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■■J863

DATE. DUE

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

T3

c^^Q

"I

"'N^

jETi

The following is a portion of a bulletin Wnich was
published by A. D. Taylor, in connection with work done in the
graduate school on the subject of general propogation of trees
and shrubs.

The material is not coiaplete and I am having it bound simply
for use as reference.

BRAR

UNIVERSiTY OF
MASSACHUSETTS

Al^HERSt, MASS.

^^^yi$^ «^')^<y*=' '^^^S'^-^ <sg.<x)A\\i.y\;^

INDEX.

page.

Bibliography. , 891.

CUTTINGS ;

advantages and disadvantages of growing from, 10.

oare of, after rooted 40.

classes of, 35.

conditions of temperatiure for, 59.

deoidiious vs. conifer, . 34.

hardening off and transplanting, 41.

Juvenile vs.matiu?e foras 37'

laediijm for the striking of, 58.

methods of making, ..... 34.

rooting of, . 41.

rules for the selection of, . 36,

time of taking, 37.

various types of, ...... 35.

Descriptions of the fifferent lots used in the

experimental work, , . 185-?.04,

DISEASES OF CONIFER SEEDLINCrS;

damping off, 51.

insect injuries, 51.

rotting in cutting bed, . 40.

diseases of Scotch Pine seedlings, . . . .51.
Effects of frost upon the ability of the cutting
to atrike roots, S09.

<5.

INDEX,

page.

Germination of tree seeds, , Ctab3,©) 133,

GRAFTING;

care of the plants after, 48,

cleft vs. veneer grafting, . , , 47,

gathering of the soions, .,,,....,. 45.

importing of seedlings for, , 44,

methods of, applied to the conifers, . , , . .43,47,

methods of raaKing the graft, , . 47.

preparing the stocks for, ,,.,,,... 45.

season (G^or, 44,

objects of, , 11,

stocKs used for, . , , 50,

History of the art of propagation, ...,,.. 3,
Height of seedlings in one year, . , , . .(table) 135,

Large vs. small cuttings, 208,

Length of year's growth, in the older conifers, , .14.
Market price of tree seed (1898) (table) .... 1S9,
Number of seed per ounce and the length of the

seed drill covered, , , (table) , 137.

Nurseries, propagating conifers, , , . 18,

PROPAGATION, ;

for commercial vs, botanical piirposes, ... IS,
methods of, used in various genera of conifers

Abies, , , , . 57,

Araucaria, , 60 ,

Oedrus, 61,

-4r

INTjEX.

page,
SEEDS ;

age of trees from which to collect, .... 16.

depth of covering, 35.

early vs. late maturing eeefts, 18.

gen '1. considerations in growing from, , . . .19.

matiire vs. immature $ 14.

methods of sowing, ...... 81,

inoistiire conditions of seed bed, g4.

nattire of the soil in which sown, 20,

period of germination, , 24.

protection of seedlings in winter. 85.

talcing of, from the cones, 17.

time of collecting, 15.

variations in the size of, 18,

where to collect, 16.

SHADING;

methods of,

lath screens, 26,

brush screens, , . 27.

cloth screens, , 28.

litter, 27.

shed screens, ...... 28,

whitewash, , 28,

length of time to shade, 29,

V,-'

Thf^ foremost object of the experimental work has Veen to
determine the medium— *inclu<1infy lr>ot": sand and teiaperat\rr e con-
d.lt ions--'in ■^'hich "i./ie differ^mt types oa^ ciittin(.^s succeed to
"be s t advantage . 0 '; h :r f act o vs wh i cli h sere l^p. e r.c o n3 ider r d
seoondarilv are :

1, The relatlv;; ability of outtiri'^f?, f-royr. -^vc different
apecies ijnd va.riet ies, to shrike rootB,

Z, Advantages of large and Bmall o.uttinp:s, and tl'f best
t;,''pf', for c oirurie re i -il propar-'ators,

?>. Iffeot of frost upon the ability of th" o\xttinf>s to
strike root,'?.

Considering first iln^ noeflx^xm in vv)-' ich c^ittings do ba^tj
we will at nnoe see tha.t for each and every type of cntting
the-'-e is no one oonditioxi of 'f-impera.ture and sTioiBture condi-
tif/ns, whic}'- is HiOKt favorablf: to all. l^yor<. Isck of 'fiore
cxtenaive expfn-iMevits and tire sJl)ilit>' to d?»fiir!.dlf-'ly control
the degree of boip .-"u-jd bottojij v-eat the. conclusions in tb.is res-
pect can bo; \>xit general in their Bnopr. . Howercr by an exarai-
nation of Tablea 1 ''5nd 2 it will be seen that for s, amall
cutting of this type tlie ]iA:''her degj-ees of t ernpf ratiire , the
finei' f}!^A and shorten- callus inn; period are bf-B'' ad apt (•■.d to
rooi. growth } In Tables 3 and 9 it will be seen that the

higher teiripero.tiirr, coarsor sand and longer calliising period
are l:)€st adapted to tlie root growth in. sue}), cuttings. The
niim'ber of euttlaf.:^ 'osed in Tafile 9 was vtij-y limited, hence the
repJoltB ■oa-e simply relativ:e in vs,liie, Tlie figure,-) in Tahles
4, 5; 8 aji;.^ 10 Bho'^ that, .girojectiji^^ to lo'sv teffipf-ralnor c; condi*
tions for too long a perj.od, as well c-;..s watering t,o excess, arc
factors which greatly retard thf; gro^i:ii of tl-n crittin,:?. The
lower ■'•}".e teinp^-rature of tht'. propagating' hc^uie, within certain
li.'T!its--thf; rnoT'f! cBj-ablp, are ct^tttn':?!? to resiat adveri:5K condi-
tions ; hut ^.hfi-.y will not strilce roo's italesH giren a higher
temperatxir*^ which is moj'e favorable to .grorirrth. After the
necessary p-rriod reqnik-ed for calliisinp; is orer greater care
sho'Tld then t)?; exercised to obtair; t'rv;. fcest resales. The
photo.'Ti-aphF'. lncludin.5; Plates

sho«.' for t"h>~;msQlva3 -ilin effects of teravjeratiire, sand and racis-
tur*^: conditicne upon root in ■- povirer of variouii cuttings,

1, Relative Abilit-.y of various ciittings rq strike roots

By exairiininf^ t.he tahle. ;5 and th'-- vhotof^i ajfxis it is easily
seen that thers exists a. wide Tar:Lat ion in the ability of
cuttings frorti different genera, spsf^cieB and ever, varieties in
their pon'er of strikin" roots , li nee.ms strange that there
Should he s"3.ch a difference in t}':iB rf^jspect, iis is ofter. mani-
fested In ^nany varieties of vh^, s^mrie species. The juvenile
and raatnre forms as pointed out. un'-'er the chapter on C"at tings,
vary i^-patly in t] is phase j this is illiistrated hy compr ing
Platen ( ( arid ( ( . Prom the legend accorayanylnp; these

fc5.i ^

!
V.

plates it will be seen that the root dareloprarnt attabaed "by
the forraer , is fai' gi'eater tlian that sg^en in the case of the
mat-are formB of t3ie Barae sp'cios,

No genus cari be said, to v,f-. more difficult to root, under
favoraT;)le conditions, than another. There are, how-V'^ r , cer*
tain species ; vhich rIiov; a jnajOced rlif ier.";nne in tlds rbspect ;
and cs a result of PAy expov iance yjitl.' t3ieir projiapratior. . I
have placei fhe.jn in the fo llo'-vinfc orde.i-, coinmenc inp; with the
iiiost easily rooi-ed and endinfi v;lth t'osc wliich are tiir. siost
difficult to root or callus,

ycry Ba.£3lly Rooted

Thuya Oc ci de nt al is var , llovey i i
Thuya Oocidentalis var, Slherica
Thuy^ GlohosA

Thuya Orisntalir, va:--. Pyramidalis
Cu.pre3srtS La^rsoniaai a
nharaaecypsa- i s Pi sif e ra
.Tunipertis v'^oinmunifi var,. Pr ostrata
Charcaecyparis Squarros a

"fediiJTo EftBily Rooted

Charflaecypar is Pis if era var, Pli.taiosj
Ju.nipe)'ng Conmianis var, FiDernica
J-ATiipev-us Cornraunis Aurea
TaxiiS Kapundia

Din' ic- lit to jvoot

I'huya OoGid£:ata3. is Tax'. v/ajTiana
Juniperus Vir giiiiana
Biot;-^ Oriental is
Chamae cypar is OL-l ub a
•Tunipf-iruB Sabina (inaturp forxfi)
Taxijs Cusp 11 at a
Taxas Baccata

Thf. forego in.o; list inclvfies only a few of the nore cotmnon
spficieo and Tarieties which showed marlced differmc.s in this
rf^. spect,

2. Advantages of Lai\'-r. and sjnall cirfctings

As seen in t]\e platen., the root system forned Ify the
lars^-r tyv.es of cuttings v'?J. ch ars included in tlu. f.li'Bt part
of tlic list io aliTiOSt as jp-eat as that fcrstied 'by the aiualler
types. Witf- cuttings vs-hicl.. loaturaily root Ytry easil. it is
hy t-iy better to rt.prodrir.e, a" posic-xl-le froiij ti"', lai-f';Kr types
of cuttings , wJiilG \i( ith the other clfinnes which do no' root
as readily, those of the Meoha.u typa are^ tjie I'tiost economical
to Kiakfij fro.;, 'j. coinnercial Btandijoint. Howey:?-. hb se <■::">. ?/ith
J. Virginiana, in ^late ( ) ths si^.a of tlic, outline mkkes
little difference in the progress of the callus diiring the
first year. With plants \YhiGh ci.'-ov.' as slowly as do Conifers
dv;r ln,::f the early part of their lifej it is rfiad.ily seen that,
if cu!-. tings are ahun^azit, the l?3rger the cutting which can 136
made and well rootfd during the first season, the greater the

f

tlTOo sax'ed in th:: deYeloi./:;er.t ox" the i3lej,nt , Thft smaller
cuttings in sorae ca.ses, as seen in Platii ( ) ( ) do net
root as readily as t]--!- laj'.n;er ones, Cutfiinps of the green
wood, as shovm "b;; Tables 2 and 5 callus wit)-; difficulty and
root very slowly. Those takr.n frora the leadiiif^ l.-raixMets,
or a •^Qvy vif^orous .<9~Gwth., as seen In Plates ( ) ( ) root
much Hiore jsia*i.S' than those saJcen froan the lateral hranehlets,
and of not ot, vigorcajts & p^iowth. The praotlne of trliaoiaing a
portion OJ? the-, leaf sur ace fioia thf; ci;.t tings as seen in the
l,loon type, i« not to 'be encnura^ed. Unlike hai'dwood and her-
haceous cuttings, this operation seeins to loe of no practical
value in the reproduotic-n of conlfsrsj and on tlie otlier hand
as seen in the plates it seems detrimental, to the liest results
in tii^ dfe'velopment of the cuttings after rooted,

3. Effect of frost upon ahil .t:,- of the cutting to strixe roots.

This is s- point raucl: discvissed aiiicn^^ differtmt. nuraery-
aien, and one -.jhic}; ultimately woiild aep<3nd ux->on the; naturf. and
history of i,ht, species, to ds terriine accuj-ately. If a sp©*
cief? X?, no, rurally a noj ''hern oni-, and r^d apt f.d tc iidverse, condi-
tions of cliraat ic inf luf^no". s , it could hcjttej undergo freezing
effects t}-;an one which vras of a If. bs }i.ardy nature, 'Vitt j?iy
liirdtftd expr.j'irnflnts in this Xin-. I liavG failed to see that
havin,'T r.je;-^, ;■ suhjectfid to conflit io-iB of freexingj has 6.x:erted
any Infhirnce upon the atjilit,;' of th' cutt.in;? to strike rootri.
Cuttings taken In etuO-.y Octohe/' and tliosf. 'ak!;>;: '.a 33ecei!:'ber
shovv -^^r^^ little-; differ-.nce in the root development, ether than

10.

that naturally expected fro^; the ixicreased start of those
placed in the cutting feed at the eoj-lier date.

The tabular resuite ftiid tlie photographs }ierein included
n^,Hii Yery little explanar.ion other than that Jilread.y gxYen. I
have inserte-j Yf^ry few taljles ■becj"iii,: upon tj.c lave^.tigationaL
worK ; heeajse in the casB ox' sucj wcj-k lieinp; conducted with
the practical enci ^vholly in view, an<i tht; lack ojT a proper'ly
equipped propa(0:atin«' house, the. vvou.ld l,e no morn ths/x'i n. com-
pllRtioji oC useless data iijKajiin,": nothing tr. tit; readej'.

//

HISTORY OP PROPAfrATIOI^

The first mv\ most primitive lastliod whereby plants were
propagated, was •^^^itliout doubt that of seed, v^hich is the most
natiiral and seen to the ftreatest degrse in natur-e. Among the
few writers who have touched upon this subject, there dfufs
to be no strong and well defined idea as to the origin of this

art.

It is seen from the history of Solomon, King of the Je??s,
that he was vrell aoqufL.inted with the nature of iJlants ; hence
it is inferred that in tlis extensive gardens and pleasiire
groiinds of this wealthy sovereign, there had been no little
attention paid to the reariji^; of trees both for ornarnent-al and
useful purposes,'^ These Mare, in all probability mostly grown
from seed ; however we have no knowledge of other methods being
in practice at that tiiae. The art of grarfting, says A,

o

Thonin J "is an art, t}ie discovery of which is of the highest

iantiq.uity ; its inventor is unknown," Wlxether it was suggest-
ed by the adhesions of the parts of tv/o plarvts in nature is
still a mystery.

The Phoenecians transmitted it to the Carthaginians and

1. The Porestor, by Jrmea Brown

2. 1327

/^.

the Crreeks and fror- the latter it was C''^rried to t.he Romans,
Theophrastue and other Greek authors nention the graXt, and
KO re than twenty raod.lf ications of -"he general riethod have heen
given ty the Roraan Varro* 'F'ror;: thr. Rocians the >cno\^led^e of
grafting sp-eaA to Europe v^here it has gradually developed to
the Btage in which we se>- it todaj'-. The principal treatise
which first gavn in a clear rianner the Theorv- of G-raftinp; was
that hy Tie Candolle entitled, "Phj-siologie VegPtale," Another
principal author upon ^he siihject is M. Thou.in, of Pai'ia, who
descrih^d and fifriired morp than 100 kinds of grafts.

Ah out IG'76 Milling ton and Grew eatahlish the fact that
different sexes existed in various plants, Sfelphi^jhi and
Others laid claiin to the priority in the discovery of this
fact ; hilt it wfis '.Or. Lindloy v;ho said, "I sec nothing so pre-
cise in '-.heir works as is foivio- in the declaration of Grew,
that Ihe st9jnens do serve as raale for t}- e j^ermination of the
seed." "''i^ork alonj'T this lin« was taken tip "cy Bradl^:y in 1717,
^'ho first produced hyhrida artificially ; and also hy Linnaeus
in 1744.

The application of the r^nd.r'. of propaga,tion, known as
grafting, to meraberB of the coniferouB p^-oiip was f.irst r-ade "by
the Baron Tschondy, upon Piniis Laricio, prohahly ahou-t tho end
of the eighteenth century ; and thf: method ^sas thF-reafter prac-
ticfid upon hie estate at ColoTntjey, near Metac, The method is
descrlhe-'i quite fuller in the "Traitn Pratiquf;" of Keluiarre,
tl'ie sn'bstance of v/Viich is as follows :

Ii>.

"The metjiod was called liv hiia. lierbacco-as pj^afting, and
■"AfHS i^erforiiied iu tjie cleft iriaiiner. The time of performing
the operation vras when t}ie: lead-ing shoot of the stock had
attained a length of ei;;^lvt to tvfelve inches, and was quite
"brittle. The time dviins friilch the shoot is in this condi-
tion is us^c5.11y not raO) e than fl Lte;en days ; the graft is
always inserted In the leading shoot, the side shoots "being
removed or short eneiir;d, ai".d Ihe yciiafj ahoots produced from the
stoQ?x: durinp; that season are pinched off at a,l:)out half their
length. In i^erfonijirip: ths opsration the first stexj is to
reduce the leadinf^ shoot to four or six inches \ th>i les^yes
are then rei-aoYHd fro:!i the rsraaininp, portion, v/ith the excep~
tion of aho-ut an .lnc}i at tlie top ; these "oeing left to draw up
the aap. Scions should be deprived of le&yes and c^it in the
form of a thin wedge. After helnc grafted, c o/er the graft
vfith a cornfit of papei' tied slightly go the atocx, so as to
adinlt air hut s<3xcliide aun, Thia jnay he removed in ten to
fifteen days after grafting, sukI in isix to eii.-"ht weeks the
upper gorf.xon of t}\e soook with the leaves on, raay 'be triixraed
off upon ooth sides of the scion, and all shoots produced upon
the lower part of the .^tock remoYGd in order to thj'ow sap into
the scion. Most suitable stocks are plantB i-iown where they
':irc finally to stand, -jcad of fcjr to six years grov?th ; the
o"bject ■bein;5 to luajce the graft froo, Sthree to four feet above
the grotmd in order to avoid stooping on the. part of th&
operator^ **

Ik

T?ie fii'st real -aention of thf, fact in Amorican li-cerature,
naiijely, that propagators begari to realiae ;,hat ornamental
vrees and sJiruTaa could De proparatsd froiu cuttings was in
lf?47. In 1B45, through an accident > Jamea Barnes found tliat

op.ttin{5S left frnm pr^.ming some shruljl^ery, had taken root in a
kiln n'hlch had bean used for converting sucl'^ refuse into use-
ful manure, liy jeans of ol'iarring. This hint v/as tiirned to
useful account, and j3erha_;.s If^d to the idea of bottora hsat sund
the funtiawicntal principlR3 of treating cuttings. ; Aoout 1860
John Watson of Rochr;Ster, i-J.Y,, xrablislifci his ideaa and dis*
ooveriec upon tha gro-^'ing of pla.nts froiu cuttingn. Hi;3
sumrmj-ies v/e'-'e as follov^s : "ooi^ion shai'p 0<iiic. , di ied uiitil it
has in it no excessive noisture is "best ; tiu. rtioei^tacle , rnxj
rough v7C'0den hox, is filled with sand c-jid cuttings in alter-
nate layer .-ij and the vThole 'buriea out of sig!ht und-:.r a green-
house "bench or sinilar place, where the 'Uidej ground "fcerapera-
ture wi].! he cornpor'ati .ely steady and not too v/;.anc. Tlie
teiQpcraturfj -•'diicji cuttings wxll hear is th<?; grt;atest auiount
without endangering tv e "bursting of the liuds. Ai'ter this
CBllo.'sinj!: process is completed, the cuttijiKB laay he then
placed in a propagating house."

The pro5_;re3n in the n;«thods of propagation as applied to
different plants has been vei"/ rradual and slow, niany of the
hest iviethods hiiving been sturubled ujion and thuo mcdcing for the
propagator a work full of pleasure instead of one of hardship

1, Downing 's Horticulturist ; Vol. II ; 1847

IS

and uncerta,int2/. As exarao'es, I /sia.;" cite onf. or two typical
Instances ; tite juopagation of Cydonin Japnnioa ■^.'ci.?3 at one
time Gonsic'ej-ed the Xiiost difficult and iTiCeitain in j-esults ;
today it io ojie ot the easiest shrL^bs to propa«';a,te. The dis-
covero' bein^r iaade t}a-ou^;h the fact t?!.at a piopag^ilor discarded
a lot of root pranings, and s. short l iine af ler^/ards sa'»f that
the greater nunioer of thera had taken r-oot. It ^jras no': gener-
ally kno?fri pi'ior to 18B0 that Iiydrangea, could l:.e re^adily propa-
gated froiii Cuttings J £,nd this fact was discOTered ijiy a raan who
stuck some saall stalceji, juade f j om its wood, into th'-. .v^rcund j
later finding; thein well lOoted, TbiiB one inetjnce after
another might te cited. Suffice to say that at the present
time the methods o.r propagation employed hy nursejwtuen of this
country are as velllperfectf-d as those of an;^' other country \
the one great dr awhack 'Leing , that becavise of the cheapness of
foreign lahor it still hecoi>ies necessary to import each year,
thou3a;-ids of seedling pla:.ts whic}, could te produced just as
well in this country, did economic conditions p'rricit.

lb

PROPAa/J^IOlf

For t?!f; repro.'^.iiclioii <^f. plnnt r natrjrc '^as adoxited var ioxis
liiethods, aPiOr.-: ^vMo^ are '.I^or^^ of aenda^ijej s-'okei h, arid natural
cutt-''.rii"a . Tho first, tv/o of these iQBt>'od;i arf^. r:ii:lte corarnon j
irat ?rit'!i cnttinf;t-' ,t>.erf:. is onl^'' on<"' inptr'ncf- In "';}.. loh np.txire
pnop'^atsf; fsy '■ }' if; ?iiP-'-}',od unaiAf=:ri., Tliis iB sef-n in man}- of
the w.i, 110V7F. -h-ic)^ )>;rov; in jtnois'''. jlacr.s near streapiF. . Man;'-
plants not only jjiodiicfi fxlarge qupjutities of se<-vd ; 'but natm"e
has foirad in a.dditlon these othnr ?oethodK alioTe I'.ent ioned,, "by
>vhict. a species laay ue pej-pe-M.ifi.ted,

These, ?o,ovfevrr, v/ere found not to >)e adapted in r.11 C'-ises
to t}"e re fini . cnrA.nt B of ho i-f,ionltur istB . Kence we }^ave rnany
ari"ifioi''U niethodK , amonf> tjie iijost .l.'r;por1 a.nt of whicV; are
cuttings, Budding, Prafting rtnct. Layerap;6, Wltli these and
theO'' of nature corcroinedj man ha-, ohtauied a variety i-;y vThxch
plants can he prop-i^ated ^?'ith e ~;3t; and facility ; eac> jcethod
havinp; lis peonlia? ities an^i adnjitatinns,, The jijoa-f-. ^'vldely
used of these raetliodB aa spplied to the reproduction of coni-
fer-'^ ar 6 Be c . d i3 , Out t i n p,:a an d. Or af t b . .^

A 3ho? I dii5CU5slon of t];eHc t>'rce methods vit} t}'6; advan-
tages and disadvantages of e-.ch, Kvny fihow their relativn value
and position in this field.

'!■

In propagat3-ri'-?; ti-ees ttou se^d we at once see that there
are certain difficulties presej^ted. By this methcd., only the
&pecies in the abstract is propagated, ■■r.-hilf. by iceans of the
otl.er methods the Kpeoies is perpetuated with all the; hathits
of tiu'. Inn ividr.fij. p8.r ent , especie-lly is this true withian the.
province of .grafting. In the c .-'.se cf diofjciou.8 trees f^croe
Other -taRthcA joiist he adopted ; hecai;.se imless loth types exist
in ti'-c YiciJiity fertile seed -will rio (: he produced. It is
Often the sitruit lon that the s-ef d trees ii-.ajj' \>^:- of a. nua3.ity
froia ••YhioJ; It .is not desirahle to propagate ; in sucli. an
instfuTicc it ia;iy i-e bettor to propap;ate from other trees which
do not neaj' seed. The: seeds everi v/hen ijroduced laay Xrs: of
{5uc}: a chaj- .•ict..ir that they 9A't undesii-afcle for proiafratinr
purposes, ¥ith t;0Mt' of t}if; ccniferB <:ml\^. r-iust wait years for
the tree to laatiwe, a:id here ton i"^. is far hetcer if, "by
another rae thoo., the 3i)eGits iria,y he perx.ietnated arid increased
hefore the parent plrijit c'ojnes to the Bta^;?. of luaturity. The
diff:.culty of ;],at]iering seed in Kiany loc;ilities, fu'tft '.he •ix.t.^
variation in t^e ptjjxent atit; oj.' ^'ej-rainat ion roakes t?-ia method
of pTopagating, i'i exi^ensive ox>eration. The great d.LVsrsity
of color rtria >i:.v.tit which man. see(iling_ j^l'-^"'^-^ assume, is qrj,te
marked, T]:is iw oaen most stronglv in Lawson'e Oyjiress ; "but
T'irs, Spruces and Seqaoias show tie variation to a less -^larlCBd
degre'^-., Younfr trees of Ahies hohilis are -^-^rrY apt tt prcuice;
at firi-it, X larger nuruber cf cones than of male catkins ; hence
it hfis "been necessary, xn order to obtain seed, to collect

It

pollen froiii other trees and use a,rt .IficJ.al fecunida,tiuii tliat
fertj.lo seedB B'la;','- be prodn.oei.

After these statements one rmtst not, consider that growing
from seeds is not a valuaMe ruefjiod . Ofteatiines th;- gicat
a'r'-.i.nd a:one of seeds, their cheapness, and the ease of p^ather ing
make it most valuable to the propa.p;ator , In gr rei-al it
requires less troii&le and expense tc £-rrow from seed, fUKl in
the greater mMber- of .Lnstance^?; mo, e vigorous ond healthy
plants are produced, Meehan of Herman town, Pa,, grow.'S every
tree frojc. seed, i«-hic]' produces ssi-:;d oi' th..e p^-oper quality as a
coiTiiTie-'-clal propo3ition it is "by fai- th^-: lieat to adopt and
encourage ,

The great majority of the conif^irs in the opiX)sitc-, leaved
group are grown frora cuttings, in this country, Tv.x. care of
cuttings is exacting, and a]- Chough the gjfcater percent a^fe of
them strike root ; yet whenever possible t?rie cccffiion types of
the genera should t'e gro-'m fr'OB'j seed, For thx iiej:'petiiat ion
of varieties with all their peculiarities, th/ methodi-? of
growing froM Cntt inf^B a?Kt Or aft s is unsurpassed, Thu.s a
shoot taken from a v/eepm,?: spruce and fTafted upon the ooraraon
Norway Spru.ce, will in /general produce a weepino; pl,tut, Many
of tJ'e most; laeautiful forran of Tarais , JTxr.Sj Cypresses and •
Thuyas have been originally eitv:er natur-al vai-iations selected
frora tJie seed hed, or sports per ^'etiiated \rj graftinf-: the
variegated brannhe^^ upon a plant of the green or noriaal for ra
of the species. The advantages of growing from these t^-^o

last nained irtethcda f;;o liarvi in ;ha.nd. They inav 'oe used to
reproduce plcuits wliioh do not bear seed, t'o.osr- ■irii\.i.ch matuT'e
Xa':c in life, and those v/hic>i pj:o(i;\cfc iiuperfect seed. By
cuttings, Ui aaj-'fc c-irit;.-;, one }nay .vendej a, monocc.i.oua plant
dioeoioi'is.

The iuctiji Cbjeota of ^r&l'tin^', a.s ai/pLUid tc the ornamt-ntal
treeis are :

1. The propagatlo:! o/' a ^^-ariety oj' spf. cies nor freely
growii uy ui-liei" wethoda,

Zm The inoreasxxii^ o:C tlit. vigor of ■■ifcl.'LCi.-i.t e speoie s by
graftiiig upon robust, Yxf^Oj-c i.iB 3t<>ol<B.

5» Preservuig oi' vfii'ie^iOB froia degeneration.

4. Adapting t/'ees to d;LX'.'''er6n;- cjo.Llb hy plnciiiis lipon
r o ot a adrtp 1 e d t o t ]if; s o J. 1 ,

5. liitroci.uctiiig of inoi e tr.an unu variet^'^ upon the saras
tree,

6. Rejidtrxne dioecioua treos MOj'ioeGiO'rs,

7. Mak;i.ii,5 iiiaxiy trees assvMe very pictv-resqn.e 2"or?;!3,

8. The Qxcitiiip; oi tlu: development of ;::r&ji<;}!eH, I'lcv/ers
or i'ruit on peu"t3 or a tree whf-.-re they are doficient.

It is easily seen that Ihc valun of kII of theae ruothods
tof^ethei is .uariieasiL!-H,ble. Thoug/, no one of tht-in i& heat
adap-i.ed to all oaseB of a particular geni's oj- spfurU-^ ; yet hy
pi-oper selection of the reethodj thf; p;i-ower is Jifcle to i-iold the
nature of t}.e pl-^nt ali'iost at wxll,

BottmistB for thivir 3i)ccimensplants with great differences
of variety characters, propagate quite extensively hy p;rafting;

u

vi'iiile ni-u'sery-fae 1 use t>iis laet^-od only in TnTi"; casea where no
Othej' exists. Grafted sp<vciraens as in ci.ittinp^s, ai e Oj^teri
apt noi', to thro'ir a len/ier and hf^ni^'- tl-t«r; preater care, which
they reqij.irft for projjer d':, velopment ,

Thi-, rcif^.tl-od.s or ;;:.i 0 2)a-Tation as adopted in our ooiriftierc ial
propafjatinfi; esr,ablishments differ somewhat fro/nr.hose adopted
by hob4.Ai,3t3 \ tho former produce plants iipon an ecorioraical
"basia ^nd the latter upon an "aasthetic" "oasis. To the
nursfn .yiaen th<; raain object La to T^roduct. the best specimens
possible at a miniii'n.u.i of coat iii the, expense of production aad
in t}l^~; sho.i te,eit tiJije poBsible ; the qi;»,lit,y of thr- specimen
beinr 0 ten sacrif xcF-d to the consideration of coot. The
botanist, on tlie otl'.Kr h&nd , prop=5<5atea i e agr die b 8 of cost,
by the method, not that w.-.W f'f-. the least exit/isive, "but vrhich
'■vill a-od"..ce th;- bi=i3t speciroen of a 2:)lajit . The differences
between the methods adoiit r,d by botajiifits iind thost. adopt- ed "by
corairercial otows may be see.rt .i.n tlit taide beginning upon page
Sonae of the important nurseries whicli proptif^ate conifers
to a gi-eater or lesa extent are as followa :

Andorra i'Jarseries Chefjtnut Hil.i., Philti'lelphia

Bloodgood jfiir series flushing, I.. I.

Plejoer and FelBiy Springf .leld, li. -J,

Elizabeth ^ur-sery Oo. Elizabetft, Iv', Y.

D. Kill, 'Dnndee, 111,

Hoopea Bros, and ThOKas Wesf. C}; ester, Pa,

Waiikegan l\[irrBe)-ies Wau.kegan, 111,

Thos, Meehan and Sons Gejiiiantown, Pa.

Morrisville Nixraery Morris iville , Pa,

u

CUTTI5IGS

This method of propagation is the one generally adopted
among niwserymen for producing new plants of the species
incli-ided in the following genera of the Conifers : Cupressus,
Chamaecyparis, Jimiperus, Libocedrus, Thuyopsis, Thuya and
Taxus, It is used quite extensively as a means of producing
a large numl^er of the deciduous trees and shrulDS, and espe-
cially for varieties and rarer forms.

Cuttings of deciduous trees and those of coniferous trees
differ strongly as to time of taking, method of making and the
sulDsequent oare of the cutting. Those of deciduous trees may
Tse taken, — as green wood exit tings, --in late spring and summer;
or as hardwood cixttings at any time during the fall previous
to the coming of severe frosts. Those of conifers may ije
taken, pref era"bly as cuttings of the mature wood, at any time
^•etween the months of September and January j it Is seldom the
practice to take these cuttings dur'ing tht spring or early
summer.

The method of making the cuttings may "be divided as
follows :

A, Hardwood Ctit tings
Mature wood

1, Cuttings may he made with or without a heelj

Hi

generally without, and 'below a joint,
2. Oat tings eight to ten inches long, wholly
"bare of leaves,
Green wood

1, Cuttings with or without leaves and leaves
trimmed when left upon cutting,
B. Soft Wood Cuttings

Mostly mature wood

1. Cuttings with a hael,

2, Cuttings four to six inches long and leaf
surface not taken off.

Cuttings of the hardwood trees are su'bjected to a callus-
ing process 'ot^ "burying in sand, whicia is moist, and keeping in
a cool place during the v^-inter months } those of soft wood
trees are kept in a cool house for a few T^reeks then the tera-
peratiire is raised as descrihed later in this chapter.

There are tv/o classes of evergreen cuttings : (1) those
which are made from the green wood, varying in size from two
to four inches long, and (2) those taken from the matwe wood,
and varying in size from four to eight Inches long.

Under these two classes there are various types of cuttings
differ in j^ mostly in size and the method of treating the top.
Cuttings of class (l) rarely h^ve any of the leaf surface
removed ; those of class (2) may Tad divided into two types, --
those with a portion of the leaf surface removed, and those
with none removed. There is a wide diversity of opinion among
the different propagators as to the relative merits of the

^s.

different types and the conditions "best adapted to each,
Samuel C. Moon of MorriSTllle, Pa,, adheres to a type of
cutting, ranging in size from four to fire inches long with a
portion of the leaf surface removed ; Thomas Meehan of Grerman"
town, Pa,, adheres to a type from the mature wood, size four
to five inches long and no leaf sm'face removed ; 'to. Harper
of Chesnut Hill, Pa., arlheres to a small type of mature or
green wood catting with no leaf surface removed ; Ell\Tanger and
Barry of Rochester, N.Y. , adhere to the largest type of cutt-
ing, from the mati;!re wood with no leaf surface removed, A
discussion of the relative merits of these different types is
given later in the chapter under the head of investigational
results.

The various methods of making evergreen ciittings as well
as those of the hardwood tress are shown in the different
plates and descriTsed in the legend upon the opposite page.
The descriptions of the different kinds of cuttings are readily
found in Bailey's "Nursery Book."

It is often the case with many of the Conifers, which are
propagated from cuttings, that the cuttings as they develop
show a "branchlike character and a strong tendency not to form
a leader. The following are a few rules which might v/ell "be
observed in ;making a selection of the tiranchlets from which to
t ake cut t in gs , i n ge ne r al ,

1. Cu.t tings should be taken only from the healthy plants
of vigorous growth.

A^.

2. Shoots with flower "buds should be avoided, if possilDle,
for cuttings. If flower "buds are taken thsy sho;-.ld
"be carefully removed "before the cuttings are planted,
"because the. develoiDment of flowers deprives the cutt-
ings of the food material which should p;o into the
foritiation of nev? roots.

3. Stronp; side shoots, with healthy leaves frojri the "best
c^^ttin,";3 ; tut sue}, as are of the more luxiu-iant growth
shoxild be avoided,

4. In slow .Qirowing evergreens choose rather woody aide
shoots of the rriature wood,

5. Select branches, which have been \7ell exposed to the
light and air, froia 7/hich to take cuttings ; interior
shoots are very apt to damp off.

The branchlets with the lonf^ needle shaped leaves, or the
juvenile -forra of foliage strike root roore easily than those
portions Lvith the mature forxu of leaves. Shoots of Juniperiis
Chlnensis with the long leaves, talcen from the lov-'er part of
the plant strike root more readily than those cuttings taken
from the upper part of the plant.

The time for taking evergreen cuttings varies fi-om the
latter part of Septeml-er to J-'muary, They may be taken either
before having "been frozen or after ; the relative ability to
strike roots, of those which have not been subjected to freez-
ing and those which have, is practically the same. Cuttings,
however, should never be wade when in a frozen condition ;

li^S'

they should Ise kept in a warm, moist place for a short time,
imtil they have 'becorae thoroughly thawed out, 'before heing
prepared for the cuttinf^ bed. In preparing for the cutting
"bed, a sharp knife is one of the first essentials ; and if
there is any great numher of cuttings to he made, it is hest
that a pan of water 'he close by, Into which each cutting, as
it is made, may he put. Exposure of the clean cut "base of
the cutting to dry air for even a short time will Invsriahly
injure the striking quality severely. If the cuttings after
having heen made, hecome for any reason exposed to the dry air
for a length of time it is "best, before placing in the cutting
"bed, to drop them into a pail containing lake waoma water and
allow to remain for a few minutes. They should always, for
the hest results, he made with a slight heel,^

The medium used, in which to strike cuttings is a very
clean sand ; however, vai'ious propagators advocate hrick dust,
charcoal and even clay ; in Holland sphagnuia moss Is used very
frequently. The sand used hy Moon, the most successful propa-
gator of these trees, is a coarse pit sand which is ohtained
as clean as possihle, For the larger types of cuttings this
is hest ; "^vX for those of a smaller type the fine sand is
more preferable. The depth to which cuttings should he
inserted in the .-;and varies v--ity' the sisie of the cu-*- 1 in?; ; in
general terms the best rule to follow is that of having one-
third of the length in the sand and two-thirds out. Cuttings

1. Bailey's "Nursery Book" (Heel Cuttings)

u.

may "be grown in pots, flats or oHnchcs, Por large nursery
lots t}TH shallov-/ flats ar'e rauc raore preforable ; the reasoriS
"being as follows : it does not T)ecoirie necessary in the spring
to transfer from 'benches to flats and disti.O'l) the roots and
also it is iTiuch easier to control cutting "bed fungous diseases
when cuttings are gro^Tn in flats. Por small quantities,
"benches are quite satisfactory. The rows shou.ld "be from four
to seven inches apai'i- and the cuttinf;S should "be two to four
inches apart th^ distances varying with, the siae of the catt-
ings. In some cases "borders, out. of doors, are used ; "but
where any degree of success is expected it is necessary to
have the ooiiditions of temperature and moisture as jauch within
the control of the propagator as possihle.

The success attained with cuttings from these trees
depends largely upon the degree of. car'e given thcro in sxipply-
ing proper conditions. The ideal conditions for success
require that, during the first "ive or six weeks after the
cu.tt Lngs aj-e placed in the sand the top teniTXjrature shall not
"be so great as to stimulate vegetative gro-jrth in the least,
During this time a, bottom temperature of from 40 to 45 degrees
should "be maintained and a ton temperature ranging from 40 to
60 degrees ; this of course is .impossi"ble if the cuttings are
taten "before the general outsid.e temperature averages close to
or "below.^ these figures. After this time the condition of the
surface of the "base of thr. evicting sho;ild 'r.e such as to ^llow
a higher temperature. The "bottom heat may "be raised to fiinout

^t-

60 degrees, and the top heat regulated so as to rvm from 60
degrees at night to even 80 degrees diu'in,^ mid-day when the svin
is shining brigh+ly.

We know that cuttings in geners.1 die from two causes \
daying up or rotting before t}-.6 roots are produced. The whole
object of the propagator is tn hasten the production of roots
and also to arrest the evaporation or decay until the roots
are formed. One of the fundamental causes of the rotting of
cuttings arises froiti ruptured cells, and exoesaive top grov^tJi
■before the base of the cutting has callused sufficiently. The
idea of keeping the comparatively low temperature for the first
few weeks is to hasten the callusing process, which is the
means taken hy the cutting to heal over the wounded siu-face.

After this the roots are emitted readi.ljr wit]-!, the majority
of cuttings ; and thf. chitting ce.n ohtain its food froiu the
medium in which it is kept, Durin,'" t} is period the cutting
henc}) should he shaded, especially is this necessary during
the heat of raid-day. Shading is produced "by putting a thin
ooat of whitewas^ over the outer surface of the glass iroraedi-
ately over the cuttings. The beds should he watered, until
thorougrily soaked, once eao3'i week if the weather is hright ;
and less often during cloud;' spells. la addition to this it
is necessary, for the heat resiJ.lts, to syringe once during the
heat of the day, when the sun gets stronger in the spring j
this should he -vT-er."- light and jn.st sufficient to laoisten the
surface of the leaves, and hence prevent excessive evaporation

^t.

which is detrimental to the foriuation of roots,

Bv examining aljnost an..' of the plates oontaininc photo-
graphs of rooted ciit tings, it im.:/ he seen that the roots yery
rarely orli<^inate I'r osn the callus, as supposed hy ma.nj''. The
roots come from the steia just ahove the callus a,nd hence the
natural conclusion is, as stated prc-^v.l.oL'.sly, t^at thi-; process
is simpl.y a healing process. And it is diu-ing the foriuation
of this callu3 that we have the critical point in t' p, life of
the cutting. It is then necessary that until this is formed
and the roots emitted that the greatest care should he given
to the cuttings,

"Oalluaing is hiit an evidence that the vital principle of
the cutting is healthy and active ; rather than that root a are
to "be emitted J and it is '^^.ry prohahle that the effor- made to
callus, is to a certain degree, exhaustive, and demariding far
mo r e o ar e f r o ra the p r o paf^ at o x tr oro t h -it t i me until roots appe ar ,
than at an/ other period of the cutting state,*'

If made in Becemher or January the cuttings will he well
rooted hy the first of May ; at wi'iich time they may he placed
in cold frames out of doors to harden off. Cuttings grown in
"benches may hf; transplanted into boxes containin,o; a li/^ht sandy
loarn and kept with the ot/iers in the fraities during the summer.
Before the flats fjxe placed in the frarne , it should be part. iallyj
filled with ashes so that the tops of the cuttings will not he
more than six inches from the glass. The frame should be
covered with sash dxiring the cooler days of spring and on many

Af.

nights, and g}io\ild also "be shaded on Ycry hot days. Many
propagators transplant, their cuttings into a light soil aa soon
as they are xvell rooted, leaving the unrooted ones in the
cutting bed until the following year- if necessary.

The flats containinf!; the rooted cuttm.c^s arfi left in the
frseaes d\.irlng the greater part of tine surajner ; in early fall
they are placed in a shed Duilt for the: purpossi of hardening
off evergreen c^-it tings. This is constructod of 2x3 inch
pieces and so built that it supplies the cuttin-!:s \with suffi-
cient shade, and protection froii. the vfinter, to have their.
ready in the follovfing spring t'' Tae transplanted to the balfy
garden ; this is a plot oi gj-orind gensrally more or less sliel-
tered and in the close vicinity of the iDropagatin^'; house. In
order to he perfectly certain that the rooted cuttings Till
pass through the winter safely it is host to iuulc)! the flats
late in the fail with litter, which is /-oraoyeii 6i^-ly in the
spring.

Yoiing plants which on farther development fehovr a hranch-
like character may he henefited hy cuttin;';; hack very strongly,
therehy indiicing a nev. leader to foi-iu.

The foregoing is a detailed description of the general
method of propagating evergreens from cuttings. The propaga-
tion of hardwood trees from cuttings varies in many of the
minor details, and will he treated mider a separate heading.

1. Ch-vpter or Sh-dinp; (s}v--:'i sores^ns)

So.

S E E D f5
Collect inf: and Storing

The method of propap:at:ln;a; conifers from seed is in general
the jDOst widely adopt ed laethod whej-e'by the greatest nutnher of
these trees are reprodur^ed, hoth in this a:ai in foreign coiin-
tries. The seed may "be collected in large quantities froii:
tlie mount alnmjs re.^Lons of thr-; West or froiu the scattered
trees of the TfaBt. The tiioe for collectinf; the sef d of l)0th
thf, conifers and the hardwood trees varies wide^ly. Those
conifers whose ctmes open yery tardily, ^ui exaeiple of which is
the Pitc] Pine, rffiiy have their seed collected durin;^ later
winter ; v/hile others aa Spruces ii:nc[ Pirs, need to be oolleot-
ed in the fall aa socn as the coneg are ripe. The following
is a partial list of th?, ocnifers 'giving the tiice at vvhich
their seed should toe collcdted.

Pinus Strohus Augxist and Septemher

September

Septewher a,nd Ootoher
Sept enher and Oc':,oi.'er
S(;pte;[i-iber and Ootoher
S tpt emhe r and 0 c t oh er
Septemher and Nover.her
September and Octoher

Paris
Picea

Ah iee

Lihocedrus
Thuya
Juniper us
Cupresses

31.

In collecting care should be exercised tha+; the seed are
not. taken before they are fully ripened. With th*-, conifers
the seeds are generally ripe from a week tn a month before the
ooneg appear brown, and mat we. If there exists don.M in a
person's Ftlnd as to the ripeness of the seed, from the exter-
nal Hjjpearance, then the most certain method of determining
definitely ia to cut the cones throufch at various angles with
a knife. The seeds, if ripe, will pj^-esent a very whitish
aipear^nce and their coverings will have a bro'vnlsh arpearance.
The following is an experiment conducted by Wobbe showing
the efi'^ect upon geriiinatinfc qualities froi'i the use of uiu-ipe
seeds.

Spruce seed gathered July 15 gave 'jofl O/^germination
Spruce seod gathered August 1 gave 40,B/I germination

Spruce seed gathered Aagust lip gave 61.2/S' geriijination
Spruce seed gathered SeptSinber 1 gave 75.3^/' germination
Spruce seed ga,thered Septeraber 15 gaveBl.S;^ geriuination
Bpruce seed gathered October 1 gave 34,5/^o germ inat Ion
BprT\ce seed ga,thered NoYeinbei- 1 gave 83. 2;^ gerrninat ion
A discussion of t}iis question of the use of ur^ripe seed
is given by J. 0. Ai'^h\jr in the "American Iifaturalist? He
says, "That iiamatiirs seed will ^x<^''^ us by no means a i'ecent
discovery} it v/as kiiovm to Theophrastus as early as the third
century before Clirist. The fact was well established by
experiments in 1760, using Ash cxti^. Walnut, in 182,:; aii investi-
gator and propagator despairing of p.Y^.ry obtaining ripe seed

^^,

from which to propa,o:ate a certain Japanese Bpeoies, took a
"branoii bearing green fri^it, not two-thlrrls pro^fn , himfr it mv
till dry, then planted the seed in a cold franie at th(^. jv'oper
time ; frojc the^qe he ohtaxned a quantity of }'eal!.thy plants
•'srhian de;velope/i very heautii^illy. In growinfi- pTGen aeod it
is ?v case in whicli an atteiaot Is made to p:ive the plant let the
ccndit ionssf or continuea de velopriient without its jpassing
throiigh the fiiLl protective tstage. There seeiTis nothin/^ in
the na-t-vrf" of things, except lack of skill and care, to pre-
vent the: eiflbr,yo plantlet froio heing removed frora the parent
plant at any point in its early development, even "before its
organs can he detacted, and hy supplylnfr it wit}i the nescessary
mitriraen< J — heat and raolsture--and prot ect infr it apainst the
inroads of destt active oi'p;ani3ias , securinF" to it hy these
artificial Bieans the conditions for uninterrupted growth, with
entire oioiasion of the resting period.

With this view it is easy to see why green seed generally
fiive fewer germinations as a rule than mature seed \ the raore
exacting conditions for its growth, are not well met.

In somp cases we i.iay get seeds which are ove.j;- -mature as
well as those whicli are ijffi-aature. The main points against
the use of iiTiinature or' unripe se'Jds are :

1, Loss of Vigor and thi'ift in tiie young plants ; these
dyxng "Before rnatiAiity;

2, Pull vii'Tor of plants is never reoover'ed,

3, Reproductive parts are increased at the extense of the
vegetative organs.

3^.

As regards the a^e of trees fn-.ni whio'i seed raay Tsetit "be
collected, T'lr . J. Alexander in 1870 oai-rled on the following
experiJTir-nt : He collected twenty cones fron-' each of ten
d'ffej-f=;nt tree?} whose a,c;es were ta^own ; the conss were care-
fiilly opned an^ -ill of the se^ds of the ten differerxt sorts
were sown in difffir^nt ■beds,--thf; results of ",vhic}i wej'e afj
follows :

:^00 yeara old prodticsd 10 plautB

250 years olrl virortuced 1." plants

200 years old prod 'iced 50 plants

150 years old produced 74 plants

125 years old produced 10^ plR,nts
100 vfta-'s old prod^iced 196 plants
50 years old produced 104 plants
15 yearf3 old produced 46 plants

10 :yRara old produced 40 plants

It can thu3 he seen that seed gathered from tr'eeB hetween
the agea of 50 and 125 years produce the greatest mirr-u/er of
plants.

Araonp; conifers, the scattered trees B.nd tliose xn an open
forest, are p;eners,lly Tfiorfi prodtic t i.ire of seed than trees which
are closely crowded hy others. Such trees as /u-horvitaes,
Larches, Plrs and Spruces which haye conical tops hear a large
quantity of seed at thf, top, and are "nencQ ofter. quite produc*
tlve even in dense stands. Cones may hest ht gathered hy
picking fro3n the tree "before they open ; because at that time

^f:

the seeds are quite apt to "bfi lost T\y the w.lnd. Leaders of
such trees as Sjruces and Pirs should never be sacrificed for
thp sake of t)'- nones t):f-.y iieair-. In auch trees permanent
injixrv lo very apt to reau.lt. from decay bej.np; adcaitted at the
point of remoY'-iX, and moreover tl'e leader removed is not always
rfiplaof^d toy a lateral top brancV. turnixig and growing upwards.
The cones maj/- be riuite easily oollected by a luan wlti; a long
pole, terruinate i ivitli a hook, ith Tsrhich to pull In the,
tiranchss. The cones are picked in th:>.s Wsiy and placed in a
c anvas b a o ar r ic-. d hy t lit o o 1 lei c t o r ,

After the eenes are colJ.ected it t}ien bsccraes necessary
to oh)-. am the seed froBi thern. With the lareei nviiaber of coni-
fers the cones may he reaaily opened by spreadinp; them upon a
clean, tigM. floor or in shaliov/ trays ar7arp;6d one ctho-ve the
Other In racks. Ty.ia dryirif: i^ usually done in th'. sun, out
of doorH, in '*hicl case, with sue]; seed as those of Spr\ice,
T'ir, Larch, K-.mlock, and Tliuya, care sjiould be taken to pro-
tect frc;a th'v wind aK=i the.y are easily hlown awny by the slight-
est "breeze. Whe i the cones are thorouffhly dry the sca3,6s
will Oiiien ynd tht. seed he emitted ; a onetimes cones aj-e col-
lected and spread upon th,e flcp of a di"y, -^aru rooia ; here
they are turned occasionally for a few weeks, after v^hich time
they nay be threshed and reraovedj leaving- the seed. It has
"beer the practice to obtain seed froiu the cones which held
ther'i tightly, by the use ol cone kilns, which conaiatea of a
wire cloth ujjon which tlie cones wei e spread and a gentle fire

3^.

built i:^eneafh it ; the cloth being raised about twelve feet
above the fire. The cones were stirred frequently du.rin'i: the
drying process, until they "began to oi^en ; after whioli they
v?ere reKoved and the seeds gathered u^). Cones treat-rd thus
are those of the- ScotcJi Pine, larch and scrae 3;.ri.icesj thl^ heat
should r\<:^^^r rise alcove 100 to 120 degrees y, yieshy seeds,
as those of Taxus and Juniper, may be treated as outlined under
the heading of Janiperus. If kf-pt until the following spring
they should he stratified in tnedluis, moist and fins sand.

There are. many seeds which ripen so late', in the season
that ih he cones neoess.strj/ to store then) d-iirin?t the vrinter
months. The sef'.d xuust he kept in auch a condition that their
germinating power 7rill he impaired as little as possihle,
T?arly uiaturing se^ids which matux?; hefore lats vsunrmer axe hy
far better if sowed iniiaediately than to attempt caryinp: over.
These are corLfined alv-ost entirely to the hard?;ood gro^.i.p ; the
conifers as a rule /rature late and must '^e stored. All con-
ifer aeed should he stored by placing in s-ii.cks and hanging up
in a cold, dry cella}- or other building. Sue!" seed should be
exanined frcru time to tiint daring t?ae '^intei' to see r.hat they
are keeping properly.

Conifer seed vary greatly in size as seen by tlie tahle
giving the aj? proximate nuraber in a poirnd ; an idea of the
amount of seed produced by different ^specles Tiay be obtained
from the follo?d,ng figxires taken from the Trans, of K'iprh. and

36.

Agi--'l Society- of Scotland.

Larix 20 toushels of cones rjj-od.uce 112 I'b. of seed

Pinuy SylvestT-i.e 90 tiushelc^ of con&ft. vrotXacp. 112 Xb, of seed

Pinus I*'.xcelsa 68 'buBhels of cones producf-. 112 11). of seed

A'hies P--;CtLnata 44 "bushesl of cones pi-odi;ce II;- l"b. of seed

The qtiestlon of vital it 7 In seeds is a.n iHipoj'tant one in

tl'io fltnragp worV, There are some seeds whiofer natairally have

a more last LnR vitality •,h.-x..i do other a, this is eBpecially

true in the c^ise of the hard-«,'ood trees arid far more pronoixnaed

than In thp conifers. The seed;.? of Juniper, Pine and Spr'uce

retain their- vitality a'tjout the Sijroe lenfjth of tir'e ;And

naturally are a« pTOlongS'l hs a'ay of the conifer seea. Some

of thy; pine seed kept in their closed cones loave been knovm to

ti ivc a siaall percentage of germinHtion "fnun seven to nine

yearw old^

PropHf;atirig frO'ai Seed

Coiii-i u-U;i-inr: the piop3,gation of trees from the bi-oad
standpoino, ':.': bs e is ■vc^'-:j- little difference, xn tYx. soil ajid
caxe neceaaary, that does not npply equally well to garvden
3ef;d, If cii'^sn a i-riodiuKi rich, saiidy soil of a riioisi,. nati-ire,
and v-rithin certain liinits of temperature, almost any tree aeed
may he gerBrlnated and -j-nado to live for a longer or s/ o; ter
tinjs. There are minor details whicr do jiot ai.jj.ly tc both ;
and w}" to}- for the heat resui::3 in the raisinp; of seedling
trees are -aecessary.

The first co'as icier at i'--n i3 that of the seed bed ; tl" is

1, Bull. 29. U,B, Dep!-,. 0 Agr .

H

should l->e located upon 5?-oimd which is soniewJiat hirrlier than
adjacent land. a>Td affords jood surface ctra.i na;re, , ^ath as
little 1 '.ability to washinf;; as x^oss llile , The land best
&.dapte.d is a wpII '7<^orkp'i field oi garden, in preference to n&w
ground. The water supply, proxiin..lty to tho nwr -a^-^t^j ^ b.iul the
horae , are factors 7-h.i.ch should he considered hefore choosing
the Bite for aeed beds, and if.ore bo ijf the.;-' are (-.0 he conduct-
e d u po ji a, n e x t en f. i'^'' ''; s c al e ,

The 3oii pi ef ercihle for the see.a bed s?nould be a sandy
loan; of a rcediiu: degree oi i ichness. A det:;i[), loose, p;ravelly
soil y/il3,be favorable if the finer 30x1 cannot be had ; In
case tjif. soil is naturally Arer,' poor it may be enriched by
addinj" 'veil rotted manurF. or le.af mould. The onl>' jirepara-
tion n^ Qf-.nnviT^j -f if the frrcund has bee"a under cultiAration is a
deep spadtn.pr and a tl-oroacli r^iJcinp;. If pasture land is iised
it will brin-: bettei results, to spade or plo-K t}:e seed bed
site durinio; the preceeding fall, to a depth of ten to twelve
inches, and if possible spadtnp; In a liberal amount of rotted
manure, T»?arly the ne-'t sprmfr the ground Bhoiild be again
plowed, thoroughly pulverised pjai rakea off level. Too coed
a preparation cannot be given a seed bed for- the beat results.
The Bi7,e of the seed bed is of course aependent upon th^e iunomit
of sei.d 'to be :-3cv;n ; the v;ldt>t. s/ioula be^Jt be fc/ar feet.
Stakes twelve to fourteen inches ^^bove iTj'ound are o.rxven in on
the upper side of the bed two Inclies hi/^her than those upon
the lower .gide , U^on the upper pa.rt of these stake. ■; ar"e

M.

nailed strips of "boards two innhfiB wide and. onf. xnci -ihink,
Meel'ian, one oi" '.-.he juost extensive propagators of trees in
general, tron seed, does not make a frarae aroimd the seed
Ijeds, The iDeds are made oj" varying lengths, fow fecr'-. \s/;i.de
and 6t;ikes are driven uijon which to support the shades. This
method is airaple a, -'Xt answers well for thf: mo ;-•: liardy seed \ "b
bnt in order to guard a/^ainat thf-: different external .mflvt-
enccs the niethoa of enclosin«c the seed bed, for the more
de-lica.te seeds is 'test. 'Soy the rarer nand tender species
thf. practice of gaoling the seedlings in flatr-,, indoors, is
coinrnon ; hy sn doinp* t te root Bystcxri is munh strengf.bened and
the youncf plants withataaid transplanting much better.

In the aovring of seed there are two general methods with
their variations ; these are known aa hroadcast raid ci.rills.
The department of forestrj'" at WashinEton advocate four methods
of seeding, namely : (1) broadcaatinK over the wliole area of
the bed, (2) hj cadcastin" in strips six to eight inches wide,
(lO sowing in single drills, and (^) sowing ax uoube drills.
The chief advantages of the hroadcast j-uetjicd arc that a larger
number of seedlings can he gr'own upon a given area than hy any
Othei' jriethod ; and it is often the case, especially wit}": hroad
leaf trees, frat siich a stand 0/ seedlings /ijay 'be secared as
v/ill choke out the greater m.«ni^ei" of tl\e weeds which come up*
It is, however, seen that the failure of certain aef-^ds to
geriTiinate will '-ause hare spaces in the bed, upon which weeds
will grow. The second method n.^-ced is, for the most part,

5f.

"but a coraproifliBft "between Ihe drill rind tie "broadoast t;>ieory,
axid com'foines to a -greater or less extent the -i.nfllvidu-;,! merits
of e-iOii, Where the jnethod of oroadcaatinf in str.i.p^ is
adopted, a space of six inclie-s ia usually left t.Ktvreen the
seeded sti'.lps to allot; cult It al; ion with s. narrow r?J<e, The
advarita/isa of th.e drill aurthod of sov;in,=^ s«'-.d are : that the
seeds in drills produce plants of gre^ater vigor- and niOi-e uni*
foriJi size throucliou:-. thf: ijcd ; iuid also faoi:|.ita.te veedinp; and
alio?? cf 'iaoi-o eas;-" cultiYatiOi- v?hich ir. ol'ten -^-e.TY ht^nef icial
to the ;/o&ig jilajits hy j-.revf.nting a rapid evaporation froiA th.e
soi4.. The single, drills and tlic couplets of double arills
are six inches §,part , \vhile th?- individual rows of the, coup-'
lets arrc thre^i inches ap.irt, Wc rr.a,' readily sec that ^rith
the I'jor f; coreaon seeda whic?t are proiucoa abiindantly and
possess a good vje rcent agf: of ^eriixnat io.n, that upon general
principles -and frcji a;i. occnor^ical at andpo.mt , it is fully as
advisable, to adopt the f L.r nt general nieithod ;iS the second.
If t}ie se^d possetis a hich rata of perK'.ination it i3 always
"better to KO-v thin a.,nd in all cases tht- expensive conifer
seeds shc/ld he sown -tith .ff;3-r,at: oare and with economy. Ltg-ht
seeds, snoh aa those of Ar"ho3-vitav5s , Li'bccedrus, Cyijress, and
the SiXiall-:}- Pin''-;, SprMcrv, Heiolcck, ?tr and Larch seed are very
diff icvilt to sow in siicli -x mi^Jinej-* that the^ will no^ re quire
thinning .

Seed should be sovrn fj^om e^irly April to tl-^e jtiiddle of
May, The ti:me depends upon t?ie rep:ion and oliuiate ; in

4-0.

general ■'ihe.y may t,)C so<m in the sorin,-; as soon ;ir tjie ^;o.ll Is
dry enougji to 'be ea.-. ily v^orked , -whio'i- 1, iiae in oixr L]or:lisrn
stated Is ti-nit the first of April to tlu-. tv/cntiet]i of li<rj »
They are best sown, when the, soil is rnoist ; n€;^rr,T ■vvhe.n it is
wet, oj- en*:irely 'iry. Seeds ?;}):to]'! .hare be-en stored durin-^
the winter In a dry, cool place v/ill do "better ii' sown promptly
<?<.fter beifL-j: t'^Jceri I'rom the storage ,

Tlar. every small seeds should by no means \w. covered as
deeply as the laj~ger ones. The proper depth of oovei ing, •
when fidved, is important. In ,f^.nerai se^ds vrhioh a- e sown
■broadcast are no' covered a» deeply ar-' tho»e aov«rj in drills.
If the cover in." is t''0 3." allo\i,^ t}i.e se^.ds may be washe:! out,
and if too deep they niay ro-i- ijefore f^enrinatinp; , or the seed
jcnay not ha^re ftnfficient enejgy to push throup'}' the heavy-
covering. Small Beed should, as a r'.ile , be covered irom two
to three timeB thsir diameter \ large seeds laay be coirered
twice their depth. It is best after sowin,-'; the seed to firm
the earth over the seed rows by light rollinr::, or ijressing
down Tv'ith a board. Varioiis kinds of j'ialc};iing iray be resori:ed
to fojf projection a.o-ainst -,¥ind and sun ; the Siu f ace of the
bsd Kuay be kept danspened "by iiiulching vith nc-;Sp sawdust, or
litter from the surface of the ."riound in the v'ocds. An even
supply of rioistiire in thie seed 'bed w.iil 'dve the hirhest rate
of ger/uinat ion in +he shortest tiiae. The aiw of tlte pi opaga-
tor should be to keep the soil just moist and apply water only
when it becomes necessary.

^/.

T'fc.e gsai A-ith proii&r care .^jiould j^er'ninate in iro/u tlu'ee
to fiye weeks ; however sucia seeds aa Juniper and others are
oftej-; apt to lis in i;he seed bed di.ii"inj a ye-u' oi- luort. t^e. fore-
gen!, inat Ion t;-vV£K5 ijlace , A widft (Sirierenoe exists xn the
germination of seeds froru different local it ieH. Norway
Spruce j Wjiite Spni.ce , Sootcli, Austii^m and Mountain Pine, j
Color adn Con.lferfi, Picea Panniens ;;tnd P.vCeH lagolraanni, ooioe
up ai-mit th(-, sai-i.i. tiKK. Abies Ma;<;nlfioa .uid Allies G-randls
come uvi at lon?3 in'-.eryaJ.s, the first seed to appear "i.ieing isi
April and t5":e ?i.£Lst .tri late suKu-aer, Various IcindtJ ol' Cypretss
are ir '-e t!;ul ar ; afl aj-e aliio SciadciJityr. ^ and LilDOoerdrriS , Seed
of the n&.tiYe White Pint are t]'e jnop.t irrec-^ular .lu gei-mina.t ion.

The necessity" of an even supple of uio.isture to the seed
l>ed "beforp g^-ri'iination h:-,3 Tacer^, cited ; the sainc ie also true
after ih'^' se'--dF, have geri!iin?..ted, Seedlings of conifers, c.s a
rule, reqrtj.re le.ss watering;; thar. do thorap of the hroadleaf
tree?;. If the natUT a.L agencies dc not si.;.ppl:>' vvater eriou.^i,
the 'beds should tje artificially watered once or t-wiee a week j
applyinp: the water in quantities suffie.i.ent to saturate the
soil to a depth of six to eight inches deep., See'Ilin^!;s Bhou-Id
not he .allowed to dry out. ; on the ot.Vi.Kx- .hand, for heet results,
the hed ahould he closely watched and nearer allov-'f-d to dry
enou.^'"' to five the seedlin.c;.^ t.he least creek. Seed Sjeds
shoruld he 3cftp^-. free froiu weeds a.-jd if t}ie dr.).ll .Jiethoa is us8d,
the soil should h?^. kept well cultivated hetween the rov/s.

1. R. Douglas ; Garden 1897

41

TlTe protectirn of the seedlings dur'lng t>!f. first winter,
in \Yp. northern states, is quite essential, Whtirf- r.iics secd-
linf^B y.rf? In ro^m tl.e no st effective protection is to bank on
efither side of the row witJ\ earth •, tc- prote-ot those so?7:i xii
tJif. broadcast mann;,r a cover in;^ consistinp of a foot or- nioie
of stra-r spread ovej- i'.hc tops and rield dowii by mear.B of pine
■boi).''3'ho is quite sirfficient. Th*. loethods of Bhading and
transplant in-- are treated in folloi'inp; ch-ipi-er^.

4^3.

SHADING

For the "best results in the growing of seedlings it is
most necessary that the seed hed should te shaded in order to
protect the soil from "being suhjected to too great evaporation,
and the tender seedlings from exposxire to the blazing sim of
mid-day.

In addition to these methods used solely for shading
there is another object of fully as great importance ; it is
that of supplying protection against the birds. Just at the
time when the tender seedlings are appearing above the surface
and before they have shed the seed coat the birds have a strong
tendency of picking these off and in so doing totally destroy-
ing the young plant. Whole beds have been destroyed in a few
hours by birds, and hence it becomes necessary to use the
screens at this state of development as a means of protection
against birds as well as the rays of the sun.

There are various types of shading ; these differing with
the facilities, the object sought, and the conditions under
which the bed exists,

1, Lath screens. These are most universally used among
propagators of both ornamental and forest trees. The screens
are four feet square and made of common laths, laid at right
angles in a double series. The interstices between the laths

H-.

are square and equal in width to a single lath. Such screens
are laid horizontally over the beds \ each screen iDeing support-
ed at the corners \>y posts protruding from a few inches to
four or five feet aTsove the surface of the seed toed. Where
extensive propagating; is carried on, such screens form the
most efficient method of protecting and shading tlie heds. They
allow thoroijgh ventilation and confine the shadows to no one
portion of the surface ; these changino- with the. time of the
day,

2, Brush screens > These are used quite extensively
especially where one desires as little expense as possll^le and
is In the close vicinity of such material. Sometimes the
"boughs or small branches are laid directly upon the surface of
the bed ; but more often they are raised from three to four
feet to allC'-'r weeding. Wh^m laid directly upon the surface
of the bed the brush must be removed as soon as the young
plants germinate in order to allov/ of weeding. This method
of shadin- is not as effective as that of lath screens ; the
intensity of the shade varying greatly and more or less
deca^red matter is apt to get upon the si^rface of the bed,

3, Litter. In places where litter, fr'om the ground
beneath forest trees, caii be obtained, free flr om weed seed,
etc., it is often used with excellent results. As soon as
the seed are sown this litter is spread a few inches in depth
over the entire surface of the seed bed, thus who 11 ■ protecting
the surface against the drying effects of vind and sun.

//.?

4:^-.

Imn^diately after the seedlings "begin to show on the surface
of the "bed this litter is carefully raked away and just a thin
coverin,?^ of clean, dry sand is put over the surface. This
also protects the yoizng roots, w?tich are near the surface,
from drying out. It often happens that after the litter has
■been reiuoved, screens of lath or tnish ai'e placed over t?ie "bed
andnany foresters practice the; use of both at tlie same time,

4. Cloth screens. Where the seed ai"e in fraraea a screen
is often used, made of cheesecloth or muslin, A frame is
made over the glass, supported hy posts and osrer this is
placed the covering of cloth ahove named. This method is
adopted "by nurserymen and coimnercial propagators for shading
cutting beds out of doors,

5. Whitewash, The method of whitewashing is the, most
efficient method of shaiding cutting beds in a propagating
house. When the aun "begins to "become stronger and the days
are warmer, the glass directly over the cutting "bed may "be
six"bjected to a coat of whitewash. This xs sometimes necessary
in mid-winter ; its adoption depending upon the hardiness of
the cuttings gro-v^n, the moisture of the air in the house and
the temperature prevailing.

6. There have "been other methods more or less used, and
mostly of little practical value ; among which ar-e those of
covering the surface of the seed "bed with cocoanut fiber or
moss, to keep the soil uniformly moist,

7. Shed screens. These are "built of slats, usually

4-6.

three inch stuff and vary in size, covering areas from a few
eqtiare feet to an acre. The olDject of these is not priraarily
the same as that of the other methods named ; it is raostly a
means "by which the tender cuttings roay he "hardened off" "before
being placed in the hahy garden. The flats containing the
rooted cuttings are set upon the ground under this structure
or often on shelves and here thej are left iroia the spring
after "being struck to the succeeding sprint; ; generally a
period of one year.

These sheds ars often ^rery Tiseful and convenient es a
place in which to store the flats containing the slower ger-
minating seeds of the more hardy species. Tluis method is
practiced quite extensively "by ¥.eehan of Philadelphia in
hardening off cuttings of the conifers.

As regards the length of time which such shade should he
applied to the seedlings, it is generally "best to teep the
seed heds J containing conifer seedlings, shaded fropi the time
that the seeds are sown until the fall of the succeeding year ;
removing the screens only upon cloudy days or during light
showsrs. However, provided the soil in the seed hed is suffi-
ciently moist at the tirre previous to a shower, the screens
may "be left on as a partial means of shedding some of the
water. With most of the hroad leaf seedlings thf practice of
continuous shading, as applied to the conifers, is not neces-
sary. After the second leaves have appeared sucli seedlings

^t

are little affected lay the sun an'i raay be left unprotected
except during tl-ie middle of tlie warmest days.

Conifer seedlings grown in tho shade of other trees
require little or no artificial protection.

4r

G R A y T [ N G

drafting as applied to conifers has been until recent
years aii art, the ^practice of whxch many of our best pi'opc-Aga-
tors avoiried. It is, however, at the present, tine, quite
extensively jjracticed and for raan;- purposes servea better than
some of the other methods. At first oonsidered a moat diffi-
cult feat, requiring Bkill and Tjractioe j :tt is jiow icno/ai to
"be auccessful, and performed vsrith decided ear^e and certainty,
althoiiffh it requires reore time to complete the union of scion
and graft in conifers than in hard^rond trees. The treatment
of the Btooks and scionr. together with tie methods of laalcing
the graft are somevriiat different froTfi those adopted in the
prod'acing of ornamental d(^ciduor<3 trees in the Bi-miB Lna.nner,
Wit}-: the latter the methods T(-?_ry /greatly in different genera }
v/hile the 8ame luethods apply generally to all conifers. Root
grafting r.-hile I'arely practiced with conifers, is seen ioxiry
times in tlie reprodncti. on of varieties of hardwood trees ;
cleft grafting though cornmon in the latter is practiced only
rarely vith conifers.

The great majority of the grafting perforreea in x-his
country is that practiced among the nurser;/men and hotanists.
The stocks upon whie}-; the grafting is done are mostly of
foreign origin. They are imported to this country each year

4-f

from foreign countriss such as 7r ceic e ani '^^-ermany ; countries
in which, lauor i3 cheaj' and riat-.^ra). c on di ;,-•.. onfc are adapted to
the wor-k:, 'Diere is no dou'bt l/ut that home growri stocl^s are
fully as well adapted, to the work ; 'but fji.e cost of prodixcing
such, upon a copjiTiei-cial basis, I'S so much greater than the net
cost of iraportation, ths^t '^^e; sec -^trj few plants upon domestic
roots.

Seedlings of the conmion type species arf. LB'.i,)orted at the
a.ga of two to three year's and .Irmiied lately potted into fear to
six moh pots ana Boraetiraes larger j if the development of the
root systera requires. Home grown seedlings iiiay be taken
directly from tlrie flats under t?>c. hardening oti: frtunt; and
potted in the sasK.:; inanner. Tht; size of these plnnta, used
for grafting piirposes, should he t3u.ch that the diameter of the
main steiu ranges froiu one-eip;hth to one-foiirth Inches. If
the yo\uig plants are in a frame oat of doors they should he
poi.ted duj-ing SejM:. ember or October and placed u^ion y. bench in
the i:)ropa4Q;ating house , w.ith the tcjupei-atror-e ranginfV from 60 to
80 df;g,vees, A.11 Buch pilots Bj-i.oula yJLwayg he potted long
enoufj!:h before grafting, so that the }-oot systera -^^'ill have
become thoroughly well estahlished in the new situation.

The seaBon for eraj'^tinp: conifers is d^.xring the ■^■ime "b
"between the middle of j)ecember and the firot of Jiar ch . Many
do the gi-aftin;^^ between early AugiiBi, and Ootobej- and many also
fail at this time. TJie cause of failure be in;-.; due to change-
able weather and difxicult.:,' of keeping: a steady degree of
temperature. After the middle of March the union of the stock

iTO.

and scion is much more di.rricalt to o].;r.ain , ajid it is neces-
sary tc take great precaution against ext?.rn&.l inflvicnnes ,
which iriay lead to failure. Graftinp should always iDf; perform-
ed lender glasB tor i.he LcsL rRGiilts, Duj'ing tlie winter months
t>ie temperature arid jriOi>it".ir r cor.dit ic>is of the-: [.■rorj?^c-Atxnii
house may lie controilsd and kepi'- ;;io2' e constant than during the
spring and fall racnthe vrhfin it dei-)Oiues very diffj.ci'lt to con-
tr o 1 »

The ncions, if of the, snore ooin.rrton yaiiieties, and from
trees close at hand^ -."lay he; gathered at any tiiw: dm-inH; tl-.e
winter prf^vious to a fe>" dayr before thf-tine of ffraftin^r atid
stored in a cool cellar in moss, th? tempej- aturp. heing suffi-
cient.ly low so that growth will not "De excited, 3>ri.'i ist ill the
scions -■'7111 not he suhjec^.ed to freezin^: effects. Scions if
received in the fa.ll, roay be stored or if necef'sity urges,
they may he at once prafterJ. f^reat care he inf-r exercised with
the plants f i- om the.i on, C o rmof : r c i al pro^m gators prefer, when
pOBSihlft. to gather the Bcions "btit a few days pJ■^:vio •.;,•:; to the
grafting, and, if frozen, see that they are well tha^ved out
"before i^.Bing, The scions are tnken froro the last sn.iiiin.er ' s
grovv'th ; genera^.ly heing aurora two to three in<''.he3 long.

The prexjaratinn of the stcoko for tl-ie opei^ation consists
going oyer all of tJ^e plants ahciit tis,'o weeks previous to this
time and cleansinf^ Cfich plant thoroHi?;i.ly. A.t. the sa.-ae time
any long stra,c:gliny: ahootn ja--^-- well he shorteneci. The plants
raa,y then he jjlaoed in the propa^:ating frame, which is a section
of a hench covered with sash ; here they are kept rather close

^7

in order to sncoaraf^e a "brisk o irculat Icm of the sap. This
is iflos-f- advisai-sle ; hoomver it roa;' lip. ''l.iBx;'enspd with, as a
prepavator-.y stf;x), if the tenpei'atnre and snointivre conditions
of the propagatin,'- hoiiae are well controlled.

At the time of" fyrafting, the stocks s}'oiJ.ld not 'oe out
dovvn e-/. .all, ot>iP::rwlsf5 thf. flov^ of sap x.oy<!a.r<%s the mutxla,ted
portion will "i-^e so great as to kill the ,o;raft,

Thi^ j'tcthods adapted to these trees a;-e known as side,
Yenertr a/.id s addle p:raJ't in/?" ; cleft i-:raftinf^ 5.3 pract. ice;d more
with the. pines tha 1 with tha othei' geiiei'a, Sidb or veneer
graftirif'; is hest adapted arid most: universaiJ.^' practicea ; it
has the strong ailvantaf^e ovt-r clef tgj-Hj' ting and saddle graft-
ing, in that if thr, graft does not take at the first operation,
the Btock Ls not destroyed foi t>.o seaf>on. The operation in
sp.oh case raay hr, readily repeated upon ■'U'lOthBr side, of the
stern or a little lower dovvn. This is iiupoas-.fole in oleft
gr-afting. in W-'^ich c^ise tht, stock is v/ort.hless ;.;ntil tiie fol-
lowing season. 13y ■.ae tii-i ;^ of the foregoing iaet>,odj propagators
suocoed in uniting from '.vO to 95 pt.? cent of tht. plants.

The modQ of m;aking the graf', consists ; f ij st in taking a

good healthy one yes.r old shoot, fi cm t"'jvo to four incfies long,

cut the end off clean and square, arirt also shave oi'., a piece

of th^ wood aliout e-qr^al in length to ti' e cut r:iade upon the

stock. T'/ift stock in prepared by selecting a smooth, place

upon t'AP. storn, qu.it e nenr the su.'-face of th'r aoil, at tiiis

point make .-i clean tangential (;u-f. downwards varying in length

fro'in one-}ialf to three-fourths of an inch, at its terir.inat ion
TT ~^ a i le y ' s "Nur-¥eFy B 60k" ( Gr af t i n g )

<^'A.

make a t rans ">'"?? rse cvx , thu;-, reriovlnp a p.iK.-^'-! oi* I'-.he T.)ark wood
aw^.y r.r'O'- t}-e Bi'\^ of tr e st.Gck. The 'outt en.d cf the scion
aia.-r tJ'fia "be placed vpon the notch, exerc i.3in'', carf-; t)ic..f. the
"b&rk on onf^ -sifio ma.:'- f^xaotly coincidF. alonf the ..^rh.ol6; lerifT^th

of th'=; 0T5.t, ,

Oleft graft inf; vasy be. perforce ■!! either lAfith the doy.hle
scion or with a si riffle one. Thft latter "beLoc' the raojf: prova-
ler.»- ,

The si/nplest ir.ethod used, is that of side grafting; per-
forni.ed sI.T:13.arlv to inarch Ing, The fitock is shaved c;t the
side for a length of one-half to thr ee-fouri-,hs of .un inch and
a sirailar oat is made upon the t^cion. The two surfaces are
laid tOQ-ether and heTid in i^lace hy nisans of raffia or .p;rafting
wax. After gra,ftin:-^ the point of proposed nnion may ha
coYer'-;d ^;f it h p;r.:drtinf^ wax if the 3 ur rounding conditiom^ are not
ide-il ; the gene txl iTiethod "oeinfr that of hindin.q; with raffia
or grafting: cotton to hold t}"<-; acion in place.

The grafted plants, for tho host r^^snl-*:!?;, should be laid

upon thriir sides in a close frfm?; which har, he.'.n pre;yionsly

prepare'! by ".diitewashinsi thoroughly/ and pittinr; a few iiiches

of moQB in the hottoiri, TJioy ahould he shaded froii, th;; sxm

during the first fe-? days and alvvays vrell siu-O'iixled, at the

"base eBpeoial?.y, with rfioss. Thf: rietiiod of co-.-e)in,c; v/ith mosB

reqnirp^B I'hss care to recciyr tl-.c hest results, Th--: .vtockB

shiou3.d he watf-;rf;d aftcj- t];is, only w?ion necr.ssaiy :-i.r\d \vatering

shrnld hft confined to thr; rnoti;; ; cure heinf^ taken that it

doe s ' "

1, Bailey ' s^JTursery Book"

sd'3.

does not. toncY- the point of ^.n.'.on. Any siiperalnmdant raoxB-
+i'.re im tj.'.B fr.-^j^e vie./y Ise lirled up by TBJ.sintj the cover for a
shor-^ ti?;?; each riiorninf^. T/ie object ci' t>iK traiue Ising to
pii.ve the plants a oorirttant heat aad prevent excessive evapoj-a-
tlon, -r i.','hoi.i+ l<ceptn;;' '.oo raois'J". ITnln?7 s'uniXd "be complete
in Trorf' four tn six Vireekfi ; at ?r"-lG" Mnse a calln.^od a-x-pfiaranoe
will tie seen around t}i.e point of pv';Lherenoe. Ai'ter thf: -anion
is v/ell completed, t}:x; tof^ s}\onlfi te sl-ortened 'back, not too
flovRrely ; r^:^:ny .f ailur'sp. rf.ir.;lt jircuj too clcf-^t- hpadin.;- tack.
Thif! IB especially tyae in the. c'lJOf:, oi' Plnf;,3 and Spnicfis which
am very suscept Lhlr. . In ahout eip:ht wce-V^ tl-r. plr/xits uTiay he
tSiJcF7i from thp- frai-'ie ^jjd placed upon the )-ei~alcir hcncliCS in
thrpi2rGpap:c!Ltin;v liOT'se, Tliey can novr he t related RiKxlar to
of-er plants. "Oui inr* the follo-v-?nf\ STirinp; tnc:y ija.y I'e cut
h :ck q^eltf clcsfcly anri set nv;:-, of doors In a frame j the
follow in ■■^ -jirinter they I'-ay he Vvintcred in a fraj/ie exifl B^-,t into
thf: nursery the next BiTxnp:, TO'>.xle t>;e biridinr? rcriia..ns over
the "oiM'iP. of the r^rafs. c;ire aV'OUld be t;ij\;en to fioe that no
'icri cut the ac iori ; ties ns.y iK-: rcrcovsd B.'n f.oon as the nnion
is conplPte.

Follo^vin-': is a likjt ci the Htook.5 v^ea 102 ;. £'^^\, of the
more oorniunn conifers.

>y-f:

Stock -0 propagate

Arancaria Ia.ljrJ.cata ArancarJ.a

Ki^ji&s pec in at. a,, AtieB ijalaaviea A Dies

Picca excels a, Picea AIL a Picca

Tauga Canadensia TsUii;"a

T axo d L xixii 3 } i s t i c i'i liHi 'J H^KO d 1 1. i » >
Ghai-iaecypafis Pis if era, Ch.-,^xr.iarjoy]Hiris o'btana Ch.ams,ecyparis

Cupressus Lawsoniana C-upressus

Thaya Oco-i.aen'oalis Thuya

JunipfifUB Virg in ,i.ana truniperus

Puius Stro^bus, Pinus Sylvestris Pimas

Taxu.s Jiaccata TaKug

Larix Tiluropea Larlx

BilDocedrus is pxai^'-'^^'i upon Thnva Sitie*isis

In i^encral, t-he goldf.'n or •'■arie-ateri forjx:.-; of Taxiis,
Cupre?i3UB, T}:.uyopsi8; Tj^i;;-;. aa'.! C}iaiaa€c:'paris are reproduced
"by ^rraftin-''; upo?i +,>;-, nnjrooon r-.nri. liar die 7- stcnkn most fvvasily
obtained. "Ci.it tin;~" planf-,3 arc -very seldnvri usen :Cor stoc3<s.

^"s^"

TEANSPLA.MTINCT

The operation of trans plant inp; should always "be performed
with as little exposixre of the roots as possi"ble. The very
small root hairs, or the feeding cells, upon the roots of the
plant perish quickly if left exposed, for even a few minutes
to the dry atmosphere. Roots of conifers are particularly
sensitive, hence more careful attention should be given to
these than to those of "broad leaved trees. It is the case of
oftentimes that trees of Inroad leaved species have their roots
dried out and yet with ijroper care revive and live j with the
conifers, once dried, the roots loose all vitality.

The proper season for transplanting yoxmg trees is just
"before growth hegins in the spring j it is then that the seed-
lings are likely to receive the least injury. In parts of
the country where the winter is the only season with a'bTindant
rainfall, the transplant in.p- should "be done during the rainy
season. In our eastern states transplanting in the fall is
quite common, though small seedlings should "be carefully pro-
tected "by mulching, in such cases, as a prevention against
"being heaved out 'by the frost. Conifers as a rule, with the
exception of Larch and Tamarack which are deciduous, may be
planted later in the season than broad leaf trees.

^-■i

^'6.

It is test to choose a wet or cloudy day for transpla.nt-
ing ; however it often hapi^ens that this work must "be done at
other times. If done in dry weather the ntar-sery "beds or
trenches shoiild he thoroughly soaked a few days hefore remov-
ing the seedlings. Many conifers as the yellow and long leaf
pine, and "broad leaf trees with long tap roots, should have
the roots pruned in the seed "bed. With small seedlings this
may he done with a sharp, flat spadje or implenients designed
especially fe r the work.

It is sometimes necessary, and more so if seedlings are to
1)6 transferred any distance, to plunge the roots immediately
into a vessel containing a mixture of earth and water of ahout
the consistence of molasses. This is termed "puddling" and
the mixture may be prepared in a pail, tuh or a harrel. By
this method the roots are covered entirely and auhjected- to
drying effects of wind and sun prove very little injurious to
them.

With the conifers, where the seed are sown either broad-
cast or otherwise in "beds, it "becomes necessary to transplant
the greater number of the young seedlings to the ''■ba"by'' garden
when they are from 1 to 2 years old. This enables the young
plants to establish a larger root growth and to be far better
adapted to permanent setting out. When the seedlings are
taken from the se? d bed they should be dipped in a puddle and
if delay is necessary, they shoiUd be laid, roots together in
small piles of 50 to 100 and covered with wet blankets j the

^l

more tender ones should always "be transplanted w;ithout delay,
the roots 'being kept in pans of water.

Conifer oiis seedlings, as a riile, should "be set four inches
apart in the rows and "broad leaf seedlings, six inches apart.
The rows should "be two to two and one-half feet apart, and all
plants should "be set one to two inches deeper in the rows than
they were in the seed "bed.

Trees, like ojiks, walnut, elm, and catalpa, which form
long fleshy roots during the first season shoiild have the root
severely primed "before setting in the niu'sery, while seedlings
with short, fibrous roots nefd little or no cutting "back.
Seedlings of many of the more coiiMon and hardier "bi'oad leaf
trees are often taken frojQ the seed bed in the fall and stored
in "bundles in cool, dry cellars in which the temperature is
constantl^y a little a,"bove freezing. Here they are stored,
until in January or Pe"bruary when time perrriits, they are taken
into the propagating shed, thoroughly overhauled, tops and
roots pr med and sorted as to sizes. They are then tied into
"bundles of lOG and again placed in storage until the weather
will permit transplanting into nursery ro>-s in the early
s pr ing ,

In case no rain falls %?ithin ten to twent;' days after
seedlings have "been placed in nursery, water should "be afj lied
to the rows* It is hest to water after setting out if conve-
nience will allow.

The foregointr statements ajjply as well to the transplant ing[
of cuttings into nursery rows as to seedlings. The treatment
of cuttings will "be discussed in another chapter.

'6

^-f.

Table Sho?/in;2 "^^^'^^ approximate per cent of Gerriination of
the seod of many of our iniportanb trses.

Percentage
of ^^^ernul.nation
Name of the Speeies In f'l-osh seed

'irhitG Pine 70 to 80

Pitch Pins 60 to 85

Scrub Pine . 50 to 80

Longleaf Pine 50 to 70

famai-ack 50 to 75

Black and Red Spruce 60. to 75

GoiTJfiOn Spruces . 60 to 75

HenilocK 30 to 60

Balsarc Fir 50 to 50

White ?lr 40 to 55

Bald C;q)ress . 25 to 50

Incense Cedar . . . , 40 to 65

Arborvitae 50 to 75

Pacific Arborvitae , 50 to 75

Lav;son Cypr-'^ss 25 to 40

Red <J"i;riipsr 50 to 75

Walnut 75 to 80

Buttorrmt 75 to 80

HiCKorlos (coriT-ion species) . . . , _ 50 to 75

Birch (Uj to 80

Beech 75 to 95

.-f

^-f.

yai!i3 of SDooies

G.he.gt-nut . . .
i^hite Oa]< . .
Bur-r Oak . . .
Cheetnu'ii Oak .
Red OaK' . . .
Slippery Sim .
White and Co-K
Hackberi-y . .
K8a Mulberry .
Osat'?e Oran^^'e .
Tulip Tr«?e . .
Sweet Gum . .
Sycamore . . .
BlacK C^arry .
Honey Locust .
KeiitucKy Coffee
3u,s:a/- Maple
Red Raple . ,
Salve;- Maplo .
Box "Elder . .

A3I-1

Catalpa . . .

Ir

e 6

Percentage
of p;^ rm j.n a t i on
ir. fre?h seed

75 to 95
75 to 95
70 to 95
75 to 95
GO to 60
50 to 75
50 to 75
70 to 80
75 to 90
60 to 95
5 to 10
50 to 75
60 to 75
75 to 80
60 to 75
oO to 75
30 to 50
25 to 60
25 to 60
4-0 to CO
35 to 50
40 to 75

So.

Approximate height attained \>:j seedlings in one year

Naiae of the; species Approximate

heiftht in inches

White Pine 2,5-3.5

Red Pine 2 -3

Scotch Pine 2 -4

Tamarack , % -3

White Spruce X.5 - 2.5

Black Spruce 1.5-2.5

Elue Spruce , 1.5-3

Engelnian Spruce 2 -3,5

Red -^xr 3 - 4.5

Hemloclc 2 - 3.6

Arhorvitae ..... 1,5-2,5

Incense Cedax 2 -3

Lav;soa Cypress , 1,5-2,5

Red Juniper 2 -3,5

Oak (White, Chestnut, Post, Burr) , 5 - 9

Oak (Red, Black, Scarlet, Pin) 6 -12

Ash 6 -10

Walnut (Jupflans) ,.......,. 10 -14

Hickory 6 -9

Elm (American, Corked) 5 -10

Slippery Elm , . 10 -18

Hackberry 5 -12

SI.

Approximate
Name of the species height in inches

Mulberry 8-10

Black Locust 18-20

Honey Locust 6-14

Kentucky Coffee Tree 6-12

Birch 3- 8

Black Cherry 8-14

Sugar Maple 6-12

Red Maple 6-10

Sllve- Maple 12-20

Box Elder 10-14

Basswood 6-12

Hardy Catalpa 14-20

s^.

Table ahov'inr the niCibev of tree se?d. X'Si"" ounce and pound,
and alsc trie approximate nuiiitsr c^f liiie-'.r feet oi seed drill
covered, by cv^cr. quantity.

Approxi- Approximate

ciate nuinlDer- number

of linear of linear

feet of feet of

ivarnber of ?\'ujiiber of sesd drill seed drill

^eeds In 1 seed ir> covorod by c.overed by

¥.3.r.:e of species '^ ounce 1 pcuid 1 runce -1 -o-aR-c-e-

i^hito Pine 1,800 28,800 26 576

Red. Pino 4,7^.0 7G,loO 7u 1,200

Hull Pine 100 i,oOO Id 256

Scotcli Pine 64,000 60 960

K^T'Vi/:3.;- Ov^ruce 4,780 7d,'i80 75 1,200

White Spruce 10,000 160,000

r-iit^j Fir GIO 0,7u0 10 160

Balsam ?ir 2,i00 '^:0,000

Bald Cvpreso 320 5,l-':0 20 520

R«'' Juniper 1,310 20,960 40 640

Eci:iLoc'k 6,6P6 100,000

Incense Cedar 1,2G0 20^160 35 560

Uv'ch 4,373 70.000

LiiviGon's Cypress e,<!00 102,400 40 640

Ai:^- -lean ArborvitaeLO, 000 320,000

BuLternut 1( ) 16 4

B1..CK S'alnut 2(-) 30 8

ss..

Name cf species
Shsllba -'K Mic Kor y
GhestMUt
BlacK Locust
Honey Locust
Hardy Catalpa
Osa^'s Oi''an/:'e
Green A ah
White A ah
Black Ash

Box KldUi."

Su^ar- jV!ai;le
Sca/'let J.-aple
Blac>c Cherry
Bassv/ood

AiT! 3 r i c a n Hi 3. in
Gli"ppory Eli-a
Birch

Number of
seeds In
1 oi^nce

1-310
200

1,230
820

1,020
?40
330
95?0
470
liO
279
307

5,820

liuiTOsr 01
ss3d in
1 pGniid

SO

98

23,9o0

3 , aoo

19,680

13,120

16,380

10,200

0,100

14,7;50

7,498

S,940

4,4-34

5,352

93,120

54,368

431,856

Approxi-

.» aa t e Ap pr ox i raa t e

nu?-her numlaer

of linear of linear

feet of feet of

aecd drili seed drill

covered by covered by

1 our.cc 1 ounce

14

17

GO

960

18

256

GO

960

30

480

85

400

25

,400

18

288

26

416

30

320

50

800

20

320

lo

240

125

2,000

30

1,280

730

12,000

Hoto. (L) Abbut GO pcrcsnn of the bulic of the Cypress
seed in the trade consists of refuse r/nelle of cones to a
reat dep;ree .

u

S4:

Table showin'-'' t/'^e r-anfc of tho listed market price per
■ooi.md,, for !:<one of tVio seed of trees.

Mamo of species
B 1 a c K S p r u o e (Pic e a Ru b e n -r. )

ifhita Spruce (Picea /Uoa)

£:n>5;slman' s Spruce (Picea Enrrelinc.nni)
Blue 3prjc3 (Picea Parryana) . . .
DoUj'^'las Spruce {PseudotoUf:;a Dou£;lass
Balsaj.^ Fir (Abies Balser:'.c;a) ....
lloble Vic (Abies ?Jobili3) .....
White- Pine (Plniie; Btrobus) ....
SUi;;;^ar Fine (Plniis Lan!b5?*tinna) . .

F'er!i,locK

JcioK "Pine .

LawsoTi' s Cyprese (CuproKsiu'- Lav;scnicu
Heel C'^rlnv (Jvnipe^'ijs Vlrf'Inia:aa)
Arb':^''vltae (Thuya Occlcl'^'ntalis) . .
Giant Arborvitas (Thuya fTi^-antaa) .
Inc':nse Goclai' (Libocedrii.^ BooLirreiis)

LarC'i (Larl: )

P:y Tree (Wellin,f;ton:la) ......

t?/hite Oal- (Quero-u? Alba) ......

Burr Oa}< (Q. Macrocarpa)

Fed Oa.K (Q, Rubra)

Sheilbark HiGkory (iiicorla Glabra)

Cost of the seed
per pound

s^3.75-.f4.00
3.75- 4,00
3.00- 8.00
2.0C- 6.00
S.r^O- 4.50
1.25- 3.00
3.00- 5.00
1.60- 3.00
2.00- 2.50
5.50- 6.00
7.00-12.00
3.7o- 4.00
.50- .75
2.00- 2.25
3,00- 4.50
5.00- 4.50

12.00- IG.OO

4.00- 6.00

.2o

.20-
.20-

.20

^3

^i>^

Cos

V> m no of specie s

Beech (Fe^x^e) . ,

Black vi^'alnut, (.Ju£:lunr. Klrra) , . .

Buttei'nv.t (J. Cir.criE. )

White A;^>i (Fraxirus AKSficana) . .
Blue Ash (F. Quaclrani;;;-L;lata) . . . .

Black Ash .

Suffer Kaplo (Acrrr' naccherlnuj''.) . .

Hed Maple (Acer P.r.brnrn)

Box Kldor (Acer> Kefn'rjdo)

ISfhite Birch (Bstulti Alha)

Yellov; Pirch (B. Lutea) ......

Anioricar. Eln (Ulnva Aj-^.fuv.Criria) . .

Ooric Fli:' (U, Racen^osa)

Catalpa (Oatalpa SpGciosa) . . . ,
BlacK Locust (RobijTls, pfteudacacia)
Hone;; LocuBt (Gledi tscnja) . . . .
Sweet Gun (Lioi.idaRib&r St.;'Tac1fli;a)
Tiil ip ''f.v(::b (Llriocsnai'on ) ....
Cuciaifi-ior Tree (MatTinolia) ....

Osa/TG OraritTS (Tozz/lon)

Black Cherry (Pr-arais) .......

Ailant;ius (Ti'-e oi iieaven) , . .
Holly (lie::) .

Sy camor e ( Platanus )
Hackber-ry (Coltls)

; of •'
pe3- I

'h' '

;o..

.10-

J- > vv —

.55-
1.50
l.'O'
l.OC
1.50-
,5C'
.50-

.40-

3.50-

.40.

l.CO-

.25-
.40-
.25-

1 .00-
.50-

.75-

he sefid

ound

4 .75

.15

.13

. tiO

1.50

2.00

1.00

1.75

- .50

• 2.00

- 2.00

■ 1.50

- 2.75

• 1.25

■ .75

■ .60
•5.00

.50
1.50

..30

.60

,50
1.25
1.25
.75
1.00

Tablo sho,Tlr\i-i lor\fcth of year's ,":rowth l;s seen ii: Conifers
liihich v/Grc tsii to thii" ty-f ive feel hl^h ; jnsasureri.ents were
teJccr at the er;d of ti'^e iiionth of Octobai*.

Arancaria inibricata . .
Abi?s noi'driiai:.'iiana . .
■jsdrus ........

Cupressu3 macrooarpa
OryptOiTisria ......

Ji.miv-'3r-us Ghliiansls . .

Pinua e:.cc3l9a

Pinuo Gambsrtiana . . .
Sequoia 6erapervij.''eas

Thuyopsie .......

v7ellln£^t on ic. £ci,f:ants^l .

k •

» •

• ■

Feet

Inches

2

3

2

5

.2

10

6

0

3

0

g

6

4

3

2

10

4

8

1

J.

4

3

,0

6

2

3

5

9

ACAiNTTKOPMAX:

This shru>^ is r)ropa.fr&.ted .most easily .from seed.
It i8 also jjropagated }-)y root ci-ittings and "by hardwood
cut tings. The root cuttings are juade similar to those or
Cydonia .Taponio^^, in sect.i.on.T t'vo to four incJies lon,;T> aaid
bu!"ied in flats cont '-iinin'^ lae.diufn coarse s.-uid. Hardwood
euttinp:s are tala. n in SepteHi^er or October, r-illo^^d to oallus
durinp th^-- i»?inter and planted in a ligtit soil in thr. folio iving
spring,

.ao}<;r voLTimv^wm (japAj^rst-i maplfO

These trees are most easily in:rown from tiie seed, siraiLar
to the raanner in v/hich thf. cororaon iiB.ples are grown. The
finer forms are o■b^, ained v-rith the greatest ease and certainty
hv biaddin;?: and Lnaroliinp: upon bht; oornmon va-rieties.

Inarching is performed in the si">r ing in t}ie iTic^ld, and in
Septeiflber and October af f er tht; tv^o am well unitf.d thf. new
plant is separated fi'ora the old and as the stocks are generally
grown in pots ; tliesc arc then placed in a rxlt or cold house
wheif: they are stored until the followinp; s^^ring. After this
tiioe the plant.s :-^i~e ready f o )• the. nur'sery rows and may be
treated ;as the more cojiunon stock,

ACEK (KAPLE)
These trees are prop.agated hy sowing the seed soon after
they are ripe, in an open seed 'bed and coverinp" with from

66>l

Ipf.

one-half to three-foiirths inches of fine earth, of a lif^ht ,
sand/ natur'f. , T}iere exists a vi^'xation in t.}!e time of ripen-
inrZ of seeda of different species. Those ripenin'^^?: their seed
in the fall, September and Octoter, are : t}j-. Sug-ar Maple, the
Pannnyl v^nia Maple, the Moimtain Maple and t-"e SycajQOie Maple;
those rlpenin^ t'eir seed in May and Jiine are the Silver >iaple
and thn Red Maple,

Seed sown In the fall a}iould he covered more deeply than
those soi??:a in the spring, T}ie seedlings of fall sown seed
will appear the fcllowint': sprinf^ and if ke ct i:T%?- from we^r.ds
will atain a height of t?/elve to eiphteeri inc.lves during the
first eiuorcer . In the follovinfj sjirin,'"' the f';;r eater niiirihe' of
the seedlings may be rernoYea and traiisplanted in tl^e m3i~.sery
ro?;s, in whicji place they arf- to resjaj.n for three or four
years, whf n the,; will hf. lar^e enough to plant n.7-1-; permaiient ly.

Maple seed are not so easilv preserved as riany seed,
hence the necessity of sowinp as Boon as possihlf, after tl'.ey
are rirjc.

Maple are often grafted, althouf^h' tj is ^irad Ice is riuch
more corornon v/ith theJapanese than with cowinon, rrior e h.ard.y
kindR ,

ACER KPrrilhj^n (BOT inLiOER)
These trees arc. hest propagated fj'oiu seeds riovs^i in nursery
seed beds. The seed are lipe in early ;iuturiin, which can
usnally he ga.thjsred M^ry easily. They rnay he gatjiered as

/,:

4

soon as ripe and planted in the sei>d be 4, or if preserved
until spr inr? t>i.ey shoi^ldloe stratified in sand during t}ie win^
ter. It XA often tht. case t}Lat one finds a tree apparently
loaded with fruxt araoni-^ i.\i:iioh is to be found scarcely a vital
seed.

The seed should Xm sown "best in rov/s two to two h>.ad- one-
half feet apart and ran/;>Lnp: 1/ ojti one- to i'ive inches in apace,
tl'ii-ee-f ourths to one incii cieeii. The bea if well cared for
and thor oughl;/' cultivated should produce seenil.Lnp;s "Tfhich will
attain a heig}..t of ten to fourteen inches durinp: the first
season. The younp; ol-mt. s require no shadin,":,

A C T I N I 71 I A

These plants are reost ) eadily propagated 'by means of
cuttinf3;s either of the joature or t>e .--reen wood, T^ey emit
roots easily and freely \ "but the Tciuds push out very slowly
and often fail, leaving the ctittin;: to die althoiogh having a
large nixiEher of root.-3. The cuttings of either type £\^ be
placed immediately Ln the cutting bed or if in no hurry for
yonnf: plants, they may ^be stired d :ring the winter m san.d to
callus wit>i the other hardwood cuttiHr'^s,

By nurserymen the jAethod of layerin-^ is quite frequently
pract Lced,

ro.

AKSCULTJo (HORSE ODilS.WlJT)
Tlaese tJ'ees are propci^':atad almost ent.j. rel;- frora seed.
The large nuts shoxild \)e gathered In the fall as aoon h,s they
drojj ."r oifi thr. ti-ees, and either sown, or stratified in sand
imtil -h^. f ollo^-'inp; spring. The.^v should tje stoj-ed in a cool,
dry cellar for "best results, until ti't:. spring, Tho nuts are
sown In t})e sar^-te nanner as all thR mrt. s of this class.
Seedlings one year old may l^e removed to nursery ro^iys.

Varieties of the var-ious speciea ar-e plrtained by graft-
ing, usually upon \. HyppocastanuHi, the .tuost (B"OKimon sijeoiea.
The jacthod of p;raft.inf7 is generally that of veneer grafting
and irarjost instannes, for the hest results, is performed under
glass,

AILMTKUS (TRFirt 0^ >;EAV'M)
These trees are propagated from seed; gathered in tlie
autuxan and preserved i«itil spj-Lng, at vmicli time the^ aj e sown
in nar^eri- seed "beds.

It is often rtf3ir.ai:»le to obtain pistillate specipiens of
this tree as the flowers on male sx^eeimens possess a decuiedly
disagreeable odor. This is done hy prowinp: fro-a outtinp-a of
the roots ; -*'hio}: -method is similar to that adopted for
Cydonia Jaijonlca,

A K E h I A
This sjirub is readily propagated from cuttings of the

;/

green •svood, placed in Kcdiiun coarse sand ixnder ,^iaas.

In la,i"C'^ nurseries it is gr'own frort) Icxyei- inir , either the
old oy th,p young shoots.

AJ.J-ITIS (ALDER)

She species of tltiis are readily propagated froi'i seed,
whlc}"i are gathered in the fall, and pr&servcd in a dry, oool
cellar imtil spring. Se^dB are sown on the rrarfaoe of the
seed 'bed, pressed down and covered ver;/ slightly ,vxtl': a llf'jbt
soil. The hed s};ou.ld he kf.pt moist until the seedlings begin
to gerxhinate.

Varie-'i<»s are propagated "by gr^>,fting iipon the-- xaorf: hardy
anrl conr.on stocks, ALnus Gl'itinosa in of- en used ass a stock,

MmiLA^TCKIRI; ( JTL-im-.l^PRY)

These shrubs and trees are propagated f.rora seed which
ripen in early aiornmer an' may he sown in the fall oi preserved
until the f ollowin,-; spring.

They are also gro-'ivn hy grafting in tYs-. early spring upon
the Mountain Ash, aad t?ie more corrmon strongf^r growing spf-cies
of thf genus,

AMORPHA (iNJDIfiO G}>TniT-^)
Propaga,ted from seeds, and ^rr■ry seldoja by the other
methods, although in a 'f ev/ casen it is grov/n frojn grr-^en wood
cuttings luider glass, arid froju hardv/ood cuttings taken m the
fall.

f^.

AJ.CPJ'IL0P3I3 (VIRrjINlA CRERERiO
The raost c.oxainon method of prop;-.igat;ic.n j.b that of seeds,
3ov»'n .Lvi the spring. It .Is alao quite j eadJ.l:/ g: own frojn
cuttings of the Mature vjood marie belo-v a joint, tiii<.en xn
A'agust, Septftjiiiofir or Octo'ber. The luethod of lay-t,rinp; is fre-
quently' practiced, ''oy- slirhrtajry'buryin,':'; thf^ ntem in a nmobe-ir of
places ; jooto are emitted at the joints quxte freely«

A R A L I A
Aralia iE3 most easily propagated fro-ru seeds ; these shoiild
■fae S0'\'i-i in e=irly sprinp: upon a li^^ht soil geuerallv in seed
"beds. Th6 seedlings should not be distirliued during: the
firs^ season. They are also prcxj.^frated by root cuttings,

AraaTOLOG^iA

These plants are propagated froja cuttings of the green
wodi , grn\7n linder glass, Y/ibh bostoiu hcoat. They maj/ ri-lso be
propagated fro^n seeds, if fresh, ana 30iheti.'it-t> i'roii: lasers }
the last nethods arft. nearly as satisi actoi,; as the fiist,

A R 0 ]'.; I A
This is propagatta mostly frorn s(-ed ; howftvf.r it is ol ten
also grown fro/a cuttingsoof tht-; green wood .-and i'rom giafts,

AUG t; B A
All the species of r^his ■■Bnus may be readily propagated
from cuttings of the greeii wood or f r orfj seeds. The "berry like

71

fruits raiaely germinatf; until t,]- e aeoond yeai- aitei- sow.lng,
Some tiroes ffv plants make t>.eij' ax)j[jGarance d.u in,"; tlir, first
year, an!! th^. >>errtes cont i.nur; to ,'n-:ririinate for -^.Yr^^. years if
left .alone.

T}j.eBe plants ar^- dioeclou.3, h.e-ncp i;i man,' instaiiceb seed
are not rr'odiice'l a,t -:}11 and the- raetl:od of growing ir oiu outt*-
in,«;s or prafts rm;Ht be uBed«

A Z A T, E A

This genua i3 pr opr-xgated mostly from ciitting^a of thf;
rnaturf- 'irood, made during- the late siufaaer, in ScpteiaTDer ,

Wh.r;.n rftpro-^^cf-d fi'om seed, the,, slicr^ld i.t. sovm as soon as
rii^e, a.:5 early in thr> follcYfinp' ^r>r xnz and covered l-u!. very
Blifrhtly. The seeds, beoausd of tht;ir tendej-ness should be
so^^'H in a fraifie j the sas}- 'beirif- removeil after tJ-.e se^^.ds hii-ve
gerrninat'^-;d.

Grafting? is uaed on na;nf;d varieties ; the stoo]<3 used
heln.o' thosf. of A. Iniiea or A. Ponitca.

This R-finuB is propd.gated hest frora seeds wJiioh ma.y "be
gathered in th.e fall and stratified until early spring.

EJTBriR: i^ ( E APBRPBY )
These plants are raoBt eaBily propagated froia seeds sewn
soon after th'r. fruit F.atureh ; or thf.; seed may De stratified

^<

74-.

and. sown in thr apj lag.

The evergreen spocies im>j be grovm fi-oja cuttings, t'lken
in Sei^teia'ber and jjliaoed in srincl, under glass.

Many of tlif. ac.cidv.ous apcv-iins can T)e reproduced i'roia
cuttings of th:" jpiature or fyeen v.'ood. Barer &orts exre o/tcn
grafted upon thfi coiamon atocks,

Laynrinp; the conir.cn species is also practxcea ; the best
tiLif: for t) is -/vork "being in autar&n v-jhen th.f- leaves bf.gin to
fp.ll, r.sin?'- yoixng a^ioots of tht; civr/em: yoar*;-! ■fyo\vl\\. These
will he rooted hy t}\f. follO''-7in.p; a\itmiin .■■■irid ma; t3'ien t)(. rciiioved
froju thK mo-:-,he»- stool,

BETUT./V (BIRCH)

The hiroli is most readily propagated f j-o/r, seeds BOY^rn as
soon as r.'.pe, oj:' in the early sp/' big ; se^ds ])einp; i^reserved
in bags in a cool, f}vj 'i\\iKc,<^. »

The pnrxile, ou.t leaved, v;eepinfr, and other forris of the
■bircli are readily prod'aced by grafting upon tJ-e X'f^e. speciee.

BIflWOraA (TtfUMK-^T VI ^E)
These plants are increased, frora seea^ or layering;: ; the
forHier he. In,": preferai'ile , Bignonia Radio ■■•ms is eaaLL;'- iirojva-
gated from root cnt wings,

CALLIO/u'-tPA
These plan-ua tu-e propagated froia seeds, luost easily.

f^'-

They ma/ ;^so 136 gi own I'rom greei. wood cuttiaga in tl.t,
suitime]" undej' jiilass a^nx also i'l Oju hardvwod cuttinf-^s taken In
the falX,

G 4LYC MTl^ 1IP> ( S^aOiIF. T r>KP.U]^ )
Prop;;if;atGd from se-ods sown in th(. spring, in a fraiiif; oi^
lYorn layers ivluol^, should be put dov'/n in the sionm^-^r . It iw
alao groivn well xroin roo^ cuttings.

CAhAGAWA (SIBEHIAri PEA TEEE)

Prop 3JT ate d most easi. Ly froiu se^.dB, sown whe;i ripe In'tl.e
fall, or pj'f served vintil spring,

11; is >il30 grci.«ri by means of ;p:'af ting upon the seedling
stocks of n. Ar'horescens .

CARPI NTJ3 (KOKWBEAK)

These trees are propagated i'rcir; sepias, f®. tiert^d in tht,
fall 3, ad pitj';6r sowrx thr-.n or in the, sprinp^ Thf^se: gf.nnin;j.te
very irregularly,

VcU'iRties Jiri--. propagatf-:d hy lueajis of grafting ; the, stocks
used heinf>: those, of Carpinus Betulus and tli? .Araericu'i spf. cios.

OASTAOTJA. (Ol^BTNTir)
Chestnut is prop'-xg^.ted piost easily froin seed, Buts ai^e
borne q-i.ite j'reely, at least ever;>' otr.er year ; thus it is an
easy rajitter to otjtain need, Xhese should Ijc gathered when

7i

ripe iJi the Call, afi';f;r i' rests, e-tnd str'at ciit-. d in raoi.st saiid
th:-ou;^v ■\-M>'. vji.n'-.Br, Thay Hhould no-i'. i;e alloved t.. dry ovit or
■becoiiie raouliiy in tJie sand. IT placed in single Is-ye^rs between
alternate l-iy-'jrs of moia^ saiid, ,la a larf;e "box, owl- or doors
ijji a, a3ii-;lt'-.VBd plaof; Iho seed will wintej- safely, T3'it^. nu".', s
arp. pli^mted one to tv/o inches deep, ojid during rhe iirst yeaa-
they v/ill attain a h(-if<;ht of ten to fii'teen inches.

Those trees are often grafttd usinp; the comirjon spccie^^ as
a stock,

CAT A L V A

These trees are propagated froLi SF.eda, -.vhicV- may "be sown
in thp. fall wJi.e-i ripe oi- stratified. Afber one year the seed-
lings mav 'be transplanted.

The.;'' ma^^- alpo "be increaseri 'by means of graftinp' ; the
stock izBsd hein=^ that of (1. F?pe.cio£ia,

G E /^ il 0 T F U B
Grown froK seeds, stratified during; the winter ; layering
is alBo a verj- eas,' method of ohta inin-n- ne"' plants.

I

I

C p; L A S T R T7 S <

This '-tenus is readily props^atcd fro in seeds, v^hicl' should
he stratified in moist sand -ivirinp; t}i.e ^i-'inter. It may also
he increased ver.v easxl-- irora cuttings of eitl'tr the green or
mature v/ood.

n

CM.T I B ( H AQKT^KP FY )

These trees "bear ser. d fMi.lt e freely ?md. may T>e propaga.ted
"bjr this nieans. The fruit is a diupe about t}",e nize of a pea,
ThK tlin, fleshy ccnrerinp aroi;.n'l thr. stcne dries dov/n 6-rid used
no-f- "bf^. rewoved before plavitinp;. Theae ner.d ■ ipen in t} e fall
and na;'- "be aowt at oncf;. RofBc^ver, if sprinr^ ROijn.np is pre-
ferred, the seed s}ioi;ld 1)e stratified in sa.nd -luriiip- Ihf win-
ter, oi..it of docj^a in a ah^lteieri place. The box ^»rhe,ti filled
wi-i-.T' seed reay he eovered '■■■itl" h y/ii"e screen tc keep out the
rrilce , and ^filFio mixlcl'-ed to pi-iiven"''. sndden chanp:es in t^Jinpera-
ttire ^

Reed shoii.ld he scyn in .irillF- in ct.O'.', rich soil a^id
covered abov.t an inch deep. If there is danp;er of the seed
dry in ^ out hefoj'e gerrii.lnat ion ■•aJces place i-.j-ieii tliey should he
covernd f.ro-id onr. to +hrep inches deeper until this tiiue, V'fhen
the surplus cover in-: of soil nr.y he r iked off. Sef:dlings raqy
stand in tJif .inrsery two yrarB before transplanting,

CEPKALAWTKUS
Propagated njost readily frora set ds , also fi-o:fi C',± tings of
the mature wood.

CEPCIT)IPFYTJ,TTM

The easiest method of propa-atin-^ these trees is f.r^v\
seede, when thev arc to he ohtalned,

Propaf;!;atinF frorc cuttings of t, }!•.-; preen wood and by layer-
ing is of' en practiced, Cuttinsfa of the greenwood are said

to do best if sli-p^^tl y V'ril+ r.d before placinp in the oand,

CFpniR (PKn-P:TJD)
These trees are prop-ip-a^-.ed inost easi.ly frooi seed, vrhich
may bR strat if i'^':! 'iiirin=^ the vfinter. Plants raised froit;
seeds .crive the best resn. l*-s. If TOt BtratifJ. ed the se-d
shoiild he tept in a cool cellar, Layerag'e i^iid t^i'af tin,-'- are
also practiced with these trees.

nhlOh^NTHTJS (FRINCIE TREE)
Propagated fr ojd seeds which roiay he sown in t-,he aixtimn as
soon as ripe ; they jnay also he started in a frajrie. Varieties
are increased hv f^raftin,'? upon the coji-aaon ash,

CLAi](RASTEIS (YKLLOW WOD)
Propaicrated froir; seeds which way he sown in the fall or
sprinp:. Growinj;: hy means of hardwood ciittlnpis is sometimes
nr aci" iced,

OLE :v: \ r I ^
T?nio iri.ne is lao^rt easil\'- propagated from seeds ; which.
may he gathered as soon as ripe-, in the autumn ; and sti'ati-
fied \vithe f nllo-vinf': ai.)rLng. Al^ the varieties of tliis pla,nt
may Tse increased i i ou cui. tlug 3 of the fyee/L 'yooi.} imder frlass,
R ot g}-aftintr is laTictieevt occas inn filly.

?

COLUTEA (BLAOjX<r( SEifiJA)
Propagated I'roia seeda , sown in tl.e spring and froru hard-
v/ocii o'littiiigH taken in tlu-. fall,

coRims (looawooio)

Thftse 5JB"uba ewe eaailv p;ooagated froia cuttings of the
iriatuj-c wood. t. aken in t}-e I'a.ii. This is t ho ineti'iod laost
generally adopted. With thfj fin^j- v;-^ri6ties and rarer sorts
th(. .method of fi-raft in^^ is adopted ; the. mor-e coxni-ion speci6-;s
being usp;d as stocks. Such opecies as Cornus .iTlojioa are
e'-iKil^i- increased fjora set.d,

CORYLUS (j-{A;^Hn4I;T)
Prop>5gated from seeds gown in the fall or stratified
until sTjrlng, Also increased hy mesiis of j-cct crafting and
layering. Tho var-ieties are laainiy g rovca irom laye >-s ^jut
down in the fall ; .:^iid mn^j he separated froju the parent plant
thr. .ne.xt fall,

CRATAEmiS (HAWTHfUO
Propagated mos-'- eas .ly from se',d.-3. The It&sns should he
gathered when ripe a'/i t};c, pulp allovfcd to rot off by lay.mg
in a heap out of dnor^. The j-jeeds sreiaain dorifj;:Uit ,tuHually
f or a period of fr Qfci one to t^vo yeai-B ; }if-nce cif ter removing
the pulp the seeds can hest he Htratified for a year. Seeds,
when Jiown , B}>ould he covej ed to a depth ol tv/o inolies and the

7i

fo.

"bed ma,v' be kept, vyell jiinlched dr.rin'r the first surQiner after
sowing, in order ta prevent dry in j out. Keodlings may "be
transplanted to t'e nu}"sery rovfs w-jit: n one year old. Varie-
ties are grafted \ipon or "buddfid Uj.>on tl'p. corfiaio.-i stocks.

CY.00j\lIA {JAF^^ QUI]\fCFj)

This shrub is /-sadily propagated froin cut':ing3 oi' the
roots, aade in lengths of from tv/o to three inches. This
method is of comparati yel.y recent origin and is -iliuo;st the
only wf.thod no*- adoptfid for iacreasin,^; this tihi-'.i):, Cutt.ings
of thF. root a are madf; and placed in the sand to a dKj;'th of two
Or three inches. This S'lnd is kept yno.L^Ht rxivv witlrin a x^erxod
of eight to ten werks these v-fill he \j-ell i-ooted,

Oydonia Is alsi. grov/ii to f;oia(% extf.nt froin seeds.

D 1 IJ T Z I A
Propagated vej > easily from cuttinf;^, citltPr of thi. gi'ten
or wature wcvod. Mature '/vood cuttings iiiay he taken in the
fall ; greenwood GUttinp:s arir; laker in the siuaiatr and 31:- own in
a house,

Ti I ■REV I T J, A ( V/F; I fr hX I A )
Propagated from outtin^riJ of thf-, mat'Xr-e ?,'Ood, t .^keri in the
fall, Oi.jttinfs of the prfiKn woo'.l are grovm under flass,

T> I F? C A
These plant-- are propaj^ated a 'most exclusively from seeds.

n

ProTjagated from S£f;dB, sown In the spring, AIbo increas-
e^^ frorj cr.ttinfrs of the ruatixre and .--ree; "i Y/ood. Many of the
seeds a>"e o:i"ten ste/'lle and in Eiich cases the/ ma^v, be-, sown
more thickly tha^; ordlnar i.ly,

P: P }T li' :0 F A
propapa'- f:^d fro?!'i sKfids ari'l al^C' fr ovi root, onttinprs.

T<lTTONVi.TrTS (BTJKXIX^- J-jTIBH)
•nrop'i.p--it'-d fr'Oi'-i seeds, «}iich arc generally •■-. tratif ir-d and
so\;fn in the sprins;. If, if; also groi'Ti xrcrii c\)ttings» YjYC-.T'"
grefin specips gr-ow readily froro cuttings of [t:i'een wood, pldced
under ff;lass. Varieties arc sn.iietijaes .^afted npon tlie-.
s t r o ! 1 {:'■ e r an d bio r >'. c o mao n s p c c ie s .

p] K 0 C }i 0 E J A
Propajrated froK; seedK, wlunh r^-f-, prodnced only upon old
plants. Until recently thi;^ plfint was considered difficult
to propaf-rate. It ic&y also lie inci-eased fron cu-i.tin>;:s.. , v,'h.ioh
root slowlj', and "by la:'"f rinf';.

P^^-iTS (BK?;nK)
Bfteoh trees pro'^-oe an abundant crop of nut.s evt/y two or
thrpr ye?o-a - thefir nuts ripe?! in the /.-ill and ■cop acnn ai"->£r
th(^ firis+ aever-r- frost. If pUO'./ci to dry out, they oeoorae

f

n.

rancid and lose all vitality. To pr;;par?- the.ro fAvs plaritiiifT
the,- 'nay "best 'be s trat J. .f ied diirinr; the ".fin. er, Bcfor*^ tl.e
nnts are s <:r'at. if ie"^. t3''p..' may lip. fnmif^at';d vith rarinon I'isxil-
phidf-; to kill t?ie worms \frhiO' oft. f.;i iaffist tht-in. In the
sprin" as soon aK thr j*or.si-. is out of t} c rTounir thfi seed
shoulil 'he, planted in the sefd !)ftd, fr orr. which tt.e seedlings
may -pf; i-. ^ansplanf- ':d v/3if;-n onr-: yeaj- old. The ni-itH should uo
sown ahout tvvo Inches apfi.rt in j-07/>3 and v;!!! ap-f out in a V';;ry
shoi t time ,

The named Vc:ij'ieties twe ,!?rafteid apon the European or
Aiiaer lean Spf. ci63. With ths pufplft heGch see-ilings, one hb^j
see differ^.nt sh-dea 0:^ pirrple aaaong tl;f. sei.-.dlii:iy;"j.

These trees arc pj-opagatfid iron crat i, in-;s of t.he iaatiJi's
wood. These cuttinf^a are oi't^n placed in v/an-'i watei' i'oi a
short time, af'-fr which t}v-;y are pl-ic^-d i.n the cuttinp; bench,
An.other method in that of cutting '-'^ plf. n^. oi" hark froju the. tip
of a 'branchlet and th^ni tyin'''; sphagnuj-'i ove v the vyound, aD.w.v'S
keep in'- i-'- moist -an^ril ^'''e roots ajt'e €irjitt*=5d ; the bj-.-^ichlet
may then 1)6 cut froir: ^-y-^ p;iron-': -Uidj >-f:i',ov m;^ tlic: moss, he
potted in a lio;ht Boil,

^'ONTA,v:rsiA
Pr opat;-ated fron^ cuttings of the green v;ood. grou-n under
glass with bottoji- he it , Also increased h^ aieaius of oattintTS

?i

i

n.

frora thp vaat.ure ■•rood, and l\y frraftinf- \ipon X;riv6t .^t.ook.

"F'OR'RSTICPA
Proijapatf^'i fro.u ser^ds and hy layeriniHC,

PORSTrii.I/l (aOL.TOi.y B35LL)
Propap-atRd ^Ijriost exclusi^T. ly froi''. cut.t.lnf"a of thft grcea
woO'i , v,TLth ■bnt^'Cj.a heat ; also increasei. iro.n.. hardwooa cut+ings,
Th-, >; -anches of 'P. Suspense soiaetiiftos rooi. at tl-.f. tips, v/liei-e
thev- co?w-: in cr.nt;?.ot v;it]"' fHe "lonnd.

"^■'RATUm'^ (ASH)

'fhfis^ two are iTiOst oast ly rep'"oducf.d fr-om aefd, -vhi n' are
prodncpd ai)-:in. -^ntly abo-.i.t once in thre^. to fi-s-e ycaj-s. The
fr'iit ripens ia Octolier and ima,^- \)C. so'wn a;3 scon a? gatJiered or
preS'-^rved for 3pr tn;^ planting l-^y stratify j.rifr in raoi^'.t sand,
n.-irp; Hhould be e^'f.roiaed in ketioinf-r 3v« • ds ovf/r, Ijeoauss the
vitalit;' of the sf, r.ds oaj-iaot, v,r Lth certainty ht^ -pr^-^served for
mor^: tha-i '■^i.'^'ht, mo t)'iR.

Broadcr^rb so-ivin'' of ash see -i .,_rion prf^ pared aBi^d '.)€.' ds is
hp.st, fli.o.-'.c the, peroej! ' .Hf!;?. of f|&rrriinat-Lo i is vi-.ry low, they
sho il !( 'oe ;•3o^^/n q)\i-^. e thickly and covej-fjd iU-.owt on? -ha].:;, of an
inch. Th.fv sef dlin,--;3 inay Ids tr an,?nlantf: d wliert one j^-mx old,

N'-jjftp. d var i..'^.tiKa aro h.jdded \x'^on socdllng' ntocki if the
soj-ts art"-; apri-TT^ ^^owRrs, a-id top ,n;raftfcd if tVr;' ar^ of the
-^■eRpiny typ^. The-, stooks nBftd arf. t'r.1^1 Eiu-opeazi and Aineiicsin
s-r^oies.

P4-.

CrVJaKO {Mkim.N HAIR TREE)
Propagated from seeds, which shMUld be stratified during
the winter and sown the following spring. The fruit is
fleshy, and this may best be cleaned from the seeds before
they are sown* This tree is also trrown from cuttings and by
grafting upon the common stocks,

aLEDITBCHIA (HONIilY LOCUvST)

The Honey Locust produces seed ab^indantly and is rery
easily propagated. The pods ripen in the fall, and after
be coining brittle and dry, the seed may be th-reshed out without
difficulty. Seeds should be kept in dry, cool storage over
winter, and swelling thera in hot water just previous to the
time of sowing is a good practice. Seeds which have become
very dry may require a soaking for two or three days. They
should then be sown in fight soil, and covered from one to two
inches deep. Seedlings should be transplanted in one year \
but in case the season is very unfavorable for growth thejr may
be left in the seed bed a second year.

Varieties are propagated by grafting upon seedling stocks
of the type plants,

GYMN0CLA3XIS (COPPEE TREE)
Propagated from seeds which are of a very hard bony
natiire , These do best if soaked in w^ria water for a few hours
before sowing, or the. covering nay be filed, to hasten germi-
nation.

U-

HAJaAJViELIS (WITCK-HAZEL)
Propagated from seeds sown in the spriniC^ ; varieties may
■fee grafted upon oojnrrion American si^ecies,

HEDERA (IW)
Propagated froir ciittinp:s of the gi'een wood, grown imder
glass ; also grown from mature wood cuttings. Named varieties
are often grafted upon seedlinn;s O)' cuttings of the common
ivy H. Helix,

HIBISCUS (AI.THRA)
Propagated from cuttings and seeds. The single forms by
the second method and the double forms "by the first, Ciitt-
Ings are made of matui'e wood, taken with a slif^ht heel. Seeds
shoiild be sown in thf. spring xipon a, well prepared seed bed,

HICORIA (KIGKORY)
Propagated from seeds which may be gathered as soon as
ripe, in the fall. These should be stratified until spring
and sovm to a depth of two to three inches. Hicoria is often
increased by grafting under glass ixpon common stocks. The
methods adopted are -^^n^&r or cleft grafting,

HIPPO PHAE (STIA BTTCFTFOR:n)
Propagated from seeds sown in the spring, and stratified
during the v/inter. Also increased frora cuttings of the mature
wood and of the roots.

H Y D B k }i Cr 'E A
Propagated from cuttings of the green wood, g^own ^^d,th
"bottom heat and also equally well froro cuttings of the matiire
wood taken in the fall, Corrnnercial propaf^ators grow these
plants TDy layering in the summer and cutting awa.y x'rom the
parent plant thp following spring,

H Y P E R I G IT M
Propagated from seeds sown in the. sprtag, and also from
cuttings of the ftreen wood,

ILSX (HOLLY)

Propagated froin seeds which should he stratified during
the winter, and sown in the spring. The fleshy see. d coat is
often •-einoved "by ruhhing in inolat sand, and washing. Seeds
generally require two years for germination. Varieties are
increased hy veneer grafting upon the coimnon stock,

JTJGLANS (WALjMTJT)
Propagated the saii.e as the Hickory (see Hicoria)

K A L M I A
Propagated from seeds vrhich should "be sown in shallow
pans, for "best rfsultg and reared binder glass until the seed-
lings are large enough to he transplanted out of dciors.
Varieties are grafted upon thr. more h^rd;/- stocks.

K E R R I A
Propagated from seeds and cii.ttings of the green wood ;
also to sorae extent frora root cuttings. It may be increased
from cuttings of the mature wood ; but green v^ood is prefer-
a"ble,

KOELRENTERIA (VivRNIS}! TREE)
Propagated from seeds which a.re i)roduced freely, and
ripen early. These way "be sown in the fall or spring. Also
increased "by cuttings and soioetxraes fj"ora layers. The last
najiied methods are rarely used,

LABIIRMTJM (GOL_OE_i CIL/uN)
Propagated from gesds, which are sown in the spring,
Brafting is adopted for producing the varieties.

LlPACrKE lA
propagated from seeds and also from cuttings of the green
wood t6iken in si^roiner,

LI miSTRTTM ( PRIVET )
Propagated a.'laost equally well from cuttings or seeds.
Seeds may "be sovm in the spring. The general practice is to
grow frora cuttings of th^ mature wood taken in the fall,

LIQITIDA|,iBAR (SWKST GTJM)
Propagated from seeds which may i)e stratified during the
winter and sown in the following spring. Many of the sef;ds
do not germinate until the second year.

LIEI03EifOROM (TTJLIP TREE)

Th.ls tree ie propagated from seeds, whidi mature in the
fall and raaj'- tie sown as soon as? gathered or stratified for
spring planting. Stratifying in the fall is advisable, since
the seeds will then gerciinate the following spring. Soir^e-times
when sown in ths sprin-'- they are ver^r apt not to corae up until
the following spring. The seed should "be so^n thickly in a
"bed of light ric>i sandy soil, and covered to a depth of one-
half of an inch. Seedlings ma^' remain i.n the saed "bed from
one to two yearb jhut not longer because of the great develop-
ment of tk tap root,

Named varieties are grafted upon seedlings. The seeds
of this tree possess an extremely lo-sv pp.rcentage of germina-
tion.

LONICRRA ( H01<fEYSTinKr.E )
Propagated frojo nuttings of the iuature or of the gi'een
wood, rarely from seed. Seeds when used should lie cleaned of
their pulp by inacer&ttng, L, spinosa is soraetiraes grafted
upon the sterna of L. tartari&a, thus forming a SEiall weeping
shru"b .

LYCIUM (MATRIMONY VINE)
Propagated from seeds and froio cuttings of the mature
Wood, Seeds should be sown in the spring.

M A a W 0 L I A
Propagated Yery readily from seeds, wlUcli should "be so-vm
in the spring. When the coverinp: of the. seed is pulpy this
should tie cleaned off before sowinp;. Varieties aivd weaker
species are grafted upon the hardier stooJis such as M. acumi-
nata. Cuttings are "but yr.ry seldoju used,

MENISPEK?;in'K (M)'';]f SEED)
Propa.gat*-:d from seeds sown in thfi spring, and ajso from
root cuttings.

MOBTfS (l^JLBlRRy)

These trees "bear fruit a'bujidantl.y ; the seed may he sepa-
rated toy macertaing, and washing the seed. After dt-ying the
seed shotild he kept in a cool, dry plac ixnt 11 a week or ten
days "before the time of so7n.ng. In some, cases the seeds may
be so^n as soon as >-ipened ; "but the he tier practice is to
wait until the following spring so that the seedlings will
have an entire season during which to forow hefore the corning
of cold weather. The seed should he sown ahout one-hfilf of
an inch deep, and will gerjalnate in ten to f.-f!.f;fn days. Seed-
lings roay he transplanted after the first year.

Pancy varieties are corairionly crown worked under glass
during the v/inter. Weei)ing and othuer ornamental sorts are
worked upon the Russian type.

fo.

NYSBA (BOfB GUM)
Propagated frorc seeds whic) maj/ "be sown as soon as ripe,
or St, rat. if. led \ they uguall;^ do not, germinate until the second
year.

OBTPYA (IRON WOOD)
■propaf^ated froj'i seeds which may "bo sown in the spring.
The European speoies a.re grafted upon Carpinua Betulua.

0 XY DT?.li WSm ( SORKBL-TPR}*": )
Propagated from seeds, which should "be p;iven careful
attent on in order to o"btain the 'beBt results in tiM. geri&ina-
tion. These trees are Y^.ry seldom propapated from layers,

PAULO W li I A
Propagated frori seeds, sown in the spring in a frame,

PHST/LODEi^DRON (CORK TRKK)
Propagated fron seeds and also, In rare caseFS, from root
cuttings. The yai'ieties a.rf: grafted upon the ooFoaon stock,

PHTLA.nPLPKTIS ( S"VR IN r'rA )
Propagated fr o?ti cuttings of the mature wood ; rAade in the
fall. It is alao increased from green wood cuttings and from
seed,

PHY.oOGARPrTS (NINE BAPK)
Propagated froin seeds and also from exit tings of the mature
wood.

n

P L A T A Ji US
Pro2?agated froit aec. dg which are gowj-j in the spring. Also
increaseo: from cuttings of the xnature wood,

POPiJLUS (POPLAR)

These trees produce seed quite freely ; these rii)en in
earli^ sununer and should be sovvn i.^Liiediately, They ai'e also
equally well grown froiL cuttings of the jiiatur'e wood taicen in
the fall.

The weeping forrag are grafted upon stocks of the upripiht
species ; the stock most fenerally used being that of Popxilus
Grandiddentals .

PEELEA (HOP TKRIC)
Propagated from seeds, sovm in the axitu-iiin, or stratified
until spring. Varieties are grafted upon the cojnraon form, P.
trif ollata,

PRIIl^TUS SEROTIHA (BLACKBOIERRY)
The fruit, %'hiGh is boms almost (^^avj year l^y trees in
the open, ripens in late August and may "be collect Hd by hand
froiD low trees or by shakin^'' upon a canvas. The pulp should
be washed off b?/ rubbing with wet sand, and afterwards wash-
ing. The surface of the pit or stone should then be dried to
precent moulding. IPor preservation during the v/inter the
pits should be stratified in laoist sand. In the spring they

%

should "be planted in di-illa eight to twelve Inches apart and
covered one Lncl deep ; seed should Tdr two to three inches
apart in the drills. Plant in;?; should he done iniraediately
after reFiOvinf^ the pits froro the sand, hecause a very siTiall
amount of dryin/^ at t?r.is stape is fatal. Seedlings may i~»e
transplanted when one y^.-bt old. Mahaleh and Mazaard stocks
are used for thf^ grafting of ornamental cherries,

PYPACAMTHA

PYBACANTHA
Propagated from seeds, sown in the spring. Varieties
are g:-^fted ; the stocks used heinf^ those of the Ka^rt^horn. P,
Japonica is far raore heaiitiful v;hen grafted upon the former
stock than when gi^own upon its o-ivo.. roots,

PYt^US (MOmJTAIN ASH)
Propagated from seeds, which are stratified during the
winter. These xisually lie dormant until the. second year.
Varieties are "budded and p;rafi:ed upon stocks of thf-. coiomon
spe c ie 3 ,

qiJEPiCTTS (O-AJC)
Most of the common species, and all of the oaks used for
lijuiiber are r^ro'-n from seed, while the rarer species are propa-
gated hy gr'aftlng, using some of the coimxion species as stocks.
The acoins should he gathered as soon as ripen and sown at
once, either in beds or often in the open grouiid ; they may "be
sown in drills or bradcast. In so7/in£ the seed, first loosen

the soil to a depth of fifteen to eighteen inches ; take soil
from the top to a depth of five inches and thr'ow out of the
hed iip'on either side, leaving a level surface ur-jon which to sow
the acorns. These may be sovrn as thickly as possible in a
single layer, after '•hich they i^ay be covered with the soil.
Acorns if not sown as soon as ripe may "be stored in a cold,
moist cellar or stratified in raoist sand. They sliould lie
sown not la',er tJian t'ne first of Marcli for hest j'esults. At
the end of :,h.'o f.irst, season tl e youn;,'; seedlings will have
primary roots of often itiore tha;i a foot long and much larger
than the stem, 3ee-llin?y3 should rarely .eii-iain In the seed
"bed for a longer period tha > one year-, without transplanting,
"because of the gro-sj-th of the vL<T;oroi^ tap root.

Oaks raay he grafted ; this is practiced to tlic greatest
extent wit/i. the TCioropean species aiid Horticaltural varieties.
Budding is almost nerer practiced. In grafting the stocks
used are fro.Ti Q.. Rubra for native oaks, and frou; Q. RCbur for
Kuropean oaks. The types of grafts used are veneer , tongue,
and cleft grafting ; tlie first method is most f-venera3.1y prac-
ticed. Yo-an^ seedlings s.re du.g in the fall a.nd kept in a
cool, moist cellaj- until sometime in January or February at
which time t/ie seedliHi^s aj-e sorted over and the stronger and
more vigorous ones are root grafted. These are set in nursery
rows in the 3i)r inp; and left to -Trow for -wo years before r
removing.

f^

RHAiiUS (Bi)CXTHORl^r)
Propagated from seeas almost exclusively ; these may 'be
sowi in the fallor the sirring. Eyergreen SjXicies in3.y t)C
propa,gat<3d froM cuttings of the raati^re wood, under frlass,
Karer sorts are som-j times ,=rrafted.

Propagated froia seeds, whio)' are very Sffiall 8,rid lip-ht ,
snd should be handled very ca,ret\illy. They may best l^e sown
under glass in the spring and covered with a glass fraxne.
Seedlings should ^c-. shaded and allov;ed to rei'.ain in tlie "boxes
for a ye^r, Rhododendrons are exteniaivf.ly increased by
graft in^:^, usually upon R, xoaxiimiiu as a slock, (l-raftin-': is
performed in the house ; the veneer metho;<. he ing used, Layer-
inp: is also practiced tf/ sorae extent,

RK03XJ TYPOS
Prcpogated frnra seeds, similarly to Kerria.

RHIS (SUMACH)
Propagated f rora seeds sov/n in tw sprinf^. Also increased
frora rnot crttingB .-rad cuttinp^s of tht laatm'f; vrood,

ribes 9ciJU-.r-aM.t-
Prop i,'Tated frrm outtinps of either thf=. .'TS'"-" or the
mature wood. Eyes r.liould he rubbed off from the lower portion

f&.

o:f the cutting. All the p.pecies i,iay "br: increased from seed,
if necpfssary ; in ',«fhich case the seeds jmy 1)6 cleaned "by
rri'b&iiip: f-ie fruit in sand. They should thf-.n "De at once ao-wn
In fraiJifis or in boxes xnAe.r p^lass \'7ith a sli(ilit bottom heat,

ROB INI A (LOCURT)
Propagated from seei-^s whic}i niay "be sov>ai either in the
fall or the sprir.g, Sofikin<^ in TP-.ariCi water previous to the
sowinp: assists thertiin germination. Varieties are rafted ;
the c onraon type, l\, Pseudacacia "beinp; uaed aa a Btock,

ROSA
Roses rop.y "be propagated hy most mxi' of the general methods,
cited ; the tvio rnQst I'/idely used, hein," those of seeds and
cuttings. (Refer to p. 312, Bailey's "Husery Rook. ")

RTIBTJS (BRA^'^TJLE)
Propf:.gated from seeds whiclr r^ay he preserved ixntil spring
if necessary. Also grown extensively frora root cuttings. The
seeds of some species require two years in which to germinate,

SAJ.IX (¥ILJX)W)
The cowjtion and "best method of propagating these trees^ iiS
from cuttings. It natvyally propagates froro either seed or
cuttings. Cuttings of 'hr. mature wood ina..y he take.n from
vigorous trees in the fall snd calluaed diiring the winter.

They are "best if tf?ken from vi'eJ.l rij;jeiied one yea,r old wood,
and iTxade from e-if:ht to ten inc'hes long,

S A K B IJ C U S
These jrilants may Yje propagated equally well, either from
seeds or cuttings. Cuttings are taken from green or mature
wood aiid treated similai'ly to those of Poplar or Willow, The
fnait is fleshy, and consequently should best he stratified
previous to sowhi?-:, or macerated and washed in order to clean
the seeds t h or ough 1 y ,

SAI.ISBTFIA

Propa>gated frorn layers and r-Iso from seed,

S A S S A F R A S
?rop.5|^p,ted from seeds at'id also from root cuttings,

S 11 I L A X
Propagated from sends almost exclusively. Sorietiffies
increased froTT; layering,

nOLAIItJ]^ (JJIGHT SiiADlO
Propa-giated frojT! se ds and froiu ciJ-ttin/^s of the iriature
wood, gi'own under ;Tlass,

SORB US
Refer to Pyruo (Ash)

ff.

S .'^ I R E A
Propaf^ated froiVi aeeda, sown as soon aa i'ipe, or preserved
in a dry, i;ool pla.ce imtll spring. AlsJO increased from
cuttings of the matiix'e wood taken in t/v< iall,

STAP?^(XEA (BlAD.nF]R-SfTJT)
Propagated froju seeds sovtrri aa soon ss ripe, or stratified
until spiing. Thes^ tresis are increased easily from layering
in the fall and cutting ai^ay on the succeed in ;•■'■ fall,

SYJVaPHORIOARFTS (SKOWBEKRY)
Propagat'^d f r oiii sec-da, .vhicn should first 'or cleaned from
their covering and sown iniHiediately,

SlRISCrA (LILAC)
Propagated fro;fi seeds, sov."n in t}:e spring \ thir method
is adopt6;d only with the moi e coiauion types. Varieties and
rarer species are increased froi-i cuttings of the greenwood
wtth 'bottoiu heat. Grafting:, when practiced, is perfoi'msd in
April or May ; the. stodca used 'being those of S^-ringa Vulgaris.

T E 0 0 ^^ A
Propagated most easily frora see^is, wliic}! are often times
■^Hvy irregular' in the quantity' prod\iced. Seeds are generally
sown in the spring, Cojmfnercial propagators increasfi this vine
from root cnttiTif:?: and grafting. Grafting is performed upon
the roots of T. P. ad i cans.

TILIA (BA^jSWOOD)
Propagated from seeds, stratified during the winter.
Also increased I'roiQ cuttings of tP.e-, irature wood ; the finer
varieties are grafted upon the more vigoroiis, coiwion stocks,

ULOTS (EIAi)

The preproduction of these trees is frora seeds. The
oval winf^ed fruit is produced fre.ffly each yea-r, ^md ripens in
May J -jvhen it should be gathered. It is much Si\£(\r to use
hoiae collected seed, "uecausft elm seed cannot Ijb preserved for
mors than a few weeJcs w.it]iout losinp; vitality. The seeds may
be gathered hy sweeping theui nn frora the pavements or by
spreading a large canvas bene atli tlie tree. They should never
"be allowed to 'become dry froin the time they mat me until ger-
mination is completed. Seeds are sown in shallov; di ills
eight to twelve inches apart and covered one-half an inch
deep ; they are dropped quite thickly. Seedlings icay "be
transplant ed at the age of one tn two years.

Varieties of this genius are grafted upon t?ie oorrjAon type
TJ. Americana,

V A e 6 I H I IJ M
These plants are propagated mostly from seeds, which ma,y
l3s washed froi7i thf: fleshy coverings and stored in a cool
cellar, in sana, until early spring, Sepin jx very car'efulilj^
treated, will gr^r;!; incite in a month ; "bi.it the.y often lie dor-
Boant for as long aa a year. Root c^ittings and layering are
also used to increase these plants.

V I i^ ir R ]^ (J j,i

VroTja.g'.i,t(:a from se^ds, which ^houlol best T^e stj'atii'if-. .-^
di.u'irjt=: th(= ^v Inter, Tiv: sev d usually lie cioj-iiiant diirinc- the
first year. Layering is also use 4 as a me ana of increasing
jsaiT' species, V, dents.tiiPi and ',''. opiilixs ,];ro:v readily frcm
cuttings of the na.to.re v/ocd., tak&ii .in the fall, Finer varie-
ties are grafted; usinc>: '^', lantana and V, dentatuii as stocks.

Bee inethod for propagating^ thr o-rajc , in Bailey's "[^iir-
3er.y Book. "

WISTARIA
Proyapiated froTn sef.ds, sown in flatsuundei- glass, in the
spring, with ■bottOTTi heat. Seeds smy Le covered to a deith of
one Inoii, Seedlings should "be potted and kept in a warm
frame for a few weeks anri late]- place 'l in a cold fraiue to
remain for a season. Layering/ is practiced in. the autumn or
early sprinf^ i the layered slioot may tie detached from the
parent plant durlnf? the succeeding fall, Inc;rea0in'5- hy means
of cuttings of the (rature wood, .^nd. front grafts ia cororaon,

■ XAl^TKOXYLON
Propagated from seeds and :-j1so fiom joot cattinf^s, Seede
shoiild he sown in the spring.

160.

ABIJ;S (PIR)

These trees are most easily propagated from seeds which,
with few exceptions, are produced quite freely. The cones
are ripe and the seeds ready for collection dixrinf^ Septemher
and Octoher. As with the other conifers the seed should he
gathered "before the cones ox)en , at which time a greater or
less percentage are shed and lost. The method of ohtaining
seed frora their coverings is the same as that adopted with all
the cone hearers, and descrihed on a preceding page.

Cones should he stored in a cold, dry room until March or
April, this varying with the climatic conditions, at which tiiae
the seed should he extracted from the cones and sown upon the
seed hed ; each cone contains ahout 500 seeds. The hest
method of sowing the seed is that known as broadcast } upon
seed heds ahout four feet wide, consisting of well worked soil,
of a free, open textiire and clear of weeds ; the seeds heing
of good size should he sown rather thinly, allowing sufficient
space for the young plants to develop.

Press the seeds down upon the swface of the hed with the
"back of a spade or light roller, and cover with one-half to
one inch of fine soil. On ^^.ry dry days, and when subjected
to the effects of drying winds and sun the hed should he
screened ; this is also often necessary when the young plants

101.

are showing through in order to keep off the "birds which pick
the husk of the seed at the top of the plant, thus "being knG?m
to destroy an entire "bed in a few hcurs.

The seed "beds should he covered on frosty nights smd
shaded from the sun during the heat of the day, the covering
may "be matting or laths as descri^bed in chapter Under

careful treatment the seeds germinate in ahout six weeks \ at
this time the young plants are very tender and too much mois-
ture will rot them ; in a single day's time plants at this
stage laay "be killed f r cm over watering or excessive exposure
to the sun,

Yoiang plants should remain in the seed "bed imtil the
followin spring and generally for two years \ they should
then "be removed to "blocks in the nursery, previously prepared,
to receive the seedlings. In all operations of transplanting
great care should he exercised that the roots of the young
plants are not exposed to the dry air for an unnecessary
length of time. The seedlings should "be transplanted at a
distance of six inches from row to row and three inches apart
in rows, If taken from the seed bed the first year ; while if
taken the second year the distance should be 12 inches and six
inches. In planting, the earth should "be pressed firmly
a'bout the roots and in exceptionally dry seasons the rows
shoiild "be watered once or twice every week. Plants should he
shaded to protect from wind and sun until the young roots have
taken hold, after which time it will be only necessary to keep
clear from weeds.

10^.

Here they should remain for two years, and if well
handled may then "be planted out in the forest plantation, or
elsewhere, where they are to remain permanently ; "but in case
larger plants are desirr.d they had "better "be transplanted a
second time into the open nursery allowing a greater space for
furt.her d-velopment. The Tsest time for transplanting is
April, just "before spring gro^wth starts ; moist weather will
"be very advantageoiis to "best results in this work. The dis-
tance in the nursery rov/s shotild "be at least four feet from
row to row and two feet asunder in rows, sitfficient space "being
allowed to excite good root development and ease of removing
withoxit unnecessary cutting of the root system ; this is espe-
ciajt'ly de sir aisle if they are to "be removed at a time for
nm"seryraen's retail trade. In planting to the nursery the
esisiest way is to draw 'a line across the field and along this
line laake a trench. In this trench the young stock is placed
and the earth well compacted al)0ut the roots ; the degree of
tamping depending upon the tejcturr^ of the soil, — a light soil
requiring more than a heavier one. Most species of firs may
"be removed at a height of six to seven feet \ "but those of two
feet are much "better adapted to transplanting and will in time
develop into "better specimens than will thosf. taller.

While, as stated, most species of this genus are readily
propagated "by seed, it happens once in a while that certain
species produce fertile cones very seldom and that finer vari-
eties are "better ©"btained "by other methods. The most usual

^1

/Oh.

method is that of grafting. This is practiced with Abies
Amabalis, and GrandiB to a gi-eater or less degree. While
many olairn that the pla.nts of the latter grown from grafts
are not as magnifi cent as thosv^j from seed, yet in sections of
the coimtry the scarcity of good seed is such that grafting
must "be resorted to. The stock most coramonlj/ used for the
Pirs is that of the European Silver Pir (Abies Pectinata).
The method of grafting is that generally used with conifers
and described under the head of grafting; of conifers.

The more cormaon species, as Abies Balsaiaea, and Concolor
are quite easily propagated from cuttings ; these being taken
with a hee^ and placed in a propagating hoivsR y/ill root in
foui- and five months.

^m

fCOAP.IA

These trees are propagated almost equally well hy seed
and by cuttings. The se-d are quite as Large as Brazil nuts;
and are emitted freely from the imiTiense cones, by drying
gradually in a warm room. It is recommended by authorittes
th^t the l3est method of planting the seed is to "hold them by
the thick rounded end between the finger and thumb and to push
the pointed end into the soil at cm angle of 45 degrees," The
seed may be planted quite thickly and should, in this climate,
be given a slight amount of heat. The radicle will descend
into the soil in from three to foi;r weeks ; hut the first young
shoot will often not appear until the following year or even

;¥;^'

10^.

eighteen months after planting. The seedlings should be
transplanted when they have attained a height of four to five
inohe s .

When propagated "by cuttinfi53. the cuttings should be taken
from the leading shoot a otherwise the young pl,ants are tyaite
apt to he unsymraetrical and hranohlike. The treatment of the
cuttings is the same as that r e oomiTiended for coniferous cutt-
ings in general.

The larger nuiaher of Arsnc arias are imported in the seed-
ling state, from Belgiiua to this country. In the former
country the raising of these plants is one of -^he leading
specialties in many nurseries,

CEDRIJS (GEDAE)

These trees do not "begin to hear seed until they are of
considerable age and size, seldom before they are fifty to
sixty years old.

They are propagated by seed, treated with few exceptions
siiflilarly to those of other conifers* Both the Lebanon and
the Deodar are raised fraa seed, in the nurseries ; however in
some sections it is seldom that good ripe seeds are produced.
Hence many se d are imported.

The cones of the cedars are very resinous when first
gathered, and should be left for a year after being taJcen from
the tree before the seeds are removed. During this time much

1, Cyclopedia of Horticulture

/Oi)

of the resinous charaxiter of the oones has passed off and the
seeds have ■become hardened. The seeds may "be Taest taken from
the oones hy steeping cones in ^^ater and splitting them open
soon afterwards. Seeds will keep for many years without los-
ing their vitality, if properly stored. They should he sown
in April, and covered ahout five-eighths of an inch.

Culture of the seedlings is same a,s that outlined for
Spruce, Pir, Pinr;, etc.; they maj/- he transplanted when one
year old,

CHAMABCYPARIS

These trees are propagated from cuttings, most extensively;
the method of making and caring for cuttings is outlined fully
in the chapter upon that suhject.

Many species are propagated from seed, which are quite
small and easily ohtained from the cones. They are sown on a
verj'- light earth and. rarely covered to a depth of more than
one-eight}i of an inch,^ It often happens that many of the
seed will not germinate imtil the second year ; at two years
of age the seedlings should he transplanted.

In most of these trees the cones remain upon the tree two
years hefore ripening and hecoraing raattire. Hence there are
verjr apt to he two sets of cones upon the same tree and
collectors should he careful to select only the ripe cones,

1. Chapter upon Seeds

2, Chapter upon Seeds and Seed Beds

JO^^.

which aiay T)fi readxl;/ recognized fro;fi their <iry, 'brownish
appearance, as compared v^fith the younger set of cones vrhich
are 03" a greenish color, hard a-nd succulent. Both sets of
cones are of ah out the s.-^me sizie and shape, ahout the si^e of
a "bullet.

Horticultural varieties and tender species are often jriost
easily produced froro ^afts. The stocks ussed are Charoas-

cyparis Pisifera ard Gupreasus LawBoniana,

nilPPvESSTTS ( CYPRESS )

This genus, often confused with Chamaecypsaris, is propa-
gated "b;/ the same methods as employed for the latter,

CupresBus Lawsoniana is however best prodticeri "by cuttings
or grafts, because when raised from seed t-he seedlings are
very apt to shO'-v a decided variation in size, form and hahit
cf growth ; although the seed used may he all collected from
the same tree,

C, Lawsoniana is the stock used, iipon which to graft, as
it is the roost hardy and one of the easiest to propagate from
cuttings,

JimiPEBTJS (JTINIPER)
These trees are propagated -^^.rj readily either from seeds
or from cuttings. The berries when ripe, in the fall may be
gathered and buried in sand for a year or they m^r be soaked
for some time in warm water, then mixed with sand and kept

1, Chapter upon Grafting

/Y

slightly racist until the follov/iiig year. They jioay "bs planted
in tho fall a year from the tirae they w©re gathered or kept
until the following spring. If plant fid the saaie season that
they are gathered they will lie a whole yeai- in the ground
■before vegetating. In the former ca&e , germination should
take place a few weeks after sowing. Seedlings will grow to
a height of from two to four inches during the first season,

The method of jiropagatiori frow cufcoings is as deseritjed
for the ot?aer trees of this group under the head of cuttings,

Piner varieties arf: grafted upon Juniperus Vii-giniaaa as
a stock,

LARIX (L.AKCH)
These trees ai-e propagated almost excl\'.sively from seed
which are "borne in small upright cones that fall during the
second yea,r, and are produ.cod plentifully/-. Seed should "be
gathered from trees standing in airy places ; iDe cau.se the
larch J being intoleral>le to sJuide, it is here that the best
and most vigorous specimens are apt to be found. As a rule
the cones of these trees require much labor in order to extract
the seed. The cones should be ;^pread in the avm. or kiln
dried, and also threshed ; after vrhich they may he dravm aside
and thF. seeds reruoved. It is i-ecoinmended th-it all seed so
obtained should be viit in a heap, spi'lnkled vfith v/ater to
moisten thoroughly, left for two to thref, hours and then
spread out to dry, A temperatwe of over 130 degrees in the

/o

lof.

Jciln often destroys tte vitality of the seed.

The seeds should "be sown in the spring in carefully pre-
pared beds in shallow drills six inches apart, and covered
lightly one-fourth inch with fine moist earth. The seedlings

should he transplanted after two years ; the larger seedlings
156 ing placed farther apwt than the sanaller ones. In trans-
planting these trees it is quite essential that the work should
■be done in very esa'ly spring, as the huds start early and a
disturhance of the roots after growth has once hegun, means
serious injury to the seedlings.

The Weeping Larch and forma of the European Larc?i are

"best produced hy the general methods of grafting and inarching

2

applied to conifers,

LIBOCEIS^vUS

Propagated most readily frora seeds, which should l>e sown
in the spring, ana treated similarly to those of Thuya and
others from the same group.

It may also he propagated from cuttings of either the
mature or the gi'een wood ; the former "being preferable, l?or
treatment of cuttings refer to Cl-tapter upon cuttings,

PICE A (SPmCE)
The methods of propagation applied to this genus are very
similar and in raai^y- cases identical with those used for the

1, Chapter on Seeds and Shading

2, Chapter on Grafting

iA~f

lOf

genua Abies. Spruce trees "bear seed, as do ma.n.i'- other coni-
fers, much more heavily during some years than during others.
The Norway Bpriice, for example, is considered a heavy seeder
and generally "bears a full crop every two or three years. The
cones come to maturity in Septemher or October and these often
cling to the trees until late in the season, often remaining

until Pehriiary and March, at whic' time seed B'say be seen upon
the surface of the snow. The seeds BX^i light and winged and
hence they are easily carried "by the wind for great distances.
The seeds of the Norway Spruce may easily be shaken from
the open cones ; while those of Picea Alha, if taken "before
the cones are quite nature, also come frora the cones res>jdily,
if spread upon the floor in a warm, ^rv room and stirred occa-*
s tonally. With Picea Mariana it hecomes necessary to place
the cones over heat, sometiraes raisin?^ the tepiperature .nas
higB ais 130 degrees ?, and continuing it for three to five
hours, "before the seeds are ready to "b-. taJcen out.

If carefully stored, the grrreinating power of these seed
may "be retained for froru three to five yeaj-s ; the vitality
remaining longer if the wings are not detached. In sowing
the seed, those as large as Picea Al"ba shoryid "de covered to a
dept.h of one-third of an inch ; those as small as Picea Mari-
ana should l:)e covered mucji less. Sowing in drills ia prefer-
a"ble to the troadcast method "because of tht-. ease of vieeding.
The shallow drills should "be six to twelve incheH apart ;
seeds may "be scattered one- fourth to one -half inch ap:-irt.

//><

110.

Germination takes place in from tiir-ee to f.we Treeku, and during
the first yeai" t?ie young plants should attain a height of one
and one-half to two and one- half inches. The see-dlinejs should
remain in the seed "bed for- a period of tv-ro years heforo traiiB-
planting. During the first year the seedlinf^s shov.ld "be
shaded ; hut diarinp- the second year it is not necessary except
under ahnoraal oonditions,

Spriices Ksay he proT)ap:ated from cuttings T/yith comparative
ease and the finer varieties and species ar«; , a.s a rule, pro-
duced from grafts. The union of the stoch and scion is very

\
quick and easily ohtained under the proper conditions. Picea

Excelsa and Picea Alha make ths "best stocks ; and the method

of grafting; most imiver sally adopted is that known as veneer

grafting,

PliJTIS (PINE)
The "best and almost the only method hy which these trees
are ohtained is froiri seed. The seed of this tree are ripe
during the latter part of September and 8>re best gathered h;-^
the method described under "Collection of Conifer Seed"; if
delayed until the cones are too ripe the seeds fall and are
lost in being c^srried away by the ?/ind. The cones are best
if gathered before fully matiired, as it is quite easy to place
thera in the sun, under whicti conditionB they vrill usup.lly dry
and erait t be seed with little difficulty. Various devices

1. Chapter on Grafting

///.

and metliods are employtid for extracting seed of cone Ijeai^ing
trees ; tl^ese are; cleaoriLed in tlieir plaoe.

Pine seed may 'oe sown at alrrtost any season of the year if
the conditions are favorable to germination. The raost favor-
able t liae ia froiu t>ie la«t of Marnh to the latter part of
April ; aft!::r 'neinp; sown the seed he.d should be shaded by one
of t-'3.ft various Biethods , usually lath screens or pine boup^hs.
The seed are generally sown 'oroadcast. ui)on very lif:ht , almost
sandy soil and covered ligjitly j tJie covering varyinrj with tiie
species to wl-iich the se d ''oelongs. If the spring he very dry
the had sliould he kept soraewhat laoist hy laeans of frequent
waterings, as the co>e] ingH of the seeds ar-e of sucji a degree
of hardness that they nef;d luoisture to vegetate.

After the) seedlings oorae u.; the had should he hut spar-
ingly v7ateredj and shaded froio the sun especially durinp; the
heat of the day. In -ve.ry dry aeaaons the seeds have "oeen
known to reraain In the seed bed foi' ruontha before germinating.
T.f weather and so i \ oonditionB are favorable and conducive to
jp od i^ro-^th, thF. seedlings s^iot^ld appear in frora five to six
weeks after the tiroe of sowing. The aarae general directions
as t/iose given for Pira and Spruces may thereafter be observed.
If watered too Jieavily or if Stiffioient ligi-Lt an-l air .is with-
held, thf-, ideal conditions foj- the destruction by fungiis
diseases exists. The result is that tlie yoimg stems rot off
and large numbers of the young seedlings are de^5troyod,

The gr owtii of Pine seedlings is f/ oja one to tviro inclies

II&-

durinp the first, ye^ar and v>fhP,:a two years old the,y range frora
three to five inches in heip:ht. After one year the. seedlings
shonld he transfer red from the seed hed to the nur'serv hlock,
^'J-e yoim£' plants "beinf^ y^vy tender, great care should be exer-
cised to prevent drying out ; this is done by choosinp; if possi-fS'
ble a cloudy day for t rartsplant ing , and placing the seedlings |
in shallo^^" pans of water", tnus oonveyinfr then to the place
T?here they are to be plant .'id. They inav be planted in "beds in
rows four inches each way and thu-, oeds covered with lath
screens in order that they may be shaded froia the intense sun
until firinly rooted. Seedlings '/r}:lch reraain in the seed bed
v;rhei e they were sown, die away in patches, and those surviving
xiQ^^'x grow as vigorously as those v,'hic}i are pricked out when
yoiOTg, In these f)ed3 the plants may remain until the follow-
ing spr.ini;:, by whicii tirae they ivill be fit to trajisplant into
the jiursery rows,

Piner varieties of this genus 8.re often grJil"i,ed upon
related species of the more coiimaon types. The most comraon
stock is that of Pinus Sylvestrxs, auid the method is that of
-^%u^^.Y grafting,

Bjudding

This TJiethod has been adopted frorr; tiroe to time as a means
of propagating certain var-ieties of t.>;e Genus Pinus, It is
performed as follovrs : "as soon <is the .^irowt)! of the pine is
nearly coroplete for the year, and while the shoot, is still
soft, the ternlnal bxid is nipped out. During the following

//^.

year a fascicle of leayes ". ai:ftn oi't with a pi?. oe oT 'bark, as
in the usual ruetli.ort of 'lyaddlng, ano inBertf^i into thr. naai-ly
Hiaturfi yotms shoot of a.'i,v' congenial stocj< will unite quite
freely, Tjie chief objectJ.o.a to t/'is rfiethoi.is, that including
the preparntion, it reniilrea thref-. ye^rs to olitain a plant of
0 \xf f t c ie nt a i a e , "

PSl^UDOToliaA (DOTK^LAS SPhUCE)'

Iiike t}'?. otjiei trees of tj'iis .gi'outi, the DouglB,s Bprnoe is
propagated aluioa!-, excl-j.i-iivBly ""oy raeana of seed. These are
produced in aijiindajice anil are very easily rGKOvea frori the
asKiall cones, ThOiaas Bougies ifritea Vfins : ♦'The seed of
Pae-udotsuga ^jenninate readilv' ; hut like the Pir seed they
rapidly lose their gfiruiin-itinp; powers witli age," He fu)-tl-i.er
says that , "Seed froii '.^ibqb .growing in the valleys and the
foothills of Colorado will not pro6.MCifi treea that ar<-; hardy
north of the Oliio Rivfir. There is no differance hetween
trees produced fro/a valley seed and f i ora jnou.ntain set;ds. The
fonaer have s.nort ,^'ef:ri leaves and a stunted look : the latter
have lonp;er leaver, a laore glaucous ajopearaiioe and .gr'eat
rapidity of gj-owth." Hence it is seen tha': care should h^
eaeroissd in tlie selection of seed frora whic}i. to i^cm seod for
different looali'.. les.

Method ;-5 aaopted for t'fie Sprue fc and ?ir apply to this
genua.

//■f.

fiCIADOPITYB (iJlffiBFLLA PUCK)

Tliese tress ai'e propagated, preferably' from seed, although
tliey grow well fr oxri cuttings, Tlie see-d from which it i3
growxi are iiaportad as a r-XLe fro.m xta native coimtry,

vOuttings of the half -ripened wood, taken dur'in,»: late
summer or early fall strike root, qrats. readily,

SEQIJO I A ( WlilLLIN^T OMI A)

The he St rtiethod of propagatinf!? these trees is from seed,

X

which should he soTim in a fra^.e or s-naded place.

Cuttings of those trees vfill strike root quite as readily
as many coniferous trees if treated as reooraiiaended for cutt-
ings of this group. If pood promising shoots are taken for
cuttings one will o'btain sjTraoiet) ioal plants as a result and
they will not have the tendency tc the "branchlike characters
of some of the coniferous cuttings.

The f/Olden alid the v<3riegatcd varieties are grafted tipon

2

the types

One instance is recorded in >.'}Uch a tree had upon it some
variegated and sorae clear green hranchlets, Cuttinp;^ of "both
kinds were taken frc/a the tree atid in the spring and in Octo-
"ber all of the youn^ plants were alike and each prodiiced a
variegated appearance.

1, Chapter on Seeds

2, Chapter- on Grafting

/IS.

TAXODITO (BAIT^ CYPRESS)

Thie is propagated ty sefds, sown in the sprlnfr s.nd also
"by cuttings of the raature wood placed in very wet sand or even
water. Loudon says that Taxodliain cuttings root best in water.
It is very diffic^ilt to root in the ordinar:"'- cutting l^ed as
used for rriost other conifers,

^.en grafted, the stock used is that of Taxodi'-JBi distiohum.
It is recoiriffii-'nderi that the graft ing- should he peEformed in
August or SepteBJlDer out of do oris, and in early spring, under
glass,

T A X TI S

These trees are propagate;d froio seeds and ciittin,^. The
seeds are enclosed within a fleshy cover in.o; and are of such a
characte) tlmt they do not gerniinate until the second ^ear.
They may he sown an;/ tiv/.e froin ?<Iarch to OctCoer or they may "be
stratif i'^.d iioixiediately aft^r gathe;rxng ; if sowvi as soon aa
rl^j)r'. they shoule be cleaned of their pu^-p Pind after he ing
dried they are i-eady to sov?.

Seedlings should he trwisplant ed at two y^^hx^ of age, a.nd
during t>ieir youth they should be ahad.f.d as these trees tlirive
heetj wlien youn.?, \v ithoi.it too great an amcioi-it of sunlight.

Grafting is often practiced ; the- stock used he ins that
of t}ie coroiuoxi species, Taxus Baccata, These, planv. s root
alowly frovi) ciittings arni when so propagated, are tjeated th.e
Bame as conifer 0113 cuttin.^3 in f^eneral,-^

1. See Chapter on Cuttings

1/6.

T H II Y A

These plaints should "I'S propp-t^ated in one of t';vo ways ;
fro:m sep.ds or cuttings. It is the gsneral T^ractiGS in this
country to propagate froiti outtinga ; in Eiu'ppr, the general
method is that of seed.

Seeds should be sown ir, the . fjprinfs, 30on a,j?ter ripenin,?^.
These often lay in tht; ground foi two years before geminating,
Seedlings should "be well shadfjd ditrinff tha first ■'jf39.r and it
Ir he!"^" to shalter slightly durin*''; the succeedin,-' vidnter ; in
the follov/inj^ sprinv^; they rari,y be transplanted. Miller says,
"whei'eyer possible thes6; plarttft Si-o\>.ld be propao:atfid hr.caT?.Be,
after' the. first two years, the seedling plants will gi'eatly
outstrip the others in growth, ano\ the plants will grow with
the ir br anche a rauo h c 1 os er , "

These plants are also largely propagated from cuttings,
taken frcjiu Octobsr to J.'">nu -Ji^y and treated as outlined for
coniferous cuttings in general, in-ip.n grafted, the stoclcs
used arn those of Thuya Occidenta.lis \ these being irnv.orted in
the seedling fonu from Suj-ope,

T H U Y 0 p 3 I S
This genus is propagpvted froin well ripened :'aard'wood cutt-
ings taken diirinp; the months froia October to kS ?xsx\xB:rY » The
cuttings are made and trea,ted the same as those f r oio the other
trees of t}' is opijoslte leaved group, including Thuya, Chamae-
oyparis, etc. Render says that plants produced from cuttings

usually gj'OMV' Into buBhy, roimd headed specirneiis ; lieiice he
prefers seod.

Varieties are gi'afted upon stocks: ol Tluiya ; TDut i-he. pro-
ducts are s'J.d tr i^e ahort liTedj hence 1)y soioe the method of
Beedage is conaidored the best. There is little differ'=?rioej
howevfr.r, l)(>tw66n grcwinr i'rora seed, and fro^.. cuttings ; it is
neTerthelf>S6 a fact that nxirseryiTien propagate this a3.inost
entirely from cijttinTiD,

T 0 H R K Y A

Torreya is proj^agatr. d perJiaps rriost easily froia seed,
which are rather large and covered Iry a thickened j?hell. They
ar-e treated similar to Ooriifer se^d in general, and plajits
■grovf mr<.o3i faster froia seed than, rrom cuttings.

These trees are alp.o .'p-o^v-^ti fro-o cuttings and froru grafts.
Cuttings gro5.r vary slo'^-/!;.' and usually remain 'bushy, 'par
grafting Cephalotaxus i^^ frecruently uaod as a etock upon which
to grow the finer x'-arieities of Torreya,

TSUfM. (HFJiaOCK)
The rfioqt general nethod of propas^ating theae ti-eea i#
f roxn seed, which altTnough produced abundantly, thejy have the
lowest percentage of germina,tion of -dmy of the conifers. The
aeedfi are shK- froa; the cones at dif fH^-ent x^erioda of the. year
ranging frorc autumn until zhe following" spring ; fertile
seeds jiavs he-en found in the conss :~^ii late a.s th^:? latoer part

./Z!

lit

oi" April, They ai-ft so^-i on seed 'beds rjuI c"j.rt!d for Kl;-ailar
to the seed of other coniiers.

The young seedlin^' plants £3.re ^f'^.r^j tender and Quite sas-
cept.Lhl'^^ t(5 unfavorahlf. condxtj.ona of .nioist'iue and s-anlight.
They are c.apaJ:ile, hmvcrer , of endurlnr a. -reat rar.f^e of climatic
and other c o nd.lt .i onB . kf> seen in tiie table; of growths, tlBae
trees are the slovyest of all the sfieoied durin^"-^ their seedling
state *

Often it ■becorries necessary to j^roduco rarer v.^xieties
other t>ia;\ -d^'' ser-d ; chi'o is done-: hy ^-^r^il't In/r upon Tauga Cana-
d'f5nRia as a stock,-^

1. See Ohaptfir on Graftijig;

///

DISEASES OP GO^IZRK SBEDLINGS

The study of insect and fungous diseases of seedlings is
yet a suljject to be thoroughly investigated. There is prac-
tically no literatiire l»earing directly upon seedlings, and the
article cited, the sunffiiary of which is here- given is the only
article I have found of the sort,

A fungous disease called "cawping off" sometimes causes
thousasids of little trees to wilL and die when hut a few weeks
old. It is best prevented "by not allowing the seed "bed to
hecoine too moist, and "by keeping up a free circulation of air.
All se.edlings attacked hy the fungus shovtld he hurned, and
"beds in which diseased plants occur should not he aga,in used
for thf; same purpose.

There is also an insect of some kind which injures coni-
fer cuttings, "by stripping the hark off in patches ; hence
causing inuc?L damvage. If of sufficient vitality, some of the
cuttings often recover froin the ravages of this insect, and
healing the wound as seen in Plate emit roots and con-

tinue to develop.

The Scotch Pine v/hich is one of t?iC. most prolific of the
seed hearers develops very few ,se8dling3 in the natural
forests. The seedlings may hp^ seen in large nuinhers from l^y

//J

I-^'O-

to SepteniDer, and allowing 8O/0 to perish Dy the nat^jral
agencies, to the affects of which seedlings are exposed, one
still SRes in but rare easBB a onf: year old seedling in a
clear Scotch Pine forest.

The eKpl;^nation of this fact is, that t?'e dead foliage of
this tree decays less rapidly than th^t of most trees ; the
process of decomposition is asaistsd by several saphrophytic
fungi ; the mycelia of which permeate tiie layer of decaying
needles, immediately helow the sur'f ace . The roots of seed-
lings push freely into this layer, and it is ?iere that the
seedlings receive their injuries. It is in or iKmediately
alDove this layer that the majority of seeds geraiinate and the
young seedlings invar- iably perish in it within a few days
after sho-?ring theois elves ahove the siirface.of the ground.
That the moiild itself is the chief f a,ctor in their destruction
seems entirely protahle. An important authority hns examinsd
thousands of these seedlings gr-owing, or that were growing
upon this mediui'G in the shade of the Pines, ^.vA found two out
of every three that were growing in this mould- infested area
to "be either dead ox dyinp; "before they had pa,ssed two weeks of
existence. The possftion of tlie seedlings usually affected is
the upper part of the ra'-Iicle, which dies or "damps off** in
the same way as seedlings of annuals vrhic): are kept in a con-
fined atsnosphere in a crowded condition.

The strong peculiarity to be noted in the damping off of
the Pine seedlings is that the central axis of the plant only

//

lAl

appears to "be affected ty the fungi, and not the secondary-
roots, when tliese have had timf; to deTeloij. When the seed
germinates in moss, or any other mediiam of sufficient depth
that raay overlie the fun,<-:roidal area or layer, the extremity of
the radicle inay he o"b served to perish after reacjiing the
layer ; hut thf: portion above, that has not oorae In cont<act
with i^; thi-ows cijt secondary roots, and soraetimes a pseudo-
radicle, vrhich, althou{?;h reaching the dry natter, appears
unaffected hy it, althouph the plant usually failB to estahlish
itself in the ground. The exact stage in the seedling's life
at which death enH\:es varies much, Soiaetiiaes it occurs hefore
the cotyledons have properly expanded ; a.t other times, and
especialljr in wet -roather, it appears to survive much, longei',
hut in all cascB it takes place while the tissues of the yoimg
plant are still soft and succalent.

That this fungoidal layer, in itself, is fatsJ. to seed-
lings, and that their decay is not due to any atmospheric con-
ditions caused by the shade of the: trees, is probable from the
following observations. In fht first place, wherever the
surface has been cleared of this debris, either by an artifi-
oi-^1 a.-^ency such as dragging of timber, or by natural caases,
such as being washed off by heavy rains from, the fjround having
considerable slope ; and seedlings have gericinated upon these
Ijared spaces, they invariEtbly thrive liiore or less if unmolested
by vermin.

Seedlings, too, frequently germinate upon the decaying

/'

4m

roots of out trees, ai^d even ia the fissures of t3ae "osxX of
stand.i.n[i ones, and may somet-iiries "be fcund several year's old
in auc> situations. Here the roots penetrate "between the
"baric and wood of the stvizup, or between the scales of the "b^rk.
This instance seems to dispose of any theory that might con-
sider the shade of the growing trees to be the cau3e of the
decayr^': and also of another ; that thy damping ofx" of the seed-
lings was caused by lack of noui-ishunent «

Before this theory could "be entertained it nrast first "be
explained, ho?r it is that the seedlings of larch j spruce,
silver fir and various ha-rdwoods are a-ole to exist in the same
material as that in which Pimis Sylvestris seedlings die off ;
for seedlings of a3.1 tJie former trees may "be foiJind to exist in
the fungi-infested de'bris, and apj;arently unaffected "by it,
althoiig?) many of thexa are (Larch) quite as delicate and lia"blB
to injury as these trees. Moreover, that the latter tree is
ahle to ohtain a fotting in situations where many other plants
would perish is proved "by its esta-Tjlishing itself upon the
face of almost iDare rooKs and in other i,mf avorahle positions \
while its indifference to the matter in whicJi it grows is
equally marked ; for healthy seeiiin^s are found to {-row in
pui'e sawdust, ashes, decayin'^ v/ood and even in the holes in
old fir stuiaps from which aninials had made their exit*

Although the fungoidal lajrer is "believed to "be the main
factor in the destrxiction of the seedlinf-; plant, there are
pro"bably other agencies a.t ivoi-k in the same direction. In

m§.

t,?ae thick woods, an Aphis, pxeys upon the young roots aiid
filsrils of the trees, principally attacking those roots growing
in the deoayint': xaatter. Althougli extre^iiely rnxsn-jrous, these
ap]iides appear to do no estimalDie daxiiage to trees of any age ;
"but with the seedlings the case sjay "be otherwise. They attack
aeedlingo at ail stages of their first annual grovrth, £i,nd at
any portion of the roots frequently congregating arouni the
collar, and appear to kill off a great iuany that have geroiinat-
ed in places nearly free from the fungi. It is protiafcle that
the seedling, even when not act'uall;,' desti'oyed outrif^ht "^y
them, iB yet so weakenc-d at^ to loo unaoie to \».'ithstan.i the
ordinary vissicit a ies of life to vvhich it is exposed , -uid
thus the Aphis may 'be said to be chiefly instrumental in its
destruction.

Such appear "'-o 'iio the two general agents in ohstruct ing
the regeneration of the Scotcii Pine vroods j such h.^ been
shovm not to'&e th? case witli oth'- ; spenies 3r:enticn;;d preTX-
ously. It is not peculiar to the pine genus, Wlien the fact
is takf.n into consldei'ation tJiat the Scotch pine seed jaust
have tieen shed in ffi.f greater quantities thai* tiiose of the
W6,yTaouth pine, the presence of the ssedliiv^s of the latter,
viewed in conjiinction wit3-> the 3l)sence of such i;. the foriaer,
goes far towards confirming tie theory that the Scoter pine

stands al/noat alone in ixgard to th&a peculiarity in natu)al

1

reproduction.

1, Transactions of Kif3a, and Agr'l Soc , of Scotland

J^J

/-?f

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The f ollo^.'^ing is a list of xm.ga.zine articles, ?7ritten l^y
various roen and mostly Jiot signed "by the aiit-hor ; they hear
upon the various phases of propagatiori and. tl'--; raethods employed
with different plants,

Arar.rlcari Jov,ya-xl of Hort ici-iltm-e ; Vol. I : p. 304 ; Vol. II :
111

Connecticut Btate Experirftery. Station Bulletin : op, 276-288 :
1898

Country Oentleiuan*B Magazine • V:208

Botanical Gazette ; XI I -.41-42: 1887

Downing's Ji.orticultur ist j IIjl91, 419 j VIII:19S

Garden ; I:44n ; V:369 j IX; 57 j XXII: 569 ; X:97 ; XX^/II:438 ;
XXX: 289 ; XXXI: 314 ; XXXII ;128, 177, 195, 248 j
XXXIIT:510 ; XXXIV: 220 ; X'OC/III:496 ; LII:377

Garden and Porest ; 111:427(1390); IV: 286

Gardener's Chronicle ; 1841:531, 467 ; 1842:285 ; 18 '^0:723 ;
1851:4 ; 1858:624 ; 1860:290 ; N.S. XX:666, 762 ; ■■I.S.
XXII:142, 206 ; IT. 8. XXIV:203, 527, 687 ; 1869:224 j
1878:695 ; 111:11:735(1892); 1X1:17: 79(1895) ; 111:19:432,
463(l^^96»)-'. 111:20:22, 270(1896); 111:21:214, 247, 315,
285(1897); 111:22:226(1898).

Gardener's Monthl" ; 1:12, 13 ; 11:263 ; VII: 102 ; X:55 :
XI:369 ; XII:19, 179 ; XIX:230, 355 ; XXII : 100(1880 ) ;
XXir:358

Gardenin'T ; 1:310, 51, 318, 4 56, 629, 634 ; 11:239, 346 ;

XIII:566 ; XTV:256, 478, 489, 542 ; J}T: 264, 309, 385 ;
XVI:105, 475(1895); XX: 86, 567(1898-99); XXI:335, 390
(1899)1900).

/Si

1^^'.

Hig}-aand anri Afjr icu.lt urrJ. Sooif.t,v- of ScotlaiKl ; VI:178 ;

1863-65:187, 194 ; ISfil-a.'^i: J321 , lB7;-3:60 ; 1875:163 ;
187P,:14'L ; IB-^'Q : 24-25

Jortioul-.ia-ft ; ¥-¥1:237

Hort j.onltT;^' i at VIII : 338

Jowiial of Practical AgricultiJxf; ; 1902:436-433

Journal of Kortlcult-ur e : X:r.II:332 j :^J.S, XXVII :5a ; Im.S.
XX^rillri:?? ; 111:32:50(1896); 111:43:410

Magazine of Hortlc ratur^^ ; XXII : 140, 371, 427, 568 (1856 ) ; XXIII:75
(1857)

Mahon's fi-ardening ; pp. 2n6-268

Natal Agrlculti.iral Journal and Minin^i J\ev:;ord j 1904:124-146j
383-394

BeTUe Horticole ; LXII : 230 ( 1890 ) j LVII:338(1885)

Scottish f^ardener ; 1867:145

W. Scotland Hort i milt unsl Magazine ; 1:304(1867)

West Virginia Station Report \ 1896:196-199

Iniportant magazine articlf^s and "books with relation to
the sti"bject,

Arthur, J,C,, Va.riation in develoijment of pletntSj due tc

t\nr' ipe se-d ; American Jfaturalist : 1895:804~805, 904*
913

Art Ox Propagation, J. Jenkins

Adam, Jairaes, Treatment of seeds of forest trees ; High, arid
Agr , Soc. of Scotland : 111:330

Alexander, J,; Propagation of the n&^^r coniferae ; G.arden :
IV: 379

Bailly, Env., Hy'bride :0' Abies Finaspo et D'A'bies Ceihalonica ;
ReTue Horticole LXI:115, 1889

J^h

IM.

Barnes, Jajnes, Propagation of i'nait and other trees frora
cut tings ; Downing* s Horticulturist : 11:567

Book of Evergreens, Josiah Hoopes

Book of the <1^arden (1855), Chas. >f* Into eh

Bradley on Rardeninp: (1739)

Brown, J."!^'., Coniferous trees found In thp I'-'re^ts of Califor-
nia ; High, and Agr. Soc. of Scotland : 1S7-^':104

Bro'vn's Jorester, Thrown

Cour« df-:: Cultiire (1827), A. Thouin

CornViill, John, Propagatinfi; Conifers : harden : XII:31

Dawson, Jacks on, Propa^Tatlon of Conifers j fTdn. and Porest ;
1:436

Cyclopedia of Horticulture, L. H. Bailey

Douglas. Ro"bert, Propagation of conif-rs frojii seed, in the
open air : Crdn, and Forest : 1:47

D'Al"bret, History of Crraftinp; (translation): GdJiers. Chronicle:
1851:4

Downing, A. J,, Mot in e of thfi r^raftinff; of '^;ver3reer! trees as
practiced ia Europe ; Mag. of Horticult-aro : IV: 201

Experiraent. Station Piecord, VI::j73 (Indiana, 1893)

Porestry Bulletin, No, 29: Collection of tref- se^.A and the
propacfation of seGd3.-in{^s

Puller, A. S,, Propagation of Pla-nts

Porbes, A.O., Qerwination of tree se<-:d ; OdiierB. niironiclt :
Series 111:20, 1895:1756

Gardener's Dictionary, Philip Miller

Grigor, John, Treatment cf seeds of fore~.t trees ; H.i;Th. &n.d
Agr, Soc . of Scotland : 111:543

Guide to the propagation of Plants, P., A. Carriere

Hatfield, T.:n,, Propf^Ption of nlantB fro ;-:; cuttings : Gdn. and
'.Forest : LX:65

IA6

1^.

TfortTis BrxttanicB,

Histoj :'■ of pi-opaj^at loM and I' 'provfj-jnent or Plants (1660),
R. Hharrock

lowv^ Arv'icnltv.ral Sxpsrirflfuit Sta. Biil. II o . 4: 3?el>. 1RP9

Joiiriial of j-'oreatryj Januar;^, 187 B

Manual oi' -^Jae Conifers, .Taraes Veir,ch

Mottetj 3., Les Conifers Hyurides ; Bcvrie Hortinole : LXXIV:
1^)1, 190 k!

Millf:r, JDiseases of tJ^e SJ.lTej- fir \ Hif"h. and A:-?;r , Society of
Scotland : VI: 505

Natural HiBtory of SelTDorne , Glll:!Grt "Wi-i.ite

Loi'-don' s Hort Iciiiturist

Loudin'a Encyclopedia of Horticulture

Mursery Book, L. H, Bailey

Nex;iraanri, Raiainr^ plants from cuttln^rs i Dovniing's Horticultur-
ist : ¥:14, 63, 190, Z^\

2^ew forestry, Jojin S ■.mpsori

Practical r^ardener, Chas, Mcintosh

Prentiss, A. N., The Herfilock ; n-dn. and Porcot ; 111:157

Peport of Wis. Ex!-;t, Sta. j VUI ;152-159(1B91)

Pural }Jew Yorker ; ia95:74;2

Saxifc, Andj'ew, Propagation of tree-s and shrnTjB froiu pieces of
roots- ; T)o\7aing»55 Horticr^lt-.ir 1st : 1:400

Sweet's Propagator, Rofeert Sweet

I'h e T r e e Pa.§.n t e r ( 1 8 BO ) , R arn i u-; 1 To od

Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Lindley

U.S. J)eT)t . Bu.l,, (Papers on Horticulture and Kmdjed Subjects)
1891

Watson, John 5 j^Ievv Mode of Proi)agation ; Gdners. i''onthly :
11:206, i860

ij).l

/^f.

Watson, .John J Hints upoi-.
propn.gatirn ; G drier;

u; discover of tl:e tiniR theory of
Monthly : 11:269(1860)

C^ G.fJ £,tZ A i-