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Dot APPENDIX, ' e 533

General Remarks, geographical and systematical, on the Botany of Terra
Australis. By Roserr Brown, F. R. S. Acad. Reg. Scient. Berolin.

Corresp., NATURALIST TO THE VOYAGE,

E

Tu E coasts of the great South Land commonly called New Holland
have been discovered partly by Dutch and partly by English navigators,
Captain Flinders, considering it therefore unjust towards the English to
retain a name for the whole country which implies its discovery to have
been made by the Dutch alone, has thought proper to recur to its original
name Terra Australis ; under which he includes the small islands adjacent
to various parts of its coasts, and the more considerable southern island
called Van Diemen's Land.

In this extended sense I shall use Terra Australis in the following
observations, but when treating of the principal Land separately, shall con-
tinue to employ its generally received name New Holland : that I may be
more readily understood by botanists, for whom these observations are in-
tended, and preserve consistency with the title of a work, part of which 1
have already published on the plants of that country.

In the following pages I have endeavoured to collect such general,

and at the same time strictly botanical, observations on the vegetation of

Terra Australis, as our very limited knowledge of this vast country appears
already to afford. "fo these observations are added descriptions of a. few
remarkable plants, which have been selected for publication, from the ex-
tensive and invaluable collection of drawings made by Mr. Ferdinand
Bauer in New Holland, chiefly during the voyage of the Investigator.

The materials for the present essay were acquired principally in
the same voyage, from captain Flinders’s account of which a general
notion of the opportunities afforded for observation may be gathered.
It seems necessary, however, to present in one view the circumstances

357214

534 " APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

under which our collections were formed, both in the Investigator’s voyage,
and subsequently, during a stay of eighteen months, in New South Wales
and Van Diemen's Island ; as also to state other sources from which addi-
tional materials have been obtained. By this means the reader will be
better enabled to judge how far | am entitled to make those observations
of a more general nature which he will find in the following pages.

The first part of New Holland examined in captain Flinders's voyage
was the South Coast, on various and distant points of which, and on
several of its adjacent islands we landed, in cireumstances more or less
favourable for our researches, The survey of this coast took place from
West to East, and our first anchorage was in King George Third's Sound,
in 35^ S. lat. and 118* E. lon. In this port we remained for three weeks, in
the most favourable season for our pursuits ; and our collections of plants
made chiefly on its shores and a few miles into the interior of the country,
amount to nearly 500 species, exclusive of those belonging to the class
Cryptogamia, which, though certainly bearing a small proportion to phe-
nogamous plants, were not, it must be admitted, equally attended tox At
our second anchorage, Lucky Bay of captain Flinders’s chart, in 34° S. lat.
and about 4° to the eastward of King George’s Sound ; we remained only
three days, but even in that short time added upwards of 100 species to
our former collection. ;

Goose-Island Bay, in the same latitude and hardly one degree to the
eastward of the second anchorage, where our stay was also very short, af-
forded us but few new plants ; and the remaining parts of the South Coast,
on five distant points of which we landed, as well as on seven of its adjacent
Islands, were still more barren, altogether producing only 200 additional
species. The smallness of this number is to be accounted for, partly, no
doubt, from the less favourable season in which this part of the coast was
examined ; but it appeared to depend also in a considerable degree on its
greater sterility, and especially that of its islands.

Of New South Wales, or the East Coast of New Holland, scarcely
any part beyond the tropic was examined in the voyage; our first landing
after leaving Port Jackson being at Sandy Cape, in nearly 25^ S. lat. Be-
tween this and 21° S. lat, we had many, and upon the whole, favourable
epportunities for observation, especially at Port Curtis, Keppel Bay, Port

Coasts examined. | APPENDIX: | 535

Bowen, Strong-tide Passage, Shoal-water Bay, and Broad Sound, the survey
of which was completed ; we landed also on two of the Northumberland and
on one of the Cumberland Isles.

On the North Coast we landed on Good's Island, one of the Prince
of Wales' Isles of captain Cook ; for a few hours at Coen River on the
east side of the Gulph of Capentaria ; and in more favourable circum-
stances on many of the islands and some points of the mainland on the
west side of this Gulph. Several of the group called the Company's Islands
in the chart, the shores of Melville Bay, of Caledon Bay, and a small part
of Arnhem Bay were also examined.

We then leftthe coast, owing to the decayed state of the ship, which,
on our return to Port Jackson, was surveyed and pronounced unfit for the
prosecution of the voyage.

Captain Flinders having, in consequence of this, determined to re-
pair immediately to England, for tlie purpose of obtaining another vessel
to complete the objects of the expedition; Mr. Bauer and myself agreed to
remain in the colony of New South Wales, until his return, or, if that should
not take place, for a period not exceeding eighteen months. During this
time we added very considerably to our collections of plants, within the
limits of the Colony of Port Jackson and its dependent settlements ; the
banks of the principal rivers and some part of the mountains bounding the
colony were examined ; I visited also the north and south extremities of
Van Diemen's Land, remaining several months in the vicinity of the river
Derwent ; and repeatedly landed on Kent's Islands, in Bass' Strait, on the
shores of which the principal part of the Submarine Algae contained in
our collections were found. .

The reader of captain Flinders's narrative is already acquainted with
the unfortunate circumstances that prevented his revisiting Port Jackson
within the expected period, soon after the expirationof which we embraced
an opportunity of returning to England, where we arrived in October 1805,
with the greater part of our collections, and without having absolutely lost
any onespecies ; though many of our best specimens of the South Coast,
and all the living plants collected in the voyage perished in the wreck of
the Porpoise.

The collection of Australian plants thus formed amounts to nearly
3900 species. But before embarking in the voyage of captain Flinders, |

536 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

enjoyed no common advantages, through the liberality of Sir Joseph Banks,
in whose Herbarium I had not only access to nearly the whole of the spe-
cies of plants previously brought from Terra Australis, but received speci-
mens of all those of which there were duplicates. Of these plants, exceeding
1000 species, the far greater part were collected by Sir Joseph Banks
himself, in the vozage in which New South Wales was discovered. The
rest were found at Adventure Bay in Van Diemen’s Land, by Mr. David
Nelson, in the third voyage of captain Cook; at King Georges’s Sound on
the south-west coast of New Holland, by Mr. Menzies, in'captain Van-
couvér's voyage ; and ia the colony of New South Wales by several bota-
nists, especially the late colonel Paterson and Mr. David Burton. Since
my return from New Holland I have had opportunities of examining, in
the same Herbarium, many new species, found in New South Wales by
Mr. George Caley, an acute and indefatigable botanist, who resided nearly
ten years in that colony: and have received from the late colonel Paterson
several species discovered by himself within the limits ofthe colony of Port
Dalrymple ; which was established under his command,

I have also examined, in the Sherardian Herbarium at Oxford, the
greater part of the plants brought from Shark’s Bay by the celebrated
navigator Dampier, and have seen a few additional species from that and
other parts of the West Coast of New Holland, collected in the voyage of
captain Baudin.

The additional species obtained from all these collections are up-
wards of 300 ; my materials, therefore, for the commencement of a Flora
of Terra Australis amount to about 4200 species ; a small number certainly
fora country nearly equal in size to the whole of Europe, but not incon-
siderable for the detached portions of its shores hitherto examined,

In Persoon's Synopsis, the latest general work on phenogamous
plants, their number is nearly 21000, ‘The cryptogamous plants already
published, by various authors, exceed 6000 ; and if to these be added the
phenogamous plants that have appeared in different works since the pub-
lication of Persoon's Synopsis, and the unpublished species of both classes
already existing inthe collections of Europe, the number of plants at pre-
sent known may be estimated at 33000, even exclusive of those peculiar to
Terra Australis. E :

The observations in the present essay being chiefly on extensive

Primary Classes.] APPENDIX. 537

tribes of plants they are necessarily arranged according to the natural
method.

Of this method the primary classes are DicoryLepones, Moxocory-
LEDONES, and AcoTYLEDONES.

These three divisions may be admitted as truly natural, and their
names, though liable to some exceptions, appear to me tlie least objection-
able of any hitherto proposed.

Ofthe Australian plants at present known, upwards of 2900 are Dico-
tyledonous ; 860 Monocotyledonous ; and 400 Acotyledonous, Ferns being
considered as such.

It is well known that Dicotyledonous plants greatly exceed Monoco-
tyledonous in numoer ; I am not however aware that the relative propor-
tions of these two primary divisions have any where been given, or that
it has been enquired how far they depend on climate. — Into this subject I
can enter only very generally in the present essay. According to the
numbers already stated the Dicotyledones of Terra Australis are to the
Monocotyledones as rather more than 3 to I, or somewhat less than
T to 2.

In Persoon's Synopsis, to which, as the latest general work, I again

refer, these two classes are to each other nearly as 11 to 2. But, from the
nature of this compilation, it may be assumed that.certain difficult and ex-
tensive orders of Monocotyledones, especially Gramineae and Cyperacee,
are considerably under-rated ; an addition of 500 species to Monocotyle-
dones would make the relative numbers of the two classes as 9 to 2, which
I am inclined to think an approximation to the true proportion.

With a view to determine how far the relative proportions of these
iwo classes are influenced by climate, I have examined all the local cata-
logues or Floras which appeared most to be depended on, and have like-
wise had recourse to unpublished materials of great importance in arcer-
taining this point. The general results of this examination are, that from
the equator to 30° of latitude, in the northern hemisphere at least, the spe-
cies of Dicotyledonous plants are to Monocotyledones as about 5 to 1; in
some cases considerably exceeding, and in a very few falling some» hat
short of this proportion; and that in the higher latitudes a gradual dimi-

VOL. I. aZ

538 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

nution of Dicotyledones takes place, until in about 60° N. lat and 55° S. lat,
they scarcely equal half their intratropical proportion.

In conformity with these results the Dicotyledones should be to the
Monocotyledones of Terra Australis as nearly 9 to 2; whereas the actual
proportion as deduced from our materials is hardly 7 to 2: but it appears,
on arranging these materials geographically, that the relative proportions
of the different regions of Terra Australis itself, are equally at variance
with these results. About half the species of Australian plants at present
known have been collected in a parallel included between 33° and 35° S.
lat. ; for this reason, and for one which will hereafter appear, I shall call
this the principal parallel. Atthe eastern. extremity of this parallel, within
the limits of the colony of Port Jackson, where our materials are the
most perfect, the proportion of Dicotyledones to Monocotyledones does
not exceed 3to l. At the western extremity of the same parallel, in the
vicinity of King George's Sound, the proportion is but little different from
that of Port Jackson, being nearly as 13 to 4, At the south end of Van
Diemen's Island in 49^ S. lat., itis fully 4 to 1. And with this proportion
that of Carpentaria, and I may add. the whole of the zequinoctial part of
New Holland, hitherto examined, very nearly agrees.

i confess I can perceive nothing, either in the nature of the soil or cli-
mate of Terra Australis, or in the circumstances under which our collections
were formed, to account for these remarkable exceptions to the general pro-
portions of the two classes in the corresponding latitudes of other countries.

With regard to the proportion of Acotyledones in Terra Australis,
it is necessary to premise that I consider my collections of some of the
Cryptogamous orders, especially of Fungi, as very imperfect. If, however,

, 800 species were added to the 400 actually collected, I believe it would
give an approximation to ihe true proportions, which on this supposition,
would be of Phenogamous to Cryptogamous plants as nearly 11 to 2,
But the general proportion of these two great divisions, as deduced from
the published materials, is very different from this, being nearly 7 to 2.

If we enquire in what degree these proportions are dependent on cli-
mate, we find that in the more northern parts of Europe, as in Lapland and
even in Great Britain, Cryptogamous plants somewhat exceed the Phe-

Primary Classes.] APPENDIX. 539

nogamous in number, In the south of Europe, even making allowance
for its being at present less perfectly examined, these proportions seem to
be inverted. And within the tropic, unless at very great heights, Cryp-
togamous plants appear to form hardly one-fifth of the whole number of
species. . But their proportion in Terra Australis is still smaller than the
assumed intratropical proportion : for this, however, in the northern parts
of New Holland at least, the comparative want of shade and moisture,
conditions essential to the vegetation of several of these ,fribes, */ill in some
measure account; for at the southern extremity of Van Diemen's Island,
where the necessary conditions exist, the relative proportion of Cryptoga-
mous plants is not materially different from that of the south of Europe.

In that which I have called the principal parallel of New Holland,
however, Cryptogamous plants appear to be much less numerous than in
the corresponding latitudes ofthe northern hemisphere; and within the
tropic they probably do not form more than one-twelfth of the whole num-
ber of species.

In several of the islands of the Gulph of Carpentaria, having a Flora
of Phenogamous plants exceeding 200 species, I did not observe a single
species of Moss.

From the three primary classes of plants already treated of I proceed
at once to those groups called Narurat Orpers or Families ; for the in-
termediate divisions are too much at variance with the natural series to
be made the subject of such general remarks as have been already offered
on the primary classes, and which are equally admissible with respect to
the natural families.

A methodical, and at the same time a natural, arrangement of these
families is, in the existing state of our knowledge, perliaps impracticable. It
would probably facilitate its future attainment, ifat present, entirely neglect-
ing it, attention were turned to the combination of these orders into Classes
equally natural, and which,on a thorough investigation, might equally admit
of being defined. ‘The existence of certain natural classes is already acknow-
ledged, and | have, in treating of the Australian natural families, ventured
to propose a few that are perhaps less obvious, still more however might:

have been suggested had this been the place for pursuing the subject.

510 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,

The natural orders in the Genera Plantarum of Jussieu are exactly
10^ ; subsequent observations of Jussieu himself and of other botanists
have considerably encreased their numbers, so that in the lately published
"Théorie Elémentaire de la Botanique of Decandolle they amount to 145.

‘The plants of Terra Australis are referable to 120 natural orders,
some of which are not included in Decandolle’s list.

On such of these as either contribute largely to form the mass or
the striking peculiarities of the Australian vegetation, I proceed to offer a
few observations, chiefly on their geographical distribution, and more re-
markable points of structure: taking them nearly in the same series in
which they are given by Decandolle in the work already referred to.

MALVACEJE, The Malvacee may be considered as a class including
several orders, namely, Malvacec of Jussieu,* Sterculiacee of Ventenat,t
Chlenacee of Du Petit Thouars, T, Tilacee of Jussieu,$ and an order
very nearly related to the last, and perhaps gradually passing into it,
but which I shall, in the mean time, distinguish under the name of
Bulttneriaceec.

Of the Malvacee strictly so called, upwards of fifty species have been
observed in Terra Australis, where the maximum of the order appears to
be within the tropic. In the principal parallel Malvacec are more abun-
dant at its eastern than its western extremity ; and at the south end of Van
Diemen's Island two species only have been observed, There is nothing
very peculiar in the structure or appearance of the New Holland plants of
this family ; most of them belong to genera already established, and several
of the species are common to other countries,

BUTTNERIACE/E.€ The Australian portion of Buttneriacee

* Gen. pl. 271. T Malmais. 9i. 1 Plant. des isles d' Afrique, 46.

|| Gen. pl. 289.

€ Butrnuriaces. Calyx l-ph. 5-fid. equalis, marcescens, eestivatione valvate.
Petala 5 : vel basi saccata superne varié producta; vel minuta squamuliformia ; quan-
doque nulla. Stamina hypogyna, definita: Filamenta antherifera cum laciniis calycis
alternantia, simplicia, vel 2-3 connata ; szerilibus quandoque alternantibus. | Ovarium
3-5-loculare, loculis 2-polyspermis, ovulis erectis: Styli 3-5, sepius connati: Stigmate

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 5n

consists of Abroma, Commersonia, Lasiopetalum, and several unpublished
genera, intermediate to the two last.

The greater part of the order exists in the principai parallel, very
few species have been observed within the tropic, and one only in Van
Diemen's Island.

Lasiopetalum, the most extensive genus of the family, was esta-
blished by Dr Smith,* who considered it to belong to Ericee. Ventenat?
taking a different view of its structure, has assigned some plausible rea-
sons for referring it to Rhamnezw. From both these orders it appears to
me sufficiently distinct, and it is certainly more nearly related to the genera
with which 1 have placed it,

DILLENIACE. It was first, | believe, proposed by Mr. Salisbury
to separate Dillenia, Wormia, Hibbertia, and Candollea from the Magnoliz
of Jussieu, andto form them into a distinct order, which he has called
JDillenee. Y. Tt is remarkable that Decandolle, $ who has adopted this
order, should also limit it to these genera, Jussieu|| having previously
suggested the separation of Dillenia from Magnolie and its combination
with Tetracera and Curatella, genera which certainly belong to Dilleniacee,
as do also Pleurandra of Labillardiere€ and Hemistemma of Du Petit
Thouars.**

The Dilleniaceg appear to be more abundant in Terra Australis than
in any other part of the world, nearly 70 Australian species having already
been observed ; most of these belong to Hibbertia and Pleurandra, both of
which are very generally diffused, their maximum, however, is in the prin-
cipal parallel, to the western extremity of which Candollea seems to be
limited. Hemistemma, Wormia, and an unpublished genus remarkable
simplicia. Capsula 3-5-loc. Semina: umbilico strophiolato. Embryo erectus, in axi
albuminis carnosi eujus dimidio longior. Frutices rarÓ Arbores, pube sepe stellari.
Folia alterna, simplicia, stipulata, sepius dentata. Pedunculi suheymosi, oppositifolü :

pedicellis utplirimum bracteatis.

* Linn. soc. transact. 4, p. 216. T Malmais. 59. Dec. gen. nov. p. 7.
t Paradis. Lond. 73. § Annales du mus. 17, p. 400.
l| Annales du mus. 14. pp. 129-130. q Plant. Nov. Holl. 2. p. 5.

** Gen. nov. Madagasc. n. 61.

542 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,

for its thickened filaments and flat leafless stems, are found only within
the tropic. The remaining genera of the order have not yet been observed
in New Holland. )

Magnoliacee and Dilleniacee appear to me to form two orders of
one natural class. These orders are sufficiently distinct from each other in
most cases, both in fructification and habit; they are not, however, easily
defined. The ovaria, which are iudefiuite in number in the greater part of
Magnoliacee, are also so in certain Dilleniacez ; there are likewise exam-
ples in both orders, in which they are reduced to unity ; and the stipulation
of Magnoliacez exists in Wormia.

PITTOSPORE/E.* Authors have generally been disposed to con-
sider Pittosporum, Bursaria, and Billardiera, as belonging to Rhamnez or
Celastrinz, from both of which they are certainly widely differen: ; and they
appear to me to constitute, along with some unpublished Australian
genera, a very distinct natural family. PrrrosPonE form a small tribe
chiefly belonging to Terra Australis, where most of them have been ob-
served in the principal parallel ; but certain species of all the published
genera exist at the south end of Van Diemen's Island, and both Pitto-
sporum and Bursaria are found within the tropic. Pittosporum, the only
genus of the order which is not confined to Terra Australis, has the most
extensive range in that country, and has been found in many other parts of
the world, namely, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, the Society and Sandwich
Islands, the Moluccas, in China, Japan, and even Madeira, It has not,
however, been observed in any part of America. :

POLYGALELE. t The curious observation of Richard, that the arillus

* PrrrospoRE&. Calya 5-ph. (raró 1-ph. 5-fid.) a&stivatione imbricata. Petala 5:
unguibus conniventibus, nunc coherentibus ; laminis patulis, estivatione imbricatis.
Stamina 5, hypogyna, distinta cum petalis alternantia. Ovurium loculis placentisve2-5
polyspermis: Stylus 1: Stigmata numero placentarum. Pericarpium capsulare vel
baccatum, loculis polyspermis quandoque incompletis. Embryo minutus, prope umbilicum,
inclusus albumine carnoso. Frutices vel Arbores. Folia simplicia, alterna, exstipulata,
Flores terminales vel axillares, quandoque polygami.

+ PorvcaLEx. Calyx 5-ph. raro. 5-fid. estivatione imbricata : sepius irregularis : fo-

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 543

of the seed, whether general or partial, is never found in the Dicotyledo-
nous orders with monopetalous flowers, seems to have determined Jussieu*
and other French botanists to remove Polygala, remarkable for its carun- >
eula umbilicalis, from Rhinanthacee with which they had placed it, and
to consider it, along with some nearly related genera, as forming a distinct
polypetalous order. They appear to me however, not to have taken so cor-
rect a view of the structure of its Corolla as Adanson,t who very justly ob-
serves that both in this genus and Securidaca, which he rightly associates
with it, the apparently monopetalous corolla is made up of three petals,
united by means of the cohering filaments, the external sutures remaining
visible ; but Adanson himself has not observed the minute rudiments of
two additional petals in Securidaca, the existence and position of which
assist in explaining the nature of the irregularity in. Polygala, where no
such rudiments are found, but in which the corolla is in every other respect
very similar. A much nearer approach to regularity, however, takes place
in an unpublished genus, having 5 petals, which, though irregular, are of
nearly equal size and similarly connected by the cohering filaments, likewise
5in number. The essential characters of the order Polygalez to which Kra-
meria, Monnina, Salomonia, and several unpublished genera also belong,
consist in the hypogynous insertion of its corolla, which is always irregular,
and frequently reduced to 3 petals, connected together by the cohering
filaments, whose anther are simple and bursting only at the top.

About 30 species of this order are found in Terra Australis; these

are either Comesperme or Polygale, with a single species of Salomonia of

liolis 2 lateralibus interioribus majoribus quandoque petaloideis; reliquorum duobus
anterioribus (respectu spice) tertio postico. Petala 3-5, mediante tubo stamineo connexa,
raró distincta. Stamina hypogyna, 8 (nune 3-4 vel 5) : filamentis inferné connatis in
tubulum hinc apertum inde petala connectentem : dnthere simplices, basi insert, poro
apicis dehiscentes. Ovarium 2-loc. (quandoque 1-3 loc.) ovulis solitariis pendulis : Stylus
1: Stigma sepe bilabiatum. — Pericarpium sepius capsulare, biloculare, bivalve, valvis
medio septigeris : nune Drupa vel Samara. 1-2-sperm. Semina pendula, umbilico (in cap-
sularibus) strophiolato vel comoso. Embryo in axi albuminis carnosi vix longioris, quan-
doque (presertim in pericarpiis clausis) deficientis. Herba vel Frutices, w£plirimum
glabri. Folia simplicia indivisa alterna exstipulata. Flores spicati sepius terminales.
* Annales du mus. 14. p. 386, et seq. T Fam. des Plantes. 2, p. 348,

544 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

Loureiro, a genus which is certainly not monandrous, as that author affirms,
but has four connected filaments with distinct unilocular anthere, and
consequently halfthe number of stamina usually found in the order. Most
of the Comesperme exist in the principal parallel, and equally at both its
extremities ; several, however, are found beyond it, and iu both directions ;
the genus extending from Arnhem’s Land to. Adventure Bay. The
greater part of the Polygala and the genus Salomonia exist only within
the tropic. M

TREM ANDRE/E.* The genus Tetratheca of Dr. Smith and one very
nearly related to it, which I shall hereafter publish under the name of
Tremandra, constitute a small tribe of plants peculiar to Terra Australis.
For this tribe I prefer the name Tremandrec to that of 'Tetrathecacee, as
it is more distinctly, and at the same time more correctly descriptive ofthe
structure of stamina in both genera; the four distinct celis in the ripe state
of the anthere not existing in Tremandra, nor even in all the species of
Tetratheca. In the quadrilocular antherze ofthe latter genus there is in-
deed nothing peculiar, that being the original structure of all those antherze
which are commonly described as bilocular ; and the difference in this
case depending on the mode of bursting, which when lateral, necessarily
obliterates two of the septa, but when terminal, as in Tetratheca, admits
of their persistence. It is remarkable that both Dr. Smith and Labillar-
diere have mistaken the fungous appendix of the apex of the seed for an
umbilical caruncula, a mistake involving a second, that of considering the
seeds erect in the capsule, and which has led Labillardiere into a third
error, namely, describing the radicule of the embryo as pointing towards
this supposed umbilical appendix.

* TREMANDRERX. Calyx 4-5-ph. «qualis, estivatione valvata. Petala 4-5, equalia :
sestivatione involuta stamina includentia. Stamina 8-10, hypogyna, distincta : Anthere
2-4-loculares, basi insertze, poro tubulove apicis dehiscentes. Ovarium 2-loc. loculis 1-3-
spermis, ovulis pendulis : Stylus 1: Stigmata 1-2. Capsula bilocularis, bivalvis, valvis
medio septigeris. Semina umbilico nudo : extremitate opposita appendiculata ; albumi-
nosa. Embryo in axi albuminis carnosi cujus dimidio longior: radicula umbilicum
spectante. Fruticuli ericoides. Folia sparsa vel verticillata, exstipulata. Pedunculi
axillares, uniflori.

Natural Orders.) ^. APPENDIX. 545

The Tremandree are in several respects nearly related to Polygalez ;
they appear to me however sufficiently distinct, not only in the reg gularity
of the flower, and in the structure of anther, but in the estivation of both
— calyx and corolla, in the appendix of the seed being situated at its apex,
and not at the umbilicus, and, I may also add, in a tendency to ) produce
an indefinite number of ovula in each cell of the ovarium,

The greater number of T'remandrec are found in the principal parallel
of New Holland, they extend also to the south end of Van Diemen's Island,
but none have been observed within the tropic.

DIOSME/E. To this natural order, in addition to the Australian
genera hereafter to be inentioned, and the south African genus from which
its name is derived, I refer Fagara, Zanthoxylon, Melicope, Jambolifera,
Euodia, Pilocarpus, Empleurum, and Dictamnus: and four genera of :equi-
noctial America, namely, Cusparia of Humboldt and Bonpland, Ticorea
and Galipea of Aublet, and Monnieria, if not absolutely of this order,
belong at least to the same natural class.

Both Ruta and Peganum may be annexed to Diosmese, but neither of
them are calculated to give a clear idea of the order, from the usual struc-
- ture and habit of which they deviate in some important points; I have there-
fore proposed to derive the name of the family from one of its most extensive
and best known genera. The first section of Jussieu's Rutacec is sufficiently
different to admit of its being considered a distinct order, which may be
named Zyygophyllez.

JDiosmec are numerous in Terra Australis, and form, at least in its
principal parallel and more southern regions, a striking feature in the vege-
tation. Nearly 70 species have been observed, of which the greater part
are referable to Boronia, Correa, Eriostemon, and Zieria, of Dr. Smith, and
Phebalium of Ventenat. Of these genera Boronia is both the most exten-
sive and the most widely diffused, existing withia the tropic, and extending
to the South end of Van Diemen’s Island; like the others, however, its
maximum is in the principal parallel, at both extremities of which it is
equally abundant. ^ Correa, though extending to the south end of Van
Diemen's Island, is not found within the tropic, nor was it observed at the
western extremity of the principal parallel; in the intermediate part of

VOL. 11, - 4A

546 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

which, however, where many of the peculiarities in the vegetation of the
parallel are less remarkable, or entirely wanting, it may be said to abound.

Eriostemon, which appears to be most abundant at the eastern ex-
tremity of the principal parallel, has not been observed either at its western
extremity or intermediate part ; it extends, however, to the south end. of
Van Diemen's Island on the one hand, and within the tropic as far as En-
deavour River on the other.

Phebalium, very nearly related to Eriostemon, has like that genus its
maximum at the eastern extremity of the principal parallel, it is found also
at the western extremity of this parallel, and as far as the south end of Van
Diemen’s Island, but it has not been observed within the tropic.

Zieria seems to be limited to the eastern extremity of the principal
parallel, and the more southern regions,

The most remarkable plant of the order with regard to structure, is
that imperfectly figured and described in Dampiers voyage.* Of this
genus, which may be named DriPror xa, I have examined Dampier's origi-
nal specimen in the Sherardian Herbarium at Oxford, and others recently
collected, also at Shark's Bay, in the voyage of captain Baudin, and have
ascertained that what appear to be calyx and corolla in this singular plant,
are in fact a double Involucrum containing many decandrous flowers, whose
Stamina and Pistilla exactly agree with those of the order, but of which
the proper floral envelopes are reduced to a few irregularly placed scales,

Another Australian genus of Diosmez differs from the rest of the

‘order in having a calyx with ten divisions, an equal number of petals, and
an indefinite number of stamina with evidently perigynous insertion,

MYRTACE/E.t This is one of the most extensive tribes in Terra
Australis, in which considerably above 200 species have already been ob-
served, and where the order is also more strikingly modified than in any
other part of the world. It is very generally spread over the wliole of Aus-
tralia, but its maximum appears to be in the principal parallel: Many
observations might here with propriety be introduced on the more re-
markable structures which occur among the Australian Myrtacez; [ must

* Vol. 3, p. 110, tab. 3, f. 3. T Myrti. Juss. gen. 322.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 547

however, confine myself to a few remarks on the distribution of the most
extensive genera.

Of Eucalyptus alone nealy 100 species have been already observed,
most of these are trees, many of them of great and some of enormous dimen-
sions, Eucalyptus globulus of Labillardiere and another species peculiar to
the south end of Van Diemen’s Island, not unfrequently attain the height of
150 feet, with a girth near the base of from 25 to 40 feet. In the colony of
Port Jackson there are also several species of great size, but none equal to
those of Van Diemen’s Island: and no very large trees of this genus were
seen either on the south coast or in the equinoctial part of New Holland, ;
Mr. Caley has observed within the limits of the colony of Port Jackson
nearly 50 species of Eucalyptus, most of which are distinguished, and have
proper names applied to them, by the native inhabitants, who from differ-
ences in the colour, texture, and scaling of the bark, and in the ramifica-
tion and general appearance of these trees, more readily distinguish them
than botanists have as yet been able to do. Eucalyptus, although so gene-
rally spread over the whole of Terra Australis, and so abundant asto form
at least four-fifths of its forests, is hardly found beyond this country. Iam
acquainted with one exception only, in an additional species which is said
to be a native of Amboyna.

Next to Eucalyptus in number, is the beautiful genus Melaleuca, of
which upwards of 30 Australian species have already been observed, ex-.
clusive of Tristania, Calothamnus, Beaufortia, and an unpublished genus
which I separate from it. The maximum of Melaleuca exists in the prin-
cipal parallel, but it declines less towards the south than within the tropic,
where its species are chiefly of that section which gradually passes into
Callistemon, a genus formed of those species of Metrosideros that have
inflorescence similar to that of Melaleuca, and distinct elongated filaments.
With the exception of two species of this section, namely, Melaleuca Leu-
cadendron, and M. Cajeputi, the genus Melaleuca appears to be confined
to Terra Australis. i

Leptospermum, of which, nearly 90 Australian species have been
observed, exists also in New Zealand and in the Moluccas. In Terra Au-
stralis its maximum is decidedly in the principal parallel, and like Melaleu-
ca, itis much more abundant in the southern regions than within the tropic.

548 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,

Beckia, to which I refer Imbricaria of Dr. Smith, as well as the
opposite-leaved Leptospermums, is also an extensive Australian genus,
having its maximum in the principal parallel, extending like the two for-
mer genera to the highest southern latitude, and hardly existing within the
tropic: one species, however, has been found in New Caledonia, and that
from which the genus was formed is a native of China.

COMBRETACE.* 1 have formerly? made some remarks on the
structure and limits of Combretacez, one of whose principal characters
consists in the unilocular ovarium with two or more ovula simply pendulous
from the upper part of its cavity, and not inserted, as in Santalacez, into
a central receptacle or column. Guiera of Jussieu, having the same struc-
ture, and also leaves dotted with PERRO glands, appears to connect this
order with Myrtacee.

The Australian Combretacez, which belong to Terminalia, Chuncoa,
and Laguncularia, are not numerous, and all of them are found within the
tropic.

CUNONIACEZE T. This order, several of whose genera have been
referred to Saxifragec, is more readily distinguished from that family by its
widely different habit, than by any very important characters in its fructifi-

* CompretacE®. Calyx superus: limbo 4-5-fido, equali. Petala 4-5. vel nulla.
Stamina 8-10 ; quandoque laciniis calycis equalia et cum iisdem alternantia. Ovarium
uniloculare, ovulis 2-4, ab apice loculi pendulis absque receptaculo communi vel columna
centrali: Stylus 1: Stigma 1. Pericarpium monospermum, clausum, figura et textura
varium, Drupa v. Samara. Semen exalbuminosum. Embryo cotyledonibus sepius invo-
lutis: plumula inconspicua.

Arbores vel Frutices. Folia simplicia, integra, exstipulata, alterna nunc opposita,
raro punctato-pellucida. Flores spicati, axillares.

+ Prodr fl. nov. Hoil. 351.

q CuwowiaAckm. Calyx 1-ph. 4-5-fidus, semisuperus vel inferus. Petala 4-5 ; raró
nulla. Stamina perigyna, definita, 8-10, Ovarium biloculare, loculis 2-polyspermis :
Stylus 1-2. Pericarpium. biloculare, capsulare vel clausum. Embryo in axi albuminis
carnosi.

Arbores vel Frutices, Folia opposita, composita vel simplicia, sepius stipulata sti-
gulis interpetiolaribus.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 549

cation ; like Saxifragez also it comprehends genera with ovarium superum

and inferum.
The genera strictly belonging to Cunoniacee are Weinmannia,

Cunonia, Ceratopetalum, Calycomis, and Codia. To this order Bauera
may also be referred, but it must form a separate section from the genera
already mentioned. Of these VVeinmann?a, Ceratopetalum, and Calycomis
are found in Terra Australis, and hiiherto, only at the eastern extremity of
its principal parallel, where also Baera is most abundant ; but this genus
is found beyond the parallel in one direction, extending to the southern
extremity of Van Diemen’s Island.

RHIZOPHORE./E.* The genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, and Ca-
rallia, all of which are found in the eequinoctial part of New Holland, form
a distinct natural order which may be called Rhazophoree. This order agrees
with Cunoniacee in its opposite leaves and intermediate viipule, and with
great part of them in the estivation of its calyx, and in the structure and
cohesion of the ovarium... From these it differs chiefly in the want of Albu-
men and greater evolution of its Embryo. Jussieu‘? has combized Rhi-
zophora and Bruguiera with Loranthus and Viscum, neglecting some very
obvious, and, as they appear to me, important differences in the flower,
and probably never having had an opportunity of comparing the very dis-
tinct structures of their ovaria ; the affinity too of Rhizophoree to Cuno-
niacez is unquestionable, and it will hardly be proposed to unite both
these tribes with Loranthus, which I consider as even more nearly related

to Proteacez.

HALORAGEJE. The greater part ofthe genera of which this order is
composed, have been referred to Onagraree,to certain parts of which they
no doubt very nearly approach ; but it must appear rather paradoxical to
unite Fuchsia in the same family with Myriophylium and even Hippuris,

* Ruizopnorex. Calyx superus, 4-5-fidus, estivatione valvata. Petala 4-5. Sta-
mina perigyna, 8-15. Ovarium 2-loc. loculis 2-polyspermis ovulis pendulis: Siylwus 1.
Pericarpium clausum, monospermum. Semen exalbuminosum. Embryo sepe germis
nans et pericarpium semisuperum perforans.

Arbores. Folia opposita, simplicia, stipulis interpetiolaribus,

t Annales du mus. 12, p. 2883.

\

550 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

and it would be in vain to attempt a definition of an order composed of such
heterogeneous materials. By the separation of the order here proposed it
becomes at least practicable to define Onagrarie. It is still however,
difficult to characterise Haloragez, which will probably be best understood
by considering as the type of the order the genus Haloragis, from which all
the others differ by the suppression of parts or separation of sexes. Thus
Meionectes, an unpublished genus of New Holland, is reduced to half the
number of parts both of flower and fruit. Proserpinaca is deprived of petals
and of one fourth of all the other parts. A/yriophyllum, which is moneecious,
has the complete number of parts in the male flower, but in the female
wants both calyx and corolla; what several authors have described as
petals being certainly bractez.

Serpicula differs from Myriophyllum in having only half the number
of stamina in the male flower, and in its unilocular four-seeded ovarium.

Hippuris, though retaining the habit of Myriophyllum, yet having a
monandrous hermaphrodite flower without petals, and a single-seeded ova-
rium, is less certainly reducible to this order: and it may appear still more
paradoxical to unite with it Callitriche. in which, however, I am inclined to
consider what authors have denominated petals as rather analogous to the
bractez in the female flower of Myriophyllum and Serpicula, and to both
these genera Callitriche in the structure of its pistillum, and even in habit
very nearly approaches.

The Australian genera of this order are Haloragis, Meionectes, Myrio-
phylium, and Callitriche.

Of Haloragis, many new species have been observed in Terra Aus-
tralis, in every part of which this genus is found, most abundantly however
at both extremities of the principal parallel.

That Gonocarpus really belongs to the same genus, I am satisfied
from an examination of original specimens sent by Thunberg himself, to
Sir Joseph Banks, for in these I find not only petals, but eight stamina and
a quadrilocular ovarium.

LEGUMINOS./E.* This extensive tribe may be considered as a
elass divisible into at least three orders, to which proper names should be

* Juss. gen. 345.

Natural Orders.] . APPENDIX. 551

given. Of the whole class about 2000 species are at present published,
and in Terra Australis, where this is the most numerous family, consider-
ably more than 400 species have already been observed.

One of the three orders of Leguminose which is here for the first time
proposed may be named MiwosEz. It consists of the Linnean Mimosa,
recently subdivided by Willdenow into five genera, along with Adenanthera
and Prosopis.

This order is sufficiently distinguished from both the others by the
hypogynous insertion and valvular estivation of its corolla, which being
perfectly regular differs in this respect also from the greater part of Lomen-
tacee and from all the Papilionacee.

Nearly the whole of the Australian species of the Linnean genus
Mimosa belong to Acacia of Willdenow, as it is at present constituted ;
and about nine-tenths of the Acacize to his first division of that genus, de-
scribed by him as having simple I:aves, but which is in reality aphyllous ;
the dilated foliaceous footstalk performing the functions of the true-com-
pound leaf, which is produced only in the seedling plant, or occasionally in
the more advanced state in particular circumstances, or where plants have
been injured. .

The great number of species of Acacia having this remarkable ceco-
nomy in Terra Australis forms one of the most striking peculiarities of its
vegetation. Nearly 100 species have already been observed; more than
half of these belong to the principal parallel, at both extremities of which
they appear to be equally abundant; they are however very generally dif-
. fused over the whole country, existing both on the~north coast of New Hol-
land, and at the south end of Van Diemen’s Island. But though the leaf-
less Acacie are thus numerous and general in Terra Australis, they appear
to be very rare in other parts of the world ; none of the Australian species
are found in other countries, and at present [ am acquainted with only seven
additional species, of which five are natives of the intratropical Islands of
the Southern hemisphere; the sixth was observed in Owhyhee, and is said to
be the largest tree in the Sandwich Islands; the seventh is J/imosa stellata
of Loureiro, upon whose authority it entirely rests.

The second order, Lomentaces or CsarriNEx, comprehends all

the genera having perigynous stamina, a corolla whose estivation is not

552 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

valvular, and which though generally irregular is never papilionaceous.
"fo these characters may be added the straight Embryo, in which they
agree with Mimosez, but differ from all the Papihonaceee except Arachis
and Cercis.

The Lomentacee of New Holland are not numerous, and consist
chiefly of the genus Cassia, the greater part of whose species grow within
the tropic. On the east coast they probably do not extend beyond 35° lat. ;
and on ihe south coast only one species has been observed, it was found in
32° S lat. and is remarkable in being aphyllous, with dilated footstalks
exactly like the Acaciz already noticed.

The third order, Paririonace%, which comprehends about three-
fourths of the whole class at present known, includes also nearly the same
proportion of the Australian Leguminosee.

Papilionaceee admit of subdivision into several natural sections, but
in Terra Australis they may be divided almost equally, and without vio-
lence to natural affinities, into those with connected and those with distinct
stamina.

The decandrous part of the whole order bears a very small propor-
tion to the diadelphous, which in Persoon’s synopsis is to the former as
nearly 30 to 1, while in Terra Australis, as I have already stated, the two
tribes are nearly equal.

This remarkably increased proportion of Decandrous Papilionaceous
plants, forms another peculiarity in the vegetation of New Holland, where
their maximum exists in the principal parallel. They are not so generally
spread over the whole of Terra Australis, as the leafless Acacie, for although
they extend to the southern extremity of Van Diemen’s Island, they are
even there less abundant, and very few species have been observed within
the tropic. Papilionaceous plants with distinct stamina do not in fact form
a very natural subdivision of the whole order, though those of New Holland,
with perhaps one or two exceptions, may be considered as such: this Aus-
iralian portion, however, forms nearly three-fourths of the whole section, at
present known: the remaining part, consisting of genera, most of which are
very different, both from each other and from those of Terra Australis, are
found at the Cape of Good Hope, in equinoctial and norih Africa, in the
difierent regions of America, in New Zealand, in India, very sparingly in

2.4

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 553

North Asia, and lastly in the South of Europe, where, however, only two
species have been observed, namely, Anagyris foetida, and Cercis Siliquas-
trum ; but the latter having a straight Embryo and a habit approaching to
that of Bauhinia, rather belongs to Lomentacee.

Among the Diadelphous genera of Terra Australis the most remark-
able in habit and structure, namely Platylobium, Bossiaza, Hovea, Scottia,
and Kennedia, are found chiefly in the priacipal parallel and higher lati-
tudes ; within the tropic the greater part of these cease to exist, and
most of the genera which there occur are common to other countries, espe-

cially India.

ATHEROSPERME/E.* Jussieu in his excellent memoir on Moni-
miez't has referred Pavonia of Ruiz and Pavon and Atherosperma of Labil-
lardiere to that order, from the other genera of which, namely, Ambora,
Monimia, and Ruiza, they appear to me very different, not only in the inser-
tion of the seed, in the texture of the albumen, and relative size of the Em-
bryo, but in having anther similar to those of Laurine. I separate them
therefore into a distinct family with the name of AruEROsPERMEs. The
propriety of this separation is confirmed by the discovery of two New Hol-
land plants, evidently belonging to this family, but which have hermaphro-
dite flowers ; a structure not likely to occur in Monimiew, in which what
has been termed calyx is more properly an involucrum.

he place of Atherospermez in the natural series is not very easily
determined. It is singular that differing so widely asthey certainly do in most
parts of their structure from Lauring they should notwithstanding agree with
them, in the economy of their Anthere, and very remarkably with some of
them in their sensible qualities. Of the three Australian plants of this order.

* ATHEROSPERME. Flores diclines vel hermaphroditi. Calyx monophyllus, limbo
diviso: lacinis szepe duplici serie, interioribus omnibusve semipetaloideis : Squamule faucis
in fernineis et hermaphroditis. Corolla nulla. Stamina in masculis floribus numerosa,
fundo calycis inserta, squamulis aucta; in hermaphroditis pauciora, fauce imposita: 2fa-
there adnate, biloculares, loculis valvula longitudinali a basi ad apicem dehiscenti. Ovaria
uno plura, sepius indefinita, monosperma, ovulo erecto : Styli simplices, nunc laterales v.
basilares : Stigmata indivisa, Pericarpia clausa seminiformia, stylis persistentibus plu-
mosis aristata, tubo aucto calycis inclusa. Embryo erectus brevis, in basi albuminis carnosi
mollis,

Arbores. Folia opposita simplicia exstipulata. Pedunculi axillares, uniflori.

T Annales du museum, 14, p. 116.

VOL. Il. 4B

554 l APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

two are found in the colony of Port Jackson, the third ‘through the whole
of Van Diemen’s Island. Pavonia of the Flora Peruviana (Laurelia of Jus-
sieu), a native of a similar climate, and possessing the same sensible
qualities, is more nearly related to Atherosperma than is generally sup-
posed, differing from it merely in the oblong form and regular bursting ofits
female calyx. :

RHAMNEZE. Into this order I admit such genera only as have
ovarium cohering more or less with the tube of the calyx, of which the |
laciniz have a valvular estivation ; stamina equal in number to these laci-
nie, and alternating with them; an ovarium with two or three cells and
asingle erect ovulum in each; an erect Embryo generally placed in the
axis of a fleshy albumen, or entirely without albumen: the petals, which
are opposite to the stamina, and inclose the anthere in their concave
laminz, are in some cases wanting.

With these characters Rhamnus, Ziziphus, Paliurus, Ceanothus
(from which Pomaderris is hardly distinct), Colletia, Cryptandra, Phylica,
Gouania, Ventilago, and probably Hovenia correspond. In comparing this
description of Rhamnee with that of Buttneriace: formerly given, they will
be found to coincide in so many important points, that the near relationship
of these two orders cannot be doubted, and thus an unexpected affinity seems
to be proved between Rhamnez and Malvacee.

In Terra Australis upwards of 30 species of Rhamnee, belongiug to
Ziziphus, Ceanothus, Pomaderris, Colletia and Cryptandra, have been ob-
served, and chiefly in its principal parallel or southern regions.

CELASTRIN/E.* This order comprehends the greater part of the
two first sections of the Rhamni of Jussieu; it is obviously different from
the more limited order of Rhamnez, which I have already atteurpted to de-

* CeLastrin&. Calyx 4-5 partitus, eestivatione imbricata. Petala 4-5. Stamina to-
tidem, cum petalis alternantia, insertione ambigué perigyna. Ovariwm liberum, 2-4
loculare loculus 1-polyspermis, ovulis erectis (raró pendulis) : Sty/us 1-4. Pericarpium
eapsulare, vel clausum (Baccatum, Drupaceum vel alatum.) Semina in capsularibus
arillata. Embryo fere longitudine albuminis carnosi, axilis.

Frutices vel Arbores. Folia simplicia (raró composita) alterna vel opposita, stipulate
stipulis sepius minutis, quandoque nullis.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 555

fine, and in many respects so nearly approaches to the Mippocraticee of
Jussieu,* that it may he doubted whether they ought not to be united.

In New Holland the Celastrinz are not numerous, nor do they form
any part of its characteristic vegetation: their distribution is somewhat
different from that of Rhamnez, for they are found either in the principal
parallel, or within the tropic.

STACKHOUSEJE.t Stackhousia of Dr. Smith, and an unpublished
genus, exactly agreeing with it in flower, but remarkably different in fruit,
form a small tribe of plants, sufficiently distinct from all the natural orders
hitherto established. I have placed it between Celastrine and Euphor-
biacez ; to both of which, but especially to the former, it seems to be re-
lated in a certain degree.

The Stackhousez are peculiar to Terra Australis, and though found
chiefly in its principal parallel, extend more sparingly both to the south-

ern extremity of Van Diemen's Island, and to the north coast of New
Holland.

EUPHORBIACE§ This is an extensive and very general family, of
which about 100 species have already been observed in Terra Australis.
Of these the greater part exist within the tropic, but the order extends to
the southern extremity of Van Diemen’s Island, and the greater number
of the genera peculiar to this country are found in the principal parallel or
higher latitudes.

* Annales du mus. 18. p. 486.

T SrackHovsEz. Calyx 1-ph. 5-fidus, equalis: tubo ventricoso, Petala 5, xqualia,
summo tubo calycis inserta: unguibus coherentibus in tubum calyce longiorem ; laminis
angustis stellato-patulis. Stamina 5, distincta inequalia (duo alterna breviora), fauci
calycis inserta. Ovarium liberum, 3-5-lobum, lobis discretis, monospermis, ovulise rectis :
Styli 3-5, nunc basi coherentes: Stigmata indivisa. Pericarpium 3-5-coccum, coccis
evalvibus, apteris v. alatis ; columna centrali persistenti. Embryo erectus axilis, longitudine
fere albuminis carnosi.

Herbie. Foli« simplicia, integerrima, sparsa, quandoque minuta : Stipule laterales
minutissine. “pica terminalis ; floribus tribracteatis.

1 Linn. soc. transact. 4. p. 218. $ Jus. gen. 384.

556 APPENDIX, [Botany of Terra Australis.

The species of Euphorbia are not numerous in Terra Australis,
most of them are intratropical plants, and all of them are referable
to one section of the genus. It appears to me that the name of tie order
ought not to be taken from this genus, which is so little calculated to
afford a correct idea of its structure that authors are still at variance
in the names and functions they assign to several parts of the flower.
The view I take of the structure of Euphorbia is, in one important particu- .
lar at least, different from those given by Lamarck,* Ventenat,t Richard ?‘f}
and Decandolle, $ though possibly the same that Jussieu has hinted at ; ||
so briefly, however, and I may. add obscurely, that if his supposition be
really analogous to what I shall presently offer, he has not been so under-
stood by those who profess to follow him in this respect.

With all the authors above quoted, I regard what Linneus has called
Calyx and Corolla in Ewphorbia-as an Involucrum, containing several male
flowers which surround a single female. By some of these authors the male
flowers are described as monandrous, and in this respect, also, I agree with
them ; but the body which all of them describe as a jointed filament, I
consider to bemade up of two very distinct parts, the portion below the joint
being the footstalk of the flower, and that above it the proper filament : but
as the articulation itself is entirely naked, it follows that, there is no peri-
anthium ; the filiform or laciniated scales, which authors have considered as
such, being on this supposition analogous to bractee ; The female flower,
in conformity with this supposition, has also its pedunculus, on the dilated,
and in a few cases obscurely lobed, apex of which the sessile ovarium is
placed. If this be a correct view of the structure of Euphorbia, it may be
expected that the true filament, or upper joint of what has commonly been
called fi'ament, should, as in other plants, be produced subsequent to the
distinct formation of the anthera, which consequently will be found at first
sessile on the lower joint or peduncule, after that has attained nearly its full
length ; and accordingly this proves to be the case in such species as I have
examined, Additional probability is given to this view by the difference

* Encyclop. botan. 4. p. 413. T Tableau, 3. p. 487.

1n Michauz, fl. bor. amer. 2. p. 209. § Flor. Franc. 3. p. 329.
j Gen. pl. 386.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 057

existing between the surfaces of the two joints in some species. [I con-
sider it, however, as absolutely proved by an unpublished genus of this
order, having an involucrum nearly similar to that of Euphorbia, and like
it, inclosing several fascieuli of monandrous male flowers, surrounding
a single female; but which, both at the joint of the supposed filament,
and at that by which the ovarium is connected with its pedicellus, has
an obvious perianthium, regularly divided into lobes.

UMBELLIFER/E.* This order may be considered as chiefly Euro-
pean, having its maximum in the temperate climates of the northern
hemisphere; in the corresponding southern parallels it is certainly much
less frequent, and within the tropics very few species have been observed,
In Terra Australis the Umbelliferee, including a few Aralie, which be-
long at least to the same natural class, exceed 50 species. The greater
part of these are found in the principal parallel, in which also those genera
deviating most remarkably from the usual structure of the order occur.
The most singular of these is 4ctinotus of Labillardiere,t which differs
from the whole order in having a single ovulum in the unimpregnated
ovarium. A second genus, which I shall hereafter publish with the
name of Leucolena, is worthy of notice on account of the great apparent
differences of inflorescence existing among its species; which agree in.
habit, in the more essential parts of fructification, and even in their re-
markable involucelia. Of this genus, one species has a compound umbel
of four many flowered radii; a second has an umbel of three rays with
two or three flowers in each ; several others, still retaining the compound
umbel, which is proved by the presence of their involucella, have from
four to two single-flowered rays: and lastly one species has been observed,
which is reduced to a single flower; this flower, however, is in fact the
remaining solitary ray ofa compound umbel, as is indicated by the two
bractez on its footstalk, of which the lower represents the correspond-
ing leaf of the general involucrum, while the upper is evidently similar te
the involucellum of the two-rayed species of the genus.

* Jus. gen. 218.

t Nov. holl. pl. spec. 1. p. 67. t. 92. Eriocalia Smith exot. bot. 2. p. 37.

558 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

COMPOSIT ©.* Of this family, which is the most extensive among
Dicotyledones, upwards of 2500 species have been already described.
About 300 are at present known in Terra Australis, in which therefore the
proportion of Composite to its Dicotyledonous plants is considerably smaller
than that of the whole order to Dicotyledones generally, and scarcely half
that which exists in the Flora of South Africa. It is also inferior in number
of species to Leguminose, like which it seems expedient to consider it as a
class including several natural orders. Of these orders Céchoracee and
Cinarocephale are comparatively very rare in Terra Australis, not more
than ten species of both having hitherto been observed.

The class therefore chiefly consists of Corymbifere, which are very
generally diffused, they are however evidently less numerous within the
tropic, and their maximum appears to exist in Van Diemen's Island. Co-
rymbifere may be subdivided into sections and the greater part ofthe genera
peculiar to Terra Australis belong to that section which may be named
Gnaphaloidec, and exist either in the principal parallel or higher latitudes.

The whole of Composite agree in two remarkable points of structure
in their corolla; which, taken together at least, materially assist in deter-
mining the limits of the class. The first of these is its valvular estivation,
this, however, it has in common with several other families. ‘The second
I believe to be peculiar to the class, and hitherto unnoticed. It consists
in the disposition of its fasciculi of vessels, or nerves; these, which at their
origin are generally equal in number to the divisions of the corolla, instead
of being placed opposite to these divisions and passing through their axes, as
in other plants, alternate with them ; each of the vessels at the top of the
tube dividing into two equal branches running parallel to and near the
margius of the corresponding lacinie, within whose apices they unite.
These, as they exist in the whole class, and are in great part of it the only
vessels observable, may be called primary. In several genera, however,
other vessels occur, alternating with the primary and occupying the axes of
the lacinie: in some cases these secondary vessels, being most distinctly
visible in the lacinie, and becoming gradually fainter as they descend the
tube, may be regarded as recurrent ; originating from the united apices of

* Adans. fam. 2. p. 103. Decand. theor. elem. 216.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 559 |

the primary branches ; but in other cases where they are equally distinct at
the base of the tube, this supposition cannot be admitted. A monopetalous
corolla not splitting at the base is necessarily connected with this struc-
ture, which seems also peculiarly well adapted to the dense inflorescence
of Composite; the vessels of the corolla and stamina being united, and so
disposed as to be least liable to suffer by pressure.

As this disposition of vessels is found in Ambrosia and Xanthium
they ought not to be separated from Composite as Richard* has proposed ;
and as it does not exist in Brunonia I prefer annexing that genus to Good-
enovie, with which it agrees in the peculiar indusium of the Stigma.

GOODENOVLUE.t This order I have formerly separated from
Campanulaces, considering the peculiar membranous cup surrounding
the stigma, along with a certain irregularity in the corolia, as sufficient dis-
tinguishing characters, especially as these are accompanied by other differ-
ences which appear to me important. In Goodenovie I have not included
Lobelia, which, however, has also an irregular corolla, and although it
wants the peculiar indusium of the stigma, has in its place a fasciculus or
pencil of hairs surrounding that organ. This structure has been regarded
by Jussieu and Richard, in a very leared memoir, more recently written on
the subject, analogous to the indusium of Goodenovie, to which they have
therefore added Lobelia and derived the name of the order from this, its
most extensive and best known genus. ‘To the opinion of these authors I
hesitate to accede, chiefly for the following reasons :

Ist. In Goodenovie the deeper fissure of the tube of the corolla
exists on its inner or upper side, a circumstance readily determined in those
species having simple spikes. In Lobelia, on the other hand, the corres-
ponding fissure is on the outer or lower side, a fact, however, which can
only be ascertained before the opening of the corolla, the flowers in the
greater number of species becoming resupinate in the expanded state, a
circumstance that does not appear to have been before remarked. The re-
lation therefore not only of the corolla but of the calyx and stamina to the
axis of inflorescence, is different in these two tribes.

* Annales du mus. 8, p. 184. T Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 573.
t -nnales du mus. 18. p. 1.

560 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

2dly. In Goodenovie the greater part of the tube of the corolla is
formed by the cohesion of five laciniz, the distinct inflected margins of
which are in most cases visible nearly to its base ; these laciniz are in some
cases unconnected, as in Diaspasis, and more remarkably still in Cypha,
whichis actually pentapetalous. I have observed no such structure in Lobelia.

3dly. At the period of bursting of the Anthere the stigma in Lobelia
is almost completely evolved, and capable of receiving impregnation from
the pollen of the same flower; the function therefore of its surrounding
pencil, is similar to that of the hairs which are almost equally obvious in
many Composite, especially Cinarocephale. On the contrary in Gooden-
oviz the stigma at the same period, is hardly visible, and is certainly not
then capable of receiving impregnation from the pollen of its proper flower ;
it is therefore either impregnated by the anther of different flowers, or in
some cases at a more advanced stage by the pollen of its own antherz,
which is received and detained in the Indusium. To these arguments for
the exclusion of Lobelia I may add that in the greater part of Goodenovie
with dehiscent fruit, the dissepiment is parallel to the valves of the cap-
sule, in which respect they differ equally from Lobelia and the valvular-
fruited Campanulacee ; and lastly, that many species of Lobelia as well as
Campanulacee contain a milky juice of which there is no instance in
Goodenovie. If therefore in Lobelia the pencil surrounding the stigma
and the irregularity of the corolla, which, however, in some species is
hardly perceptible, be considered as characters sufficient to separate this
extensive genus from Campanulacee, it may form a separate order admit-
ting, perhaps, of subdivision into several distinct genera.

I have formerly observed* that in two genera of Goodenovie, namely,

Euthales and Velleia, the base of the corolla coheres with the ovarium |

while the calyx remains entirely distinct. This structure I had stated as
being peculiar to these genera, and as in some degree invalidating one of
Jussieu's arguments for considering the floral envelope of Monocotyledones
as calyx rather than corolla, The fact, however, seems not to be admitted
by Richard, who in the dissertation already quoted‘? describes what has
hitherto been called calyx in Velleia as bractee: a view of the structure
which in those species of that genus having triphyllous calyx, may appear

* Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 580. T Annales du mus. 18. p. 17.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 561

plausible, but of which the probability is diminished even in those with
pentaphyllous calyx, and still more in Euthales, where the calyx is also
tubular. But a stronger argument for the part usually denominated calyx
being in these genera really such, may be derived from certain species of
Goodenia, in which it will be admitted that both calyx and corolla are
present, and where though both these envelopes adhere to the ovarium,
they may be separately traced to its base; the coloured corolla being
plainly visible in the interstices of the foliaceous calyx.

Goodenovie, whose maximum exists in the principal parallel of New
Holland, are nearly but not absolutely confined to Terra Australis ; the only
known exceptions to this consist of the genus Cyphia, which is peculiar to
Africa, and chiefly occurs at the Cape of Good Hope; of some species of
Scevola which are found within the tropics ; and of Goodenovia littoralis,

which is common to the shores of Terra Australis and New Zealand, and ac-
cording to Cavanilles is also a native of the opposite coastof South America.

STYLIDEA.* This order, consisting of Stylidium, Levenhookia,
and Forstera, I have formerly separated from Campanulacez, on account of
its reduced number of stamina, and the remarkable and intimate cohesion
of their filaments with the style, through the whole length of both organs.
It differs also both from Campanulacez and Goodenovie in the imbricate
sestivation of the corolla, and where its segments are unequal in the nature
of the irregularity. In the relation which the parts of its flower have to
the axis of inflorescence, and in the parallel septum of its capsule, it
agrees with Goodenovie and differs from Lobelia, which, however, in some
other respects it more nearly resembles.

Very different descriptións of the sexual organs in this tribe, and
especially of the female, have been given by several French botanists.
According to Richard the lateral appendices of the labellum in Stylidium
are the real stigmata, the style being consequently considered as cohering
with the tube of the corolla, and the column as consisting of stamina only,
This view of the structure demands particular notice, not only from the
respect to which its author is himself intitled, but because it has also been
adopted by Jussieu,t whose arguments in support of it, and against the

* Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 565. T Annales du mus. 18. p. 7.

VOL. IJ. 4C

562 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

common opinion, may be reduced to three. Ist. Were the common opi-
nion admitted, the difficulty of conceiving so wide a difference in what he
terms insertion of Stamina, in two orders so nearly related as Campanula-
cee and Stylidez obviously are: 2dly. The alleged non-existence of the
Stigma, which preceding authors had described as terminating the column :
and lastly the manifest existence of another part, which, both from its ap-
pearance and supposed origin is considered as capable of performing the
function of that organ.

In opposition to these arguments it may be observed, that the real
origin of the Stamina is in both orders the same, the apparent difference
arising simply from their accretion to the female organ in Stylidez, a ten-
dency to which may be said to exist in Lobelia. The inability to detect
the Stigma terminating the column in Stylidium must have arisen from the
imperfection of the specimens examined, for in the recent state, in which
this organ is even more obvious than in Goodenovie at the time of bursting
of the antherze, it could not have escaped so accurate an observer as Richard ;
and were it even less manifest in Stylidium, its existence would be suffici-
ently confirmed from the strict analogy of that genus with Levenhookia,
whose stigma, also terminating the column, consists of two long capillary
lacini, which are in no stage concealed by the anthere.

With respect to the part considered as Stigma by Richard, I have
formerly observed that it is obsolete in some species of Stylidium and
entirely wanting in others,* and there is certainly no trace of any thing
analogous to it in Forstera.

The greater part of the Australian Stylidee exist at the western ex-
tremity of the principal parallel, several species are found at the eastern
extremity of the same parallel, and a few others occur both within the
tropic and in Van Diemen's Island, Beyond Terra Australis very few
plants of this order have been observed ; two species of Stylidium, very
similar to certain intratropical species of New Holland, were found in
Ceylon and Malacca by Keenig; and of the only two known species of
Forstera, one is a natve of New Zealand, the other of Terra del Fuego,

and the opposite coast of Patagonia.

* Bauer illustr. tab. 5.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 563

RUBIACE/E.* As this order is now constituted it appears to
me impracticable to distinguish it from Apocinez, by characters taken
from the fructification alone ; and even if the Stellatee or Asperulez be ex-
cluded, and the remarkable stipulation of its remaining sections be taken into
account, it will not then, perhaps, admit of a definition entirely free from
exceptions. It must also, I think, be allowed that Rubiacez, Apocinee,
Asclepiadez, and certain genera at present referred to Gentianez, form but
one great natural class. In this class the leaves are uniformly simple, per-
fectly entire, and, with a very few exceptions, occurring in Asclepiadec and
Apocinee, also opposite ; while in the parts of fructification there are hardly
any characters that are not liable to exceptions, unless the monopetalous
regular corolla, and stamina alternating with its lacinize and not exceeding
them in number.

The order Rubiacee, admitting it as it is at present established, is
chiefly equinoctial. In Terra Australis its maximum is also within the
tropic, where, however, it is not very numerous; and the most remarkable
Australian part of the order, consisting of Opercularia and Pomaz, is chiefly
found in the principal parallel. Jussieu is very unwilling to admit these
two genera into Rubiacee, and is rather disposed to consider them as a
distinct family; chiefly on account of their single-seeded ovarium, To
prove that this character alone, however, is not of such importance as to
separate plants into different natural orders, it is sufficient to advert to
Proteacee, Amaranthacez, and Epacridez, all of which contain genera
with one, two, and even an indefinite number of seeds : and as Opercula-
rie entirely agree with many genera of Rubiacez in other points of struc-
ture of fructification, in habit, and especially in their remarkable stipula-
tion, [ think there can be no doubt that they ought to be referred to the
same order, of which they may form a section, characterized not only by its
single-seeded ovarium, but by the peculiar dehiscence of its compound
fruit.

APOCINE/,* I have already observed], that this order is very nearly

* Juss. gen. 196.
T Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 465. Apocinearum pars, Juss. gen. 143.
1 Werner, soc. transact. 1. p. 12.

564 : APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

related to Rubiaceze and Gentianee ; the former appearing to differ chiefly
in its remarkable stipule, the latter in its minute Embryo. Ifthese charac-
ters be admitted, certain New Holland genera which I have placed with
Gentianez will either be transferred to Rubiacez, or, as I have formerly
proposed,* may with some others, constitute a family intermediate to
Rubiacez and Apocinez.

This order or section, which may be named Locaxzz, will consist
of Logania, Geniostoma, (from which Anasser of Jussieu is not distinct),
Usteria, Gzrtnera of Lamarck t, Pagamea of Aublet, and, perhaps, Fagrza.
Of these, the only New Holland genus is Logania, the greater part of
whose species are found in the principal parallel. In this genus, which
admits, however, of subdivision, the importance of stipulation seems to be
entirely lost, for it contains species agreeing in this respect with Rubi-
acez, others in which the stipula are lateral and distinct, and one species,
at least, in which they are entirely wanting.

There is an evident affinity between certain species of Logania and
Mitrasacme, which I had therefore placed in Gentianeze. Mitrasacme is
very general in Terra Ausiralis, but its maximum is within the tropic : it
is not absolutely confined to New Holland, for I have observed in the Sher-
ardian Herbarium two species collected at Cheusan, by Mr. Cunningham.

Among the true Apocinee of New Holland, which are chiefly found
within the tropic, the most remarkable genus is Alyxia, in which the albu-

men and embryo agree with those of the very different family Annonacee.

ASCLEPIADE.{ These plants differ from Apocinez, solely
in the peculiar structure of their genitalia, a character, however, which
appears to me, fully sufficient to justify their separation. They are not
very numerous in New Holland, where they are found chiefly within the
tropic, and I have not observed any plant of the order in that country in a
higher latitude than 34° S.

EPACRIDE%. || The abundance of this family in Terra Australis

* Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 455. T Illustr. gen. tab. 167.
t Werner. soc, transact. 1. p. 12. prodr. fl. nov. holl. 458.
|| Prodr. ft. ov. holl. 535. Ericearum genera. Juss. gen, 160.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 565

constitutes one of the peculiarities of its vegetation. About 140 species
have already been observed, the greater part of which are found in the
principal parallel ; the oder, however, continues numerous at the south
end of Van Diemen’s Island, where several genera appear that have not
been met with in other parts ; within the tropic very few species have been
observed, and none with capsular fruit.

Epacridee, with the exception oftwo species found in the Sandwich
Islands, are confined to the southern hemisphere, several species have been
observed in New Zealand, a few in the Society Islands, and even in the
Moluccas ; the only species with capsular fruit found within the tropic is
Draeophyllum verticillatum, observed by Labillardiere in New Caledonia ;
and the only plant of the family known to exist in America is an unpub-
lished genus also with capsular fruit, found by Sir Joseph Banks in "Terra
del Fuego.

The sections into which I have divided this order differ from each
other in two remarkable points of structure. The Styphelee, as they may
be called, having a valvular or very rarely a plaited astivation of the
corolla, and a definite number of seeds; while the Epacridee, strictly
so called, have along with their indefinite number of seeds and capsular
fruit, a corolla with imbricate sstivation. I have formerly* pointed out
what seems to be the natural subdivision of this section, depending more
on the differences of insertion in its leaves than on characters derived

from the parts of fructification.

LABIAT and VERBENACE/E appear to me to form one na-
tural class, the two orders of which gradually pass into each other. Terra
Australis contains several remarkable genera of both orders, and chiefly in
its principal parallel. Chloanthest is the most singular among Verbenacez,
having, with the fruit of that order, entirely the habit of Labiate.

Westringia and Prostanthera, with the genera nearly related to each
ofthese, are the most worthy of notice among Labiate, all of them are
limited to Terra Australis, and they are found chiefly in its principal
parallel, but Wesiringia and Prostanthera abound also in Van Diemen’s
Island, and extend, though more sparingly, in the opposite direction as far

* Prodr, fl. nov. holl, 536. + Bauer illustr, tab. 4.

A

566 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,

as the tropic. Prostanthera is remarkable in the appendages to its anthere,
in the texture of its fruit, and in the remains of Albumen existing in the
ripe seeds of several of its species. Westringza, and its related genera
Microcorys and Hemigenia, differ from the rest of the order in having ver-
ticillate leaves, and from the greater part in the structure of anthere,
particularly in the order in which these organs become abortive. Wes-
tringia, according to Dr. Smith, has resupinate corolla, a term which in
this case cannot allude to a mere inversion in the form ofits lips, for this
does not exist; and if it mean an absolute change in the relation of its
parts to those of the calyx orto the included organs, it cannot, I apprehend,
be admitted either in this genus or in any other of the order. The fact
which I formerly stated* against the resupination of corolla in Labiate is
the uniformity of its estivation in this order, in which the upper lip
always covers the lower. To those who do not consider this as a sufficient
proof, the following, drawn from another equally uniform point of struc-
true, may perhaps appear more satisfactory. In Labiate, as well as in
several other orders with irregular flowers, the deviation from the usual
quinary division of calyx and corolla in Dicotyledones, does not consist in
an absolute suppression of parts, but merely in their confluence ; afact in-
dicated by the disposition of vessels; thus, the upper lip of the corolia,
which in this order generally consists of one piece, either entire, or more or
less deeply bifid, is always furnished with two longitudinal nerves equidis-
tant from its axis, which is without vessels ; while each of the three laciniz
usually forming the lower lip, has a single nerve passing through its axis ;
the upper lip is therefore to be considered even when entire, as made up
of two confluent lacinie : aud if this test be allowed to be conclusive, and
applied to the corolla of those genera of Labiate in which it is supposed to
be resupinate, the opinion will be found to be erroneous.

MYOPORIN/E. t The principal characters in the fructification of
this order, by which it is distinguished from Verbenacee, are the presence
of Albumen in the ripe seed, and the direction of the Embryo, whose radi-
cule always points towards the apex of the fruit. The first of these cha-
racters, however, is not absolute, and neither of them can be ascertained

* Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 499. t Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 514.

- Natural Orders.) APPENDIX. 567

E

before the ripening of the seed : for previous to the complete developement
ofthe Embryo the fluid albumen or liquor amnios equally exists in both
orders; and although all the genera of Verbenacee have an Embryo
whose radicule points towards the base of the fruit, yet many of them have
pendulous seeds, and consequently a. radicule remote from the umbilicus.
Hence Zwicennia,* which I formerly annexed to Myoporine, should be re-
stored to Verbenacez, with which also it much better agrees in habit.

Myoporine, with the exception of Bontia, a genus of equinoctial
America ; and of two species of Myoporum found in the Sandwich Islands,
has hitherto been observed only in the southern hemisphere, and yet nei-
ther in South Africa, nor in South America beyond the tropic. Its maximum
is evidently in the principal parallel of Terra Australis, in every part of
which it exists ; inthe more southern parts of New Holland, and even in
Van Diemen's Island it is more frequent than within the tropic. The genus
Myoporum is also found in New Zealand, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia,
and the Society Islands.

PROTEACE..* I have formerly? offered several observations both
on the geographical distribution and on some of the more remarkable
points of structure of this order of plants. I shall now therefore confine
myself to a few of the most important facts on each of these subjects.

Proteacee are chiefly natives of the Southern hemisphere, in which
they are most abundant in a parallel included between 32° and 35° lat.
but they extend as far as 55^ S. lat. The few species found in the Northern
hemisphere occur within the tropic.

Upwards of 400 species of the order are at present known, more than
half of these are natives of Terra Australis, where they form one of the
most striking peculiarities of the vegetation. Nearly four-fifths of the
Australian Proteacee belong to the principal parallel, in which, however,
they are very unequally distributed : the number of species at its western
extremity being to those of the eastern as about 2 to 1, and what is much
more remarkable, the number even at the eastern extremity being to that
ofthe middle of the parallel as at least 4 to 1. From the principal parallel
the diminution of the order in number of species is nearly equal in both

* Prodr, fl. nov. holl. 518. T Lin. soc. transact. 10. p. 15.

568 APPENDIX. | Botany of Terra Australis.

directions: but while no genus has been met with within the tropic which
does not also exist in the principal parallel, unless that section of Grevillea
having a woody capsule* be considered as such, several genera occur at
the South end of Van Diemen’s Island which appear to be peculiar to it.

No Australian species of the order has been observed in any other
part of the world, and even all its genera are confined to it, with the ex-
ception of Lomatia, of which several species have been found in South Ame-
rica ; and of Stenocarpus, the original species of which is a native of New
Caledonia.

The genera of Terra Australis that approach most nearly to the South
African portion of the Proteaceze exist in the principal parallel, and
. chiefly at its western extremity: those allied to the American part of the
order are found either at the eastern extremity of the same parallel, or in
Van Diemen’s Island. :

There is no species of Proteacez common to the east and west coasts
of New Holland, and certain genera abound at one extremity of the prin-
cipal parallel which at the opposite extremity are either comparatively rare
or entirely wanting.

I have formerly remarked that in this order no instance of deviation
from the quaternary division of the perianthium has been observed; a
fact which is the more remarkable as this is itself a deviation from the
prevailing quinary number in the floral envelopes of Dicotyledonous
plants.

There is a peculiarity inthe structure ofthe stamina of certain genera
of Protance:ze namely, Simsia, Conospermum, and Synaphea, in all of which
these organs are connected in such a mannerthat the cohering lobes of two
different antherz form only one cell.

Another anomaly equally remarkable, exists in. Synaphea, the divi-
sions of whose barren filament so intimately cohere with the stigma as to
be absolutely lost in its substance, while the style and undivided part of
the filament remain perfectly distinct.

SANTALACE/., I have formerly proposed, and attempted to

* Cycleptera, Lin. soe. transact. 10. p. 176. prodr. fl. nov. holl. 380.
+ Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 350.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 569

define this natural order, one of whose most remarkable characters consists
in its unilocular ovarium, containing more than one, but always a deter-
minate number of ovula, which are pendulous and attached to the apex
of a central receptacle. This receptacle, which varies in its figure, in
the different genera, in some being filiform, in others nearly filling the
cavity of the ovarium, had not been previously noticed in any plant of the
order.

The greater part of the Santalacee of Terra Australis are found in
the principal parallel, to which several genera, namely, Leptomeria,
Corethrum, and Fusanus are nearly limited : Santalum on the other hand is
found chiefly within the tropic.

I have added Exocarpus and Anthobolus to this order, with certain
genera of which they agree in habit and many points of structure, both of
the flower and fruit: but they are readily distinguishable from the whole
order by their fructus superus, and they may possibly differ also in the
internal structure of their ovarium, which has not yet been satisfactorily
ascertained.

The genus Exocarpus is most abundant in the principal parallel and
southern parts of Terra Australis, but it is not unfrequent even within the
tropic. Exocarpus cupressiformis is not only the most common species
of the genus, but the most general tree in Terra Anstralis, being found in
nearly the whole of the principal parallel, in every part of Van Diemen’s
Island that has been visited, and even within the tropic. I am acquainted
with only three plants that have in that country an equally extensive range.
These are Anthistiria australis, the most valuable grass as well as the
most general plant in Terra Australis ; Zrindo Phragmitis, less frequent
than the former, but which extends from the southern extremity of Van
Diemen's Island to the North coast of New Holland ; and Mesembryan-
themum equilaierale, which occurs on almost every part of the sandy sea
shores, of both these Islands. ,

Exocarpus is not absolutely confined to Terra Australis, for Mr. Bauer
has discovered a very remarkable species bearing its flowers on the margins
of dilated foliaceous branches, analogous to those of Xylophylla; and
Xylophylla longifolia, which was taken up by Linneus from Rumphius,*

* Xylophyllos ceramica, Herb. amb. 7. p. 19. t. 12.
VOL. II. 4D

570 . APPENDIX [Botany of Terra Australis.

appears more probably, both from the description and figure of that author,
to be also a species of Exocarpus.

There is so great a resemblance between the enlarged fleshy recep-
tacle of Exocarpus and the berry of Taxus, that some botanists have been
led to compare these plants together in other respects. A complete coin-
cidence in this part of their structure would not indeed prove the affinity of
these two genera, any more than it does that of Exocarpus to Anacardium
or Semecarpus, with which also it has been compared ; and to determine
their agreement even in this respect it is necessary to understand the origin
of the berry of Taxus, of which very different accounts have been given.
According to Lamarck* it consists of the enlarged ovarium itself, perfor-
ated by the seed soon after impregnation ; while Mirbelt considers it as
formed of the scales of the female amentum, immediately surrounding the
organ, named by him cupula ; and considered as containing the pistillum,
but which most other authors have regarded as the pistillum’ itself. My
observations differ from both these accounts, for on examining the female
fructification of ‘Taxus before impregnation I find the rudiments of the fu-
ture berry, consisting at that period of a narrow fleshy ring, surrounding
the base only of the cupula of Mirbel, and very similar to the annular hy-
pogynous nectarium of many flowers. If this cupula therefore were the
pistillum itself, the berry of Taxus would have an origin analogous to that
of Balanites,T as it has been very lately described by Mirbel ; and on the
other hand, if that author's view of the female fructification of Taxus, and
Conifere generally, be adopted, it might then to a certain degree be com-
pared with the external cupula of Dacrydium, which will be more particu-
larly noticed hereafter; but from this it would still be very distinct both in
its texture and in its not inclosing, in the early stage the cupula, on neither
supposition, however, does its origin agree with that of the berry of Exo-
carpus, which in some respects more nearly resembles the fleshy receptacle
of Podocarpus.

I have annexed Olax to Santalacez,$ not however considering it as ‘
absolutely belonging to the same family, but as agreeing with it in some

* Encyclop. botan. 3. p. 228. + Nouv. bulletin des scien. 3. p. 73.
1 Delile in mem. sur ? Egypte, 3. p. 326. Ximenia egyptiaca Linn,
§ Prodr. fl. nov. holl, 357.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 571

important circumstances ; especially in the internal structure of its ovarium,
and that of its pericarpium and seed ; but as in Olax there appears to be a
double floral envelope, as its antheriferous stamina alternate with the seg-
ments of the inner envelope, and its ovarium does not cohere with either,
there are sufficient grounds for regarding it, with Mirbel, as a distinct

family.

CASUARINE. The genus Casuarina is certainly not referable
to any natural order of plants at present established ; and its structure
being now tolerably understood, it may be considered a separate order, as
Mirbel has already suggested.*

The maximum of Casuarina appears to exist in Terra Australis,
where it forms one of the characteristic features of the vegetation. Thir-
teen Australian species have already been observed, the greater number
of these are found in the principal parallel, in every part of which they are
almost equally abundant ; in Van Diemen’s Island the genus is less frequent,
and within the tropic it is comparatively rare ; no species except Casuarina
equisetifolia having been observed on the north coast of New Holland.
Beyond Terra Australis only two species have been found, namely, C. equi-
setifolia, which occurs on most of the intratropical Islands of the Southern
Pacific, as well as in the Moluccas, and exists also on the continent of
India; and C. nodiflora, which is a native of New Caledonia.

In the male flowers of all the species of Casuarina, I find an envelope
of four valves, as Labillardiere has already observed in one species, which
he has therefore named C. quadrivalvis.t But as the two lateral valves
of this envelope cover the others in the unexpanded state, and appear to
belong to a distinct series, I am inclined to consider them as bractee. On
this supposition, which, however, I do not advance with much confidence,
the Perianthium would consist merely of the anterior and posterior valves,
and these firmly cohering at their apices, are carried up by the anthera, as
soon as the filament begins to be produced, while the lateral valves or brac-
tee are persistent; it follows from it also that there is no visible perian-
thium in the female flower, and the remarkable ceconomy of its lateral
bracteee may, perhaps, be considered as not only affording an additional

* Annales du mus. 16. p. A51. t Plant. nov. holl. 2. p. 67. t. 218.

572 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

argument in support of the view now taken of the nature of the parts, but
also as in some degree again approximating Casuarina to Conifere, with
which it was formerly associated.

The outer coat of the seed or caryopsis of Casuarina consists of a
very fine membrane, of which the terminal wing is entirely composed;
between this membrane and the crustaceous integument of the seed there
exists a stratum of spiral vessels, which Labillardiere, not having dis-
tinctly seen, has described as an “ integumentum arachnoideum ;” and
within the crustaceous integument there is a thin proper membrane closely
applied to the Embryo, which the same author has entirely overlooked.
The existence of spiral vessels, particularly in such quantity, and, as far as
can be determined in the dried specimens, unaccompanied by other vessels,
is a structure at least very unusual in the integuments of a seed or cary-
opsis, in which they are very seldom at all visible, and have never, I
believe, been observed in such abundance as in this genus, in all whose

species they are equally obvious.

CONIFERJE.* The structure of the female parts of fructification in
Conifer having, till very lately, been so little understood ; and certain facts
concerning it being still unpublished, I shall prefix a few observations on
this subject to the remarks I have to offer on the Australian part of the
order.

In the late essays of Mirbel and Schoubert on Contfere * that part of
the female fructification which had previously been considered as the Pistil-
lum, having a perforated style, is described as a peculiar organ inclosing
the ovarium, and in most cases also the stigma. This organ, which they
have named Cupula, they regard as more analogous to au involucrum than
to a perianthium. which, according to them, also exists, cohering, how-
ever, with the body of the ovarium, Without absolutely adopting this latter
part of their statement, it appears to me that impregnation really takes
place in the manner these authors describe. "Their principal argument
is derived from the genus Ephedra, in which both the stigma and a con-
siderable part of the style project beyond this cupula, without cohering
with its aperture. In further confirmation of their opinion it may be

* Juss. gen. All, + Nouv. Bulletin des scien. 3. p. 73, 85. et. 121.

2: "t tes,

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 573

observed that I have found a projection of the stigma, though certainly in a
much less obvious degree, bothin A gathis* and in a species of Podocarpus,

_ Towards this discovery, as extending to the Coniferee more strictly so
called, an important step was made in Pinus, by the accurate Schkuhr,t
who first correctly described and figured the cupula of that genus, but who
considered it as the ovarium itself and the two processes of its aperture as
stigmata. Mr. Salisbury, who seems to have been unacquainted with
Schkuhr's observations, published, a few years afterwards, the same
opinion, which continued to be generally received till the appearance of
the essays, already quoted, of Mirbel and Schoubert.

Eut these author: do not seem to be aware that certain plants of the
order are even furnished with a double cupula. This is most remarkable
in Podocarpus, in which ihe drupa is formed of this external cupula, whose
aperture exists not at the apex, but very near its base or point of insertion.
The inner cupula in this genus is in every stage entirely inclosed in the
outer, and is in like manner inverted.

That this is the real structure of Podocarpus seems to be proved
by that of the nearly related genus Dacrydiwm, hitherto so imperfectly un-
derstood. — fhis genus has also a double cupula, the outer in the young
state inclosing tie inner, and both of them at this period being inverted as
in Podocarpus ; but the inner in a more advanced stage acquires nearly an
erect position, by rupturing one side of the external cupula, which, not con-
tinuing to encrease proportionally in size; forms a cup surrounding the base
only of the ripe fruit,

Three species of Podocarpus are found in Terra Australis, two of
these exist in the colony of Port Jackson, the third was observed on the
summit of the Table Mountain in Van Diemen's Island. — Podocarpus as-
plenifolia of Labillardiere || is certainly not a Podocarpus, but either forms
a distinct genus, as Richard has already supposed,$ or it may possibly be
a species of Dacrydium ; a conjecture which I have no means of verifying,
having never scen the female fructification of this remarkable plant.

* Salisbury in linn. soc. transact. 8. p. 311. Pinus Dammara Lamb, pin. p. 61. £. 38.
+ Botan. handb. 3. p. 216. t. 303. X Linn. soct. transact. 8. p. 308.
|| Plant. nov. holl, 2. p. 71. t. 221. § Annales. du mus. 16. p. 299.

574 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

Callitris of Ventenat * is peculiar to Terra Australis, where it exists
very generally, but most abundantly in the principal parallel: it consists
of several species, differing from each other chiefly in the form of their fruit.

Araucaria excelsa, which was first observed in Norfolk Island and
New Caledonia, is found also on the east coast of New Holland, immedi-
ately within the tropic: it is there, however, a tree of very moderate dimen-
sions, and never of that enormous size which it not unfrequently attains in

Norfolk Island.

ORCHIDE/E.* The Australian species of this order already known
amount to 120, many of these, however, are of very rare occurrence, and
none of them appear to be produced in abundance.

The maximum of the order exists in the principal parallel, a consi-
derable part extends to Van Diemen’s Island, and very few have been
observed within the tropic.

The greater part form genera nearly or entirely peculiar to Terra
Australis, and most of these genera belong to that division of the order
having farinaceous pollen, with an anthera which is inserted but not deci-
duous, and either parallel to the stigma or terminating the column. The
two sections of this division with parallel and terminal anthera, are found
in New Holland to pass very gradually into each other, and several genera
belonging to the former are, in that country, remarkable for the great ex-
pansion of the lateral lobes of the column. These lateral lobes I have con-
sidered as barren stamina, which, like those of Philydrum, are occasionally,
though indeed very rarely, furnished with rudiments of Antherm. This
structure as well as that of Cypripedium, in which the lateral lobes are
antheriferous, while the middle is barren, approximates the flower of
Orchidez to what may be called the type of Monocotyledones, that is, a
regular flower with ternary division of its envelope, stamina, and cells or
placente of the fruit.

I have attempted a similar approximation of true Scitaminee,{ whose
processes crowning the ovarium, and usually two in number, form the
complement of the stamina.

* Dec. gen. nov. 10. t Prodr.fl. nov. hol. 309. + Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 305.

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 575

Marantee, or Cannee,* an order at present referred to Scitaminez,
may also be reduced to this type; they differ, however, from Scitaminec
in the mutual relation of their barren and fertile stamina, somewhat as
Cypripedium does from the other genera of Orchidee ; except that in Ma-
rantez the imperfection is greater, a single lobe only of one of the lateral
stamina having the appearance of an anthera and producing pollen.

It is remarkable that so very few Orchidee of Terra Australis belong
to that section of the order with angular elastic pollen and adnate anthera ;
this section being not only the most numerous in Europe, but existing in an
equal proportion, though singularly modified, at the Cape of Good Hope.

Of another section of the order formerly comprehended under the
, Linnean genus Epidendrum, most of which, though not properly parasiti-
cal, grow upon trees, several species, chiefly belonging to Dendrobium, are
found in New Holland. In the northern hemisphere very few plants of this
section that grow on trees have been observed beyond the tropic. The
only exceptions to this, that I am acquainted with, consist of two species
of a genus related to Dendrobium, discovered by Dr. Buchannan, in Upper
Nepaul ; t. of Dendrobium moniliforme, observed by Kempfer, and Thun-
berg, in Japan, near Nagasaki: and of Epidendrum conopseum, ‘{ which,
according to Mr. William Bartram, grows in East Florida, in lat. 28° N.

in some parts of the southern hemisphere this’ section appears to
have a more extensive range. On the East coast of New Holland several
species of Dendrobium and Cymbidium are found in 34° S. lat.; but this
is probably about their southern limit in that country, no species having
been met with on any part of its South ceast. They have, however, been
observed in a considerably higher latitude in New Zealand, in the northern
island of which several species were collected by Sir Joseph Banks, in
about 38° S. lat., and Epidendrum autumnale of Forster grows in the
neighbourhood of Dasky Bay, in upwards of 45° S. lat.

I am not acquainted with the limit of this section in South America ;
but in South Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope none of those, at least,

that are parasitical on trees, have been observed.

* Loc. citat. 307.
+ Epidendrum praecox and Epidendrum humile. Smith exot. bot. tabb, 97 and 98.

; Hort. Kew, ed. 2. vol, 5. p. 219.

576 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,
ASPHODELEE.* In this order I include the greater part, both of

Asphodele: and Asparages of Jussieu, distinguishable from each other
only by texture and dehiscence of fruit ; differences which, as they separate
Stypandra from Dianella, and Eustrephus from Luzuriaga, cannot be
admitted to be of more than generic importance.

I confess myself unable to point out satisfactory distinguishing cha-
racters for this order, in my description of which, however, I have noted
two circumstances, neither of them indeed peculiar to the order, but
both of them appearing to extend through the whole of it; namely, the
reduction of stamina from six to three, which occasionally occurs, con-
stantly taking place by the suppression of those opposite to the outer series
of the perianthium ; and the existence of the black crustaceous testa or
outer integument ofthe seed. It is probable I have given too much weight
to this latter circumstance, in combining, partly on account of it, genera
so very dissimilar as Anthericum, Xanthorrhea, and Astelia.

Xanthorrhea, which I have included in Asphodelee, is in habit one of
the most remarkable genera of Terra Australis, and gives a peculiar charac-
ter to the vegetation of that part of the country where it abounds. This
genus is most frequent in the principal parallel, but it extends to the south
end of Van Diemen’s Island, and is also found within the tropic.

A plant of a very similar habit to Xanthorrheea, agreeing with it in its
caudex and leaves, having, however, a very different inflorescence, was
observed abundantly at King George’s Sound, but with fructification so
decayed and imperfect that I have not been able to determine the structure
either of its flower or fruit. This plant is introduced by Mr. Westall in the
view of King George's Sound published in captain Flinders's account of his
voyage.

I had annexed Hypozis and Curculigo to the Asphodelee, chiefly on
account of a similarity in the testa of the seed ; but they differ so much
from this order in other parts of their structure, and from Amaryllides both
in this respect and in the singular umbilicus of the seed, as well as in
habit, that it is better to consider them as forming a separate family.

Of this family, which may be called HvroxipEz,* only five species

* Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 274.

T Hypoxipex. Perianthium superum: limbo sexpartito, regulari, zestivatione imbri-

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 577

have been observed in Terra Australis, four of these belong to Hypoxis,
which is chiefly an extratropical genus, the fifth is a Curculigo very like
those of India. ;

PALM. Only six species of this order have been observed in New
Holland, and of two of these the fructification is at present unknown.

The New Holland Palms exist chiefly within the tropic, but one spe-
cies is found in 34° S. lat.; it seems, however, that this is nearly the
southern limit of the order in that country, no species having been seen on
any part of the South coast.

In New Zealand a species of Areca was observed by Sir Joseph
Banks, iu about 38° S, lat., which is probably nearly the limit of Palms, in
the southern hemisphere, In the northern hemisphere their extent is not
materially different from this: in North America, indeed, they do not
appear to grow beyond 36? lat, ; but in Europe Chamerops humilis extends
as far as the neighbourhood of Nice.

It is remarkable that no species of Palm has been found in South
Africa, nor was any observed by Mr. Lechenault*, on the West coast of
New Holland, even within the tropic.

JUNCEJE. We are now in possession of so many links connecting
together the Monocotyledonous orders with regular flowers, that in at-
tempting to define several of them, we are obliged to have recourse to dif-
ferences, many of which may appear, and some of which unquestionably
are, of but secondary importance. Of this kind may be considered the
characters by which I have endeavoured to distinguish Juncee from Aspho-
delez, namely the difference in the texture of the perianthium, and in that
of the testa of the seed, in the consistence of the albumen, and in the order
of suppression ofthe stamina ; these when reduced to three in number being
always placed opposite to the three outer leaves of the perianthium : in

cata. Stamina sex, imis lacinis inserta, Ovarium 3-loc. loculis polyspermis. Capsula
evalvis, nune baccata, polysperma. Semina umbilico laterali rostelliformi; testa atra

crustacea. Embryo in axi albuminis carnosi: radicula vaga.

* Annales du mus. 17. p. 87.
VOL, 1I. 4E

578 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

this respect and in the more important character of the position of the
Embryo Juncee differ also from Restiaceze, to which they more nearly
approach in habit.

Three very remarkable genera, which I have referred to Juncee, are
peculiar to Terra Australis. Of two of these Calectasia and Dasypogon,
each consisting of only one species, figures and descriptions are annexed to
this essay.

Of the third, Xerotes, 24 species have already been observed. This
genus is somewhat more abundant in the principal parallel than in other
parts; but it is very generally extended, and is more frequent within the
tropic than in Van Diemen’s Island. Xerotes, in the structure and appear-
ance of its flowers and in the texture of Albumen, has a considerable re-
semblance to Palms, but it wants the peculiar characters of the seed and
also the habit of that remarkable order.

Flagellaria, which I have added to Juncee, differs from Xerotes
chiefly in its pericarpium, and in the form and relation of its Embryo to the
Albumen, which is also of a different texture ; in all these respects it ap-
proaches to Cyperacez, with some of whose genera it has even a certain
resemblance in habit. This genus has usually been found only within
the tropics, but in New Holland it extends as far as 33° S. lat.

Philydrum, which I have annexed to J unceze, has always appeared
to me an insulated genus, yet though not referable to any established
natural order, it may be compared with several in certain fespects. In
the’ structure of its stamina it may in one point of view be said to be inter-
mediate between Scitaminee and Orchidez ; in that of its pericarpium
and even of its seeds it has some affinity to the latter order; yet it
differs from both of them in almost every other respect. In general ap-
pearance, it bears a considerable resemblance to Cartonema, which be-
longs to Commelinez. In some parts of its structure it may be compared
with Xyris, and perhaps with Burmannia ; a genus which I have likewise
annexed to Junce:, but whose real affinities are equally obscure.

Philydrum pygmeum differs in so many respects from P. lanuginosum
that it may probably hereafter be considered a distinct genus ; and a very
few additions to this tribe of plants would sanction their formation into a
separate natural order,

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 579

RESTIACEZ. The principal character distinguishing this family
from Juncee and Cyperacez consists in its lenticular Embryo being placed
at the extremity of the seed opposite to the umbilicus ; from Juncee it
also differs in the order of suppression of its stamina, which when reduced
to three are opposite to the inner lacinie of the perianthium ; and most
of its genera are distinguishable from both these orders as well as from
Commelinee by their simple or unilocular anthere.

With the exception of Eriocaulon, Tonina, and Xyris, the order
appears to be confined to the Southern hemisphere. In Terra Australis
its maximum is in the principal parallel, but it extends to the southern
extremity of Van Diemen’s Island, where it is even in considerable abun-
dance, and exists, though much more sparingly within the tropic.

Restiaces are almost equally numerous at the Cape of Good Hope,
as in the principal parallel of New Holland. One species only of the
order has been observed in New Zealand, and hitherto none in South
America,

CYPERACEJZE. In Terra Australis this is a very extensive order,
consisting already of more than 200 species. It contains, however, fewer
peculiarities in structure than several other orders that are much less nume-
rous. Its maximum appears to be in the principal parallel ; but the species
observed solely within the tropic exceed one-third of the whole num-
ber. Cyperacez, in many respects, are nearly related to Restiacez, and
when furnished with a true perianthium are distinguishable from the
monospermous genera of that order, solely by the different position of the
Embryo in the seed. But in the greater part of the order the Perianthium
is either entirely wanting or merely setaceous. — Fuirena, Lepidosperma
and Orcobolus, all of them natives of New Holland, are almost the only
genera in which it is found of nearly the usual appearance.

What I have formerly termed Perianthium in Carex, Diplacrum, and
Schenus nemorum, ought, perhaps, rather to be considered as internal
lateral bractez, analogous to those of Lepyrodia, of Iridez, and, perhaps,
to the upper valve of the inner envelope of grasses.

I have formerly remarked that the Perianthium of Hypelyptum

580 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

consists merely of the squame of a spicula, similar to that of Kyllinga, but
reduced to two valves.

GRAMINE, This order comprehends, at least, one-fourth of the
whole of Monocotyledones, and in Terra Australis, where upwards of 200
species have already been observed, it bears the same proportion to that
primary division.

I have formerly, in arranging the Australian genera of Gramineae, en-
deavoured to explain what I conceived to be the natural subdivision of
nearly the whole order into two great tribes. The reasons which I then
assigned for this arrangement appear, however, either not to have been
comprehended, or to have been considered too hypothetical. With a view
of removing the supposed obscurity and strengthening my former argu-
ments, I shall preface what I have now to say on the subject, by a few
observations common to both tribes.

The natural or most common structure of Graminec is to have their
sexual organs surrounded by two floral envelopes, each of which usually
consists of two distinct valves: but both of these envelopes are in many
genera of the order subject to various degrees of imperfection or even
suppression of their parts.

The outer envelope or Gluma of Jussieu, in most cases, containing
several flowers with distinct and often distant insertions on a common
receptacle, can only be considered as analogous to the bractez or involu-
crum of other plants.

The tendency to suppression in this envelope appears to be greater in
the exterior or lower valve, so that a gluma consisting of one valve may,
in all cases, be considered as deprived of its outer or inferior valve. In
certain genera with a simple spike, as Lolium and Lepturus, this is
clearly proved by the structure of the terminal flower or spieula, which
retains the natural number of parts ; and in cther genera not admitting of
this direct proof, the fact is established by a series of species shewing its
gradual obliteration, as in those species of Panicum which connect ihat
genus with Paspalum.

On the other hand, in the inner envelope or Calya of Jussieu, obli-

Natural Orders.) APPENDIX. 581

teration first takes place in the inner or upper valve ; but this valve having,
instead of one central nerve, two nerves equidistant from its axis I consi-
der it as composed of two confluent valves, analogous to what takes place
in the calyx and corolla of many irregular flowers of other classes; and
this confluence may be regarded as the first step towards its obliteration,
which is complete in many species of Panicum, in Andropogon, Pappopho-
rum, Alopecurus, Trichodium, and several other genera.

With respect to the nature of this inner or proper envelope of
grasses, it may be observed that the view of its structure now given, in
reducing its parts to the usual ternary division of Monocotyledones, affords
an additional argument for considering it as the real Perianthium. This
argument, however, is not conclusive, for a similar confluence takes place
between the two inner lateral bractee of the greater part of Iridez ; and
with these, in the relative insertion of its valves, the proper envelope of
grasses may be supposed much better to accord, than with a genuine Pe-
rianthinm. If therefore this inner envelope of grasses be regarded as
consisting merely of bracteze, the real Perianthium of the order must be
looked for in those minute scales, which in the greater part of its genera
are found immediately surrounding the sexual organs.

These scales are in most cases only two in number, and placed
collaterally within the inferior valve of the proper envelope. In their real
insertion, however, they alternate with the valves of this envelope, as is
obviously the ease in Ehrharta and certain other genera; and their collate-
ral approximation may be considered as a tendency to that confluence
which uniformly exists in the parts composing the upper valve of tie pro-
per envelope, and which takes place also between these two squame them-
selves, in some genera, as Glyceria and Melica. In certain other genera, as
Bambusa and Stipa, a third squamula exists, which is placed opposite to
the axis of the upper valve of the proper envelope, or, to speak in confor-
mity with the view already taken ofthe structure of this valve, opposite to
the junction of its two component parts. With these squame the stamina
in triandrous grasses alternate, and they are consequently opposite to the
parts of the proper envelope; that is, one stamen is opposed to the axis of
its lower or outer valve, and the two others are placed opposite to the two
nerves of the upper valve. Hence, if the inner envelope be considered as

582 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

consisting of bracteee and the hypogynous squame as forming the perian-
thium, it seems to follow, from the relation these parts have to the axis of
inflorescence, that the outer series of this perianthium is wanting, while its
corresponding stamina exist, and that the whole or part of the inner
series is produced while its corresponding stamina are generally wanting.
This may, no doubt, actually be the case, but as it would be, at least, con-
trary to every analogy in Monocotyledonous plants, it becomes in a certain
degree probable that the inner or proper envelope of grasses, the calyx of
Jussieu, notwithstanding the obliquity in the insertion of its valves, forms
in reality the outer series of the true perianthium, whose inner series con-
sists of the minute scales, never more than three in number, and in which
an irregularity in some degree analogous to that of the outer series gene-
rally exists.

It is necessary to be aware of the tendency to suppression existing, as
it were, in opposite directions in the two floral envelopes of grasses to com-
prehend the real structure of many irregular genera of the order, and also
to understand the limits of the two great tribes into which I have proposed
to subdivide it.

One of these tribes, which may be called Panicem, comprehends
Íschemum, Holcus, Andropogon, Anthistiria, Saccharum, Cenchrus,
Isachne, Panicum, Paspalum, Reimaria, Anthenantia, Monachne, Lap-
pago, and several other nearly related genera ; and its essential character
consists in its having always a Locusta of two flowers, of which, the lower
or outer is uniformly imperfect, being either male or neuter, and then not
unfrequently reduced to a single valve.

Ischeemum and Isachne are examples of this tribe in its most perfect
form, from which form Anthenantia, Paspalum, and Reimaria most remark-
ably deviate in consequence of the suppression of certain parts: thus Anthe-
nantia (which is not correctly described by Palisot de Beauvois,) differs
from those species of Panicum that have the lower flower neuter and bival-
vular, in being deprived of the outer valve of its gluma; Paspalum differs
from Anthenantia in the want of the inner valve of its neuter flower;
and from those species of Panieum, whose outer flower is univalvular, in
the want of the outer valve of its gluma; and Reimaria differs from
Paspalum in being entirely deprived of its gluma. That this is the real

Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 588

structure of these genera may be proved by a series of species connecting
them with each other, and Panicum with Paspalum.

Panicee have their maximum within the tropics, and they cease to
exist in the most northern parts of Europe and the higher southern latitudes.
Of this tribe, 99 species have been observed in Terra Australis, 79 of which
were found within the tropic, aud of these, 66 only within it. There is no
Australian genus of this tribe; Neurachne and Hemarthria excepted,
which is not chiefly intratropical.

The second tribe, which may be called Poacrs#, is more numerous
than Panicez, and comprehends the greater part of the European genera,
as well as certain less extensive genera peculiar to the equinoctial coun-
tries ; it extends also to the highest latitudes in which Phanogamous plants
have been found, but its maximum appears to be in the temperate climates
considerably beyond the tropics. The Locusta in this tribe mayconsist of
one, of two, cr of many flowers, and the two flowered genera are distin-
guished from Panicez by the outer or lower flower being always perfect ;
the tendency to imperfection in the locusta existing in opposite directions in
the two tribes. In conformity with this tendency in Poacez, the outer valve
of the perianthium in the single flowered genera is placed within that of the
gluma, and in the many flowered locusta the upper flowers are frequently
imperfect. There are, however, some exceptions to this order of suppres-
sion, especially in Arundo Phragmitis, Campulosus, and some other genera,
in which the outer flower is also imperfect, but as all of these have more
than two flowers in their locusta, they are still readily distinguished from
Panicee.

In Terra Australis the Poacee amount to 115 species, of which 69
were observed beyond the tropic and of these 63 only beyond it ; but of the
52 species that occur within the tropics 49 belong to genera which are
either entirely or chiefly intratropical, and of the remaining three species,
two, namely, Arundo Phragmitis, and Agrostis virginica, are very general
and also aquatic plants. The distribution of this tribe, therefore, in Terra
Australis agrees with that which obtains in other parts of the world.

FILICES.* Of this order nearly 1000 species are described in the

* Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 145.

584 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

fifth volume of Willdenow's edition of the Species Plantarum. In their
geographical distribution Ferns differ from all the other orders of crypto-
gamous plants, their maximum being in the lower latitudes, probably near,
or very little beyond the tropics. Thus Norfolk Island, situated in 29° S.
lat. and only a few leagues in circumference, produces as many species of
the order as are described in Dr. Smith’s Flora Britannica. ,

But as shade and moisture are essential conditions to the vegetation of
the greater part of Ferns, few species only have been observed in those
parts of equinoctial New Holland, hitherto examined. The number of
species already found, however, in the different regions of Terra Aus-
tralis exceeds 100, of which, nearly one-fourth are also natives of other
countries.

Among the Australian Ferns there is no genus absolutely confined to
that country, except Platyzoma, but this, perhaps, ought not to be sepa-
rated from Gleichenia.

Only two arborescent Ferns have been observed in Terra Australis,
one in the colony of Port Jackson, the second, Dicksonia antarctica, is
frequent in Van Diemen's Island, at the southern extremity of which its
trunk is not unfrequently from 12 to 16 feet in height. An arborescent
species of the same genus was found by Forster, in New Zealand, at Dusky
Bay, in nearly 46° S. the highest latitude in which tree ferns have yet been
observed, It is remarkable that, although they have so considerable a range
in the southern hemisphere, no tree fern has been found beyond the
northern tropic : a distribution in the two hemispheres somewhat similar
to this has been already noticed respecting the Orchidew that are parasi-
tical on trees,

I have formerly, in treating of the New Holland Zsplena, observed
that Ceenopteris does not differ from them in the relation its involucra have
to the axis of the frond or pinna, but merely in having the ultimate pinna
more deeply divided with one, or, at most, two involucra on each segment,
towards the margins of which they must necessarily open : hence, the cha-
racters of both genera not unfrequently occur in the same frond, and are
even exhibited by the same involucrum when it happens to extend below
the origin of the segment.

I have observed also, in the same place, that in Asplentum when the

‘

®

Natural Orders. | APPENDIX. 585

involucrum originates from the inner branch of a primary vein, which

is usually the case, it opens inwards or towards the mid-rib of the frcad
from which the vein is derived ; and that when it arises from the lower cr
outer branch of a vein it opens outwards, or in an opposite direction, in-
stances of which occur in several species of the genus, in some of those espe-
cially where the frond is simple. On the same law also depends the peculiar
character of Scolopendrium, in which the involucra are produced in pairs,
one of each pair originating from the lower branch of a vein, the other from
the upper branch of the vein immediately below it; they consequently open
jn opposite directions and towards each other. This law, however, in Asple-
nium is only observed where the vein has but few branches, for when these
are more numerous, and especially when, in consequence of their greater
number, the vein has a manifest trunk or axis, the involucra of all its branches
open towards this axis : the most remarkable instances of this occur in those
species of the genus which authors have separated from it, under the name
of Diplazium, where, however, another peculiarity exists, depending on the
same law. This peculiarity consists in the inner branch of the vein, or that
adjoining the mid-rib, appearing to have a relation not only to the axis of
the vein but to that of the pinna or frond from which the vein originates; a
relation indicated by its having two involucra, one of which bursts towards
the axis of the vein, the other towards the adjoining mid-rib, This double in-
volucrum constitutes the character of Diplazium, but as it is confined to the
inner branch, all the others being simple, and opening towards the axis of the
vein, there do not appear to be sufficient grounds for its separation from
Asplenium. I consider the curved involucrum of dspleniim Filix Femina,
which exists only on this inner branch of the vein, as somewhat analogous
to the double involucrum of Diplazium ; but in another point of view it may
be regarded as an approach to the structure of Nepirodium, to which this

plant has been improperly referred,

VOL, I, AF

586 APPENDIX, [Botany of Terra Australis.

THERE are some other Australian natural families of plants to which, either
as containing distinct and peculiar genera, or a considerable number of spe-
cies, similar remarks might be extended ; but I have already exceeded the
limits prescribed for the present essay, which I shall therefore conclude with
a few geueral observations, chiefly deduced from the facts previously stated,
and with a very slight comparison of the vegetation of Terra Australis with
that of other countries.

I have formerly remarked that nearly half the Australian species of
plants, at. present known, have been collected in a parallel included be-
tween 33° and 35° S. latitude ; and it appears, from the preceding obser-
vations on the several natural orders, that a much greater proportion of the
peculiarities of the Australian Flora exist in this, which I have therefore
called the principal parallel; and that many of them are even nearly con-
fined to it. But these peculiarities exist chiefly at its western and eastern
extremities, and are remarkably diminished in that intermediate part which
is comprehended between 133° and 138° E. long.

From the principal parallel most of the characteristic tribes diminish
in number of species as well as of individuals, not, however, equally in
both directions, but in a much greater degree towards the equator. In
Van Diemen's Island the same general aspect of vegetation is retained ;
but of the natural orders forming the peculiar character of the principal
parallel several are very much reduced, while none are augmented in
numbers ; and the only tribes which enter in nearly the same proportiog
into the composition of its Flora are Eucalyptus, the Leafless Acacie and,
perhaps, Epacridee. Within the tropic, at least on the East coast, the
departure from the Australian character is much more remarkable, and an
assimilation nearer to that of India than of any other country takes place.
Several of the peculiar orders and extensive genera of the principal parallel
are here exceedingly diminished, and none remain in nearly equal propor-
tion except Eucalyptus and the Leafless Acacia.

These two genera are not only the most widely diffused, but, by far,
the most extensive in Terra Australis, about 100 species of each having
been already observed ; and if taken together and considered with respect

General observations. | APPENDIX. 587

to the mass of vegetable matter they contain, calculated from the size as
well as the number of individuals, are, perhaps, nearly equal to all the
other plants of that country. They agree very generally also, though be-
longing to very different families, in a part of their ceconomy which contri-
butes somewhat to the peculiar character of the Australian forests, namely,
in their leaves or the parts performing the functions of leaves being vertical,
or presenting their margin, and not either surface, towards the stem ; both
surfaces having consequently the same relation to light. This ceconomy,
which uniformly takes place in the Acacia. is in them the result of the ver-
tical dilatation of the foliaceous footstalk ; while in Eucalyptus, where,
though very general, it is by no means universal, it proceeds from the
twisting of the footstalk of the leaf.

The plants of ‘Terra Australis at present known, amounting to 4200,
are referable, as has been already stated, to 120 natural orders ; but fully
half the number of species belong to eleven orders.

Ofthese Leguminose, Kuphorbiacee, Composite, Orchidee, Cypera-
cee, Graminez, and Filices are most extensive and very general tribes, which
are not more numerous in Terra Australis than in many other countries.

Thus Leguminose and Composite, which taken together compre-
hend one-fourth of the whole of Dicotyledones, and Graminee, which
alone form an equal part of Monocotyledones, bear nearly the same pro-
portion to these primary divisions in the Australian Flora.

The four remaining orders are M yrtacez, Proteacea, Restiacece, and
Epacridee. Ofthese Myrtacez, though it is likewise very general, has evi-
dently its maximum in Terra Australis, more species having been already
observed in that country than in all other parts of the world; Profeacee
and Restiecec, which are nearly confined to the southern hemisphere, and
appear to be most abundant in the principal parallel of New Holland, are
also very numerous at the Cape of Good Hope: and Epacridece, at least,
equally limited to the southern hemisphere, are, with very few exceptions,
confined to Terra Australis.

Several other less extensive natural families have also their maximum
in this country, especially Goodenovie, Stylidew, Myoporine, Pittosporee,
Dilleniaecze, Diosmew, and Haloragee ; but the only orders that appear
to be absolutely confined to Terra Australis are Tremandree and Stack-

588 APPENDIX, [Botany of Terra Australis.

house, both of them very small tribes, which many botanists may be dis-
posed to consider rather as genera than separate families.

A great part of the genera of Terra Australis are peculiar to it, and
also a considerable number of the species of such of its genera as are
found in other countries.

Of the species at present composing its Flora scarcely more than
400, or one-tenth of the whole number, have been observed in other
parts of the world. More than half of these are Phenogamous plants, of
which the greater part are natives of India, and the islands of the southern
Pacific ; several, however, are European plants, and a few belong even to
cequinoctial America. Of the Cryptogamous plants the far greater part
are natives of Europe.

In comparing very generally the Flora of the principal parallel of Terra
Australis with that of South Africa, we find several natural families cha-
racteristic of the Australian vegetation, as Proteacee, Diosmex, Restiaceze
Polygalez, and also Buttneriacee, if Hermannia and Mahernia beconsidered
as part of this order, existing, and in nearly equal abundance, at the
Cape of Good Hope ; others are replaced by analogous families, as Epacri-
dez by Ericez ; and some tribes which form a considerable part of the Aus-
tralian peculiarities, as Dilleniacez, the leafless Acacia and Eucalyptus,
are entirely wanting in South Africa.

On the other hand, several of the characteristic South African orders
and extensive genera are nearly or entirely wanting in New Holland : thus
Iridee, Mesembryanthemum, Pelargonium, and Oxalis, so abundant at the
Cape of Good Hope, occur very sparingly in New Holland, where the
South African genera Aloe, Stapelia, Cliffortia, Penaa, and Brunia,
do nct at all exist. Very few species are common to both countries,
and of these the only one which is at the same time peculiar to the Southern
hemisphere is Osmunda barbara.

We have not sufficient materials for a satisfactory comparison of the
Floraofthe higher latitudes of South America with that of the Southern
parts of Terra Australis. If, however, we may judge from those at pre-
sent in our possession, it would seem that the general character of the
South American vegetation differs much more from the Australian than
this does from that of South Africa. Yet several instances occur of the

Comparison with other countries.] APPENDIX. 589

same or of very nearly related genera, peculiar to the southern hemi-
sphere, which are common to Terra Australis and South America, and
which do not exist at the Cape of Good Hope. Thus the Pavonia or Lau-
relia of Chili has its nearly related genus Atherosperma in Van Diemen's
Island ; where also a genus that I shall name Tasmania occupies the place
of the Wintera of South America, from which it differs chiefly in haviug a
single ovarium; a species of the Araucaria of Chili exists in New Holiand
as well as in Norfolk Island and New Caledonia; several Lomafie are
found in South America ; a species of Astelia grows in Terra del Fuego ;
and Goodenia littoralis of the southern shores of Terra Australis is found
not only in New Zealand but on the opposite coast of America.

Ceriain tribes of plants common to South Africa and Terra Australis,
and almost equally abundant in both these countries, are either very sparingly
produced or cease to exist in South America. Others which abound in
South Africa and are comparatively rare in Terra Australis are in South
America entirely wanting; and Lam acquainted with no tribe of plants
common to South Africa and South America aud atthe same time wanting
in Terra Australis, unless the Composite with bilabiate corolla.

The character of the New Zealand Flora, known to us chiefly from the
materials collected by Sir Joseph Banks, is to a considerable degree pe-
culiar; it has still however a certain affinity to those of the two great
countries between which it is situated, and approaching rather to that of
Terra Australis, than of South America.

In comparing together the Floras of Terra Australis and Europe, I
shall chiefly confine myselfto an enumeration of the species common to both
countries ; the subject at present hardly admitting of many remarks of a
more general nature. It may, however, be observed, that none of the great
natural orders of Europe are absolutely wanting in Terra Australis ; that
some of them, as Composite, Leguminose, Graminee and Cyperacee
are found even in nearly the same proportion ; while others, as Crucifere,
Ranunculacez, Caryophyllee, Rosacee, and Erice are reduced to very
few species : aud that several of the less extensive European orders, namely
Saxifragee, Cistine, Berberides, Resedeaces, Fumariacee, Grossularine,
Valerianeze, Dipsaceee, Polemonidee, Globularie, Eleagne, and Equi-
setacee in Terra Australis do not at all exist.

590 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

The greater number of Australian genera, except the Acotyledonous,
differ from those of Europe ; there are, however, a few European genera,
as Utricularia, Drosera, and Samolus, that appear to have even their
maximum in Terra Australis.

From the following list of species, common to Terra Australis and
Europe, I have carefully excluded all such, as though now existing in the
different Settlements, have evidently, or probably, been introduced, and
I am satisfied that no naturalized plant will be found in it except, perhaps,
Cynodon Dactylon.

I have also excluded certain plants, as Elatine Hydropiper, Geum
urbanum, Oxalis corniculata, Lycopus europeus, and Typha angustifolia,
which, though appearing to differ in some respects from those of Europe,
are probably not specifically distinct. And if among the Phzenogamous
plants inserted there be any room for doubt respecting the identity of the
Australian and European species, it may possibly be as to Arenaria
marina, Zapania nodiflora,’ Atriplex Halimus, Potamogeton gramineum,
Cyperus rotundus, and Holcus gryllus.

The first observation that occurs with regard to this list is, that the
relative proportions of the three primary divisions of plants compared with
those of the Australian Flora are inverted: for of 2900 Dicotyledones of
the Flora only 15 are natives of Europe; while of 860 Monccotyledones
30, and of 400 Acotyledones upwards of 120 appear in the list.

The Phenogamous plants of the list are, with very few exceptions,
also natives of North America, and several of them are found even in other
parts of the world.

There is nothing peculiar in the apparent structure or ceconomy of
the Dicotyledonous plants common to countries so remote to account for
their more general diffusion: though several of them grow in wet or
marshy ground, yet very few are properly aquatic plants ; and in the struc-
ture of their seeds the only circumstance in which they all agree is in the
plumula of their embryo not being evolved.

Of the Monocoiyledones, on the other hand, a considerable number
are aquatic plants; and the greater part of ihose thai are not aquatic
belong to the irregu'ar tribes, supposed to have a simpler structure.

Among the Acotyledonous or Cryptogauious orders it is remarkable

Comparison with other countries.| APPENDIX. _ 591

that there should be but a single species of Fern in the list, though those of
the Flora exceed 100, of which 28 species are found likewise in other
countries. It is also worthy of notice that ofthe Submersed Alge not more
than one-sixth of the whole number found occur in the list: while of the
Musci and Hepatice one-third, and of the Lichenose two-thirds of those
observed are also natives of Europe.

The proportion of European plants in Terra Australis, though only
one-tenth of the whole number observed, appears to be greater than that in
the Flora of South Africa. And the vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope,
not only in the number of species peculiar to it, but in its general character,
as depending on the extensive genera or families of which it is composed,
differs almostas widely from that of the northern parts of the same con-
tinent, and the south of Europe, as that of the corresponding latitude of
Terra Australis does from the Flora of India and of Northern Asia,

Of the proportion of European species in the Flora of South America,
which is probably still smaller than that of South Africa, we have very
insufficient means of judging: we know, however, from the collections
made by Sir Joseph Banks, that at the southern extremity of America,
certain European plants, as Phleum alpinum, Alopecurus alpinus, and
Botrychium Lunaria exist ; and that there is even & considerable resem-
blance in the general character of the Flora of Terra del Fuego to that of
the opposite extremity of America and of the North of Europe.

APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

Or
cS
hN)

A LIST OF PLANTS,
NATIVES BOTH OF

TERRA AUSTRALIS AND OF EUROPE.

DICOTYLEDONES. Potamogeton crispum Linz.
——— ——- gramineum Linn.
POE SEET AMA: Alisma Plantego Linn.
Potentilla anserina Linn. |
Aphanes arvensis Zinn.
Lytlirum Salicaria Zinn.
Portulaca oleracea Linn.
Arenaria marina Smith brit. 480. JuNCES.
Nasturtium amphibium Hort. Kew. ed. 2. vol. 4.
p. 110.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris Linn.

AROIDER.

Caulinia oceanica Prodr, 339.
Zostera marina Linn.

Luzula campestris Decand. franc. 3. p. 161.
Juncus maritimus Smith brit. 375.
— effusus Linn.

MowoPEÉrALz. *
N CyPERACEX.
Sonchus oleraceus Linn.

Picris hieracioides Linn.
Zapania nodiflora Prodr. 514.
Verbena officinalis Zinn,
Prunella vulgaris Linn.
Calystegia sepium Prodr. 483.
Samolus valerandi Linn.

Carex Pseudo-cyperus Linz.
———- cespitosa Linn.
Cladium Mariseus Prodr. 236.
Scirpus maritimus Linn.

- triqueter Linn.
—— mucronatus Linn.
lacustris Linn.
APETAL&. Isolepis sctacea Prodr. 222.
Atriplex Halimus Zinn. fluitans Prodr. 221.
Cyperus rotundus Linn.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

GRAMINE.
HyvpRocHARIDE/S

Glyceria fluitans Prodr. 179.
Arundo Phragmitis Linn.
Cynodon Dactylon Prodr. 187.
Panicum crus-galli Linn.

ALISMACEA, Pennisetum glaucum Prodr. 195.
Potamogeton natans Linn. Imperata arundinacea Prodr. 204.
— perfoliatum Linn. Holeus Gryllus Prodr. 199.

Valisneria spiralis Linn.
Lemna minor Linn.
trisulca Linn.

Comparison with other countries. ]

ACOTYLEDONES.

MARSILIACER.
Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.

FILicEs.
Hymenophyllum tunbridgense Smith brit. 1141.

Musct.
Hypnum recognitum Hedw. sp. muse. 261.
Leskia complanata Hedw. sp. muse. 231.
Hookeria lucens Smith in linn. soc. transact. 9.
p.215.
Neckera pennata Hedw. sp. musc. 200.
- heteromalla ZZedw. sp. musc. 902.
Bryum capillare Hedw. sp. musc. 182.
- argenteum Hedw. sp. musc. 181.
Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. sp. musc. 164.
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. sp. muse. 172.
Barbula unguiculata Hedw. sp. musc. 118.
Trichostomum canescens Hedw. sp. musc. 111.
polyphyllum ZZedw. suppl. 153.
Cynontodium capillaceum Hedw. sp. muse. 57.
Fissidens exilis Hedw. sp. musc. 152.
Dicranum purpureum Hedw. sp. musc. 136.
flexuosum Hedw. sp. muse. 145?
scoparium Hedw. sp. musc. 126.
Encalypta vulgaris Hedw. sp. musc. 60
Weisia controversa Hedw. sp. musc. 67.
Grimmia pulvinata. Dicranum pulvinatum Hedw.
suppl. 1. p. 189.
- apocarpa Hedw. sp. musc. 76.
Gymnostomum pyriforme Hedw. sp. musc. 38.
Anictangium ciliatum Hedw. sp. musc. 40.
Phaseum muticum Hedw. sp. susc. 25.
Sphagnum capillifolium Hedw. sp. musc. 25.

Hepatica,
Jungermannia tomentella Hooker junger. 36.
-— tamarisci Linn.
-— complanata Linn.
——--—— bidentita Linn.
- pinguis Linn.
— ——-——— hyssacea Hooker junger. 12.
furcata Linn.
Targicoia hypophylla Linn.
Marchantia polymorpha Linn.

VOL, Il.

APPENDIX.

.Gyrophora polyphylla. G. heteroi‘ea 8 foc. cif.

693

Marchantia hemispherica Liza.
Anthoceros punctatus Linz.

Riccia glauca Linn.
- natans Linn.
—-— flui ans Linn.

LicngNosa.
Lecidea geographica dchar. lichencgr. 163.
coi.fluens Achar. loc. cit. 174.
parasema loc. cit. 175.

luteola loc. cit. 195.

||

lurida Joc. cit. 219.

218.

——— probo:cidea loc. cit. 220.
Callicium claviculare loc. cit. 235.
Verrucaria nitida Joc. cit, 279.
Endocarpon hepaticum Joc. cit. 298.
Thelotrema lepadinum /oc. cit. 312.
Lecanora atra loc. cit. 344.
-— fusco-atra loc. cit. 359.

B dendritica loc. cit.
parella doc. cit. 370.
subfusca /oc. cit. 393.
ventosa loc. cit. 399.
- sulphurea loc. cit. 399.
- decipiens /oc. cit. 409.
lepidosa loc, cit. 417.
microphylla loc. cit. 420.
gelida loc, cit. 428.
lentigera loc. cit. 423.
brunnea f nebulosa Joe. cit, 419.
Roccella fuciformis loc. cit. 440.
Evernia prunastri loc. cit. 442.
Stieta crocata loc. cit. 447.
—— pulmonacea Joc. cit. 449?

scrobiculata Joc. cit. 453,

Parmelia caperata loc. cit. 457.
- olivacea loc. ci^. 462.

parietina Joc. cit. A63.
- plunibea Joc. cit. 466.
stellaris Joc. cit. 476.

- conspersa loc, cit. 486.

physede uc. cit. 492.
Peltidea canina loc cit. 517.
Cenomyce pyxidata /oc. cit. 534.
coecitera lou, cit. 537.

4G

594 APPENDIX.

Cenomyce deformis loc. cit. 538
cornuta loc. cit. 545.
rangiferina loc. cit. 5 64
vermicularis loc. cit. 566.
Stereocaulon paschalis loc. cit. 581.
Spharophoron coralloides loc. cit. 585.
— compressum /oc. cif. 586.
Ramalina fraxinea loc. cit. 602.
fastigiata, loc. cit. 602.
Cornicularia spadicea loc. cit. 611.
lanata loc. cit. 615.
— pubescens loc. cit. 616.
Usnea florida doc. cit. 620.
Collema nigrum Joc. cit. 628.
-- fasciculare Joc. cit. 639.
———- tremellcides loc. cit. 655.
Lepraria flava loc. cit. 663.
incana loc. cit. 665.
boiryoides Achar. meth. 6.

Funet.

Rhizomorpha setiformis Pers. syn. fung. 705.

Turbercularia vulgaris Pers, syn. fung. 112.

Spheeria ophioglossoides Pers. syn. fung. 4.
Clavaria pistillaris Linn.

— coralloides Linn.

Peziza scutellata Linn.

Boletus igniarius Linn.

Agaricus alneus Linn.
— muscarius Linn.

——— campestris Linn.

ALG.

Conferva ebenea Dillwyn brit. conf. 101.
-— ericetorum Dillwyn brit. conf. 1.
Ulua plumosa Huds. ang. 571.

lactuca Linn.

Fucus articulatus Z'wrner fuci 2 p. 93. f. 106
obtusus Z'urner fuci 1. p. 44. t. 2].
———- pinnatifidus Turner fuci 1. p. 40. t. 20.
corneus Eng. bot 1970.

———- plicatus Turner fuci 3 p. 107. t. 180.
- palmatus Turner fuci p. 117. t. 115.
— —- rubens Turner fuci 1. p. 89. t. 42.

- sinuosus Z'urner fuci 1. p. 74. t. 35.

[Botany of Terra Australis.

APPENDIX. 595

DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS

2)

FIGURED IN THE ATLAS.

FLINDERSIA.

Ord. Nat. Cedrelee.
Syst. Linn, Pentandria Monogynia, inter Cedrelam et Calodendrum.

Cnar. cen. Stamina decem, dorso urceoli hypogyni inserta: alterna
sterilia. Capsula 5-partibilis: segmentis singulis divisis dissepi-
mento longitudinali, demum libero, utrique dispermo. Semina
erecta, apice alata,

FriNDERsIA AUSTRALIS. Tub, 1.

A tree of moderate size, observed September 1802, both in flower and with ripe
capsules, in the woods and thickets near the head of Broad Sound, on the East coast of
New Holland, in about 23? S. lat. The examination of Broad Sound was completed at
the sane time by Captain Flinders, to commemorate whose merits I have selected this
genus from the considerable number discovered in the Expedition, of which he was the
able and active commander.

DESC. Arbor, trunco pro ratione altitudinis mediocris crasso, coma irregulari, ramis
patulis, ramulis teretibus umbellatis cortice fusco cinereo rugoso, gemmis foliorum apici-
busque ramulorum gummiferis. Folia alterna, ad apicem ramuli conferta, exstipulata,
petiolata, composita, ternata vel cum impari opposito-pinnata 2-3-juga : foliola vblongo-
elliptica (in ramulis sterilibus quandoque lanceolata), integerrima glaberrima plana pellu-
cido-punctata, dum 2-3 uncias longa 12-15 lineas lata. Petiolus communis angulatus
mediocris: partialium laterales brevissimi, terminalis foliorum inferiorum 3-4 lineas
squans. Panicule terminales conferte, ramis ramulisque alternis patentibus, pube
brevi instructis: bracteis parvis subulatis. Flores parvi albi, odore debili haud ingrato.
Calyx brevis 5-fidus, extus pubescens, laciniis aequalibus semiovatis acutis, persistens.
Petala 5 scssilia oblongo-ovata obtusa plana, extus tenuissime pubescentia, basi disci sta-

xniniferi inserta, zstivatione imbricata. Stamina decem, infra apicem extus disci hypo-

596 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

gyni inserta, petalis breviora. Filamenta 5 antherifera cum petalis alternantia, prope
basin disci inserta : 5 sterilia petalis opposita, breviora, in disco paulo altius imposita:
omnia glabra compresso-filiformia conniventia: Anthere conniventes ovato-cordate acu-
minate glabre flavicantes, juxta basin affix:e, loculis appositis longitudiualiter dehis-
centibus: Pollen flavum globosum leve. Discus hypogynus ovarium laxé cireumdans,
brevis glaber cyathiformis decemplicatus subcrenatus. Ovarium liberum sessile depresso-
globosum viride, tuberculis confertissimis obtusis undique tectum, villisque rarioribus
tenuibus pubescens, 5-loculare: Stylus simplex erectus glaber obtusé 5-gonus:
Stigma peltatum alté 5-lobum. — Capsula lignea oblonga obtusa fere 3-uncialis, basi
calyce minimo persistenti subtensa, undique echinata processubus subcroso-ligneis con-
fertis subconicis, 5-partibilis, segmentis cymbiformibus, tandem ab apice sernibifidis et
siceatione sepe transversim fissis, basibus ante dehiscentiam adnexis axi centrali brevi
demum libero et persistenti. Placenta centralis longitudinaliter alte 5-loba, efformans
Dissepimenta quinque longitudine capsule, cum segmentis alternantia ideoque eorum
cavitates bipartientia, ante dehiscentiam margine interiore connexa, demum soluta, dimi-
diato-oblonga plana spongioso-lignea, versus dorsum obtusum sensim crassiora, margine
interiore in aciem attenuata, utrinque disperma, et insignita lineis duabus alternis a mar-
gine interiore arcuatim descendentibus et paulo intra dorsum desinentibus. Semina
erecta, funiculo brevi compresso paulo supra basin marginis exterioris inserta, plano-con-
vexa, apice in alam membranaceam planam uninervem ipso nucleo subovato sesquilongio-
rem desinentia. Infegumentumsimplex coriaceum basi lateribusque spongioso-incrassatis.
Albumen nullum. Embryo dicotyledoneus albus: Cotyledones transverse crasso-folia-
cee avenie : Ztadicula prope medium marginis interioris seminis transversa, brevissima,
sinu baseos cotyledonum inclusa, ab umbilico remota.

Obs. There can be very little doubt that Arbor Radulifera of the
Herbarium amboinense (3. p. 201, t. 129.) belongs to Flindersia, not
only from the external appearance of the capsule as exhibited in the figure,
but from the description given by Rumpf of its dehiscence, as well as of
the peculiar dissepiments and the structure of the seeds.

The affinities of this genus are not perhaps very evident. I have
referred it to Cedrelee, an order certain genera of which are annexed by
Jussieu to Melíacee, but which I have separated from that family chiefly
on account of the structure of the fruit, and of the winged seeds. Flin-
dersia, however, does not agree with the other genera of Cedrelez either
in the insertion of its seeds or dehiscence of its capsule: and it appears to
differ from them remarkably in its moveable dessepiments; but these may be
eonsidered as the segments of a common placenta, having a peculiar form,

Descriptions of Planis.} APPENDIX. 597

indeed, but not being in other respects essentially different from that of
Cedrelee. Flindersia is distinct also from the whole of the order, in
having its leaves dotted with pellueid glands, in which respect it seems to
connect Cedrelez with Hesperidee ; and, notwithstanding the absence
of albumen, even with Diosmee.

EUPOMATIA.

Ord. Nat. Annonacee !
Syst. Linn. Icosandria Polygynia, v. Monadelphia Polyandria.

Cuar. GEN. Operculum superum integerrimum deciduum (integumentis
floralibus preeterea nullis). Stamina uumerosa : exteriora antherifera :
interiora sterilia petaloidea imbricata, Ovarüiwn multiloculare, loculis
indefinitis (numero et ordine), polyspermis. S/igmata : areole tot quot
loculi, in apice planiusculo ovarii. Bacca polysperma.

Evpomatia LAvRINA. ‘Tab. 2.

In woods and thickets in the colony of Port Jackson, especially in the moun-
tainous districts, and on the banks of the principal rivers ; flowering in December and

January.

DESC. Frutex erectus ramosus glaberrimus 5-10 pedes altus, trunco gracili,
ramulis teretibus subporrectis. — Folia alterna, in ramulis bifaria, petiolata, exstipulata,
impunctata coriacea utrinque nitida nigro-viridia, integerrima plana oblonga acumine
brevi, basi acuta zquali, dum 5 uncias longa sesquiunciam lata. Pedunculi axillares,
uniflori folio breviores ramuliformes, foliis 3-4 alternis nanis instructi. Perianthium
superum, limbo juxta basin transversim dehiscente: Operculo caduco semielliptico, paulo
ante dehiscentiam albo-virescenti, e calyce et corolla concretis forsan conflato. Stamina
margine persistenti limbi perianthii inserta, multiplici serie, basibus connatis: eaferiora
antherifera numerosa patula vel arcté reflexa; Filamentis e basi dilatata subulatis;
Antheris ochroleucis linearibus, adnatis apice filamenti in mucronulum ultro produci,
bilocularibus longitudinaliter dehiscentibus ; Polline globoso levi: inferiora sterilia
petaloidea, arcte imbricata multiplici serie, basi invicem et antheriferis connexa simulque
decidua, interioribus sensim minoribus arctiusque imbricatis. — Ovarium turbinatum
multiloculare, loculis sparsis nec verticillatis, polyspermis, ovulis ellipticis angulo interiori
loculiinsertis. Stigma sessile planiusculum integrum, areolis subrotundis numero locu-
lorum notatum. Bacca turbinato-obovata glabra, basi angusta limbi persistentis peri-
anthii coronata, apice truncato areolato. Semina solitarié vel quandoque geminatim

598 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

inclusa cellulis clausis, mutuo pressione varie angulata, circumscriptione subovata glabra
impresso-punctata, altera extremitate, sepius obtusiore, affixa ; chorda ventrali ab umbi- é
lico parvo ducta ad extremitatem oppositam ibique in chalazam integumento interiori
acnetam desinente: Znfegumentum duplex; exterius membranaceum intus , undique
einittens processus breves inter rugas albuminis demissos, et secundum chordam ventralem
processum continuum altiorem nucleum semibipartientem ; Znferius tenuissimum albu-
mine arctissime acnatum : 4/humen semini conforme carnosum lobitum. Embryo in
regione umb.lici, albumine 5-6ies brevior, dicotyledoneus albicans: Cotyledones lineares
foliacee : Radicula teres recta longitudine cotyledonum.

Obs. This genus forms a very unexpected addition to Annonacee, of
which it will constitute a distinct section, remarkable in the manifestly
perigynous insertion of its stamina and the cohesion of the tube of its
calyx with the ovarium. It has therefore nearly the same relation to the
other genera of the order that Nymphaea has to Hydropeltis: and the
affinity in both cases is chiefly determined by the structure of the seed.

The Operculum of Eupomatia, in which there is no mark of longi-
tudinal division, may be considered as formed either of the calyx alone,
or of the confluent calyx and corolla, as appears to be the case at least
in several species of Eucalyptus.

A singular part of the structure of Eupomatia consists in its internal,
barren, petal-like stamina, which, from their number and disposition, com-
pletely cut off all communication between the Anthere and Stigmata.
This communication appears to be restored by certain minute insects
eating the petal-like filaments, while the antheriferous stamina, which
are either expanded or reflected, and appear to be even slightly irritable,
remain untouched. Ihave at least not unfrequently seen the barren sta-
mina removed in this way, and, as all the stamina are firmly connected at
the base and fall off together, it is difficult to conceive any other mode of
exposing the Stigmata to the influence of the Anthere.

Ee

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Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 599

EUDESMIA.

Ord. Nat. Myrtacee, inter Eucalyptum et Angophoram.
Syst. Linn. Polyadelphia Polyandria.

Cuar. Gen. Calyx superus, 4-dentatus, Petala arcte connata in Oper-
culum 4-striatum deciduum. Stamina in phalanges quatuor polyan-
dras, cumdentibus calycis alternantes, basi connata. — Capsula 4-loc.
polysperma, apice dehiscens.

EupEsMiA TETRAGONA. Tab, 3.

. In exposed barren places near the shores, in the neighbourhood of Lucky Bay, on
the South coast of New Holland in 34° S. lat. and 123° E. lon.; gathered both in flower
and fruit in January 1802.

DESC. Frutex 3-5 pedes altus, ramis patentibus, ramulis 4-gonis angulis margi-
natis. Folia opposita quandoque subopposita, petiolata, sepius aversa, lanceolata vel
oblonga, coriacea compacta, intezerrima marginata glauca resinoso-punctata, venis vix
emersis anastomozantibus, 3-4 uncias longa, 14-16 lineas lata. Umbelle laterales
pauciflore, pedunculo pedicellisque ancipitibus. Caly# turbinatus obtuse 4-gonys cum
ovario coherens, angulis apice productis in dentes breves subineequales, duobus oppositis
paulo majoribus. Operculum depresso-hemisphzericum muticum glandulosum albicans,
striis quatuor cruciatis parum depressis dentibus calycis oppositis notatum, quasi e petalis
quatuor conflatum, caducum. Stamina plurima : Filamenta in. phalanges quatuor petalis
oppositas approximata, capillaria glabra alba, interiora sensim breviora: Anthere ovato-
subrotunde incumbentes ochroleucz, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. — Ovarium
inclusum tubo adherenti calycis, 4-loculare: Stylus 1, cylindraceus: Stigma obtusum.
Capsula inclusa et connata tubo aucto turbinato oblongo ligneo calycis, apice 4-fariam
dehiscens.

^

Oss. There can be no doubt respecting the affinity of this genus,
which belongs to Myrtace: and differs from Eucalyptus solely in having a
striated opereulum placed within a distinctly toothed calyx, and in its
filaments being collected into bundles. The Operculum in Eudesmia,
from the nature of its strize and their relation to the teeth of the calyx, ap-
pears to be formed of the confluent petals only: whereas, that of Eucalyp-
tus, which is neither striated nor placed within a distinct calyx, is more
probably composed, in several cases at least, of both floral envelopes united,
But in many species of Eucalyptus a double Operculum has been observed ;
inthese the outer Operculum, which generally separates at a much earlier

600 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,

stage, may, perhaps, be considered as formed of the calyx, and the inner
consequently of corolla alone, as in Eudesmia: this view of the struc-
ture appears at least very probable in contemplating Eucalyptus globulus,
in which the cicatrix caused by the separation of the outer operculum is
particularly obvious, and in which also the inner operculum is of an evi-
dently different form,

Jussieu, in some observations which he has lately made on this
subject, (in Annales du mus. 19. p. 432., ) seems inclined to consider the
operculum of Eucalyptus as formed of two confluent bractez, as is certainly
the case with respect to the calyptra of Pileanthus, and of a nearly related
genus of the same natural family. This account of its origin in Eucalyptus,
however, is hardly consistent with the usual umbellate inflorescence of that
genus ; the pedicelli of an umbel being always destitute of bractez ; and in
Eucalyptus globulus, where the flowers are solitary, two distinct bracteze are
present as well as a double operculum. But a calyptra analogous to that
of Pileanthus exists also in most of the species of Eucalyptus, where it is
formed of the confluent bractez common to the whole umbel, and falls off
ata very early period,

CEPHALOTUS.
Ord. Nat. Rosacee.
Syst. Linn. Dodecandria Hexagynia.

Cuar. Gen. Calyx coloratus, 6-fidus, :estivatione valvata. Petala o. Stam.
12, perigyna: Antherarum dorso glanduioso. Ovaria 6, distincta,
monosperma, ovulo erecto, Styli terminales.

CrernaLoTUs roLLICULARIS. Tab. 4.
Cephalotus follicularis. :Labillard. nov. holl. 2. p. 7. t. 145.

In marshy ground, in the neighbourhood of King George's Sound, especially near
the shores of Princess Royal Harbour, in 35? S. lat. and 118? E. long.; beginning to
flower about the end of December.

DESC. Z/erba perennis. Caulis abbreviatus vix uncialis, demersus, sepe sub terram
divisus. Folia in apice vix emerso caulis conferta quasi radicalia, numerosa, petiolata,
exstipulata, elliptica integerrima, enervia crassiuscula plaoa glabra p'isve raris instructa,
viridia, 8-16 lineas longa, — Petiolus folio vix brevior, semiteres basi parui dilatata.

Ascidia foliis intermista, petiolisque similibus porrectis p:rumve deflexis insiten-

tia, in orbem eirca folia digesta, respectu petioli dependentia, quoad propriam cavitatem

ZG aA
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Descriptions of Plants.] ^ APPENDIX. 601

erecta, subovata, operculata, uncialia: fus ornata costis tribus ab ore cristato
ortis, valde elevatis et sepius apice longitudinaliter depresso latiusculo marginibus acutis
pilosis ; Zateralibus obliquis dorsum versus tendentibus sensim declinantibus et prope
medium lateris desinentibus in lineas cursum oblique anticum servantes pauloque supra
basin ventris coalescentes; ventrali elevatiore recta, longitudine ascidii, apice semper
latiusque depresso: Znfus nitentia et e majore parte nigro-purpurea, paulo infra an-
nulum costatum oris aucta margine prominulo integerrimo. Ore plusquam semiorbi-
culari, paulo infra marginem extus cincto annulo tenui, ortum prabente processubus
numerosis (19-23), parallelis costzeformibus, adnatis, extremitate interiore soluta brevi
incurva acuta. Operculo e petiolo derivato et postico lateri oris ascidii lata basi inserto,
foliaceo orbieulato-obovato emarginato planiusculo viridi, venis nigro-purpureis latis
ramosis apice anastomozantibus picto, extus pilosiusculo intus glabro.

Scapus simplicissimus erectus pedalis sesquipedalis villosus pilis simplicibus acutis,
instructus bracteis nonnullis alternis remotis deciduis ; dimidio inferiore quandoque an-
gulato, superiore semper tereti, Spica terminalis erecta biuncialis, composita spiculis
numerosis, superioribus confertis, inferioribus sensim remotioribus, omnibus pedunculatis
4-5-floris, floribus subeorymbosis ebracteatis. Bractee@ pedunculos spicularum subten-
dentes subulato-lineares decidue. lores parvi. Calyx albus, ali? 6-fidus simplici serie,
regularis equalis, extus pube adpressa simplici, laciniis ovato-lanceolatis patulis apice
denticulo interiore auctis : basi intus incrassata pilisque capitatis brevissimis hispidula.
Stamina margini tubi calycis inserto, ejusdem laciniis breviora; sex laciniis alternantia
longiora et precociora: Filamenta subulata erecto-conniventia glabra purpurascentia :
Anthere conniventes subrotunde didyme, lobis appositis purpurascentibus longitudina-
liter dehiscentibus, connectivo subgloboso fungoso celluloso albo adnatis: Pollen flavum.
Pistilla 6 approximata, staminibus minoribus breviora: Ovaria cum laciniis perianthii
alterpantia subovata parum compressa glabra, margine ventrali truncato dorsali rotundato,
monosperma; Ov«ulo erecto, magnitudine fere loculi et intra testam membranaceam con-
tinente sacculum magnitudine cavitatis teste, pendulum: Styli terminales teretiusculi:
Stigmata simplicia. — Fasciculus laxus albus villorum centrum receptaculi intra ovaria

occupat.

Obs. Cephalotus has been referred by its discoverer Labillardiere to
Rosacew, to which, notwithstanding its coloured calyx and the absence of
petals, it seems to have the nearest affinity ; a knowledge of the fruit, how-
ever, is wanting to determine absolutely its place in the natural method.
From the structure of its ovulum, even in the unimpregnated state, I enter-
tain no doubt that the radicule of the Embryo points to the umbilicus of
the seed and therefore downwards; a circumstance in which it would

VOL. II, AH

602 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis,

differ from the greater part, but not from all the Rosaceae ; and in other
respects it does not appear to belong to any subdivision of that order
hitherto proposed,

In the structure of its Ascidia it agrees with Nepenthes, with which,
however, it has no other point of resemblance.

The Ascidia or Pitchers of Cephalotus were observed to be in gene-
ral nearly half filled with a watery fluid, in which great numbers of a
small species of Ant were frequently found drowned. This fluid, which
hada slightly sweet taste, may possibly be in part a secretion of the Pitcher
itself, but more probably consists merely of rain-water received and pre-
served init. The lid ofthe Pitcher in the full grown state was foand
either accurately closing its mouth or having an erect position and there-
fore leaving it entirely open ; and it is not unlikely that the position of the
lid is determined by the state of the atmosphere, or even by other external
causes.

ANTIARIS.

Ord. Nat. Urticee, inter Brosimum et Olmediam.
Syst. Linn. Monecia Tetrandria

Cuar. Gen. Masc. Involucrum multiflorum, basi orbiculata florifera,
apice mullifido. Calya 4-ph. Stam. 4.

Fem. Involucrum uniflorum, urceolatum, apice multifidum. Calyx o.
Ovarium cum involucro colzerens, monospermum, ovulo pendulo.
Stylus bipartitus. Drupa ex involucro aucto formata. Semen exal-
buminosum, LEmbryonis radicula supera.

ANTIARIS MACROPHYLLA. ‘Tab. 5.

A shrub or very small tree observed in barreu stony places, on the shores of the
Comprny’s Elanés, adjacent to Arnhem's Land, on the North coast of New Holland, in
about 12? S. lat. ; bearing both flowers and ripe fruitin February 1803.

DESC. Frutex orgyalis ramosissimus glaber lactescens. Z2amuli teretes. Folia
alterna, petiolata, stipulata, oblonga cum brevi acumine, basi inzquali subcordata, gla-
bersima integerrima ecriacea, supra nigro-viridia nitida subtus viridiora, venis fere rect-

&uguli- Juxta marginem anastomozantibus, venulis divaricatis, dum sex uncias longa ulira

T At Bence ste?
n

Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 693

tres uncias lata. Petioli teretiusculi cinerascentes semunciales. Stipela intrafoliacea
conduplicata lanceolata acuminata foliacea. — Pedunculi axillares solitarii, brevissimi, an-
drogyni, pedicellis 6-8 alternis, infimo femineo priecociore, reliquis masculis. Masc.
Involucrum subcyathiforme apice multifido, laciniis imbricatis acutis ciliatis conni-
ventibus, demum expansum orbiculare marginibus reflexis, diametro quinqu lineari.
Flosculi numerosi densé conferti sessiles. — Calyx 4-ph. foliolis subspathulatis apicc con-
niventibus. Corollao. Anthere biloculares : Pollen album. Nullum rudimentum pistiili.
FEM. Jnvolucrum uuilorum ovatum parvum glabrum vide ace multifidum,
laciniis numerosis lanceolatis ciliatis conniventibus, nunnnllisque dorsalibus sparsis
similibus. Ca/yz o. Stamina o. Ovarium accretum et in-lusum ventre involucri, niono-
spermum, ovulo pendulo: Stylus profundé b fidus, lac’ iis Alf mios elongati. albicau-
tibus glabris: Stigmata acuta. Drupa ex involucro aucto effor atum, © lis | abra,
magnitudine pruni domestici minoris, nigro-sanguinea, substantia carnosa cras ^ lac'es-
cente intus flavicante, laete albo; putamine ovato cru ta e; tenaci levi fusco. litegu-
mentum seminis preter putamen nullum. dbwmen nul'um. Enibr;o dicot ledon us
albus: Cotyledones maximae amygdalino-carnose ovate plano-convexie : — Ziadicula, su-
pera brevissima.

Obs. When I collected and described this plant on tlie north coast of
New Holland, I had no reason to suppose it had any affinity to the Upas
ZIntiar or Poison tree of Java, of which the first satisfactory account has been
since published by Mr. Leschenault. There can however be no doubt that
the plant of New Holland belongs to the same genus with Antiaris toxicaria
of that author,* notwithstanding some difference between our accounis
of the structure of the male flowers; with respect to which I tiave on!y to
observe that my description was taken from living plants, and I consi ler its
correctness to be very mach confirmed by the figure, which was after-
wards made from dried specimens, by Mr. Bauer, who was unacquainted
with my observations. Antiaris evidentiy belongs to Urticee, and in
a natural series will stand between Brosemum of Swartz and Glmedia of
Flora Peruviana, agreeing with the latter in the structure of its male flowers,

and more nearly resembling the former in its female flowers and íruit.

* Annales du mus. 16. p. 478, t. 22,

604 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

FRANKLANDIA.

Ord. Nat. Proteacee.
Sys. Linn. Tetrandria Monogynia.

Cuar. Gen. Perianthium hypocrateriforme: limbo quadripartito deciduo,
estivatione induplicata: tubo persistenti. Anthere incluse, perian-
thio accrete, Sguame 4, perigyne, in vaginam 4-fidam connate.
Ovarium monospermum. — Caryopsis fusiformis pedicellata, apice

dilatato papposo.
FRANKLANDIA FUCIFOLIA, Tab. 6.
Franklandia fucifolia, Linn. soc. transact. 10, p. 157. Prdr. fl. nov. holl. 370.

In moist heaths near the shores of King George's Sound, on the South west coast of
New Holland, found in flower and with ripe seed in December, 1801.

DESC. Prater erectus ramosus 2-3 pedes altus glaber, glandulis pustuliformibus
aurantiacis undique conspersus. ami teretes striati, epidermide tenui cinerea. — Folia
alterna triuncialia filiformia, basi per spatium semunciale indivisa, dein dichotoma, lacinia-
rum apicibus fastigiatis, ultime dichotomiz ramulo altero bifido altero simplici. ^ Spice
axillares solitarize simplicissime rare pedunculate erectze, foliis parum longiores: pedi-
cellis alternis basi unibracteatis : bractea ovata obtusa concava sesquilineam longa, post
lapsum peranthii fructiferi persistenti. — Perianthium luteum | fere biunciale, extus con-
spersum pustulis rufescéntibus: Ungues in tubum eylindraceam coherentes, extra medium
pappo caryopsidis expandenti solubiles et decidui; inferne arctius connati indurati persis-
tentes: Lamine tubo breviores, equales lanceolate, disco plano, marginibus adscendenti-
bus parum undulatis vividiusque coloratis, sub zstivatione induplicatis. Stamina 4,
inclusa, antherarum apicibus faucem semiclaudentibus: Filamenta medio tubo perian-
thii quasi inserta, laciniis opposita et iisdem longitudinaliter arcte coheerentia: dAnthere
lineares dimidio superiore filamenti in mucronulum ultro producti adnate, loculis appositis
longitudinaliter debiscentibus : Po//en flavum subglobosum obsoletissimé trigonum leve.
Faginula dimidio inferiore tubi perianthii arctissime adnata, ita ut quasi ad eandem alti-
tudinem ac filamenta inserta, superne soluta quadridentata, demum increscenti caryopsidi
quadrifida, laciniis subulato-linearibus cum staminibus alternantibus. | Ovarium teretius-
culum, monospermum: dimidio inferiore barbato pilis strictis copiosis, tenuiore et in
pedicellum sensim angustato : superiore fusiformi glabro striato: apice coronatum appo
sessili capillari e pilis strictis acutis formato, ipsum ovarium aliquoties superante. Stylus
filiformis erectus altitudine staminum lanatus apice glabro. Stigma turbinatum indivisum

»

LPve wee

a

Descriptions of Plants. | APPENDIX. 605

glabrum, apice depresso. Caryopsis crustacea, dimidio inferiore persistenti indurato tubi
perianthii inclusa, striata apice dilatata in vaginulam brevem subcyathiformam extus pappi-
geram intus glabram. Semen fusiforme, membrana propria tenuissima apice chalaza fusca
insignita. d/bumennullum, Embryoerectus subcylindraceus albus: Cotyledones brevissime
semiorbiculate: Ztadicula maxima elongato-turbinata teres acuta: Plumula inconspicua.

Obs. Franklandia, though evidently belonging to Proteacez, differs
from the whole of that family in at least three points of structure, any
one of which may equally be assumed as the essential character of the
genus; namely, in the antherz being fixed through their whole length to
the laciniz of the perianthium ; in the squamz which alternate with the
stamina so intimately cohering at their base with the lower half of the
calyx that they appear to originate from its upper part; and in the induplicate
estivation of the laminze of the hypocrateriform perianthium. In this last
respect the genus presents an exception to what I had formerly considered
as one of the most constant distinguishing characters of the order ; it does
not however so materially invalidate this character as a change to any
other kind of zstivation would have done; the induplicate and valvular
modes passing into each other, merely by an abstraction or addition of the
elevated margins of the lacinie. Instances of the abstraction of these
elevated margins, in orders where they are generally present, are met with
in Goodenovie and Convolvulaceze, anc an instance of their addition as
in Franklandia occurs, though less obviously, in Chuquiraga, a genus
belonging to Composite, in which family the valvular estivation is as
general as in Proteacez.

The estivation of Frauklandia may be adduced in support of that
opinion which considers the floral envelope of Proteaceae as corolla rather
than calyx; there being, I. believe, no instance of a similar estivation in
a genuine calyx, unless that of Nyctagines be regarded as such: but
a stronger argument for this envelope being really calyx is afforded also
by Franklandia, in which the transition. from the footstalk to the perian-
thium is so gradual as to be externally imperceptible, and is not marked
either by any change or interruption of the surface,

The apparently similar origin in Franklandia of the stamina and squamae
affords an argument, in addition to what I have formerly stated *, for con-

* Linn, soc. transact. 10. p. 159.

606 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

sidering the latter as barren filaments; we may therefore expect to find
octandrous genera belonging to this family. While the persistence and
induration of the lower half of the perianthium in this genus, and the peri-
gynous origin of the squamz, which in other genera of the order are hypo-
gynous, render it not improbable that plants may hereafter be discovered
having a calyx absolutely cohering with the ovarium, which nevertheless it
may be necessary to refer to Proteacee.

Eleagnee, in which the tendency to cohesion of the calyx and ova-
rium is still more obvious than in Franklandia, approach very near to
Proteacee in most respects, and the single difference in fructification
between these two orders, consisting in the stamina being opposite to the
lacini: of the calyx in the latter and alternating with them in the former,
is not an insuperable objection to their union ; for Drapetes, which evi-
dently belongs to Thymelez, has, in opposition to the rest of that order,
its stamina alternating with the divisions of the perianthium.

SYNAPHEA.

Ord. Nat. Proteacee.
Syst. Linn. Triandria Monogynia.

Cnan. Gen. Perianthium iubulosum, 4-fidum, ringens. Anthere tres,
incluse: inferior didyma cum lateralibus dimidiatis primo coherens
in vaginam bilocularem, lobis proximis vicinarum loculum unicum
constituentibus. Síigma filamento superiore sterili connatum. Nux.

SYNAPHEA DILATATA. Tab. 7.

Synaphea foliis apice dilatatis trilobis: lobis inciso- dentatis, petiolis spicisque villosis,
stigmate bicorni. Linn. soc. transact. 10, p. 156. Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 370.

Conospermum recticulatum. Smith in Rees Cycloped.

In exposed barren situations, near the shores of King George's Sound ; gathered in

flower and fruit, in December, 1801.

DESC. Fruticulus procumbens teres crassitie penne corvine, subramosus, villis
patulis mollibus tomentoque appresso cinereus. Folia alterna, elongato-petiolata, adscen-
dentia, cuncata, basi valde attenuata, apice dilatato trifido, lobis incisis, segmentis

Ler ]
er” Bauer etat 1

RON
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———— LE
3

Descriptions of Planis. | APPENDIX. 607

brevibus acutis mucronulo sphacelato; trinervia, nervis lateralibus margini approximatis
simplicissimis et infra apicem folii desinentibus, nec in lacinulas extimas productis ;
medio trifido, ramis lateralibus subalternis; utrinque pulchré reticulata, areolis mi-
nutis subtus magis conspicuis; adulta glabrata, novella villosa. Petioli teretes, basi dilatata
oblongo-lanceolata scariosa. Spice axillares solitarize simplicissime erectee 3-4-unciales
folia vix zquantes, basiflore, rachi tomentcsa, floribus alternis sessilibus unibracteatis ;
bracteis cucullatis ovatis acutis persistentibus. — Perianthium coloratum flavum deciduum:
ungues inferne connati in tubum demum 4-partibilem : amine in limbum bilabiatum dispo-
sitze, lauccolatee ; dorsali labium superius constituente latiore ; anticarum media lateralibus
angustiore. Stamina tubo inclusa, supra medium unguium inserta: Filamenta quatuor,
brevia: superiore sterili apice cum stigmato connato ; reliqua antherifera: dnthere
laterales dimidiate ; inferior didyma, lobis cum iis lateralium longitudinaliter connexis,
ita ut lobus singulus inferioris cum respondenti laterali loculum unicum tandem bivalvem
constituit, nullo vestigio dissepimenti: Pollen triangulare. Squame hypogyne nulle.
Ovarium turbinatum pubescens apiceque ornatum pilis brevibus crassis pellucidis strictis,
monospermum: Stylus curvatus glaber sursum incrassatus deciduus: Stigma dilatatum
obliquum, hinc apice filamenti arctissime connatum, inde desinens in cornua duo parallela
distantia subulata. — Nex crustacea obovata striata pilosa, apiceque coronata pappo brevi
e pilis strictis crassioribus furmato.

Cbs. In my general observations on Proteacez I have noticed two
very remarkable characters of Synaphea, namely, the cohesion of the bar-
ren filament with the stigma, which is peculiar to this genus, and the
structure and connection of the Anthere, in which it agrees with Cono-
spermum : it is also remarkable that these two nearly related genera should
differ in the position of their barren and fertile stamina with relation to the
perianthium ; plants of the same natural family very generally agreeing
iu the order of abortion or suppression of these orgaus ; to this however
some other exceptions are known, and one has been already noticed as
occuring in Drapetes.

The genus Synaphea seems to be confined to the south-west coast of
New Holland, for it is more likely that Polypodiwm spinulosum of Bur-
mannus (flor. ind. 233. t. 61. f. 1.) which I have formerly referred to this
genus,as well as ddiantum truncatum of the same author, long since deter-
mined to be a species of Acacia, by Mr. Dryander, were brought from that
coast to Batavia by one of the Dutch navigators, perhaps by Vlaming, than
that they are realiy natives of Java, from which Burmannus received them,

608 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis.

DASYPOGON.

Ord. Nat. Juncee@ inter Xerotem et Calectasiam.
Syst. Linn. Hexandria Monogynia, post Xerophytam.

Cuar. Gen. Perianthium duplex : ezterius tubulosum, trifidum : énferius
triphyllum, foliolis semipetaloideis cochleariformibus. Stamina 6,
imo perianthio inserta, — Ovarium. superum, uniloculare, trispermum,
ovulis erectis. — Sfylus subulatus, Stigma simplex. — Utriculus mono-
spermus, tubo indurato aucto perianthii exterioris inclusus.

DasvPocoN BRoMELIFOLIUs. Tab. 8.
Dasypogon bromeliifolius. Prodr. fi. nov. holl. 263.

On the shores of King George's Sound ; observed in flower and fruit in December,
1801.

DESC. Planta suffruticosa sesquipedalis bipedalis, habitu peculiari, ad Xerotem
aliquatenüs accedenti. Caulis simplicissimus teres foliatus, pilis strictis brevibus copiosis
denticulatis reversis tectus. Folia graminea; radicalia conferta; caulina sparsa supe-
rioribus remotis, breviora, semiamplexicaulia: omnia mucronata glabra marginibus
denticulato-asperis. Capitulum terminale solitarium sphericum, magnitudine nucis
juglandis vel pruni minoris, bracteis nonnullis patulis foliiformibus involucratum. Flores
sessiles conferti, paleis e dilatata basi lanceolatis margine denticulatis distincti, aliisque
angustioribus intermistis, Perianthium exterius 3-partitum, extus pilis longis strictis
denticulatis barbatum ; unguibus in tubum subovatum leviter coharentibus; /azminis
distinctis ovatis concaviusculis inferné pallidis, superné nigricautibus ibique intus pube
tenuissima: Znferius longitudine exterioris, glabrum: wngwibus angustis dislinctis ap-
proximatis concaviuseulis hyalinis glabris; /aminis ungue paulo latioribus, subellip-
ticis ciliatis hyalinis, carina nigricanti apice pubescenti. Stamina ipsi basi perianthii
inserta eoque fere duplo longiora: Filamenta equalia filiformia alba glabra, apice incras-
sato subclavato cum apiculo brevi setaceo antherifero : Anthere oblonge pallidé flave
incumbentes, infra medium affixe, biloeulares, loculis appositis approximatis longitudi-
naliter dehiscentibus. | Ovarium subovatum trigonum glabrum albicans, ovulis oblongis :
Stylus strictus glaber albus, inferne obsoleté trigonus, superne teres. Utriculus mem-
branaceus, inclusus tubo perianthii exterioris incrassato nucamentaceo nitico fusco glabrato.
Semen subglobosum, integumento simplicissimo connato: .//bwmine carnoso semini

conformi. Embryo - - -

af ^d
2

va
Ts

f

Descriptions of Plants. | APPENDIX. 609

CALECTASIA.

Ord. Nat. Juncee.
Syst. Linn. Hexandria Monogynia.

Cuar. cen. Perianthium inferum, tubulosum, hypocrateriforme, persis-
tens: limbo petaloideo 6-partito, wstivatione imbricata. Stamina 6,
fauci inserta : Antheris conniventibus, poro duplici apicis dehiscenti-
bus. Ovarium uniloculare, trispermum, ovulis erectis. Stylus fili-
formis. Stigma simplex. Uériculus monospermus, tubo indurato
perianthii inclusus.

CarEcrTAsiA CvaNEa. Tab, 9.
Calectasia cyanea Prodr. fl. nov. hoil. 261.
On barren hills, near the shores of King George's Sound; flowering in December.

DESC. Fruticulus ramosissimus erectus cespitem efformans, pedalis sesqui-
pedalis, glaber; caule inferne tereti, basibus persistentibus foliorum. squamoso. Folia
e basibus dilatatis semivaginantibus imbricatis patula, acerosa ancipitia rigida semun-
cialia, mucrone brevi pungenti terminata, glabra; ramea patula, ramulorum mo.
dice patentia confertiora. Flores ramulos breves ultimos terminantes solitarii, sessiles,
foliis floralibus minoribus confertissimis, intimis albicantibus, inferné cincti. Perianthium:
Tubo angusto-infundibuliformi subcarnoso viridi striato, extus villosiusculo, intus glabro:
Limbo stellatim patulo, laciniis lanceolatis brevissime mucronulatis immerse nervosis pa-
rum concavis vivide c:eruleis, disco extus villosiuseulo. Stamina 6: Filamenta fauci
perianthii inserta, limbi laciniis opposita, conniventia curvata ccrulea glabra: Anthere
approximate, liberz, oblongo-lineares obtuse, basi emarginate affixee, inferné quadrilo-
culares, superné biloculares poro duplici apicis dehiscentibus. Ovarium subcylindraceum
utrinque attenuatum dilute viride glabrum, longitudine tubi perianthii, uniloculare, trisper-
mum, ovulis erectis : Stylus filiformis glaber ceeruleus, basi pallidiore pauloque crassiore,
pariter ac filamenta curvatus, staminibus paulo longior: Stigma acutum. Utriculus
tubo indurato perianthii inclusus, tenuis, juxta basin transversim abscedens margine lacero,
calyptra apicem seminis maturescentis tegente. Semen unicum, maturescens clongato-
pyriforme teres tenuiter striatum, basi caudata funiculo capillari affixum. Integumentum
simplicissimum nucleo arcte cohaerens, apice area fusca notatum. Albumen semini con-
forme, dense carnosum, album, apice insculptum cavitate superficiali area fusca incras-

sata integumenti repleta, Zmbryo ....

VOL, II. 4]

Ms

610 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. —-

*

CORYSANTHES.

Ord, Nat. Orchidee.
Syst. Linn. Gynandria Monandria.

‘Perienthamm ringens : Galea magna: Labium inferius A-partitum, ra-
num, occultatum ZLabello maximo cucullato vel tabuloso. | Znthera
terminalis, unilocularis, semibivalvis, persistens : Jasse Pollinis 4,

pulverez.
ConvsaNTHES FIMBRIATA. ‘Jab. 10.
Corysanthes fimbriata. — Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 328.

In shady places, especially under rocks and large stones, ncar Sydney, aud in other

parts of the colony of Port Jackson.

DESC. Bulbus solitarius pisiformis radicem longam teretem fibris nonnullis al-
ternis simplicissimis instructam terminans.

Folium unicum, quasi radicale, sed caulem brevissimum demersum, basi squama
unica seinivaginanti subovata acuta instructum terminans, subrotundum mucrone
brevissimo, basi alté cordata, lobis posticis rotundatis altero alterum equitante, expla-
natum horizontale, viride subtus dilutius, diametro subunciali, venosum venis di-
chotomis crebre anastomozantibus in nervum margini approximatum et parallelum
desinentibus. Flos solitarius, pro ratione plant magnus, purpureus ; ovario intra folium
subsessili postice bractea semilanceolata erecta sub:enso. Perianthium petaloideum
scxpartitum ringens : Floliola tria exteriora, quorum Galea hyalina cum maculis crebris
purpureis inzequalibus, e basi erectiuscula arcuata argustiore, superne dilatata obovata
magis concava porrecta, apice incurvo, marginibus longitudinaliter nudis; duo antica cum
lateralibus interiorum labium inferius descendenti-por:ectum efformantia, subulata plana
alba immaculata, ipsis basibus invicem connatis: fria interiora, quorum duo lateralia
anticis exteriorum similia, e basi brevi porrecta adscendentia. Labellum maximum
unguiculatum indivisum : ungue brevissimo erecto albo: lamine dimidio inferiore
adscend-nti galee basi appresso, marginibus nudis inflexis tubum completum efformante,
intus nigro sanguineo sursum dilutiore, paulo infra apicem albo virescenti rugoso subglan-
duloso ; swperiore dilatato ovato concavo deflexo, dilute purpureo maculis numerosis con-
fluentibus rufo-sanguineis, disco intus paulo infra apicem glandulis sessilibus sparsis ornato
marginibus inflexis fimbriatis lacinulis subulatis equalibus,

Cobunna fructificationis inclusa, brevissima, adscendens, alba carnosa, basi parum

coarctata, apice posiicé trifido dentibus lateralibus erectis subulatis intermedio antheri-

A Santon as

x
X
S.
x
NS
x
NS
SS

d

/

Ya

Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 611

fero. Anthera mobilis ovata membranacea purpurascens apice semibifido, unilocularis,
apicem columna incumbens. Masse Pollinis 4, per paria coberentes, farinacee, apici-
bus affixee glandulee communi emarginaturam stigmatis operienti. Ovarium oblongum:
Stylus cum basi columna conferruminatus : Stigma solutum, horizontzle subrotundum,
antice concavum, apice plica duplici coarciatum, anthere subparallelum.

Obs. The three species of which this genus at present consists agree
in their anthera being unilocular after bursting, in the singular relative
proportions of the parts of the perianthium, and in habit; but in some
points, generally of importance in this order of plants, they differ very
remarkably, especially in the form of the labellum, which in one species is
even furnished with a double calcar. Corysanthes may therefore be con-
sidered as affording a proof, and many others might be adduced, of the
superior importance of certain modifications of the anthera to these of the
labellum in Orchidez.

AZOLLA.

Ord. Nat. Marsiliacee.
Syst. Linn. Cryptogamia Filices.

Cuar. Gen, Flores monoici.

Masc. Gemini, involucro clauso monophyllo membranaceo inclusi, (nune
solitarii femineum stipantes), ovati, biloculares, membrana exteriore
transversim dehiscenti : /oculo superiore corpusculis 9 vel 6 angulatis,
circa axin perforatum apice demum apertum insertis : loculo inferiore
spherico clauso, sub duplici membrana materia fluida (demum pul-
verea?) repleto.

Fem. In diversis alis ejusdem frondis solitarii, (nunc masculo inferiore
stipati) : Jnvolucrum duplex, utrumque clausum membranaceum :
exterius marium simile: inferius ovatum, evalve ; includens Capsulas
numerosas evalves, €—9-spermas, affixas pedicellis capillaribus e
receptaculo communi baseos involucri interioris ortis. Semina angu-
lata, radiculis exsertis.

AZOLLA PINNATA. ‘Tab. 10.

612 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Austraits.

^
Azolla fronde cireumscriptione triangulari pinnata et semibipinnata: foliolis supe-
rioribus papulosis, radicibus longitudinaliter plumosis. Prodr. fl. nov. holl. 167.

In lakes and ponds, frequent within the limitsof the colony of Port Jackson.

DESC. Plantula natans, facie Jungermannix. —Zitadices asillares solitarie per-
pendiculares hyaline, primo aspectu simplicissimz, per lentem plumosz, novellze calyptra
glabra subulata tectz. ^ yons semuncialis: Ramis distichis alternis approximatis
parallelis teretiuscu'is; infimis haud raró pinnatis; superioribus sape instructis gem-
mulis ramulorum nonnullis axillaribus teretibus. Folia alterna undique imbricata :
in latere superiore frondis trapezoideo-ovata, crassiuscula cellulosa, viridia passim
rubicunda, margine exteriore submembranaceo, supra convexiuscula papuloso-scabra,
subtus levia : in /atere inferiore tenuiora levia, subconformia vix tamen angulata. Peri-

chetia in superficie inferiore frondis, prope basin pinnee solitaria.

Obs. Mr. Bauer's very satisfactory figure and the generic character
already given, will in a great measure supersede any farther description of
the singular structure of this genus; on which, however, it appears neces-
sary to subjoin a few remarks.

, Admitting the parts of fructification to be accurately described, it is
not easy to understand in what manner the male influence is communicated
to the fer;ale organ. In one instance the turbid fluid, which usually fills
the cavity of the lower cell of the supposed male organ, was found con-
verted into a powder, and it is not improbable that this change ultimately
takes place in all cases where the organ attains perfection. This powder
may be supposed either to be discharged by the lateral rupture of the
double coat of the containing cell, or a communication may at length be
opened between this cell and the tubular axis of the upper cell, which,
after the separation of its outer membrane, is open at the top; in this
case the ejection of the pollen, or even of a fluid matter, may possibly be
aided by the pressure or action of the angular solid bodies which sur-
round this axis, and its dispersion would, no doubt, be assisted by the
increased surface of its divided apex.

But whatever supposition may be formed respecting the ceconomy of
this part, it appears to me that as it is found in a second species ofthe genus,
and of essentially the same structure, though slightly modified, the angular

Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 613

bodies of the upper cell being only six in number, there can remain little
doubt of its being really the male organ.

The genus Azolla was founded by Lamarck on specimens of the
South American species entirely destitute of fructification, the remains of
which only appear to have been seen more recently by Willdenow, who
describes it as a ** Capsula unilocularis polysperma.”

REFERENCES TO TAB. 10.

AZOLLA PINNATA.
. Plant of the natural size.
. —— magnified.

. Male involucrum, containing two flowers, magnified.

——

1
2
3. Leaves, magnified.
d
5

empty.
6. Two male flowers.
7. A male flower divided longitudinally.
8. —-—_——-— deprived of its Calyptra, 9.
10. Lower cell of a male flower,
11 and 12. Different views of the contents ofthe upper cell.
13. Longitudinal section of the upper cell.
14. Inner female involucrum.
15. Capsules, with their footstalks arising from the base of the involucrum.
16. A capsule more highly magnified.
17. ————— opened transversely to show the position of the seeds.
18.
19. Seeds.

- empty.

THE END.

Loudon: Printed by W. Bulmer and Co.
Cleveland-row, St. James's.

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