL. Trogon Narina, Gen. Zool.ix. p. 14. Le Couroucou Narina, Levail. Afr.v. 104. pl. 228. 229. THIS is a trifle smaller than the American Red-bellied Curucui, but the tail longer in proportion. The bill short, and thick, colour yellowish, towards the edges and point dusky; irides reddish; head, neck, shoulders, lesser wing coverts, back, and rump, fine glossy green; chin and throat, to the breast, the same; from thence, all beneath is deep rose-colour; greater wing coverts marked with fine transverse black and white lines, on a grey ground; quills black, edged outwardly with white; the four middle tail feathers equal in length, and fine green; the three others on each side wedge-shaped, the outer being only half the length of the middle ones; they are white on the outer webs, and dusky within; legs yellow. The female is somewhat smaller; irides brown; the green in- clines a little to brown on the head, and behind the neck, and that colour is no where so vivid as in the other sex; likewise, the fine rose-colour on the under parts of the male is, in the female, very pale; the forehead, throat, and neck before are chiefly greyish rufous brown ; the wing coverts are less beautifully lined across. When young, both sexes incline much to rufous, but may be distinguished by an accurate observer. These are found in the deep woods of the Hottniqua Country, in those of the River of Gamtoos, and the Caftre Country ; lay four round eggs, in the hole of a tree, of a fine rose-coloured white, the Et2 212 CURUCUI. shell bemg very thin; sit twenty days; is a silent bird, except in time of incubation, when it has a sort of melancholy note; the young follow the parents for a time; known to the Hottentots by the name of Narina. 10.— FASCIATED CURUCUI.—PL. L. Trogon fasciatus, Ind. Orn. i. 200. Gm. Lin.i. 405. Zool. Ind. p. 15. t.5. Naturf. xvil. s. 17. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 6. Trogon Ceylonensis, Bris. Orn. 8vo. ii. p. 91. Fasciated Curucui, Gen. Syn. ii. 492. Ind. Zool. p. 35. pl. 4. LENGTH twelve inches and a half; weight an ounce and a half. Bill blackish blue, cultrated, near the end of both mandibles a notch, and the under one shuts beneath the upper; nostrils oval, covered with short reflected bristles, surrounding the base of the bill; tongue plain, even, sharp-pointed; eyes large, surrounded by @ beautiful, purple, naked orbit; irides dark orange; head, neck, breast, and belly scarlet; across the breast a narrow white band; back, rump, upper tail coverts, and thighs chestnut; wing coverts black, variegated with irregular white bars; quills white at the base; otherwise black ; the prime ones white on the outer edge, the fourth the longest; the second quills have the outer webs beautifully variegated with white bars; the two middle tail feathers brown, with black tips; the two next have great part of the inner web black ; in the two next only part of the outer web is brown, the remainder black; the fourth and fifth black, with a considerable space of white at the ends; the outermost the same, but the white occupies more space; the three outer ones much shorter than the six middle, and graduated ; the outmost very short; legs dirty red. The female is one inch and a half shorter. The head, and neck, to the breast, dull chestnut ; wing coverts reddish white, with slender JAE 2 MAAMMMM. LO 7 C . LL ALI, CURUCUI. 213 transverse lines, as in the male, and a narrow white band on the breast, as in that sex; and besides the first, two others less defined. Communicated by Dr. Buchanan, to whom the above were sent alive from Sylhet, as of different sexes; the male called by the Bengalese, Suda Sohaghin; in Hindustan, Hummesha Picara, which signifies, always admirable. The female is the Cuckeuchea of the Bengalese. Among the drawings of the Birds of Ceylon, by the late Mr. 8. Daniels, is one, apparently of the male of this species, but wanting the white bar on the breast; in this, the crown of the head is black ; - from the chin to the breast ash-colour; tail cuneiform, ends white. Native name Holemunnah. +e A.—Length fourteen inches. Bill hooked, blue, with many hairs at the base; space round the eyes bare and blue; irides red; head, neck, and back pale brownish clay-colour; wing coverts finely barred black and brown; quills reddish, chocolate brown, some of the outer edges white, of others black, with half of the outer webs white; across the breast a bar of white; from thence to the vent red ; legs short, pale red. Inhabits India; described from the drawings of Mr. Middleton. This is likewise figured among those of Lady Impey, but in the latter, the band on the breast is very narrow. Is found also at Ceylon, there called Rantvan-kondea, by some Pittichora. Brisson’s bird wants the white band on the breast. B.—Length ten inches and a half. Head, neck, and breast mouse-coloured brown; back tawny brown, inclining to ferruginous on the rump; beneath, from the breast, very light tawny; wing coverts tawny, crossed with numerous blackish lines; quills dusky, rather curved, the outer webs white three-fourths from the base; the 214 CURUCUI. outer one shortest; the tail consists of twelve feathers; the eight middle ones equal in length, bemg five inches; the outmost but one four inches; the exterior. two inches and three quarters; the two middle ferrugimous at the ends, -with one-sixth of the end black ; the three next on-each side dusky, with the outer edge tawny; the fourth, fifth, and_ exterior obliquely white, for one inch or more, at the tips, and freckled with dusky ; from the base to the middle wholly dusky ; the-quills ‘reach one-fourth beyond the base; legs brown. Supposed a female. Another, thought to be a male, answered as to general description, except, that all the parts beneath were pale crimson, and the tail, though marked in the same manner, had the colours more pure and distinct, but without the white band on the breast. The two last in the collection of General Davies. These seem, in many points, to coincide with the Fasciated Species, and most probably the difference of plumage arises merely from the cireum- stance of age or sex. 1 Spotted-bellied Barbet 2 Cayenne B. Black-spotted B. 4 Collared B. ® White-breasted B. 6 Beautiful B. 7 Greater pied B. 8 Lesser pied B. A Var. 9 Gerini’s B. 10° Yellow-throated B, A Var. v-) BARBET. 11 Blue-cheeked B. 12 Red-crowned B. A Var. 13 Indian B. A Var. 14 Daumah B. 15 Fichtel’s B. A Var. B Var. 16 Little B. 17 Green B. 18 Spotted B. GENUS XXI.—BARBET. 19 Sumatran B. 20° Buff-faced- B. 21 Yellow-cheeked B. 22. Ceylonese B. 23 Austral B. 24 Grand B. A Var. 25 Javan B. 26 Indian B. 27 Batavian B: 28 Wax-billed B. 29 White-faced B. THE bill in this Genus is strong, strait, bending a little towards the point, the base covered with strong bristles; which, in some species, exceed the length of the bill. Nostrils hid. Toes placed two before and two behind. Tail consisting of ten or twelve weak feathers. Birds of this Genus are found in the Southern parts of America, as well as Asia and Africa; are in general a dull, stupid race, much alike m manners, and chiefly such as are mentioned in the first species. 1.—SPOTTED-BELLIED BARBET. Bucco Tamatia, Ind. Orn. i. 201. Engl. 190. pl. 59. * Barbu a ventre tacheté, Pl. enl. 746. 1. Le Chacuru, Voy. d’ Azara iv. No. 261. Spotted-bellied Barbet, Gen. Syn.ii. 494. Id. Supp. p. 95. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 37. LENGTH six inches anda half. Bill black, fifteen lines long, the upper mandible bent at the end, and as it were divided into Gm. Lin.i. 405. Buf. vi. p. 94 Raii G5. 6, Will. 140... Id. * It is more probable that the Tamatia of Maregrave, from whom Willughby. copied his figure, is this bird, rather than a Thrush, which Brisson (ii. 212.) supposes it ; the bristles 216 BARBET. two at the point, and half covered with bristles, pointing forwards, springing from the base; the head large in proportion ; the crown and fore part incline to rufous; on the neck a collar, extending half round, rufous and black mixed ; on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large black spot; throat orange; the rest of the parts beneath rufous white, spotted with black ;: upper parts of the body rufous brown; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne and Brazil, where it is called by. some usilbite de Terre : met with also in Paraguay, but is there a rare species : its manners correspond with the shape, being a clumsy, ill-made bird ; is in general solitary, pensive, and silent, affecting only such places as are distant from habitations: chiefly m woods, where it chuses some low branch, well covered with twigs and foliage, on this it perches with its large head resting between the shoulders, for a long time together; and as its disposition to action is very little, may be easily killed, as it will suffer itself to be shot at several times before it makes an attempt to escape. The common food is insects, particu- larly large beetles: the flesh not good for eating. I have observed in some specimens, that the end of the tail was much worn, asif by friction, probably im supporting themselves by that part, im Whe up the trees like the Woodpecker. 2.—CAYENNE BARBBT. Bucco Cayanensis, Ind. Orn.i. 202. Gm. Lin. i. 405. Bufviv. 95. t. 7. £1. Id. 8vo. 11. 68. Gerin. t. 183. Gen. Zool. ix. p.33. Tamatia a téte et gorge rouges, Buf. vii. p. 96. Barbu de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 206. 1. Barbu de St. Domingue, PZ. enl. 206. f. 2. Cayenne Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 495. LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch, dark ash-colour, and a little bent at the tip, at the base a few bristles ; forehead and throat at the base of the bill, the Jarge head, the flatness and breadth of the bill, will justify the fixing it in this place rather than in the other: as to the position of the toes in Marcgrave’s plate, we must not depend on that, as errors of the like kind are frequent in old authors. BARBET. I17 red; top of the head black and grey, with a gilded gloss; each feather black in the middle; over the eye, on each side, a band of white, passing almost to the hind head ; the upper parts of the body are black, the edges of the feathers grey-gold ; neck before, breast, and belly yellowish white ; the sides dashed with cinereous olive, and some of the feathers black near the tips; thighs olive; lesser wing coverts black ; the greater ones and scapulars blackish, margined without with olive, and whitish within ; tail cuneiform, olive-brown, the under part cinereous; legs cinereous. TInhabits Cayenne. - The lower figure in the Pl. enlum. above quoted, probably re- presents the other sex. In markings it does not materially differ, but it wants the white band on the sides of the head, over the eye ; the brown part of the plumage is darker, and the under parts from the breast paler. 3.—BLACK-SPOTTED BARBET. Bucco Cayanensis nevius, Buf.iv. p. 97. t. 7.4. Id. 8vo. ii. p. 68. Gerin. t. 183. 2? Yellow Woodpecker with black Spots, Edw. pl. 333. Black-spotted Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 496.2. A. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 34. pl. 6. LENGTH six inches and three-quarters. Bill as the last ;_fore- head and throat red ; top of the head black, the feathers with grey gold edges; on the sides of the head, and neck behind black, with whitish edges, and those of the ramp black, edged with grey ; under part of the body pale yellow; the breast and sides marked with large black spots; thighs olive; wing coverts, quills, and tail as in the Cayenne Species, but the two first not spotted with white; legs cinereous. Found at Cayenne with the former, also.at St. Domingo, Guiana, and other parts of America. VOL. IIL, F F 218 BARBET. 4.—-COLLARED BARBET. Bucco collaris, Ind. Orn. i. 202. — Capensis, Lin. i. 168. Gm. Lin.i. 406. Bor. Nat. ii. 124. Bris. iv. 92. t. 6. f.2. Id. 8vo. 1. 67. Gerin. t. 182. Tamatia a collier, Buf: vii. 97. pl. 4. Barbu 4a collier, Pl. end. 395. Collared Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 497. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 39. pl. 7. SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike; length seven inches and a quarter. Bill nearly one inch and a half, horn-coloured, and bent at the tip; the gape reaching beneath the eyes; upper part of the head, nape, and hind part of the neck rufous, striated with fine lines of black ; sides of the head plain rufous; between the lower part of the neck and back a narrow fulvous band, extending forwards towards the neck on each side; this is accompanied by a narrow one of black, which unites with a broken one on the breast; beyond this the back, wings, and rump are rufous, striated with black; throat, and fore part of the neck dirty white; on the breast a broad band of black ; belly and vent rufous white; tail rufous, two inches and a quarter long, crossed with narrow bars of black ; the six middle feathers are equal in length, the three outer ones shorten by degrees, to the exterior, which is the shortest ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Guiana, but is not common.—There can be no doubt of this being the bird meant by Linneus, as he refers to that in Brisson, above quoted; yet he makes his bird an inhabitant of Africa; and adds, that the number of tail feathers is ten; whereas, Brisson expressly affirms, that he received his from South America, and that it has twelve feathers in the tail. I suspect, therefore, that the first named author has been deceived in the native place, although he might be right in the identity of the bird. BARBET. 219 5.—WHITE-BREASTED BARBET. Bucco fuscus, Ind. Orn.i. 206. Gm. Lin.i. 408. White-breasted Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 505. SIZE of a Lark; length seven inches. Bill one inch, compressed on the sides, and curved at the pomt, colour brownish black, but the base is yellow, passing obliquely forward, from the nostrils, to near the end of the under mandible; nostrils covered with bristles, pomting forwards, to about one-third of the length of the bill; head large, and very full of feathers; plumage in general brown, down the shaft of each feather pale cream-colour; on the breast a triangular whitish spot; quills and tail brown, the last cuneiform; legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne. 6.—BEAUTIFUL BARBET. Bucco Mayanensis, Ind. Orn. i. 203. Bris.iv. t.7. £.3. Id. 8vo.ii. 69. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 20. Bucco elegans, Gm. Lin. i. 406. Le beau Tamatia, Buf. vii. 98. Pl. enl. 330. Beautiful Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 498. Nat. Misc. pl. 461. SIZE of a Sparrow; length five inches and three quarters. Bill ash-colour, with the edges and tip yellowish white; top of the head, sides, and throat red, edged round with light blue; at the corners of the mouth begins a streak of the last, dividing the red on each side; upper parts of the body and tail green, the last cuneiform, and composed of ten feathers; quills brown, with the outer edges green; fore part of the neck, and breast deep yellow; on the lower part of the breast a large red spot; the rest of the under parts yellowish white, spotted longitudinally with green; legs ash-colour. Fr2 230 BARBET. Inhabits the Country of Maynas, on the borders of the River Amazons, in South America, and probably other parts. 7.—GREATER PIED BARBET. Bucco macrorynchos, Ind. Orn. i. 203. Gm. Lin. i. 406. Tamatia noir et blanc, Buf. vii. 99. Le plus grand Barbu a gros bec, Pl. enl. 689. Tamatia, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxxvii. Greater Pied Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 498. Gen. Zool. ix. p.35. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, larger in proportion than in any of the former ones; it is hooked, and divided into two parts at the tip, like the first Species ; the forehead is white; crown and nape black; on the fore part this colour is prolonged downwards, and half surrounds the eye; the forehead, sides under the eye, throat, — and neck before white, extending in a narrow collar round the nape behind ; the lower part of the neck, back, and wing coverts are black, margined with dusky white; across the breast a black band; quills and tail black, the feathers of the last tipped with white ; belly and vent white; sides and thighs black and white mixed; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne. 8.—LESSER PIED BARBET. Bucco melanoleucos, Ind. Orn. i. 203. Gm. Lin. i. 406. Tamatia noir et blanc, Buf. vu. 99. Barbu a poitrine noire de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 688. 2. Lesser Pied Barbet, Gen. Syn.ii. 499. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 36. LENGTH five inches. Bill large in proportion, and bifid at the tip, as in the last; like which also, the plumage is only black and white; the upper parts of the body are black, but there is a little a BARBET. 99] mixture of white on the forehead, and a white spot on the scapulars ; behind the eye a white streak; the throat, and sides of the neck, are white; on the breast a broad band of black, which extends upwards a little way into the white, on the sides of the neck, like a crescent; from this, to the tail, the under parts are white, except on the sides under the wings, which have a mixture of black; the tail is black, tipped with white; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne. A.—In the collection of General Davies is one, having the same plumage, with the exception of the belly, beyond the black, being rufous, mottled over the thighs with transverse, pale, white and brown markings. This probably may differ in sex from the other. B.—Differs in having a spot of white on the forehead, instead of a mixture only; the white streak, beneath the eye, extends downwards on each side of the neck, and some of the outer tail feathers white at the base. 9.—GERINI'S BARBET. Bucco Gerini, Ind. Orn. i. 207. Picus Indicus magna ex Parte ceeruleus, Gerin. 11. t. 181. Gerini’s Barbet, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 132. SIZE of a Thrush; length nine inches. Bill black, stout; crown of the head blue, spotted with black in the middle; beneath the eyes, the cheeks, and neck before, half way, black; quills black ; hind part of the neck, to the beginning of the back, most part of the belly, and vent red. 222 BARBET. Native place uncertain, only met with among the engravings of M. Gerini’s birds, and there called a Woodpecker, but the bill is large, and im shape, too like that of a Barbet, to be placed in any other Genus. 10.—YELLOW-THROATED BARBET. Bucco Philippensis, Ind. Orn.i. 203. Gm. Lin.i. 407. Bris.iv. 99. t.7. f. 2. male. Id. 8vo. ii. p. 69. Gen. Zool.ix. p.21. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 181. Barbu a Gorge jaune, Buf. vii. 102. t.5. Pl.-enl. 331. Yellow-throated Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 500. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill brown, pretty thick, and near one inch long; the top of the head, as far as the crown, red; the rest of the head, and upper parts of the body, wings, and tail dull green; on each side of the head a large yellow spot, in the middle of which the eye is placed; throat, and fore part of the neck yellow; on the upper part of the breast a transverse broad red band; the rest of the under parts dirty yellow, longitudinally streaked with dull green; legs yeliowish ; claws brown. One of these, said to be a female, was in general olive green; round the eye pale yellow; on the forehead a mixture of red; chin pale, mixed yellow; below this, on the throat, a mixture of pale red, as in the forehead; on each jaw a brown patch; from the breast to the vent pale dull greenish white; bill as in the other; legs red. From Lord Mountnorris. A.—Length six inches. Bill black, with long hairs, from the nostrils, covering the greater part of the forehead; from thence, to the middle of the crown, and just round the eye, red; irides dark, with a pale ring; the rest of the head, as far as the under jaw, and Tell Jolt, a ys BARBET. 233 to the nape, dusky black; close to the eye two oval spots of yellow, one above, at the back part, the other larger, below, and these two spots are distinct from each other; chin and throat yellow, curving a little backwards, below the yellow a patch of red; the rest as im the first described. Inhabits various parts of the Coast of Coromandel. The nest is a kind of pouch, about four inches deep, swelling a little at the bottom, and open at top; composed of thick, downy materials, and fastened, in several parts, between the forked branches of the extremities of trees. It is, no doubt, a Variety of the Yellow-throated Species, and known by different names; Bussunt buri, and Huria, at Bengal; and Bosenta, at Hindustan: found all the year in gardens near Calcutta, and lives chiefly on plantains. From various drawings in the collection of Sir J. Anstruther, it appears to vary much, according to age or sex, both in plumage, and the colour of the legs. Found also in Java, called Engku. 11.—BLUE-CHEEKED BARBET.—PL. tu. Trogon Asiaticus, Ind. Orn.i. 201. Gen. Zool.ix. p.7. Blue-cheeked Curucui, Gen. Syu. Sup. p. 93. LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill black, strong, compressed at the point, nearly one inch long, greenish at the base, where it is depressed, and beset with long, black bristles, turning forwards; nostrils oblong; tongue lacerated at the end ; orbits naked, brown; margms of the eyelids crenated, and orange-coloured ; irides brown; frontlet and crown scarlet, divided between the eyes by a black band, which bends at right angles, and becoming narrower, bounds each side of the crown; between the frontlet and this black bar, is a whitish line; cheeks, chin, and throat azure blue; below each side of the latter a scarlet spot; except the above, the general 224 BARBET. colour of the plumage is green; wings and tail darkest; quills black outwardly, and dusky within; but except the three first, the outer webs are green, and the under margined with pale yellow; the tail rounded, of ten feathers, green above, and azure beneath ; and the wings, when closed, just reach beyond the base; legs dirty olive green. Inhabits Calcutta, and its neighbourhood, the whole year, and excavates holes in the trees for its nest; lives chiefly on wild figs, plantains, and other fruits, and is extremely noisy. It is the Corul of the Mussulmans; Bassunt buri of the Bengalese of Calcutta; and Bassunt Gorul of Sylhet. Bassunt buri means the Old Woman of the Spring ; Buri being an old woman, and Bassunt one of the divisions of the year, which includes February and March. Most of the Hindus pronounce this word Vassunta, but the Ben- galese do not use the V, and cut off the final vowel. I am indebted for the above to Dr. Buchanan, on whose authority I place it as a Barbet.—I learn, that some at Calcutta call this bird Kutkhodau.** 12.—RED-CROWNED BARBET. Bucco rubricapillus, Ind. Orn. i. 205: Gm. Lin. i. 408. Red-crowned Barbet, Gen. Syn. i. 505. Brown Ill. pl. 14. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 23. SIZE of a Goldfinch ; length five inches anda half. Bill dusky; crown and throat scarlet; above each eye a black line; on the cheeks, and above each shoulder, a great whitish spot; back and wing coverts fine green; prime quills dusky ; breast yellow ; in the middle a short, transverse bar of black, and another of red; belly white; tail green, the exterior feathers dusky ; legs pale red. Inhabits Ceylon. * One species of Woodpecker is also called by this name. BARBET. 225 A.—Length six inches. Bill bluish, and bristly at the base ; on each side of the forehead a yellow spot, bounded with black ; fore part of the head reddish orange, with a small yellow spot on the upper side, bordered by a black line, which passes from the bill over the eye; on the cheeks and wing coverts a greenish white spot ; breast straw-colour, crossed with a crimson band, bounded by a stripe of black on both sides; belly pale ash-colour, fringed with green ; hind part of the head, neck, back, wings, and tail deep green, edged with paler; quills part dusky, part green ; legs red. Inhabits Ceylon and Batavia, communicated by the late Mr. Pennant.—I suspect that it has in part the manners of the Yellow- cheeked Species, as it is, like that, called Kottorea, 13.—INDIAN BARBET. Bucco Indicus, Ind. Orn. i. 205. Gen. Zool.ix. p. 27. Indian Barbet, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 97. SIZE of a Bulfinch; length six inches. Bill blue, hooked, beset with long hairs at the base, exceeding the length of the bill; irides white ; plumage in general green ; forehead red ; round the eye and chin yellow; the rest of the head black; under part of the body white, streaked with green, passing on each side of the neck in a crescent, and bounding the yellow chin; beneath this it is red, and below that a spot of yellow; excepting which, the rest of the under parts are white; quills dark hazel; legs red. Inhabits India, and is there called Bussenbuddo.—From the drawings of the late Mr. Middleton. It is a beautiful bird, and seems much allied to the Red-crowned Species. VOk. Itt. Ge 296 BARBET. A.—In this Variety the bill is dusky ; the forehead, to the crown, red ; beyond this black, passing round the sides of the head to the throat ; within this the chin is white, the black below bounded with crimson ; over and under the eye a patch of white; the general colour of the plumage otherwise green; tail the same, cuneiform; legs pale red, or flesh-colour. Inhabits India, named Setwuhunt.—Sir J. Anstruther. 14—DAUMAH BARBET. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill large, pale red, not furnished with hairs at the base; head and neck pale brown; eye in a large bare yellow skin, pomted before and behind; between that and the bill white; over the ear a small brown patch; the rest of the bird pale green; beneath, from the breast, plain greenish white; the legs pale yellow. Inhabits India, named Daumah. 15.-FICHTEL'S BARBET. LENGTH more than nine inches. Bill very stout at the base, one inch and a half long, and yellow horn-colour; on each side of the nostrils ten or eleven bristles, almost as long as the bill; feathers of the crown and neck behind loose, narrow, and pointed, pale ash-colour, margined with brown; from the lower part of the neck the colour becomes green, continuing on the whole of the back, wings, rump, and tail, which is rounded in shape; the quills brown without, and dusky within; chin, fore part, and sides of the neck BARBET. 227 pale brownish ash; breast greenish, the feathers margined with brown, and somewhat long; lower belly, thighs, and vent green ; legs brownish yellow. Inhabits India; brought from thence by the late M. de Fichtel ; it is also not uncommon at Ceylon. A.—Length seven inches. Bill large, convex above, pale red; from the nostrils ten or twelve long hairs, nearly reaching to the end of the bill; round the eye bare and yellow; head and neck pale brown, streaked with white down the shafts; all beneath dusky white; towards the vent greenish white; wings, back, and tail green; the legs pale. Inhabits India; called Bussunta Burrah.—Sir J. Anstruther. B.—A second Variety had the space round the eye red, like that part in the Pheasant; few or no hairs at the nostrils; close round the chin and back of the neck the feathers are short, narrow, and white; also a mixture of white about the neck; legs almost black. 16.—LITTLE BARBET. Bucco parvus, Ind. Orn.i. 204. Gm. Lin. i. 407. Petit Barbu du Senegal, Buf. vii. 105. Pl. enl. 746. 2. Little Barbet, Gen. Syn.ii. 503. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 29. THIS is only four inches in length. Bill brown; plumage above blackish brown, tinged with fulvous, but on the quills inclines to green; the feathers of the first edged with white; beneath the body white, dashed perpendicularly with brown; throat yellow; at the angles of the mouth a short white streak, passing beneath the eye ; legs pale red, or flesh-colour. Inhabits Senegal. 938 BARBET. 17.—GREEN BARBET. Bucco viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 205. Gm. Lin. i. 408. Barbu vert de Mahé, Buf. vii. 107. Pl. ent. 870. Green Barbet, Gen. Syn. 1. 504. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 22. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill whitish, more than one inch long, and seven lines thick at the base, where the upper mandible is furnished with black bristles; head and neck greyish brown, the feathers of the latter edged with whitish; above the eye a white spot, and a second beneath it; the rest of the bird fine green, paler beneath, except the greater quills, which are brown; the legs are dusky. Inhabits India; brought from Mahé, on the Western Coast. 18,—_SPOTTED BARBET. Trogon maculatus, Ind. Orn.i. 201. Gm. Lin. i. 404. Barbu, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. |xxvii. Spotted Curucui, Gen. Syn. ii. 491. Brown Ill. pl. 13. Gen. Zool. ix. p: 5. SIZE of the Nuthatch. Bill brown; crown deep green; neck, breast, and belly pale brown, barred with dusky ; edges of the wing white ; coverts and secondaries green, tipped with white; tail dusky, barred with white. Inhabits Ceylon. 19.—SUMATRAN BARBET. SIZE small. General colour of the plumage green; chin pale blue; on each side of the head three crimson spots ; throat dark, or dusky. Inhabits Sumatra and Java. aan TeLSIUOE, bail faced Yip ol BARBET. 229 20.—BUFF-FACED BARBET.—PL. tr. Bucco Lathami, Ind. Orn.i. 205. Gm. Lin. i. 408. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 28. pl. 5. Buft-faced Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 504. LENGTH six inches. Bill pale, beset with bristles at the base, which are longer than the hill; forehead, chin, sides of the head, round the eyes, dull buff-colour ; upper parts of the body dark olive- green, the under paler; wings dark olive; quills dusky, with greenish edges; tail dusky, short ; legs yellow. A specimen of the above in the British Museum. Native place unknown. 21.—YELLOW-CHEEKED BARBET. Bucco Zeylonicus, Ind. Orn.i. 205. Gm. Lin.i. 408. Yellow-cheeked Barbet, Gen. Syn.ii. 506 Id. Sup. 95. Brown. Ill. t. 15. Gen. Zool. 1x. p. 24. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill red ; head and neck pale brown, clouded ; sides round the eyes naked and yellow ; back pale green; wing coverts the same, spotted with white; prime quills green, within dusky; belly pea-green; tail green; legs pale yellow. Inhabits Ceylon and Batavia, called at the former Kottorea ; perches on high trees, and cooes like a Turtle, but louder, and it is from this noise that the natives have formed the name. 22.—CEYLONESE BARBET. LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Bill stout, strait, three- quarters of an inch long, colour deep brown, at the nostrils several 230 BARBET. stout hairs; forehead to middle of the crown and sides before the eye crimson ; chin pale reddish orange, the rest of the plumage dark dusky green; wings and tail the same; legs brown; on the throat, just above the breast, a few red feathers, but as the specimen was in bad condition, a further account could not be obtained. Inhabits Ceylon, named Mal Kottorea.—-In the collection of Mr. Comyns. I suspect this to be the male of the Yellow-cheeked Species. 23.—AUSTRAL BARBET. Bucco Australis, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 181.—Horsfield. LENGTH five inches and a half. General colour of the plumage olive-green; forehead, chin, under the tail and the scapular feathers verditer green ; cheeks, throat, and breast saftron-colour; between them a transverse black band; quills and tail blackish brown, the feathers of the latter have externally a dusky-yellowish border. Inhabits Java; called Truntung. 24.—-GRAND BARBET. Bucco grandis, Ind. Orn. i. 204. Gmel. Lin. i. 408. Tem. Man. Ed. ii, Anal. p. (xxviii. Grand Barbu, Buf. vii. 106. Pl. end. 871. Grand Barbet, Gen. Syn.ii. 503. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 40. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch and three-quarters long, and one thick at the base, where it is beset with black bristles; colour whitish, with a black tip ; plumage chiefly fine green, but differs in various parts; for the head, and fore part of the neck incline to blue in different lights, but the hind part of the neck, and part of the back BARBET. 231 are tinged with chestnut brown; the greater quills mixed with black; under tail coverts fine red; legs dusky yellow. Inhabits China. A.—Length ten inches. Bill reddish brown, stout, with six or eight bristles at the base and nostrils; round the eye bare, and red- dish ; plumage in general dull green; breast and belly pale, or whitish green ; quills black ; tail short, green ; legs pale yellow. Inhabits India; by the English there, called Honest Face ; it is probably the female. From the drawings of Lady Impey. 25.—JAVAN BARBET. Bucco Javensis, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 181. ” THIS is rather larger than the Missel Thrush ; length scarcely nine inches. Bill very stout, black, with long hairs, coming forwards from the base on each side; plumage in general green; crown yel- lowish; over the eye a black streak, and a second over the jaw; chin crimson, beneath it black, and below this a crimson spot; on each side of the gape a spot of yellow; legs dusky. Inhabits Java. A fine specimen of this is in the Museum of the India House, called by the Javanese, Chodock.—That described in Lin. Trans. measured eleven inches; the crown orange, as is also the spot on each side of the gape; in other things the two descriptions coincide. 26.—INDIAN BARBET. LENGTH nine inches. Bill very stout, furnished with long hairs at the base ; crown crimson ; through the eye dusky; towards 232 BARBET. the base of the under mandible a yellow spot, beneath this one of crimson; chin fine glossy yellow; lower part of the neck and sides under the eye dusky ; independent of the above the general colour of the plumage is green. Inhabits India, and probably Java. This seems much allied to the Javan Barbet. 27.—BATAVIAN BARBET. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black ; plumage green above, yellow green beneath, with paler green streaks on the crown; under the eye and the throat crimson, bordered all round with black; tail plain green ; legs pale. Inhabits the Island of Java, called there Prinya.—Dr. Wilkins. 28.—WAX-BILLED BARBET. Bucco calcaratus, Ind. Orn. i. 206. cinereus, Gm. Lin.i. 409. Corvus Australis, Gm. Lin. 1. 377. tranquillus, Gm. Lin. 1. 417. affinis, Shaw’s Zool. vil. 381. Coucou noir de Cayenne, Buf.vi. 416. Pl. enl. 512. Tamatia, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xxvii. Wax-billed Barbet, Gen. Syn.ii. 507. 17. Id. Sup. p. 96. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 41. SIZE of a small Blackbird; length eleven inches and a half. Bill one inch and a half, somewhat compressed on the sides, and curved nearly the whole of its length, but more so near the end, the colour imitating fine red sealing wax; nostrils covered with reflected bristles, and a few others reaching more forward on the bill; irides BARBET. 933 red; head, neck, and upper part of the body dusky greenish black ; lesser wing coverts, nearest the body, mixed with white; under wing coverts mixed grey and white; at the bend of the wing, a little within, a whitish horn-coloured spine, an eighth of an inch long, and blunt at the tip; the first quill is two inches long, the second three inches, and the third three inches and a half, but the fourth is a trifle the longest of all; the second quills nearly all of one length; breast and belly cinereous; quills and tail full black, the latter composed of twelve feathers, rounded at the end, and the wings, when closed, reach on it about an inch; legs black, with a membrane between the toes at the bottom. Inhabits Cayenne; is a solitary, silent bird; for the most part found perched on a tree, which grows near the water. We have formerly, owing to imperfect specimens, been under much uncertainty in respect to its Genus; and it has but lately been ascertained to have twelve feathers in the tail, bemg so in a fine specimen in my possession, presented to me by Lord Seaforth. 29.—W HITE-FACED BARBET. THIS is, in make and shape, not unlike the Wax-billed Species, but is larger. The bill is more stout than in that bird, though not greatly differmg in shape, the colour red; the face round the base of the bill white; body and wings deep lead-colour; the tail black ; legs brown. A specimen of this in Mr. Bullock’s Museum ; said to have been brought from the interior of Cayenne. How far this differs from the Wax-billed Barbet, can scarcely be determined, whether sexual only, or a mere Variety, for it has the same small spur at the bend of the wing. VOL. It. Hu - 934 BARBICAN. GENUS XXII.—BARBICAN. 5 Varied 6 Abyssinian 4 Black-throated A Red-fronted 1 Groove-bellied Barbican 2 Smooth-billed 3 Vieillot’s THE bill in this Genus is very stout and bent. At the edges of the upper mandible, a double conspicuous notch, more or less channelled on the sides; under mandible less deep. Nostrils at the base, covered with hairs. Shins equal in length to the outer toe. Toes placed two before, and two behind, united as far as the second joint. 1.—GROOVE-BILLED BARBICAN. Bucco dubius, Ind. Orn.i. 206. Gm. Lin. i. 409. Bucco bidentatus, Toothed-billed Barbet, Nat. Misc. pl. 393. Pogonius sulcirostris, Groove-billed Pogonias, Zool. Misc. pl. 76. Gen. Zool. ix. pl. 1. Der Barbican, Schmid Vog. p. 73. t. 23. Barbican, Buf. vil. p. 132. Pl. enl. 602. Doubtful Barbet, Gen. Syn. i. p. 506. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch long, and ten lines thick at the base, where many long black bristles take their origin, and reach beyond the nostrils; the upper mandible bends downwards, and has two notches on the edge, at some distance from the tip, and on each side a longitudinal sulcus, finishing at the notch nearest the tip; the under mandible with four or five transverse furrows; tongue fleshy ; plumage on the upper parts, wings, and tail black, the last three inches and a half long; the under parts red, except a band on the upper part of the breast, which is black; middle of the back white ; the thighs and vent black ; legs short, reddish brown. BARBICAN. 235 Inhabits the Coast of Barbary.—A fine and perfect specimen in the Museum of Mr. Bullock. 2.—_SMOOTH-BILLED BARBICAN. Bucco dubius $B. Ind. Orn. i. 206. 16. Pogonius levirostris, Smooth-billed Pogonias, Gen. Zool. ix. pl. 2. Zool. Mise. i. toads Doubtful Barbet. Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 96. THIS bird is greatly similar to the last described, but the bill is not channelled, or furrowed, being wholly smooth, and pale yellow, and the indentations on the edge less conspicuous; on the crown a mixture of crimson feathers, which passes behind each eye, and afterwards extending forwards to blend with the crimson on the fore parts; the greater wing coverts tipped with crimson, forming an oblique bar across the wing; on the middle of the back a patch of white, with a thick tuft of silky white feathers, square at the ends; all the under parts are red ; but the chin, close under the bill is black, and a spot of the same just at the base of the under mandible ; the general colour of the plumage otherwise black ; quills brown. Tnhabits Africa. We have penned these as distinct species; but from the great coincidence in colour of the plumage, are by no means positive of their being so; possibly the difference may be only owing - to sex.—M. Temminck receives the last described as young bird. 3.—VIEILLOTS BARBICAN. Pogonius Vieilloti, Vieillot’s Pogonias, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 3.—(Frontispiece.) Zool: Misc. ii. p. 104. t. 97. IN this the beak is smooth, not grooved; plumage in general brown; head, neck, throat, and spots on the breast scarlet; interior wing quills externally with pale margins. Hu2 236 BARBICAN. A specimen of this is in the British Museum, and appears to be a young bird in the state of changing its plumage. 4.—BLACK-THROATED BARBICAN. Bucco niger, Ind. Orn. i. 204. Gm. Lin.i. 407. Gen. Zool.ix. p- 30. Barbu a gorge noire de Lucgon, Son. Voy. 68. t.34. Buf. vii. p. 103. Black-throated Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 501. SOMEWHAT larger and longer than the Common Grosbeak. Bill blackish, furnished with a sort of process or tooth, about two- fifths from the tip ; forehead fine red; the crown, hind part, throat, and neck black ; above each eye a curved stripe of yellow, which, as it proceeds downwards, becomes white, and descends in a strait lime to the lower part of the neck; beneath this a black stripe, and between it and the throat a white band, which goes on to, and blends with, the breast; and this, as well as the rest of the under parts, is white; middle of the back black, but the side feathers, between the neck and back, have a yellow spot on each; wing coverts black, four of them fringed with white, and one with yellow, forming a ~ stripe across the wing; beneath this, some of the feathers are spotted with yellow at the ends; and under these, others, which have yellow margins; quills black, bordered with yellow; legs black. Inhabits the Philippine Islands; also the Cape of Good Hope. A specimen, from the latter, in the British Museum, was seven inches long, and differed only in having the rump of a beautiful yellow. A.—Bucco niger, Ind. Orn.i. 204: 8. B. Le Barbu a Plastron noir, Buf. vii: 104. Bucco rufifrons, Red-fronted Barbet, Gen. Zool. ix. p.3l. Barbu du Cap de B. Esperance, Pl. enl. 688. 1, Length six inches and a half. Bill black; forehead crimson; from this passes a stripe of black over the head, and down the back BARBICAN. 237 of the neck, to the back; sides of the head, and neck white, uniting on the breast; from which the under parts are white to the vent; the white on the sides of the head diversified, first by a streak of black, beginning at the base of the upper mandible, and dividing the white into two parts, ends on the shoulders; the chin and fore part of the neck are also black, beginning at the base of the upper mandible, and, dividing the white into two parts, finishes on the shoulders ; chin, and neck before black ; upper parts of the body and wings mixed brown and yellow, the edges of the feathers bemg, for the most part, frmged with yellow; the rump almost wholly pale but bright yellow; tail brown, the feathers margined with yellow; the legs are lead-colour. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; probably the female, if not a young bird, of the last; for the bill is less strong, and the process on the edges not so projecting; m the plumage, the body is more variegated, and the markings less distinct, as is often in young birds. 5.—VARIED BARBICAN. SIZE of the Black-throated Species; length six inches and a half. Bill stout, black, full one inch in length from the gape; at about one-third from the end furnished with a double notch, or process, as in the last mentioned ; over the nostrils several black hairs ; the whole head, chin, and throat to the breast with a mixture of crimson ; on the crown much varied with dusky black; cheeks nearly plain, but the chin and throat are dusky white, the feathers being only tipped with red; hind part of the neck, and beginning of the back olive-brown, mixed with whitish, but beyond to the rump with pale yellow; belly and vent pale yellow; wings and tail brown; some of the quills fringed with yellow ; legs black. 238 BARBICAN. We have seen ‘several specimens of this bird, which differed but little from each other ; in one the mixture of crimson and white passed down from the chin only as a broad streak : there is every reason to suppose that this is not a mature bird, and that it possibly may be allied to the Black-throated Species, from the exact similarity of the bill, as to size and shape; also, on imspecting the under wing coverts, they were manifestly imperfect in respect to feathers, as usual in young birds; but, as we cannot determine this, it must remain for the present as a mature’ species. 6.—ABYSSINIAN BARBICAN.—Pt. tu. Bucco Saltii, Abyssinian Barbet, Salt Tr. App. p: xlvi. liv: LENGTH seven inches. Bill horn-colour, very dark, stout, and large, from pomt to gape one inch; the upper mandible has a double notch, or process, on the edge, and bends much at the point; in form, the bill is somewhat similar to the Black-throated, but stronger, and the process, or rather double indentation, nearer the base; the general colour of the bird fine glossy black ; forehead, as far as the crown, sides, including the eyes, the chin, and throat fine crimson ; from the nostrils, as well as the base of the sides of the under jaw, and chin, are fine hairs, pomting forwards; upper wing coverts black, edged on the sides with white, producing a streaked appear- ance; quills dusky, the outer margim, for the most part, fringed with yellow; the second quills nearly as long as the prime ones; under wing coverts pure white ; tail of ten feathers, two inches and a quarter long, nearly even at the end; legs dusky; toes placed two and two, but the mner ones, both before and behind, very short, especially the latter, which is not half the length of the adjoming, so as to give the appearance of there being but one hind toe; claws short, but stout. Brought from Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt; two of these, nearly similar, were shot together, and supposed to be the two sexes; observed to cling to the branches of trees, like the Woodpecker. oe Cy pina ae Dat COP. COUCAL. 239 GENUS XXIII.—COUCAL. 1 Giant Coucal A Var. 12 Lark-heeled 2 Pheasant 7 Chestnut 13 Lathamian 3 Kindred 8 Dusky 14 Rufous 4 Bubut | 9 Long-heeled 15 Variegated 3 Lepid | 10 Strait-heeled 16 New-Holland 6 Egyptian || 11 Antiguan 17 Negro TE beak in this Genus is strong, and slightly curved. Nostrils strait, elongated. Feet with two toes placed forwards, the exterior the longest ; and two behind, the interior furnished with a very long claw. In the greater part of the species the feathers of the head and neck are narrow, and remarkably stiff in their texture.—M. Levaillant has discriminated this Genus, having characters differmg from the true Cuckows, in which I readily agree with him. In this we are jomed by Mr. Stephens, in his General Zoology. There are, how- ever, several species which do not entirely correspond with this Genus, or that of the Cuckoo, about which each describer will have his sentiments. 1—GIANT COUCAL. Polophilus Gigas, Gigantic Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 45. Centropus Gigas, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. |xxiv. Le Coucou Geant, Levail. Afr. v. p. 86. pl. 223. THIS is probably the largest species known, being thirty inches im length. The bill brown, thick at the base, and curved towards the point ; top of the head, neck behind, back, and wing coverts rufous brown, tinged with olive; and a trace of rufous white down the middle of each feather; on each side marked with dusky black 240 COUCAL. bands ; the feathers of the head, neck, and breast thick, stiff, and glossy on the sides; quills banded alternately with rufous brown, and rufous yellows; tail cuneiform, ten inches long, black brown, the ends of the feathers dirty white, and crossed with from sixteen to twenty rufous grey bars; the greatest number on the two middle feathers ; ander parts of the body, from the breast, upper and under tail coverts, light fulvous brown, barred with dusky; wings short, reaching only to the upper tail coverts; legs stout, scaly; the hind claw two inches long, rather stout, and somewhat hooked. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of M.'Temminck. 2.—PHEASANT COUCAL. Cuculus Phasianus, Ind. Orn. Sup. pe xxx. Centropus Phasianns, Tem. Anal. p. lxxiv. Polophilus Phasianus, Pheasant Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p.48. pl. 11. Zool. Misc. pl. 46. Pheasant Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. il. p. 137. LENGTH seventeen or eighteen inches. Bill, head, and all beneath fine black, the first stout at the base, and curved; back and wings varied with rufous, yellow, brown, and black, mixed in the manner of the blending of the Woodcock; tail long, and barred elegantly with the same colours; legs dusky black ; toes placed as in the Cuckow Genus, but the hind claws are pretty long, and less hooked than the forward ones, resembling, in this, the Egyptian Coucal, which, however, differs materially in colour, as in that bird the back and wings are plain rufous, and the tail, though long and cuneiform, is wholly black. Inhabits New South Wales; called, by the English there, the Pheasant. COUCAL. 241 3.—KINDRED COUCAL. Centropus affinis, Lin. Trans. xiii p. 180.—Horsfield. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half. Plumage black, wings ferruginous, hind claw bent; the scapular feathers are soot-coloured, with white shafts; the outer tail feathers with a white band at the ends. Inhabits Java, called there, Bubut-allang-allang. 4.—BUBUT COUCAL. Centropus Bubutus, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 180.—Horsfield. LENGTH eighteen inches and a half. This has a glossy blue- black plumage, with bay-coloured wings. Inhabits Java, generally called by the name of Bubut. 5.—LEPID COUCAL. Centropus lepidus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 180.—Horsfield. LENGTH twelve inches. The crown, neck, scapulars, and second quills fuligmous, the shafts margined longitudinally on each side with white ; wing coverts bay or brown, with white shafts; greater quills bay, with brownish tips; chin, throat, breast, and belly white ; rump, tail coverts, and tail fasciated black and ferruginous; at the end of the last a whitish band. Inhabits Java. VOL, III. ier 242 COUCAL. 6.—EGYPTIAN COUCAL. Cuculus Kegyptius, Ind. Orn.i. 212. Gm. Lin.i. 420. Polophilus Hgyptius, Egyptian Coucal, Gen. Zool.ix. p.54. Houhou d’Egypte, Buf. vi. 367. Levail. Afr. y. 72. pl. 219. Egyptian Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 522. LENGTH between fourteen and sixteen inches. Bill near one inch and a half long, and black; irides bright red ; head and neck behind dull green, glossed with polished steel; the feathers all round, stiff in their texture; upper wing coverts brownish rufous, inclining to green; quills rufous, terminated with shining green, except the three last, which are wholly green, and the two or three preceding them, mixed in colour; back greenish brown; rump and upper tail coverts brown; tail cuneiform, three inches in length, shining green, with a steely gloss; throat, and under parts of the body white, paler on the belly; lower belly, thighs, and under tail coverts pale blackish green, with fine dusky stripes; legs blackish; the inner hind toe leng, with a strong, straitish claw. The male and female do not. essentially differ, but the latter is smaller, and the colours less bright. It is seen in Egypt, frequently in the Delta, and called by the Arabs, Houhou, from its repeating that word several times together ; the male and female rarely seen asunder, nor are more than two often together; the principal food is locusts; chiefly breed on low bushes near running water, seldom on high trees, nor often on the ground. Authors assert, that it makes the nest im the hole of a decayed tree, at the bottom of which the eggs are laid, and that they are four in number, placed on the decayed pieces at the bottom of the hole; both sexes sit in turn. M. Levaillant met with it first m the forests, adjoming the Gamtoos, as far as Caftre Land; alsoin Camdeboo, but not towards the Cape itself; he mentions one particular habit of this bird, which TEN ILA, CAGE Cee. COUCAL. 243 is, the perching lengthwise on a branch, and not transversely.* The note not unaptly expresses Courou-Courou cou, &c. &c.; at day break begins its song, continuing it the greater part of the morning, and commences again an hour or two before sunset. This bird, M. Levaillant supposes, may be the Courou coucou of Buffon, our Red-crested Cuckow ;+ to this we may fairly object, for many reasons. Seba, indeed, calls it a Brazilian Cuckow—but it does not appear to be a Cuckow at all, the bill being more like some of the Parrot kind, or, at least, one of the thick-billed Grosbeaks.+ The toes likewise are placed three before and one behind; and as to the colours of the plumage, it seems more to correspond with the Cardinal Grosbeak; although it measures, in the figure, two inches longer. A.—Coucou des Philippines, Ind. Orn.i. 213. Buf. vi. 369. Pl. enl. 824. Egyptian Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 523. 16. A. This is so like the last, that one description might serve, and is, by Buffon, supposed to be a male bird. 7.—CHESTNUT COUCAL.—PL. tiv. LENGTH sixteen or seventeen inches, of which the tail occupies one half, and the wings, when closed, reach one-third thereon; the shape of the tail rounded, or moderately cuneiform. Bill one inch and three quarters long, compressed, strong, and black, the upper mandible bent downwards; nostrils covered with a flat rim, * The European Goatsucker does the same. + Cuculus Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn.i. 222. Red-crested Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 545, + Seba merely says, ‘‘ Rostrum breve, incurvum est, quale Pseudo Psittacorum. ere? 244 COUCAL. proceeding from their upper margins; tongue lacerated at the end; irides scarlet; general colour of the plumage shining black, but all the wing coverts, scapulars, and quills, bright chestnut; legs black ; the inner hind claw strait, and of twice the length of the others. Dr. Buchanan informs me, that this bird is the Alahua of the Mussulmans ; Cuco of the Bengalese; and Boua-bove of the Burmas. It is scarce near Calcutta, but common in many parts of India; and called by the Europeans, Pheasant Crow; makes a noise, which the Burmas think resembles Boue-boue ; very common every where on the banks of the Arawady; is somewhat larger than a Magpie; and, except in feet and colour, has a strong resemblance to it; said to be a solitary bird, and generally seen hopping about, near some thick- set hedge, or among underwood, by the sides of rivers, into either of which, if disturbed, it flies for refuge, and if driven thence, flies no farther than to the nearest trees, reluctantly shifting its place. In the stomach of one was found the bones of a Lizard, and the remains of insects. One of these in the collection of drawings of General Hardwicke, was eighteen inches in length; the head, neck, and under parts ash-coloured, streaked with white as far as the breast; over the eye a whitish stripe; belly and thighs marked with transverse lines of white; tail plain black, not greatly cuneiform, though much rounded ; wings as in the other. This was met with at Cawnpore in April, and said to be a bird of the first year. 8.—DUSKY COUCAL. Le Coucal noirou, Levail. Af. v. 78. pl. 220. SIZE of the Crow. Bill very stout, curved at the pomt, dusky glossy black; irides dusky brown; general colour of the plumage COUCAL. 245 black ; wing coverts part rufous, part black; quills wholly deep rufous, with the ends dusky black ; feathers of the head and neck remarkably stiff, and glossy on their edges, so as to resemble pins ; the tail about the length of the body, cuneiform, or much rounded at the end, and the wings reach just beyond the coverts; legs stout, glossy black, the inner hind claw strait, and, in old birds, is some- times two inches in length. The female a fourth part less than the male. The black inclines to brown on all the fore parts; and the spur at the inner heel half an inch shorter. M. Levaillant killed a pair of these about Swart Rivier, at some distance from the Cape of Good Hope, im the act of feeding on car- rion, with other birds of prey. He also found, on dissection, the remains of insects in the stomach; not that he is certain of their feeding on the carrion itself, but probably on the insects, or larve, of such as are nourished by it. 9.—LONG-HEELED COUCAL. Cuculus Tolu, Ind. Orn.i. 213. Gm. Lin. i. 422. Madagascariensis, Bris. iv. 138. t. 13.2. Td. 8vo. ii. 80. Polophilus Tolu, Tolu Coucal, Gen. Zool, ix. p. 52. Coucou de Madagascar, Buf. vi. 869. t.17. Pl. enl. 295. 1. Long-heeled Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 524. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill brown, one inch long; head, throat, neck behind, and upper part of the back covered with longish, narrow, stiff feathers, blackish, with a rufous white stripe down each shaft; those on the throat, the fore part of the neck, and breast the same, but only a longish stripe on each side; lower part of the back, rump, belly, sides, thighs, upper and under tail coverts greenish black; scapulars, upper and under wing coverts, fine chestnut, the shafts 246 COUCAL. purplish ; quills chestnut, tipped with brown ; tail more than eight inches long, blackish green above, and black beneath, in shape cuneiform ; legs black, the claw of the inner toe three quarters of an inch long, strait asin the Lark. Inhabits Madagascar, and there called Tolu; from the similarity of the name to Houhou, it may possibly be the young of that bird, if not of the chestnut species. 10.—STRAIT-HEELED COUCAL. Cuculus Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 213. Lin. i. 169. Gm. Lin. i. 412. Bris. iv. 120. t.8. f. 1. Id. 8vo.u. 75. Borowsk 11. 129. 4. Polophilus Senegalensis, Senegal Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 53. Coucou du Senegal, Rufalbin, Pl. enl. 332. Buf. vi. 370. Strait-heeled Cuckow, Gen. Syn. 11. 525. LENGTH fifteen inches and a quarter. Bill black, fifteen lines long. Plumage in general brownish, inclined to rufous above, and to dirty white beneath ; head and neck above blackish, the middle and shafts of the feathers deeper; cheeks, throat, fore part and sides of the neck dirty white, with bright coloured shafts; rump, and upper tail coverts brown, striated across with deep brown ; under parts from the breast dirty white, with very obscure, transverse strie ; under tail coverts the same, but more obscure; quills rufous, with brown tips; tail eight inches long, cuneiform, black ; legs greyish brown, formed as in the last. Inhabits Senegal. In one, apparently the same, im the collection of Lord Stanley, I observed the shafts of the feathers of the head and neck, to be remarkably stiff; belly and thighs white; vent pale dirty rufous; back and wings fine deep rufous; tail coverts brown, undulated with darker brown ; tail dusky black, rounded at the end; legs black, inner hind claw three quarters of an inch long, and but little bent. COUCAL. 247 This came from Senegal ; isalso not uncommon in Abyssinia, in the mountainous districts, among the thick Caper, and other thorny bushes. 11.—ANTIGUAN COUCAL. Polophilus yiridis, Green Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 55. Coucou vert d’Antigue, Son. Voy. 181. pl. 80. Ind. Orn.i. 213. y. Egyptian Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 523. 16. B. Id. Sup. p. 100. LENGTH nineteen inches and a half. Bill stout, curved, and black ; nostrils almost covered with short feathers; the upper eyelid furnished with eight or nine bristles; head and neck dusky brown,* and the feathers narrow; the fore part, as far as the breast, marked down the shafts with indistinct pale spots and bars, the hind part plain; wing coverts deep rufous, obscurely barred with dusky; on the inside of the wing a short, blunt spur; quills barred rufous and blackish alternate, about twenty of each; tail long, cuneiform, the outer feathers measuring only five inches; colour black, crossed with numerous, oblique, dusky white lines, not corresponding on each side of the shaft; belly, thighs, upper and under tail coverts dusky, crossed with numerous white lines; legs short, stout, rough; claw of the inner toe strait, and one inch in length. Inhabits China; described from one in possession of Sir Joseph Banks. I observed, too, among India drawings, one full eighteen inches long: general colour black ; the wings deep rufous; tail black, cuneiform, with eight or ten whitish bars on each side of the shafts ; this was called Mahoca. Among the drawings of Lady Impey, there was one greatly similar, from the Coromandel Coast ; this is said to * According to Sonnerat yery dull green. 248 COUCAL. have the general plumage black, except the wings, which are bright ferruginous flame-colour; the prime quills barred with black. This is known in India, by the name of Crow Pheasant,** and we may suppose it to be a voracious bird, as it goes by an Indian name, signifying Devourer with the Mouth. 12.—LARK-HEELED COUCAL. Cuculus Bengalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 214. Gm. Lin.i. 412. Polophilus Bengalensis, Bengal Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 50. Lark-heeled Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 525. Brown Il/lust, p. 26. t. 13. THIS is a trifle larger than a Lark. Bill dusky; head, neck, back, and wing coverts ferruginous, marked with short white lines, bounded by black, pointing downwards; belly yellowish brown; quills reddish brown, the first and second of the prime ones plam, the rest barred with black ; tail very long, and cuneiform ; the outer feathers dusky, with brown tips; the others marked with bars of black, and narrow ones of brown; legs black; the inner hind claw strait, as im the Lark. Inhabits Bengal. How many, or whether the whole of those having the Lark-heeled, inner hind claw, are related to each other, must be left to future enquiry. 13.—LATHAMIAN COUCAL. Polophilus Lathami, Lathamian Coucal, Zool. Misc. pl. 56. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 46. pl. 9. BILL short, curved, black; head, neck, throat, breast, belly, and thighs black, with whitish sprinklings ; back and wings reddish ; wing coverts obscurely banded ; quills distinctly spotted, black ; tail * The Chestnut C. is called Pheasant Crow. COUCAL. 249 black, with narrow, transverse, somewhat interrupted, whitish bands; shape cuneiform in respect to the outer feathers, but the four middle are longer than the side ones, and equal in length in regard to each other; legs black ; inner hind claws long, bent. A specimen of this in the British Museum ; but from whence is unknown. 14.—RUFOUS COUCAL. Le Coucal rufin, Levail. Afr. v. 82. pl. 221. Polophilus Coucal, Gen, Zool. 1x. p. 44. pl. 8. LENGTH eleven inches. The bill seven-eighths of an inch, somewhat stout, yellowish brown; irides light rufous; general colour of the plumage rufous, in different shades; the head, neck, back, and wing coverts brownish rufous; down the shaft of each feather a pale, or rufous white streak, m the manner of the Quail; the colour of the wings more bright, and barred on the sides with dusky brown ; under parts of the body paler; tail pale rufous, half the length of the bird, rounded; the two middle feathers crossed with brownish lines, and the rest of the feathers the same on the outer webs; legs yellowish brown; inner hind claw strait, one inch long; the wings rounded, and reach just beyond the rump. The female is a trifle smaller, and has the hind claw shorter. Inhabits the inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope. M. Leyaillant found it on the borders of the Great Fish River, and not elsewhere ; is not observed to have any note; though Mr. L. could not find the nest, has not a doubt of its rearmg its own young, and that in the holes of trees; and supposes this from the peculiar smell, which all birds that breed in hollow trees have. He further observes, that in consequence of this bird having the bill less in proportion VoL. Ill, Kk Z50O COUCAL. than in the other Coucals, and more slender in shape, as well as being smaller, it would appear proper that it should stand intermediate between the Coucals and true Cuckows. 15.—VARIEGATED COUCAL. Polophilus variegatus, Variegated Coucal, Zool. Misc. i. 116, 117. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 47. pl. 10. THIS is above eighteen inches in length. General colour of the plumage variegated with rufous, yellow, and black; hinder part of the back black; tail black above, with transverse, variegated bands ; the hind inner claw long, and bent. A specimen of this is in the British Museum. Native place un- known. 16.—NEW-HOLLAND COUCAL. Polophilus leucogaster, White-bellied Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 49. pl. 12. Zool. Misc. 1. p. 117. 52. THIS is about the same size as the last deseribed, and resembles it much in appearance ; the head, neck, throat, and breast are black, the shafts spotted with whitish; the feathers alternately banded with black and rufeus; belly whitish ; back yellow, alternately banded with black and white; thighs luteous; tail black, with transverse white lines. Inhabits New-Holland. The mner hind claw very long, and moderately curved. COUCAL. 251 17.—NEGRO COUCAL. Polophilus Maurus, Black Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p.57. pl. 13. SIZE of a Missel Thrush ; length eleven inches. Bill black, one inch long; irides chestnut; the plumage wholly black, without gloss ; tail slightly cuneiform, half the length of the bird; end of the quills rounded in shape, and reach only to the rump; legs black, stout, one inch long; the inner hind claw one inch and a quarter long, not strait, but undulated in shape. The female is smaller, and inclines to brown on the belly. Inhabits the great forests in Caffre Land; chiefly seen on the lower branches of trees; the male has a note like Céoo-ro, repeated ten times together, and is always accompanied by the female, but the latter has no note beyond that of cri-cri-cri-cri, somewhat like that of the Kestril, while hovering in the air; they make the nest in the hollows of trees, and the female lays four white eggs ; both sexes sit in turn. M. Levaillant killed only five of them, and found the remains of insects in the stomach. K «2 952 MALKOHA. GENUS XXIV.—MALKOHA. _1 Red-headed Malkoha A Var. | 4 Sintok 2 Tri-coloured | 3 White-bellied || 5 Javan IN this Genus the bill is stout, longer than the head, curved from the base, and smooth edged. Nostrils lmear, near the margin. Side of the head, round the eye, bare and granulated. Wings short. Toes placed two before and two behind; claws short, and bent. 1.—RED-HEADED MALKOHA.—PL. ty. Cuculus pyrrhocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 222. Gm. Lin.i. 417. Zool. Ind. t. 6. Pheenicophaus pyrrhocephalus, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 39. Le Malkoha, Levail. Afr. v. p.90. pl. 224. Red-headed Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 844. Ind. Zool. pl. 6. THE length of this bird is sixteen inches; weight four ounces. Bill strong, very thick at the base, and bends downwards, colour greenish yellow; top and hind part of the head and neck, under the jaws, greenish black, with a slender white streak down the shafts of the feathers, and from the narrowness of those about the head, appear as numerous specks; sides of the head, and round the eyes, wholly bare of feathers, appearing rough or granulated, and reddish orange-colour, bounded beneath with white; but down the middle of the crown covered with feathers ; fore part of the neck, back, and wings greenish black, with a gloss of green on the last; tail very long, cuneiform, greenish black, appearing glossy in some lights, the feathers white for nearly one-third from the end; breast and belly white; the legs brown, with yellowish scales; claws crooked; the wings reach a little beyond the middle of the tail. MOM DTD MALKOHA. 253 Inhabits Ceylon, where it is called Malkoha; lives in the woods, and feeds on fruits. A specimen, in Mr. Daniell’s drawings, was full eighteen inches long, and named Maal-kenda-Ettah. 2.—TRI-COLOURED MALKOBHA. Cuculus curvirostris, Curve-billed Cuckow, Nat. Misc. pl. 905. Pheenicophaus tricolor, Tricoloured Malkoha, Gen. Zool. ix. 61. pl. 14. Le Malkoha Rouverdin, Levail. Afr. v. 92. pl. 225. THIS is more than sixteen inches long. The bill stout, formed as in the Red-headed, but pale m colour; the bare part on the sides of the head occupying less space; the head full of feathers, bluish grey; neck behind, upper parts of the body, and wings, dull green, in some lights appearing more or less glossy ; throat, neck before, breast and belly, thighs and vent, brownish chestnut; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers near seven inches long, the exterior three ; colour dull green, in some lights glossy, with the ends, for some length, brownish chestnut; legs dusky blue; claws crooked; the wings reach but little beyond the base of the tail. Supposed to inhabit India.—In the Cabinet of M.Temminck, of Amsterdam. A.—Length eighteen inches. Bill stout, much curved, and pale horn-colour ; under mandible dusky, with a few hairs at the base ; plumage above fine deep green, very glossy, about the head more dull; all the under parts ferruginous; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers ten inches long, the outer only six; colour as the back, with the end half of all the feathers deep ferrugmous; the wings reach just to the base ; legs brown. In the Museum of Mr. Bullock, and appears to be a mere Variety of the former, if both do not differ in sex only from the Red-headed Species. 254 MALKOHA. 3.—WHITE-BELLIED MALKORA. Pheenicophaus leucogaster, White-bellied Malkoha, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 60. Le Malkoha, Levail. Afr: v. p. 90. pl. 224? LENGTH nine inches ; bare space round the eyes orange; plu- mage above greenish black, inclining to green on the wing coverts, back and tail; quills black, bordered with black-green, and in some birds whitish on the interior edges; neck and throat dull green; feathers of the belly and beneath the tail margined with white; those of the shins dirty white. Specimens of this bird are to be seen in the collections of Paris and Amsterdam.—The length is said to be only nme inches; but we suspect this to mean independent of the tail, for, ifit is the bird quoted from Levaillant, that, including the tail, is sixteen inches; and [ further suspect, that the three before described, and this, may hereaiter be found to belong only to one Species, in different stages. of growth Or Sex. 4.—_SINTOK MALKOHA. Pheenicophaus melanognathus, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 178.—Horsfield. LENGTH of the body seven inches, of the tail eleven. Nostrils elongate, situated at the base of a groove, which extends nearly to the middle of the beak ; colour of the plumage above glossy green gold; beneath, and a broad space of the tail chestnut; jaws yellowish ; mandible deep black. Inhabits Java: called there Kadallan, or Sintok MALKOHA.” 255 5—JAVAN MALKOHA. Pheenicophaus Javanicus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 178.—Horsfield. LENGTH sixteen inches and a half. Plumage in general hoary, greenish black; cheeks, chin, and neck before, vent, and thighs ferrugimous bay; tail feathers white at the end. Inhabits Java; known there by the name of Bubut-kembang. 256 * CUCKOW. GENUS XXV.—CUCKOW. * With Four Toes. 28 Indian Black 61 Tippet 1 Common Cuckow 29 Asiatic Black 62 Spotted-breasted A Rufous 30 Swift 63 Flinder’s B Undulated 31 Chestnut 64 Port Jackson 2 Dunmun 32 Mournful 65 Barred-tail A Var. 33 Basal 66 Blue-headed 3 Sokagu 34 Yellow-billed 67 Pacific 4 Bhrou 35 Crested Black 68 Horned & Bychan 36 Coromandel Crested 69 Sharp-crested 6 Sirkeer A Var. 70 Long-billed Rain 7 Ferruginous-necked 37 Black and white Crested || 71 Rain 8 Panayan 38 Ceylon 72 Mangrove 9 Grey-headed 39 Brown 73 Laughing 10 Solitary 40 Collared 74 Carolina 11 Madagascar Crested 41 Black-breasted 75 Black-billed 12 African 42 Great-billed 76 Red-crested 13 Chinese 43 Bronzed 77 Brazilian Crested 14 Blue 44 Gilded 78 Spotted 15 Metallic 45 Klaas’s A Var. 16 Sacred 46 Gorgeous 79 Punctated 17 Madagascar 47 Cupreous 80 St. Domingo A Var. 48 African Green $1 Cayenne 18 Pisan 49 Shining A Var. 19 Great Spotted 50 Splendid B Var. A Var. 51 Glossy || 82 White-rumped 20 Indian Spotted 52 Metalline- | A War. 21 Hepatic 53 Noisy | B Var. 22 Chinese Spotted 54 Cape 83 Honey A Var. 55 Yellow-belhed 84 Great Honey 23 Sonnerat’s 56 Paradise 85 Lesser Honey 24 Rufous-spotted 57 Chalybeate ** With Three Toes. 25 Panayan Spotted A Var. 86 Abyssinian 26 Eastern Black 58 Fan-tailed 87 Asiatic A Coukeel 59 Society 88 Tridactyle 27 Mindanao 60 Spotted-tailed CUCKoW. 257 CUCKOWS have the bill in general weak, and more or less bending. _ Nostrils, with a few exceptions, bounded by a small rim. Tongue short, pointed. Tail, for the most part, cuneiform, consisting of ten feathers. Toes placed two forwards, and two backwards. Such are the general characters, admitting of some deviation in particular instances; in a few the nostrils are not precisely formed as above mentioned. Two or three are said to have twelve feathers in the tail, nor is this part in all cuneiform; one or other, however, of the reigning characters will be found among those which deviate, sufficient to justify placmg them in this Genus: but, indeed, should a division be thought requisite, Cuckows might be separated into two families, the one, like the true Cuckow, to consist of such as make use of other birds for rearing their young; the other, those which make nests for that purpose, and hatch their own eggs. Of the former, we do not positively know more than five or six; and of the latter scarcely twice as many; the manners of the rest being quite unknown, and therefore must continue to be blended with each other, till we have more authority for such separation. 1.—COMMON CUCKOW. Cuculus canorus, Ind. Orn. i. 207. Lin.i. 168. Faun. Suec. No. 96. Gm. Lin. i. 409. Scop.i. No. 48. Raii 23. Will. 6. t. 7.27. Bris.iv. 105. Id. Svo ii. p- 70. Klein. p. 30. Id. Stem. 5. t. 4. f.5. a.c. Frisch. t. 40, 41. Kram. 337. Brun. No. 36. Muller. No.95. Georgi p. 165. Faun. Arag. p. 18. Sepp. Vog. t.p. 117. Schef. El. t. 31. Bloch. Berl. Nat. iv. s. 582. t. 18. f. 1. (the egg.) Gerin. i. 80 t. 67. 69. Borowsk. ii. 125. Bechst. N. Deutsch. ii. 484. Besek. Vog. Kurl. s.34. Berl. Neu. Schrift. 1. 166. Shaw. Zool. Lect. i. t. 60. Gen: Zool. ix. 68. pl. 16, Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 235. Id. Ed.ii, p. 382. YOL, It. Lu 258 CUCKOW. Il Cuculo, Olin. t. p. 38. Cett. we. Sard. p. 86. Der Aschgrave Kukuk, Schmid Vog. p. 38. t. 24. Le Coucou vulgaire d’Europe, Levail. Afr. v. p. 26. pl. 202, 203. Buf. vi. 305. Pl. enl. 811. Robert Ic. pl. 2 Kuckuk, Wirs. Vog. t. 38, 39, 40. Naturf. ix. s. 48. Common Cuckow, Gen. Syn.ii. 509: Id. Sup. 11. 133. Arct. Zool. ii. 266. A. Flor. Scot. i. No. 68. Alb.i. pl. 8. Hayes pl. 17, 18. Bewick, i. p. 104. Br. Zool. i. p. 232. pl. 36.. Id. 1812. 1. p. 305. pl. 40. Lewin. ii. t. 44. Id. Eygs t. viii. f.5. Walcot.1. pl. 45. Donov. uu. pl. 41. Wood's Zoogr. i. 440. Graves Br. Orn. i. pl. 13. Id. Eggs vol.i. parti. Orn. Dict. § Supp. SIZE ofa Turtle; length fourteen inches, breadth twenty-five ; weight four ounces and a half. Bull black, two-thirds of an inch long, a little bent; irides yellow; head, hind part of the neck, wing coverts, and rump dove-colour, darker on the head, and paler on the rump; throat and neck before pale grey; breast and belly white, elegantly crossed with black, undulated lines ; vent buff, with a few dusky spots; wings long, reaching to within one inch and half of the end of the tail; the first quill is three inches shorter than the others, all of them dusky, with oval white spots withm; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, tipped with white, the others marked with white spots on each side of the shafts; legs short and yellow. The female is less, and rarely more than thirteen inches long, has the neck and breast inclined to tawny, and a little barred with dusky, with a few indistinct, pale, rusty spots on the wing coverts, and the white spots on the quills and tail dusky on their edges. Young birds are brown, mixed with ferruginous and black, and in that state have been described by some as old ones: the name of the Cuckow im all languages, seems to have arisen from its note: in some parts of England it is called Gowk. It is well known that a Cuckow does not hatch its own eggs, but the reason is not so manifest; some have thought it owing to the great size, and length of the stomach, which protrudes far beyond the sternum, and the latter being so very short, as to be insufticient to take off the pressure in meubation, during which, digestion would be impeded ; but this may be doubted, as it is known that several birds do hatch their own eggs, whose anatomical situation of the stomach CUCKOW. 259 is precisely the same as in the Cuckow.* Conjectures of various kinds have been received as facts, but must give way to the experi- mental observations of Dr. Jenner, laid before the Royal Society, in 1788,+ from which we learn, that these birds do not pair, but the female is often attended by two or three males,t who seem to be earnestly contending for her favours; the egg is rarely found in any nest till the middle of May ; for the most part in that of the Hedge Sparrow, Wagtail, Titlark, Yellow-hammer, Greenfinch, Whinchat, and some others, but chiefly in the three former, and has the greatest preference to that of the Hedge Sparrow.§ The size of the egg rarely exceeds that of the House Sparrow, and is not greatly different in its markings; which is singular, as the parent birds differ, in one being five times as large as the other; besides the common similarity of the two in colouring, that of the Cuckow has sometimes some bran-coloured spots, as well as black lines, not unlike those seen in the egg of the Yellow-hammer: the weight of a Cuckow’s egg is from 43 to 45 grains,|| and the bird supposed to lay a great number,{] which may be ascertained from the * The stomach of an Owl is proportionably capacious, and almost as thinly covered with external integuments. Dr. Bloch mentions others, in which the structure is similar, viz:— Roller, Goatsucker, Coot, and Kestril. See Besch. der Berl. Gesell. iv: s. 188; to which, we may add the Bee-eater ; and, according to Blumenbach, the Toucan, and Nutcracker. t+ Ph. Trans. y. 78. p. 219. += Mr. Pennant observed, that five males were caught in a trap in one season. § The occupiers of a nest have been known to dispute the entrance of the Cuckow ; for on the sight of one, a Redbreast and its mate jointly attacked it, and drove it away. Hist. Ois. vi. 325. 309. Buffon here mentions at least twenty sorts of birds, in whose nests the Cuckow deposits her eggs. ‘The Cowpen Oriole is said to lay her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them, in a similar manner with the Cuckow. || To 55 grains.—Jenner. As the bird weighs barely four ounces, 38 of such eges will about equal that of the parent; but the Raven weighs two pounds ten ouuces, and the egg not seyen drachms, so that 48 are required for the weight of that bird. M. Prof. Sanders makes the Cuckow’s egg to be half a Loth—equal to a quarter of an ounce, but by his description, he means that of the Goatsucker.—Naturf. xiv. 49. 4] On comparing the Ovary with that of a Pullet, the cluster of eggs appeared full as as numerous, and in eyery stage of growth. Liu2 260 CUCKOW. number observed in the ovary. 'The Cuckow first makes its appearance here the middle of April, and, for the most part, leaves us the first week in July;* that is, the old birds, the male coming and going first ; for those hatched here the same season stay long after, going away in succession, according as each may be able to take its journey. It is not to be wondered that young Cuckows have been mistaken for Hawks, being, for the first season, not unlike the female Kestri!, + but do not gain the note of the adult till the following year. To account for the young Cuckow being alone found in the nest, it was believed that the old one destroyed the eggs laid therein by its owner, before she deposited one of her own; but the fact is, that the egg of the small bird, and that of the Cuckow, are hatched together, and’ from the moment the young of the latter is excluded, a propensity to free itself from its companions is manifest, and by means of its wigs and tail, when grown strong enough, lifts every thing over the edge of the nest, to fall to the ground, and perish; and this it is soon able to effect, as the growth is uncommonly rapid. It is no uncommon thing fur two eggs of a Cuckow to be laid in the same nest ; in this case, the young cuckows become competitors for possession, and never cease to make efforts, till finally one is victorious. The food of the Cuckow consists of beetles, flies, dragon flies, and other insects ; also caterpillars, both smooth and hairy, ¢ besides vegetable matter,§ small stones, and snails, with their shells.— Instances have occurred, in which the stomachs of these birds have been lined, or coated, with hairs, || which we suspect to have arisen from those of the Hairy Larve attaching themselves to it. * Mr. Barrington wishes to set aside this fact, and endeavours to prove, that they remain here at all seasons. — Phil. Trans. 62. 299. 304. + In the first year scarcely two are seen alike, the bars in some being doubly numerous than in others; and in one sent to me by Mr. Boys, the ground colour was brownish blue ; and not unfrequently a bird is met with at the first coming in spring, in which the ferrugi- nous ground-colour of the first plumage is manifest on the upper parts. + The larvee of the Fox Moth (Phal. Rubi) has been found among others. § Small seeds.—Dr. Lamb. || See Berl. Neu. Schrift.i. s. 166. The same as is observed in the Carolina and Black-billed Species. CUCKOW. 261 The notes of both sexes are said by some to be alike, but by others that the female is a mute bird. Dr. Jenner says, the note, or cry, may be not unaptly compared with that of the Dobchick ; Col. Montagu calls it a chattering noise. It has been remarked, that the note begins early in the season with the interval of a minor third ; the bird then proceeds to a major third, next to a fourth, then a fifth, after which his voice breaks, without ever attaming a minor sixth.** The egg figured by Sepp is certainly not that of a Cuckow, being shaped like that of a Hawk, and the size of a Jackdaw’s, of a greenish white, speckled with brown; and not far different is that figured by Dr. Bloch, in the Berlin Transactions,+ both of which appear to me more like the eggs of the Goatsucker; whereas, the true Cuckow’s egg, as before observed, is scarcely larger than that of the House Sparrow, and very like it in the markings; and the number laid in one season uncertain. In one of these. birds, dissected by Dr. Lamb, there were not only two eggs in the ovary, one of them, just on the point of exclusion, and another increased to about half the size; but besides, a vast number of small ones; and in respect to food, the stomach contained both small caterpillars and small seeds. Similar observations, as well as many others of much importance, may be found in Dr. Jenner’s excellent essay on the subject, in the Philosophical Transactions, as above stated. I have three or four times heard the Cuckow call in the night, especially on the 10th of May, 1783, at midnight; but it may not be amiss to observe, that at the several times the moon shone very brightly. Young birds are now and then brought up tame from the nest, and in this state become familiar, eating bread and milk, fruit, eggs, * See Lin. Trans. vii. p. 310. + Bese. d. Berl. Gesch.iv. t. 18, f. 1. M. Prof. Sanders must certainly have mistaken the egg, both from his calling the weight half a loth, as well as when he says, the bird lays two eggs on the ground, between the roots of old trees.—See Naturf. xiv. s. 49. 262 CUCKOW. insects, and flesh, either dressed or raw; and I remember one that remained in a cage the whole year, but how much longer I did not learn. It is said, that this bird, when fat, affords as delicious food as the Land-Rail. Where the Cuckows go, on their departure hence, is not well ascertained ; but it is clear, that the greater part visit Africa, being observed at Malta twice in a year, in their passage backwards and forwards; the same in respect to Gibraltar, where, however, they are not common; in Italy isa scarce bird; is well known at Aleppo, and extends even to India,* as I have, more than once, seen them in drawings from thence. ‘To the north, it is common in Sweden, but does not appear so early by a month as with us; Russia is not destitute of this bird; and we have also seen a specimen, said to have been brought from Kamtschatka. A.—Cuculus rufus, Bris.iv. 110.1. A. Id. 8vo.ii. 72. Frisch. t. 42. Gerin.i. t. 68. Bechst. Nat. Deutsch. ii. 495. taf. xviii. Rufous Cuckow, Gen. Syn. il. 512. 1. A. This is a mere yariety of a young bird, having the upper parts varied with rufous, where the other is white. B.—Guckguck eine andere Art, Besek. Vog. Kurl. s. 34. No. 53.54. Schr. d. Berl. Gesell. vil. 3. 452. 19. Cuculus griseo-undulatus, &c. Gm. Lin. i. 409. y. Ind. Orn.i. 208. y. This is said to be smaller than the Common Cuckow. Bill ash grey, the base and edges brimstone; head and neck bluish ash grey ; throat paler ; neck and shoulders waved with yellow and dark ash grey; breast and belly white, marked with smutty grey waves ; * The English Cuckow reaches Bengal. It is observable, that out of the multitude of Cuckows, none have the note of our European.—View Hindoost. i. p. 264. CUCKOW. 263 back and wings dirty grey brown; quills paler; middle tail feathers marked with a double row of white spots; legs yellow. Inhabits Courland. Several other Varieties might be mentioned, but we trust that the above will suffice, especially when it is considered how different the plumage of the young and adult is from each other, and how various is their appearance in the progress towards perfection. Among some specimens from New-Holland, I observed one, having the general appearance of the Common Sort; above greenish brown, beneath as in that bird; quills and tail the same, but more obscure ; bill and legs as in the Common one. Buffon talks of a Cuckow, similar to ours, but larger, mentioned by travellers, as common at Loango, in Africa, which repeats the word Cuckow, like that bird, but m different inflexions of voice, and that the male and female together go through the whole eight notes of the gamut, the male first sounding the three first, after which he is accompanied by a female through the rest of the octave.* Dr. Horsfield met with one at Java, very like our European Species, the difference between the two being very slight; but says it is very rare there.t+ 2.—DUNMUN CUCKOW. Le Coucou yulgaire d’Afrique, Levail. Afr. v. pl. 200, 201. Cuculus gularis, Gen. Zool. ix. p. $3. pl. 17. LENGTH about eleven inches. Bill one inch, bent at the tip, pale, with the end dusky; throat whitish; head, neck, breast, back, rump, and upper tail coverts fine blue grey; wing coverts the same, the rest of the wing pale brown; between the two a broad bar of * Buf.vi. p. 364, II. + Lin. Trans, xii. p. 179, 264 CUCKOW. white; belly and thighs barred pale blue grey and white; tail black, rounded, with three oval spots of white on the middle of each feather, one at the tip; but the two middle feathers are not marked with white at the ends; legs yellow, claws black. Inhabits India; called at Calcutta, Dunmun. In some India drawings one very similar is called Bhoungra. A.—This differs im having the quills dusky instead of brown ; and the tail feathers with three roundish spots on the shafts; and all of them fringed with white at the tips. Inhabits India: at first sight carries the appearance of the com- mon Cuckow, but disagrees m some particulars ; the first quill as in that, is shorter than the rest, but the tail is essentially different, being spotted only in the middle of the feathers, whereas in the European Species there are several spots of white on the webs on each side of the shafts. M, Levaillant gives the figure of the young bird, which is rufous and barred, differing from the adult, m the manner of the common one. It may be observed, that the spots down the shafts of the tail feathers are six or seven in number; and the tail quite cuneiform ; the longest feather four inches and half; the shorter less than two. 3.—SOKAGU CUCKOW. LENGTH twelve or thirteen inches. Bill yellow; general colour of the plumage above bluish slate or dove-colour; the feathers of the back margined with rufous; greater wing coverts, and second quills, marked on both webs with triangular rufous spots; greater quills plam ; under parts of the body to the thighs pale slate-colour, margined deeply with white, beneath the eye, from the gape, a large CUCKOWw. 265 oval bed of white; from the bottom of this, across the throat, a narrow, curved, rufous band; vent white; tail slightly cuneiform, bluish ash-colour, crossed with five bands of black, curving down- wards on each side of the shafts, and bounded below with rufous ; legs yellow. Inhabits India; called Sokagu.—Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, are others, which probably differ in age or sex; but the tails exactly the same. In one the ground-colour is pale rufous- brown, the feathers margined and spotted as in the former, but with yellow-brown ; patch under the eye grey, extending to the throat; on the nape a little mixture of white; body beneath pale ash- colour, marked with roundish black spots on the sides of the neck and body; on the thighs and vent small dusky crescents ; inside of the quills black and white indented ; this also is called Sokagu. In another specimen the colours as in the last, but all the under parts dusky white, marked with longitudinal streaks of pale brown: in all these the eye is surrounded with a circle of white dots, which appear to be bare. 4.—BHROU CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill one inch and a half, pale lead- colour; top of the head, taking im the eyes, pale-ash; chin dusky white, surrounding the lower part of the head and nape; upper parts of the back and wings dark dove-colour ; bend of the wing white, with five large spots of the same outwardly, about the middle ; beneath to the belly rufous white; crossed with numerous, pale, irregular, rufous lines; vent nearly white; tail cuneiform, four inches and three quarters long, crossed with. five blackish bars, bounded on the lower part with dusky white, tip rufous white; legs yellow; the wings reach one-third on the tail. VOL, III. M m 266 CUCKOW. Inhabits India; named Behouraii. I observe in the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, one, in which the head is paie ash-colour; chin white; the rest of the under parts rufous white, crossed with numerous lines, the colour of yellow-oker; back and wings dove-colour; bend of the wing white; on the outer part of the quills five round spots of white; tail crossed with five bars, black above and white beneath ; but the latter occupying most space. In another the bill is black; head, neck, and parts above much like our adult Cuckow, but rather darker; beneath dusky white, crossed. with irregular, pale, ash-coloured bars; tail as in the others; legs yellow. This is probably the same as that known at Bengal by the name of Bhrou, which is described by Dr. Buchanan, as having the bill black above, and pale beneath ; tongue bifid; eyelids crenated, and yellow; irides yellow; plumage in general the same as above; four black bands on the tail, each bordered below with reddish or pale rufous, the same at-the tip, making five m all; the tail near half the length of the bird; the plumage said to vary much in colour, probably at different periods of age. Found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, but not common; builds in trees, and has a loud plaintive cry. 3.—BYCHAN CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill pale, darker at the tip; round the eyes bare; irides hazel ; head to below the eyes, neck, back, and wings dove-colour, not unlike our Common Cuckow ; wings darkest; head and rump palest; quills black, barred within, and spotted with black; tail even, pale ash-colour, crossed with five bars of black; that nearest the base very narrow, and the end one very broad; the rest equal, but all of them bounded below with white, CUCKOW. 267 the very tip pale rufous white ; chin white ; breast and belly pale brownish red; thighs crossed with several pale rufous bars; the legs yellow. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. In another of the same size, the general colour above is rufous brown; margins of the feathers pale; the forehead, and a patch over the eye, pale ash; under parts rufous white, marked with dusky streaks on the neck and breast; and barred with the same on the thighs; quills dusky, with six or seven dull rufous bars; tail brown buff, at the end a broad bar of black; above this three or four others, curving downwards on each side of the shaft, and bounded below with buff, tips brown buff; the bill is pale, with the end dusky; the irides are hazel, and the lids surrounded with a yellow rim. This was also among the drawings of General Hardwicke, and called Papeeah Assil, and Bychan; probably a female. 6.—SIRKEER CUCKOW. LENGTH nineteen inches at least. Bill stout, hooked, red, with a yellow tip; round the eye dark; plumage on the upper parts dusky, with a tinge of purple; beneath paler, inclining to rufous; tail cuneiform, bending downwards a little ; the two middle feathers, as well as the quills, are like the back, but deeper coloured ; the rest of the tail feathers black, with the ends, for three quarters of an inch, white, and all of them rounded at the tips; legs black. Inhabits India.—Sir J. Anstruther.—In a drawing, apparently of the same bird, thesupper parts were paler, beneath pale rufous; chin and throat dashed down the shafts with black lines; tail as in the other, the ends of the side feathers white for more than an inch; legs pale blue. M m2 268 CUCKOW. The name given to this last was Sirkeer.—In a drawing of another, from Oude, it was called Mukooke. Among the collection of drawings of Gen. Hardwicke is a bird of this kind. Bill the same ; upper parts of the plumage mostly pale brown, beneath pale rufous, with a dusky line down the shafts of the feathers; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers eight inches in length, and brown, the outmost five; all of them white at the ends, the exterior for more than one inch and a half; legs blue. Inhabits India, called Surkool, and weighed three ounces six drachms and ahalf. A male, called Sircea, at Cawnpore, in July, weighed four ounces eight drams. The last five have been described from the accurate drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, under whose inspec- tion they were copied from real specimens; of this fact we are certain, but have not been able to obtain any account of the manners, which would have been highly desirable. 8.—FERRUGINOUS-NECKED CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen or fourteen inches. Bill stout, bent at the end, yellow, with a bar of black near the tip; under mandible orange red ; crown of the head, including the eyes, ash-colour ; the rest of the head, neck, beginning of the back, and wimg coverts fine deep ferrugimous, the feathers loose and downy; the rest of the bird black, glossed with purple; tail near seven inches long, and cunei- form, glossed in the same manner ; the wings short, scarcely reaching beyond the base ; legs stout, black, claws curved. The description taken from a fine drawing in possession of Mr. Dent, but without name, or mention of the place whence it came. CUCKOW. 269 8.—PANAYAN CUCKOW. Cuculus radiatus, Ind. Orn. i. 214. Gm. Lin.i. 420. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 91. Coucou brun et jaune a ventre rayé, Buf. vi. 379. Son. Voy. 120. t. 79. Panayan Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 517. SIZE of the Common Cuckow. Bill black ; irides orange; the throat and sides of the head the colour of red wine lees; upper part ef the head blackish grey; back and wings dull brown black ; under part of the quills, nearest the body, spotted with white; tail black, even at the end, barred and tipped with white; breast dull yellow ; belly light yellow; breast and belly barred with black; the legs are reddish. TInhabits Panay, one of the Philippine Islands. 9.—GREY-HEADED CUCKOW. Cuculus poliocephalus, Ind. Orn.i 214. Grey-headed Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 102. LENGTH ten inches. Head and neck pale grey; breast and belly white, crossed with pale grey bars; wings deep ash-colour, some of the feathers with ferruginous edges; tail nearly even at the end, white, crossed with equidistant dusky bars; legs pale brown. Inhabits India; from the drawings of Lady Impey; probably a Variety of the Panayan Species, One, in the collection of Sir John Anstruther, was two inches longer. Bill pale blue, base and gape yellow; head and neck light grey; back and wings deep blue black; belly dusky white, crossed with narrow, blackish stripes; upper and under tail coverts, and vent white; tail a trifle rounded at the end, two inches and a half long, colour white, crossed with six or seven black bars; the legs yellow. t 270 CUCKOW. 10.—SOLITARY CUCKOW. Le Coucou Solitaire, Levail. Afr. v. p. 35. pl. 206. -Cuculus solitarius, Solitary Cuckow, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 84. pl. 18. LENGTH near nine inches. Bill brown, yellowish beneath at the base; irides brown; plumage dusky brown, inclining to grey on the head and nape; back, wings, and tail brown; quills and tail darker, the last slightly cuneiform, the feathers with four or five white spots on the outer web, except the two middle ones, but all are white at the tip; chin grey; throat pale rufous, crossed with some dusky bars; breast, belly, and thighs pale rufous white, barred with dusky; vent and under tail coverts plain rufous white. In the female, the under parts are rufous, barred with brown, and the marks on the tail smaller. Young birds are rufous brown above, and pale rufous beneath, with bars of a deeper colour. M. Levaillant thmks this may be a young bird of the Cape Cuckow, and says, that the note of the male is rather plaintive, like the syllables Cou-a-ach, and that the female has no song; the male perches on the lower branches of trees, and utters his note repeatedly ; it isa solitary species, as Mr. L. only met with one male and female, in a large district. 11.—MADAGASCAR CUCKOW. Cuculus cristatus, Ind. Orn.i.212. Lin.i.171. Gm. Lin. i. 420: Gen. Zool, ix. p. 118. Cuculus cristatus Madag. Bris. iv. 149. t. 12. 2. Id. 8vo. ii. 83. Gerin. t. 77. Coucou huppé de Madagascar, Coua, Buf. vi. 365. t. 16. PI. enl. 589. Le Coua, male, Levail. Afr. v. 67. pl. 217. Madagascar crested Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 522. SIZE of a Jay ; length fourteen inches; breadth seventeen. Bill one inch long, black; tongue pointed, cartilaginous; nostrils placed CUCKOW. 271 edliquely; irides orange; space round the eyes, and a little way behind them bare, wrinkled, and blue; head, and upper parts of the body, elegant ash-colour, inclining to green; feathers of the head long, forming a crest; throat and neck before cinereous; lower part of the latter, and breast vinaceous; belly, sides, and under tail coverts rufous white; thighs white, barred with light ash ; quills pale green, glossed with blue and violet, beneath cinereous; tail as the quills, the two middle feathers the longest, the side ones tipped with white; legs black. The female is rather smaller, and the colours less bright. Inhabits Madagascar, and called Coua. Buffon says, that the neck is short; it carries the tail erect; and the flesh good to eat; frequents the woods about Fort Dauphin. M. Levaillant adds, that it is also found in some parts of India, and at Senegal, im Africa ; that the voice is loud, by no means plaintive, and hatches its own young in the holesoftrees. I find a similar one among the drawings of Mr. Daniell, found at Ceylon, and there called Haudee-Kootah. 12.—AFRICAN CUCKOW. Cuculus Afer, Ind. Orn.i. 217. Gm. Lin.i. 418. Zool. Misc. pl. 31. Madagascariensis major, Bris. iv. 160. t. 15. f.1. Jd. 8vo.ii. p. 86. Bucco Africanus, African Barbet, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 25. Le Vouroug-driou, Levail. Afr. v. 94: pl. 226. Buf. vi. 395. Grand Coucou Male de Madagascar, Pl. enl. 587. Courol, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xxiv. African Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 532. THIS is a stout bird, the size of a large Pigeon; length fifteen inches ; bill two inches long, blackish, and more strait than usual in this genus; the head, which is large, the throat, and neck, cinereous ; crown blackish, glossed with green and copper ; from 272 CUCKOW. the bill to the eye, on each side, a slender black line; irides orange ; back, rump, scapulars, upper wing and tail coverts, bright grey ; greater quills blackish; the lesser dull green, with a fine green and copper gloss ; tail even, composed of twelve feathers, above copper and green gold, beneath black ; legs yellowish red. _ Cuculus Madagascariensis major, Bris. iv. 162. t. 15. f.1. Id. 8vo. ii. 86. female. Femelle du grand Coucou de Madag. Pl. enl.588. Buf. vi. 396. Gen. Syn. ii. 532. 30. A. This is bigger than the male. Length seventeen inches and a half; bill two inches and three-quarters long, brown; irides orange 3 head, throat, and neck behind, transversely striped brown and rufous ; back and rump brown; upper tail coverts, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, sides, and under tail coverts, pale rufous, with a blackish spot near the end of each feather ; thighs and under wing coverts plain; lesser wing coverts brown, tipped with rufous ; quills as in the male, but duller ; tail fine brown, somewhat rufous at the. tip ; legs reddish brown. This species inhabits Madagascar, where the male is called Vou- roug-driou, and the female Cromb; they differ so much as to be taken by the natives for distinct species. The Vouroug-driou in manners approaches to the Jay and Roller, but in feet to the Cuckow; and these being long and strong, more so than in the true Cuckow, it comes nearer to the Coucal, Coua, and Touraco. M. Levaillant would have this kind called Courol, by way of distinction, a convenient one, in case others could be found of similar make, to join it as a new Genus.** In the General Zoology it is ranked with the Barbets, but it wants one leading character, as it is destitute of hairs at the base of the bill. * M. Temminck has formed a Genus out of this single Species. CUCKOW. 273 The young male most resembles the female, but has, in some of the under parts, a glossy reddish tinge. Young females are like the adult, but the colours less defined, and paler. They are supposed to have but two young, as only that number was seen with the old ones. Is chiefly found in deep woods, and feeds on fruits and insects; flies like a Jay, and with a cry not unlike it; met with in the forests of the great Caffre Country, and is also seen at Madagascar. 13.— CHINESE CUCKOW. Cuculus Sinensis, Ind. Orn.i. 217. Lin.i. 171. Gm. Lin.i. 418. Bris.iv. 157. t.14. A. f.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 85. Gerin. t. 80. ‘ Sanhia de la Chine, Buf. vi. 389. Chinese Cuckow, Gen. Syn.ii. 530. Nat. Misc. pl. 277. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill near one inch, red, the upper mandible beset with bristles, turned forwards; irides red; top of the head white, marked with small blue spots; the rest of the head and throat blackish; on each side of the head, behind the eye, a round white spot; neck behind, back, scapulars, and upper tail coverts fine blue; on the latter a white spot, near the end of each feather ; greater wing coverts, farthest from the body, white; rump very pale blue; under parts of the body pure white; quills half pale, and half darker blue; tail deep blue, with a roundish white spot near the end of each feather; the two middle ones exceed the next by three inches and a quarter, and the outer is only one inch and three quarters long; legs red. Inhabits China. In a drawing of this bird, in the collection of the late Mr. Pigou, it is called San a. VOL. I1I. Nw 274. CUCKOW. 14.—BLUE CUCKOW. Cuculus cceruleus, Ind. Orn. i. 217. Lin. i. 171. Gm. Lin. i. 418. — Madagascariensis ceeruleus, Bris.iv. 156. t. 13. f.1. Id. Svo. ii. 85. Gerin. t. 78. Polophilus coeruleus, Blue Cuckow, Gen: Zool. ix. p. 56. Taitsou, Coucou bleu de Madagascar, Buf. vi. 391. t. 18. Pl. enl. 295. 2. Le Coua, Taitsoue, Male, Levail. Afr. v. 69. pl. 218. Blue Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 531. SIZE of our Cuckow, but of a more elegant make; length seventeen inches, Bill one inch and a quarter, black ; round the eyes naked ; irides fine red ; plumage wholly fine blue, but the quills are glossed with green and violet, in different lights; tail the length of the body, blue, with a violet gloss ; the two middle feathers exceed the others but very little ; legs black. The female differs in bemg rather smaller, and the colours less vivid.—The young, before the first moult, are blue green, without any gloss of violet. Inhabits Madagascar; found also in the great forests of the Caffre Country, in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope; chiefly seen on the tops of large trees; the male has a kind of cooing note, not unlike Courrr, repeated, by which it is often discovered; feeds on fruits. Although M. Levaillant has not positively seen them in the act of hatching their eggs, yet he is certain they do, from.that part of the belly, usually bare in sitting birds, being so im this Species. 15.—METALLIC CUCKOW. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill and irides orange; top of the head, back, wings, and tail deep purplish black, with a metallic CUCKOW. O75 . gloss; neck, and under parts dark ash-colour; tail five inches and a half long, cuneiform, with a gloss of blue in some lights; quills dusky, reaching almost one-fourth on the tail; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Sierra Leona.—From Mr. Woodford’s drawings. 16.—SACRED CUCKOW. Cuculus honoratus, Ind. Orn.i. 214. Lin. i. 169. Gm. Lin.i. 413. Gen. Zool. ix. p- 104. pl. 21. Cuculus Malabaricus nevius, Bris. iv. 136. pl. xi. A. fig. 2. Id. 8vo.i1. p.79. Cuil, Buf. vi. 375. Ess. Philos. p. 68. Coucou tacheté de Malabar, Pl. enl. 294. Sacred Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 526. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill stout, not much curved, and black; plumage above blackish ash, each feather marked with a spot of white; beneath white, transversely spotted with ash-colour ; quills ash, spotted in the same manner with white; tail much cuneated, five inches and a half long, the outer feather only three inches, dusky, bounded with white; legs short, pale ash-colour. Inhabits Malabar, and is there said to be held in veneration by the natives; feeds on reptiles, which probably are such as are most noxious; and if so, this seeming superstition will have a more reasonable foundation than may be at first imagined. It should appear, from M. Levaillant quoting No. 294 of the Pl. enl. as a synonym to his Coucou tachirou, that he esteems one and the other to be the same; and if so, the two birds may probably differ merely from age; and more so, as the whole we know of the one last described is from a drawing of M. Le Poivre, from which alone Brisson appears to have taken his description. M. Levaillant mentions a bird, which he supposed to be a Cuckow, in his journey across the Candeboo, which was almost entirely of a Nw2 276 CUCKOW. dazzling white colour throughout, with a crest at the back of the head ; size a trifle smaller than the Tachirou, but it being really a Cuckow could not be ascertained, otherwise than by its manners in flight, &c. for he was not able to obtain a shot at it, as it was particularly wild. 17.— MADAGASCAR CUCKOW. Cuculus Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn.i. 212. Gm. Lin.i. 416. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 101. Coucou verdatre de Madagascar, Buf. vi. 364. Pl. enl. 815. Great Madagascar Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 521. LENGTH twenty-one inches and a half. Bill one inch and three quarters, black; irides orange; upper parts of the body deep olive, obscurely waved with deep brown; throat light olive, tinged with yellow; breast and upper parts of the belly fulvous; lower belly, and under tail coverts, brown; thighs greyish ash-colour ; tail ten inches long, some of the side feathers tipped with white; the wings reach two inches beyond the base of the tail; legs yellowish brown. Inhabits Madagascar. A.—Great Madagascar Cuckow, War. A. Gen. Syn. ii. 521. This differs in being a trifle larger; on the head a naked bluish space, furrowed, and encircled with black feathers; those of the head and neck soft and silky; base of the bill bristly; inside of the mouth black ; tongue forked; irides reddish ; inside of the wings blackish ; legs black. This was found at Madagascar, in company with the other, and supposed to be the male. It was observed to have the property of turning the outer toe either forward, or behind at will. CUCKOW. 207 18.—PISAN CUCKOW. Cuculus Pisanus, Ind. Orn. i. 211. Gm. Lin.i. 416, Gerin. t.71. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 117. Coucou huppé noir et blanc, Bris. vi. 362. Pisan Cuckow, Gen. Syn. 11. 520. A LITTLE larger than our Cuckow. Bill greenish brown; head black, with a crest, falling behind ; plumage on the body above black and white; threat, breast, and under tail coverts rufous; the rest of the under parts white; quills rufous, tipped with white; tail black, longer in proportion than in the Common Cuckow, and cuneiform ; more so than in the Great Spotted Species, to which in other things it bears some affinity ; legs green. A male and female of this bird were found at Pisa, in Italy,where they made a nest, laying four eggs, which they sat on, and hatched. These had never appeared there before, nor did any one know from whence they came. 19.—GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus glandarius, Ind. Orn.i. 208. Lin. 1. 169. Gm. Lin. i. 411. Borowsk. ii. 125. t. 77. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 116. pl. 25. Cuculus Andalusie, Bris. iv. 126. Jd. 8vo. ii. 76. Klein. 30. 5. Gerin. t. 70. Grand Coucou tacheté, Buf. vi. 361. Great Spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 513. Edw. pl. 57. SIZE of a Magpie; length thirteen inches and a half. Bill black, more than one inch, and a little bent; head slightly crested, with erect, ash-coloured feathers; crown black brown, and a band of the same from the base of the upper mandible, through the eye, almost to the hind head, broadest in the middle; upper parts of the neck, and body brown; feathers of the wings tipped with white, or pale ash-colour ; upper tail coverts also spotted; quills brown, the outer edges rufous, except at the tips; beneath from chin to breast rufous 978 CUCKOW. white; from thence to vent white; tail cuneiform, brown, the two middle feathers seven inches long, the rest shorten by degrees, and are tipped with white; legs black. Inhabits Andalusia, and the opposite Coast of Barbary; has been shot on the Rock of Gibraltar, but only seen there at certain seasons. Mr. White met with one fifteen inches in length. A.—Length fourteen ches. Bill black ; head and sides of the neck, below the nape, black-brown, inclining to ash-colour, trom the forehead to middle of the crown; from the gape, a pale whitish stripe over the eye, to near the nape ; round the back of the neck a pale grey band; back, wing coverts, and bastard wing brown, marked with white at the ends; quills black, some of them edged with rufous, and tipped with white ; chin and throat pale rufous ; from thence all all beneath white ; tail black, cuneiform; all but the two middle feathers marked with a pear-shaped ‘spot of white; the wings reach one-fourth on the tail; legs dusky. Inhabits Senegal ;* in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden.—The food of these birds is by no means mentioned, nor any hint given why Linneus should call it Glandarius, unless he supposed it to feed on acorns. 20.—INDIAN SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus scolopaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 209. Lin. i. 170. Gm. Lin. 415. Gen. Zool. ix. p- 95. Cuculus Bengalensis nevius, Bris.iv. 132. Id. 8vo. ii. 78. Klein. 31. 7. Coucou tacheté de Bengale, Boutsallik, Buf. vi. 372. P/. enl. 586, Brown and Spotted Indian Cuckow, Edw. pl. 59. Indian Spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii, 516. NO larger than a Thrush ; but fourteen inches in length. — Bill dirty yellow green, and one inch long; body above brown, clouded, * Der Africanische Cuckguek, Borowsk. ii. 125. CUCKOW. 279 beneath white, edged with brown ; lower belly and under tail coverts tinged with rufous ; wing coverts white, edged with brown; quills and scapulars transversely striated with brown and rufous ; tail cunei- form, seven inches and a half long, pale rufous, crossed with oblique bands of brown; legs dirty greenish yellow. Inhabits Bengal ; there called Boutsallik. One similar to this in the drawings of Major Roberts, was named Cuil, which is probably a common name, as I have seen it put to other drawings of Cuckows from India. I observed too, one of these called Manmudoo Couwele. One thought to be a female of this, and shot at Bengal, was fifteen inches Jong, and weighed five ounces and a half. The tail greatly cuneiform, and brown; all the feathers crossed with sixteen or eighteen yellowish bars: this was called Burra Koel : said to fly by night. 21—HEPATIC CUCKOW. Cuculus hepaticus, Ind. Orn.i. 215. Mus. Carls. Fasc. iii. t. 55. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p- 285. Id. Ed. ii. 384. LENGTH thirteen inches and a half. Bill black; plumage above ferruginous, marked with undulated bars of black; beneath to the breast the same, but much paler; belly and vent white, the former spotted, the latter barred with black; quills black and fer- ruginous, barred alternate, ends black ; rump ferruginous, the feathers reaching half way on the tail, which is cuneiform; colour ferruginous, barred with black; the end for half an inch black, but the very tips white; legs yellow. Native place uncertain. It may be remarked that this bird in the general markings of the body, greatly resembles the young of the Common Cuckow ; but in the tail it does not correspond. 280 cUCKOW. 22.—CHINESE SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus maculatus, Ind. Orn.i. 209. Gm. Lin.i. 415. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 102. Coucou tacheté de la Chine, Buf. vi. 878. Pl. enl. 764. Chinese Spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 516. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill nearly one inch a half, blackish above, yellow beneath; upper parts of the head, and neck blackish, spotted with white about the eyes; rest of the body above deep greenish grey, marked with white, and glossed with gilded brown ; throat and breast regularly variegated brown and white; the rest of the under parts barred with the same; tail even at the end, six inches long, and barred with the same colours; legs yellowish. TInhabits China. A.—Among General Hardwicke’s drawings is a Variety, near sixteen inches long. Bill pale, stout; irides red ; plumage in general deep brown, marked with numerous spots of white; the quills transversely barred with white, the ends deep brown; the belly and thighs whitish, marked with curved dark spots, pomting downwards ; tail dark, crossed with eleven or twelve narrow white bars, on each side of the shaft, curving downwards, the ends even; the quills reach one-fourth from the base; legs pale blue. Inhabits India; found at Futtehghur, in June. SONNERAT’S CUCKOW. Cuculus Sonneratii, Ind. Orn. i. 215. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 111. Petit Coucou des Indes, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 211. Sonnerat’s Cuckow. Gen. Syn. Sup. 102. 23. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill and irides yellow; head, and neck behind, back, and wings red brown, crossed with streaks of black ; CUCKow. 281 neck before, breast, and belly white, barred with black ; tail brown, the feathers spotted on each side of the shafts irregularly with black ; legs yellow. Inhabits India. 24—RUFOUS-SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus punctatus, Ind. Orn. i. 210. Lin.i. 170. Gm. Lin.i. 413. Gen. Zool. ix. p- 105. Cuculus Indicus nevius, Bris.iv. 134. t. 10. f.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 79. Coucou brun picqueté de roux, Buf. vi. 377. Pl. enl. 771. Rufous-spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 517. LENGTH sixteen inches and a half. Bill horn-colour, hooked at the end, with a kind of notch near the tip; from the base, a rufous band passes under the eyes, to the ears; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, spotted with rufous; beneath rufous, transversely striated with blackish brown, least in number on the belly ; tail cuneiform, eight inches and a quarter long, barred with rufous arched bands on each side the shafts, all the feathers having rufous ends; legs grey brown. The female differs, in having the rufous spots above less numerous, and beneath much paler than the male. Inhabits the East Indies, and Philippine Islands. 25.—PANAYAN SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus Panayus, Ind. Orn.i. 210. Gm. Lin.i. 418. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 106. Coucou tacheté de Panay, Son. Voy. 220. t. 78. Panayan Spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 517. THIS is two-thirds larger than our Cuckow. Bill black : irides yellow ; body above very deep brown; spotted with rufous yellow; VOR. Il. Oo 282 CUCKOW. these spots are oblong on the head, round the neck, and wing coverts; but on the quills transverse, and yellowish, intermixed with black dots; throat black, spotted as the back; breast and belly pale rufous, transversely striped with black; tail long, even at the end, rufous yellow, barred with black; legs Jead-colour. Inhabits the Isle of Panay. It may be observed, that although similar to the last, it differs m wanting the rufous mark under the eyes, and the tail not being cuneiform; otherwise not unlike, both m figure and description. 26.—EASTERN BLACK CUCKOW. Cuculus Orientalis, Ind. Orn.i. 210. Lin.i. 168. Gm. Lin.i. 410. Gen. Zool. ix. p- 87. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 178. male. Cuculus Indicus niger, Bris. iv. 142. t. 10. f.1. Id. 8vo. 11. 81. Coucou noir des Indes, Coukeel, Buf. vi. 383.1. Pl. enl. 274. 1. Eastern Black Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 518. SIZE of a Pigeon; length sixteen mches. Bill grey brown; plumage black, glossed with green, and in some parts with violet, especially under the tail, which is eight inches in length, and much rounded, if not cuneiform; quills brown within; legs grey brown. One, in Mr. Bullock’s collection, had a tail at least ten inches in length. Inhabits the East Indies. A.—Le Coukeel, Buf. vi. 383.2. Gen. Syn. ii. 518. 10. A. Length fourteen inches and a half. Bill black, with a yellow tip; tongue intire; irides bright red; the whole plumage blackish, glossed with blue ; the first quill feather is half as short again as the third, which is the longest of all. CUCKOW. 283 The female is not unlike the Rufous-spotted.Cuckow, but differs in some things. The upper parts of the head and neck are dark brown, marked with rufous spots; back and wings black-brown, with oval transparent spots; chin and throat dark, with round spots of white; breast and belly white, crossed with bent dusky marks ; bill and legs greenish.* Inhabits Mindanao; also various parts of India: is the Kokeel, of Bengal; Peeko, in the Sanscrit; the Coel, of Himdustan : found all the year near Calcutta; feeds on insects, and fruit of wild figs; seen from about the middle of January, till the commencement of the rains; calls early in the morning, or at night, if the moon shines; + the note like Coel or Cookil, sounding cheerful and pleasant: for the most part lays the eggs in the nest of the Coag or Crow,} but is thought sometimes to form one of its own, though the materials are not mentioned : is sometimes kept tame, and, as I am informed by Dr. Buchanan, said to carry the tail spread. 27.—-MINDANAO CUCKOW. Cuculus Mindanensis, Ind. Orn.i. 209. Lin.i. 169, Gm. Lin.i. 412. Bris.iv 130. t.12. f.1. Id. 8yo.ii. p:77. Gerin. t.76. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 103. pl. 20. Lin. Trans. xii. p. 178. female. Coucou varié de Mindanao, Buf.vi. 373. Pl. enl. 277. Le Coucou tachirou, Levail. Afr. v. 62. pl. 216. Mindanao Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 515. THIS is larger than our Cuckow, some being fourteen inches and a half in length. The bill near one inch long, curved at the tip, dusky above, and brown beneath; irides bright chestnut; crown of the head rufous chestnut, the feathers dusky on the margins; neck * In one specimen, I observe an obscure white mark below each eye. + The same observed in respect to the Common Cuckow. ~ This is contrary to the common usuage of Cuckows, as they generally make use of the nests of smaller birds, to deposit their eggs in. Oo2@ 984 CUCKOW. behind, back, scapulars, ramp, and upper wing and tail coverts, greenish black, spotted and marked with white, appearing gilded brown in some lights; the under parts, from the chin, marbled with dusky, on a white ground, most conspicuous on the chin and throat ; the tail half the length of the bird, and cuneiform; the two middle feathers, and outer webs of the others, marked with ten or twelve pale, rufous, curved bands; legs yellow brown. The young bird is a trifle smaller, and though much the same as to general colour, wants the rufous tinge on the crown of the head ; many young birds are light rafous, where the adult is marked with _ white, and the ground colour dull greenish brown. M. Levaillant met with this bird near Swartedooren, and Kausssi, which are rapid rivers ia the little Namaqua’s Country; but it being ata season after they had bred, he can give no account of the eggs, or of the note; it is, however, certain, that in the five specimens which were obtained, no signs whatever appeared of their having sit on the eggs in a nest; said to feed on insects, especially grasshoppers, caterpillars, and pupze of butterflies. According to M. Brisson, it is found at Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands; at first sight might be taken for a young European Cuckow. The Eastern Black Cuckow, and the Mindanao Species, are found to be the two sexes of one and the same bird, of which the former is the male: these are not uncommon in Java, where the male is called Tuhu, and the female Chule; are also found in New-Holland, as a pair of them from thence are in the Museum of the Linnzean Society. CUCKOW. 285 298.—INDIAN BLACK CUCKOW. Cuculus niger, Lin.i. 170. Gin. Lin.i. 415: Klein. Av. p. 31. Ind. Orn. 211. 10. y. Cuculus Bengalensis niger, Bris.iv. 141. Id. 8vo.ii. 80. Gerin. t. 72. Coukeel, Buf. vi. 384. 3. Ess. Philos. p. 68. Indian black Cuckow, Gen. Syn.ii. 519. B. Edw. pl. 58. SIZE of a Blackbird; length nine inches. Bill short, stout, and a trifle bent, colour orange ; irides red ; the whole bird black, glossed with green and violet; tail cuneiform, four ches and a half long; legs brownish. The female has a pale bill; is brown above, spotted with white > head striped white and brown; over the eye a white streak ; under parts white, with irregular brown spots; thigh feathers long, barred with brown; tail cuneiform, brown, crossed with fourteen or fifteen whitish bars, the tip fringed with white; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; legs pale blue. Inhabits India, and simply called Coel. 29.—ASIATIC BLACK CUCKOW. Cuculus Indicus, Ind. Orn.i. 211. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 88. Eastern Black Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. 99. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill strong, whitish; plumage black ; across the wings three narrow white bars; near the end of the tail the same; legs pale blue. Inhabits India, by the name of Coweel; it appears that two or three go there by the name of Cuil or Coweel; one as large as a Jay, and all frequent the woods; for the most part fly in small flocks, and feed on insects; are held in veneration by the Mahometans, but by others valued for the flesh, which is accounted delicate, a single bird being sold to the lovers of good eating for 24 livres; said to sing as well as a Nightingale. 286 cuCcKOW. 30.—SWIFT CUCKOW. Cuculus fugax, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 178.—Horsfield. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Plumage above cinereous grey, beneath white ; breast, belly, and hypochondres in the middle, bay, at the back part marked with black lines; tail fasciated with dusky black, the tip ferruginous brown. Tnhabits Java. 31.—CHESTNUT CUCKOW. Cuculus Pravata, Lin. Trans. viii. p. 179. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Plumage above chestnut, beneath undulated with whitish, and deep brown; tail feathers black, externally chestnut, and tipped with white. Inhabits Java; there called Tracha. 32.—MOURNFUL CUCKOW. Cuculus lugubris, Lin. Trans, xii. 179. LENGTH ten inches and a quarter. Plumage in general black, glossed with green, outer quills spotted with white within; the two outer tail feathers, and vent fasciated with white; shins at the back part white. Inhabits Java; the name Awon-awon. CcUCKOW. 287 33.—BASAL CUCKOW. Cuculus basalis, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 179. LENGTH six inches. General colour brownish, glossed with green-gold ; chin, throat, and breast variegated with whitish and pale brown; belly fasciated with white and brownish ; the first quill short, the two next longer, and equal; the fourth shorter than the two last; the fifth again shorter; the rest gradually decreasing ; colour brownish; the exterior tail feather brownish green; beneath dusky, spotted with white; the rest, except the two middle ones, chestnut at the base, and fasciated with white at the tips; vent whitish, marked with glossy brown spots, which are pointed behind. Inhabits Java.—Dr. Horsfield. 34.—YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOW. Cuculus xanthorhynchus, Lin. Trans. xi. p. 179. LENGTH six inches. General colour violet ; axillaries, belly, and outer tail feathers fasciated with white. Bill yellow. Inhabits Java. 35.—CRESTED BLACK CUCKOW. Cuculus serratus, Ind. Orn. i. 211: Mus. Carls. i. t.3. Gen. Zool. ix. 114. Cuculus ater, Gm. Lin. i. 415. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. 1xxiii: Edolio, Kolben’s Hist. Cap. ii. p. 150. Gen. Zool. ix. pl. 22. Crested black Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 519. Id. Sup. p. 100. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter long, curved, and black; the feathers of the crown an inch long 388 CUCKOW. forming a crest; plumage in general black, except the base of the first four or five quills, which are white, and form a serrated spot on the outer edge of the wing; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers seven inches long, the outmost only four and a half; thigh feathers long, hanging a good way over the legs, which are black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; in some the tail is shorter than in others, pehaps owing to sex or age. 36.—COROMANDEL CRESTED CUCKOW. Cuculus melanoleucos, Ind. Orn. i. 211. Gm. Lin. i. 416. Gen. Zool. ix. pl. 23. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \xxiii. Jacobin huppé de Coromandel, Buf. vi. 380. Pl. enl. 872. Le Coucou Edolio, Levail. Afr.v. p. 39. pl. 207, 208. Coromandel crested Cuckow, Gen. Syn. il. 520. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill black; head crested; upper parts of the body black, the under white ; on the edge of the wing a spot of white; tail cuneiform, tipped with white; wings reach half way thereon ; legs brown. Inhabits the coast of Coromandel; and known, with others, under the name of Coukeel; I observe that the head is crested at the back part only, and in one bird both upper and under tail coverts are white; the quills in some are brown, in others black ; called on the coast, Papia or Pewa; at Hindustan, Papuea or Popheya: said to lay the eggs in the nest of the Chottoreah Thrush, * they are plain greenish in colour ; and the Cuckow said generally to destroy those of the Thrush, when it deposits its own : comes in May, and remains till the rainy season is over: lives on Grasshoppers, white Ants, &c. I observe one in which the white passes on each side of the neck almost to the back part. * Turdus Canorus, or Crying Thrush. CUCKOW. 289 According to M. Levaillant, these two last described are male and female ; and he adds, that the young birds of both sexes have the throat, and fore part of the neck dirty white, the rest of the under parts greyish; ends of the tail feathers dirty rufous, and those parts which in the adult are black, in young birds are brown ; but the spot of the wing is seen at all ages. Mr. L. states, that although the general appearances are as above, he once found the external plumage of a male ; but on dissection, was surprised to find an egg ready to be excluded; and hence seems to think, that an old female, as in some other birds, may take on the dress of a male. The eggs are pure white, six lines long, by four broad, and narrow at one end; these have been found in various nests, and among others those of our Rufous-crowned and Citrin Warblers. The bird is met with about Roude Bosch, Niuwe land, Constance, and in the valley which separates False from Table Bay, as well as in other parts; is migratory, coming in August, and departing in February and March. M. Levaillant found an egg, supposed to be of this bird, in several of the nests of the Great-tailed Warbler, which are made of down, oval in shape, with an entrance two-thirds from the bottom; and wonders how it could get there ; in respect to those found in the nest of the Rufous-crowned Warbler, he observes, that the egg is of twice the size of that of the bird in whose nest it is deposited. —M. Temminck joins this to the last described, as one and the same species. The late Mr. S. Daniells met with this species in Ceylon. VOL, III. P Pp 290 CUCKOW. 37.—BLACK AND WHITE CRESTED CUCKOW. Varieté du Coucou Edolio, Levuail. Afr.v. p. 44. pl. 209. Cuculus Ater, African Cuckow, Gen. Zool.ix. p. 115. pl. 24. Zool. Misc.i. 72. 31. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill one mch and a quarter long, stout, bent, black; top of the head furnished with a full crest, hanging backwards; general colour of the plumage fine black, with a greenish gloss, as in the Magpie; under parts yellowish white, marked, as far as the breast, with sagittal black spots, the points downwards; base of the prime quills white for some length, forming a dentated patch ; wings white beneath half way, the ends greyish black; tail of ten feathers, greatly cuneiform, and the feathers white at the ends, for near an inch; the outer scarcely half the length of the twe middle ones; legs stout, scaly, black; the ends of the quills reach just beyond the rump. ‘Fhe above described from one in the collection of M. Temminck, of Amsterdam; brought from Africa, near the Equinoctial Line. it may, probably, be a Variety of the Edolio, but is a larger bird. One of these, in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden, was brought from Sierra Leona: another, very similar, in that of Lord Stanley, was met with by Mr. Salt, im Abyssinia, Another bird, which I suspect also to be a Variety, was fourteen inches long. Bill stout, one inch and three quarters from the gape, and flesh-colour; irides golden; plumage in general glossy black above, and dull beneath ; wing coverts margined at the tips with white, forming slender crescents in appearance; feathers of the rump margined in the same manner, with white; and the ends of the quills are white also; tail seven inches long, plain black ; legs stout, blue. Inhabits India.—A figure of this is among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, but it could not be ascertained whether the tail was cuneiform. CUCKOW. 291 One of these, in the collection of drawings of Lord Mountnorris, was twelve inches in length. The head greatly crested; general colour, as usual, black; at the edge of the wing a white spot; the middle tail feathers five inches and a half long, the exterior three inches and a half, the ends of all but the two middle ones white; the wings reach very little beyond the base of the tail; legs lead-colour. Another, in the collection of Mr. Leadbeater, fifteen inches long. Bill stout, bent, black; head much crested, some of the feathers being one inch and a half long; general colour of the plumage above black, with a greenish gloss; beneath, from the breast, and the thighs bufi-colour; chm buff, streaked with blackish; the nine first quills crossed within with a white bar, near one inch long, not reaching the outer web, nor the inner web of the ninth feather; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers eight inches and a half in length, all of them tipped with white; legs black, feathered half way on the fore part. 38.—CEYLON CUCKOW. LENGTH seventeen inches. Bill curved, black; general colour of the bird above, and the tail fine blue black ; the head much crested; sides of the head well clothed ; chin and throat dull yellow oker; from this the rest of the under parts white ; thighs pale ash- colour; tail cuneiform, blue-black; the two middle feathers nine inches long, the others gradually much shorter; legs blue, the hind claws curved, neither of them strait nor subulated. Inhabits Ceylon.—Mr. S. Daniell. 39.—_ BROWN CUCKOW. LENGTH ‘thirteen inches. Bill bent; general colour of the back and wings brown, mottled with white ; head, neck, and under Pe? 292 CUCKOW. parts white, with dusky markings; tail long, cuneiform, whitish, barred irregularly with dusky ; legs bluish; toes before and behind moderately hooked. TInhabits Ceylon. 40.—COLLARED CUCKOW. Cuculus Coromandus, Ind. Orn. i. 216. Lin. i. 171. Gm. Lin. i. 121. Gen. Zool. ix. p- 119. Cuculus Coromandus cristatus, Bris. iv. 147. t. 11. A. f. 1. Id. Syo. ii. 82. Gerin. Orn. t. 74. Coucou huppé a Collier, Buf. vi. 388. Pl. enl. 274, 2. Le Coucou a Collier blanc, Levail. Afr. v. 56. pl. 213. Collared Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 529. THE size of this bird is said to be about that of the Missel Thrush, and the length twelve or thirteen inches. The bill bluish black, about one inch long, and curved at the tip ; irides hazel; the plumage on the upper parts, and the tail mostly black, with a bluish cast, and in some lights appearing brown, the feathers of the hind head are narrow, and much elongated, so as to form a crest pointing backwards; chin and throat yellowish rufous; wings deep rufous ; breast, and under parts of the body, dusky white, surrounding the lower part of the neck as a white collar; the tail greatly cuneiform, as in our Magpie; the two middle feathers six inches in length, the outer about three; under parts of the quills and tail rufous grey ; legs bluish black. The female differs in being a trifle smaller; the chin and throat white, like the rest of the under parts ; the wings, although rufous, yet not of so deep a tinge ; hence the one described by Buffon, may probably be the female. The above is found not only on the coast of Coromandel, but also on the South Coast of Africa, where M. Levaillant met with it, near CUCKOW. 293 the River Swarte-kop and Sondag. Many also have been brought from Senegal. He has never found the egg of this bird, nor does he know, in the nest of what other it is deposited. 41.—BLACK-BREASTED CUCKOW. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill stout, curved at the end, nostrils in a membrane; colour greenish brown; crown of the head crested at the back part; head and neck brown ; the feathers with whitish margins; back and wings brown; across the breast a narrow bar of black; beyond this the belly and vent are dusky white; sides over the thighs rufous; tail seven inches long, rounded at the end, and brown; the wings, when closed, reach to the base of it; legs stout, rather long. A specimen of the above in the collection of Mr. Bullock. 42.—GREAT-BILLED CUCKOW. Le Coucou a gros bec, male, Levail. Afr. v. 59. pl. 214. Cuculus crassirostris, Grosbeak Cuckow, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 86. THIS is about the size of the Common Cuckow, but the bill is larger, stronger than usual in the Genus, and greenish yellow; irides deep chestnut; general colour of the plumage black, with a rich tint of blue on the back, wings, and tail; the last is moderately cuneiform, the length of the body, and the wings reach to about one-fourth from the base; legs strong, short, and scaly, the colour yellowish brown; claws black. The female differs, in having a brownish tinge on the fore part of the neck, breast, and under parts of the body, and the tinge of blue on the upper parts less brilliant. 994. CUCKOW. M. Levaillant killed these on the borders of the Riviere des Poissons, beyond the country of the great Namaqua, and supposes the Species to be new. A similar one, brought from Bengal, is in the collection of M. Raye de Breukelerwaerd, of Amsterdam. 43.—BRONZED CUCKOW. Le Coucou gris bronzé, Levail. Afr: v. 60. pl. 215. SIZE of our European Cuckow, but of a more slender make. The bill broad at the base, the upper mandible curves downwards at the point, and the inner shuts in beneath it, colour yellow; the plumage in general deep green bronze, very bright, and changing into both blue and grey, in different lights ; but on the wings and tail the blue predominates; on the contrary, on the under parts, from the chin, it is grey, lightly tinged with green; the tail is half the length of the bird, cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches and a half long, the outer about three inches; legs black. Said to inhabit Malimba, in Africa. M. Levaillant has only seen a stuffed specimen, in the collection of M.'Temminck, of Amsterdam. 44.—GILDED CUCKOW. Cuculus anratus, Ind. Orn. i. 215. Gm. Lin.i. 421 Nat. Misc. 1029. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 127. Coucou vert doré et blanc du Cap de B. E. Buf. vi. 385, Pl. enl. 657. Le Didric, Levail. Voy. (Fr. Id. 8vo.) i. 234. Le Coucou Didric, male et fem, Levail. Afr. v. 46. pl. 210, 211. Gilded Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 527. Id. Sup. ii. 135. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill seven or eight lines, greenish brown; irides orange; plumage above, from head to tail, CUCKOW. 995 rich gilded glossy green; on the head five white stripes; one on the middle of the forehead, and two others above the eyes, like eyebrows, passing behind, and two more, narrower and shorter, beneath the eyes; most of the wing coverts, and second quills tipped with white, the outer one spotted white on the outer edge; throat, and under parts of the body, white; the sides, and feathers which fall over the joint, marked with a few greenish bars ; tail cuneiform, three inches long, the two outer feathers marked with small white spots on the outer edge, and all of them white just at the tips; im its natural state the tail is generally spread out like a fan, and reaches about one inch and quarter beyond the wings when closed; legs yellow. The female is much the same in size, but differs in having the white on the throat and breast tinged with rufous, as also on the wings and tail; and in every part where the male is green-gold, the other sex is reddish gold-colour, and the stripes on the head not so well defined. In young birds the stripes are scarcely perceivable; the upper parts of the body gilded brown, beneath greyish rufous white; and all the spots of the wings and tail rufous chestnut. Bill and legs yellow brown; eyelids yellow; irides grey brown. | Inhabits the parts far inland from the Cape of Good Hope: first met with on the borders of Klyne Vis Rivier, from thence to Caffre Land, and in Camdeboo ; again from the River of Elephants to the country of Petits Namaquas, and every where in such numbers as to be killed by thousands. The male has a note similar to the word Di-di-didric, and in fluttering, sometimes like diwic-diwic. The female only wic- wic. The great number of them is instanced by observing, that M. Leyaillant, and his man, killed 200 males and 130 females in their three journies; and remarks, on another occasion, that he was at a loss to find out how this Cuckow could place an egg into the nest of the Great-tailed Warbler, and some others,* into which was only a * Pine Pinc Titmouse. 296 cUCKOW. small hole of entrance; but, he seems clear, that the bird must carry the egg in the mouth, and by this means introduce it into the hole: the egg is glossy white, and always deposited in the nest of some small insectivorous bird, never into that of a granivorous one, although the latter is more numerous than the former, and easier to be seen ; for in Africa the granivorous ones are generally in large flocks, and frequently live in society, with the nests united in the same place. I observe one of these in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden, in which the whole head, below the eyes, and the neck behind, are plain glossy green, the rest more dull green; a small streak from bill to the eye, and a large curved mark of white on the region of the ears; beneath from the chin pure white, with a greenish line, con- tinued a little way from the gape; lower belly, and over the thighs, barred with glossy green, otherwise ike the former description. This was received from Senegal, and seems much allied to the following. 45.—KLAAS’S CUCKOW. Le Coucou de Claas, Levail. Afr. v. 53. pl. 212. Cuculus Klaas, Gen. Zool.ix. p.128. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. 1xxiii. SIZE of the Gilded Species, but the bill less curved, and smaller, colour brown black; irides yellow; general colour of the plumage above bright green, with the tinge of copper; over the eye, and behind, an irregular longish streak of white, and a patch of the same at the junction of the wing with the body; all the under parts, from chin to vent, white, except a few marks of green on the sides, over the thighs, and some others of the same on the thigh feathers ; greater quills dusky, spotted beneath with white, and bordered outwardly with gilded green; the tail is much rounded at the end, and occupies less breadth than in the Gilded Species, from the webs cucKow. 297 of the feathers being narrower; the four middle ones are green, with a reddish or coppery tinge; the three outer white, with an oblong copper gold spot on the outer web, near the end, and on the inner webs some transverse distant les; the wings are shorter in proportion than in the Gilded Cuckow ; legs brown black. The above bird was a male, and killed by Klaas, the attendant on M. Levaillant, near the River Platte, but not more than one met with; it had a different kind of note from the Gilded Species. M. Levaillant observed a second specimen in the Jardin des Plantes, m Paris, which came from Senegal. 46.—GORGEOUS CUCKOW. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, brown, bent, with the point sharp; plumage above fine rich gilded green, with a gloss of copper; forehead, and before the eye, white. with a streak or two of black; behind the eye one of white, ending in a point; all beneath, from chin to vent, white, with here and there a dusky marking on the neck and sides of the body ; under the wings some transverse, rufous-brown ones; down the middle of the wing a long white streak, crossed with rufous brown lines; the quills blue or green, in different lights, the outer one spotted white on the outer edge, one-third from the base; tail cuneiform, blue green, the outer feathers spotted with white, on the outer margins ; legs brown. Described from the drawings of Mr. Woodford. VOL, Ut. Qe 298 CUCKOW. 47.—CUPREOUS CUCKOW. Cuculus cupreus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxix. Lev. Mus. pl. p. 159. Gen. Zool. 1x. p. 129. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xxi. Cupreous Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 134. THIS is nearly the size of a Lark, but longer, and more delicate. Bill black ; head, neck, and upper parts of the body bright copper- colour, with a metallic splendour, being glossed with gold, and a red tinge of copper; the feathers of a rounded shape, and so disposed, as to resemble scales; belly and thighs of a beautiful jonquil yellow; tail slightly cuneiform, one or two of the exterior feathers marked at the tip with a triangular spot of white; the legs are black. The above was in the Leverian Museum, supposed to come from Africa. One of these, in Mr. Dent’s drawings, was seven inches and a half in length; tail nearly even. 48.—AFRICAN GREEN CUCKOW. LENGTH ten inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, curved, and blackish; general colour of the head, neck, wings, the rest of the upper parts, and tail, fine gilded green; the breast, and all beneath fine jonquil yellow, growing paler towards the vent; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers wholly gilded green, and ending in a point; the next one inch and a half shorter, with the tip white, and rounded; the exterior two inches and a half, barred alternate green and white, four bars in all, with the ends white; the others intermediate, with much the same markings; the legs pale ash-colour. Inhabits Senegal.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. ) higes NY G C WHSCOTL. CUCKOW. 299 49.—_ SHINING CUCKOW.—PA1. tv1. Cuculus lucidus, Ind. Orn.i. 215. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 126. pl. 26. Shining Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 528. pl. 23. Cook’s last Voy. i. 150. SIZE of a small Thrush; length seven inches. Bill bluish; irides hazel; upper part of the body rich gilded green, the under white, transversely waved with green gold ; under tail coverts almost white; quills and tail dusky brown; the last short, scarcely exceeding the wings in Jength ; legs bluish. Tnhabits New Zealand, there called Poopo-arowro ; and is a very searce species. 50.—SPLENDID CUCKOW. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black, a little curved ; plumage above glossy olive-brown; beneath to the breast brown and dusky white in waves, mixed with streaks on the chin and throat ; belly and vent white, barred with glossy pale brown; greater quills brown, fringed with dusky white; tail rounded, the two middle feathers glossy olive-brown, the others pale ferruginous on the outer webs, for more than half the length, the rest as the middle ones, with two spots of white at the tips; the outmost but one has an additional white spot on the inner web, higher up ; but the exterior has also the outer web indented brown and white; and on the inner web four or five curved white marks the whole of its length, reaching to the shaft ; the wings extend two-thirds on the tail ; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland.---A fine perfect specimen in the collection of Mr. Harrison, as well as in that of Mr. H. Brogden. Qe2 300 CUCKOW. 51.—GLOSSY CUCKOW. Cuculus plagosus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxx. Glossy Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 138. LENGTH seven inches. Bill rather broad at the base, three quarters of an inch long, curved, black; nostrils round ; irides white ; plumage in general above glossy gilded green, inclining on the crown to coppery brown; all beneath white, barred with dusky gilded brown; each feather having a bar half an inch broad near the end, appearing most numerous on the chin and throat, though less distinct ; quills dusky, the first two-thirds as long as the second, the third longest of all; tail rounded, brown, near the end a broad dusky bar; at the tips of the feathers a round white spot; besides which the exterior one is spotted white on the outer margin, with some rufous markings on the mner, and the white spot at the tip much larger ; and in addition, there are two spots of white on the inner web about the middle, which is black half way from the base ; legs of a moderate size, brown ; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. Inhabits New-Holland, described from a fine specimen in the collection of the late M. de Fichtel; also in that of Mr. H. Brogden. In another specimen, all the feathers above had a marginal fringe of pale rufous, and the green less vivid; under tail coverts white, with three or four lucid brown spots; the outer tail feathers black within, with four white spots, and a white tip; the next rufous half way from the base, the rest of the length dusky, with two spots of white on the mner webs, near the end; the third rufous half way on the outer web ; from thence to the end dusky, and only one white spot, smaller; the four middle ones plain dusky, but all of them have a greenish gloss, and excepting the exterior, have a dusky spot of black near the end. One greatly similar to the last in the collection of Lord Stanley. CUCKOW. BOL 52. -METALLINE CUCKOW. THE length of this beautiful little Cuckow is only five inches and a half. Bill flesh-colour; plumage above fine gilded, bronzed brown, obscurely mixed and barred with gilded green ; over the eye, from the nostrils, a white streak, and in the direction of the under jaw, another; on the middle of the wing a patch of white, from some of the feathers being white on the outer webs; quills brown, barred within with rufous; tail short, glossy, greenish brown, the _oucer feather with two or three white spots on both webs, and the next the saine on the inner web and tip, the third on the inner only ; the wings reach nearly to the end of the tail; chin dusky white, dashed with gilded brown; belly and under wing coverts whitish, spotted, and barred with the same; legs brown. Inhabits Africa.—In the collection of Mr. Bullock. 53.—NOISY CUCKOW. Cuculus clamosus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xxx. Gen. Zool.ix. p. 108. —— Criard, Son. Voy. Ed. 8vo. ii. p. 6. Le Coucou Criard, Levail. Afr. v. p. 28, pl. 204.205. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. lxxiii. Noisy Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 136. THIS is said to be wholly of a brown colour, but M. Levaillant describes it fully. Length nine inches and ahalf. Bill dusky black, pale at the base, with a slight notch at the tip; irides chestnut; general colour of the plumage fine blue black; greater quills deep brown; tail cuneiform, black, the feathers tipped with white; the quills reach about half way on the tail; the thigh feathers hang over the bend of the joint ; legs pale brown. 302 CUCKOW. The female, and young male are glossy blue-black above, but barred beneath dusky and dull buff-colour; quills and tail as in the male. This species is found in great abundance in the country of the Caffres, and in the interior towards Sondag, Swarte-kop, and all Camdeboo, but not in the neighbourhood of the Cape, nor in the country of Hottniqua, where indeed no species of Cuckow has been found. It is said, that this kind lays the eggs in the nests of the Pine pine Titmouse, and Great-tailed Warbler ; and it seems difficult on this occasion, to conceive how they could be introduced, except it were possible for the bird to take the egg first m its mouth, and then put it mto the hole left on the side of the nest, the only entrance. Itis known to the Europeans by the name of Cniard, being a very noisy species, and to be heard at a great distance. The note consists of various sounds, very distinct, and it passes whole hours m singing without interruption, leading the sportsman to the place where it is sitting.—M. Levaillant observed an egg of one of these in the nest of the Grivetin,* but found it cast out again, and it is there- fore plain, that eggs laid by Cuckows in other bird’s nests, are not always taken care of. 54.—CAPE CUCKOW. Cuculus Capensis, Ind. Orn.i. 208. Gm. Lin.i. 410. Gen. Zool. ix. p.85. Tem. Man, Ed.ii. Anal. p. lxxiii. Coucou du Cap de B. Esperance, Buf. vi. 353. Pl. enl. 390. Cape Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ti. 513. THIS is rather smaller than the European Cuckow; length not quite eleven inches. Bill deep brown; irides yellow; plumage above greenish brown; throat, cheeks, neck before, and upper wing coverts * Levail. Afr. ii. 80. pl. 118.—Our Piping Warbler. CUCKOW. 303 deep rufous; tail the same, but paler, tipped with white, cuneiform ; breast, and all beneath white, crossed with lines of black; legs reddish brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, with the former, of which it is probably a Variety, if not a young bird, or a female. 55.—YELLOW-BELLIED CUCKOW. Cuculus flavus, Ind. Orn.i. 215. Gm. Lin.i. 421. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 107. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 179. Le petit Coucou a téte grise, et ventre jaune, Buf. vi. 382. Coucou petit de Panay, Son. Voy. 122. t. 81. Pl. enl. 814. Yellow-bellied Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 527. LENGTH eight inches. Bill pale yellow, pomt black ; upper part of the head, and throat light grey; irides yellow ; neck behind, back and wings, umber-colour, or light brown; belly, thighs, and under tail coverts pale yellow, with a rufous tinge; tail cuneiform, more than half the length of the bird, black, barred with white; legs pale yellow. Inhabits the Isle of Panay ; also Java ; known there by the name of Gedasse. 56.—PARADISE CUCKOW. Cuculus Paradiseus, Ind. Orn. i. 216. Gm. Lin. i. 422. -— Siamensis cristatus viridis, Bris.iv. 151. t.14. A. f. 1. Id. 8vo.i1. p. $3. Gerin. t. 75. Coucou 4 longs brins, Bris. vi. 387. Drongo, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xi. Paradise Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 528. SIZE of a Jay; length seventeen inches. Bill blackish; irides fine blue; colour of the plumage in general dull green ; head furnished 304 CUCKow. with a small crest; the outmost tail feathers on each side longer than the others by five inches and three quarters, and webbed only for about three inches at the end ; legs grey. Inhabits Siam.—M.Temminck enters this as one of the species of his Drongo Genus ; all of which have the toes placed three before and one behind ; but the Paradise Cuckow has the toes two and two* as in others of the Cuckow Genus; it should therefore appear that the circumstance of the outer tail feathers being elongated in a similar manner to those of the Malabar Shrike, might lead to this deter- mination. 57.—CHALYBEATE CUCKOW. LENGTH seventeen inches. Bill stout, bending at the point, one inch long, pale horn-colour; plumage above ash-colour, with a steely gloss; tail darker, with a gloss of the same, more apparent ; this is very cuneiform, the two middle feathers ten inches long, the outer five, the ends of all white; between the bill and eye, the chin, and throat, as far as the breast, pale rufous buff; thighs and vent the same, but darker; the breast and belly pale ash-colour; legs brown. Supposed to be a native of Java—lIn the collection of Mr. Bullock. A.—Length sixteen inches. Bill long, rather bent, and black ; plumage above brown; spurious wing white; beneath, with the under wing coverts, from the breast to the vent, pale rufous; quills and inner webs white, from the base to the middle; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches long, the outer one two inches and a half, all of them tipped with white, and the inner webs barred with the same. * See Brisson’s Figure, and that of Gerini. PLIVIL. hy Pi Se CUCKOW. 305 TInhabits New-Holland, and seems to vary from the other in the length of the tail, and want of gloss in the plumage; perhaps differmg im sex or age, unless on future investigation, it may prove a distinct species. 58.—FAN-TAILED CUCKOW.—PL. tv. Cuculus flabelliformis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxx. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 96. Fan-tailed Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup.i. 138. pl. 126. SIZE of a Song Thrush; length ten inches, the tail occupying at least one-third. The bill black, somewhat bent at the tip; the upper parts of the body dusky black, commg forwards on the breast, and encircling it as a crescent ; cheeks and throat ferruginous buff; sides of the breast the same, but the middle of it, and the belly pale oker yellow ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, the others the same on the outer webs, barred on the inner with alternate black and white; the wimgs, when closed, reach to about the middle; legs yellow. Inhabits New-Holland. 59.—SOCIETY CUCKOW. Cuculus Taitensis, Ind. Orn.i. 209. Mus. Carls. Fase. ii. t.32. Gm. Lin. i. 412. Gen. Zool.ix. p. 92. Ara Weraroa, Cook. Voy.iv. 272. Id. last Voy.i. 150. 220. 333. Coucou brun varié de noir, Buf. vi. 376. Society Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 514. SOMEWHAT smaller than a Magpie; length nineteen inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, stout, and a trifle curved at the point, colour blackish, paler beneath; irides pale yellow ; plumage VOL. III, Rr 306 CUCKOW. on the upper parts of the body brown; the head dashed with ferruginous, perpendicular stripes; the rest barred, and blotched with the same; the middle of the feathers of the neck darkest; over the eye a white streak, and a dash of the same along the under jaw, arising at the nostrils; quills marked with ferruginous spots; chin, and middle of the throat white; sides of the neck, the breast, belly, and thighs white, streaked with brown; the streaks broadest on the breast and belly; vent plain white; under tail coverts pale buff; the upper as the back, reaching one-third on the tail, which is nine inches long, and greatly cuneiform; all the feathers of it crossed with numerous, ferruginous brown bars, and tipped with white; the wings, when closed, reach on it one-third; legs greenish. Imhabits Otaheite, where it is called Areva-reva; also found at Harvey Isle, and Tongo taboo, where it is called Tayarabbo; it is likewise seen at New-Zealand.t In one of these we observed the tail feathers to ‘be remarkably worn bare, so as to leave the shafts at the ends almost destitute; the streak over the eye, and that along the under jaw less visible: probably this may differ in sex. 60.—SPOTTED-TAILED CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill black, one inch long, bent; nostrils in the middle, to which the feathers reach; the plumage brownish black, mottled on the outer webs with greyish and light rufous, in narrow patches: crown and nape black brown, mottled with greyish white, or pale rufous ; behind the eye a greyish white band, one inch long, and a quarter of an inch broad; general colour of the under parts, from the chin, pale rufous; under the eye, and sides of the neck, to the wing, grey, rufous, and brown-black *-Cook’s last Voy.i. 220. Id. 33. + Id. 150. CUCKOW. 307 mottled; under wing coverts dun-colour; thighs pale rufous, the feathers very long, nearly hiding the legs; prime quills notched dirty white, in narrow spots ; pinion white; tail coverts reaching half way on the tail, grey, waved with black; tail cuneiform, seven inches long, blackish, marked with crescents, in shape of dull white spots on the inner webs, but the outer feather, which is about four inches long, has nearly round white spots on the outer web; the tips of all approaching to white. Tnhabits Van Diemen’s Land.— In the collection of Gen. Davies. 61.—TIPPET CUCKOW. Cuculus palliolatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxx. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 112. Tippet Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 138. LENGTH near twelve inches. Bill brown, rather stout, and a trifle curved at the pomt; irides orange; upper parts of the body dull green, the under white; crown full of feathers, and as far as the eye, on each side, black; on the sides of the neck the black comes forwards, and almost meets in the middle, giving the appearance of a cloak or tippet; sides, under the wings, yellowish; thighs marked with a few rusty spots; quills. black; tail very short, the outer margins of the feathers marked with white spots; legs dusky, bluish white, dotted with black. - Inhabits New-Holland, where it is a rare bird. 62.—SPOTTED-BREASTED CUCKOW. LENGTH seven inches. Bill somewhat stout, pale brown: the plumage in general pale brown, or ash-colour on the upper parts, Rr2 308 CUCKOW. and pale, approaching to white, beneath; on the crown of the head the feathers are margined with white, appearing as a mixture of brown and white; chin, throat, and breast marked with triangular blackish, or dusky dashes down the middle of each feather, growing larger as they approach the breast; the belly, thighs, and vent dusky ; tail the same, the outer feathers white; the legs are short, pale brown. Another, of the same size, appears to be the female ; in this the ground colours, above and beneath, are nearly the same, but the crown has no mixture of white, and the under parts are plain dusky white, except an irregular set of spots, nearly black, on the chin and throat; the tail has the two middle feathers brown, the others white, or at least so on the outer web, growing dusky at the end. These were among the drawings of Mr. Woodford, and as the toes in both are placed two and two, they ought to be ranked among the Cuckows, otherwise they have much the air and appearance of Thrushes. 63.—FLINDERS CUCKOW. LENGTH about fifteen inches. Bill stout, and horn-coloured ; crown of the head dusky black; over the eye a broad streak of bufi- colour; behind the eye a streak of black, reaching to the wing; under parts of the body pale buff, marked with narrow, irregular bands, or lines of black; at the beginning of the back a patch of black, somewhat mixed ; wings mixed with blackish and buff-colour; tail long, cuneiform, brown, marked with curved buff, or tawny crescents on each side of the shafts; legs horn-colour. A second of these, supposed to be a female, or young bird, had neither the crown, nor beginning of the back black, but of a brownish colour; and the tail shorter than the other. CUCKOW. 309 Inhabits the North Coast of New-Holland ; met with there by Capt. Flinders, during’ his voyage on discovery.—In Mr. Bullock’s Museum. At Mr. Leadbeater's is one allied to the above, if not the same; length one foot. In this the bill is stout, bent at the tip; top of the head yellow-buff ; middle of the nape brown; behind the eye a broad, brown streak, reaching to the shoulder; plumage in general above brown and buff, irregularly barred ; quills the same, furnished with spots of white on the exterior margins, about fifteen im all; neck pale buff, with some narrow, pale bars of brown; belly pale buff, plain. The tail consists of ten feathers, cuneiform, the outer two inches shorter than the two middle ones, pale buff, marked with some narrow pale bars of brown; legs brown, stout. Inhabits New South Wales; called the Spotted Cuckow. 64.—PORT JACKSON CUCKOW. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, moderately curved, brown; plumage above brown, beneath very pale ash; through the eye a pale brown streak; quills dusky, the first half the length of the second, but the third the longest; within all barred with white, except about one inch and a half from the tip; tail cuneiform, nine inches long, the outer feather only four inches and a half, all of them marked on each web with triangular white dots, and the tips white; on the outer edge of the wing coverts a spot of white; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland; said to have been met about Port Jackson. 310 CUCKOW. 65.—BARRED-TAILED CUCKOW. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill pale, moderately bent, but more so at the tip; plumage above dark ash-colour; beneath, and under wing coverts pale rufous; quills dusky, formed as in the last described, the first being very short, base of them within white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches and a half long, the exterior only three and a half, colour black; the feathers, on both sides of the webs, indented with white, appearing as bars. Inhabits New-Holland.—The two last in the possession of M. de Fichtel. It appears that they vary in size, as well as feathers. One, scarcely more than nie inches, had a black bill; above ash-colour, the feathers with brown ends; beneath, and under wing coverts cinereous, and reddish buff, in obsolete waves; vent plain; quills dusky, some way from the base white; the first from its msertion two inches long; the second shorter by three quarters of an inch; the third near four inches long; the rest as usual; tail pale rufous white, cressed with ten or twelve oblique dusky bars, at the end a broader one; the two middie feathers plain dusky, serrated on the edges; the quills reach three-fourths on the tail; legs weak, the feathers hanging a good way on the shins before. Inhabits New-Holland, and is probably a young bird of the Barred-tailed. 66.—BLUE-HEADED CUCKOW. Cuculus cyanocephalus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xxx. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 110. Blue-headed Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 137. SIZE uncertain; length nine inches. Bill somewhat bent, and pale blue; the upper part of the head, taking in the eyes, the sides, CUCKOW. 311 and back part of the neck, deep blue, inclining to blackish ; the rest of the upper parts pale brown, dotted on the back with white, and crossed with narrow bars of the same on the wings and tail, which last is long, anda little rounded at the end; the under parts of the body are white, transversely marked with narrow dusky lines ; the throat and fore part of the neck incline to orange; legs bluish, stout, and scaly. Inhabits New South Wales, but is probably scarce, as Mr. White met with only one of this description ; but at the same time another, of a similar form and size, and of glossy black colour, was taken, and it was supposed that the two differed only im sex. 67.—PACIFIC CUCKOW. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch long from the gape, the colour pale brown ; nostrils five-eighths from the tip; general colour of the plumage brown above, mottled with pale ferrugimous, from each feather being margined irregularly, on both webs, with that colour; quills brown, dotted on the outer webs with pale ferruginous, and barred on the inner with white: lower part of the back pale, streaked with brown ; breast and belly white, the first streaked with dusky brown; tail cuneiform, six inches long, the outer feather only four; colour brown, margins dotted with white, tips white; the legs pale brown. Inhabits New-Holland, and described from a specimen in the collection of M. de Fichtel. 312 CUCKOW. 68.—HORNED CUCKOW. Cuculus cornutus, Ind. Orn.i. 216. Lin. i. 171. Gm. Lin. i. 422. Bris.iv 145. Id. 8vo. 11. 82. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 121. Atinga guacu mucu, Raz 165. 2. Will. 146. t. 38. Id. Engl. 198. Buf.vi. 409. Horned Cuckow, Gen. Syn. 1. 530. SIZE of a Thrush; length twelve inches. Bill a little bent at the end, and greenish yellow; irides sanguineous; head, and all above soot-coloured; on the head the feathers are long, formmg a double crest, resembling horns, which the bird can erect at will; throat, neck before, breast, belly, and under tail coverts cinereous ; quills and tail soot-colour, the latter darker, composed of ten feathers, nine inches in length, and tipped with white; the outer ones very short; legs ash-coloured, covered before half way with feathers. Inhabits Brazil. 69.--SHARP-CRESTED CUCKOW. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, much bent ; head, level with the gape, deep green, the feathers rising above the crown into a crest an inch long, lessening by degrees behind, and ending in white; under parts of the body, from the chin white, passing round the neck as a collar, but the belly, thighs, and vent incline to ash-colour; sides of the neck yellow; back, scapulars, and _ tail greenish black; wings tawny; quills blue black within, with a mix- ture of white, forming a streak near the scapulars; tail cuneiform, six inches in length, the outer feathers four inches, colour greenish black; all the feathers tipped with white; the wings reach about one-fourth on the tail; legs ash-colour. From the drawings of Mr. Woodford, it seems to approach much to the Horned Cuckow, or between that and the Collared Species. CUCKOW. 313 70.—LONG-BILLED RAIN CUCKOW. Cuculus Vetula, Ind. Orn. i. 218. Lin. i. 169. Gm. Lin. i. 410. Borowsk. ii. 129. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 122. Cuculus Jamaic. longiroster, Bris. iv. 116. t. 17. f. 1. Jd. 8vo. ii. 74. Klein. Av. 31. 8. Gerin. t. 79. Coucou a long bec, Tacco, Buf. vi. 402. Pl. enl. 772. Coua, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. |xxiii. Picus, seu Pluvia avis canescens, Razz 182. Sloan. Jam. 318. t. 258. f. 2. Long-billed Rain Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 535. Id. Sup. ii. 135. LENGTH fifteen inches or more. Bill one inch and a half, moderately strait, but bent at the tip; upper mandible black, the lower whitish ; crown of the head brown, the feathers soft and silky ; upper parts of the body and the quills cinereous olive; throat and neck before whitish; the rest of the under parts rafous; tail much cuneated ; the two middle feathers cinereous olive, the others dusky black, tipped with white, the outer feather very short; legs blue- black. Inhabits Jamaica, found in the woods, and hedges throughout the year; feeds on seeds, small worms, and caterpillars, and is very familiar. Sloane mentions, that he found, on dissection, the stomach of a great size in respect to that of the bird, which circumstance is also observed in the European Cuckow. It has gained the name of Tacco, from its cry, the syllable pronounced hardly; the other a full octave lower. It has also anether cry like qua qua qua, when alarmed. It will eat Lizards, small snakes, frogs, yeung rats, and sometimes small birds, as well as insects; the snakes it swallows head foremost, letting the tail hang out of the mouth, till the fore parts are digested ; is easily tamed, and so gentle as to suffer the Negro children to catch it with their hands ; the gait is leaping, like Magpie, frequently bemg seen on the ground, and its flight but short, chiefly from bush to bush ; at the time when other birds breed, - they retire also into the woods, for the same purpose; I learn from VOL, III. Ss 314 CUCKOW. Mr. Abbot, who has been long resident at Savannah, in Georgia, that it is not unfrequent about Burke Country, and sits on, and hatches its own eggs: the nest is not uncommon, first to be observed about the latter end of April, built in the fork of a small oak, made of sticks, lined with moss, and over that dead hiccory blossoms ; the eggs five in number, of a rough blue colour, not deep: the length of one in my collection is one inch and a quarter by one inch, very little smaller at one end than the other 71.—RAIN CUCKOW. Cuculus pluvialis, Ind. Orn.i. 218. Gm. Lin.i. 411. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 124. ———- Jamaicensis, Bris.iv. 114. Jd. 8vo.i. 73. Picus major leucopheeus, Razz 182. Cuc. Jamaic. major, Sloan. Jam. 312. t.258. 1. Brown. Jam. 476. Klein. Av. 31.1. Le Coucou dit Vieillard, Buf. vi. 398. Rain Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 536. LESS than a Blackbird; length from fifteen te seventeen inches. Bill one inch long, black above, and white beneath; the top of the head covered with soft, downy, deep brown feathers; the rest of the upper parts, the wings, and two middle tail feathers cimereous olive ; throat and fore part of the neck white, appearing, especially on the throat, like a downy beard ;* the breast, and rest of the under parts rufous; tail cuneiform, the outer feathers more than three inches shorter than the middle ones, which are eight inches and three quarters long; all, excepting the two middle, are black, with white ends, and the outer one margined with white; legs bluish black. Inhabits Jamaica, with the last, and both known by the name of Old Man, and Rain Bird. * Whence, perhaps, the name of Old Man. CUCKOW. 315 72. -MANGROVE CUCKOW. Cuculus Seniculus, Ind. Orn. i. 219. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 125. -minor, Gm. Lin.i. 411. Petit Vieillard, Coucou des Paletuviers, Buf. vi. 401. Pl. enl. 813. Le Coucou proprement dit, Voy. d’ Azaraiv. No. 267. Mangrove Cuckow, Gen. Syn. il. 537. BILL black : irides brown. . This, and the Rain Bird of Jamaica, are said to be so like each other, especially the female of the latter, that one description might serve : it is about twelve inches in length; plumage on the upper parts, and tail, as in the last; chin white ; the rest of the under parts pale rufous; the legs longer than in that bird, and lead-colour. Inhabits Cayenne, and lives on insects, especially those large caterpillars, which feed on the leaves of the mangrove, and in course found principally where those trees grow ; inhabits also Paraguay, in summer; makes a nest like that of a Pigeon, and lays three greenish white eggs; observed often to lift up its tail. 73.—LAUGHING CUCKOW. Cuculus ridibundus, Ind. Orn. i. 220. Gm. Lin. i. 414. Gen. Zool. ix. p, 109. Avis ridibunda, Quapachtototl, Will.298.. Id. Engl. 387. Rati 174. Cuculus Mexicanus, Bris. iv. 119. Jd. 8yo. 11. 74. Laughing Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 539. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill bluish black ; irides white; the head and upper parts of the plumage fulveus; throat, fore part of of the neck, and breast cinereous; belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts black ; tail blackish fulvous, and half the length of the bird. Sisee2 316 CUCKOW. Inhabits Mexico; the cry said to be like human laughter, on which account the bird is dreaded by the Indians, as imauspicious, and foreboding some evil or mischief. 74.—CAROLINA CUCKOW. Cuculus Americanus, Ind. Orn.i. 219. Lin.i. 170. Gm. Lin.i. 414. -— Carolinensis, Bris.iv. 112. Jd. 8vo.ii. 73. Klein. 30. 2. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 93. pl. 19. Vieillard 4 Ailes rousses, Buf. vi. 400. Pl. enl. 816. Yellow-bellied Cuckow, Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 28. f. 1. Carolina Cuckow, Gen. Syn. iit. 537. Id. Sup. ii. 135.5. Cutes. Car.i. pl. 9. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 155. Bartr. Trav. 179. 287. LENGTH thirteen inches, breadth sixteen. Bill fourteen lines, the upper mandible black, base of it, and the whole of the under, yellow; plumage, on the upper parts of the body, cinereous olive, the under white; quills pale rufous on the inner webs, for the greater part of their length ; tail cuneiform, six inches long, the two middle feathers like the back, the others black, tipped with white; the outer one three inches and a quarter long, and has the outer web white the whole of its length; legs grey brown. Inhabits Carolina, in the summer time. Mr. Abbot informs me, that they are also commen about Burke Country, in Georgia, and are often twelve inches long, and seventeen broad; they make a nest the latter end of April, of small twigs, and of a loose texture, mtermixed with weeds and maple blossoms, and sometimes lined with moss and dead hiccory blossoms, on the fork of a small oak, sometimes on the crab or cedar; the eggs five m number, blue green, but not very deep; it feeds the young with caterpillars, as many other birds do ; besides which, it is accused of sucking the eggs of small birds; will occasionally eat seeds. CUCKOW. 317 Is called, in Georgia, the Rain Cuckow, or Crow, from its note being supposed to forebode rain; but as some others are also called by this name, we cannot be positive how far such may be related. I have received a specimen of this bird from Jamaica; it has a note somewhat like the word Cowe, often repeated, hence by some is called the Cow Bird. 75.—BLACK-BILLED CUCKOW. Cuculus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckow, Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 28. f. 2. THIS is smaller than the Carolina Cuckow, and one inch shorter in length. The bill wholly black, and smaller; a bare, wrinkled, deep red, skin surrounds the eye; in colour, the bird is greatly similar to the Carolina Species, but wants the bright cimnamon-colour on the wings; the tail of an uniform, dark, silky, drab-colour, but at the tip of each feather is a white spot, bordered above with a slight touch of dull black. The female not unlike the male. Inhabits the same places as the Carolina Cuckow, and has been in general confounded with it, but is probably distinct; it is nearly as numerous, and feeds on small shell fish, snails, &c. as broken pieces of oyster, and other shells, have been found in the gizzard, which, as well as in the Carolina one, is covered with hair on the inside; it makes the nest commonly on a cedar, of the same form as the other; the eggs are smaller, four or five in number, and of a deeper greenish blue: found also in Georgia, and Mr. Abbot seems assured that it is a distinct species. 318 cuUcKOW. 76.—RED-CRESTED CUCKOW. Cuculus Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn. i. 222. Lin. i. 171. Gm. Lin. i. 419. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 120. — venustissimus pictus, Sebai. 102. t 66. f. 2. cristatus ruber, Bris.iv. 154. Id. 8yo.ii. p. 84. Le Couroucoucou, Buf.vi. p. 298. Red-crested Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ul. 545. OF this very doubtful bird we can only give Seba’s description : Jength in his figure about ten inches. Bill stout, not unlike that of some Parrots, and red; head pale red, with a crest of deeper red, variegated with black ; parts above deep red ; beneath paler, tinged with yellow on the belly ; upper wing coverts pale red, mixed with yellow; quills and tail yellow, with a shade of black. Said to inhabit Brazil, but it surely cannot bea Cuckow, from the false disposition of the toes in Seba’s figure, being placed three before and one behind; and in regard to the bill, added to the crest, these rather incline us to believe it related to the Cardinal Grosbeak. Buffon places it at the end of his Curucuis 77.—BRAZILIAN CRESTED CUCKOW. Cuculus Guira, Ind. Orn.i. 219. Gm. Lin.i. 414. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 113. -- Brasiliensis cristatus, Bris. iv. 144. Id. 8vo. ii. 81. Guira acangatara, Raii 45. Will. 96. t. 22. Id. Engl. 140. pl. 22. Le Peririgua, Voy. d’ Azara iv. No. 242. Guira cantara, Buf. vi. 407. Coua, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \xxiii. Brasilian crested Cuckow, Gen. Syn. 11. 538. SIZE of a Magpie; length fourteen inches and a half. Bill dull yellow, compressed on the sides, an inch long, and deeper than the CUCKOW. 319 breadth ; inides brown, round the eye bluish yellow; the feathers of the chin and head are brown in the middle, and yellowish on the sides, fifteen lines in length, forming a crest, which is generally carried erect; feathers of the throat and neck yellowish in the middle, and brown on the sides; back, rump, breast, belly, sides, thighs, and upper and under tail coverts, as well as beneath the wings, pale yel- lowish white ; quills and tail brown, consisting of ten feathers, tipped with white; legs sea-green, and scaly. M.d’Azara adds, that the tail is white from the base for three inches, the two middle feathers brown, the others black, with a white spot of about one inch at the end. Inhabits Brazil, and extends to Paraguay, where it is called and sometimes Guaogua: at Buenos Ayres named Cocholote ; also at Tucuman: the Portuguese at Brazil, call it Feitizeira; by some, Annu branco. It is a sedentary bird, and easily becomes domestic : one has been kept in a cage, and fed with raw meat. We are told, that it makes a nest, and rears its own young; but beyond this we have no description of that part of its economy. 78.—SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus nevius, Ind. Orn.i. 220. Lin. i. 170. Gm. Lin: i. 413. Bris.iv. 127. t. 9. f.1. Id. 8vo.11. 77. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 89. Coucou brun varie de roux, Buf. vi. 411. - tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 812. Le Choché, Voy. d’ Azara iv. No. 266. Coua, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. \xxiii. Spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. il. 539. LENGTH ten inches and three quarters. Bill three quarters of an inch long, black, with the sides rufous; the under mandible wholly rufous; plumage in general rufous in two shades; the under parts rufous white; feathers of the crown deep brown, pretty long, 320 CUCKOW. with rufous tips, some of them margined with rufous ; neck behin rufous grey, down the shafts deep brown ; back and rump the same, each feather tipped with a rufous spot; those of the throat and neck have a transverse, brownish line near the end; under tail coverts rufous ; quills grey-brown, edged with rufous, and a spot of the same at the tips; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches long, the outer only three, colour as the quills; some of the upper coverts nearly two-thirds of the length ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Cayenne ; is common also about Paraguay, known there by the name of Chochi, from its cry, which it is, day and night, continually repeating, and may be heard a mile off, during the time of incubation, but at other times it is silent. It is a solitary species, and shifts its quarters, but to a little distance. A.—Oiseau des Barrieres, Buf. vi. 412. Ind. Orn. i. 220. 44. 6. Spotted Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 540. Variety. This is of the same size, but inclining to grey instead of rufous ; throat pale grey; beneath the body white; the tail longer in proportion, and the side feathers tipped with white. This is common at Cayenne, and Guiana, by the name of Rail Bird, from being often seen perched upon gates and rails, at which time it continually moves the tail; numbers are often found im the same district, but do not form themselves into troops, nor are the met with in woods. 79.—PUNCTATED CUCKOW. Cuculus punctulatus, Ind. Orn.i. 220. Gm. Lin.i. 414. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 98. Le Chiriri, Voy. d’Azaraiv. No. 269. Punctated Cuckow, Gen. Syn.ii. 541. LENGTH nine inches. Bill near one inch long, bent, and black ; irides pale green; the neck, and upper parts of the body CUCKOW. 321 are brown, somewhat glossy; every feather marked with a pale rufous spot at the tip; wings and tail darker brown, and the feathers spotted at the tips as the others; the upper tail coverts reach a great way on the tail, which is cuneiform; belly and vent dirty white; legs pretty long, and brown; both sexes nearly alike. Inhabits Cayenne, and generally received from thence by collectors; observed im Paraguay, in summer ; said to lay four eggs, and to hatch them like other birds. One, kept tame, was fed with dressed meat, but did not relish bread, or vegetables. ~ rc 80.- SAINT DOMINGO CUCKOW. Cuculus Dominicus, Ind. Orn. i. 221. Lin.i. 170. Gm. Lin.i. 416. Bris.iv. 110, t.9. f.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 72. Gen. Zool.ix. p. 97. Le Cendrillard, Buf. vi. 4138. Le Coucou cendré, Voy. d’ Azaraiv. No. 268. var. ? St. Domingo Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 541. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter, grey brown; plumage above the same, beneath pale ash-colour; the quills rufous, tipped and margined with grey brown; tail cuneiform, five inches and a quarter long, the two middle feathers as the back, the others black, with white tips, and the outer one white on the outer web; legs grey brown. Inhabits Guiana, St. Domingo, and Louisiana. Buffon mentions a slight Variety, rather larger, with a shorter bill, and the under parts wholly white, A small Variety is found also in Paraguay. VOL. IL. T 6 322 CUCKOW: 81.—CAYENNE CUCKOW. Cueulus Cayanus, Ind. Orn.i. 221. Lin-i. 170.) Gm. Lin.i, 417. Bris. iv. 122. t.8, £.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 75:° Gen. Zool. ix. p. 90. Coucou Piaye de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 414. Pl. enl. 211. Le Tingazu, Voy. d’Azaraiv. No. 265. Tamatia, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. xxvii. Cayenne Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 542. LENGTH fifteen inches and three quarters. Bill above one inch, a little bent at the tip, and grey brown; eyelids and irides coral red; plumage above purplish chestnut, beneath the same, but paler; the quills like the upper parts, tipped with brown; tail the same, greatly cuneiform, ten inches in length; the outer feather little more than three; the two middle ones brown, like the back; the others black ; the ends of all of them white; legs grey brown. Male and female much alike. Inhabits Cayenne, by the name of Piaye, or Devil; asthe natives esteem it a bird of ill omen, they will not touch the flesh, and with some reason, as it is very bad and lean. ‘This idea takes place, too, in Paraguay, where it is called Guira_Paye, or Sorcerer's Bird. it is a very tame Species, suffering itself. to be almost touched: by the hand before, it attempts toescape; its flight somewhat. like’ that of the Kingsfisher;, frequentsthe borders of rivers, on the low branches of trees ; feeds om insects, and often wags the tail on changing plaee; is not common in Paraguay; seen only in pairs; lays two eggs, and rears.its.own young. The. natives say the flesh is purgative, which they attribute to the effects of magic. A.—Cuculus Cayanus, Ind. Orn.i. 45. y. Gen. Syn. ii. 543. 41. B. Length sixteen inches. Bill hooked, one inch and a half long, red; crown of the head, including the eye, fine ash-colour; the rest CUCKOW. 323 of the head, and upper parts, fine rufous; chin, and neck before paler, inclining to cinereous on. the breast; belly, thighs, and vent black ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers nine inches long, the outer one five, colour fine rufous, towards the ends black, the tips obliquely marked with white; legs dusky. Inhabits Berbice, called there Hikaroena. Another, supposed to differ in sex, was seventeen inches and a half in length. Bill as in the other, but yellow; plumage in general rufous; head the same, not ash-colour; throat pale rufous ; breast, belly, and vent fine pale ash-colour ; tail as in the other, but longer, the colour much the same, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs yellow. Met with at Berbice, with the other, called Hikurnana. I am obliged to Mr. M‘Leay for the above description, taken from two fine specimens in his possession. B.—Cuculus Cayanensis minor, Bris. iv. 124. t.16. f.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 76. Lin.i. 170. 14. B. Gen. Syn.ii. 542, 41. A. Size of the Missel Thrush ; length ten inches and a half. — Bill yellowish grey brown: head, and upper parts purplish chestnut; the throat, to the breast, the same, but paler; belly, sides, and thighs brown ash; under tail coverts deep chestnut brown ; quills and _ tail as the upper parts, the last much cuneated, four of the middle feathers plain, the others the same, with the tips white; the quills reach to about one-fifth on the tail. Inhabits Cayenne. I am obliged to Lord Seaforth for a> fine specimen, which came from Trinadad. 324 CUCKOW. 82.—WHITE-RUMPED CUCKOW. Cuculus tenebrosus, Ind. Orn.i. 221. Gm. Lin.i. 417. Pall.n.nord Beytr. in. s.3. t.1. f.1. Gen. Zool.ix. p. 89. Petit Coucou noir de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 417. Pl. enl. 505. Tamatia, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \xxvii. White-rumped black Cuckow, Gen. Syn. 1. 544. LENGTH eight inches and a quarter. Bill one inch, a little eurved, and pointed, black; the plumage wholly black, except the lower part of the back, and rump, belly, thighs, and vent, all of which are white; on the belly the white is separated from the black, by a rufous orange band; tail under three inches, much rounded, and but little exceeds the wings in length; legs yellow. Inhabits Cayenne and Brazil; makes the nest in the hole of a tree, sometimes in the ground, if it finds a hole ready made; passes the day perched on a solitary branch of a tree, in an open spot, motionless, except when collecting insects, on which it feeds. A.—Length five inches and three quarters. Bill three-eighths of an inch long, and pointed at the end; nostrils small and round, but in some measure covered by a few bristles coming forwards over them; plumage in general glossy black; lower half of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts white; lower half of the belly fine rufous, to beyond the thighs; vent, and under tail coverts dusky white; under wing coverts white; tail two inches long, even, or scarcely rounded; the wings reach at least to the end of it, if not beyond. B.—Another was six inches in length. ‘The bill flattened on the sides, and sharp-ridged at top; the head, neck, and all above CUCKOW. 325 glossy steel black; breast ash-colour; the belly deep rufous; under wing coverts, lower part of the back, upper and under tail coverts, and vent white; the upper coverts reach to half the length of the tail, which is two inches long, even at the end, and the wings exceed it in length by full three quarters of an inch; legs weak, as in the Swallow. Inhabits Berbice, there called Saebe saebe. I have seen two specimens: in one of them the under wing coverts and vent were dusky white. A specimen of this last is in the collection of Lord Stanley. This and the last are not allowed by M.Temminck to remain among the Cuckow Tribe, but rather as being more allied to the Tamatia, next akin to the Barbet Genus; it may be so, but as they have hitherto been received by authors as pertaining to the Cuckows, we are not inclined to remove them from that situation. 83.—HONEY CUCKOW. Cuculus Indicator, Ind. Orn.i. 218. Gm. Lin.i. 418. Mill. Ill. t. 24. f. A. Bor. ii. 130. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 138. Coucou Indicateur, Buf. vi. 392. Honey Guide, Phil. Trans. lxvii. p. 38. pl. 1. Sparm. Voy.ii. 191. Gent. Mag. xlvii. t. p. 468. Indicateur, Tem. Mun. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xsiii. Honey Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 533. Id. Sup.101. Id. Sup.ii. 135. LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch and a half, rather thick, brown towards the base, and yellowish at the tip, at the bottom a few bristles; eyelids naked, black; irides ferruginous grey; top of the head grey, the feathers somewhat broad, and short; chin, throat, and breast dirty white, on the latter a tinge of green; back and 326 CUCKOW. rump ferruginous grey; belly and vent white ; thighs white, with a longitudinal black streak on each feather; upper wing coverts grey brown, some of them tipped with yellow, forming a spot on the shoulders, which is, for the most part, covered by the scapulars; quills brown; beneath them, and the bastard wing, grey brown; tail cuneiform, of twelve feathers, the two middle narrowest, colour rusty brown; the two next fuligmous, the mer margins whitish ; the next on each: side white, with brown tips, and a black spot on the inner webs at the base ; the outmost shorter than the rest, marked as the last, but the black spot less conspicuous. The male said to have the base of the bill surrounded with blackish. The female is rather smaller; the greenish brown on the upper parts mclines more to yellow, and the base of the bill yellowish white; throat, neck before, breast, and flanks yellowish, variegated with blackish brown ; otherwise like the male. Young birds are very like the females. Inhabits the interior of Africa, at a good distance from the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly on the eastern side, from the forest of Hottniqua, to the Caffres. The male and female very seldom seen separate ; they are said to lay three or four dirty white eggs, im the hole of a tree, and both sexes sit by turns; but Dr. Sparrman was shewn a nest, said to be of this bird, composed of slender filaments of bark, in the form of a bottle, with the neck and opening downwards, and a string in an arched shape suspended across the opening. The manners of this bird are worth notice, as it is said to feed chiefly on honey, and of much use, by its wonderful instinct, for finding out the places where the wild bees hoard it up, and discovered to the Hottentots and Dutch in the following manner. The mormng and evening are the times of feeding; the note is shrill, which the hunters attend to, and answer from time to time, till the bird is in sight, on which it flies to the spot where the bees have placed their CUCKOW. 327 store, which the hunters take, and leave their guide a portion for its pains. Dr. Sparrman assured me, that he has several times been at the taking the wild bees in this manner, but could only obtain two female birds, from which the description was taken; he added, that this bird is held in great veneration by the Hottentots, and that the killing one was much resented by these people. We are likewise told, that the Ratel* (aspecies of weasel) profits equallyby the Honey Cuckow, watching its motions on all occasions; when, if the bird directs him to that which is collected under ground, it is enabled to get it sufficiently easy; on the contrary, if the bees nest is in a tree, the disappointed animal, unable to get up to it, begins to gnaw the tree at bottom, whereby the Hottentots have a second method of discovering such as contain honey; for they have yet to learn the mode of collecting it by means of artificial hives; but that it may be done, was instanced in a colonist, who used to set out empty chests, and boxes, into which the wild swarms would frequently enter; and there can be no doubt, that hives might be used there with the same advantage as in other countries. M. Levaillant observes, that. in opening the stomach of one, nothing was found but wax and honey, not a vestige of any insect; that the skin was so thick, as when fresh, it was scarcely to be pierced with a pin;. a wise provision against the stings of the insects he is destined to encounter. This bird is probably the Gnat Snapper of Kolben,+ of which he says, the note is not so fine as that of a Titmouse, but that it is a guide to the Hottentots, by directing them to the honey, which the bees lay up in the clefts of rocks. * Viverra Ratel, Sparrm. Voy. ii. pl.4. Hist. Quadr. ii. p. 66. + Hist. Cape, 8vo. ii. 154. pl. 7. f. 1. 328 CUCKOW. 84.—GREAT HONEY CUCKOW. Le grand Indicateur, Levail. Afr.v. 1.2. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.1xxii. Indicator major, Great Honey Guide, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 139. pl. 27. LENGTH ten inches. Bill brown; irides the same; plumage above brownish olive green, yellowish in a certain light; the rump white; upper tail coverts white, varied with olive; quills dirty olive brown, externally olive green; the three outer tail feathers white, with a brown spot at the tip; the rest olive brown, with the outer webs white; fore part of the neck and breast pale yellow; the middle of the neck varied with black spots, which ascend to the throat; the rest of the under parts yellow; legs brown. The female is rather smaller, and the green colour more inclined to yellow; the forehead spotted with yellowish white; throat, fore part of the neck, breast, and sides varied brownish black, and yellowish white; in other things not unlike the male. Inhabits the parts within the Cape of Good Hope, especially the Hottniquas and Caffraria; the female lays four dirty white eggs, which both sexes sit on alternately, durig the time of incubation. 85.—LESSER HONEY CUKCOW. Le petit Indicateur, Levail. Afr. v. 137. pl. 242. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 149. THIS is about the size of the House Sparrow: length six inches. Bill and irides yellowish ; top of the head olive grey, passing on the back of the neck, where it is yellowish olive; the same on the upper parts of the plumage in general; quills dusky, edged with yellowish green; beneath the eye a dusky streak, giving the appearance of a CcUCKOW. 329 mustachoe; all the under parts of the body, from the chin, olive grey, with a greenish tinge; belly dirty white; tail the same as in the Greater Species ; legs yellow brown. The female differs, in having the upper parts more inclining to brown. Inhabits the Mimosa Forests of Swarte Kop, Sondag, and to Camdeboo; also from the River of Elephants, to the borders of the Great River; it lays four white eggs, in the hole of a tree; the colonists of the Cape call it Heuning Voogel, or Heuning Wyser, Honey Bird, or Honey Shewer; its note like the words Ket-ket-ket- ket-ket-kye-ket-kye-kye-ket. -M. Levaillant mentions also another of the kind, which was brought to him in a state of decay; size between the Greater and Smaller Species; top of the head and the back, also the wings and rump, brown; throat light rufous; under parts of the body rufous white ; bill and legs brown. ** WITH THREE TOES. 86.—ABYSSINIAN CUCKOW. Cuculus Abyssinicus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxxi. Bee Cuckow, Moroc, Bruce’s Trav. App. t. p. 178. Abyssinian Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 139. LENGTH seven inches. Bill pointed, a little bent, and black ; tongue sharp, and capable of being drawn to almost half its length out of the mouth; inside of the mouth, and throat yellow ; irides dusky red; at the base of the beak, a number of very small hairs ; the head and neck are brown; general colour of the plumage the VOL. III. Uv 330 CUCKOW. same above, eyebrows black; the fore part of the neck light yellow, darkeron the sides, reaching nearly to the shoulders; breast and belly dirty white; feathers of the thighs long and white; the wing feathers are mostly tipped with white; tail long, and whitish at the end, the three middle feathers the longest; legs black. It has only three toes, two before and one behind. TInhabits Abyssimia, especially such parts where honey is chiefly produced as revenue, as Agou, Goutto, and Belessen. It feeds on bees, but kills more than it eats, as numbers are found scattered on the ground. It makes a sort of snapping* noise, when catching the bees, otherwise has no note.—M. Lobos, in his voyage to Abyssinia, speaks also of a bird, called Moroc, which has the iastinct of dis- covering honey ; but from his account, it is that which is collected by the ground bees; as he says, they keep their holes in the ground extremely clean, and though common in the highways, they are seldom found except by the Moroc’s assistance. Mr. Bruce supposes this to be the same with his bird, and ridicules Dr. Sparrman for giving an account of aspecies, to which he attri- ‘butes the same faculty, but as these two are very clearly different birds, his criticisms must of course fall to the ground. 87.—ASIATIC CUCKOW. LENGTH eight inches or more. _ Bill nearly one inch, brown- black ; nostrils scarcely conspicuous, being in great part covered by a membrane; general colour of the plumage dirty brown-black, inclining to lead-colour on the rump; sides of the chin, and throat grey, mottled with black in short dashes; belly lead-colour ; tail * Kolben mentions a Bird by the name of Gnat Snapper, which he says, directs the Hottentots to the honey collected by the bees in the rocks.—See Honey-Cuckow; but in our opinion, the Gnat Snapper,-so called at the Cape of Good Hope, is more likely to prove the Bee-Eater, which is very destructive to bees. CUCKOW. 3a] coverts nearly black; tail the same, with a blue grey tinge, the outer feather black on the inner web; on the outer white, with a black serrated streak, indenting the white like a saw, somewhat in the manner of the Fantailed Cuckow, though opposite in every direction ; for in that the black curvatures tend upwards, in this downwards, in the former, the outer web is black, in the latter white; shape of the tail cuneiform. It has only three toes, two placed forwards and one backwards ; legs brown. Supposed to inhabit India, and is in the collection of Lady Clive. I find it also among the drawings of Gen. Davies, taken from one in the collection of Mr. Thompson. 88.—TRIDACTYLE CUCKOW. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill horn-coloured, bent downwards ; head and neck pale, dirty, yellow-oker; irides brown; hind neck, back, and wing coverts deep chocolate brown or lead-colour ; back, and wing coverts with rufous ends, bordered above with black ; quills ending black, the very tips white; tail eight or nine inches long; deep lead-colour, or chocolate-brown ; the feathers marked on the sides, and at the ends with white, with a broad bar of black, near the end; all the under parts from the chin, dusky white, crossed on the breast and belly with pale dusky ash markings ; legs stout, short, blue, claws black. The quills reach to the middle of the tail, which is a little rounded at the end. Described from a drawing, in which was the appearance of only three toes, two before and one behind. Inhabits New-Holland.—Mr. Lambert. Dvu2 302 WRYNECK.. GENUS XXVI.—WRYNECK. THE bill in this Genus is roundish, slightly incurvated, and of a weak texture. Nostrils bare of feathers, and somewhat concave. The tongue long, slender, and armed at the point. Ten flexible feathers in the tail. Feet made for climbing. Toes two before and two behind. This Genus consists of only a single species, and has, by most authors, been held as distinct, for though it seems allied to some other genera, it perfectly coincides with none. It has the tongue of the Woodpecker, as well as the situation of the toes, but the weak- ness of the bill, unable to bear the rude exertion of those birds, forbids it to be placed among them. Itseems also much allied to the Cuckow, did not the length of tongue prove the contrary. As it is, however, a bird universally known, a further general description seems to be | unnecessary. WRYNECK.— PL. tyitt. Yunx Torquilla, Ind. Orn. i. 223. Lin. i. 172. Faun. suec. No. 97. t.1. £.78. Rudd. Lapp. 66. t.66. Gm. Lin.i. 423. Scop.i. No.50. Gerin. t. 186. Georgi reise. p. 165. Borowsk. Nat. ii. 132. t.16. Rati p.44. Will.95. t.12. Bris. vi. t. 1. f.1. Id. 8vo.ii. 43. Sepp Vog. t. p. 343. Frisch. t. 38. Kram. 336. Scha@f. el. t.66. Brun. No.37. Muller. p.96. Faun. Arag. p.73. Klein. p. 28.14. Id. Stem. t.4. f.4. a.c.d. Id. Ov. p.17. t.4. £.5. Gen. Zool. ix. 143. pl. 28. Tem. Man. 248. Id. Ed. ii. 404. Avis Tuite Americana variegata, Seba.i. 175. t. 110. f.7. Der bunte Wendehals, Schmid Vog. p. 41. t. 27. Le Torcol, Buf. vii. 84. pl.3. Pl. enl. 698. Hist. Prov.i. 484. Drehehals, Naturf.ix. s. 53. Torcocollo, Zinnan. Uov. 72. t. 11. £.63. Cett. Uc. Sard. 84. Long-Tongue, Kolb. Cap. Engl.ii. 155 ? PLIVUOL a Wye Nrynh. WRYNECK. BB: Wryneck, Gen. Syn. ii. 548. pl. 24. Id. Sup.103. Br. Zool.i. No. 83. Id. fol. 80. t.F.G. Id. Ed. 1812. 312. pl. 22. Arct. Zool.ii. 267.B. Flor. Scot.i. No. 69. Will. Engl. 188. pl.22. Collins Birds, pl. 6. £.5.6. Graves Orn.i. pl. 13. Id. Eggs, vol.i. Bewick, i. pl.p.111. Alb.i. pl.11. Lewin, ii. t.45. Id. Eggs, t.viii. f.2. Nat. Misc. pl. 156. Walcot,i. pl. 44. Donov,iv. pl. 83. Orn. Dict. THOUGH the colours of the Wryneck are but few, and not at all gaudy, yet their being blended together in a most beautiful manner, gives it an elegant appearance; size nearly that of a Lark ; length seven inches; weight ten drachms. Bill three quarters of an inch long, and of a pale lead-colour : irides hazel; the tongue, when extended, measures two inches and a quarter in length, but is retractile within the bill at pleasure;* as to the plumage, a list of black and ferruginous streaks divides the top of the head and back ; the sides of the head and neck are ash-colour, beautifully traversed with fine lines of black and reddish brown; the quills are dusky, but each web marked with rust-coloured spots; the chin and breast light yellowish brown, adorned with sharp-pointed bars of black ; the tail feathers broad at the ends, weak, of a pale ash-colour, powdered with black and red, and marked with four, equidistant, black bars; legs brown. The female is paler in colour, otherwise like the male. It makes use of hollow trees wherein to deposit the eggs, for it forms no nest, but places the eggs on the rotten wood ; the number generally from eight to ten; they are perfectly white as ivory, and the shell so transparent, that the yolk may be distinguished within ;+ although the feet are seemingly made for climbing, it is very rarely observed to run up the trees like the Woodpecker; its gait is both that of walking and hopping; it is curious to observe them on a grass plat, thrusting their tongue into the turf in quest of ants and their * On drawing out the tongue and returning it, in fresh-killed birds, the crest will. be erected and depressed, in the same manner as in the Woodpecker, from the root of it being connected.—See Will, t.21. Phil. Trans, v.xxix. p.509, tab. 1. + Weight 37 grains.—Montagu, 334 WRYNECK. pup, which appear to be their principal, if not their only food, and with which they may. be fed in a cage, and so kept for some length of time. They are called in Sweden Gjoek-Tyta, and Seed Gjoek ; in Nor- way, Saa-Gouk ; in Denmark, Giogtyte ; in Welsh, Gwasy gog : all these alluding to the Cuckow. So in England it goes by similar names. In Kent, it is known by that of Cuckow’s Man, and Cuckow’s Mate; and in the Midland counties Cuckow’s Maiden; in other places called Emmet Hunter, and Long Tongue, Snake-Bird, &e. and from the faculty of turning the head in a particular manner, it has obtained the name of Twisted Neck, and Wryneck in various languages. Its time of coming into this kingdom is about eight or ten days before the Cuckow, * not often before the second week in April, and is detected by its singular note, a kind of squeak, several times repeated; is a common bird in the Southern and Eastern Parts of England; to the West much more scarce, and rarely ever met with in Cornwall. The young birds, while in the nest, will hiss like snakes, insomuch, that many have been prevented plundering the nest, fearing to advance their hands on this loathsome reptile. Authors mention this bird as an inhabitant throughout Europe. Mr. White observed them at Gibraltar, in the spring, but they do not make any stay, and are rarely, if ever, seen there after September or October ;.and he mentions, as a rare instance, one being met with in December: It is found in various places between Bengal+ and Kamtschatka, and probable is the same which Kolben: calls. the Long Tongue, at the Cape of Good Hope. It should also, according to Seba, be found in America, if he was not mistaken in the bird ; he calls it Tuite, as above referred to, though we have_no second authority to support his assertion. * Dr. Heysham says, it frequently appears in Cumberland upwards of a month before the Cuckow. + It is called there, and at other places on the Coromandel Coast, by the name of Bontua. In the Province of Oude, Dewanie.—Ld. Mount. Draw. WRYNECK. 330 A.—Torquilla striata, Bris. iv. p.7. Id. 8yo. ii. p. 44. Jyngi congener, Aldr.i. t. p. 869. Will. pl. 22. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 549. This is said to vary from the other, in having the head and upper part of the body ferruginous, beautifully varied with transverse yellow spots ; the under parts white, with longitudinal lines of yellow; wings and tail the same colour as the back ; legs black. I find the Wryneck figured in General Hardwicke’s India drawings, under the name of Dewanee, so called at Hindustan; drawn at Puattah, November 1794, and again April 11, 1795; the weight one ounce, one drachm. 336 WOODPECKER. GENUS XXVII.—WOODPECKER. * With four Toes. 1 Great black 2 Greater spotted A Middle spotted 3 Lesser spotted A Antiguan B Var. C Var. 4 Green A Surinam B Straw-coloured 5 Bengal A Ceylon B Javan green 6 Goa 7 Philippine A Palalaca 8 Manilla 9 Strict 10 Streaked-crowned 11 Javan 12 Cape A Var. 13 Half-billed 14 Double-bearded 15 Mahratta A Var. B Var. 16 Nubian 17 Cardinal 18 Brown A Little brown 19 Cawnpore 20 Guinea 21 Long-billed 22 Red A Var. 23 Malacca 24 Crimson-winged 25 Cinnamon 26 Gorget 27 Rufous Indian 28 Crimson-rumped 29 Yellow-necked 30 Grey-headed 31 Persian 32 Orange 83 Gold-backed 34 White-billed 35 Bank 36 Pileated A Var. 37 Lineated 38 Buff-crested 39 Chili 40 Red-necked 41 Berbice 42 Lewis’s 43 Nootka 44 Gold-crested 45 Crimson-crested 46 Yellow-crested 47 Lesser black A Var. 48 Red-crowned A Var. 49 Porto Rico 50 Crimson-crowned 51 Striped-bellied 52 Sklit 53 Encenada 54 Yellow-headed 55 Gold-breasted 56 Brasilian 57 Varied 58 Canada spotted 59 Northern 60 Carolina A Var. B Louisiana C Varied Indian 61 Hairy 62 Albany 63. Little 64 Waved 65 Black and white 66 Paraguan 67 Red-headed 68 White-rumped 69 Red-breasted 70 Red-throated 71 Rayed A Dominique 72 Passerine 73 Trinidad 74 Black-winged 75 Cayenne 76 Yellow 77 Ferruginous 78 Black-breasted 79 Red-cheeked 80 Rufous A Var. 81 Yellow-bellied 82 Minute 83 Gold-winged 84 Yellow-shafted 85 Abyssinian 86 Gold-shafted 87 Crimson-breasted 88 Batavian ** With three Toes. 89 Northern three-toed A Var. 90 Southern three-toed 91 Tiga WOODPECKER. 337 THE bill of the Woodpecker is for the most part strait, strong, angular, and cuneated at the end. Nostrils covered with reflected bristles. Tongue very long, slender, cylindric, bony, hard, and jagged at the end, missile. Toes placed two forwards and two backwards, two or three species excepted. Tail consisting of ten stiff, sharp-pointed feathers. The grand characteristic of this Genus is the tongue, which in no bird is similar, the Wryneck excepted ; whose other characters, how- ever, differ too widely to give it place in this class. The muscles necessary to the motion of it are singular and worthy of notice, affording the animal means of darting it forwards the whole of the length, and drawing it again within the mouth at will.t The chief food of birds of this kind is, we believe, imsects, though authors inform us, that some of the species will occasionally eat fruits and vegetables: in general they make use of a hole in a tree wherein to deposit the eggs ; and it is affirmed, that they can, and do make holes in sound wood for that purpose; yet others doubt the circumstance, and have told us, that it is only in trees begining to decay ; and which they perforate for the twofold purpose of procuring the larve of beetles, or other insects, and of forming an_ occa- sional habitation. None of the Woodpecker tribe has yet been found in New-Holland. In a very ingenious paper by the Rev. R. Sheppard, in the Linnean Transactions, vol. 12. p.517. the received opinion, that the use of the Woodpecker Tribe having two toes placed before and two behind, * The Gold-winged Species, and three or four similar ones excepted; in these the bill is bent, and angular only on the top. + See Ray on the Creation, 143. Derham’s Phys. Theol. 342, Notea, Will. Orn. 156. t. 21. VOL. It, X xX 338 WOODPECKER. was to enable the birds the more easily to climb up the trees, seems to be doubted; as Mr.S. rather thinks that nature designed such a formation, that they might the better support themselves while in the act of boring trees with the bill, aided by the stiff feathers of the tail; more especially as the other Genera, with toes placed in the same manner, have not the same habits; and particularly our Cuckow, which does not climb the trees at all; and we might also add the Wryneck; whereas the Nuthatch, and Creeper run up the trees in all directions, the construction of whose feet is having three toes before, and enly one behind: but for the rest of the argument brought forward by Mr. Sheppard, the reader should peruse what he says at large on the subject. * WITH FOUR TOES. 1.—GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER. Picus martius, Ind. Orn. i. 224. Lin.i. 173. Faun. Suec. No. 98. Gm. Lin. i. 424, Scop. Ann.i. No.51. Brun. No.38. Muller, No.97. Molin. Chil. 209. Id. i'r. Ed. p.215. Borowsk. Nat.ii. 134. Phil. Trans. xxix. No. 350. p. 509. t.1. the head. Gen. Zool. ix. p.148. pl.29. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 237. Id. Ed.i. p.391. Picus niger, Bris. vi. 21. Id. 8vo.ii. 47. Frisch. t.34. Rait p.42.1. Will. 92. t. 21. Klein. 26.1. Gerin. t.172. Johnst. Av. pl. 41. f.1. Gesner. Av. t. p. 640. Swarte Specht, Sepp Vog. iv. t. p.385. Schmid Vog. p.39. t. 25. Le Pic noir, Buf. vii. 41. t.2. Pl. enl.596. Salern. Orn. t. 10. £2. Ferm. Surin. iL. 176. Dec. russ.iv. p.9. 17. Der Fouselier, Naturf. ix. s. 54. Great Black Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 552. Id. Sup. 104. Br. Zool. Ed. 1812. 325. Albin, ii. pl. 27. Will. Engl. 135. pl. 21. Arct. Zool. 11, 276. A. Lewin Birds, i1. t.46. Donov. Birds,i.t.13. Wale. Syn.i. pl.45. Pult. Cat. Dorset. p.6. Orn. Dict. & Supp. SIZE of a Jackdaw; length seventeen inches. Bill near two inches and a half, of a dark ash-colour, and whitish on the sides; WOODPECKER. 339 irides pale yellow; the whole bird is black, except the crown of the head, which is the colour of vermilion; the first quill feather is the shortest; the two middle tail feathers are longer than the others, making it a little rounded; legs lead-colour, covered with feathers on the fore part, for half their length. The female differs, in having the hindhead only red, and the general colour of the plumage tinged with brown: im some, the red of the hindhead has been wholly wanting; and, indeed, both sexes are apt to vary, some having a much greater proportion of red on the head than others. This bird is found on the Continent of Europe; not known in Italy, and rare in France, but more plentiful in Germany. Frisch mentions it as a bird common to his parts, and it is also found in Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland, but not m winter; is very common in Russia, frequenting the woods, from St. Petersburgh to Ochotsk, on the Eastern ocean, and to Lapmark, on the West; is not an inhabitant of Kamtschatka, but not uncommon in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea. It is so very destructive to bees, that the Baschirians, in the vicinity of the River Ufa, as well as the inhabitants of other parts, who form holes in the trees, 25 or 30 feet from the ground, wherein the bees may deposit their store, take every precaution to hinder the access of this bird, and in particular to guard the mouth of the hive with sharp thorns; notwithstandmg which, the Woodpecker finds means to prove a most formidable enemy, and it is observed to be in most plenty where the bees are in the greatest numbers.’ They are said to build in old ash and poplar trees, making large and deep nests, and often so excavate a tree, that is is shortly after blown down with the wind; and that under the hole of this bird * At Dschiggertau, on the Ural Mountains, there is a bee hive almost on every one of the tallest pine trees, and in these parts the Black Woodpecker abounds exceedingly, being attracted, no doubt, by the inhabitants of the hives. —Dec. russ. iv. p» 9 + Gmel, Reise.iv. p. 141. DC b.6 0 340 WOODPECKER. may often be found a bushel of dust, and bits of wood. The female Jays two or three white eggs; which colour, as Willughby observes, is peculiar to the whole of the Genus. I have sufficient authority to say, that it has three or four times been met with in England at least; our late Friend, Mr. Tunstall, informed me, it had been sometimes seen in Devonshire; and Dr. Pulteney mentions its being shot in the nursery gardens at Blandford, also at Whitechurch, and other places in Dorsetshire; one was killed im Lancashire, by Lord Stanley; and Colonel Montagu was told of another, shot on an old willow tree, in Battersea Fields, a few miles from London. 2.—GREATER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus major, Ind, Orn.i. 228. Lin.i. 176. Gn. Lin. i. 436. Faun. Suec. No. 100. Scop. Ann.i. No. 53. Brun. No. 40. Muller, No. 99. Kram. 335. Georgi. 165. Sepp Vog.t.p.41- Bor. Nat.ii. 137. Decouv. russ. ii. 143. Hist. Prov.i. 184. Hasselq. It.342. No.21? Tem. Man. d’Orn. 241. Id. Ed.ii.p. 396. Nat .Misc. pl. 180. Picus varius major, Raii, p.43. A.4. Will. p.9. t.21. Bris.iv. 34. Id. 8vo.ii. 51. Gerin. t. 167.168. Gen. Zool. ix. 163. pl. 33. Picus discolor, Frisch. t. 36. Klein. 27. 6. Id. Stem. p,5. t. 4. f.3.a.c.d.e. Id. Ov. p- 17. t. 4. f. 3. L’Epeiche, ou Pic varié, Buf. vil. p.57. Pl. ent. 196. 595. Grosse Rothspecht, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey.t.61. Wirsing Vog, t. 58. Piccio, Zinnan. Uov. 73. t. 11. f. 64. Bunter Specht, Naturf. ix. s. 55. Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 564. Id. Sup. p.107. Br. Zool.i. No. 85. Id. fol. 79. t.E. Id.1812. i. 319. pl. 41. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 162. Albin, i. t.19. Will. Engl. 137. pl.21. Collins Birds, pl.3. f.7. & pl.5. f.10. Hayes Br. Birds, t.9. Bewick,i. pl. p. 118. Lewin Birds, t.47. Id. Eggs, t. vill. f.3. Donov.ii. pl. 37. Walcot i.t.48. Pult. Dorset, p.6. Nat. Misc. p\.180. Ornith. Dict. & Supp. SIZE of a Blackbird; length nine inches; weight two ounces and three quarters. Bill thirteen lines long, blackish, with a horn- WOODPECKER. 341 coloured base; irides reddish; general colour of the plumage black above, the forehead dirty buff; on the hindhead a bar of crimson ; cheeks white; on each side of the neck, behind, a spot of white; scapulars, and wing coverts nearest to them, white: quills spotted with white; throat and breast yellowish grey; lower part of the belly and vent crimson; tail black, the four middle feathers plain, the others more or less marked with white; the outmost has two black spots on each side the web; the next two on the inner, and only one on the outer web; legs lead-colour. The female wants the red on the hindhead. This bird is sufficiently common in England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, frequenting the woods like others of the Genus; found in Russia, and as high as Lapmark ; extends also to the most eastern parts of Siberia; inhabits Astrachan; found likewise in America, having been sent from New York. It is a very crafty bird, for when a person has seen one in a tree, he is almost sure to lose sight of it, if the tree is large, and the observer not very attentive; as soon as it spies any man, it will creep behind a branch, and lie secure till the danger is over: it ascends trees with very great facility, but whether it can descend with equal ease may be doubted ; rears the young in the hole of a decayed tree, and lays about five eggs, perfectly white,* and glossy, each weighing one drachm, or more;t+ is very noisy, making a loud kind of rapping with the bill, on the branches of the trees, to be heard at a great distance, probably in search after insects; and, according to Hasselquist, if the bird mentioned by him, it frequents the higher parts of Asia. * In Sepp the egg is greyish white, mottled with minute dusky specks, + Colonel Montagu. 342 WOODPECKER. A.—Picus medius, Ind. Orn.i. 229. Lin.i. 176. Faun. Suec. No. 101. Gm. Lin. i. 436. Scop. Ann.i. No.34. Brun. No.41. Muller, No.100. Georgi. p.165. Dec. russ.ii. 143. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 244. Id. Ed.ii. p.399. Sepp Voy. t. p. 41. the young in the nest. Picus varius minor, Rati Syn. p. 43. 5. ,» Bris.iv 38. t.2. f.1. Id. 8vo.1i. 52. Gerin. t. 166. 169 ? —- ——- major, Will. t. 21. Der mittlere Buntspecht, Wirsing Vog.t.37. Naturf.ix. s.55. No. 57. Pic varié 4 téte rouge, Pl. enl. 611. Middle Spotted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 565. Id. Sup. p.107. Br. Zool.i. No. 86. t.37. Jd. 1812. p.321. pl. 41. Arct. Zool. ii. p.278. D. Bewick,i. 119. Lewin Birds, t.48. Walcot Syn.i. t. 49. Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 6. Orn. Dict. This is a trifle smaller than the last; it differs from it in having the colours less clear, and defined, otherwise one description might serve, except that the whole crown of the head is crimson, instead of only the back part of it. Most authors have described it as distinct, but later observations seem to prove that it is only a young bird in its first feathers, and we rather suspect that both sexes may have the whole of the crown crimson, till the first moult,* when the males retain only the hinder part, and the females lose that colour entirely ; certain it is, that birds, with the crimson crowns, are only met with at the latter end of the year, or from July to November, and then with evident signs of youth about them; and if late im the year, the crimson on the top of the head has a mixture of blackish feathers, though the back part is of a full crimson. One similar to this, seen in a drawing from India, had the whole crown dusky yellow, or buff-colour; all beneath, ramp, and vent, pale cmereous grey; middle of the belly dull crimson. Among others, in the collection of drawmgs of Indian Birds, communicated by Dr. Buchanan, is one answering to the Middle * Orn, Dict. In Sepp’s plate of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, all the young in the nest haye the crowns red, M.Temminck is of opinion, that it is a distinct Species. WOODPECKER. 343 Spotted Woodpecker, as to the plumage in common, and with the whole of the top of the head red; it is eight inches in length, and said to be met with in the neighbourhood of Calcutta throughout the year, in holes of trees made by itself; no hint is given of its being otherwise than distinct as to Species. The name, in the Bengalese Tongue, is Kaut Tokra. . 3.—LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus minor, Ind. Orn. i. 229. Lin.i. 176. Faun. Suec. No. 102. Gm. Lin.i. 437. Scop. Ann.i. No. 55. Muller No.101. Kram. p. 336. Bor. Nat.u. 138. Dec. russ.ii. 53. Gen. Zool.ix. 166. pl.34. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 245. Id. Ed.i. p.400. Picus varius minor, Bris.iv. 41. Jd. 8vo.ii. 53. Gerin. t.170. 1. Id. Var. f. 2. Kleinste bonte Specht, Sepp Vog. t. p. 357. Picus varius tertius, Razz 43.6. Will. 94. t. 21. - discolor minor, Frisch. t.37. Klein. 27.7. Id. Ov.17. t. 4. f.4. - graminis, Klein. Stem. v. t. 4. f. 2. a.b. Gras Specht, Naturf. ix. s. 55. La petite Epeiche, Buf. vii. 62. Pl. enl. 598. Hist. Prov.i. 484, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 566. 14. Id. Sup.107. Id. Sup. ii. 140: Br. Zool.i. No. 87. t.37. Id. fol. 76. t.E. Id.1812.i. p.322. t.41. Arct. Zool: i. p.278. E. Collins Birds, pl. 8. f.7.8. Albin,i. pl. 20. Bewick, i. p. 120. Lewin Birds, t.49. Wale. Syn.i. t.50. Donov. Birds, ii. t. 36. Pult. Dors. p.6. Orn. Dict. § Supp. Nat. Misc. pl. 225. THIS is the least of the European Species; length five inches and a half; weight scarcely an ounce. Bill lead-colour; irides red ; upper parts of the body black, striated across the back with white ; scapulars and quills spotted black and white; forehead dirty buff; erown of the head crimson; cheeks, and sides of the neck white; under parts of the body dirty white; the four middle tail feathers black; the others black and white; legs lead-colour. The female has the top of the head white, which is red in the male; but neither have the vent red, as in the Greater Species. 344 WOODPECKER. It is probable, that the young birds of both sexes have the red crown till the first moult, at least they all are so before they leave the nest. This is far from plentiful in any part of this kingdom, but perhaps it appears more scarce, from its frequenting deep woods during the summer; it approaches near habitations in winter, chiefly in orchards adjoining, which no doubt it does for the sake of food, finding about the trunks of trees both caterpillars, and other larvee of insects ; it lays five white eggs in the hole of a tree, which are so like those of the Wryneck, as to be mistaken for them, but differ, im weighing less by about four grains. It is called by some by the name of Hickwall, Crank Bird, and Piannet; known im many places on the Continent of Europe, but no where m great plenty; however, full as far north as the larger sort, extending to the most eastern part _ of Siberia; one of them has been killed in the woods near Almoraima, a short distance from Gibraltar, but it was accounted as a singular occurrence :* it has likewise been noticed on the other side of the Equator, as Mr. Pennant received a drawing of one from the Island of Ceylon, in the East Indies. A.—Petit Pic d’Antigue, Son. Voy. 118. t.77. Gen. Syn. ii. 567. Size of the other. Bill and legs blackish; top of the head, and hind part of the neck, greyish black; on each side of the neck, two-thirds downwards, a stripe of white, which begins just above the eye, and under this another of black, from the eye to the shoulder; upper parts of the body black and white; the under parts pale yellow, spotted with black; tail black, beneath barred with dirty white and yellowish; the head not red in any part. * Mr. White. WOODPECKER. 345 B.—Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Ind. Orn. i. 230. y. Gen. Syn. Sup. 108. 14. A. Lin. Trans, xii. p. 173. Rather smaller than the others. Bill bluish; forehead and cheeks white; on the beginning of the crown a rich crimson spot; the hind part black, and slightly crested; from the under mandible a black line, surrounding the lower part of the cheeks, and joining the hind part of the neck, which is also black; back and scapulars black, marked with lunated white spots; wing coverts striped downwards, and spotted with white, on a black ground ; primaries and tail barred regularly black and white; under part of the body white. Collected by Mr. Loten, and communicated by Mr. Pennant; called, in Java, Platuk-lallar. C.—One, somewhat similar, differed from the last merely in having the belly dusky white, with obscure streaks of brown: found in Java, where it is called Platoo bullar.—Dr. Wilkins. 4.—GREEN WOODPECKER. Picus viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 175. Faun. Suec. No. 99. Gm. Lin.i. 433. Scop. Ann.i. No.52. Rati,42. A.2. Will.93.t.21. Hasselq.[t.291. Brun, No.39. Muller, No. 38. “Sepp, Vog.t.p.43. Klein 27.5. Id. Stem.5. t.4. f.1.a.b. Id. Ov. 17. t.4. f.1. Schaef. el. t.56. Kram. 334. Faun. Arag.73. Bris.iv. 9. Id. 8vo. ii. 44, Gen. Zool.ix. 183. pl. 35. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 238. Id. Ed. ii. p.392. Grunspecht, Frisch, t.39. Gunth. Nest.u. Ey. 37. t.5. lower fig. Wirs. Vog. t. 57. Gerin. ii. t. 165. Bor. Nat. ii. 136. Naturf.ix. s.55. Schmid Vog. p.40. t. 26. Pic verd, Buf. vii. p.7. pl. 1. Pl. enl. 371. 879. Hist. Prov.i. 484. Piccio, Cet. Uc. Sard. p. 81. Green Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 577. Id. Sup.110. Br. Zool.i. No. 84. Id. fol. 78. t.E. Id. Ed.1812. p.315. Arct. Zool. ii. 277. B. Alb.i. pl.18. Will. Engl. p. 35. pl.21. Collins Birds, pl.7. f.1. & pl.9. f.6. Phil. Trans. xxix. No.350. t. 1. Hayes Birds. p\.10. Bewick,i. pl. p.116. Lewin Birds,ii. t.51. Id. Eggs. t. vi. f.4, Walcot Birds,i. t.46. Pult. Cat. Dorset, p.6. Donov: Birds, pl. 37. Orn. Dict. Graves Br. Ornith. VoL. III. Nic; 346 WOODPECKER. THIS is a large Species ; length thirteen inches, or more; breadth eighteen; weight near seven ounces. The bill two inches long, triangular, and dusky; the irides of two colours, the inner circle reddish, the outer white; crown of the head crimson, spotted with brown black ; sides of the head blackish ; on the lower jaw a spot of red; upper parts of the body olive green; towards the rump inchning to yellow; quills dusky, spotted with whitish; the under parts greenish white, or very pale green; tail barred dusky and greenish ; all, except the outer feathers, black at the ends; the legs greenish ash. The female wants the red mark on the lower jaw, otherwise like the male; these birds lay four or five beautifully transparent white | eggs,* weighing about two drachms, in a hollow asp, or other tree, sometimes 15 or 20 feet from the ground; in defect of a hole suited to their purpose, they perforate some convenient tree of a soft texture, or tending to decay, with their bills, till they come to a hollow part, which they widen if not large enough, and deposit their eggs upon the bare rotten part, without further covering;+ the hole is as perfectly round, as if made with the assistance of a pair of compasses; Nuthatches, Starlings, and Bats frequently make nests in these holes when deserted. Frisch and Kleim mistake in saying, that the females have not the red crown, for even the young in the nest have the appearance of it; and I have had the whole brood brought to me, when they could scarcely fly, at which time the red had a mixture of brown, but they do not gain the full red till after the first moult. The food is chiefly the larvae of insects, and among others, that of the goat moth; also ants, and their pupz, which they draw in * Sometimes as far as six.—Will. Pennant, Br. Zool.—where some pertinent observa- tions may be found. + This hole is sometimes so deep, that they must feed their young in the dark, for I have been told by a person, that he was obliged to thrust the whole of his arm, to the shoulder, down the hollow of a tree, before he could reach the eggs. WOODPECKER. 347 by means of the tongue, in the manner of the Wryneck; they are accused also of preying on bees. It is not an uncommon bird throughout the Continent of Europe, and is found as high North as Lapmark, where it is called Zhiaine ; also the West of Russia, but disappears towards Siberia ;* said to be common in Egypt.t+ The Green Woodpecker is known in the various Counties of England by very different names; such are the Rain Bird, Woodspite and Woodwal, Yafter or Yaftingale, High-hole and Hew-hole; also the Awl Bird, from its boring the trees; and from its likeness in colour to a Parrot, the Poppinjay: the note, at a distance, is not unlike that of a person laughing. There is a peculiar kind of scent in the plumage of this bird. A.—Picus viridis Mexicanus, Bris.iv. 16. Id. 8vo. ii. 46, Ardea Mexicana altera, Sebai. 100. t. 64. 3. Jaculator mitella rubra, Klein Av. 127. 3. Pic verd, Ferm, Surin. ii. 169. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 579: 25. A. This is a trifle larger than our Species; length thirteen inches and a half. Crown red; beneath the ears a spot of the same; rest of the head, neck, and under parts varied with pale green and yellow; the back and wings darker green; rump yellowish; the quills chestnut, marked with white spots; tail green, spotted with black ; bill and legs dusky. Inhabits Mexico. Although Seba calls this an Ardea in his plate, and the toes are placed three before and one behind, yet I cannot form any other idea of the bird than its being a Woodpecker, and varying not greatly from the European Species. * Arct. Zool. + Sonnint Trav. iii. 319. Several observations may be found in Ray on the Creation, and Derham’s Phys. Theol. p. 123, 339, 342: Yj¥-2 348 WOODPECKER. B.—In the Leverian Museum was a beautiful Variety of this bird, of a straw-colour, or pale yellow, every where, except on the crown, which was faintly marked with red. This was shot at Belvoir Chace, the seat of the Duke of Rutland. 5.—BENGAL WOODPECKER. Picus Bengalensis, Ind. Orn.i. 235. Lin.i. 175. Gm. Lin.i. 438. Bris.iv. 14. Id. 8vo.1. 45. Klein, 28. 13. Gerin. t.179. Gen. Zool. ix. 185. pl.35.* Lin. Trans. xii. p. 176. Pic verd de Bengale, Buf. vi. 23. Pl. enl. 695. Spotted Indian Woodpecker, Edw. pl. 182. Bengal Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 580. Alb. iii. pl. 22. LESS than the Green Woodpecker; length eight inches and a half. Bill blackish ; top of the head black, spotted with white; hindhead furnished with a crimson crest; neck behind black ; throat, and neck before, black and white irregularly mixed; in some black, with white dots; breast, upper part of the belly, and sides white, the feathers margined with brown; lower belly, thighs, and vent white ; sides of the head under the eye white; from this a white line passes down the neck; the upper part of the back yellow, the lower dull green; under wing coverts, and upper lesser wing coverts, deep brown, spotted with white; the rest of the wing green, spotted with lighter green; quills black, barred with white; tail greenish black ; legs blackish. The other sex has the crown black, but spotted with red instead of white; hindhead crested, red; behind the eye a black streak dotted with dusky white, and passing to the hindhead ; the rest as in the former description. Individuals vary in size, some being ten or eleven inches in length ; and in several drawings from India, I can only observe two WOODPECKER. 349 toes before, and one behind; but in one drawing I found a second toe backwards, though very small, and placed higher up than could at all be of use in grasping a branch, or climbing; hence we may suspect this bird sometimes to be complete with four toes, and other specimens to have only one behind; in the same manner as the Grey Sandpiper and Golden Plover, sometimes deviate from the common rule, the former having a mere claw only, instead of the hind toe complete; the latter with the addition of a hind claw, contrary to the rest of the Genus; but in the Pl. enlum. I observe this Wood- pecker to have four complete toes; and in some drawings m Lord Mountnorris’s possession, made in the Province of Oude, is one of these birds with two hind toes, though the mner one very short. This last was named Cawtkhoraw, and in another drawing, Cut-currolloh. This Species inhabits Bengal, and several other parts of India, and is a very beautiful bird; called in some places, Turca-pikilia-pitta; found at Calcutta the whole year; the nest in the holes of trees, Jays three or four eggs in Jyt; the young hatched in Assam. A.—Specht de Ceylon, Naturf. xiii. 14. tiv. Id. xvii. 16. Ind. Orn. i. 235. 29. B. Gen. Syn. ii. 580. 26. Length eleven inches and a half. Bill one inch and a half, lead- colour, with a pale base; on the top of the head some white spots; the upper part of the back black, which is yellowish in the former ; the middle of the back, and that part of the wings, which in the other is brown, in this is of as fine a red as the crest; throat and breast brown, irregularly spotted with white; greater quills brown, dotted with white; tail brown, the middle feathers four inches long ; the outer three ; quills reach to near the middle of the tail. This came from Ceylon,* and is there called Kerella; makes the the nest in old trees, as others, and feeds on insects. * Probably too from China, as it was among some drawings done there, but the toes were erroneously placed, three before and one behind. In the plate referred to in Naturforscher, the bird had two toes before, and two behind. 390 WOODPECKER. B.—One of these, in the Museum of the India House, London, said to have come from Java, had the head and all beneath streaked, or mixed black and white ; the back fulvous, the lower part of it, and the rump crimson; quills and tail black. This had two toes before, and only one behind. The Bengal Species is found in Java; at least one very similar, and. inclines equally to the Goa one, though somewhat differmg from both; and Dr. Horsfield is of opinion, that these two may probably form but one Species; and he also observes, that there is considerable variety between the individuals found in Java, where it is called Platuk bawang. 6.—GOA WOODPECKER. . Picus Goensis, Ind. Orn.i. 235. Gm. Lin.i. 434. Gen. Zool. ix. 187. pl. 30. Pic vert de Goa, Buf. vii. 22. Pl. enl. 696. Goa Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 582. LESS than the Common Green Woodpecker. Bill black; crown and hindhead crimson, the latter crested, and bordered on the temples with a white stripe, widening as it passes behind to the neck ; from the eye sprmgs a black band, continuing on each side in a zigzag manner, falling over the wing, the lesser coverts of which are also black; the rest of the wing golden yellow, which ends in greenish yellow on the lesser quills; the greater variegated black and white; tail black; beneath the body whitish, the feathers edged with black; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Goa. WOODPECKER. 301 7.—PHILIPPINE WOODPECKER. Picus Philippinarum, Jnd. Orn. i. 236. Gen. Zool. ix. 190. Pic grivelé, grand Pic de Lugon, Son. Voy. 73. t. 73. Palalaca, Phil. Trans. xxiii. p. 1397. No. 42: Pic verd tacheté des Philippines, Buf. vii. 21. Pl. enl. 691, Gen. Syn.ii. 581. B. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill black; irides red; top, sides, and hind part of the head and neck, back and wings, shining brown, with a mixture of green; the feathers on the top of the head longer than the rest, forming a crest; throat and under parts white, the feathers margined with black, appearing spotted white and black ; tail black-brown, on each web a white spot, forming, when the tail is spread, a white band; the upper tail coverts red ; like carmine; legs black. Inhabits the Island of Luconia; there called Palalaca. A.—Palalaca, ou grand Pic vert des Philippines, Buf. vii. 20. This is said to be as large as a Fowl, with a crested head, and green body. It is also called Palalaca by the natives; the Spaniards call it Herrero, or Blacksmith, on account of the great noise it makes with the bill in striking the trees, to be heard at 300 paces distance. 8.—_ MANILLA WOODPECKER. Picus Manillensis, Ind. Orn.i. 236. Gm. Lin.i. 434. Gen. Zool. ix. 189. Pic verd de l’Isle de Lugon, Son. Voy. 23. t. 36. Manilla Green Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 583. LESS than the Green Woodpecker. Bill blackish: colour of the body dirty green; top of the head a little spotted with grey; 302 WOODPECKER. quills and tail blackish ; the upper tail coverts bright carmine red, forming a large spot on that part; legs blackish. Inhabits Luconia. 9.—STRICT WGODPECKER. Picus strictus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 176.—Horsfield. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill narrow, slender, tending gradually to a poimt; superior angles parallel, with transverse, curved slender lines; ridge narrow; the lower mandible yellowish ; the crown crested, crimson in the male, in the female orange; the plumage above orange green, beneath variegated white and black ; tail black. Inhabits Java; called by the common name of Platuk. 10.—STREAKED-CROWNED WOODPECKER. Picus tristis, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 177.—Horsfield. LENGTH seven inches. Bill conic, a trifle bent; the plumage above banded irregularly with black and white; rump white; under parts of the body black; the crown and nape are tenderly streaked black and white; tail, quills, and thigh feathers fasciated black and white. Inhabits Java; known by the name of Platuk-watu. WOODPECKER. 393 11.—JAVAN WOODPECKER. Picus Javensis, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 175. LENGTH fifteen inches. General colour of the plumage black ; feathers of the head elongated into a crest, which is crimson; at the sides of the neck a crimson stripe; belly testaceous, but not bright. The female is about one inch longer than the male, and paler in colour, the head variegated above with blackish green and white ; under the eyes a scarlet mark ; the colour of the belly uniform with the rest of the body, and the throat and lower part of the neck are Isabella yellow. Inhabits Java, called there Platuk-ayam. 12.—CAPE WOODPECKER. Picus Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 237. Gm. Lin.i. 430. Pic 4 téte grise du Cap de B. Esp. Buf. vii. 26. Pl. enl.786 female Le Pic olive, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 16. pl. 248, 249. Male & female. Red-rumped Woodpecker, Gen. Zool. ix. 194. Cape Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 586. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill black ; head olive grey ; from the middle of the crown, and all behind the nape crimson ; back, neck, and breast, olive brown; rump and upper tail coverts red; quills dusky within; tail black; legs lead-colour. Levaillant observes, that the under parts are olive, inclining to yellow. The female smaller, the colours less brilliant, and the red less lively; but has the hindhead and rump red as the male; in the first year, only the middle of the hindhead is red, and in very old birds the breast has a tmge of red; the females have no red on the head the first year, this colour being only seen on the rump. VOL. Ill. Zz 304 WOODPECKER. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts of Africa, and Senegal ; found on the eastern coast of Africa, from the River Duywen Hock, quite to Caffre Land, also in the inner parts; lays four white eggs, and both sexes contribute to hatch the young m turns, One of these, in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, is spotted on the outer webs of the lesser quills with dusky white, and the same on the inner, but larger; greater quills and tail feathers brown, the two outer ones of the latter marked, as the quills, with dusky white, and the belly obscurely barred with brown. A.—Cape Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 141. Head, neck, and all beneath pale grey; back and wings olive brown; crown, rump, and belly, crimson; wings and tail dusky; bill and legs black. Inhabits Abyssinia. I observed this among the late Mr. Bruce’s drawings of birds, where it is named Wye-wa, and suspect it to represent a very old male. M. Buffon’s figure of itin the Pl. enlum. is taken from a young female. 13.—_HALF-BILLED WOODPECKER. Picus semirostris, Ind. Orn. i. 238. Lin.i. 175. Gm. Lin.i. 485. Mus. Ad. Fr.i. 16. Half-billed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 586. LINNAEUS describes this as of the size of a Black Woodpecker. Bill pale; the upper mandible much shorter than the under, very pointed, and sharp at the tip;* head brown, each feather tipped * Pallas has given his opinion concerning this bird, which, as far as relates to the bill, he thinks must be a Lusus Nature, and unnatural; he mentions a specimen of the Common Green Woodpecker, in Germany, wherein the upper mandible was scarcely half as long as WOODPECKER. 305 with yellowish, making the head appear spotted ; body above brown, inclining to ash; beneath white; wings brown; the outer edges of the quills spotted with white; tail brown. Inhabits India. 14.— DOUBLE-BEARDED WOODPECKER. Le Pic a double Moustache, Levail. Afr. p.22. pl. 251, 252. THE bill in this bird is black. Inides deep red; plumage above olive, varying in different lights to brown, yellow, and grey, especially towards the neck and ramp, where the grey is most pre- dominant, and appears on the margins of the feathers at the ends; back part of the head crimson; sides, under the eyes, white, with two black streaks in the direction of the jaw; middle of the throat white, as far as the lower part of the neck; beneath the body olive brown, waved with dirty white; the quills olive brown, inclining outwardly to yellow, and marked with yellow spots ; tail as the quills. The female is smaller, and the waves less distinct, more inclined to brown; top of the head black, instead of red. The young male has but little red on the head, and coloured like the old female; but very old females have a small red patch on the head like the males. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and found im abundance throughout the Caffre Country, on the bodies of Mimosa trees, and the strokes with the bill may be heard far off; lays four dull white eggs, and both sexes assist in incubation. the under, and gives two instances of the same in the Kingsfisher Genus, and one in the Oyster Catcher.—See Spicileg. vi: p. 12. To which I may add, the same circumstance ina White Crow, in the Leverian Museum; in this, the upper mandible was just formed the same. However, we are still indebted to Linnzus for a Species not before described nor figured by any author, as far as we can find at present. Zz2 306 WOODPECKER. 15.—MAHRATTA WOODPECKER. Picus Mahrattensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxxi. Gen. Zool. ix. 177. Mahratta Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 142. THIS is rather larger than the Lesser Spotted. Head yellow brown; on each side of the nape white; upper parts of the body black, with large spots of white; the rump white; chin, and under parts pale brown, with darker streaks down the middle of each feather; middle of the belly red; quills and tail black, spotted with white, having three spots on each tail feather, on the outer margin. From the Mahratta Country, i India.—A specimen of this is in the British Museum. A.—Length seven inches. Bill brownish; crown and nape brownish yellow, darker at the nape ; cheeks under the eye brownish dun, or cream-colour ; beneath this, on each side of the neck, whitish, spotted with brown; under parts, from the chin, more or less white ; on each side of the throat, bounding both the cream-colour, and the dotted whitish patch, runs an irregular streak of brown; within this, the chin and _ breast are dirty white; lower part of the breast, belly, and sides streaked with pale brown; middle of the belly scarlet; the vent white; back, wings, and tail black, marked with white spots ; greater quills black; legs black. Inhabits India; brought from thence by M. de Fichtel. B.—Length seven inches. Bill dusky lead-colour; plumage on the forehead, sides of the neck, and back, deep brown, waved more or less with white ; at the back of the head the feathers are elongated into a pointed crest of a sulphur-colour, paler at the ends, witha WOODPECKER. 307 mixture of yellowish on the forehead, round the eyes, and chin; the greater wing coverts and quills marked with large spots of white, on the sides; tail feathers the same, with three patches of white on the margin of each, and are blunt at the ends; chin and throat brown, and dusky white in waves, with a reddish tinge; breast and belly dusky white, with a deep tinge of reddish on the breast; the legs lead-colour. Inhabits India, and called in Oude, Cautkhorau.—From the drawings of Lord Mountnorris. 16.—NUBIAN WOODPECKER. Picus Nubicus, Ind. Orn.i. 233. Gm. Lin.i. 438. Gen. Zool. ix. 180. Pic tigré, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 19. pl. 250. Epeiche de Nubie ondé et tacheté, Buf. vii. 66. Pl. enl. 667. Nubian Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 576. LENGTH seven inches and a half. The bill black; irides pale brown; crown black, dotted with white; forehead brownish; from that to the eye whitish; chin the same; the hindhead crimson, and somewhat crested; the rest of the neck and breast whitish, marked with black spots, shaped like tears ; upper part of the body agreeably and irregularly mixed with white, rufous, and brown; tail barred rufous and brown; thighs and vent whitish; legs blue. Inhabits the Desarts of Nubia. One, supposed to be the male, had a reddish streak from the corners of the mouth, spotted with black, in the direction of the jaw; top of the head wholly crimson, with greenish waves; hindhead crimson, the feathers soft, and elongated, so as to form a crest. The female marked as the male, but without any red at the top of the head; and the mustachoe of the male does not appear under a year. 398 WOODPECKER. Found in the forests of Hottniqua, and about the River Gamtoos, but less common; lays four bluish white eggs, spotted with brown. M. Levaillant says, the male is eight inches long, and the female less; and that probably the one figured in the Pl. end. is a female. 17.—CARDINAL WOODPECKER. Picus Cardinalis, Ind. Orn.i. 233. Gm. Lin. i. 438. Gen. Zool.ix. 176. Pic Cardinal de Lugon, Son. Voy.72. t. 25. Grand Pic varié de Lucon, Buf. vii. 67. Cardinal Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 576. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill blackish, feathers round the base greenish grey; crown and hindhead bright red; on each side from the eye behind, and down the neck, almost to the wing, a stripe of white; back and wing coverts black, but the feathers of the upper part of the back and neck adjoining, are margined with white ; wings spotted with the same; quills and tail black, with yellow shafts; the greater quills spotted with yellow on the edges, and the lesser barred with white; tail black, spotted with white; threat, breast, and belly, white, with longitudinal black spots; legs blackish; Inhabits the Isle of Luconia. 18.—BROWN WOODPECKER. Picus Moluccensis, Ind. Orn. i. 238. Gm. Lin. i. 439. Gen. Zool. ix. 178. | Petit Epeiche brun des Moluques, Buf. vii. 68. Pl. enl. 748. ii. Brown Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 577. SIZE of the Little Woodpecker. Bill dusky; body above brownish black, waved with white; beneath whitish, perpendicularly WOODPECKER. 359 dashed with brown: sides of the head white; beneath the ear a dash of brown; vent white; tail brown; the feathers spotted on each web with three white dots, quills also spotted with white; legs dusky. Inhabits the Molucca Islands. A.—Little Brown Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. 109. Ind. Orn.i. 234. 25. B. Length five inches. Bill pale; head white, except the crown, and a large patch under the eye, both of which are brown; body above brown black, sparingly spotted with white; beneath wholly white; legs blue. Inhabits India. We met witha fine drawing of this bird, among others, in the collection of the late Mr. Middleton; one of the same was also in that of General Davies; probably a female. 19.—CAWNPORE WOODPECKER. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill bluish; head, sides, and back of the neck, pale ash-colour; round the eye a pale, reddish, carunculated rim; behind the eye a broad white streak, passing on each side, and meeting at the beginning of the back ; feathers of the crown somewhat elongated, and falling behind ; above the eye, on each side the nape, a crimson streak, half an inch long; back and wings brown, the first crossed with whitish bands, formed of spots, the latter also marked with largish white spots; tail dusky black, the feathers marked with six white spots, three on each margin; all the under parts of the body dusky white, with a few darker streaks on the breast; the tail is rather short, and the feathers more than usually rounded at the tips; the wings reach to very near the end of it; legs pale lead-colour. 360 WOODPECKER. In the female the red mark on the sides of the nape is much smaller; the back more sparingly spotted with white; wings and tail much the same, but the feathers of the latter have more white spots. Inhabits India; the former found at Meeah Gunge, in February, the latter at Cawnpore, in May; these seem to be much allied to the Brown Species. 20.—GUINEA WOODPECKER. Picus antivolans, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxxi. Gerin. t. 173. Guinea Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 141. THIS is a doubtful species, and, from the figure, it is uncertain, whether it is not a Jacamar. The bill is longer than usual in Wood- peckers, and black ; crown and chin bluish green; body dull red, inclining to brown on the back; sides of the neck mixed with yellow; wings and tail dull blue; quills brown; legs pale. Said to inhabit Guinea, only seen in the engraving above referred to. 21.—- LONG-BILLED WOODPECKER. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill one inch and three quarters long, slender, and brown; the under mandible shorter than the upper by a quarter of an mch ; the nostrils covered with a small whitish tuft; crown brown, with small pale spots, and a few crimson feathers intermixed ; neck behind, and back, black and olive, in irregular bars; rump and tail coverts black and white ; wings black, several of the coverts with the outer webs white, forming two patches; quills spotted with white on both webs; tail cuneiform, black; the WOODPECKER. 361 two middle feathers marked with four lunated white spots on the inner web, and near the tip a dash of yellow; the two outer ones margined on the outer edge and tip with white; chin white; throat and breast mixed dirty white and brown, in waves; sides the same ; belly pale yellow; legs slender, black. Inhabits the Isle of Martinique. A fine specimen was in the collection of Mr. Bullock. 22.—RED WOODPECKER. Picus miniatus, Ind. Orn.i. 241. Gm. Lin.i. 432. Zool. Ind. p. 14. t.4. Gen. Zool. ix. 210. pl.35. Lin. Trans. xii. p. 176. Red Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 595. Ind. Zool. 4to. pl. vi. Nat. Misc. pl. 413. LENGTH nine inches. Bill dusky blue; head deep, dull red, and crested, on the chin a spot of yellow; hind part of the neck, and back, and fore part of the neck, rose-colour ; belly white; tail coverts green ; tail deep blue; legs dusky. Inhabits Java, shot on the heights of that place; called by the Malayans, Tockar, or Carpenter; known also there by the name of Platuk. A.—Length seven inches. Bill bluish; irides red; top of the head dusky red, from the middle crimson, but the feathers very little elongated. The rest of the head, neck, and all beneath, dusky white, marked on the neck and breast with largish dusky spots; down the middle of the breast and belly crimson; vent white, waved with obscure pale ash; back, wings, and tail, plain dark chocolate brown ; rump white, legs pale blue. Inhabits India. I observed at the late Sir George Staunton’s, a bird which appeared to be the other sex. In this the head was red VOL. III. AAA 362 WOODPECKER. at the top, nape yellow ; belly striated; wings red ; rump greenish; tail brown.—The two last seem to belong to the Red Species, pro- bably Varieties. 23.—M ALACCA WOODPECKER. Picus Malaccensis, Ind. Orn.i. 241. Gen. Zool. ix. 192. Le Pic de Malacca, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 211. Malacca Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 111. LESS than the Green Woodpecker. Bill black ; irides red ; top of the head dull crimson; the feathers long, forming a slight crest; throat and fore part of the neck, rufous yellow; lesser wing coverts crimson; quills dusky red on the outer, and brown, marked with roundish white spots, on the inner webs; breast, belly, and vent rufous white, crossed with black bands; back reddish giey ; rump pale greenish yellow, banded with black; tail black, the feathers remarkably stiff, and the shafts prominent; legs black. Inhabits Malacca. 24.—CRIMSON-WINGED WOODPECKER. Picus puniceus, Lin. Trans. xii. 176. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill one inch, deep blackish horn-colour, beneath white; the plumage in general above green ; crown of the head mixed dusky and crimson; sides of the nape at the bottom yellow; wings of a fine high crimson, with a chestnut tinge, passing down the middle of the wing; imner scapulars dull green; quills brown; the chin, and before to the breast, dirty buff; belly olive-green, waved across with white spots; under wing coverts the same; tail black; legs brown. WOODPECKER. 363 A fine specimen in Mr. Bullock’s Museum; it is also among others in the India House collection. Inhabits Java.—It seems to coincide with the Malacca Species, possibly differing only in sex. 25.—CINNAMON WOODPECKER. LENGTH six inches. Bill strong, and black ; plumage on the upper parts plain cinnamon-colour, beneath, even with the eyes, white, with a tinge of cinnamon; legs black; the wings short, reaching scarcely to the base of the tail. Inhabits India; called by the Bengalese Kaut tookra: described from a specimen in the British Museum. 26.—GORGET WOODPECKER. Picus pectoralis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxxii. Gen. Zool. ix. 208. Gorget Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. Addit. p. 372. LENGTH above nine inches. Bill pale horn-colour; head, neck, and upper parts deep crimson or chestnut, growing very pale on the rump; back and wings marked with numerous, curved, transverse black crescents ; across the breast a large crescent of black ; from thence to the vent pale dusky rufous, spotted with black; rump and vent marked with black ; tail black. Inhabits Queen Charlotte’s Sound; comes nearest in colour to the Rufous Species, but is a larger bird, and pee a distinct species, IANSAN EAL 364. WOODPECKER. 27.—RUFOUS INDIAN WOODPECKER. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch, stout, black; plumage in general dull rufous; feathers of the hind head elongated into a crest, standing out behind ; the head, and breast are plain; all the rest of the bird crossed with streaks of black, which are broadest on the wings ; the tail marked with five or six curved bars of the same on each side of the shaft, but not touching it, the ends of the feathers much pointed, and black; legs ash-colour, claws black. The female has the head smooth, without any crest, otherwise not unlike the male, but is rather smaller, and the black streaks more narrow, and not so well defined ; irides in both brown ; round the eyelids dusky brown. Inhabits India; common also in Ceylon. This, as well as the last, is like the Rufous Woodpecker in general markings, but is probably a different species. Name in Ceylon Mal-kerala. 28.—CRIMSON-RUMPED WOODPECKER. Picus Goertan, Ind. Orn. i. 236. Gm. Lin.i. 434. Gen. Zool. ix. 179. Pic Goertan du Senegal, Buf. vii. 25. PI. enl. 320. Crimson-rumped Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 1. 583. MUCH less than the Common Green Woodpecker. Bill lead- colour ; crown crimson ; upper parts of the body grey-brown, tinged with grey, and spotted with dusky white on the wings; beneath yellowish grey; rump of a fine red ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Senegal, where it is called Goertan. WOODPECKER. 365 29.—YELLOW-NECKED WOODPECKER. LENGTH eight and a half or nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, white, tipped with black ; general colour of the plumage olive-green; on the nape a large greenish yellow crescent; lore crimson, chin and throat dirty white, spotted with brown and white, margined all round with crimson; fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast green, like the back, but the breast is much deeper than the neck; from thence all beneath white, with dusky spots like crescents, quite to the vent; thighs plain white; the lower part of the back, the quills, and tail are dusky brown, or blackish ; but the bases of the prime quills incline to ferruginous, and several of the inner ones have the outer webs, near the ends, yellowish; second quills in general green, with the inner webs dusky; insides of the wings black, spotted with white; legs black. Inhabits India.—Brought into England by M. de Fichtel. 30.—GREY-HEADED WOODPECKER. Picus Norvegicus, Ind. Orn.i. 236. Bris.iv. 18. Id. 8vo.ii. 46. Klein. 28. Gerin. t. 177. Gen. Zool.ix. 188. Picus canus, Gm. Lin.i. 434. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 239. Id. Ed. ii. p. 394. Grey-headed Green Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 583. Edw. pl. 65. Arct. Zool. ii. 277. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill dull ash-colour, yellowish at the base; head, and hind part of the neck, fine ash-colour; the forehead obscurely marked with four or five small red spots; nostrils covered with black bristles, turning forwards ; from the corner of the mouth is a streak of black, passing backwards, like a whisker ; back and scapulars blue-green; rump yellow; wing coverts yellowish 366 WOODPECKER. green ; quills dark brown, spotted with light yellow; upper and under tail coverts dull green; tail brown, crossed with dusky lines; under the throat whitish ; and from that to the vent cinereous, with a mixture of green; legs black. Inhabits Norway. Found also among the Alps of Switzerland : common in the North of Russia, but more so in Siberia: makes the nest in the holes of trees like other species, and lays five or six white eggs. The Tungusi, of Nijmaia Tungouska, roast this species, bruise the flesh, and mix it with any grease, except that of the bear, which dissolves too readily, with this they anomt their arrows, and pretend that the animals, which are struck with them, instantly fall.* 31—PERSIAN WOODPECKER. Picus Persicus, Ind. Orn.i. 236. Gm. Lin. i. 435. luteus Persicus, Bris. iv. 20. Id. 8vo. ii. 47. Aldrov. i. t. p. 851. Razz, 44, 9. Will. 97. Pic jaune de Perse, Buf. vii. 18. Picchio giallo, Zinn. Uov. 73. t. 11. f. 75. Persian Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 584. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker, but said to have a thicker neck, and a longer bill; the feathers, from the middle of the crown to the end of the tail, incline to ferruginous. The bill ferruginous ; feet pale blue, claws black ; the rest of the body yellow ; but all the ends of the wing feathers, or tips, inclme somewhat to ferrugmous ; and a spot of the same colour enconnpasses the eyes. Said to breed in Persia, and described first by Aldrovandus.— Buffon thinks it a Variety of the Green W oodpecker, as well as the last, but we are certain, that the one is distinct, and in respect to the other it appears very doubtful. * Gmel. Voy. Sib. ii. 1138.—Arct. Zool. WOODPECKER. 367 32.—ORANGE WOODPECKER. Picus aurantius, Ind. Orn. i. 237. Lin.i. 174. Gm. Lin. i. 430. Capitis bone Spei, Bris.iv. 78. t. 6.1. Id. 8vo.ii. 50. Gerin. t.175. Pic du Cap de bonne Esperance, Buf. vii. 24. Orange Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. il. 585. Gen, Zool. ix. 195. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill deep lead-colour ; crown and hind head red ; the feathers of both long and narrow; on each side, from behind the eye to the hind head, a white stripe ; another from the nostrils passes under the eyes, down the sides of the neck ; the hind part, and sides of which are blackish; cheeks, throat, and fore part of the neck, dirty grey, the feathers margined with blackish ; upper part of the back fine golden orange-colour ; scapulars golden olive, tinged with orange; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts blackish; breast, belly, sides, and thighs dirty white, the feathers margined with brown; under tail coverts the same, margined with black, and a transverse stripe of the same; wing coverts bluish brown; on the tips of some of them a dirty grey spot; the greater ones, next the body, gilded olive, and some of them spotted in the same manner; those farthest from the body are plain black-brown ; quills dark brown, some of them spotted with dirty white ; tail black; legs pale lead-colour. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 33.—GOLD-BACKED WOODPECKER. Picus Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 237. Gm. Lin.i. 430. Gen. Zool. ix. 198. Petit Pic rayé du Senegal, Buf. vii. 25. Pl. enl. 345. 2. Gold-backed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 586. NOT much bigger than a Sparrow. Bill dusky; crown red; forehead and sides brown; the back golden fulvous yellow; quills 368 WOODPECKER. the same; coverts, and rump greenish; under part of the body transversely undulated with grey brown, and dull white; the two middle tail feathers black, the other the same, spotted with yellow ; legs dusky. Inhabits Senegal. 34.—W HITE-BILLED WOODPECKER. Picus principalis, Ind. Orn.i. 225. Lin.i. 173. Gm. Lin. i. 425. Borowsk.ii. 135. Vieill. Am.ii. 56. pl. 109. Gen. Zool. ix. p.150. pl-36. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p- Ixxix. Picus niger Carolinensis, Bris.iv. 26. Id. 8vo.ii. 49. ~imbrifeetus, Rati 162. Will. 301. Quatotomomi, Raz 162. Will. 94. t.22. Id. Engl. 390. t. 22. Pic noir huppé de la Caroline, Pl. end. 690. Buf. vu. p. 46. King of the Woodpeckers, Kalm. Trav.ii. p. 85 ? Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Amer. Orn. pl. 29. male. White-billed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.i1. 553, male. Id. Sup. 105. female. Cates. Car. 1. t. 16. | Arct. Zool. ii. No. 156. Klein. 26.2. Bartr. Trav. p. 287. Nat. Misc. pl. 497. THIS is from sixteen to twenty inches in length, thirty-one in breadth, and nearly as stout as a Crow, weighing more than twenty ounces. The bill white as ivory, three inches long, and channelled; irides yellow; on the hindhead an erect, pointed crest, of a fine red colour, some of the feathers two inches long; general colour of the plumage deep black, but the lower parts of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts are white; from behind the eye arises a white stripe, which passes down on each side of the neck, and back, beyond the middle, and ends in a point; the four first prime quills are black ; the fifth has a white tip, and two spots of white on the inner web: the sixth and seventh with the ends, and inner webs, white; all the other quills wholly white, as are the under wing coverts ; tail very stiff, the feathers greatly curving inwards, and wholly black; the legs black. WOODPECKER. 369 The female is much the same in size and colour, and the head also is crested, but of the same colour with the body ; in both sexes the forehead and sides of the bill at the base are white. Inhabits Carolina, Virginia, Brazil, and Mexico; called by the Spaniards, Carpenter; and not without reason, for like most others of the Genus, it makes a great noise with the bill against the trees in the woods, to be heard at a great distance, as if carpenters were at work ; producing, according to Catesby, in an hour or two, a bushel of chips; it is thought by some to perforate sound trees, but we are assured, that it is only those hastening to decay, that suit its pur- pose, the intent of which is to form a cavity, wherein to deposit their eggs. Weare told, that this is generally winding, and from two to five feet deep; the eggs are four or five in number, white, and as large as those of a Pullet, of equal size at both ends. They also attack the trees for the sake of the insects contained within, as well as in the clefts of the bark ; and are very dexterous at separating it from the dead pines, to get at the worms of the goat beetles, the chief food being insects, and their larvae; are not thought to eat Indian corn. The common note resembles the tone of a trumpet, or high note of a clarionet, uttered every two or three seconds, and may be heard more than half a mile; are found in Georgia, according to Mr. Abbot, and there called Lobcock by some, by others Woodcock ; chiefly seen in the swamps, but far from common. The note is reckoned a sign of rain. It is said, that the Canadian Indians make use of the bills of these birds for coronets, settmg them round in a wreath, with the points upwards, and that the Northern Indians purchase them of the Southern, at the rate of two or three buckskins per bill—Kalm says, they are found at New Jersey, though seldom, and only at certam seasons.—Mr. Abbot never found this species in Virginia. VOL, It, BBs 370 WOODPECKER. 35.—_ BANK WOODPECKER. Picus pitius, Ind. Orn.i. 234. Gm. Lin. i. 482. Gen. Zool. ix. 212. Le Pitico, Molin. Chil. (Fr. ed.) 216. Bank Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 141. THIS is said to be the size of a Pigeon; the plumage brown, spotted with white; tail short. Inhabits Chili; said not to make a nest, as others, in the hollows of trees, but in the holes of the elevated banks of rivers, laying four eggs. The flesh is esteemed by the natives. 36.—PILEATED WOODPECKER. Picus pileatus, Ind. Orn. i. 225. Lin.i. 173. Gm. Lin. i. 425. Viell. Am. ii. p. 58. pl. 110. Gen. Zool. ix. 158. pl. 32. Picus Virginianus pileatus, Bris. iv. 29. Id. 8vo. ii. p. 50. Picus niger toto capite rubro, Klein Av. 26. 3. Pic noir huppé de la Louisiane, Buf. vii. 48. Pl. ent. 718. Le Charpentier 4 dos blanc, Voy. d’Azaraiv. No. 249. Larger crested Woodpecker, Cates. Car. i. pl: 17. Pileated Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 554. Id. Sup. 105. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 157. Bartr. Trav. 287. Nat. Misc. pl. 493. THIS is smaller than the White-billed; length sixteen or seven- teen inches, breadth twenty-eight. Bill two inches long, lead coloured; eyelids the same; irides gold-colour; on the top of the head a crest of long red feathers; beneath this, over the eye, a nar- row white streak, and under this a broad one of black, in which the eyes are placed, all of which tend to the hind head; on each side, from the nostrils, a streak of yellowish white passes back to the nape, and from thence, on the sides of the neck, to the shoulders; on each jaw a streak of crimson, and within this the chin and throat are white : WOODPECKER. 371 the rest of the neck, both at the back, and before to the vent black ; belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts blackish ; the hind part of the neck, back, wings, and tail in general are black ; on the wing coverts a spot of white on the outer edge, and another or two of the same, in other parts, from the base of the quills; tail unequal, the two middle feathers the longest ; legs black ; in some specimens the streak on the sides of the neck, and the chin and throat are pure white. The female is not greatly different, but wants the red on the lower jaw; instead of which, that part is dusky; fore part of the head dusky, the rest crimson asin the male, and the feathers equally elongated. Inhabits Louisana, Carolina, and Virginia, also the forests in Pennsylvania, where it stays the winter;* is very hurtful to the maize, as it settles on the ripe ears, and destroys them with its bill;+ not that it is certain they eat the grain, but probably search after some kind of insects, harbouring in the plant, as birds of this Genus are not often granivorous. It is found to extend as high as lat. 50. 31. north, being met with near the banks of Albany River, near 400 miles from its discharge into Hudson’s Bay. It lays six white eggs, in the hole of a tree, and hatches the young in June: met with frequently in the pine forests, and known to some by the name of Woodcock ; as is the White-billed, but is more common. A.—Picus pileatus, Ind. Orn.i. 226. 4. B. Gen. Syn. Sup. 105. Length seventeen inches and a half; breadth twenty-eight, weight nine ounces and a half. Bill lead-colour ; forehead greenish yellow ; * Kalm. Trav. i. 148. + Id. This author adds, that all the Woodpeckers are destructive to maize, when it begins to ripen, by pecking holes round the ears, which lets in the wet, and occasions the corn to rot. Mr. Abbot observes, that although the chief food is insects, yet it will sometimes openand eat the tender ears of Indian corn, but is most frequently found chipping to pieces the stumps of trees, cut down, for the larvz of beetles and other insects. B BpsB2 372 WOODPECKER. crown crimson ; lore straw-colour, passing over the eyes, and down the sides of the neck; from the lower mandible a black streak, com- municating with the fore part of the neck, which is black; back, wings, scapulars, lower belly, and tail black; upper half of the quills, and secondaries white, the rest black ; belly and thighs the same, marked with faint, transverse bars of white ; legs black. This was found at Gloucester House, in lat. 50. 31. north, and 96. 3. west long. 387 miles up Albany River, in January, called by the natives, May-May. 37.—LINEATED WOODPECKER. Picus lineatus, Ind. Orn.i. 226. Lin.i. 174. Gm. Lin.i. 425. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 152. - niger Cayanensis, Bris.iv. 31. t.1. f.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 51. . Tlauhquechultototl, Razi Syn. 164 ? Pic noir huppé de Cayenne, Buf. vii. 50. Pl. enl. 717. Autre Pic varié, Ferm. Surin.ii. 1702 Le Charpentier noir, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 248. Lineated Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 556. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker; length near fourteen inches. Bill horn-colour; head and nape of a beautiful red, the feathers elongated into a crest; along the jaw a stripe of the same; upper parts of the body black; cheeks the same, inclining to ash-colour ; from the corners of the mouth a line of white, growing broader, and passmg down on each side, meets in the middle of the back; throat rufous white, dashed down the shaft of each feather with black ; fore part of the neck and breast black, the feathers margined with rufous white at the tips; belly, vent,and thighs, rufous white, striated transversely with black ; the edges of the wings, and beneath them white; quills black, the inner webs, for one-third of the length from the base, white; tail cuneiform, black ; legs grey. te A Sy os PLILX. a e Liiiff Pye | Nod pucker. WOODPECKER. 373 Inhabits Cayenne, and from thence extends to Paraguay ; some- times met with in the woods in numbers together. The natives call it Ipecu; about Guinea named Ouantou; and by the Portuguese Corta pao. 38.—BUFF-CRESTED WOODPECKER.—PL. Lix. Picus melanoleucus, Ind. Orn. i. 226. Gm. Lin. i. 426. Gen. Zool. ix. 155. pl. 31. Charpentier, 4 huppe couleur de Paille, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 251. Buff-crested Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 558. pl. 25. LENGTH twelve inches and half. Bill two inches, brownish horn-colour ; head crested; the crown as far as the middle black, the feathers of the rest elongated, and buff-colour; the whole bounded on the sides and behind with black; the rest of the head, neck, back, and wings, in general blackish brown; outer edge of the wing, about the middle white; from the gape begins a stripe of white passing under the eye, and continuing on each side of the neck, growing considerably broader as it proceeds downwards, and finally meeting at the beginning of the back, and there formmg a large space ; middle of the chin dusky white, the lower part of the back is also mottled with white; breast, belly, and vent dirty white, marked across with dusky black narrow bars; quills, tail, and legs, black. Inhabits Surmam. Described from a specimen in the Leverian Museum. It has many things in common with the lineated species, but differs in the colour of the crest; and the neck before, the middle of the chin excepted, is wholly black. I find, that in some speci- mens the lower part of the back has no mottling of white. 374 WOODPECKER. 39.—CHILI WOODPECKER. Picus lignarius, Ind. Orn.i. 224. Gm. Lin.i. 424. Molin. Chil.209: Id. Fr. Ed. 215. Chili Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 140. Gen. Zool. ix. 157. NEARLY as large as a Blackbird. Crown crested, red; body banded blue and white; the bill so strong, as not only to enable the bird to make holes in decayed trees, but even in living and sound ones, in which it makes the nest; and is said by this means to destroy fruit-bearing trees. Inhabits Chil. 40.—RED-NECKED WOODPECKER. Picus rubricollis, Ind. Orn. i. 226. Gm. Lin. 1. 426. Gen. Zool. ix. 159. Le Pic 4:‘Cou rouge, Buf. vii. 53. Grand Pic huppé a téte rouge, P/. enl. 612. Le Charpentier 4 huppe et Cou rouges, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 250. Red-necked Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 558. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill pale; irides yellow; head and neck, as far as the breast, crimson ; hind part of the head crested ; back, wings, and tail deep brown, with a little mixture of cream- colour on the wings; beneath the last pale rufous, a little banded ; under parts of the body deep cream-colour, in some specimens transversely banded with black ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Brazil, Cayenne, Guiana, and Paraguay. Buffon calls the under parts fulvous, which may probably arise from difference of sex. The above description was taken from one in the Leverian Museum. WOODPECKER. 379 41.—BERBICE WOODPECKER. LENGTH thirteen inches and a half. Bill two inches, horn- coloured ; the head, including the sides and the jaws, crimson, the feathers somewhat elongated at the nape, and pointed ; the base of the bill and sides brownish white; on the under jaw below, and behind the eye, an oval angular spot, about half an inch in diameter, the upper half black, the under white; chin, throat, the fore part of the neck, and back of it beneath the crest, black ; all the upper parts, wings, and tail brown black; at each side of the under jaw begins a line of white, growing broader, and passing on each side to the back ; the breast, belly, and thighs dirty buff-colour, crossed with numerous dusky black bars; vent plain black ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches long, the outer three only; the under wing coverts are white, the inner webs of the quills the same half way from the base; the wings long, reaching to within an inch of the end of the tail; legs brown. In another specimen the top of the head, and down the middle of the crimson of the crown, black ; but the crimson does not occupy the sides of the head much below the eyes; the space round the eye is black ; and a broad buff-coloured streak, beginning at the nostrils, passes in the direction of the jaw, growing wider, and uniting behind asin the other bird; the breast and under parts are also the same, but more bright. This is a beautiful species, and seems to differ from any yet described, unless it may probably prove the Ipecu of Marcgrave, of which the following is a description :—‘‘ This bird is about the big- «« ness of a Dove. The length of the neck two inches, of the body *« four, of the tail also four; of the legs almost one inch and a half. ** Tt hath four toes in its feet, two standing forwards and two back- ‘« wards, as in Parrots; the head is covered with feathers of a 376 WOODPECKER. «¢ vermilion colour, on which also it hath a crest like a Dove; the ** neck underneath is black to the very bill, as also above; but in ‘«* both sides there is a broad white line produced towards the back ; “ the wings are outwardly all over black, inwardly white ; the tail «« blacks; in the belly and upper part of the legs the feathers are *« black and white ; its bill is strait, sharp-pointed, wherewith it ** pierces the barks of trees, as the Woodpecker.” * The two birds first described were introduced to our notice by Mr. Me. Leay, who received them with many others from Berbice ; the first was called the female, the other the male; and to both was attached the name Hoedoedoe, by which appellation they are known in the parts where found. It seems to have most affinity with the Red-headed one, having many markings in common with it; but on comparison, will be found to differ in so many others, as to make it very probable, that it may be a distinct species. 42.—LEWISS WOODPECKER. Picus torquatus, Lewis’s Woodpecker, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 20. f. 3. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill dark horn-colour; head, back, wings, and tail black; front, chin, and cheeks, beyond the eyes, dark, rich red; round the neck a white collar, spreading over the breast, and appearing as if the fibres of the feathers had been silvered; they are also separate in their texture, and mixed with silvery ones; vent black; legs dusky blue. Inhabits America. * See Will. Orn. (Engl. ed.) p. 188§ V. Td. (ed. Latin.) p. 95. t. 22. Razz Syn. Av. p. 43. 7. WOODPECKER. 377 43.—NOOTKA WOODPECKER. Picus flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Gen. Zool. ix. 161. Vieill. Am, Sept. 1. 67. THIS is a small Species. General colour black, spotted on the wings with white; head, neck, and breast red ; belly yellowish olive. Inhabits Nootka Sound, on the north-west Coast of America; first observed there by Captain Cook. 44.—GOLD-CRESTED WOODPECKER. Picus melanochlorus, Ind. Orn.i. 239. Gm. Lin.i. 427. Gen. Zool.ix. 208. pl. 35. xx xxx varius Americanus cristatus, Bris.iv. 34. Id. 8vo.ii. 51. Gold-crested Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 589. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill dusky; on the head a very long crest, of a golden orange-colour ; cheeks reddish ; between the base of the bill and the eyes a purple spot; general colour of the body black and yellow, mixed in waves, streaks, and spots, but beneath chiefly the latter; tail black ; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne, and other parts of America; feeds on worms. 45.—CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER. Grand Pic rayé de Cayenne, Buf. vii. 31. Pl. enl.719. Ind. Orn. i. 239. 41. B. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill black; top of the head black ; feathers of the hindhead elongated, and beautiful crimson ; sides of the head white, in the middle of which the eyes are placed; on the under YOL. III, Cece 378 WOODPECKER. jaw a broad kind of purplish whisker, crossed with numerous black lines ; upper parts of the body yellowish, crossed with narrow black bands; beneath yellowish, spotted black; quills black, barred with yellow; tail black, the two middle feathers plain, the rest crossed with fifteen or sixteen yellow bars; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne. There seems much affinity between this and the last, yet it may be doubted; as Brisson’s bird is expressly said to have the tail entirely black. 46.—YELLOW-CRESTED WOODPECKER. Picus flavescens, Ind. Orn. i. 239. Gm. Lin. i. 427. Gen. Zool.ix. 201. Yellow-crested Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 589. Brown Ill. t. 12, SIZE of a Jackdaw. Head covered with a long loose pendant, pale yellow crest; throat, cheeks, and hind part of the neck, of the same colour; back and wings black, transversely marked with broad, light yellow bars; the tail coverts high yellow; belly and tail black ; thighs, and inner wing coverts pale yellow; legs dark brown. Inhabits Brazil, among the Air palm trees; it is a very solitary Species. 47.—LESSER BLACK WOODPECKER. Picus hirundinaceus, Ind. Orn.i. 227. Lin.i. 174. Gm. Lin.i. 426. Gen. Zool.ix. 196. - flavipes, Gm. Lin.i. 438. - niger nove Angliz, Bris.iv. 24: Id. 8vo.ii. 48. Klein, 27. 4. Le Petit Pic noir, Buf. vii. 54. Yellow-lezged Woodpecker, Arct. Zool. i. No. 167. female, Lesser Black Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 559. Albin, il. pl. 23. SIZE not much larger than a Swallow; length five inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter long, and brown; irides whitish ; WOODPECKER. 379 general colour of the plumage black; hindhead red; edges of the wings, and lower belly white; legs yellowish. The female has the head wholly black. A.—Length six inches and a half; breadth eleven. The bill pale yellow; plumage in general black, but the wing feathers are mostly margined with dusky white; belly, thighs, and vent, white; the eye placed in a small patch of white, equally surrounding it; at the hindhead a broad crescent of crimson; legs pale yellow. The female is much the same, but wants the red on the hindhead. Inhabits Georgia; met with in some parts of the back and inland oak woods. 48.—RED-CROWNED WOODPECKER. Picus hirundinaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 227. 8. . Petit Pic noir, Buf. vu. p. 54. Pl. enl. 694. 2. Gen. Syn. ii. 559. 7. A. SIZE of the Wryneck. Plumage on the head, neck, and upper parts black; on the crown a patch of red; over the eye a white streak, and towards the hind head a mixture of yellow; down the middle of the breast, as far as the belly, a dash of red ; belly and sides mixed black and grey; lower part of back, and rump white ; the rest of the plumage black, glossed with. blue on the head and body. The female has neither red nor yellow on the head; and some specimens, with no red on the crown, have a circle of yellow en- compassing the head ; probably these are young males. A.—Length eight inches and a half. Bill dusky, pale at the base; plumage in general black; on the middle of the crown a red Ccec2 380 WOODPECKER. spot; eye placed in a bed of white, extending to the hind head, which is golden yellow; breast down the middle, and sides deep crimson ; vent barred black and white, lower parts of the back and rump white; wings and tail black ; some of the secondaries white just at the tip. The female has the head wholly black ; and a line of white over the eye; the former of these, in the collection of General Davies; the latter in my own; were both brought from Cayenne. 49.—PORTO-RICO WOODPECKER. Picus Portoricensis, Ann. du Mus. Nat. ii. 285. pl. 51. Nat. Misc. pl. 953. Gen. Zool. ix. 217. pl. 37. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill and legs black ; forehead before the eyes, the lids, rump, and upper tail coverts white ; crown and neck behind, black ; back the same, but deeper, with a greenish tinge ; quills and tail black ; throat, neck before, middle of the breast, belly, and vent deep blood red ; sides of the breast and belly brown, paler beneath the wings. The female is much the same, but smaller, and the colour less bright.—This bird is common at Porto Rico; said to cry like the European Green Species, and is supposed to be distinct ; but seems much allied to the last described. 50.—CRIMSON-CROWNED WOODPECKER. LENGTH eight inches, breadth fourteen and a half. Bill and legs pale lead-colour; the whole top of the head, and neck behind to the back black, but on the middle of the crown is a round crimson WOODPECKER. 381 spot about half an inch in diameter; sides of the neck, chin, and throat white; from the base of the under jaw a long black streak, passing on each side almost to the shoulders; the rest of the under parts dusky white, marked with pale obscure bands; but the sides of the breast with longitudinal dusky black ones; back, and wings dusky black, spotted with white; tail black, the two outer feathers white ; with two black spots near the end. The female has no crimson on the crown. Inhabits Georgia: frequent in oak woods, mostly among pines, in search of insects, is fond also of the young ears of corn.— Mr. Abbot. 51.—STRIPED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Picus fasciatus, Ind. Orn.i. 228. Gen. Zool. ix. 162. - striatus, Gm. Lin. i. 430. Striped-bellied Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 563. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch, yellow horn-colour ; crown and nape crimson ; between the bill and eye red ; just round the eye white ; sides of the head striated black and white; from the lower jaw springs a crimson band like a whisker ; back, wings, and tail, brown black, without spots; but the ends of the last are just tipped with white; belly striated black and white ; legs black. Native place uncertain: described from one in the British Museum. 52.—SKLIT WOODPECKER. Picus querulus, Red-cockaded Woodpecker, ‘Am. Orn. ii- pl. 15. f. 1. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill seven-eighths of an inch long ; irides red; bristles over the bill white; head above the eyes, the nape, and neck behind fine glossy black; cheeks, including the 382 WOODPECKER. eye, white, growing much broader behind the eye, and a little way on the neck ; on each side of the nape, close above the white, a small crimson streak ; back and scapulars black and white alternate, in bands, 18 or 20 of each; lesser wing coverts black; each of the others marked with a white, heart-shaped spot, and the lower series with oval ones: greater quills black; the exterior wholly so, except a spot or two of white near the base; the second with five white spots on the outer web, ceasing for one inch at the end, and three or four larger round spots from the base to half way on the inner web; the others much the same, with the ends plain black; the second quills crossed with three or four spots on each side the web, and being transverse, give the appearance of bars; from the gape, a broad streak of black, dividing the cheeks from the chin, which, as well as all the under parts, is white, but the sides under the wings, and the vent, spotted with black, most so on the sides of the breast; lesser under wing coverts white, the others spotted with black ; tail three inches and a quarter long, the four middle feathers black, the rest white; the outmost barred four times on the inner web, and two smaller bars on the outer, corresponding with the two inner ones nearest the end; the second feather much the same, but black within at the base; the third has the web within black, and white without, with a perpendicular white streak on the immer web, near the end, and two black spots, a larger and a smaller, the first nearest the ends ; the wings reach three-fifths on the tail ; bill and legs black. The female is marked much the same as the male, and differs in having the crimson spot, on each side of the nape, about the size of a small pea, close to the upper side of the white ; but in one which came under our observation, there was no red at all on any part of the head. Inhabits Georgia and Virginia, but is not a plentiful Species; chiefly found in the woods, and lives principally on insects, which it procures by running up and down the trees and branches, more especially pines; is called, in Georgia, Sklit, from the note. WOODPECKER. 383 53 —ENCENADA WOODPECKER. Picus variegatus, Ind. Orn.i. 233. Gen. Zool. ix. 193. ——- bicolor, Gm. Lin.1. 438. Pic varié dela Encenada, Buf. vii. 74. Pl. enl. 748. 1. male. Encenada Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 575. THIS is a trifle larger than the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker; the length six inches. Bill lead-colour; irides white; the plumage in general of two colours, grey-brown and white, but these are irregu- larly blended together, so as to render it extremely beautiful ; above mixed transversely, and beneath in a perpendicular direction; quills brown, dotted with white; the head crested, and mixed on both sides with crimson; sides of the head white, verging to brown under the eye; legs lead-colour. Inhabits America; found at Encenada; seems to be much allied to the last. 54.—YELLOW-HEADED WOODPECKER. Picus icterocephalus, Jnd. Orn.i. 241. Gen. Zool.ix. 191. pl. 35. xxx chlorocephalus, Gm. Lin. i. 432. Petit Pic a gorge rouge, Buf. vii. 37. Pl. enl. 784. Yellow-headed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 595. SIZE of a Wryneck. Bill lead-colour; head and neck yellow ; top of the head crimson, lengthening into a crest at the hind head ; at the angles of the mouth a streak of the same; the general colour of the plumage olive brown; under parts marked with white spots, most numerous at the vent; legs lead-colour. TInhabits Guiana. 384 WOODPECKER. 55.—GOLD-BREASTED WOODPECKER. Picus chrysosternus, Golden-breasted Woodpecker, Wern. Trans. ii. p. 289. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill near one inch and a half, black ; crown deep glossy black, which extends to the hind head, and there ends in a point; at the nostrils begins a whitish stripe, which includes the eye, and then becomes a rich orange yellow, uniting behind the head, and spreading over the sides and lower part of the neck and breast; chin black ; throat speckled near the bill with white; upper parts of the body and wing coverts greyish brown, transversely striated with greyish white; quills darker and immaculate near the tips; the fourth the longest, shafts of all golden yellow ; rump white; body beneath grey, with brown, arrow-shaped lines, pointing downwards, two on each feather ; upper and under tail coverts banded black and whitish; tail four inches and a half long, black; the two middle feathers partially banded with dirty yellow; the two outmost pair the same on the inner web; the shafts of the last golden in the middle ; legs obscure olive. This was a female. Inhabits the dry and arid tracts of table land in the Sertem, or inland country of the Province of Bahia, in South America ; and unlike its tribe, said to have a short plaintive cry while flying, and frequently perches on the tops of the straggling, stunted trees, which afford such a contrast to the luxuriant vegetation of the coast.—Mr. Swainson, from whose account these particulars are taken, esteems it as a rare species, having seen it in no other collection than his own. WOODPECKER. 385 56.—BRAZILIAN WOODPECKER. Picus Brasiliensis, Brasilian Woodpecker, Wern. Trans. iii. p. 291. LENGTH nine inches. Bill near one inch, very strait, sides angulated ; irides yellow; head, as far as the nape, crimson; orbits and cheeks olive brown; beneath this, and commencing from the nostrils, a narrow line of golden yellow, terminating with the neck ; below it another stripe, crimson at the base of the lower mandible, and olive beyond, ending with the former, leaving the chin and throat yellow; plumage in general above yellowish olive; inner shafts of the quills black, but the edges pale rufous, almost their entire length; imner wing coverts tawny; breast, and beneath the body tawny yellow, transversely banded with blackish lines; tail three inches and a half long, black, the feathers tinged with olive at the base; legs olivaceous. This was said to be a male. The female unknown. Inhabits South America; met with in the dry and arid tracts of the Province of Bahia, with the last described. 57.—VARIED WOODPECKER. Picus tricolor, Ind. Orn.i. 230. Gm. Lin.i. 437. Gerin. t.178. Gen, Zool. ix. 175. ——- varius Mexicanus major et minor, Bris.iv. 57. & 59. Id. 8yo. i. 57, 58. Quauhchochopitli, Rati, 163. Fern. N. Hisp. Ch. 94 ?* Pica Mexicana, Seba.i. t.64. 6. Klein, p. 62. 6, Jaculator cinereus, Klein, Av. 127. 2? L’Epeiche du Mexique, Buf. vii. 70. Varied Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 568. SIZE of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker. The whole body covered with black feathers, transversely striated with white; breast and belly red; quills and tail black, striated across with white. Inhabits the colder parts of Mexico. * Fernandez does not mention that his bird was-red on any part of the body. VOL, IIT. Dob 386 WOODPECKER. 58.—CANADA SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus Canadensis, Ind. Orn.i. 230. Bris.iv. 45. t.2. f.2. Id, 8yo.ii. 54. Gm. Lin.i. 437. Gen. Zool. ix. 153. Quauhtotopotli alter, Rati, 162. Fern. N. Hisp. p. 47? L’Epeiche du Canada, Buf. vii. 69. Pl. enl. 345. 1. Canada Spotted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 569. Arct. Zool. ii. 163. SIZE of the Greater Spotted Woodpecker; length nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, and horn-colour; upper parts of the body black, with a mixture of white in the middle of the back ; under parts whitish ; head black ; forehead dirty white; on each side a broad white band, passing above the eyes, and joining a pale orange one on the hindhead; under the eye another white band, which widens as it proceeds downwards on the sides of the neck; the wing coverts and quills spotted with white; the two middle tail feathers are black ; the next has a dirty white spot near the tip; the three others with the ends marked obliquely with white; the two outmost being wholly white, except at the base; legs grey brown. Inhabits Canada. That figured in Pl. enl. is probably a female, as it has no orange on the hindhead, nor is the front of a dirty white. 59.—-NORTHERN WOODPECKER. Picus borealis, Northern Woodpecker, Gen. Zool.ix. 174. Vieill. Am. Sept.ii. 66. 122. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; irides red; plumage in general black, spotted with dusky; wing coverts black, spotted with white; the four exterior tail feathers white, varied with black ; the rest entirely of the latter colour; on the hindhead a narrow red band, and a large white spot from thence to the eyes, below which WOODPECKER. 387 is a black line, extending to the under mandible; the feathers at the base of the beak, throat, front of the neck, breast, and belly, whitish, the latter spotted with black. This has some affinity to the Canada Spotted Species. 60.—CAROLINA WOODPECKER. Picus Carolinus, Ind. Orn. i. 231. Lin.i. 174. Gm. Lin. i. 431. Gen. Zool.ix, 182. varius Jamaicensis, Bris.iv. 59. Id. 8vo.i1. 58. Sloan. Jam, 229. 15. t, 255, 2. Raii, 181. 11. Buf. vii. 72. Pl. enl. 597. ; Picus griseus, Vieill. Am. ii. 62. pl. 116, Var. Jamaica Woodpecker, Edw. pl. 244. Red-bellied Woodpecker, Cates. Car.i. t.19. .2. Bartr. 287. Amer. Orn.i. pl.7. £.2. Carolina Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 570. Arct. Zool. ii. 161. : LENGTH ten inches; breadth seventeen. Bill one inch and a half long, black; forehead buff; top of the head, and all behind crimson ; sides and beneath pale ash-colour, inclining to olive brown on the breast; on each jaw a slight tinge of crimson; the same on the breast, growing deeper from the middle of the belly to between the legs; plumage above, back, and wings black, banded with white; from 16 to 20 bands in all on the back, broader than in the Jamaica Species; wings much the same; second quills black, with four or five white spots on the outer webs; greater quills black, all but the the two first tipped with white, or fringed; the first quill shortest ; rump, and upper tail coverts white, transversely marked with black, and the latter reaching half way on the tail; the outer feather indented black and white on the outer web, the same on the inner, Just at the tip: the second black, with the outer fringe and tip white; third only white at the tip ; the four middle ones wholly black, and all bifid at the ends; the wings reach half way on the tail ; legs black. Dopp 2 388 WOODPECKER. In the female the top of the head is deep ash-colour, the rest of the hind head and neck crimson; sides of the head dark like the crown ; chin, and beneath pale ash; middle of the belly pale crimson; the rest as in the male. Young males differ, in having the crown, nape, and neck behind mixed with red, becoming wholly red at the followmg moult. Inhabits Jamaica, Carolina, and other warmer parts of America. In Georgia called Chamchucker, from its note ; by some the Che- quered Woodpecker: is fond of mulberries: frequents the oak woods. A.—Carolina Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.ii. 571. 17. A. Ind. Orn.i. 231. B. In this Variety the forehead is buff-colour in both sexes, as well as the cheeks; on the belly a pale yellowish brown tinge, but not at all inclined to red; the two middle tail feathers transversely barred with white on each side, the next only so on the outer webs, but reaching to the shafts ; and the outer one dotted with white, on the outer margins, the whole length, but on the inner only near the end ; the head, otherwise, answering to the former description. I received both sexes of the above from Jamaica, and find them to be larger than the American ones, nearly as long as in Brisson’s description, or ten mches and half. Kalm observes, that the colour of the head is deeper, and of a more shining red than Catesby has represented it. According to Sloane, it is met with every where in the woods, and is fond of the capsicum, or Guinea pepper. B.—L’Epeiche rayé de la Loussiane, Buf. vii. 73. Pl. enl. 692. (female.) Gen. Syn. ii. 571. 17. B. Ind. Orn.i. 231. 17. >. Bigger than the Great Spotted Species ; upper part of the head pale red ; on the throat, and under the eyes, some markings of the WOODPECKER. 389 same ; general colour of the plumage above black, transversely striped with white ; beneath greyish white; the two middle and two outer tail feathers black and white mixed ; the others plain black. One of these, supposed to be the female, had a grey forehead, and no red on the head, except at the back part. Inhabits Louisiana. The lines on the back of this bird are more numerous than in the Jamaica Variety. C.—Picus varius Indicus, Gerin. t. 171. Ind. Orn. i. 231. 18, 6. The general colour of this bird is black and white mixed; the crown, nape, and belly red; forehead and beneath the neck yellowish grey ; a line of black descends from the nostrils, through the eyes, on each side, and surrounding them ; the middle of the back and rump almost wholly white. 61.—HAIRY WOODPECKER. Picus villosus, Ind. Orn.i. 232. Lin.i. 175. Gm. Lin. i. 435. Kailm. It. iii. 43. Phil. Trans. \xii. 388. Klein. 27.9. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 64. pl. 120. Gen. Zool. pared (Ale Picus varius Virginianus, Bris. iv. 48. Id. 8vo. ii. 54. Picus leuconotus, Tem. Man. d’Orn. 242. Id. Ed. ii. p. 397. Pic chevelu, Buf. vii. 74. Molin. Chil. 209. Id. (Fr. ed.) 215. Pic varié male de Virginie, Pl. enl. 754. Ferm. Surin. ii. 170. Der Weisspecht, Besek. Vog. Kurl. p. 38. No. 61? Hairy Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 572. Id. Sup. 108. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 164. Cat. Car.i. t. 19. f.2. Kalm. Tr. ii. 86. Lewin Birds, ii. t. 50. Br. Zool. Ed. 1812. p- 324. Amer. Ornith. v. 1. pl. 9. f. 3. THIS is a trifie less than the Larger Spotted Woodpecker, eight inches long, fourteen broad; and weighs two ounces. Bill one inch 390 WOODPECKER. and a quarter Jong, and horn-coloured; the head is black, with two white lines on each side, the one passing above the eye, the other along the lower jaw, and down the neck, both arising at the base of the bill; across the hind head is a red band, divided in the middle with a black line ; the upper parts of the body are black, and the colour divided by a list of white feathers, like hairs, passmg down the back ; the wings, and upper tail coverts spotted with white ; all the under parts white; the four middle tail feathers are black ; the next on each side obliquely white at the tip; the last but one white, with the base black; and the outer one wholly white; legs grey- brown. The female differs in wanting the red on the hind head ; lays four whiteeggs—hatches in June. Numerous in Pennsylvania ; seen from Hudson’s Bay to Georgia. Inhabits more particularly Carolina, Virginia, and Canada: common in the woods about plantations, and lives chiefly on insects ; said to destroy the apple trees, by pecking holes in them. This has been met with in England ; but I have only heard of two or three instances of the circumstance; one in particular, com- municated by the late Mr. Bolton, of Stannary, near Halifax, Yorkshire, of a pair being shot among the old trees in the park of Sir George Armitage, Bart. at Kirklees Hall, where they no doubt had been bred, but the wood being cut down the succeeding winter, the rest forsook the ground, and could not be traced further.—The above pair were presented to the late Duchess Dowager of Portland, in whose collection I saw them many years since. These birds answered to the general description in every particular, except in not having the red bar across the hind head so complete, being only a patch of that colour on each side of the head.—I suspect this to be the Leuconote of M. Temminck, which he says is seen accidentally in the N. Provinces of Germany, in the winter season. WOODPECKER. 391 62.—ALBANY WOODPECKER. LENGTH six inches and a half, breadth twelve; weight sixteen pennyweights. Bill black; irides dark coloured ; vibrissze white ; crown and scapulars black; hind head crimson; sides of the head and ears white, joining with a white patch on the side of the neck ; middle of the back to the rump, the throat, breast, belly, and vent, white; wing and tail coverts black; quills and secondaries black, spotted with white; the two middle tail feathers black; the next the same, with the edge and tip of the outer web white; the two next have the upper part of the outer web black, the rest white; the end of the inner web the same, with an oval black spot near the end; on the two next three spots of black on the inner webs, and a smal} speck or two of the same near the end of the outer; the two exterior feathers have three transverse black spots on the inner, and two on the outer webs; legs black. This was shot at Albany Fort, Hudson’s Bay, in November 1780, and called there Paupastaow; it was feeding on the tops of the Juniper Willow.—Communicated by the late Mr. Hutchins. 63.— LITTLE WOODPECKER. Picus pubescens, Ind. Orn. i. 232. Lin.i. 175. Gm. Lin.i. 435. Vieill. Am. ii: p- 65. pl. 121. Gen. Zool. ix. 170. Picus varius Virginianus minor, Bris.iv. 50. Id. 8vo.ii. 55. Klein. 27. 8. Petit Pic varié de Virginie, Buf. vii. 76. Smallest Woodpecker, Cat. Car.i. t.21. Kalm. Trav. ii. 87. Downy Woodpecker, Arct. Zool.ii. No. 165. Laws. Car. 143. Amer. Orn. v. 1. pl. 9. f. 4. Little Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. i. 573. Id. Sup. 106. THIS is like the Hairy Species, but is much smaller : length six inches; breadth eleven; weight near an ounce. Bill horn- 392 WOODPECKER. colour, top of the head black; above each eye a white line; hind head red ; back of the neck, the back, and rump black, divided into two parts by a line of white, passing down the middle to the rump ; scapulars, upper wing, and tail coverts black; greater wing coverts, and quills spotted with white; under parts of the body pale grey; tail black, the four middle feathers plain, the rest barred with white and black; legs black. In the male the three outer tail feathers are white, with two transverse black bars; the fourth fringed outwardly with white. The female differs in having the hindhead crossed with white instead of red, and in this sex more white on the outer web of the fourth tail feather. Young males have little or no red on the hindhead. Inhabits America, especially Virginia, and Carolina; it builds in the holes of trees, like the generality of its race; the egg like that of the Hairy Woodpecker, but smaller. Kalm observes, that it abounds in New Jersey, and is, of all others, the most dangerous to orchards, as well as the most darmg; for having pecked a hole ina tree, it makes another close to the first, in a horizontal direction, proceeding till there is a circle of holes round the trunk, by which the apple trees, having often several of these rings of holes round the stem, frequently dry up, and decay; this is called, by some, the Least Sap-Sucker; but the name of Sap-Sucker is also given to the Yellow-bellied and Hairy Species ; said to lay six white eggs. 64.—WAVED WOODPECKER. L’Epeiche varié ondé, Buf. vii. 78. Pic tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. en/. 553. SIZE of the Middle Woodpecker. Bill and legs dusky ; fore- head buff; spotted with dusky, the whole top of the head rufous red ; WOODPECKER. 393 nape black and white mixed; general colour of the upper parts of the bird black, waved with white on the back, and mner second quills, from the margins of the feathers being white; above each eye, beginning behind it, is a white streak; and beneath the eye another, arising from the nostrils; all the under parts, from chin to vent, white, varied a little with black on the sides; quills black and white alternate, or chequer-wise; the four middle tail feathers are black, the others white, marked with four or five spots of black ; the points of the feathers incline to reddish ; toes placed two before and two behind. Such is the bird described by Buffon in his work, aided by the figure in the Pl. enlum. and although this author gives in to the idea of its being the same bird with the Three-toed, we can by no means reconcile ourselves thereto, for the following reasons—In all the Three-toed there is but one streak of white on each side of the head, whereas in the Waved Woodpecker there are two; the spots on the back of this latter are different from the former, as well as the quills; the tail, too, is not marked the same. In the Northern Three- toed, the three outer feathers are not spotted, but divided black and white; and in the Southern Three-toed very little spotted ; but in both cases differing much from the one here described, which is said to imhabit Cayenne. The number of toes might also be added as a further objection, if the figure in the Pl, enlum. should by any means be faulty in that particular. 65.—BLACK AND WHITE WOODPECKER. Le Charpentier blanc et noir, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No. 254. LENGTH. ten inches and a half; extent sixteen. Bill brown; irides white ; upper part of the neck and half the back and wings VOL. Ul. EEE 394 WOODPECKER. black ; back part of the head, round the eyes, and belly yellow; from the back of the eye to the nape a trace of black; quills and tail black, banded with brown; the rest of the plumage white; legs green. Inhabits Paraguay ; and from the colours of the plumage called Dominican Carpenter. Lives in families; has a loud cry, to be heard far off, and is disagreeable. Male and female alike. Not seen in the woods: chiefly frequenting the places where palm trees grow ; is rarely observed on the ground, but generally seen placed horizon- tally on tops of trees, and is rarely known to climb; feeds for the most part on larvee of wasps, sweet oranges, grapes, and other fruits. 66.—PARAGUAN WOODPECKER. Le Charpentier vert doré, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 256. 257. LENGTH eight inches and a quarter; breadth fourteen. Bill dusky ; top, and hindhead crimson; from the nostrils, under the eyes, a gilded line, passing over the ears, where it enlarges, and descends half way on each side of the neck; the rest of the head, and upper parts gilded green; tail dusky; throat gilded; from thence the under parts are dusky, and gilded in unequal bars ; legs green. One of these was met with in Paraguay; and I have likewise seen one greatly corresponding in the collection of Lord Stanley. WOODPECKER. 395 67.—RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. Picus erythrocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 227. Lin.i. 174. Mus. Ad. Fr. ii. p.21. Gin. Lin. i. 429. Bor. Nat... 136. 4. Bris. iv. 52. t. 3. f. 1. Id. 8vo.1i. 56. Gerin. t. 176. Spalowsk, ii. t. 15. Vietll. Am. ii. 60. Picus capite colloque rubris, Klein. Av. 21.12. Kalm. It. ii. t. 43. Pic noir, 4 domino rouge, de Virginie, Buf. vii. 55. Pl. enl. 117: Red-headed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 561. Cat. Car. i. t.20. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 160. Kalm. Tr. Engl. ii. p. 86. Bartr. Trav. p. 217. Natur. Misc. pl. 126. Gen. Zool. ix. 153. LENGTH eight inches and three quarters; weight two ounces. Bill one inch and a quarter long, lead-colour, with a black tip; irides dusky ; the head, and whole of the neck crimson; back and wings black ; rump, breast, and belly white; the ten first quills are black, the eleventh black and white, the others white, with black shafts; tail cuneiform, black; legs lead-colour. Both sexes nearly alike. The young bird is brown, beneath from the breast dusky white ; quills and rump as in the old birds, without the crimson head and neck. Some, perhaps not quite perfect in plumage, have the head and neck red, with several stripes of brown on the crown and cheeks; wings brown; under parts and rump white. Inhabits Virginia, Carolina, Canada, and most parts of North America; appears generally in April; but migrates southward at the approach of winter, according to the severity of the season ; and upon this circumstance the people of North America foretell the rigour, or clemency of the ensuing winter; it is a very common bird, and very destructive to the maize fields and orchards, pecking through the ears of maize, and destroying great quantities of apples; in some years are more numerous; when they attack the orchards, where the sweet apples grow, which they eat so far, that nothing remains but the peels. Some years since a premium of twopence per head was paid from the public fund, in order to extirpate so pernicious a bird, but this has been much neglected ; some aver, that they are very fond.of acorns ; they are frequently seen im Virginia and Err2 396 WOODPECKER. Carolina the whole year, but are not in such numbers as in summer ; during winter are very tame, and often come into houses, in the same manner as the Redbreast is known to do England. It is called in Georgia the Summer Woodpecker, and Corn-eater ; and fondest of the maize when in roasting ears, or when fit to boil, the grain being then soft, and full of a sweet milky juice; they peck away the membrane, and eat the grain, returning at times until they consume the whole ear, but oftener only open it, and eat some of the top, whereby the rest rots by the rain ; they are less desirous of it when the ear is hard, although they will then sometimes eat it. This bird is also fond of mulberries, plums, peaches, &c. and seldom eats insects, but through want of corn or fruit; if an ear of maize is turned down, the bird cannot get at it; and in all probability the true cause of their migration is on account of the scarcity of fruits and corn, when they shift their quarters to others more productive, and agreeable to their palate. It is a common species in the spring and summer in Georgia; and a few are sometimes seen in the oak woods in a warm day in the winter season. They build in dead pines, making the nest of chips of rotten wood, lined with moss; the eggs of a plain blush-colour, with a kind of transparency, or whiteness at one end. They make a noise with their bills against the dead trees, and may be heard at a mile distant ; they build the earliest of all the tribe, and generally place the nest pretty high from the ground. The flesh is by many esteemed savoury. The black snake will often enter the holes, and destroy both nest and eggs. 68.—WHITE-RUMPED WOODPECKER. Picus obscurus, Ind. Orn. i. 228. Gm. Lin. 1. 429. White-rumped Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 563. LENGTH nine inches. Bill horn-colour; head, throat, and all the upper parts of the bedy dusky, transversely streaked, and waved WOODPECKER. 397 with dirty white; chin the same, but paler; lesser wing coverts like the back; the greater plain black; prime quills dusky black, fringed outwardly with cream-colour; and the tips of several whitish; secondaries white, except at the ends, which have irregular bars of black on each feather ; but on some of the inner ones the second bar is wanting on the outer webs; rump, belly, upper and under tail coverts white ; legs black. One of these, in the collection of Gen. Davies, was received from Long-Island, and supposed to be a female, but of what species is uncertain. M. Vieillot esteems it a young bird of the Red-headed species, which I think not improbable, as in a specimen in Lord Stanley’s collection is one answering to the description, im which may be plainly seen a mixture of pale crimson feathers, breaking out, and intermixed with the brown in various parts of the head. 69.—RED-BREASTED WOODPECKER. Picus ruber, Ind. Orn.i. Gm.Lin.i. t.29. Gen. Zool. ix. 160. Le Charpentier 4 ventre rouge, Voy. d’ Azara. iv. p. 255. Red-breasted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 562. Id. Sup. 106. SOMEWHAT less than the last; length eight inches and a half. Bill one inch long, brownish horn-colour ; eyelids naked, yellow ; head, neck, and breast crimson; from each nostril a line of buff, passing under the eye, where it finishes ; the back part of the neck mixed with dusky; back and wings black; several of the lesser coverts, near the outside of the wing, tipped with white, and others of the greater ones with the outer webs white, making a streak of this colour, parallel to, and near the edge of the wing ; most of the sca- pulars marked with an obscure yellowish spot at the tip; the first quill feather is black, marked on the inner web, half-way from the base, with round spots of white; the secondaries spotted on the inner 398 WOODPECKER. web only; under wing coverts black and white mixed; middle of the belly dusky yellowish white ; the sides of the same, mixed with dusky ; the tail wholly black, except one of the middle feathers, which has three white spots on one side of the shaft, but the other web is plain black. This was said to come from Cayenne; and one greatly similar, if not the same, is found in the woods of Paraguay; another, not unlike, was met with in Nootka Sound, on the Coast of North America. This is said to be “less than a Thrush, black above, ‘“ with white spots on the wing ; a crimson head, neck, and breast ; “and a yellowish olive-coloured belly; from which circumstance it ‘““ might perhaps be called the Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.” 70.—RED-THROATED WOODPECKER. Picus rubidicollis, Red-throated Woodpecker, Gen. Zool.ix. 136. Viell. Am. Sept. ii. 63. LENGTH eight imches and a half. Bill lead-colour; head, neck, and upper parts of the body black, varying in different lights to blue and green; forehead, rump, and upper tail coverts white ; all beneath the body crimson, bounded on the sides with pale yellow, on which are a few black spots; legs lead-colour. The female is like the other sex, except that the under parts are grey and brown. Inhabits St. Domingo. 71.—RAYED WOODPECKER. Picus striatus, Ind. Orn.i. 238. Gm. Lin. i. 427. Bris. iv. 65. t. 4. f.1. Id. 8vo. ii. 59. Vieill. Am. ii: p. 61. pl. 114. Pic rayé de St. Domingue, Buf. vii. 27. Plo ent. 281. Rayed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 587. Gen. Zool. ix. 199. THIS is a little bigger than the Greater-spotted Woodpecker ; length eight inches and three-quarters. Bill horn-colour ; forehead, WOODPECKER. 399 cheeks, and throat of an elegant grey ; crown and hind head red; upper parts of the body black, transversely striated with olive ; quills blackish, spotted with yellow on the outer, and whitish on the inner webs; rump and upper tail coverts red; forepart of the neck, breast, and under wing coverts grey brown; belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts olive;* tail black; the two outer feathers edged with grey ; beneath olive; legs blackish. Inhabits St. Domingo. A.—Picus Dominicensis striatus minor, Bris. iv. 67. t.8, 2. Jd. 8vo. i. 60. Pic rayé de St. Domingue, Buf. vil. 27. Pl. enl. 614. Rayed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 588. 36. A. Ind. Orn. i. 238. 39. 6 This is a trifle smaller than the last. Top of the head black; hindhead red ; but the rest of the body little different in markings from the other, hence supposed to be owing to age or sex. 72.—PASSERINE WOODPECKER.. Picus passerinus, Ind. Orn. i. 238. Lin.i. 174. Gm. Lin. i. 427. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 61. pl. 115. Gen. Zool. ix. 200. Picus Dominicensis minor, Bris.iv. 75. t. 4. f.2. Id. 8vo; ii. 62. Petit Picde St. Domingue, Buf. vii. 29. Le Charpentier brun et doré, Voy. d’Azara. iv. No. 258. Passerine Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 588. Id. Sup. 110. SIZE of the last; length six inches. Bill grey; crown red; sides of the head rufous grey; upper parts of the body yellowish olive; beneath barred whitish and brown; on most of the upper wing coverts a white spot at the tip; the inner edges of the greater * The vent falsely painted red in the Pl, enlum. 400 WOODPECKER. quills brown, dentated with whitish; the two first plain, as are the outer edges of all; the two middle tail feathers are brown, with twe grey transverse spots on each margin, edged with olive; the two next the same, but of a darker brown; and the two outer ones mixed with grey ; the exterior tipped with whitish ; legs grey. Inhabits St. Domingo, with the former; also Guiana, and as far South as Paraguay. Some of these birds, from Cayenne, came under my inspection. Those which were called males answered the description above ; one marked as a female, had the crown brown, otherwise like the male. In this last, the tail feathers were exceedingly worn at the ends, but in the others more rounded and pliant. 73.—TRINIDAD WOODPECKER. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill black, an inch long, a very trifle bending downwards; crown very deep ash, nearly black ; at the hind part a crimson crest, pointed at the bottom and reaching lower than the nape; the rest of the neck behind, the back and wings, yellow olive; rump paler; upper tail coverts barred with buff; under wing coverts yellowish white; most of the quills the same within from the base, the greater part of their length; shafts yellow beneath, the first quill one inch long ; the second two inches ; the third half an inch longer ; but the fourth longest ; sides of the head pale ash-colour, nearly white, growing broader behind the eye ; in the direction of the jaw a dusky black streak, minutely dotted with white; chin much the same, but the white dots more conspicuous and large; from the breast to the vent transversely barred with dusky and yellowish white; tail deep greenish black, the outer feather barred olive and buff; the next the same towards the end; the rest plain, but most of them have the margins yellow olive; legs greenish black. TInhabits Trinidad.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. WOODPECKER. 401 74.—BLACK-WINGED WOODPECKER. Picus melanopterus, Maxim. Tr.1. p. 140. THE whole plumage of this bird is white, excepting the wings, back, and part of the tail, which are black, and the eye encircled with a naked orange-coloured skin. Inhabits Brazil; is esteemed as a new Species, and met with in the neighbourhood of St. Salvador. 75.—CAYENNE WOODPECKER. Picus Cayanensis, Ind. Orn.i. 239. Gm. Lin.i. 428. Gen. Zool. ix. 240. striatus, Bris.iv. 69. Id. 8vo.i1. 61. Le Charpentier d’un vert foncé, Voy. d’ Azaraiv. No. 252? Petit Pic rayé de Cayenne, Buf. vii. 31. Pl. enl. 613. Pico variado menor, Gabin. de Madrid ii. p.51. lam. 59. Cayenne Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 590. Id. Sup. 111. LENGTH near seven inches and a half. Bill blackish; top of the head black; hindhead red; sides whitish; hind part of the neck and back yellowish olive, but the feathers of the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts have a black mark at the tips; throat black, minutely spotted with white; fore part of the neck and breast dull yellowish olive, with a small spot of black near the ends of the feathers, and some of them tipped with red; belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts yellowish, with a few black spots on the two last; scapulars and wing coverts dull olive, crossed with blackish bars; quills blackish, with yellow shafts, spotted outwardly with yellow, and within with white; tail black, the six middle feathers barred outwardly with dull olive, but the two middle ones have the inner webs marked with the same; the two outer ones barred black and rufous, with yellow shafts; legs grey. vou. II. Frr 402 WOODPECKER. Inhabits Cayenne.—-In a collection of birds from this place was one with a streak of crimson on each side of the jaw; which was probably a male of this species. Azara’s bird seems to differ ; it is between eleven and twelve inches long, and the bars on the body said to be yellowish green : the latter is constantly found in Para- guay, and always im pairs. 76.—YELLOW WOODPECKER. Picus flavicans, Ind. Orn.i. 240. Gen. Zool.ix. 202. pl. 35. xx xXx exalbidus, Gm. Lin.i. 428. Cayanensis albus, Bris.iv. 81. Jd. 8vo. 11. 63. Pic jaune de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 32. Pl. enl. 509. Charpentier jaune, Ferm. Surin. ii. 171. Yellow Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 591. LESS than our Green Woodpecker; length nine inches. Bill yellowish white, above an inch long ; hindhead crested ; head, neck, and whole body, dirty white ; from the lower jaw to the ears, on each side, a red stripe; wing coverts brown, with yellow edges, some of the greater ones mixed with rufous on the immer web; quills brown or rufous; tail black; legs grey. The female wants the red band on the side of the head, which is seen in the male. Inhabits Cayenne, where it is common, and called Charpentier jaune. It makes the nest within old rotten trees, forming an entrance with its bill from without; at first it is horizontal, but declines down- wards as soon as it has pierced through the sound part, till the hole is at last a foot and a half below the first opening. The female lays three white, and nearly round eggs ; and the young are hatched about the beginning of April. The note of this bird is a kind of whistle, six times repeated, of which the two or three last are in a graver accent than the others. WOODPECKER. 403 Some specimens are of the dirty white above mentioned, and others of a light yellow. 77.—FERRUGINOUS WOODPECKER. Picus cinnamomeus, Ind. Orn. i. 240. Gm. Lin. i. 428. Vietll. Am. ii. p. 59. pl. 111. Gen. Zool. ix. 209. pl.35. xxXxxxx Pic mordoré, Buf. vii. 34. Pic jaune tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 524. Ferruginous Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 592. Arct. Zool. iu. No. 159. SIZE of the Green Species ; length eleven inches. Bill black ; head crested ; the crest of a dark yellowish cream-colour ; upper parts of the body reddish cinnamon-colour, marked sparingly with yel- lowish white spots; on each side of the throat a large spot of crimson ; the lower part of the back yellowish ash-colour ; tail and legs black. The female wants the red on the under jaw. One of this sex: was in the Leverian Museum, having a pale bill, with a black base ; crest buff-colour; rump, lower belly, sides, and thighs dirty yellow; vent pale rust-colour; inside of the quills marked with both dark and pale spots; quills and tail dusky; the rest of the plumage as in the male. Inhabits Cayenne, Guiana, and other parts of America. Buffon calls his colour on the upper parts a bright, brilliant, gilded, red,* and the crest and rump yellow. The bird from which the description of the male is taken, in the collection of General Davies. 78.—BLACK-BREASTED WOODPECKER. Picus multicolor, Ind. Orn.i. 240. Gm. Lin. i. 429. Gen. Zool. ix. 205. Pic a cravate noire, Buf. vii. 35. Pl. enl. 863. Black-breasted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 593. SIZE of the last. Bill pale; head, throat, and neck behind orange yellow; the lower part of the last, fore part of the neck, and * Un beau rouge vif, brillant, et doré. This is no doubt his mordoré colour; but in all the specimens which I have seen, it has been more of a rust-colour, or cinnamon. Frr2 AOA. WOODPECKER. breast black ; head crested; back and wings bright rufous; on the last here and there a few spots of black ; also on the tail, the end of which is black; the quills are marked with black; belly and vent ferruginous buff; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana, where it is called Toucoumari. 79.—RED-CHEEKED WOODPECKER. Picus undatus, Ind. Orn.i. 241. Lin.i. 175. Gm. Lin.i. 482. Gen. Zool. ix. 206. Red-cheeked Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.iil. 594. Edw. pl. 332. LENGTH nine inches. Bill brownish ; from the angles of the mouth, passing under the eyes, is a broad plat of red feathers; the whole bird is of a lion-colour, or orange, inclining to olive, marked with dusky bars; legs dusky. TInhabits Guiana, and Surinam.—The above description taken from Mr. Edwards. 80.—RUFOUS WOODPECKER. Picus rufus, Ind. Orn.i. 241. Gm. Lin.i. 482. Nat. Misc. pl.753. Gen. Zool. ix. 207. Pic roux, Buf. vii. 36. Pl. enl. 694. 1. Rufous Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 594. THIS is scarcely as long as the Wryneck, but rather stouter; length six inches. Bill pale; the whole bird more or less rufous; the breast and belly, wings, and tail darker than the rest, and the rump and back paler; the whole body throughout waved with black streaks, in different shades; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana. We have met with more than one of this kind, with a streak of crimson on each side of the under jaw. WOODPECKER. 405 A.—Rufous Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 111. Ind. Orn.i. 241. 48. 6. This is of an intermediate size between the two last ; length eight inches. It is marked in the same manner, and has a large patch of crimson under the eyes; quills dusky, spotted with ferruginous; the tail barred and tipped with black; the bars of the breast so much broader than on the rest of the under parts, as to give the appearance of a black breast on first inspection; legs horn-colour. It seems not improbable, that the Red-cheeked and the Rufous Woodpeckers differ merely from age or sex, and that the present is a connecting Variety. The last was brought from Cayenne, and is also found at Guiana. 81.—YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Picus varius, Ind. Orn. i. 232. Lin.i. 176. Gm. Lin.i. 488. Bris.iv. 62. Id. 8vo. ii. 59. Klein 27.10. Georgi 165. Vieill. Am. ii. 63. pl. 118. Gen. Zool. ix. 168. Pic varié de la Caroline, Buf. vii. 77. Pl. enl. 785. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 574. Id. Sup. 109. Cat. Car. i. 21. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 166. Kalm. Trav. ii. 87. Bartr. 287. Amer. Orn.i. pl. 9. f. 2. LENGTH seven inches and a half; breadth thirteen. Bill lead- colour; crown of the head red, bordered on each side with black ; hindhead pale yellow, continuing in a streak over the eyes on each side; through the eyes a black band, and beneath this another of pale yellow, passing down on each side of the neck ; chin red, sur- rounded with black as a crescent ; lower part of the neck and breast brown black ;* belly pale yellow, mixed with black ; sides, thighs, * In some birds brown. 406 WOODPECKER. and under tail coverts white, crossed with bands of brown; upper parts in general black, but the wings are marked with white spots, as in many other Woodpeckers; down the middle of the back buff- colour, mottled transversely with zigzags of dusky and black ; upper tail coverts spotted black and white; the two middle tail feathers black, ‘marked on the insides of the shafts with white, and two or three of the outer ones black, with white spots on both webs; legs pale lead-colour. The female has the crown red, ‘but without the red on the throat; nape and’ back black, with dusky, pale, yellowish white spots, and a white streak down the middle of the wing. In the young bird, the crown of the head is brown, with pale spots; sides of the throat, and across the breast, mottled in bars of pale and dark brown; belly pale yellow; the upper parts yellowish, spotted with black on the back; wings and tail as in the adult; but the legs paler than in the old bird. Young of both sexes have the crown black, and deep scarlet ; and this last colour is seen in the young males. Inhabits North America; called by some the Sap-Sucker; makes a circle of holes round apple trees, and by means of the bill sucks out the juice or sap; called in Hudson’s Bay, Mehisewe Paupastaow; common in Pennsylvania ; comes into orchards inOctober, but rarely seen among the settlements in summer; associates with the Downy Species, having nearly the same manners, and lays four white eggs ; a nest met with the 25th of May. A young female bird, in the Leverian Museum, had the throat mottled brown and yellowish, without any black surrounding it, or any red on the chin, but the crown red, surrounded with black, as in the adult male, but paler. Whether this Species inhabits any part of the European Continent has not come to our knowledge ; but it is said by Georgi to frequent the Lake Baikal. WOODPECKER. 407 82.—MINUTE WOODPECKER. Picus minutus, Ind. Orn.i. 243. Gerin. t.194. 2. Nat. Misc. pl. 44. Gen. Zool. 1x. 211. pl.30. Yunx minutissimus, Gm. Lin. i. 423. Picus Cayanensis minor, Bris. iv. 83. ——- minutissimus, Pall.n. Nord. Beytr.iii. t.1. f. 2. Le tres petit Pic, Buf. vii. 37. Pl. enl. 786. 1. Ferm. Surin. u. 170. Le Charpentier nain, Voy. d’ Azara, iv.. No. 260. Minute Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 596. SIZE of a Wren; length three inches and a half; extent of wing six. Bill black; top of the head blackish, minutely dotted with red, so as to appear at a distance wholly of the last colour; hindhead dotted in the same manner with white; sides of the head brown, with white spots, but less numerous; plumage on the upper parts of the body dirty greyish, or rufous brown; on the under greyish white, the feathers bordered with brown; quills and tail brown, with paler edges; legs brown. One of these, supposed a female, had the whole crown black, with minute spots of white, each feather being tipped with it; the plumage above olive green, the ends of the feathers pale, or dusky yellow, especially the wing coverts; all beneath marked with alternate dusky and olive yellow bars; the under wing coverts rufous white; quills dusky, with pale edges. Buffon mentions his bird as having the head gold-colour, like the Gold-crested Wren ; but in the Pl. enlum. referred to by that author, I see no difference of colour in the crown from the rest of the body. Whether this last bird, therefore, is the true female, and the one supposed to be so, above mentioned, is uncertain; if the female, the other, no doubt, is a young male. This Species inhabits Cayenne, but by no means common. We have seen two, answering the first description, from Trinidad; and 408 WOODPECKER. learn, from Azara, that is is found in Paraguay and Buenos Ayres. M. Temminck agrees with Gmelin in joining it with the Wryneck.* 83.—GOLD-WINGED WOODPECKER. Picus auratus, Ind. Orn. i. 242. Lin.i. 174. Gm. Lin. i. 480. Ph. Trans. 62. 387. Borowsk. ii. 1384. t. 17. Spalowsck. Vog. ii. t. 25. Vieill. Amer. 11. p. 66. pl. 123. Gen. Zool. ix. 213. pl. 36. + Picus Canadensis striatus, Bris.iv. 72. Id. 8vo. 11. 61. major alis aureis, Aalm It. ii. 42. Cuculus alis deauratis, Klein Av. 30. Pic a ailes dorées, Buf. vii. 39. Pic rayé de Canada, Pl. enl. 693. Le Charpentier des Champs, Voy. d’Azara iv. No. 25. Gold-winged Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.11. 597. Id. Sup. 111. Cates. Car.i. t.18. Kalm Trav. 1. 86. Arct. Zool. No. 158. Cook’s last Voy. ii. 297. Bartram 287. Am. Orn. i. pl. 3. f. 1. LENGTH twelve inches ; breadth nineteen and a half; weight about five ounces. Bill one inch and a half long, black, somewhat bent, and contrary to others, rounding, not square, being only ridged at the top, with a sharp point; top of the head, nape, and neck behind, pale ash-colour; below the nape a longish patch of crimson ; sides of the head, chin, sides, and fore part of the neck, pale dull yellowish red, or rufous; through the eye, at the base of the lower jaw, a long black mark; back, scapulars, and wing coverts grey brown, striated across with black lines; rump whitish ; breast, belly, and sides whitish yellow, each feather marked with a roundish spot of black at the tip; on the middle of the breast a large black crescent; thighs, upper and under tail coverts, black and white mixed; quills brown, with yellow shafts, spotted with brown on the outer edge; tail blackish, outwardly edged with grey, * See Analys. p. 1xxx. WOODPECKER. 409 the outmost feather dotted with whitish on the margin; beneath yellow, more or less black at the ends, which are somewhat bifid ; shafts of all but the two middle ones yellow half way from the base. The female differs chiefly in wanting the black whisker on the jaw, and having the general colours less vivid. Inhabits Canada, Virginia, Carolina, and we believe many other parts, as far as Mexico and Paraguay; plenty about New Jersey and New York, where it is called by some Hittock, Pint, and Flicker, by others High-hole. The two first names arise from the note, and the last no doubt from the situation in which it places the nest; it is seen for the most part on the ground, rarely climbing the trees, like others of the genus, except occasionally to sit on the branches; lives for the most part on insects, woodlice, berries, Indian corn, and commonly is so fat as to be thought very palatable for food ; is called by some the Lark Woodpecker. Visits the neighbourhood of Albany Fort, in the northern parts of America, in April, leaving it in Sep- tember, and ealled Outhee-quan-now or Outhe-quan-nor-now, from the shafts of the quills and tail being yellow; is not unfrequent in Georgia, where it stays the whole year; chiefly found on the sides of ponds, generally on the ground, but when disturbed flies up into the trees; in defect of insects will eat dogwood, and other berries, and in the winter those of the sumach ; but is particularly fond of the seeds of the red cedar, on which it grows very fat; builds chiefly in old trees, and will often make a hole for the nest in hard and sound wood ; lays from four to six plain blush-coloured eggs, upon the chips within. Capt. Cook, in his last voyage, found this at Nootka Sound. VOL, III. Gee 410 -WOODPECKER. 84.—YELLOW-SHAFTED WOODPECKER. Picus cafer, Ind. Orn.i. 242. Gm. Lin.i. 431. Gen. Zool. ix. 215. Gold-winged Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 599. 49. A. RATHER less than the last. The bill exactly shaped as in that bird, and brown; on each jaw a stripe of crimson, like a whisker; plumage above brown, beneath vinaceous, marked with round black spots; the under part of the wings pale red, the colour of red lead ; tail black, pointed, each feather bifurcated at the tip, as in the Gold-winged Species. I have seen two of these, which came from the Onl of Good Hope; as also another smaller, not more than six inches long. Bill black ; upper parts of the body, brownish ash-colour, with obsolete dusky spots; crown plain brown ash; nape crimson; chin, ‘throat, and sides of the neck dusky white, with a mixture of dusky spots on the jaw ; shafts of the quills yellow; tail dusky yellow, with black spots, and yellow shafts; legs black. The rump was not whitish, nor of a paler colour than that of the back.—This last was among some drawings done in India. 85.—ABYSSINIAN WOODPECKER. LENGTH six inches. Bill dusky lead-colour ; forehead dusky buff, the rest of the crown and nape crimson ; upper parts of the body olive-brown; wing coverts darker, with whitish spots; quills the same, each marked with three or four roundish spots of white on the inner margin, and dotted with white on the outer, the third quill the longest; upper tail coverts crimson ; tail spotted as the quills, the shafts brown above and yellow beneath ; the under wing coverts whitish, with a mixture of brown; on each side of the margin pale WOODPECKER. 411 dusky white ; all the under parts from the chin, dusky white, with numerous, longitudinal streaks of brown; legs dusky ; shape of the tail rounded at the end, but the two middle feathers in proportion longer than the others, shafts of all of them yellow at the base. Inhabits Abyssinia.—In the collection of Mr. Salt. 86.—GOLD-SHAFTED WOODPECKER. Le petit Pic a baguettes d’or, Levail. Afr. vi. 25. pl. 253. m. & fem. BIGGER than our Little Woodpecker. Bill and legs brown; irides yellowish ; forehead first brown, then black, behind elongated, and crimson; over the eye a white streak ; body above dusky black, with undulated yellowish white lines; chin white; cheeks dusky white; quills spotted with yellow, and yellow shafts; tail the same; body beneath yellowish white, dashed and mixed with dusky. The female has the colours less brilliant, and the crown wholly black, but at a certain age has a small patch of red on the crown. The young male like the female: in the first feather the red may be seen on the hindhead. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, on the Kast Coast at Groote vaders Bosch, and various other parts of Africa; lays five or six pure white eggs, and both sexes sit on them in turn. 87.—CRIMSON-BREASTED WOODPECKER. Picus olivaceus, Ind. Orn.i. 243. Gm. Lin.i. 431. Gen. Zool. ix. 216. Le Pic Laboureur, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 27. pl. 254. Crimson-breasted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. 11. 599. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill two inches, in shape like that of the Gold-winged, colour black; upper parts of the head, G@ee2 412 WOODPECKER. neck, and body dusky olive brown, faintly dotted with paler brown ; rump very pale crimson, marked with spots of a paler colour, in the same manner as the rest of the upper surface; quills dark brown, crossed on each side of the web with oblique, pale, cream-coloured bars; throat and neck before dusky brown, faintly spotted with a paler colour; lower part of the neck, and breast pale crimson, not unlike the breast of a Linnet; vent dusky brown, crossed with faint bars of a paler colour; shafts of the quills and tail yellow; the latter two inches long, black above, and yellow beneath, with the ends bifid as in the Gold-winged Species.* Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—From the collection of Sir Joseph Banks. In Levaillant’s bird, the throat, and neck before are white, growing red on the breast and belly; tail feathers tinged on the sides with red ; irides yellow red. In the young the brown on the upper parts tends to greyish ash-colour; the red on the rump, or any other part of the body, is scarcely discernible ; and the inides grey. He adds, that the bills are for the most part covered with dirt, occa- sioned by scratching up the insects and larve of beetles, from the ground, and digging after them with the bill; though at other times the bird uses the tongue like other Woodpeckers, and that several of them live in society with great harmony. 88.—BATAVIAN WOODPECKER. LENGTH almost nine inches. Bill horn-colour; crown and nape crimson, mixed on the crown with ash-colour; in the direction * From the similarity of the bill of this bird to that of a Cuckow, it has been by Lin- neeus and others, formerly ranked with that Genus, though wanting one of the common manners, viz: that of climbing trees; but the rigidity of the tail feathers, and the usual length of tongue seen in the Woodpecker, independent of other characters, have determined later authors to rank it with the last named Genus. To this the Cape and Crimson-breasted may be added, from all their bills being shaped in the same manner. WOODPECKER. 413 of the lower jaw a streak of crimson; from the nostrils, through the eye, and the sides of the head dirty buff; back and wings fine olive green, with numerous buff-coloured dots; quills plam brown within, with golden yellow shafts, marked with white on the inner webs, and with buff-coloured dots on the margin of the outer ; chin, throat, breast, sides, and thighs yellowish buff, marked with minute black dots; middle of the belly plain buff yellow ; tail stiff, dusky at the end, with yellow shafts, and marked on each web with eight or nine bars of yellow; legs brown. In the Museum of Mr. Bullock ; said to have been brought from Batavia. ** WITH THREE TOES. 89.—NORTHERN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Picus tridactylus, Ind. Orn.i. 243. Lin.i. 177. Faun. Suec. No.103. Gm. Lin. i. 439. Act. Stock. 1740. p. 222. Ph. Trans. xii. 388. Scop. Ann.i. No.56. Georgi reise 165. Bor. Nat.ii. 138. Spalowsk. Vog. ii. t.16. Decouv. Russ. i. 100. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 246. Id. Ed.ii. p. 402. Picus hirsutus, Viet/l. Am. Sept. ii. pl. 124. Picus tridactylus anomalus, Mus. Petr. 368. Gerin. t. 180. Tridactylia hirsuta, downy Tridactylia, Gen, Zool. ix. 219. pl. 38. Three-toed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 600. Id. Sup. 112. Edw. pl. 114. Arctic Zool. iu. No. 158. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill dusky; the under man- dible white; tips of both dusky, and broader at the base than in any of the tribe; crown of the head golden yellow; sides of the head, before and beneath the eye, dotted black and white ; from the eye, on each side, a streak of white; down the middle of the back white ; upper parts of the body and wings black ; on the coverts a 414 WOODPECKER. few white spots; quills spotted with white; chin, throat, and breast white ; belly transversely striated black and white; the tail consists of ten feathers, the two middle ones black, spotted on the inner webs with white; the others black, more or less marked with orange buff at the ends, except the outmost, which is white, and the outer web buff-colour the whole length; the legs have three toes only, two before and one behind; colour black ; shins covered half way with down. : The female is the same in all things, except the crown of the head, which is black, marked with perpendicular lines of white ; in some the whole crown is white. This species is found in many of the northern parts of Europe ; in Switzerland ; on the high mountains of Lapland and Dalecarlia;+ as well asin Siberiat and Austria; § common also among the Alps. The specimen from which the above description is taken came from Kamtschatka. It is almost as common as other species in Siberia.— Inhabits the parts about the lake Baikal. || A.—Length nine inches and three quarters. | Bill one inch and three quarters; colour black, near the base horn-colour; middle of the crown deep yellow; from the nostrils a lme of white passes on each side under the eye, finishing below the ears; above this the rest of the head is black, as are the upper parts and sides of the neck ; the whole of the back, wing coverts, and second quills black ; the greater quills the same, but the three or four next the body are spotted on both webs with white, and the others on the inner webs * Pallas says, there are twelve—it is a new observation. In the above specimens were only ten.—See Spic. No6. p.11. note c. + Faun. Suec. + Hist. Ois. vii. 79. § Scop. Ann. i. p. 49. || Georgi—is also found about Woronesh; the male has a yellow head, the female a white one, and has more white in her than the male; it will sometimes eat grains. Dec. Russ. i. 101. WOODPECKER. 415 with the same; beneath the white streak under the eye is another of black, mixed with a little white ; the under parts of the body, from chin to vent, white; but the sides are barred with black and white ; the tail consists of ten feathers, the four middle ones are wholly black, the next half black and half rufous white, obliquely divided, the very tips black ; the outer but one the same, but the end half wholly white, and the exterior feather white, except the inner web just at the base ; legs black. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay, and other northern parts of America.— The one last described received from the late Mr. Hutchins. Dr. Forster says, that they are met with about Severn River, but not very common there, that they live in woods, and feed on the worms picked out of the trees ; the weight two ounces; length eight inches; breadth thirteen ; irides dark blue. I have had several from the last named place, which varied much in size; the largest nine inches and three quarters. Some had the sides of the belly barred black and white, others not; some had the back plain black, in others it was spotted with white; but all were probably of one sex, as the heads were yellow at top: at another time I received one in which the top of the head was neither yellow nor white, but black like the rest of the body.—Not uncommon in Siberia, frequent nm the Switzerland Alps; very rare in Germany, or elsewhere on the European Continent. A Woodpecker with three toes only, said to be shot in Scotland, in Mr. Donovan’s collection; see his Catal. No. 170. 90.—SOUTHERN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Picus varius Cayanensis, Bris.iv. p.54. Id. 8vo. ii. 56. Picus undulatus, Vieill. Am. ii. p. 69. Tridactylia undulata, waved Tridactylia, Gen. Zool.ix. 220. Southern Three-toed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 601. 51. A. ‘Boner: Guian. 164? SIZE of the Northern Three-toed Woodpecker ; length eight inches and a half; breadth fourteen inches and a quarter. _ Bill six- 416 WOODPECKER. teen lines long, cinereous; crown of the head red, the rest of the head, neck behind, back, and rump black ; as are also the scapulars and wing and tail coverts; on the back and rump some transverse spots of white; beneath the eyes a stripe of white, beginning at the bill; all the under parts from chin to vent white, but the sides, thighs, and under wing coverts have a transverse mixture of black ; quills black, spotted on both webs with white ; the tail consists of ten feathers, the four middle ones black; the next black, but on the outer web, from the middle to the end, rufous white; and on the inner two rufous white spots, near the tip, which last is black ; the two outer black at the base, the rest of the length white, with some spots of black within, the ends black; the wings. reach, when folded, to about three-fourths on the tail; legs cinereous. This is M. Brisson’s description, who informs us, that it was from Cayenne, aud in M. de Reaumur’s collection. 91.—TIGA WOODPECKER. Picus Tiga, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 117.—Horsfield. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Head crested; plumage above green glossed with orange; crown, nape, back of the neck, and rump crimson; sides of the head and forepart of the neck white, streaked longitudinally with five black and white lines ; under parts of the body varied with black and white, and black on the breast ; the scapulars very deep, but paler on the belly ; quills and tail soot- colour, the former fasciated with white, the latter plain; toes two before and one behind.—Inhabits Java. END OF VOL, III. JACOB AND JOHNSON, PRINTERS, WINCHESTER. Directions for placing the Plates. Plate 38. 39. 40. Al. —>—. 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