£iSitMiif '*l'l?llllinn?2MMm?iTiV^ UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S00832791 U r This book is due on the date indicated below and is subject to an overdue fine as posted at the circulation desk. EXCEPTION: Date due will be earlier if this item is RECALLED. OCT \ 'I 150M/01 -92— 941680 Ll S-p^^ ^^"' ffr^^t^cy A GENERAL SYSTEM OF MATURE. THROUGH THE THREE GRAND KINGDOMS ANIMALS, VEGETABLES, AND MINERALS, SYSTEMATICALLY DIVIDED INTO THEIR SEVERAL CLASSES, ORDERS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES, WITH THEIR HABITATIONS, MANNERS, ECONOMY, STRUCTURE, AND PECULIARITIES. BY SIR CHARLES LINNE.r Ti-anslated from GMEUN, FABRICIUS, WILLDENOW, &c. TOGETHER WITH Various Modem Arrangements and Conections, derived from tbe Transactions of the Liiineau and other Societies, as well a.s from tiie Cl.tssical Works of Shaw, Thornton, Abbot, Donovan, Sower by, I-athiini, Dilhvvn, Lewiu, Martyn, Andrews, Lambert, Ac. &:c. WITH A LIFE OF LINNE"; Appropriate Copper-plates, and a Dictionan- explanaton' of the Terms wliich occur in the several Departments of Natural History,' BY WILLI Al\l TURTON, M. D. Fellow of the Linneun Society, Aullior ui ihe Medical Glussaiy, S:c. 5.:c. IN SFVKN VOI.L'.rtS. Mineral Kingdom. LIFE, DICTIONARY, &c. LONDON: PRINTED FOR LACKINGTON, ALLEN, ANIJ CO. TtWPI.E UF THE AIL'SES, FINSBl-'HY-SQl. AKI. ] soa. ^\\ ^ OA MINERALS. THAT all matter was primordially in a ftate of fluidity, and tViat the cinh arofe from the bofum of the waters, we have have tne teltimony of Mofts, Thales, and .>cneca. And it is manifcil, that the fea en\cl(>|nity, the chaotic nucleus, produced by flow and gradual ir>' ans the coritinent, which by con^inua-y exhaling its dews into coui.s, i« regularly moiftcned by a^iherial, redified, dtciduous Ihowers. (ienuine rem in.s of the gcni.ral deluge, as fjr as 1 have inveftiga!ed, I huve not found ; much Icfs the adamitic earth : but I have every where feen earths foraied by the derelidlion or dL;porition of waters, and in thcfe the remains of a long and gradual lapfe of ages. The WATER of the ocean, frigid, paflive, concipient, every where foecimdated by a dry calelcent a^live generating air, is obferved teeming with a double olfpring: A /aline male, foluble, acrid, clear, cryfla'line, A fenme iGiT\z\e, fixed, \ifcid, opake, aitrafitorial. This water, moreover, affords nourifhmenr to two other of its ofF- fpring, Animals and Vegetables, continued in their kind by a re- gular catenation of feeds, and thefe both are reduced into earth by a perennial circle oi adion. SALTS are fapid, many-fided, diaphanous, fo'uble into infinite mi- nute particles always retaining their original form, and concret- ing again and again into larger maifes of like uniiorm Ihape. Thcfe, by cryltalization in and from various earths, generate various ftoncs. Nitre, which is aerial, and which by obduflion augments fand. Muria, which is marine, and which by corronon attracts cay. Natruffiy which is animal, and which by refudation coagu- lates calx. Alunty which is vegetable, and which by ramification cements foil. Thefe are the fathers of ftones. Az f JWPERTT mUXf N. C. StaU Cblbfi \3\t 4 MINERALS. EARTHS are reducible to duft, cafily become dry, diiToluble, fixed, primitive; arc generated by cryllallizatioa or formed by prsecipi- taiion, produceu by acelFence or reproduced by putrefcene. From thefe, by cryftallization or attradion, ftones are reproduced, which by the variation or the elements are repeatedly relblved into earths, and again regenerated by a like perennial circle: C/ay, the precipitation of vifcid fea-water. Is opake, plaftic, friable, hardening in the air, and not fufible by the adion of fire. Sand^ the cryftallization of turbid rain water, Is hyaline, without moifture, fcintillant, of the fame permanent hardnefs, and fufible into glafs. Soily the refolution of afcefcent vegetable?. Is black, bibulous, reducible to diiif, inflammable, and com- fcuftible. Calx, the refolution of putrefcent apimals, Is whitifli, abforbent, farinaceous vyTien dry, penetrable, and ef* fervefcing with ^cids. \ CLAY, the eanh of marine vs'ater, formerly pppofed fo muria, fcr^ did, vifcid, flippery to the touch, impalpable, without regular Ihape, tough, opake, and becoming plaltic by the addition of moif- ture, in its native fituatioii moilt, becoming friable when dry, hardening by ignition, not fuiible by the greateft degree o{ heat, but when mixed with other iietefogeneous fubftances becoming va- rioufly Ihaped by fire ; after remaining a long time dry, and com- prelled, is hardened into rafile Talc, which by refolution is often regenerated into fibrous Jjhrjhis, but when minutely refolved, is in a wonderful manner reproduced into fcaly ^ica. SAND, the earth of rain-water, impregnated with jetherial nitre, fhining, fixed, rigid, rough, crvrtalUne, hyaline, not foftening ii^ water, Itriking fire with fteel, of permanent hardnefs in ignition, but fufible into glafs by the greatelt degree of heat; call upon the continent and dried it forms the Aranea mobilis, vv'hich worn by age and become friable is the Aranea Glarea ; each becoming moiit under ground, obliquely and tranf-zerfely cleft, and ultimately unit- ing and forming Sand-Jione by minute atoms of cryftallization, or mixed with humid extraneous fubftances is cemented into Gravely and this again into various ftones, ftones into rocks, but when re, folved and recryftallized it forms Quartz. SOIL, the earth of vegetables, eagerly combining with nitre, acef. cent, of- a black colour, greedily imbibuig moifture, crumbling into powder in fradurc, reducible to duft when dry, framing in ig^. jiition, combuftiblc in a greater degree of heat, by continued com^ prelFion is indurated into fifiiie fchift, which when laturatei] with MINERALS. 5 bitumen becomes Coal. Schift is however often refolvcd into earthy Ockrcy which by muliiplicd n"iinera!izati< n is regenerated imo Toph. CALX, the earth of animals, combined with Narrimi, alcalinc, of a whitilh colour, abforbing acids, eafily fcraped with a knife, fa- rinaceous when dry, penetrable by fire, ttfervefcing when burnt, calcifying moilt and argillaceous extraneous fubfbnces \n\o Al<;rhlf; but when rcfolved and fatnrated with acid is recrvftallizt! in'o Gypfum, not again effl-rvefcing with acid without depuration by fire, and each is rcfolved by the elements into farinous Chalk, concreting by aethcreal water into Flinty but when rcfolved is re- cryltallizcd into Spar. 1 hefe are the mothers of flones. STONES grow from earths, are again refolved, and again repro- duced. Clay is attradied into Talc, refolved into Lithoynarg, and rege- nerated into Arn'uint. Sand accretes together into Free-jhne, is refolved into Gravely and regenerated into Rock, Soil is cemented into Schi/l, refolved into Ochre, and regene- rated into Toph. Calx is coagulated into Marble^ refolyed into Chalk, and rege- nerated into Alabajier. piaphanous flones have their origin from a fluid mother, opakc if ones from a fixed one. They are often tinged with a vitriolic alumen, varying in coloui according to their various tindfures^ and by thcfe are fjiled and confolidated with a cicatrix the filfures of rocks. Micay the concretion of clay, is fcaly, flexile, opake, fhining, becoming more rigid in ignition and at the lame time more Ihining. .^(urtZi the cryllallization of elementary water, is pelluciJ, hard, from the watery cavities of rocks, ^nd therefore always^pa- rafitic, its cryllals bting often obfcured by abrahon or by its bulk. Spar, the cryllallization oi calcareous water, is diaphanous, fragile, whofe internal rhombs an adept willeafily dillinguilh from a different cryffal ; adulterated wiih iron it becomes harder and flrikcs fire with (feel. CRYSTALS are flony, produced in and from water impregnated but not faturated with fait, which abounds M'ith impalpable ter- reltrial atoms and is retained in the cavities of ftones They in- crcafc by long and iindillurbcd habitation, and are not again folu- ble by water into impalpable atoms. In their maiiy-fuled figure ' they dilfer from all other Hones, nor have they any other however common to molt fait?, which is the fole caufe of cryllalizaiion at prefent known, nor would falts hrive a ^leterminatc H^ure unlefs by 6 MINERALS. fimilar incorporation. Stala6lite accretes wit'n a cryftallinc cover- ing, in like manner as calculus; and no one will venture to fiip- pole that cryltals can cxifl without fait, or deny that the earth is cryftaliized by falts. Tlieir tranfpartncy is derived from theijr atomical conftrnilion, and their colour trom metals. The value of gems is according to their tranfparency, hanlnefs, permanency and colour; and trom their being the principal inllniments of hur man luxury, are often iniituted by the frauds of trade. VITRIOL, the produ6l of alnm, intimately a'Hed to metal, is of different appearance and figtire according ta the nature of the me- tal, of which the molt frequent are liOii, Copp.r, and Zinc; fome therefore molt commonly becorne f ilphureous Pyrites, others terrene Ochres. Different Pyrites ali'ume different figures, whofc earth into which it is refoived is ufually denomi;;ated Ochre, which when proceeding from Iron is yellow, and becomes red when burnt ; when from Copper by acid is greeq, by alcali b'ue : i^o that (tones which are yellow or red, are pincipaliy from Iron; thofe which are green or blue, trom Co per. Each kind ot Ochr^^, by cryllallizatiori, coagulates earths into Tophi. METALS are fupradecompound, and con'ilt of Earth, Salt, and Sulphur. Iron, whenever preicnt, is often d'ifolved by the ele- ments; and when diiiblved by yiiiiolic fait and an ocraceous earth precipitated, Iron by cryftallizatioti cements earths into (tones, and abforbed is multiplied by nietal, and fo produces inany times more than it had primarily received. Vitriol (tagnating in the fiifures of rocks retaining water, when multiplied and precipitated by a long lapfe of time, pailes into a veiti, which when opened traiifverfely and filled up with a dirFerf.'nt earth, will forthwith change the me- tallic vein into a different one ; as trom Iron or Copperj, Lead often becomes enriched with Silver, <^c. For the fame vein, by variable modification, may abound in Alum, Vitriol, Arfenic, Sulphur, Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, Antimony, {.t^d. Zinc, orBifmuth, ROCKS, appearing like tfle prominent bones of the earth, are of great bulk, folidity, and longf^vity ; comnoled of fund, gravel, opake and diaphanous (tones, with every where argillaceous and often talcofe fubitances iniermixed ; and are at leugh cemented iritomore folid malfes, with a various and irregular mixture of cryftals of Qtiartz, Mica, and Spar. That thefe are the off'-pring of time and the flrata of nature, no one will doubt, whofeconltituent parts ?re to every one palpable. In thefe the metallurgill: will diicover the matrices of minerals, many-ihaped from their mixture, and diverfified in fire. PETRIFACTIONS arc rather the parents than the produft of marmoreous mountains, and may confilt of as many divcrfifications MINERALS. 7 as there are fpecies of animals and vegetables. The intelligent invtiligator will not therefore ftraiten the limits of an ufeful fci- encc, by difrtgarding the ancient inhabitants of the globe, though unknown to modern natnralills. The modes of petrifaction are principally fourfold ; FoHils, fubltances reltored, fubltanccs im- prclfcd, and lubllanccstranfubftantiated ; and are more frequent in Marble, Flint, Schift, Sand-ilonr, Rock, and Q^iartz. THE difficulties of fcience have moreover produced various para- doxes. Confolidated filfures of rocks are often diftindlly vifible ; but by what means or power they have been broken, is not ealily de- monftrated. All Spar is generated by cryllallization, in cavities filled up, nor is fpate ever prtfcnt without rhombs; but why it is broken into rhombs, or how from a cubico-muriatic is produced a rhom- bic figure, is not very evident. Amiant is obftrved to be regenerated from the earth of Talc, the caufe of which is obfcure. That Molybdenum is metallic cannot be doubted, and it has often been alferted to be impregnated with Zinc or Tin ; yet it is not eafy of proof. Jews-ftones are found petrified in hollow cavities, ge- nerated from a fluid with fpar, of which they often eniirely con- fift : but from what animal ihey have ihtir origin is not fufficientljr evident, fince the echini do not afford a fatisfadkory elucidation. PRIMARY ^'alts have a peculiar and determinate figure, but when changed, often appear with a different but alike deteiminate figure; but from what uiixture proper to themfelves, or from what extra- neous terrene mixture, the itudent in this departm nt has not been able to determine ; and fince metals are generated from fait by cryf- tallizaiiou, Alchemifts have in vain laboured at the true transfor- mation of metals ; and this mctamorphofis of falts (hall remain un- difcovered, fo long as Metallurgilts ihali negledl it, and turn their invefti^ations towards earths only. SIMILAR Strata* of the earth are often obfervable in broken moun- tains , but it is not evident that they are all of the fame genus, or produced from the waters of the ocean: 1. The lowermoft ftratum of Sand-Jlone, 2. The fecond of Sch'ijl. • The various ftrata of earrh are conftantly obferved in equal order and dif- tance; and thefore this accretion ot foil, fo well kept dillin(f>, fhould be ra- ther confidered as the operation of a lucceffion of ages, than the tumultuous jumble of the general deluge. Ramazz. mut. 279. 8 MINERALS. 3< The third of Marble, with marine petrifuiElions imbedded, and often extraneous matter. 4. The fourth of Schijl. 5. The fifth and uppermoft of Rock^ often of vaftbulk. IT is palpable to common obfervation, that the ocean is the mother of the earth. a. The waters of ocean, made turbid by nitrous fhowerS, are preci- pitated and cryftallized into fand which covers the bottom of the fea. b. The ocean is here and there in vaft patclies, overfpread with the Fucus natans, caufing tranquility on its fuitaee, unlefs when agi- tated by vajiable winds. c. The foil from decayed Fuci b) gradually defcends, being lighter than fand a), while this marine vegetable gradually dilates itfelf into a floating meadow. d. Marine Worms, Mollufcas, Teftaceous Animals, Lithophytes and Zoophytes, Fiflies with their Hoating eggs, and Sea-birds, whofe formation renders them unfit for liight, feed under this marine mea-> dow of Fucus c). e. Under the waters in a date of tranquility b), is (howered down an argillaceous fediment with the calcareous (hells d) of gradually cor- rupting worms, till an elevated accumulation is formed parallel ■with the furface of the fea, while its preffure moving the waters b), repels the marine fubrtances around it d). f. For the formation of Rock, according to its own laws, the fea firfl: cads up valt mafTes of Fuci, which moulder into foil, clothing the naked earth at the bottom with an arenaceous covering, at firit eafily blown about when dry, and when mixed concreting intogra-. vel and ultimately into rocks. g. By a long fucceflion of ages therefore, and by a perennial quiefcencc of feafons, 1. Sand 2) is concreted inta Sand-Jione i), varioufly but properly cleft^ 2. *yc//c) is cemented into iS"*:^//? 2), lameilous and conbultible. 3. C/ay ej is indurated into Marble 3) congulated by worms. 4. Soil f) is cemented into an upper Ifratum of Schiji 4), lameilous and combuftible like the former. 5. Sand f ) is concreted into Gravel 5), with a mixture of other fubitances. 6. This again is concreted into fmaller (lones, thefe into larger, and thefe lalt into rocks; till at length, the waters of the fea gradually fubliding, there appears a mountain : nor can the higheft rocks floar upon an argillaceous furface, while, before it became calcified, marine woims continue their growth in it. That the higheft rocks therefore are the genuine offspring of time, while all was lilence, themi'eives (ufKciently declare. " Such arc the mutations produced by the lapfe of time."t f Luc. xli. 40, MINERALS. 9 IT is very rarely, and indeed fcarcely ever, that the Species can he fufficienily determined, fince in thefe the generation proceeds not from (he egg; bnt the multiplied variety of irret^iilarly fportive nature, is at once the calamity of the fcicnce and the foundation of metallurgy. He th'.rcfore that Ihall ralhly endeavour to multiply the fpecies, is not lefs a'jfurd than him who combines fubltances toraliy different in nature. Nor does their matrix diitinsi;uilh the different fpecies, more than their natural fituation and foil do the plants of the earth. The numerous diverfitics of (tones, theref)re, are principally varieties; in the arrangement of which, without caution^ it is eafy to fall into error. THE fludent has three modes of invefligating this Kingdom: Phy^ ficaly which defcends throi:gh the obfciire generation of minera's : Nj.tural, which confidrrs their fup<;rficial and vifible ftrudlure : Cbemicaly which afcemls through their dcRrudive analylis. Iw this then, as in every ihing elfe, he will moft fafely follow the middle courfe, and by clofely following his ariadnean thread, he will not, like an empyric, confnind the fymptoms with the cure, nor bring forward the doub;ful proL'eny of a long loft ancdlry; much lefs will his terrified imagination raife up fanciful rpear>;s in the dark, or perluade him that the Phoenix of the poets may oe regenerated from its own alhes : but he will learn, what names are repugnant to things, and what are convenient ; and how to define charaders by their diagnoftics, and not merely by their ety- mology. But here let me paufe, left in endeavouring to remove obfcurity, I myfelf becom.e obfcure. VOL, Vil. _ h THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS OF MINERALS, [ I' J BROMEL. Stockholm. 1730. oSiav. I. EARTHS. V. 2. Calcinahle. IX CALCULI. Bole. Calcareous. Bczoar. Lac \ur\x. Swine-flone. Crab's eyes. Lithomarg. Marble. Margarite. Umbre. Alabafter. Verontfe tarth. Spar. X- SEMIMETA Mountain trcen. Staladite. Mercury. Fiillcr'b earth. Schift. Antimony. Ci 1 'gn carih. Cat's eye. B.fmiith. Ochic. Zinc. Chalk. V L 3 . F// rifytng in fire . PluiTibago. Trip .i. Sand. Calamine. Porcellanc. Sand ftone. Magnefia. Mar!. Gem. Blood-ftone. (fur. Granate. Magnet. Turf. Flint. Emery. Qiiartz. Mountain blue. II. SALTS. Cryftai. Arfenic. Culinary fait. Fiuor. Orpiment. Nitre. Cobalt. Aium. VII FIGUREEI. Pyrites. YitriaU Lufus. Bafalt. Geographic. Sterii black. III. SULPHURS. Eagle- ftone. Su'phur. Ofteocolla. XI METALS. Bitumen. Thunder ftone. Gc.id. Petroleum. Violet-ftone. Silver. Amber. Copper. CoaL VIII. PETRIFAC- Tin. TIONS. Lead. IV. STQNES. Woods. Iron. 1 . Rejijiing the aiiion Plants. ef fire* Pot-ltone. Amiant. Aftjcftus. Fufoni. Corals. In feds. Filh. Cruftaceous. Teftaccous. Animals. B 2 [ 12 3 BROMEL has given no generic chara£ler. The Lapis violaccus, (fo denominated from the Biflfus Jolithus which grows upon it) he has conlidered as a proper fpecies. He feparates Sand from Earths. Sulphur, order 3, he diftinguiflies from Pyrites, order lo^ Serpentine, by himfelf and foinc others is referred to th^ Marr. bles. Mica he thinks fit to join with calcareous ftones. He divides fimple ftones, into thofe which remain imaltered by theadion of fire, thofe which vitrify by the aflion of fire, and thde ^hich by the adtion of fire are reduced to calx. This divifion is fornetimes followed by others; by Linne in the onier« 3, 2, i. by vVolterfdorf in the orders 2, 4, i. by Wallerius in the orders 3, 2, I. by Anon)mus in the orders 4, 2, i. and by V'o^el in the orders 1,5, 2. The Bromelian method can hardly be called a fyflein, in a? much as he has omitted the claflification, generic charaf^er, f^ecific di(-. ferences, and the fynonyms of Authors, C '2 J The SYSTEM of LINNE. Lejden. 1736. 1748. I. STONES. II. MINERALS, III. FOSSILS. I. VlTRESCFN'T. I. Salts. I. Concrete. Sand-ltone. Natrum. Rock. Quartz. Selenite. Toph. Silex. Nitre. Staladtite. Muria. Pumice- ftone. 2. Calcareous. Alum. Eagle- ftone. Marble. Vitriol. Tartar. Spar. Calculus. Schilt. 2. Sulphurs. Amber. 2. Petrifactions, 3. Apyrous. hiitimen. From Worms. Mica. Pyrites. in feds. Talc. Ajfcnlc. F.ih. Amiant, ElnU, Aftcllus, 3. Mercurials. Q^iadrupeds. Q^iii ki'i-vtr. plants. Antimony. JmpreiTJons Zinc. of oihcr Bifmuth* fubUaiiccs. Iron. Tin. 3. Earths. Lead. Marie. Copper. Ochre. Si VCT. Cha.'k. Gold. Clay. Sand*. Soil. [ u ] THE laws of generation perfi/ade us to commenGe our clafTification }n earths, but the laws of fy^em are repugnant. For earths by general confent, conftitute a natural order, and (houki nut therefore be divided into different claHes. Congeneric fpecies, fhouM lilcewire be feparatcd from others of a like genus: for fome clays refift the greateft degrees of heat, others -re calcareous. Ochres alfo fhould precede Metals, b.efore the idea of Metals is given, vyhofe progeny they neverthclefs are; yet fonrie Ochres ini:ft be referred to Copper, fome to Jron, Bifmuth, &c. Some fpecies of earths are primitive and (hould precede rocks; others are derivative and fliouki be placed after them. If Fodjls be dividtd among Stones or Minerals, then Tophs pnd 8tala6tites vt'oiild be fcparated from their natural genus and dilkibuted among different ooes. Many petrifa6lions would ^e placed among calcareous rocks, fome among combullibles, others among Pyrites, Copper, i>i- (umen, &c. CRYSTALS I would have placed among the Salts; but to prevent a mere (iifptite about words, he that thinks fit may eafily fubltitute the term «^ryllal in the room of Salt. For is it not tlie fame thing to fay that Salts have determined th.ir figure under the generation of Saltj, or that thev are the conllitutive elements of Salts.' [ '5 ] the SYSTEM of LI NNE. Stockbobn. 1768. 1. ROCKS. I. HUMOSE. I. Schift. II. MINERALS, III. FOSSILS; I. Salts. 13. Nitre. II. Calcareous. 2. Marble. 3 Alabafter. 4 Siiriuiri. 5. Spar. III. Argillaceous 6 Talc. 7. Amiant. 8. Mica. IV. Arenate. 9. Sand llonc. 10. Qiiartz. 11. Silex. V. Aggregate* 12. Stone. 14. IS- 16. »7- Natr'im. Borax. Miiria. Aliimen. 18. Vitriol. II. Sulphurs. 19. Amb(.rgi5; 20. Amber. 2t. Biium.n. 22. Pyrites. 23. Arfenic. III. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30- 31- 32- 33- 34. 35- Metals. Qiiickfilver. Molybdaenum. Antimony, Zinc. Bifmuth. Cobalt, Tin. Lead. Iron. Copper. Silver. Gold. I. Petrifactions. 36. Zoolite. 37. Ornitholite. 38 Amphibioite, 39. Ichthyolite. 40. Entom tlite. 41. Hulminiho ite. 42. Phytoljte. 43. Grapho.ite. II. Concrete. 44. Calculus. 45. Tartar. 46. Eagle-flone; 47. Pumice-ftorie, 48. Staladite. 49. Toph. in. Earths. 50. Ochre. 51 Sand. 52. Clay. 53. Calx, 54. Soil. t i6 ] L ROCKS are fteril ftoner, produced by cohefion from a terrene origin. Simple, without extraneous mixture (of Salt, Sulphur or Mer- cury). Fixed, not totally foluble in any lAenftruum. SimilaKf of particles confufedly mixed together* 1. KuMOSE, from the earthy dcpofition of Vegetables. Comhujiible, burning into afhes. In its minute particits branny, coarfer and lighter* 2. Calcareous, from animal earth. Penetrable^ and becoming more porous by fire. In its minute particles farinaceous, when burnt falling intd fa* rinaceous particles. 3. Argillaceous, from a viicid marine fediment. Hdrdeningy and becoming harder and more rigid by firci In its minute particles lubricous before being burnt. 4. Arenate, from the precipitation of astherial fhowers. Scinfiliatingf when ftruck with fteel, and very hard. In its minute particles rough, and angular like particles of broken glafs. 5. Aggregate, and compofed ot the 4 preceding fubftances. Participating of the conftitucnt particles of the former ones. In its minuted particles varying according to the nature of the materials (i — 4) which compofe it. II. MINERALS are fruitful (lones, produced by cryftallization from a falinc origin. Cofnpound, from rock imprei^nated with extraneous fubftances, (Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury). Soluble entirely in their proper menflruum, (fome calces are dilloiuble into earth, but not totally folublt). Cryjiallitie, certainly produced by cr} llallization, (before they ^ have been burnt). C 17 ] ii Salts are diftinguifhed by the fenfe of tafte. Sapid in water. Soluble in water. 2i Sulphurs are dif^inguifhed by the fenfe of fmcll. Odorous in inflammation and ignition. Soluble in oil. 3, Metals are known by the fenfe of fight. Spletidtdy fufile in fire, very ponderous. Soluble in their appropriate acfd nlenftrua. in. FOSSILS are neutral ftones, and are produced from cither one or both of the former. They are modified from Rocks or Minerals. i. Pertifactions. Intprejfed with the figure ©f fome natural objedl. 2. Concrete. Coagulated^ with particles promifcuoufly agglutinated. 3. Earths. Pulverized^ with the particles not united, VOL. vn. — c [ 18 J CLASS I. ROCKS. I. HUMOSE. t. Schist, fiffile. II, CALCAREOUS. 2. Marble, of no determinate ftiapc, cfFervefcing. 3. Gypsum, of no determinate (hape, fixed. 4. Stirium, fibrous. 5. Spar, rhombic. HI. AGILLACEOUS. 6. Talc, folid. 7. Ami ant, fibrous. 8. Mica, fcaly. IV. ARENATE. 9. Sand-stone, of granular fragments. 10. Quartz, of angular fragments. 11. SiLEX, of convex fragments. V. AGGREGATE. 12. Rock, of mixed heterogeneous particles. C '9 1 ROCKS are from their nature fought for in their mother Earth. The Mothers of Earths are principally four; Soilf n^uddy, vegetable, combullible. Calxf teftaceous, animal, effervefcing. Clay^ apyrous, aquatile, hardening. Sand, moveable, aquatile, hardened. I. HuMOSE, from vegetable earth, flaming and combuftible when burnt. Soil is the flow depofition of waters, and is therefore horizon- tally fiflile. Argillaceous particles are often depofited with foil, by which Schift becomes more or lefs argillous. Mineral acid from marflies fametimes gives it a tinge of Iron, And when burnt they produce a red ochraceous earth. In burning they are cunfumed, unlefs when mixed too much with metal. II. Calcareous, from teflaceous fiibftances or Lythophytes changed into earths. For all calx is produced from the animal kingdom. Jiffervefcent and foluble in acids, and thererore are alcaline, un- lefs they have been previoufly faturated with acid, as Gypfum. Burnt and extinguilhed by water they fall into a branny powder. By the pqv/er of calcination or petrifaction they become multi- plicative, in hijn)ore, vegetable, animal, and probably calca- reous fubftances. HI. Arci ttACEOUS, from a vifcid marine matter coagulated into earth, /^^^j/^-^ lubricous when reduced,rmce they are ofafoft vifcid origin. Hardening, they become dryer and harder by the adlion of fire. "Ihiy were formerly denominated apyrous. IV. Arenate, from atoms of water united into an arenaccoue iubliance. They have their origin from retherial rain water-» Particles, hard, rough, leaving a mark. Striking tire with (tcel from their foiidity and hardnefs. They were formerly denominated vitrefcent. V. Aggregate, fiom mi>^ed particles of the preceding orders. Hardening, trom v^iutever earth, porous. Their holiow intcrlUces were filled up with terreftrial water, v/hich becomin^^ iolid particles added a mixture oi Quartz, Spar, Mica. In ignition they are to be confidered according to the qualities of which they are compofed. C 2 [ ?o ] CLASS II. MINERALS. I. SALTS. 13. Nitre: frigido-acid, eflTentJal. 14. Natrum: bitterifh, alcalefcent. 15. Borax ; (lightly fapid, alcalefcent. 16. MuRiA : acute, intermediate. 17; Alum: auftcre, a mineral acid. 18. Vjtrxol: ftyptic, a mineral acid. II. SULPHURS. A. UnSluouSy inert. 19. Ambergris: emitting ambrofiacal fumes. 20. Amber: emitting fuaveolent fumes. «i. Bitumen: emitting grave fumes. B. Mineralized^ metallic. 21. Pyrites: emitting acute yellowifli fumes. 23. Arsenic: enrttting alliaceous white furies. \\\. METALS. A. Friable t JemimetaU. 24. Quicksilver: fluid, dry. 25. Molybdenum: marking, no^ fufile. 26. Amtimony: fibrous, friable. 27. Zinc: rimofe and malleable. 28. Bismuth: laminous and malleable. 29. Cobalt: compa<^, fragile. B. Malleable, perfeSf metals, 30. Tin: quite white, mute. 31. Lead: blueiflti, mute. ^2. Iron : brownilb, fonorous. ^3. Copper: rufous, fonorous. 34. Silver: quite white, fonorous. ^5. Gold: yellow, mute. [ ^I ALL Minerals arc prQdiicci.1 by cryllallization, except the tincliious Sulphurs. The extraneous matters commonly contained in Minerals, are Salt, Sulphur, Mercury. Minerals are to be dillingiii(hed by feparating from tliem their ex- traneous ponnedtions, and then reducing thtui to their genera and appropriate characters; for, as in planus, they are to be found in their internal tru6lification. Salts diflblved in water, are cryftalli^cd by a dimuiviticju of jhc vehicle, by quicfcenct-, and cold They are many-fidedy and their cryilals i>.ow th;it all Salts are from plane and right angles. The figure of Cryjims in the fame Genus are often in fome mea- fure changed, but not \vithout the intentions ui nature, wiiu never adls without luflicient canfc, in whof^ a^^tnc) noihingis fuperfluous, nothing deficient; t^is the knovvleiigc of future ages will difclofe, and tlic numerous obfervatioi.s vvandeilng through the dark recelTcs of nature will at length ha.i out her ways. $tony Cryjiah I have retained according to their figure, us far as iiivetVigations have hitherto extended. That Earth can be cryltuMized without fait by the huinivi way, I •will give credit tu when I fliall have fcen it; thp dry ua) is totally diltindt. Sulphurs in ignjtion give out fiame and fnioke% are dillblvcditi oil, tor they abounii in lalt, and are dtcompoiiie. The unciuous agree in many rcfpcds with the ixlms of vegetable*', and are probably of vessel able origin. The fnitu'ralize4havt a falinc mctulic conibinatioii. Metals give a fhinirig opake regulus, f^uid i;i )<;-nition; except Molybdanurn which is as yet obicure. The //7/rt//«;//^//o;; of Metals, hiiherto concealed in the temple of Vulcan, is to be regarded as one of tl:c fecrets of nature ; and from very few parents are produced a numerous offspring. Mars was altogether polygamous. Platitina in fpecific gravity is from 20 to 22,000. its fufion is 9. amalgaination o. colour white, and is lohible only by oxymu-r riatic acid. Gold is in fpecific gravity 19,640. its fufion is 6. amalgamation i. colour yellow, in coniiifence moil malleable and dudtile, is wiiii- out found or mute, and is foluble by the oxymuriaiic acid. Silver is in fpecific gravity 11,091. in fuiion 5. in amalgamatian 2. in colour white, in confidence mofl malleable and ductile, is. fonorous, and is foluble by the lutrousacid. C " ] Copper is in fpecific gravity 8,843. *" fufion 7. in amalgamation 7. in colour rufous, in confiilence malleable, is fonorous, and fo- luble by the nitrous acid. Iron is in fpecific gravity 8,000. fufion 8. amalgamation 8. colour brown, confiltence malleable, is fonorous, and foluble by the nitrous acid. Xffl^ is in fpecific gravity 11,325. fiifion 4. amalgamation 3. co- lour blueilh-white, confiltence foft, is mute, and foluble by the nitrous acid. tT/rt is in fpecific gravity 7,400. fufion 3. amalgamation 4, colour white, confiftence crackling when bent, is mute, and foluble by the oxymuriatic and nitrous acids. Cobalt is in colour white, confidence fragile, and foluble in the oxymuriatic and nitrous acids. B'Jmuth in in fpecific gravity 9,700. amalgamation 6. colour yel- jowilh-vvhite, confiftence laminofo-malleable, is lonorous, and foluble by the nitrous acid. Zinc is in fpecific gravity 7,000. fufion 2. amalgamation 5. co- lour white, confiftence rimofo-ii^alleable, fomewliat fonorous, and foluble by the nitrous acid. Antirnony is in fufion 6. amalgamation 9. colour white, cqn*- fidence very fragile, foluble by the nitrous acid. ^uichfilver is in fpecific gravity 13,590. fufion i. colour white, coniiftence fluid, is mute, and fuluble by thp nitrous acid, The quality of Iron is biackiih, aufterc, ftyptic. Coppery green or blue, corioiive. ZinCf white, drying Lead, whitifh, dulcifying. Antimony^ rapacious, except Gold the wolf of metal. ^ick/tiucr, penetrating, lalivating, amul^^amating, (trvilc and fugitive. [ 23 1 CLASS III. FOSSILS, L PETRIFACTIONS. 36. ZooLiTH : petrified Mammalia. 37. ORNiTHOLlTri: petrified Birds. 38. Amphibiolith ; petrified Amphibia. 39. IcHTHYOLiTH: petrified Fifhes. 40. Entomolith: petrified Infers. 41. Helmintholith: petrified Worms. 42. Phytolith : petrified Vegetables. 43. Grapholith: petrified refemblances of othet fub- ftances. II. CONCRETE. A. Natural. 44. Calculus: concrete within animal matter, 45. Tartar: concrete within vegetable matter. 46. Eagle-stone: concrete within ftones. - B, Elementary* 47. Pumice-stone: concrete in fire. 48. Stlactite: concrete in air. 49. ToPH : concrete in water. III. EARTHS. A. Derivative-. 50. Ochre: metallic earth. B. Primitive* 51. Sand: rough earth. 52. Clay: plaftic earth. 53. Calx; efFervefcent earth. 54. Soil: eombulUble earth. T- L 24 ] I. ,^1^1 Factions are the parent-^ And not the offspring of /Calcareous mountains ; lince all calx originates from animals. <;^ ^^ bodies fubjedl to petrifaction are folic!, as fliells, boncSj and ^ ^voods. ■^^ucculent bodies deliquefce and corrupt^ before ftony bddies can > harden. They occur iri every part of the globe wherever calx is found ; and are fodnd in the higheft; mountains of Peru. The materials producing petrifadlon are various. Calx by its calcifying power changes other bodies into a calcareous fubftance; e. gr. Schilt into Marble; It. fVgoth. Silex is connate with Calx^ and in like manner exhibits petrifaftions. Vitriols by ferrumination conglutinate and penetrate : the Tdphus marinus and fome others frequently contain (hells. Schift from foil or fand often prefentS the veftiges of imprefled fubftances before its coalefcence. Amber is not with propriety brought tinder this head, fince it mere- ly contains and prcferves from corruption, bodies formerly in- clofed within its refin. The modes of petrifadion are, By tranlubftantiationj where the whole material is prefervcd in its original form. By redintegration) where the original fubftance is worn away by age, and the cavity filled up by a lapidefcent material which pre- ferves its ancient form: Hyfterolith. By irrlpreffion, where the pctrifyihg body receives and retains the figure of fubdances imprefled upon it. By incruftation, after the manner of Staladite, from calcareous witer, particularly that of warm fprings: but thefe will hardly come under the denomination of petrifa£lioiis, fince the fame things may be effeded at pleafure by art or the i.njedion of bodies. Ko/fils, generally fo called, are fhells or bones deprived of their gluten by age: teftaceous fubftances, lithophytes, woods. [ ^5 ] The fpecific name, wherever it is afcertained, (hoiild be talcert from the animal or plant ; that he who difcerns the lapideous protypc may be able to know its animal or vegetable e6lype, toi: obferve what is diftinft, ro remove doubts, and to rejeft fiiper- fluities. It will likewife be ufeful to exhibit and confider litho- phytes and teftaceous fubftances whofe protypes are unknown, and which may illuftrate the cognifance of nature or the genera- tion of th6 earth. II. IN CONCRETES are deterrtiined coagulated fubftances, as ochraceous, marmoreoUs, gypfcdus, ftiriate, fpatofe, argil- laceous, &c. III. EARTHS are pulverulent and the mothers of ftones, a very few their offspring. Primitive are thofe which are referred to this kingdom from the elements, animals or vegetables. Derivative are thofe which have their origin in pulverifed ftones. VOL. VII. — D L 26 j The SYSTEM of WALLER. Stockholm. 1747. I. EARTHS. 3. 1. Dry. Soil. Chalk. 2. Greajy. Clay. Marl. 3. Minerals. 4. Saline. Sulphureous. Metallic. . 4. Arenaceous. Sand. Gravel. Ill, Metallic. £ Animal. n. STONES. 1. Calcareous. Lime-ltone. Marble. Gypfum. Spar. 2. Vltrejcent. Fillile. 2 Sand-ftone. Fiint. Petrofilex. Quartz. Cryftal. ■ He firft determined rightly the fpecies in this kingdom. He refolved in a beautiful manner the analyfis of ftoncs. He who underftands the fulphurcous exhalations of mountains, and comprehends the matrices of metals, will not want a key to the generation of metals, 224. Terreftrial mephitis heconfiders the father of falts, 181. Pie admits that primeval ftones fometimes occur among others, viz. Jafper, loi. Species of Qiiartz, 106. Mica, 132. Apyrous. 3. Semtmefals, Mica. Q^iickfilver. Talc. Arfenic. Pot-ftone. Cobalt: Hern-ftone. Antimony. Amiant. Bifmuth. Afbeftus. Zinc. Rocks, 4. Metals. Simple. Iron. Mixed. Copper. Grey. Lead. Pet.rofe. Tin. Silver. , MINERALS. Gold. , Salts. Vitriol. IV. CONCRETE, Alum. I. Pores. Nitre. Igneus. Muria. Aqueous. Alca'ies. 2. Petrified. Acids. Vegetables. Neuters. Corals. Ammoniac. Animals. Borax. Teftaceous. , Sulphurs. 3. Figured. Bitumen. Lithomorphi. Amber. Lithoglyphi. Ambergris. Lithotomi. Sulphur. 4. Calculi. Of vegetables. — animals. [ 27 ] The SYSTEN I of WALLER. Stockhoim. 1772. I. EARTHS. 3. Fujxhle. . 3. Semimeials. 1. Dry. Zeolith. Mercury. Soil'. Bafalt. Arfenic. Calcareous. Magncfia. Cobalt. Gypfeous. SchilL Nickel. Molybdenum. Margodes. Antimony. 2. Tenaceatis. Horn-ftonc. Bifmuth. Clay. 4. Apyrous. Zinc. Marl. Mica. 4. Metals. 3-» Alir.eralized. Talc. Iron. 4. Hard. Soap-flone. Copper. Gravel. Serpentine. Lead. Tripoli. Pot Hone. Tin. Cement. Afbeftus. Silver. Sand. Amiaiit. Gold. Metallic fand. 5. Rocks. Piatina. Animal fand. Mixed. Aggregate. IV. CONCRETE II. STONES. I. Pores. I. Calcareous. III. MINERALS. Igneous. Lime-ftone. J. Sal/s, Aqueous. Marble. Acids. 2. Petrifacfions. Spar. Vitriol. Vegetables. Gypfum. Aium. Corals. Mineral fliior. Nitre. Helmintholith. 2. l^ltrejcent. Sand-ltone. Rock-falt. of fhr-ll- Natron. UI UIClls* Entomolith. Scintillating fpar. Volatile alcali. Amphibiolith. Qj^iartz. Neuters. Ichyolith. Gem. Ammoniac. Ornitholith. Granate. Borax. Anthrcpolith. Si lex. 2. Sulphurs. 3; Figured. Petrofilex. Bitumen. Lithomorph. Agat. Amber. Lithoglyph, Jafper. Ambergris, Lithotomi. Sulphur. 4. Calculi. Vegetable. Animal. D2 [ 28 ] The SYSTEM of WOLTERSDORF. Berlin. 1748. I. EARTHS. III. SALTS. 2. Ignoble. I. Argillous. I. Acids. Copper, Clay. Pure acid. Iron. Soil. Vitriol. Tin. 2. Ale aline. Alum. Lead. Chalk. 2. Alcaline 5, Marl. Fixed. VII. PETRI FAC^ Volatile. TIONS. II. STONES. 3. Intermediate^ I. Of fan'^Jneous I. Vitrefcent, Natrum. animals. Gem. Nitre. Zoolith. Cryftal. Common fait. Ornitholith. Qiiartz. Ichthyolith. Sand-ftone. IV. BITUMENS. 2. OfinJeSfs. Horn-ftone. 1. Fluid. Entomoliih. Vitrefcent fpar. Mountain oil. Gammaroliih. Rock. 2. Solid. Echinites. Pumice-ftone. Ambergris. Encrini. 2. Argtllous, Amber. Caput Medufae. Smedtis. Mountain pitch. 3. Of teflaceous Afbeftus. Sulphur. animals. Talc. Tuhulites. Mica. V SEMIMETALS. Cochlites. Schift. I. Fluid. Conchites. 3. Gypfeous, Qiiickfilver. 4. Vegetables. Gyplus. 2. Solid. Stelechites. Alabafler. Antimony. Lithoxyluui. Gypfeous fpar. Zinc. Lithobiblion. 4. Alcaiities. Bifmuth. Carpolith. Lim'::-ftone. Arfenic. Phytolith. Marble. 5. Of marine Jub- Alcaline fpar. VI. METALS. fiances. Toph. I. hloble. Corallite. Staladite. Gold. Porite. ^argode. Silver. Fungiic, [ 29 ] TfJE opinions of Wolterfdorf are principally thefe : That Soil proceeding from vegetable or animal fubftances pafle§ gradually into clay, n. 6. : but this appears to want demop- ftration. That all Rock, when ftruck againft fteel, gives out fparjcs, 7t. 13. That Pumice-ftone is not the prcdu£l of volcanos, rt. 14. That the Lapis atramentarins is produced by eroded vitriol, n. 24. That Gobalt is of the fame genus with arfenic, tj. 30. That true native Iron no where exifts, n, 34. Linne was doubtlefs the firft who, accordir^g to the laws of Syf- tem, endeavoured to reduce the fcience of Mineralogy into Clafles and Orders. Pre/. j^e divides Spar into three diftinft genera, or more properly inta three orders ; Vitrefcent, Gypfeous, and Alcalin^* [ 30 J The SYSTEM of CtVRTHEUSER. Frankfort. 1755. I. EARTHS. III. SALTS. VL METALS. I. D'tjfoluble. I. Alcalies. I. Flexile. Clay. Fixed. Lead. Marl. Volatile. ■ Tin. SmedJis. 2. Acids. 2. Hard. Moracht. Vitriolic. Copper. Tripe! a. Nitrous. Iron. 2. JndiJjoluhU. Muiiatic. 3. Fixed. Chalk. 3. Intermediate. Silver. Lithoraarg. Rock (alt. Gold. Sand. Natrum. Nitre, VII. HETERO. II. STONES. Ammonia, MORPHS. I. Lamellous. 4. Styptic. I. True petrifaSiion^t Spar. Alum. Anthropolith. Mica, Vitriol. Zoolith. Talc. Ornitholith. 2. Filamentous. IV. INFLAMMA- Ichthyolith. Amianth. BLES. AmphibioHih. Afbeftus. I. Genuine. Entomolith. Inolith. Bitumen. Helmintholith. 3. Solid, Sijlphur. Zoophytolith. Silex. 2. Spurious, Conchyliolith, Qiiartz. Soil. Coralliolith. Lime-flone. Phytolith. Gyps. V. SEMIMETALS. 2. Spurious petri- Fiffile. I . Not malleable. factions. Smedtis. Bifmuth. Typolith. 4. Granulate. Cobalt. Metrolith. Sand-ftone, Arfenic. Incrultation. J afper. Antimony. Induration. 2. Submalleable. Terrefadion, Zinc. 3. Figured. 3. Fluid. V Lithomorph. !^^ercury. Jvithoglyph. L 31 3 The SYSTEM of JUST. Goettingen. 1757. Chalcedony. Onyx. Sardonyx. Malachite. L. Lazuli. . Ignoble. Talc. Mica. Molybdaena. Mulcovy glafs. Soap-ilone. Jafper. Afbeftus. . Calcareous^ Marble. Gypfum. Spar. . Vitrefcent, Sand-ltone. Qiiartz. Silex. Schilt. Serpentine. Tripoli. Pumice-ftone. Granite. Rock. Clay. Marble. Mud. Umbre. I. METALS. V. PETRIFAC I. Noble. TIONS. Gold. I. Animals. Silver. Terreftrial. 1. Ignoble. Aquatic. Copper. 2. Plants. Iron. Terreftrial. Tin. Marine. Lead. 3. Ob/cure. Beleronite. II. SEMIMETALS Hylkrite. Qiiickfilver. Jews-ftone. Antimony. Afteria. Bifmuth. Toad-ftone. Zinc. Oolithe. Arfenic. 4. [figured. Eagle-ftone. III. PHLOGISTIC. , 5 . C ratals. I. Fluid. Qiiartzofe. Fitumen. Gypfeous. 2. Hard. Spatofe. Coal. 3. Mineralized. V. TERRENE. Sulphur. I. Noble. Diamond. IV. SALTS. Sapphire. I. Acids. Emerald. Vitriol. Ameihyft. Alum. Topaz. 2. Alcalis. Turcois. Fixed. Opal. Volaiile. Chryfoliih. 3. Intermediate. Hyacinth. Muria. 2. Seminoble. Nitre. Cryftal. Borax. Carneleon. Ammoniac. Agate. He confiders Cobalt as a fpecies of Arfenic. C 32 ] The SYSTEM of CRONSTEDT. Stockholm, 1758. I. EARTHS. 1. Calcareous. Pure. Vitriolaceous. Phlogiftic. Argillaceous. 2. Siliceous. Diamond. Sapphire. Topaz. Emerald, Quartz. Silex. Jafper. 3. Granatlne, Granate. Bafalt. 4. Argillaceous. Porcellane. Liihomarg. Bole. Tripoli. Clay. 5. Micaceous, Pure Mica. Martial Mica. 6. Fluor s, IV. Indurated. i, 7. AJheJiitie. Albeftus. Amiant. 8. Zeolithic. Pure Zeolite. Metallic Z. 9. Magnejiate. Earthy M. Indurated M. II. SALTS. 1. Acids. Vitriol. Muria. 2. Alcalines. Fixed. Volatile. III. PHLOGISTIC. Ambergris. Amber. Petroleum. Earthy Phlog. Metallic Phlog. METALS; I. Perfed. Gold. Silver. Platina. Tin. Lead. Copper. Iron. 1. Semimetals. Qiiickfilver. Bifmuth. Zinc. Antimony, Arfenic. Cobalt. NickeL [ 33 J THE Syftem of Cronfledt is merely metalliirgic, inveftigdted upon Chemical principles, peculiar and not compiled. Many genera arc excluded, as Sand.ftone, Schift, Soil, Tophj Staladite, Eagle-ftone, Calculus, Nitre. In the appendix are added, Rock, Pumice-ftone, and Petrifadions. He fuppofcs Earths to be filiceous, granatine, micaceous, mag- nefiate, zeolithic, chryfolampadinc. He denies that Cryftals originate from falts, and confiders their figures to be rather curious than ufeful; and fuppofes that earths may alTume a cryftalline figure without fait, for if the cryftallization of metals are produced by fufion, the caufq of cryftallization is not in falls. He doubts whether the colours of Gfems have their origin fromi metals. He believes that Calx exifted before animals and Vegetables, He denies that the ftrata of the earth are uniform. Charaderiftic definitions he confiders ufelef*-. VOL. VII. — E C 34 3 The SYSTEM of VOGEL. Leiffic. 1762, & 1776. I. EARTHS. 10. Metallic. 5. Pyromachh I. Argillaceous. Gold. Sand-ftone, Clay. Silver. Silex. Bole. Lead. Harn-ftone. Mud. Tin. Qisartz. Smedis. Copper. 6. Schijlofe, Lithomarg. Iron. Argilious. TripoJi. Iron Mica. Calcareous. 2. Calcareous, O.hre. Metallic. Chalk. Iron. Aluminous. Lac Lnnaa. Copper. 7. Leafy. 3. Siliceous,. Cadmia. Micaceous. Sand. Cobalt earth. Spatofe. 4, Margace^^us. Arfenic Pfeudogalena. Marl. Mercurial — 8. Feathery. 5. Selenitic. ir. Soil. Amiant. . . , FoiJile farina. Rural eai;th. Afbeftus. Spatofe earth. 9. Saline. Foffile nikci. II. STONES. Atramentarious. 6. Takofe. I. Argillaceous. Aluminous. Ta'cofe earth. Steatite. Ammoniacal. 7. Micaceous. Nephritic. 10. Metallic. Mica Serpent! fie. Si ver. Gold. 1. Calcareous. Lead. Silver. Lime-ftone. Iron, Ruffian glafs. Swine- ftone. Tin. Molybdaena. Stephen's-ftone. Copper. 8. Inflaymnables. Marble. Zinc. Sulphureous. Qj^jadrum. II. Fuftie. Bituminous. Armenian. Pumicc-ftone. Umbre. 3. Margaceous. Zeoliih. 9. Saline. Dendritic. 12. Rocks. Viiriolic. Gypfeous. 13. New, ' Aluminous. Toph. Trap. Nitrous. 4. Selenitic, Muriatic. Gyps. Alabafter. [ 35 J III. PFTRIFAC- TIONS. 1. Aniniah. Anthropoluh. Zooiith. Ornitholith. Entomolith. Ichthyolith. Helmintholiih. Amphibioliih. Zi'ophytolith. 2. Plants. Phytotypoliih. Lythoxylon. Rhizolith. Lithocalamas. Lythophyllum. Carpolith. 3. Lythophytes. Madrepore. Millepore. Tubipore. Keratophyte. 4. Lithototni. Eagle-ftone. Variolith. 5. Fori. Toph. Staladite. Jncruftation. IV. SALTS. Serum. I. Styptic. 4. Baljarmrm. Vitriol. Ahim. VI. METALS. 2. Fiiftle. I. Verfea. Nitre. Gold. Bitter fait. Silver. 'J incal. Lead. 3. Hardened. Tin. Rock fait. Copper. 4. Volatile. I row. Ammoniac. 2. Semimetals. Arfcnic. Zinc. 5. Alcaline, Bifmuth. Pcrfian fait. Antimony. Aphronitre. Cobalt. Sal Gretas. Qiiickfilver. Piatina. V. COMBUSTI- BLES. I. Sulphurous. Sulphur. 2. Bituminous. Bitumen: Jet. Amber. Copal. Ambergris. Coal. C 2 [ 36 ] The SYSTEM of VELTHEIM. Brunfwick. 1781. 4 I. METALS. I. Perfect. a. More fixed. Gold. Platina. Silver, b. Lefs fi^ed. Lead. Copper. Iron. Tin. Zinc. 1. Imperfect. Mercury. Bifmuth. Nickel. Arfenic. Antimony. Cobalr. Magnefia. Molybdasna t Wolfram ? JI. SALTS. I. CONSISTINQ of Acid and Metal. The more common Vitriols. Argentum corneum. Sublimate of Mercury. Flowers of Cobalt. Flowers of Bifmuth. Phofphorefcent Pfeudo- ' galena. Spar of Lead. Iron of mineral waters . 3. Consisting of Acid cS: mineral Alcali. Muria^. Glaubers fait. Borax. CoNSiSTiKG of Acid & vegetable Alcali. Nhre. Consisting of Acid n argill. A few breccias. A few lavae. Of ftliceous and muria- tic earths. Almond- ftone. Ophites. A few breccix. A few lavae. Of JiUceous and calcare- ous earths. Almond flone in a cal- reous nucleus. Lapis laxuli* Pitch ftone. Of alumina r and muri- atic earths. Peperino. Cement, Puzzolane earth, A few lavae. Of aluminous and calca-r reoui earths. Ponderous fpar. Marl. Impure ardefia. Of muriatic calcareous earths. IV. Afchengebirge. Salz-ilein. Tophs of warm fprings Offiliceous aluminous ^ muriatic earths, Bafalt. A few fchifts. A few breccias. Of ftliceous aluminous ^ calcarious earths, Zeolith. Mineral fluor. A few breccias. Common mud. Of fiiiceous ?tiuriatic i^ calcareous earths. Peperino di Marino. Grunftcin. Rock cinereous breccia. A few fchifts. Of aluminous muriatic and calcareous earths. Tiap, Sand-ftone, Ancient fchift, A few breccia?. Of Jilieeous, alutninouSf muriatic and calcarC' ous earths, Porphyrel. Metalliferous rock, A few breccias. Soil. INFLAMMABLES. 1. Sulphurs. 2. Petreola. 3. Ambers- 4- Bitumj:n8, i. 39 J The SYSTEM of BERGMAN. Leipf, & Dn/den. 1782, I. SALTS. 1. Acid. Vitriolic. Nitrous. Muriatic. Fluoric. Arfenic. Molybdaeiiic. Bar) tic. Phofphoric. Boracic. Succinic. Aereal. 2. Akaline. Minerai. Volatile. 3. Neutral. Nitre, Salt oi Sylvius. Glatibers fait. Quadrangtilar nitre. Common Talt. Sal fccret. Glaub. Fuming nitre. Ainmoniacal fait. Borax. Black alcalies. 4. Terrejirlal. ponderous fpar. Muriate of ponderous fpar. Gyplum. Calcareous nitre. Fixed ammoniacal fait. Aerated calx. Bitter fult. Muriatcd magnefia. Nitrated magnef.a. Aerated magnefia. Alum. 5. Metallic, Vitriol ot copper. Vitriol of iron. Aerated iron. Vitriol of zinc. Vitriol of nickel. Muriated magnelium. 6. Triph combinations. Common fait mixed with muriated magntfia Bitter fait mixed with vi- triol of iron. Alum mixed with vitriol of iron. Ferrcous vitriol of copper. Vitriol of iron mixed with nickel. Vitriol of copper mix«? with iron and zinCi H. EARTHS. 1 . Ponderous. Aerated. Vitriolaied. Combined \^Ith Petroleum, Lapis heptaticus. 2. Calx. Aerated. Aerated and combined with Petreolum. Lap fuillus. Fluorated. Aerated pecul. impregnated with Lap ponder. Aerated tnagn impregnated with falited. Aerated impregnated with fiiiceous. Aerated impregnated with argillaceous and fiiice- ous. Aerated impregnated with iron and magnefia. 3. Magnefia. Aerated united with Hii- ceous. [ 4-0 ] Aerated united intimately with filiceous. United with argillaceous, filiceous and pyrites. United with argillaceous, filiceous, pyrites and pe- troleum. , Arglll United with filiceous, por- cellane. United with filiceous and martial. United with filiceous and calcareous. United with filiceous and magnefian. Impregnated with acid of fulphur and vegetable al- cali. Impregnated with filiceous, pyritaceous and petro- leum. United with filiceous, lefs than half of ponderous and a little 'Calx ; gem. United with half filiceous and a little aerated calx ; fchorl. Laxly united with half fili- ceous and a little calx; zeolith. United with the greater part filiceous and magnefia \ mica. . Siliceous. Argill and a very little calx; quartz. United with argill; chal- cedony. United with argill highly impregnated with iron. United with argill and a little calx. United with argill and a little magnefia. United with magnefia, flu- orated and aerated calx^ copper and calcined iron} chryfoprafe. III. BITUMENS. 1. Sulphur. Common. Plumbago. Molybdaenum» 2. Petroleum. 3. Diainond. IV. METALS. Gold. Platina. Silver. Qiiickfilveri Lead. Copper. Iron. Tin. Bifmuth. Nickel. Arfenic. Cobalt. Zinc. Antimony. Magnefium. APPENDIX I. Double combinations, 1. S aline y with a faline, terreftrial, bituminous, metallic. 2. TerreJlriaU with a terrefi;rial, bituminous, metallic. 3. Bifuminous, with a bituminous, metallic. 4. Metallic y with a bitumous, metallic. Triple combinations. 1 . Saliney with a terreftrial & bituminous, terreftrial and metallic, bituminous and metallic. 2. Terrejirialy with a bituminous and metallic. Quadruple combinati- ons. Saliney with a terreftrial, bituminous, and metallic. 41 J APPENDIX II. Petrifactions. Saline calx under aii Or- ganic form. Saline iron under an or- ganic form. Aerated calx under an or- ganic form. Argili under an organic form. Siliceous earth under an or- ganic form. Organic earth. Petroleum containing or- ganic bodies. Silver under an organic form. Quickfilver under an or- ganic form. Copper under an organic form. Iron under an organic form. Zinc under an organic form. VOL. VII. — F [ 42 ] The SYSTEM of KIRWAN. 1794, I. EARTHS. I, Calrareous. Native lime. Aerated calx. Agaric mineral. Chalk. Arenaceous lime-ftoiie. Teftaceous tufa. Compaft lime-ftone. Swine-ftone. Oviform. Baryto-calcite. Muri-calcite. Argillo-calcite. Marl. Marlite. Pyritaceous lime-ftone. Argentine, Sidcro-calcite. Ferri-calcite. Elaftic marblei Gypfum. Fluor. Phofphorite; ■ Tungften. 2. Barytic. Barofelenite. Liver-ftone, 3. Muriatic. KifFekil. Martial muriatic fpar. Calci-murite. Argillo-murite. Chlorite. Talcite. Talc. Steatite. Pot-ftone. Serpentine. Afl)eftus. ' Amianthus. Mountain cork, Amianthinite, Afbeftinite. Aft)eftoid. Aflinolite. Jade. ^ Boracite. 4. Argillaceous. Native argill. Porcelain clay.. Potter's clay. Indurated clay. Shiftofe clay. Shale. Fuller's earth. Lithomarg. Bole. Argillaceous marl. Coloured chalk. Green earth. Umber. Tripoli. Phofpholite, Lepidolite. Sapparre. Mica. Micarelle. Hornblend; Bafaltine. Labradore hornblend. Schiller fpar. Shiftofe hornblend. Wacken. Mullen. Kragg. Trap. Bafalt. Calp. Argillitc. Novaculitlve any of their particles in;o vapour. They are all of them without taile, and mofl of them without odour. 1. Talcosk, ar? moft of them foft and very foft, principally contiiin Magnelia alba, and never liave the vclliges of living bo>iies. They occur in primary moiiatains, more often in fecondary, fome compofe ftrata or the principal parts of mountains, and others are parafitical. By the a6lion of fire ihey arc not calcined, nor, except Hornblenda Adlinotus and ferriferous Afbeftus, are they liquifiable, but become harder. 2. Ponderous, exceed all others in fpecific gravity, are more eafily liquifiable by fire, always parafitical, never have the veitij^es of living bodies, are foft and hardiih, and chiefly confid of Ttrra pondcrofa properly fu called. 3. Calcareous, fome are formed of tcftaceous fubftances and cora!^, fome are primitive, others are rupellrial or parafitic, many arc filed with the veftiges of living bodies ; they are very foft, foft, and hardiih; become more porous by fire; the purer ones ail e-feivefce, and arc aimolt totally diifolved in nitrous acid or Aqua fortis. 4. Argillaceous, fome are very foft, plartic, flicking to the tongue, when moirtened give out a peculiar odour, hardening in the fire, and have often the impreflions of animals and ve- tables upon them; fome are f)ft or hardiih, and are rather liquified than hardened by fire, of which the principal part are rupeftrial ; others, though fewer in number, are hard, and undergo the fame change by fire. 5. Siliceous, are hard and very hard, and, except the fluoric, are not aflx^clcd by acids, certainly in part; fome are rupeftrial, others parafitic, and thefe lall have often the vcfligesof living bodies. 6. Adamantine, is very hard, parafitical, containing an earth peculiar to itfeif, and hitnerto dctedled in no other foflll. [ 59 ] II. SALTS, by their tafte and folubility in v,-atcr are known from all other mineral fubllances, and are diltingninurd among themfelvcs by the kind of tafte and the degree of their folu- bility. III. INFLAMMABLES, are charaderized by their folubility in oil, by their fmoke or fl ime when burnt, which is either grateful or difagreeable, innocent or deleterious, and by their colour or teint. IV. METALS, are known by their luftre, great weight, proper flux, and folubility in acids. V. PETRIFACTIONS, are not foffils of themfelves, but in rela- tion to the materials which compofe them : ihcy d'tfer from the preceding claifes only in their form, which they receive from the bodies ot one of the other kingdoms of nature. H 2 C 60 ] CLASS J. EARTHS, ORDER I. TALCOSE. y. Talcum. Greafy to the touch. 2. Serpentinus, Dry and harlh, of a fliivcry frailurc, with- out luftre. 3. AsBESTUS. Dry, fibroui:, without luftre. 4. AcTiNOTUS. Dry, iTiining. 5. HoRNBLENDA, Dry, lamellous, black. ORDER II. PONDEROUS. 6. Barytes. Soluble in boiling fnlphuric acid. ri. Crossopetra. Not totally foluble in fnlphuric acid. g. Strontia. Soluble in rnarine and diluted nitric acids.. Q. bYDNEiA. Soluble Iq muriatic acid. ORDER IIL CALCAREOUS. 10. Creta- Soling the fingers. ji- Tophus. Porous, precipitated from water. 12. Spatum. Lamellar, breaking into rhomboidal frac- tures. l3.ScHiST0SPATHUM.Undulately flaty. 14. Inolithus. Fibrous, foluble entirely with effervefcerice in nitric acid. l:;. Stalactites. Precipitated from water in the air. 16. Pis 'LITHUS. Confuling of globular granulations. 17. Marmor. Compad or granular. 18. SuiLLUS. Emitting an urinous fmell when fcraped. 19. T remolites. Radiate, partly foluble in nitric acid. 20. Stellaris. Fibrous in a ftellate manner, eafily melting in fire. 21. Humus. Friable, becoming very pale when dry. 22 Marga. Hardening by fire, and vitrifying in a greater degree of heat. 23. Magnesiata. Becoming black in the fire. 24. Picrospatum. Lamellar, brittle, fluwly efFervtfcing with acids. 25. Gypsum. Calcinable with water, hardening in the air. [ 6i ] 26. Hepaticus. When fcrapeii or expofcd to heat fmelling like liver of fulphur. 27. Fluor. In+nfed in hot fulplmric acl.l emits a was uhich corrodes and diifolvesglafs, 28. Apatites. W hen Iprinkied on red hot charcoal emits a giecn phofphorefcent flame, not eafily mcked. 29. Bora CITES. Cubic, harJ, Icinitranfparent. ORDER ly. ARGILLACEOUS. 30. Aluminaris. Dry and harfh, folubic almoft entirely in nitric acid. 31. Argilla. Grtafy to the touch, plaftic, hardening by fire. 32. PuTEOLANA. Friaide, hardening in t^e air when kneaded with water and q!iic.t mouldering in the air, ormelting without the greateft degree of heat, breaking into convex tragmcnts. 46. Fetrc si lex. Mtlts without ebullition, cf fliivtr) fra£lure. [ 62 J 47. Jaspis. Opake, changing its colour in the fire, not melting by itLit, breaking into convex fragments. 48. Lazulus. Hardiih, opake, of a fky-bkie colour, not lofing its colour or etfervefcing tiy acids fprinkled upon it. 49. Smiris. Of no determinate ihape, melting with great difficulty, very hard. 50 CiRCONius. Ponderou , very fhining within, breaking in- to incurved plates. 51. Amarus. Tenaciou?, green, of fhivery texture. 52. Lydius. Fiffile, opake, of a dull colour, and of (hi- very texrure. 53. Chlorogranatus. Green, cryftalline, eafily melted by fire. . 54. Arena. Confilting of dry hard rough granulations. 55. Quartzum. Refiftingdie greateft degrees of heat, and all acids except the fluoric: fragments angular. 56. ChalcedONIUS. Refifting the greateft degrees of heat, and all acids : fragments more convex 57. Adamas. Very hard, evaporating in hre with a flame. ORDER VI. ADAMANTINE, 58. Adamantinus. Refifting heat, fixed, hard, lamellar. ORDER VII. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites. Confifting of granular particles united toge- ther without vifible ctment and without regular order. 60. Gneissum. Of a lamellar texture. 61. Porphyrius. Cryftalline particles imbedded in a ftony pafte. 62. Amygdalytes. Glandules more or lefs rounded imbedded in a ftony mafs. 63. Breccia. Fragments of ftone conglutinated by a ftony or metallic cement. 64. Arenarius. Granulations of filiceous ftones conglutinat- ed by a ftony or metallic cement. EARTHS. TALCOSE. i. Talcum. 6^ ORDER I. TALCOSE. I. TAI CUM. Confin-'ing princlpailv of carbonate of macrn'r'fia, and filica and carbon: infz, grc,'sChemiJ!ry, u p. S^- Found in f:iia 1 veins covered wich foil in Jnatolia, near Kotti, Thrace, Greece, and Ni-r-th America: colour white and yellow- ifn u'hice: confillence wsxy \\hen fre fh ; adheres to ihe tongue, and abforSs water: fpecific gr?,vity 1. 600 contains filica 50.50. magnefia 17 2s. water 25. 00. carbonic acid 5. CO. lime. 50 Khpr. It is u(ed to niake the bowls of T'jr'.ifti tobacco pipes. fullonum. Tinged, tenacious. Hoffmann Ber^^w, Jrurn. I7!?9. I. p. I 57. Found in Cum'wuH and Bedforrl/birct FcrtHp:al and Sf2xoi!v, in large malics under f e common foil: colour yel!o\viih or grcenilh-grey, grecnilh-whiie, green, or flefli-colour. Is ufed to take fpots of grealc out of cloth. porcellanjun White with a call of green, tenacious>, forming porcelane in a greater degree of heat. Guertard l^ Lo'voi/rer Ail. Paris, 1778/433,434. Martial muriatic fpar. Kiriv an miner cd. i p. 145. Found in Lorrain at the depth of 30 feet, in ftrata of 7 or 8 feet; and is ufed by potters in th: manufacture of porcelane. Friable, fcaly, green, gives an earthy fmell nhen brcarhed upon, melting with a greater heat into a dark brown ^ glafs. Chi rite. Peacli, Kir-wan mineral- \p. 147. Ciilorit. Schmei£'er mineral. \ p l()6 H hcmj. chem. n,. p. ^%z. Found in Snuii'z..rland ind Saxunj, in ptiniitive mcuntains and rock cryftai : colour gr.if- or dark-giecn : has a IcaJy texture and glittering appearance. squamosum. Friable, fcaly, apyrous. Hoffman'! Her/. 'J^urn. 175^9 I. /■ 1 60. Fuund near Freyburg in Saxony, ehlorites. 64 EARTHS. TALCOSE. i. Talcum, hrianzoni' radiaium. Silvery, of a greafy ludre, compofed of flexible ftellate plates. Found in the valley oiTrcmcla in Sivitzerland, coimet'uum. Somewhat flexible, diaphanous, un-.hilately larnellous, fhin- ing, breakiui^ into difcoiJ tragments. Mica ulcofa. Syll. tiat xii. 3. p. 59. n 7. Ta'c. Krr-a)an l. /'.150. Schmeljjer \.p 194. Talc. Thotnfin ckomijiry, ■^. p 54 1, Found in Napk', Saxonf, Stle/ju, Tyrol, and Sixeden: colour pale green, iilvery, greeniih j^rey, green, red, yel'ow, or ycilowifli : flrongly heated it becomes whiter, eib tianipar'ent and more brittle : contains fiiica 48. o alumna 37.0 bx)de of iron 6. o. magnefia I. 5. lime 1.5. w., \.p. 196. Pot-ltone. Thumf. chemifl. -^ p 58:!. Fv^und imbedded in amorphi)Us mail'.'s in Rujp.i, Nornvay, Saxony, and many parts of £;/ro/'f: colour pale ycllowifh, or grcrenifh- grcy, reddifh-^re^, or fpeckled with red, and contains many' Sme^is. vllar EARTHS. TALCOSE. 2. Serpentinus. 65 micaceous particles: does not difFufe itfelf in water, but gra- dually crumbles to pieces : h brittle and too hard for writing, but is made into utenfils for hjlding water : contains filica 38. magnefia 38, alumina 7. iron 5. carbonate of .ime 1. fluoric acid i. Weigleb. ichtstoium. Shiniiii:, fomewhat flexile, lamellous, breaking into flcites. Storr. Alpenr, 2. p 285 — 289 Found in the country of the Gryfons among the Alpt: colour white, or gree:iifh v\hitc, greenifli, or grc) ifh- green, blood- ied, or duil rcJ. It is ul'ed for covering houles. 2. SERPENTINUS. CoLfiHing of carbonate of niagncfia, oxyde of iron, and filicaj with fre- quently a mixture of alumini, rarely of calcare- ous earth: dry and harfii to the touch, receiv- a poliih : hardening in the fire; neither etier- vefcing with nitric acid nor abforbing oil. nephriticus, Leck-green, femipcllucid, a little grcafy to the touch. Talcum prajpoliendum viridc. Srfi. nut. xu. 3./. 53, w. 7. Jade. Nephrit, Kir^van. mineral, \. p. XJX. Nephrite. Jade. Schmeijj'er., i.p. 200. 1hom\ 3./!. 581. Fobind in Egypt, America, Sivec/en, Saxony, Bohemia, and the Siber an and Hungarian mountains; fometimes adhering to rocks and fometimes in detached rounded pieces; colour da;k leek-green, with often a blueilh cafl: is very hard, and does not melt' in the ftrongeit fire: contains filica 47, car- bonate of magnefia 38. iron 9. alumina 4. carbonate of lime 2, The inhabitants of tSe-xv Zealand ufe them for h-ttch- cts and oilier cutting inltruments. genuinus. Opake, without hiftrc, of fplintery fradure, becoming wiiiier in the fire. Talcum prjepol. viride-maculat. Syji. nat, xii. 3. p. 52. ». 6. Serpentine. Ki>vj an mineral, i, p. 156. SchmeiJJer. i.p. 199. Thomf. chemi/i. 3. p. 5 So. Fciund in moil European mountains, generally in large amorphous miilcs : colour blackifli, Icck, olive or canary green, yellow, red, grey, brown, white, or blue; one fpe^imcn generally exhibiting a mixture of Icveral colours like the fkin uf a fer- pent: when breathed upon fVecjuentiy emus an earthy fmell: contains magnefia 34, 5. filica 28,0. alumina 23, o. oxyde ofiron4, 5. linico, 5. water 10,5. Chene'vix. fssilis. Green, of a flaty texture. Chioiit lliilluf. Schmei£er minera\ \,f>, ig8- voL. va. — I 66 EARTHS. TALCOSE. 3. Afbeftus. Found in Norivny, Cor/ica, and Tyrol, clothing the cryftals of niiigiietic ir n Itone, and leaves a mountain^reen trace: contain- ox^de of iron 43, 3. filica 41, 15. alumina 6, 13. inagncfia 39, 47. lime i, 50. air and water 1,50. (rystaiiinuu Green, refcmbling acicular cryftals. Found in Saxony and ii'weden, on t;.c furface of rock cryftal. 3. AS BEST US. Confifting of carbonate of mag- ncTia, filica, and generally alumina; with fre- quently oxyde of iron, rarely carbonate of iime: dry t(; the touch, fibrous, foft, light and float- ing, brittle in the fire, parafitic. A. IV'ith all ihefhres parallel. AmJantui, Floating, with very fine feparable, highly flexible fibres. Amiancus hbr.us. Syli. nat. xii. 3 />. 55. «. i. Amiant. Kir^jjan minernl. i. p. i6i. Mountain flax. Schmeijjer mineral i, p. 203. Flexible Afoeltus Thomjons ckctni/lry, 3. p. 594. Found with Serpentine in the Ural, Laplund, :->'wediJ}:>^ and many Lurcpeati mountains, and likewile in Candia and China: coltur filvtry- white, grcyifh, greenifh-white, yellov^fh, pa'e flefh-colour or ochre yellow : feels a little grealy to the touch, and eafily melts in a candle: contains fihcn 64,0. carbonate of mag' efia 17, 2. carbonate of liaic 12, 8. oxyde of iron 6, O, Bergman. Harder, with the fibres more clofely cohering, tenacious and feparable. Amiantus f lumolus. Syff. uat. xii. 3. p. 55. ». 2. Found m iS-ivedcn, and leparates more into a kind of down than into diUiiiift fibres: abounds with iron, which gives it a greenifh co'our: in the fire it melts into ablackdrofs. Pro- bably only a variety of the lalt. Shining like glafs, with feparable very fragile fibres. Amiantus fibrous. Syfi r.ut. x\\, ■},. p. ^^, n 3. Found in Siheria and Sixeden, and is fold in the fhops under the name of feathered Alum : colour grey or greeniih. Taken internally it is highly deleterious, but has been fometimes applied to Simulate paralytic.limbs. Without luftre, with rigid Itony cohering fibres in long bundles. y^mi^ntus imniaturus. 5)/?. nat. xii. 3. /'.55- «• 4. Aflieltus. Kir~Man mineral. 1.^.159. Common AfLell. Schmei£er mineral. l./>, 204. maturuu fragilii. ■Jgc EARTHS. TALCOSE. 3. Afl^eRus. 67 \ionum. Common Afbeftus. 1 horrfin' chof^i'iry, i- p. ^9^^ Found m Siberia, Lapland, S^M-den, Sdelta, Saxony, Francoma, and Tyrol, generally in wedge ilraped pieces: colour grce- or grey; its furface can be Icr.tched wim a knuc, and ts n_.C al-ered by fire : it melts with borix into a white glally mats : contains filica63,9. carbonate of msgnefu 16,0. cavOon.tc of lime 12,8. oxydeof iron 6,0. alumina 1,1. Hergm, Harder, with tortuous, rigid, clc.fely united, fafcicled fi- bres. Amiantus Solidus. Syll. nat. xii. 3. ^ 57- «• 'O- Afbeftus folidus. Wall. pA i./). 398. Found in Sweden, in itie Norhurg quars. B. IVlth the fibres interwoven, and breaking into ohtujan- gled fragments. Flexible, refemblingcork, imbibing water with a noife, adhering to the tongue, Amianiuscorticofu-;, Syli. nat. xii, 3 /. 56. n. 7. Albdlus fibris flexilibus Wallfyll. I. p \oo. Mountain cork. Schmeiffer mineral \. p 202. Subcr montanum. K.-iv^/n inneraL I. />. 163. Elaftic Albeftu-^. Thom/ons ch.-mi(lry, 3. /> S9+. Found in the mine^ of S^veden, Saxoiy, Hungary, &c. cont:un- ing often filver ores, in thick compact pie es: colour white, reddiOiwhite, cinereous, gr-eniOi, oryelbwifh: the fibres arefo confufedly interwoven with each othes and fometimes fo fubtily as to be dilVmgiiinied with difficulty 1 it is very light, dry and elaftic, and yields to the preflure of the njil : contains' filica 56, 2 carbonate of magnehi 26, i. carbo- nate of lime 12, 7. iron 3,0. alumina 2,0. Bergman. Rcfembling wood in colour and texture. Li niform Albeilus. Kir^an tnineral. \. p>\^\' Mountain wood. Schmeijpr mimral I. p. 205. Ligniform Afbeftus. Tho .f'H'sclM'niliry,'^. p. ^()i, in Tvol : colour brown, and it broken acrols dil"covcrs an irregular filamentous ftrn(flure, like wood. Flexible, floating, in thick lamellar pieces. Amiant. corticof^ flexilis, Syft. nat. xii. 3. p. 56. n. 8. Mountain Leather Schmeifjermineral. \. p.toi. Found i:: the iron mines of S^iutdcn, in pieces of the thicknels and confirtence of tanned horfes' ftDin . colour whitifh, tne outer furface often confiftingof very thin fhort crowded ereft "hairs, over which is a black unequal membrane. ft has the appearance of a hornblend, but is immediately diftmguiftied by itsfoftneisand colour: contains filica 56, z. alumina z,o. ma^nefia 26, i. carbonate of lime 12, 7. iron 3,0, Schmeijf, I 2 68 EARTHS. TALCOSE. 4. Aainotus. Aluta^ Flexible, floating, in thin lamellar pieces. Amiant. corticof. membranac. Syd. nat xii. 3. p. 57. n. 9. Amiant. fibris mollior. W^all fyfl. I. p. 399. «. 7. Alnta Montana. I' cgel mineral. 171. Found in Siberia, 'Rujjw, SKvedei:, Hungary, Tyrol, Franc:, &c. in pieces of the tiJcknefs and c:;nltftence of fine fiioe-leathcr or thick brown paper: colour white, cinereous, or pale yel'owifli. ^rgentifer. Flexible, browni(h-red, in thin lamellar pieces, highly charged with filverore. Lehmw.n phf chem. Berlin, 1761. 8. p. 116. Found in tne mines of Hcrcynia, Carolina, and Dorothea. 4. ACTINOTUS. Cor.naing of carbon:ite of magnefia, a larger proportion of oxyde of iron, and the greater part filica : harfh to the touch, fhining, rigid, fragile, parafitic, generally of a green colour, fpontaneouflv falling into granular fraorments, but breaking into indeterminate frao;- ments: melrmg in the fire, with ebullition, into a pellucid 6-coloured globule. Opake, foft, fhining within, fibrous with the fibres di- • verging. Hoffmann Bergm. journ, 1789. I. p, 163, Found with pyrites in the mines of Saxony, of a glafly luftre, fometimes grevi(h- white, grcenifh or reddifh white, or cine- reous : feels a little grcafy to the touch. Shining, hardifh, pellucid or diaphanons, radiate or ftriate, Afbcftoid. Kirnjisan mineral. I. /- 166. Radiated or llriated Shorl. Schmeijfer, i. p. 206. Afti ote. Thomfons chtvtiffry, 3. p. 596, 597. 1. V/ith the rays parallel. 2. With the rays divergent. 3 With the rays f'.fcicled. 4, With the ray- ftcllate. 5, With the rays fcaitered. 6, Pellucid, in 6 Tided, elongated, comprei.jd prifms. Found in the Iron mines of Siveden, the quarries of Saxotiy, and the mountains of Fraconia and Tyrol, in long Hattifli 4 or 6- ii'ied cryrtals, which are brittle and not flexible: feels very flightly, if any thing, greafy to the touch : colour greenifli- white or reddifh-grey : it often conftiturcs the matrix of metallic ores: contains filica 43. carbonate of lime zZa iron 34. EARTHS. TALCOSE. 5 Hornblenda. 69 -;treus. Of a ^laffy liiftrc, fcmitranfparcnt, hardifh, foincwhat fibrous. 2. In elongated 6.{idcci prifms having the 2 oppofue edc^cs tnin- c-ted. ° GI (fy A 61 in '^..l ire. Kivwan mineral \. p. 168. Vitreous Uriated fliorl. Schmei^cr tmnerat. \. p zo-^. Malacolite. Thomlo-^s chemiftry,.'}^. p ^(^y. Found on the Ifund of Sky in 5^ff//^^W, near Ailemoiit in Da-j- ph!g,,c, and in the 'Tyrolc/e mount;^in?, in folid mafTcj, nnd crvilai zed in C-fidod priiins : colour icek-groen wiih a filvery luftrc, or with a ycliowiOi ll.,in, or brow ni Hi red : it hreaki Jnngitcdinaljy into long fliarp fplintery fr^gmrnrs, diCcovtr- jng Its clofely adheiipg quadrangular or hexangular fibre; conrains hlica 72, o. magi^tfia 12, 7. carbonate of lime 6,c.' [ 2ium:na2,o. oxydeof iron 7, 3. Bergman. 5. PTORNBLENDA. ConHftlng of carbonarc of mngnefia, an equal i)f)ition of oxytle of iron, and a nearly equal quantity of carbonate of li;ne: foft, opake-, generally of a'dull colour, leavinrr'a ilreak, lameliou.s breakinir into indererminTite fragments: melting in the"'firc, with ebullition, into a black of^ake globule. 'i<::!^nns. With hardly any lufiic, of a dull colour vvhrn bro\-en in any dircdion, and exhibiting lamellar pieces or rays. Talcum Corncus. Sjil, tint xii. 3 p. 53 «. g. Hornblende. Kir^' an mineral. I. p 2 13. Common Horn olende. Scbmeiffer mineral. \ . p. x^o. Common Hornblende, rbovifons chemijlry, 3 p 543' Found in Sweden, Sa.xor,y, Portugal, Echcmia, and' m oft Eu. ropean mountains. In foiid maffes, interfperfed with other lloney ; lomotnne.s cryHallizcd in 6 or S-fided prifms ; it \t always either radiated or fo'iated, and the crylials are tranf- verfely Itnated : colour dull green or blackifh : rra.flure ftraight, or curved, or divergingly ftriatc : contains fine* 37. a.'umina 27, iron 25. lime 5. magncfia 3. Ihonifur.. khradorica Subopake, with a litfle luftrc, in curved lamellar piece«! which when broken dilcovcrs a coppciy-black inter* • nal furface. Labradorc Hcrnblcnde. Kirnjoan mineral, up. 221. ^abradore HornDlende. Sd me>£er minercL \. f, \ii. ^o EARTHS. TALCOSE. 5. Hornblcnda. Found in fcattered pieces in the Tfland Sr. Paul, on the Lahra- dore coaft: colour greyilh-black, with fometimes a fhade of coppery-red or iron grey, according to the diredtion ot the light : frafture moilJy curved and foliited. basaltina. Shining, hardifh, leaving, a greyilh-white ftreak, when broken longitudinally exhibiting ftraight lamellar pieces, cryftallifing into fmall 6 and 8- Tided prifms terminated by 3 fidcd pyramids. Bafahine. Kirnuun mine al. \ />. 219. Bafalt Hornblende. Schmnjjer mineral I./", 183. Bdfiltic Hornblende. Thomfoni chemillry, 3. p 543. Found in BafaU, TufFe, Wacke, and Lavas, in moft parts oi Europe, to which it adheres very clolely : colour black, greeniih-black, dark green, or yellowiilvgre n; of a (hining furface when broken: melts before the blow-pipe mc . a greyilh enamel with a tinge ot yellow : contains filica 58^ alumina 27. iron 9. lime 4. magnefiai, Bergman, I EARTHS* PONDEROUS. 6. Barytes. 71 ORDER II. PONDEROUS. Containing a larger portion of ponderous mrtb, 6, BARYTES. Copfifting almoft entirely of pon- derous earth : ponderous, parafitic, very brittle, haifli to the touch, foft: entirely ibluble in boil- ing fulphuric acid, in the fire at firft deprived of the cohefion of its parts, and afterwards melting without ebullition. A. Combined with carbonic acid gas, which does not totally dijengage itjelf during liqiiefadfiony and therefore ej'" fervejcing with acids. Of a common figure and equal texture. Ba^olite. WithLnte. Kir-vc an mineral 1.^.134. Carbonate of Baryr. Schmeijjer mineral, l. p, 253. Carbonu of Biry tcs. Thomj'on s chemiliry, 3. p. 620. Found at Anglezark near Chorley in Lancajhiret near St. Afap3ii in Wales, and in Argylelhire in Scotland, in foHd mailes ar-i. cryllaliized : texture Ihining, radicated, fibrous: colcwair gieciiifh- white or white: its cryllals are fniall 6-fided priirns ternunatcd by 6-rided pyramids: when he-^tcd it becomes opake. Its powder phof; h Tckcs when thrown on burning coals: contains barytes 62. carbonic acid 22, water 16^ lemclloia. Lamellar, of a cryftalline figure, femipellucid, fmooth oa the outer furface, Ihining within. 1. With 4 fidcd obliquanglcd falcicled prifms. 2. With 6-ridcd pnlm.s teiminated at IJoth ends by a 6-iidedfiy-i raniid, 3. With 4 fided obliquanglcd table?, the terminal margins o'btufe with an acicular point. 4. W:th 6-fided double pyramids. Carbonate ot Barytes. Se-ijoerby Brit, mimrals, tab 76, Found in Scotland, Lancafrjire, Yorkjkire, and Saxony, in folii mafl'es: colour white, with a degree of tranlparency, B. Saturated with fulphuric acid, and therefore Hot effeT'- vejcing ivith acids : Jhining in the dark, after having been whitened in th€ fire. rtrresiris. Friable, in an earthy loofc or united form. BaPniCienitc in an earthy loofe iurm. Kirnvan, I. p. 138, Ponderous earth Cawk, or friable heavy Spar. Schm. i. p. 255, Earthy iulphat of Bar)tes. 'Ihcmjont clem, 3. />. 622, 72 EARTHS. PONDEROUS. 6. Parytc^. Found ill the lead ininei of Staff'u-'-J and Dcrhy, near Fraburg^ and in the vicinity ot Paris, in cuarfe dully particles, inciUy forming fmsl! concretions, fe^d'-m in the fonn of powder : has an arid app^^rancv, feels co.irle, rough and ii:'.rfh, and fi!s tl;e fingers a little ; colour Inow-white, greyiih, reddiHi or ye!]owifii-«.vhi;e ; it fomet.mcs contains a liitltf gypluni, fiiica, and lime* compaQa. Siibopake, fhinir.g, of a fplintery fracSlure, with the frag- ments indeterminate and acutangled. Compaft B.^.rofelenico. Kiauoau in'nieral. i.p 138. Compad heavy Spar. Schme'Jj'er tnineral. I. f. 256. Comp.i(fl fulph itof B.irvtcs, 'Ihomfons chem. 3. p. 622. Found in the lead mines o{ Derbxjkire and i>taffori(//jirey and in Saxony, in smorphous or half round>.d mailcj, or in nodules j breaking into (harp aiiguh-r pieces, and when broken it has a dull appearance, with fomctimes a little glittering ; colour dull grey, yeliowifli-vvhitc or ycllowifli, cream-colour, pile flefh-col'.ur, rcddifli, or bluifh: contains fulphat of baryt 85,5. fjlica 6,7. felinite 2. water 2. fpecilic gravity from 4.3- to 4'4' hononievsis. Diaphanous, fliining, fomcvvhat fibroas, breaking into fragments more or It-fs rhombic. Muria phofphorea. Sy/l, nat. xii. 3. /), 99. n 6. Gypfiim fp^ithofjm. VV Al fyjl. min. x.p.xbz, Bononien itone, SchmefJJer mineral, i. p, 261. ' Bologna itone, Thomfons chemidry, 3. p. 623. Found on the mountain P^tern o !i',"ar Rolo^na, detached, in roundifh Hit kidney form piece?, the fragments of which are obtufangled, roundifli, with the iupcihcie? unequal ; broken in a certain dirertion it appears fiorou , broken in another it appears rather lamcllous : f.met mes alls to pieces fpontane- ouily into granular ffa^ments : colour (m >ke-grey, with a fmail degree of femitrantparency : Ipeciric gravity from 4,440. to 4,496. contains by analyfis fu.ph»te of baryt 62,0. i:licai6,o. alumina 14,75. gypium 6,0. iron 0,25. water 2,0. lamdlata. Shining witnin, lamellar in a frondofe manner, fponta- neoully falling into fcaly fragments ; the thicker fcales cutting the plates under a light angle. Lamellated heavy Spar. Schmfijcr mintraL \.p 256. Found in the mines ol Saxony ■^wA Trsnlylvania, in folid mafles, foniecmies in fma!l lenticuLr cryibls lometimes c'ultered together in an oval kirtney or fpheroid form : colour white or cinereous, pale ycllowifh, browhifli-red. lulgaris. Lamellar, breaking into rhomboid fragments, falling fpon- laneoully into convergent fcules. EARTHS. PONDEROUS. 7. CrofTopetra. 73 1. Of a common amorphous figure. 2. Cryftallized in numerous forms and variation?, the mofl: ufual of which are the quadrangular and hexangular prifms, the douhle quadrangular pyramid, the quadrangular tabl; be- villed at the edges, the S-fided plate, and the fmall rhomb with obtufe angles of 105''. Cryftallized fulphate of Barytes. Soiverby Br, min. t, jo-i-z* Barofirlenice. Kir-ixan mineral, l, p. i 36. Sulphat of Barytes. Thomfons chem, 3 p. 621. Common ponderous Spar, or Cawic. Schmef/f, min. 1. p. 257. Found in various parts of Britain and Europe, and is the nioft common matrix of metallic ores : it is iometimi-s found in powder, often in amorphous maffes, ofcen cryllallizcd : it is fumetimes highly poliflied, generally diaphanous, and in its cryllallizcd fta;e tranfparent and refledlive: colour i'nowy, filvery or blueifh, greyifh, greeni{h, reddilh or yellowifh- white, often flcfh. colour, ftnoke colour, honey-coiour, vina;- ceous, rarely olive-green, or greenilh or yeHovvIfti-grey, or greyifh-black, very rafcly blue : the layers are generally Itraight, fometimes incurved; the primitive form of its cr}f- tals, according to Hauy, is a rectangular prifm, whofe biifes are rhombs, with angles of loi deg. 30. and 78 deg. 30. fpecific gravity 4430*. contains by analyfis, pure barytes 67,2. folphuric acid 32,8. Withering. ttii'latiiia. Of a rounded form, or coating other bodies. Found on Mount Jierg in Hercyuia, of a ftalaftitical origin and forn%, in other refpeds agreeing with Barytes vulgaris, 7. CROSSOPETRA. Confiftlng of ponderous earth, a larger portion of filica, and a Imaller of alumina: Ir^htifh, hard, parafitic, meagre, cryltalline: not totally foluble in fulphunc acid, even in a boiling hear, melting with difficulty in the fire. hercynica, Jq 4-rided redangular tables or prifms, tranfverfely ftriate, terminating at one end in a needle point ; two ot tiiem cutthig each other crolswife and longitudinally. Heyer chem. annul, 1789. \. p. 212. Fwund upon calcareous fpjr, in the mines of Hercvnia, near Andreujlurg, in Imallcr aggregate cryilals, fometimes very minute, rarely pellucid, oftcner diaphanous or opake : co- lour milk-white, hyaline, yeilowilh, not always llriking fire with ilccl, yet frequently making a mark upon'glafs : melts -virh borax and foaa, with ebullition. VOL vn. — K 74 EARTHS. PONDEROUS. 8. Stromia. In 4.-fiz\* Found in the lead mine of StromiaH in Argyte/hiret in granite rocks, accompanied by Galena and Witherite, generaHy in amorphous maffes, or in a ftate of cryftallization : colour w hitifh -green : has fome lurtre, and a little tranfparency : when expofed to hcai it does not crackle or fpHt, but before the blow-pipe becomes ivhite and opake : with borax it ef- fervefces and melts into a colourlefs tranfparent glafs: it is folublc in 200 parts of water, at a temperature of 60 deg. its folution tinges flame red; its cryltalsare contufedly grouped, and more or lefs diverging from a centre, and are ulually 6- fided prifms, terminated by 3-fidcd pyramids: fpecilic gra- vity from 3,400. to 3,644. contains ilrontia, 62, carbonic acid 30. water 8. Pelletkr, 4ulj>bata, Combined with fulpliuric acid. Sulphat of Strontian. Celeilinc, Ihamfon cbem, 3. /. 624. 1. Opake, britde, compaft, fome^Nhat fplintery, in round pieces. Earthy fulphat of Strontian. Tbomfon chem 3. p. 625. Found at Montmarte near Paris, of a blueifh-grey colour, with- outlufire: fpecific gravity 3,5. contains fulphat of ilrontian 91,42. carbonate of lime 8, 33. oxyde of iron 9,25* f^auquelijt. 2. Fibrous, with the fibres ftraight, fomewhat tranfparent. Fibious fulphat of Strontian. Thomfonchem. 3, />. 625. Found in many parts of Britain and Europe, in mal{es: colour pale blue, redcilh, or white : externally it has little or no luitfc, internaliy Ihining: fpecific gravity 3,83. EARTHS. PONDEROUS. 9. Sydney. 75 3. rihrom, with the Sbr« diverging, texture of the cryfbis ftrargbt foliated. Foliated fulphai of Strontian. f^mjon ehem. 3. /. 625. Found in Britain, and Ski/y^ »n mafibs and cryftah: the amar- phouj pieces fibrous, with the fibres diverging: cryiuw grouped, fhining, femitranrparervt : colour white. Q SYDNEIA. Confifts of ponderous earth, alu- mina, fine fand, and iome colourieis mica: foluble in heated muriatic acid only; the iolu- tion not cryftaliizino-, but becoming a bmyia- ceous and delqut-fcent mafs: melts m a heat ot 15 dcg. of wedgvvood. Sydneia. Sydneia , or Sidney Earth. Kirwan miner, i.p.i 5» Sydneia. rndgioood. Philo/Tranf. xj^o. p.^ob, Aullralis Sidny Earth. Schmeijfer miner, i.p. 45. ^ Fotl in Uy Co^^, in Ne^ South WaUs. ^^ll^t.^Z-^ times a few black part.cles refemblmg black lead : the bmy- raceous mafs from the folution is pale yellow and not cor- lofive. t 76 • EARTHS. CALCAREOUS, lo. Creta. ORDER III. CALCAREOUS. Conjijiing principal^ of carbonate of lime. Confifting of carbonate of lime and carbonic acid sas, and a few extraneous fub-^ concbacea. lo. CRETA. acid gas, and a few extraneous fiances: friable, efFervefcing with and nearly totally foluble in acids: calcining in the fire, but not vitrifying in the flrongefl degree of heat. Containing fmall and very minute fhells not cohering,, not foiling the fingers, without Iiiftre. Calx conchacea. Sjft. nat, xii. 3. p> 2c6. Humus conchacea. Crondft.m'-n. fell. 281. l.b. Humus animalis conchacea. Wall. fyli. \. p. 24. «. 8. b. Found on the maritinie parts of Etruria, Saxony, and Wtrtem,' iurgt rarely covered with mould. Copflfting of rounded quite glabrous milk-white opake granulations, which do not ftain the fingers. Calx teftacea, &c. Sj/Ji. nat. xii. 3. /. 208. «. 8. Found on the fhores of Afcezlion JJland, where it ferves as a ni- dus for the Telludo Mydas to lay its eggs in : it is compofed of {hells and corals comminuted by the tvaves of the fea, or of the harder calcareous fubftances worn down and rubbed together by the torrents of rivers. PjodMced by comminuted fhells, without luflre, not flain*. ing the fingers. Calx tellacea, &c. Ssfl. nat. xii. 3. f. 207. «, 4. Found on the coafts of England and Ei iram and various parts, in the clefts of rocks, or the bottom ot lakes, or calcareou,- mountains; it is formed of more .i.mpaa panic es, j.s exceedingly brittle and reducible to cuft, does n..c oulicrc to the totigue : colour white, rcddiOi, oryeliowifh, icriptoria. Solid, rough, (lightly adhering to the tongue, without luf- tre, opakc, ftaining the fingers, breaking into inde- terminate fragments. Calx creta. Syft nat. xii. 3. />. zo6. « i. Cba k. Kirvjun. \ p.Jj. ^dmeif^er. l./). 214. Scft Carbonatof lime. var. 2. I'homfon chem. 3. p. 60S. Common chalk Soivoly Brit, miner, tab ->. Found in large ftrata in various parts 0/ Britainy Qermnny^ France, ^vd ivea'e/i, particularly on fo;ne {a coalb, oiten containing flints and the veftigcs of echini and flKlIs: colour generally white, rarely greyiih ; feels richer rough to the touch, and ifFervefccs ilrongly with acids : contains ^arbo- tiate of hme 95. alun\ina 2. water 3. Gfl«;V. Solid, hardifh, t)nttlc, a little Opining and tranfparent. Arenaceous hmeftone. Kirtvan miner, i, p. -j'S, Found on the fhores of Rhaghr^, a fmali ifland on the coaft of ylntrimy and z\CodriUa, on the well (xdzoil^efuvius, yellow, ilh-white. In the lump it cannot be eafily broken, but ni imall pieces it fritters between the finger^ : phofphorefce* when fcraped in the dark with a knife : fp.-cihc gravity 2,7.42. cqntains carbonic acid 47. Kir^ivan^ 1 1. TOPHUS. Confrfting prin( ipaljy of carbonate of lime: precipitated by wa^er ynd?r water: po- rous, without iuftre. communis, Dcpofited at the bottom of cold water? funnipg throii^ii mountains and calcareous llrata. ° Sylt.nat. \ p igi. xii. 3 /. 183 «. 3. Stal .elites calcarcus. Z/^^// fyfi min. z. p, 3S9, n, 10? Sialaft iigura incerta. Cronjl. miner redl.\z,\.c. Found in tvcry part of the globe, fomcfimfs h^fdcnipg in the air, fometimes mouldering, of numergys varieties with rc^ fpea t., colour, and often forming tljf firjl materia] of z-i,Vv^ r?0U5 Arata, .- jS EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. iLTopImj, OstescsUa, Calcareous, more or lefs cylindrica!, perforated. Phloloph. Tranjaa. l 74.5. ^ 37&. Syfi. nat.-aW. 3 p. 189^ ». 6. St?ladites calcarea arenofus. Wall. fyft. 2. p. jSz. n, 6, Found in various pans of Germany^ and elfewhere, botli ira brooks anci iirder beds of fand, irom the fize of a crovv-quili to the thickner? of a man^ arm: white or afh colour, lome- thing in tbe fh^pc of a bone, and was formerly fuppofed to have the quality of uniting tiroken bones. Ft is moftly in ^ong cylindrical piece?^ fometimea irregularly tubular and porous, fora. times filled up with a marly earth mixed with fend, with often tbe re mairrs of decayed roots of trees in t e centre The incrufliiions do not appear in regular concentric layers,.^ but confift of thin ftrata fpirally rolled up : when farft found in the earth, it is foft and duftilc, but in a very ffiort time it hardens by expofure to the air : eonfifts of knd and earth cemented by a calcareous depofition. fxcnsstaat. Incrufting animaf and vegetable fubfiances with a calca- reous coating and alTiiraing their figure. Stalaffrtes vegetab. incruft. SjH^nat. xii. 3.. p. 183. «. I» Stalartites calcaneus. Walt. fyH.min. 2. f. 380. n. 5. Sra}.(fiitic Tufa. Kir-ixan taineral. X.p J 80. Found in various parts of 5--u;fd>«, Germany, Italy, $cc. clothing with a ealcareo^is coat the fmaller branches of trees, leaves, prickles, mofs, plants, crabs, eggs, birds and their nefts, preventing them from decay by defending them from the action of the atmorp)heric air. Moil of thofe fubllances, which are commonly called petrifactions, ate of this fpe- cies. leheiuKt Incrufting the bottom and fides of veffels, in which water has been boiled Tophus calcar. lebetum. Sfji. nat. xii. 3. p. 188, ». 13, Tophus fufibilis. Wall./tjl-min. 2 / 392. «. 15. Found on the bottom and round the fides of Tea-kettles, ana other reilels in which water has been often boiled, forming a tl>it> hard incruftation. It is formed in much greater quan- tities from fpring than from rain water, and is feldom with- out a portion of filica. paitium. Forming incrurtations on decayed teeth. Found in fcales, plates or irregularly fhaped lumps on decaying teeth, and feems to be formed by depofition, in the fame manner as the crufl in tea-kettles. Its furface is very rough, and more or lefs porous. fhermalis. Covering the bottom and fides of the receptacles and 'carials of warin baths, T'>phus calcareub granulatus, &yjl. nat* xiJ, 3»/». 189. «. ij. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 12. Spatuni. 7^ Fouivd in the warm baths of Hungary, Wijbadin, and other places, often in luch quantities as to fill up the canals and duds; more frequently white than tinged with any other colour ; is more or lefs coinpafl, and fbmetimes fo hard as t9 receive a fine poli(h« Cretoor. Confifting of very thin diaphanous fcales. Porus pulverulentus. Oerh-ard jiuner. f>-45- n. f. Found principally in warm Springs, containing cakareou* earth, on the furtacc of which it floats liie a pellicle. usiactus* Confining of the aggregate fragments of fliells* 1. CompatJl and harder* Teltaceous Tufa. Kii-zvan miner, i, p, yq. Found in the neighbourhood of Sjracu/i-, FaUrmOf and t5»e pro- montory of Pa/soro in Sicily : white or yellowifh-white, ex- ceeding porous and brittlcj formed of various flaeUs fcjokea and compadled together. 2. Softer and not compad. Marly Tufa. Ktr^^an mineral. I. p. I So, found in mofl parrs of Europe, yellowifh-whltc, refembHng mortar, without luftrc or tranfparency, and very porous3 fraiflure earthy. 12. SPATUM. Confifting of carbonate of lime, a larger proportion of carix)nic acki gas, and v.'a- tcr: lamellous, lliining, parafiticaj, fo^r, lightifh, breaking into rhomboidal fragnnents: cracklir?g in the fire. A. Oj a common figure. Opake or nearly fo. Spatum Soluhile, Syjl, nat. xii. 3. p. 49. «. 5. Spatum rhomboidale. Wall. fyfi. min. \.p. 137. », t. Spatum caicareuni. Cronli. min, feS. 10. 2. b. 2. With the fragments irregular. Spatum calcarium. Syst. nat. xii, 3./. 49. «. 7. 3. With a variable luftre. Spatum fugHjc. Syit. nat. xii. 3. /. 49. ». 10. Common S^par. Kirnvan miner. \. p. 86. Calcareous Sp.tr. Sch/fieifser min. I. p. 220. Calcareous Spar. Tbomjon chem, 3. p. 609. Found in ls'(,r-way, S-itjedct:, Germany, Snx.itzertamif and f{u»m gary, molt commonly white, fometimes cinereous, bluciftij grcenifh, ycllowilh, red, or blac.kifh. The variety 3} changes its Julire with refped to its pofiiion in the light. 8o EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 12. Spatum. arenairiiim. Diaplianous, with the foliations irregularly cluftered. Spatum confufum. Syst. nat. xii 3 />. 50. « 9. Spatum particuhs difperfis. Wall. I'yst 1 />. 138. n. 3. Found in S'u.-ea'tn and Saxony, white, gre/j red, brown, Of green, fellucidum. Pellucid, liyaline* Sp.tum fpeculare, Svst. nat. xii, 3 p. 48. «. I. Spatum pellucicum. IValL/yst. i. p. i^g «. 4. a. Spatum rhomboidale. Cronst. min. feet. 19. I. a, 2. I» Androdamas Piinii, Scheuchz, it. .Alp p. 324. 542. 2, Pellucid, tinged. Spatum fo'ubi'e. Syst nat xii. 3. y> 50. ».6. Spatum compafluni, Mj^. Tejs-. 16 «. 8. JiF/x//, ^7f. min. I. p. t 39. ff. 4. b, c, d, e. Cronst min. feB. lO. l. a. 2. 2, 3. Doubling the dbje(fls by refrafti-^n. Spatum folubile. Syst. nat. xii. 3./1. 48 «. 2. Spa:um rhomboidale. Cronst. min. feQ \.o.n,i. z, t. Spatum informe molle. Carth, min. 12. Spitum pellucidum. Wall./vst. min. i.p. 140, n. 5. Spatum alcalinum. Woltsrjd. mm. 19. Found in RuJJia, Lapland, Noribay, Sweden, and othef ni9un* tainous pares oi Europe, the variety 3, which doubles the ob- jeft by rcfraflion, chiefly in Iceland: colour yellow or yel- lowifh, olive, greenifh, bluei(h, fmoke-colour, blackifh, rarely red or veined : when expofed to heat, it parts with its tranlparency and carbonic acid, and after calcination fome- timcs Ihinesin the dark, if thrown upon hot coals, B. Of a peculiar figure. With the furface divided luto cells. Found in Hungary and Hercyma, Of a more or lefs cylindrical form. .2. Of a botryoidal figure, or refembling a bunch of grapes. 3. Of a fhrubby appearance. 4. Refembling a branch of coral. • Coral -form carbonate ot lime. SoiXierhy Br. min, t, 9. Found in Bohemia and Hungary, tne coralliform variety plenti- iul'y in lae ioofe marl at St. Mavus, Corniuall, where it is ufed for manure, and in North ff^a/a. Its appearance has (o much the refemblance of a coral as to be commonly miftaken for fuch, but it appears on examination to be aggregations of calcareous earth ramifying in ihc ioft marl : colour white, ycllowilh-white, or pale ferruginous from a fmall mixture of iron. ceuuiosum. italaHiti- (um. EARTHS. CALCARJEOtJS. 12. Spatum* 8l glohsum. Of a more or lefs globular form, compact. Aetites marmoreus. ^yfl nat. xii. 3 p. t79. 4. Pomum cryftallinum. /Id. iitcckh. ly^o tab.2.f.\%. Spatum druficum. Crond. miner. fe&. 1 1. b. 2, 2. Of a kidney-fhaped form. Found in the mines of Hungary and Tranfyhania, in S^witzer* land and SweJen^ often condiling internally of prifmatic cryf. tals or pyramids convergent in a ftellate manner. ifiane* More or lefs globular, with the globules empty or hol- low. l^. Born, ind.fsfs. i. p. q. Found in the mines called Christiana in tiungary, C. CryJiaUizedi Ohj The pyramidal cryftals of Spar are diftinguiflied from thofe of Quartz, by the angles of the py.imia never col*- refponding with thofe of the prifm. Ki, .jan, braSeatum. With 6-rided tables. Cryftallizcd carbonate of lime. Scnuerby Brit. min. f»2. Foliated and fparry limeftonc. Kir-xvan min. i, p. 86. Calcareous fpar. SchmeiJJer miner. i,p. 220. Calcareous fpar. Thomfon chem. 3, p. 609. 2. With the tables more or lefs orbicular. Cryftallized carbonate of lime. Soiverby Br. min, tab. 1 2. 63. Cryftallus fubnitrifjrmis. Syjl. nat xii. 3. /».86. n. 5. g. AmasK. acad. p. 479. tab. 10. fig. 18. 3. With the tables fcattered. Soiverby Brit, miner, i. p^ 31. tal» 13. 4. With the tables imbricate, Soiverby Brit, miner, l. p.j. tab. 3. 5. With the faces of the rhomb in the inverfe order of the lamin* of the nucleus. Sozuerby Brit, miner » \. p. 9. tab. 4. 6. With the tables aggregate in feries. Karjien Lejke ?mner. i. p. 256. 7- With the tables aggregate in a rofular form.- 8. With the tables aggregate in cells. Spat, calcar. figurat. Born, ind.fo/s. i, /. 8. g. With the tables aggregate in a prifmatic form. Pearl fpar. Hozverby Brit. min. I. />. 45. tab. ig. Spat, cryftal. lamel. Born, ind./o/s. 2. p, 80. 10. With the tables aggregate in a pyramidal form. Pearl fpar. So-werby Br it. min. I. /. 45, tab. ig« Kcrstin LeJke miner. 1. p. 256. VOL. VII. — L 82 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 12. Spatum, Found chiefly in linieftone rocks in mod parrs of Europe: colour white, rarely yellowifli, pale brown, reddith, green, very rarely crimfon, blueifh, purple or black : never quite opake, but fometimes with a pearly luftre. cuhkuvi. With perfcdly cubic aggregate cryflals. Spat, cryflal cubic. JVall.Jyst. i./. 141. w,6. a. Pearl fpar, Scwerhy Brit, miner, i, p, 45. /. 19. Found in limeftone rocks, generally white, fometimes with a pale roly luftre, and cluftered together in various fhapes. rhombetm. With aggregate cubic cryftals, the faces of which are ob- liquangied. Sonjjerby Brit, miner. \. p. g. tah. 4, Syst, nat. \. p- 164. n. 4. tab. 8./. 13. Amczn acad. i. p 481. tah. \t.Jig. 12. Gniel. fyst. nat. ^. p. 4^6, tab. i. fig. 22. 2, Rhjpnibic, with 2 oppofite obtufe margins truncate, Karslen Lejke miner. 1 . p. 260. 3. Rhombic, with the faces convex. Kant en LeJke ?niner. i. ^. 259. Found in many mines of Europe, among limeftone rock, and is generally white, or reddifti from a mixture of iron, iriedrum. With 3-rided prifms, terminated by a 3-rided pyramid. Porus prifmaticus. Gerh» mineral, p. /^j. tetraedrum. With 4-fided prifms. Born, ind.fofs. I. p,b, 8. 2. /. 7^. 2. Prifmatic, with the alternate faces narrower. 3. With the furface rugged. 4. Prifmatic, with the terminal faces running into an acicular point. 5. The prifms terminated at each end by a 3-fided pyramid; Found in the mines of Scotland near Strontian, in Silefta, FIuU' gary, Saxony, and other places, fometimes opake, fometimes pellucid, frequently white, rarely reddifh or greenifti. prismaticum With perfe£tly 6-fided prifms. Gmel.fyst. nat. 3. p. 445. tab. I. /".J. Nitrum iruncatum. Syst nat. xii. 3, p. 86. «. 5. Cryftallus fubnitriform. Amaen. acad 1 . /. 497. /. \^.f. if'. Spatum cryttallizatum. Wall. min. 58.7^ 5. 2. Prifmatic, with the terminal faces convex. 3. With the terminal faces ending in an acicular point. 4. Prifmatic, with the alternate faces narrower. Gmet fyft. nat 3 p' 445. tab. \, Jig, 6. Cryftallus fubnitriformis. Amxn, acad, l./>. 479. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 12. Spatum. S3 5. Prifniatic, with the 2 oppofite faces far exceeding the reft. 6. Emiting a phofphorefcent light when burnt. Found in Derhvjbire, Ihrcriiia, Saxony, Sikfta, Hungary, and Spain, in mines: generally white, and frequently tianfparent: commonly aggregate, fcattercd, or in regular fenes. dcdccaedron With 6-fidcd prifms, terminated at each end by a 3-ridcd pyramid. GmcL fyst. nat. 3. />, 445. fab. i . Jig. 1 1 . Natrum iapidolum. Sjst. nat. xii. 3. /. 91, «, li. Nitrum fpatofum. Muf lejfm. 26. tab. 2. /. 5. Spatum cryftallizatum. Wull.jyst. \.p. 143. «• 6. I. 2. Pyramidal, with the margins truncate. 3. Pyramydal, with the tips truncate. Natrum 14-edrum, Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 86. «. 6. Cryltal. fubnitriform. Amc^n acad. \.p. 479'. t, id.f. 17. Spat, cryft. tetradecaed. Wall. fyst. I. 143. «. 6. k. 4. Pyramidal, with the faces convex. 5. With a very fhort prifni. Born, ind.fofs. I. p- I- tab. I. Jig. 2. 6. With thecryftals aggregate in a globular form. Tophus Ipatolus. Syst. n4t. xii. 3 />-. 191. n. 19, Spatum orbiculatum. Muf. TeJJ. \\.n.\. Found in the mines of Derbyjlnre, Germany, Saxtrny, Hungary, Sec. generally pellucid, rarely yellowifh or greenilh, moll commonly white, with the pyramids fometimes deprefl'ed ; the cry Hals fometimes thincr, fometimes thicker, frequently in pairs cutting each other at right angles, or cluUered in regular feries, or in fafcjclcs or bundles, or in a globular olive or pyramidal form. eBodcca- With 6-ridcd prifms, terminated at each end by a 6-rided 4drum, pyramid. 2. With 6-fided prifms, terminated above with a6-fidcd pyramid; tne margins of the pyramid incurved towards the prifm. Frebcr 3 Brief e. p. 50. 3. With 6-fided prifms, terminated by a 6-fided pyramid, in- verfely oppofite to itfelf in the middle part. Frebcr 3 Br i eft. /• 59. Found in the mines oi Derbyjlvre znA Cumberland, and in Her- ty/iia, white or yellowiih ; the terminal pyram.id fometimes augmented by another 5-fided pyramid. Hyodon. With a double 6-fided pyramid. Dog's tooth fpar. Soiverby Brit, mi;:, iab. 33, 34, 35. Natrum lapidofum. Syst. fiat, xii, 3. /. 92. n, 13, L 2 54 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. i2.Spatum. Cryftallus fubnitriform. -/^mcrn aca^. i. p, ^So. 22. Nitrum irregulare, A[u/. Te/~,. 26. « i. tab. 2./. 7. Spathum cryllalhzatum. JVall. jyst, \.p 141. 72,6. c- Cryftalli fpatofi. Cronst. min. fe£l^ \\. 1, b. i. Gmel.fyst nat. 3. /• 447- tab. \, f. 31. 2. With the pyramids hollow and empty. 3. Each pyramid augmented by another 3-fided pyramid. 4. With the margins of the pyramids obtufe. 5. With one of the pyramids longer. Cryftallusnitriformis. Amctn. acad. 1. p.j^jj.t. 16,/. g, 10. 6. With the cryft^lf cluttered in bundles. Found in the piines of Dcrbrfmn and Cumberland, in S^veden, Huugary aad Germany : more frequently white than yellowifh or with a tinge of green : fometimcs pellucid, fomet mes opake: the cryllals frequently very Iniall, rarely tranfverlely grooved, aiid often placed in a regular Jcries, iexangvla. With a fingle 6-ridcd pyramid. ^«' Spat, cry ftal. hexang. ^Vall Jyst. min. i . />. 1 41 . «. 6. b. 2. The pyramid augmented at the top with an additional 3-fided pyramid. 3. With the cryftals furtounding other bodies in the form of prickle?. Waller fy St, min. I. p. 142. ». 6, d. Found in the mines of. Wrrt'^^, Hercynia, Germany, S^ixonv, and Hungap : the cryftals larger or imaller, broader or narrower, fometimes capillary, rarely inverted, often cucting each otiier at right angles, or clullered together in the form'ot fafcicles, ftars, bundles, ihcafs of corn, fhrubs or double 6-fKied py- ramids. fintaedrum. With a fimple 5- Tided pyrarnid. Spat, calcar. cryftal. Bom. ind fojf, i. p,t. Found in Hercynia, white, tranfp^irent, aggregate, fentagonum With a double 5-fided pyramid. Born, ind.fofs. \. f 6, 7. Found in Huni^ary, in the country of the Tyrolefe, fometimes opake, fometimes pellucid, generally white, rarely with a rofaceous tinge : the cryftals are fometimes empty, with the faces unequal, fjramidale» With a double 3- Tided pyramid. Born ind.Jofs. \. p 5,6 2. p.']^. 2. With the angles of the common bafe truncate, Karsten Lejke mineral. I. p. 258. 3, With the cryftals empty. fCarsten Lejie mingrul, I, p,z6z^ H:ARTHS. calcareous. 12. Spatum. 85 Fo«nd in the mines of Scotland, England, Herrynia, Saxony, ijetmany, Hungary, and Other places, opake or tranfparent, more con-iinonly white than cinereous or any other colour, fometimes one, fometimes both of the pyramids elongated and acute, rarely di-gonally ftriatc j the crjftls generally minute, difpofed m kries or cells, or in a roJular, globular or granular form. :rigonum. With a fingle 3-rided pyramid. Natrum urinoium. Syji. nat. xii. 3. p. 92. n. 12. Spat, cryftal. triangul. Wall. Jyji. ,nia. i. p. 142. n.6. 9, Gmel.Jyit. nat, 3. />. 447. tai>. 1 . /". 37. 2. With the pyramids empty, 3. The angles of the bafe of the pyrar.iid truncate, 4 With the pyramids excavated at top. 5. With the pyramid augmented at the top with another pyramid. 6, With the cryftal? cluftered in an imbricate manner. Cryft. fubnitr. fpatof. Jmctn. acad. \.p. 478. /. 16. f, 14. Found in the mines of Derhji.ire, SablUrg in !'n^.■ede,^, Ger^ many. Saxony, Hurgary, &c. opake or tranfp^'eiu, moll commonly white, rare y brownifli or yellowiHi, very rarely olivaceous: the cryltais moft frequently minute, broader or narrower, fometimes capillary, longer or fhorter, often de» prefl'ed, clultcred fcattcnrgly or in an imbricate m-nner, or in a kidney or granular form. hniiculare. With the cryftals appearing in a lenticular form. Natrum lentic. acaulon Muf.TeJi.z% tob,z f.i. Found in the mines of Hercynia, Uurin^^ia, Saxony, and Bs. hama, molUrequ:ntly wi.:te, often pellucid, or with a milk, white nucleus llunmg through a tranlparent coating: the cryftals fometimes hoibw, frequently 6-lided, fometimes in, curved ike the beak of an ancient faddlc, often difpofed fcatteredly in cells or in a rofuUr form or that of fphuicai granulations. granatinum With 12 fides confifting of pentangles. Porus granaticus. Uerh, mineral, p.'^^g. „. i 2. Found in the mines of E,;gland, Uerman^-, Saxony, Hungary, ic. generally white, rarely ycllowifh. Is probably only a variety ot Sp. cubicum or i>p. dodecaedrum. 86 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS, 13. Sehiftofp. 14. Inolith. 13. SCHISTOSPATUM. Confifting of carbonate of lime, a larger proportion of carbonic acid gas, and water : cffervefcing with acids : Jamelhir, with the foliations curved, parafitical, foft, break- ing into indeterminate fragments, lightifh, a lit- tle greafy to the touch: crackling in the fire. fisih. SCHISTOSPATUM. 1. With the fibres curved. Spatum folubile. Zyli. not. xii. 3. /. 48 ». 3. Spatuin lamellolum. VVall.fyst. i./>, 138. «. 2. Spatum lamellofum. Cromt. min. feS. lot. 2, Plated fpar. SchmeiJJcr viinerni. 1.^.225. Argentine. Kirn^van mineral. i./>. 104. Schieferfpar. Tkomf- chemifl. 3. p. 610. 2, With the fibres undulate. Spatum undatum. i>y(l. nat. xii. 3./'. 49. », 4. FojLind near Schvjarlzenburg and Konigshurg in Saxony, and in the fpira pit in t^cr-ujuy, z) near Kopr/ia>i/ieficel in S^veif'en, in irregular mafics and very brittle: colour greyifli, rcddilh or greenifh-white, with a filvcry greafy luftre, or fimilar to mother of pear] ; fometimes opake or nearly (o, rarely dia- phanous, may be icratched with the nail ; when heated to rednefs it turns reddifh-brown, and at a degree of 155 is converted partly into a brown porcelane mafs, partly into a rcddiih-btown glafs. Mr. Kirn.v(in iuppofes it to contain carbonate of lime, filica, and oxyde of iron. 14. INOLITHUS. Confifting of carbonate of lime, carbonic acid gas, and a little iion: en- tirely foiuble in nitric acid with effervefcence: fibrous, paraficic. loft, lightilh, breaking into indeterminate fragments, flamentosus With the fibres parallel. Styrruni marmoreum. Syst. nat, xii, 3./. 47,». 2. AiabaUritcs. lit Scan. izi. Calcar. figurat. filament. Wall.fys., i.p. 127, «. 6, a, fibrous limellonc. Aiabafter. Kirnuan. \.p. 88. Toius. Schmeijjer mineral, I.p. 218. 2. With the fibres tranfverfe. Stalactites Itiriaceus. Syst, nat, xii, 3, p. 184, v, 8, EARTHS. CARCAREOUS. 15. Stalaaites. 87 3. With a rich fatiny luftre. Satin fpar. So-xverby Brit, mineral. \. p.W.t.^. Satin fpar. Pepys Philof. mag. xn. p. it^- Found in RuJTia, Poland, Germany, Saxony, and Bohemia, \v\t\i the fibres Itraight or a little curved : the fatin Ipar is tound about a mile from Alston in Cumberland, waflied by the river Tyne, near the level of its bed ; colour white with fometimes a rofy tinge from a diluted mixture of oxyde of iron, and tranfmits light from the edges or in tinner pieces : fraaure in the direftion of the llrix fibrous, ftraight or curved : fpecihc gravity from 2,709. to 2,721 . contains carbonic acd 47,600. carbonate of lime 50,080. water of cryllallization 02,308. and fometimes iron 00,012. Fepys. acerostts. With the fibres fafcicled. Gerh. miner ai. /»- 53. »• 3- ,. -n w Found at SchemniT, in Hungary, white or yellowilh, yellow, yellow-brown, or flelti-colour. itellariu With the fibres drverging in a ftellate manner, of a com- mon figure. Inolithus radians. Gerh. mineral, p. ^z.n.z. Found in calcareous mountains in Germany, and m the mines ot Bohemia and Huns^ry, white, fometimes ycUowiOi or cine- reous. 0OS fern, Ramulous, with the fibres diverging in a ftellate manner. ' ' Stalaaites marmoreu?. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. r83. «. 4. Ferrum mineral, ramof. Carth. min. 71. Stalagmite, coralloides. Wall. >/. 2. p. 388.;:. 9- ^- . Found in the iron mines of Heidcnheim in Wtrtetr.burg, in i^tyer. march, Carinthia and Ihngar,, fometimes mixed with iron, but more frequently upon iron-ltone : generally Inowy, fome- times yellowifii. 15. STALACTITES. Confilting of carbonate of lime, carbonic acid, and water; formed in the air, by the gradual depoficion of water: diapha- nous,' withoiit luftre iniCriially, breaking into in- determinate fragments, and feparating into con- centric crufts : found chiefiy on the roofs anct fides of arches, and the caverns of calcarcr.usr mountains. ipatosui. Pendulous, lameHar internally, diaphanous- Lime Srahaite. Sonjoerh Brit . min. ^.13. tah.t. Stalactites marmorea, Syit. nat. xii. 3. /. «84. ». 7. S8 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 15. Stalaaites. Found in various caves of limeftone rocks in Briiain, Germany^ and other plices, white, cinereous, browniih, or yeliovvifh, and of various fhapeSi Sfiriat t'endulous, in contric crufls. Lime Stala61ite?. So^verhy Brit. min. p. 13. /. 6. Stdldftitescalcareus. Wall. Jyst. min. 2. f. 386. n. 8. Staladite. Kirnvau. mineral, i. p. 8?. Fibrous limcftone. Thomfon chemi^ry, 3. p. 609. Staladilical limeilone. Schmtijjer mineral. \. p. 218. 1. Cylindrical, a. Empty or fiftulous; b. So id. c. Priapolithus, Marcorelle A8. Paris, peregr. 7. n. 4, d. Callites. Phalloides. Wall.Jyit.z.p.boi.n.i.f. e. Fungifor.Ti. Wall. fyst. z. p. 388, ». g. c. ■z. Conic, a. Empty or fiftulou?. Tophus turbinatus. Syit. nat.xn. 3./. igo. «. 18. b. Perforated at top. Syu. nat. xii. 3. p. 183. ». 2. c. Solid. 3. Mote or lefs cylindrical and comprelled, refembling the roos of a Zedoary. Florentine Iris. Ginger: Zingiberites. Found hanging down from the arches of bridges, and the roofe and fides of caverns and cellars of limeltone, and is formed by the gfadual depofition and evaporation of water, impregnated with lime, which has been more or lefs infpiffated and harden* ed in the air: colour white, grey, brown^ or ycUowifti, opake or trafparent. Stalagfiiites Selfile, with fpherical faces. Stalaft, calcar. fig. glob. Wall. fyst. 2. p. 387. ». g. 1. Globular. a. With the globules diftinfl. b.- With the globules joined in pairs. . Orchiti, Wall. fyst. min. 2. /1.601. n.\. g. 2. Nodulous. 3. Kidney-form. 4. Mamillary. 5. Cafpolithr. 6. Refembling a Cauliflower. 7. Chiriti. 8. Sceliti. Found in various calcareous caves and mines. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. i6. Pifolitlius. 17. Marmot. 8^ iolidus, Seflile, folid. Syft. flat. xii. 3. p. 183. n. 3. Found in the cave? of Adnanople and other places, diaphanous» admitting a poli(h, appearing a little greafy, milk-white* with red, rofy, yellow, brown or cinereous veins, llripes or fpotp, fometimes cinereous, red, yellow, brown, rarely blue. 16. PISOLITHUS. Confifting of carbonate of lime, a very fmall proportion of fand and oxyde of iron, carbonic acid gas, and Water: foftj opake, without luftre internally, breaking into indeterminate fragments, anl feparating into fpherlcal granulations: of a centricaJly lamellai; texture: found about warm Iprings. PiSOLITHUS. Tophub oohthus. Sy(i. nat. xii. 3. /. 189. it. 14, Oolithus. H'all. Jyjt. 2. p 3*^4. n. 7. a. Pifa Carolina. Worm. Muf. 52. Oolite and Fifolite. Sckmei£e*- mineral, i. /. 219. Compatt limeltone, var, 3. Kir ■■wan miner. 1,^,82. Pilblitc. Thomjon chemijiry, 3. />. 610. Found near the warm (pnngs of Carlsbad in Bohemia, in Sile/id and Hungary, in the form of round mafles compofed of con- centric layers, each containing a grain of fand in its centre : colour white or yellowifli-whitc, brownifhj rcddifh or yel- lowifh. 17. MARMOR. Gonfifting of carbonate of lime^ carbonic acid gas, and water : hardifh, nrieagre to the touch, of a common form, lightifh, com- pofing whole mountains or the greater part of them, or in detached pieces : burning into quicklime, foluble for the greater part in acids, with effeivefcence. Opake, without luftrc, compaft, confifting of accreted round granulations^ Marmor granis globulis, Syji. nat, xii. 3. p, 43, n. 12. Ketten Itone. Soiverhy Bnt. m:n, p, 17. tab 8. Compafl limeftone. KirnMan mineral, i, p» ^2, Oolithus. //. Getl. 266, Piiolilhus, Vogel mineral. 256, VOL* vir. — M 90 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 17. Marmor. ular Stalad. Calcar. glob. WalLfyll. z. p. 383. «. 7. Oolithu3. ScbmeiJJer mineral. I. ^. 2i6» 2. OoUthus. With the globules as large as the fpawn, of a fifh, 3. Ceiich rites. With the globules as large as a millet feed. 4. Mecotiites, With the globules as large as the feeds of the poppy. Found in Ilratified mountains in various parts of Britain, parti- cularly at Ketton jn RuilanJJhire, and at Bath, in Saxon)', Brunfiuiik, France, SivUzerland, Sic. always in large mafl'es, with rarely the remains of animal fublbnces : colour dull grey, brownifh or yellowifli, with fometimes a mixture of the two firlt colours : the granulations are eafily detached, and in fmal! pieces may be crumbled between the fingers. What is ufuallX called Bath stone and Portland, stone are varieties of this fpecies. Nearly opake, lamellar, (hlning internally, hardifh, fpon- taiieoufly falling into granuiations, not admitting a polifh. Msrmor rude. Syll. nat. xii. 3. p. 41. ». 6. Calcareus gran, denf WalUf^li. i. p. 122. ». 2. Foliated and granular limeflone. Kirvjan miner, i. p. 84. Graniilarly foli ted limeftone. Thomjon chem. 3. /1.609. Found in vaft beds or ftrata in many mountains of Europe, Sec. conltituting their principal parts, and never containing the veftiges of living bodies: the granuhtions of different fizes : colour white, cinereous, black, brown, red, yellowifh or vari- egated : frafture foliated, often fmall and fine» always ilraight: it is ufed for building, mending roads, burning into lime, and as a flux for iron-ftone. Diaphanous, white, lamellar, fhining internally, hardiih, fpontaneoufly falling into finer granulations, receiving a polifh. Marmor part, fpatofo-fquam. Sjjl. uat. xii, 3. p. 42. «• 7. Wa!U fyH, min. \. p 1 24. «. 4. a. p. 1 20. ». 8. a. Parian and Carrara marble. Kiriuan miner, i. p-^S» Granular limeftone. Schmei([er miner, i. ^. 217, Carrara and Paros marble- TbomJ'on chem. 3. /. 609. 2. Marmor tardum. Syfl nat. xii. 3. p. 41. n. 5. With fubimpalpable particles, white, diaphanous. 3. Marmor decaffaium. Syji, nat. xii. 3. ^.42. «. 8. With oblong deprelTed decuffatcly fcattered particles, 4. Marmor acerofum. Sy/i. nat. xii. 3. p. 42. a. 9. With oblong acerofe longitudinally icattered particles. 5. Pie era elaftica. Freier Brief, and JVol/chlaJid. /.no. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 17. Marmor. 91 Found in ancient primitive mountains, in vaft ftrata, and with rarely the veftiges of animal bodies, in Finland, Saxony^ S'-uL-eden, Bohemia^ near Carrara, in the iflar.d< Paros and Antiparoi, and moll mountainous countries, ana is frequently the material of ancient buildings : fometimes it contains a portion of quartz, fo that it effervefces flowly with acids, and ftrikes fire with flee) : when broken it is a iiidc ihining, and has a lamellar grained texture. pbospbore- Compaft, diaphanous, fnowy, emitting light in the dark unu when rubbed tcjgether. Craydon Cat, Miner. ( 'oil. Na^.ir. Rom. I , p. \ 56, 1 57. Found in primitive iiraca in me mountains Vefuvius and Otta- janoy -and nearly diflblves in nitric acid with a ftrrng efFer- vefcence. If rubbed together in the dark, or throwu in the form of powder upon heated iron, it emits a phofphorefcent liShr. Dolomiait EfFervcTcing flowly with acids, covering itfelf with a vi- treous coating in the tire. Sarijjure Journ. Phyf. 1792. 1. p. 161. Drvi.miie. Kirivan miner, i. p. III. D')l.'mite. "Thomfon chemifiry, 3. p. 6og, Found in the lyrokje. mountains, with hardly ^ny luftre or tranfparency, and breaking into convex fragments, does not moulder by expofuie ro the atmolpheric air ; contains carbo- nate of lime 4,429. alumina 0,586. magnefia 1,4. iron 0,074. carbonic acid gas 4,6 ». (lasticum. Elaftlc, yellovvifh-whltc, emitting a phofphorefcent light when thrown on red hot iron. Fleurian. Journ. Phvf 1792 Elaftic marble. Ktrix an mineral. \. p. 113. Found on Mount (jothard in Sii-^itzerland, in large maffes : fur- face rough and uneven; flightly flexible and evidently eiaftic when its length exceed^ 11 or 12 times its thicknefs: effer- vefces and diflolves very flowly with acids: contains carbo- nate of lime 0,322. alumina and iron 0,175. niica 0,003. magnefia 0,035 carbonic anid gas 4,638, iquamosum. Granular, compact, fcaly. Lap. calcar. part. Iquam. CronJI. min, fefl, 9. i, Schuphichte Kaikll. in, hoj'eo.th. Br. Hieb. 2. p. 4. Found in Grupenburg, Tznland, and Snxeden, conftituting the principal part of fimple mountains, and containing no vefti- ges of living bodies: colour white, or reddilh-yellow: pro- duces an indifferent quicklime« M 2 92 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 17. Marmor. forosum. Perforated with pores, without hiftre, ppake, not receiv- ing a pplifh. Filtering Jione^ 1. Marmor filtrum- Gerh. mineral, p. j^o. n. 5, Perforated with pores, diftilling water. Found in the quarries of Ruderjdorf in Germany. 2. Spongy. Efiai de mineral, des monts pyren. Found in the Pyrenees, and province of Bia)~ns. 3. Hollow and appearing rotten. Born, ind fofs. 2. p. 77. Found near Idria in Carniola, 4. Cellular. Born, ind. fofs. 2. p. 77. Found in Alface, and the vaft mountains of Bohemi-a : the pores are formed by pyrites formerly imbedded in it, but which has mouldered away and been wafhed out. tnargodes. Compact, without luftre, fubopakc, not receiving a polifli, with the fragments convex. Marmrr fiffile. S\fi. nat, xii. 3. p. 41, ». 4, Margodes. Wall. fvst. min. 1. f. 353. n. 3. Calcareous marl. Kirnuan. mineral. \. p. c^if, <^^. CarKonat of lime and clay. Thomfon chem, 3. ^.611. Found in ftratarial mountains ot Bavaria, Frankfort, Snxeden^ Sec. mixed with a greater or lefs proportion of clay, and of- ten marked with diaphanous veins in the form of Ihrubs, with frequently the veftiges of fifhes and crabs, rarely fhellsor fuch animals as inhabit fait water: colour yellowi^ or reddifh- white, siratarium. Mixed with clay, in water falling into powder, crackling in the fire, confiding of horizontal Itrata. Marmor part, argill. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p, 42, n. \o. Aiwarften, //. Qel. 51, //. Scan. 107. Found in Oeland, Scania, and the mountain Kinnekulh in Swi' den, breaking into horizontal and perpendicular ftrata, and abounding in petrifadions ; the upper lirata are much harder than the lower. iorentinum. Mixed with argil, opake, compad, receiving a polifh, curioufly depi6led, Marmor partic. impdlp.' Syst. wa/.xii. 3,/. 4?. «. 3. Marmor pi6loriu = , WJl.fli. min. \.p. 133, n, 10. a. Marmor florentinam. Lang. lap. fig. 33. Found in Italy and Mount Sinai, yellowiih-grey with generally brown piftured marks of various forms. ^ile, Subopake, compad, of a fplintcry fradure, receiving a high polilh, and of a fine colour. Marmor Iblubile. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 40. n. 2. Marmor. Wall.fyst. mm. i . /. 1 29, &c, ». 8, 9, EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 17. MArmor. 93 Carbonat of lime. Thomfon chem. 3. /. 607. Marbles. Sckme:£eT mineral, i. ^.2:^4. I. Of one uniform colour. R\ifous. Numtdian, Flefh -colour. R-.:d. Ct n n 2m n . Marmo canello. Ye l^w. Phenyl tes. Pale yellow. Polomb'ino antico. Grey. Bardillio. l'zru:t:an. Blue. Of Chios and harbon. Green, l^erdello. Livid. Pardaliar, ■Z, Variegated, Soix'erhy Brit, mineral. I. tah.']q» With hands. flrias. / lines. Marmo fcritto. veins. the colours gradually running into each other. fpotted. Brgcatelto. ocellated. Occhio diparcne. dotted. powdered. Marmo pol'verofo. White. African, Black. Canary, Yellow. Porta f:'nta. Purplifh. Lesbian. Green. Lacedemonian. Forms ftratarial mountain^ in alrnoft every part of the globe, exhibiting innunierible varieties of colour and depidment: it is more or lefs loaded with p trifaflionr, particularly of the tellaceous kind; burns into very good lime, and is chiefly ulcd in iculpcure and collly buildings. Subopaicc, compadl, of a fplintery fraflnre, roceiving an indifTerent if any pnliih, and of a viler colour. Calc.rcus (olidu^. IValer fyjl.tnin. i. p. 119. «. i. Compaff limellone. Jyirtwan mineral, i- p 80. 82. Compaif limeitone. Ihoml'on chem ,3. p. 608. Common lundfone. Sc.bnieijjer mineral. \. p. 215. Found in vail mountainous nialTes, fomctimts in r .unded lump*, as at AherthwM in Glamorganjkire, lometimes on the beach in the form of fliinglet ; colour greyifh, blueifh, black'lh, fometimes cream-colour, fltOi colour or yellovvifli, often witf^ fcvtral colours mixed: differs from the marbles only in co-' lour and polilh, and is the materirtl every wheie ufed for burning into lime. 94 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. l8. SuilJus. Jisnk. Opake, compact, compofed of thinner ftrata. Schiftus efFervefcens. Syji. nat, xii. 3.^. 39. w. 12. Compaft limeftone, var. 4. Kir nv an mineral, i. />, 85. Found in various ]p^ns oi' Brirain, S^wei/en, and on Mount Ca/pi r\ca.r Gibraltar, blue, grev, or brown, fometimcs of two co- lours with alternate white, reddilh-brown, grey, bUck, or greenidi layers. 18. SUILLUS. Coafifling of carbonate of lime, carbonic acid, luiphiirated hydrogen, and water : when fcraped or rubbed emits an urinous or gar- licky Imell : foluble almoil entirely in acids, with effcrvckence: burning into quicklime. marmoreus. Opake, compad, black, receiving a fine polilh, with the fragments more or lefs convex. Bitumen marmorcuni. Syjl.nat. xii. 3. />. iii, ». 9. Marmor nigrum. Wall, fyjl. jnin. 1. p, j 30. n, 8. b. Swine ftone. Kir-xvan mineral. 1 . p. 89. Swine ftone. SchmeiJJer mineral, i. p. 231. Swine llorie. ^l homlon chem, 3. ^.613. Found in the ftratifted mountains of SvjeJen, Belgium, Franconiay Bohemia and Silelia, often abounding in petrified bodies, breaking into indeterininate fraginents, and without internal luftre. fchistosus. Opake, compact, fifule, with flat fragments. Marmor fchillorum. Syll. nat. xii. 3. p. 40. m. 1. Fliilen. //. Scan. 121. 143. 148. 156. !^o^'.'erby Brit- miner, tab. 21. loxver figure. Found in the llratitied mountains of Britain, S=vjeden, Sileftay and other parts of Europe, frequently among coal, with often the imprefiions of plants and fifhes : colour black, yellowifh- brown, cinereous, or dark grey. lamellosus. Of a^lamellar texture. Spatura ftiflione foetid. Wall.JyJl, min. i. p. J 47. n.j. a. DyloJes fpathofus. Gerh. miner. />. 54. k. 3. Found ill the calcareous mountains of Stueden and 'Thuringia, parafuical, black or brown, rarely yellowifh, the foliations larger or fmaller, hotryoides. In hoUovif globules, cryftallizecl within, and conne^led like a bunch of grapes. Marmor part, argili. Syjl. tiat. xii. 3. p. 43. «. 1 1. Gorllen. It. Wgoth. 21. 28. Marmor ftrumoium. Gmel.Jyst. nat. 3. /. 108. n. 12. J^otryoidal iimellone. Soiverby Brit, min. l.p. 8l. tab. 38, EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 19. Tremol. 20. Stcll. 95 Found in various parts of Britain and in Siveden, and feems formed by calcareous water palling through loofe m^rly earth: the gl, 601. Grammatite. Hauy. 3. p, 207. Found in Mount Tremola near St. Gothardsy in S'witzerland, white, reddifh, greeniih, yeliowilh or greyiHi; fometimes amorphous, fometimes in cryftals, the cryftals longitudinally ftriate; contains filica 65,0. lime 38,0. magnciia 0,5. o.fyac of iron 0,5. water and carbonic acid 6,0, 20. STELLARIS. Confifting of carbonate of lime^ a fmaller proportion of filica, and a little water and oxyde of iron : fibrous in a lleiiate manner, of a filky luUre, foft, parafitical : eafily melting in the fire, with ebullition : pardy folubie in ni- tric acid, with eflervefcence. Tramyha- Stellaris. «^>. Fttchcl et Bindheim. Schrift. Berl Naturf. p. 442, Found near JJnterJhebefch in TranJ]l-vaniay in the harder kind of Marmor.micann white or fea-green. Gmdm Uifpc-'ls i: may be a Zeolite. 96 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 21. Humus. 21. HUMUS. Confifting of carbonate of lime, i fmalhr proportion of filica, hydrogen and car- bonic acid gas, and oxyde of iron : formed by the decayed rerriains of animal arid vegetable fubftancts : light, friable, imbibing but not re- taining water, meagre, rough, humid, of a dull colour: effervefcing with nitric acid, becoming cinereous in a fmalier heat, in a Itronger running into a frothy kind of glafs. Mould. anithalis. Impalpable, grieedily imbibing water, hardly effervefcing with nitric acid in its rude ftate, bur fenfibly fo when burnt. Humus animalis. Syl}. nat. xii. 3. p. l\i. «. l4« Humus animalis. Wall.jyji. ?nin. \. p 23. ». 8. a. Humus diverforum anim. Cronli. min. JeSl, 246. Found in Churchyards and other places abounding with fjutrid ahin>al matjer, white or cinereous, very light and fertile. dadalea. Erown, in a very fubtile dud. Humus vegetahilis. Syfi. nat xii. 3. /. 209. n. i. Found in all inhibited places, principally originating from animal manVre and depofitionsj lo very fine as when mixed with water to pafs through a coarfe cloth or filtering paper : it affords the bell and richell garden mould. turalis. Black when moiftened, cinereous when dry. Humus vegetahilis. Sj/it. nat. xii. 3. p. 209. n. 2. Humus atra JVa/1, fpfl min. \. p. 13. ». 1. Found in all places where there is decayed vegetable matter elpecially in dry fltuations, and produces an excellent foil. pauperata^ Soon parting with its moifture, and when dry becoming farinaceous. Humus vegetabilis, Hyji nat- xii. 3. p, 209. «. 3. Found on Heaths and produces a poor foil; becaufe its parti> clcs are lo minute and impalpable, as in dry feafons tQ be bluvvn about by the leail breatnof wmd. atphia. Brown, with larger particles. Hum. vegetab. groff. Syll. nat. xii. 3, /. 210. «. 5. Very comaien in Alpine fltuations. . 614. Argillaceous Marie. So^werhy Brit. mJn. tab. 14. 1. Argillaceous, lubricou?, friable, plaftic. Wall. flit. min. I. f. 69. «. l, 2. Argillaceous, compaft, dry, pure, with very fine particles. Wall. Jy St. min. i, />. 71. »• 2. Smcitis (ubtllis. Caith. min. p. 7, ». i. 3. Cretaceouj, foiling the fingers, Wall fyst. min. 1. p. 72. «. 3. 4. Mixed with arenaceous particles, crumbling to powder in the air, a little greafy, Wall.Jyjl. min, l, p. yz, n. ^. Found in almoll e\ety. country in Europe, in ftrata : colour whitifli, yellowifh-white, or yellowilh-grcy, and grows paler in drying : fometimes found mixed with Mica gypfum or fand, in the latter cafe it is t'ufiblc into a tranfparent gia(s, fometimes impregnated with iron, very rarely with other metals : .generaTy con'ains from 60 to 80 per cent, of mild carbonate of lime, the remainder of alumina or clay: fpecific gravity from 1 ,600, to 2,400. nilotica. Farinaceous, brownifh, cijiereous when burnt, mixed with mould. Argilla mixta humo. Syst. nat, xii. 3. p. 205. n. 19, Argilla fubfufca. Muf, Tejf. 1 10. 2. Vitrifying. Wall. min. />. 3 1 . Wall, fyst, min, i. />• 75. «* 6. Found in the plains oi Eiyft acnually overflowed by the waters of the Nile, where it is left by depofition after their recefs, and is highly fertile. 2) In Upland va Sixieden, fatisctnu Very foft, fifTiIe, greyifh, crumbling to pov^^der in the air. Schiltus margaceus. Syst. nat xii. 3. /. 38. «. 8, Marga indurata fatifcens. Cronst. min. fe8. 27. Marga ind. fifT. WalL.fyst. 7nin. \. p. 73. w.j. Found in thicker or thinner ftrata, in S-u.eden, Germany and hivitzerland, often between calcareous ilrata : colour yellow- ifh, greenifli, blueifh, with often a rufous tinge. porosa. Indurated, porous, precipitated from waters, breaking into indeterminate fragments- Tophus Ludus. Syst. nat. xii. 3.^. 186. n. i. Porus aqucus folidus. Wall. min. 331 4 Tophus folidus. Wall. fyst. min. z. p. 394. n. 17. 2. Tophus argillaceus. Syst. nat xii. 3. p. 190. «. 17, Indurated calcareous marl. Kiriuan miner i, p. g^ . Indurated marl, Schmeifser min. i. /-. 229. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 22. Marga. 99 Found in various parts of Britain, SiveJen, and Germany, at the bottom of wat'T-s partit iilarly thole which are lUgnant, and becomes reddiih when burnt, in proportion to the oxyde of iron which it contains j lometimcs whitilh or grey. schistosa. Indurated, not crumbling in the air, greyifh, of a llaty texture, breaking into difcoid fraginents. IVhrga indurata Itrat. contin. Cronst.min, 28. B. Marl fhiftus. Schmeijf. min. I .p. 229. Indurated calcareous marl. Kir-vnn miner, 1. /. 95. 2. Slaty, cru^e, green. Scijillus viridis. Syst, vat. xii. 3. p. 37. n. 4. Found (Iratificd in various parts of Europe, with frequently par- ticles of mica inierfpcrfed, and fometimes the oxydes of me- tals, and fofi:ls. iituminosa. Indurated, not crmnbling in the air, black, a little greafy, fhining a little within, of a flaty texture, breaking into dilloid frugmcnts. Cuprtiin fchiltofum" S'yj/. nat. xii. 3. /-, 145. n. 11. Cuprum corrofum Z/^/ //. ly.t. min. 2. p. 292. n% 18. Buummous marlite. Kiravan /niner. i. j>. 10^. Bituminous marl fhiftu?. ScbmeJJer mineral, I. p. 230. JBuuniiious mail. Thomfon cbeni 3.;>. ^14. Found in flratifed mo.uiit.^.ins of various parts of Gfr«rfl«v, fre- quently conr.iiniiig the impreffinn of hfh and marine pUnis, and fequently the ores pr oxy^les of copper : colour greyifh, blueifli, or brownilh-black, according to the qua ,tity of Si. tumon it contains, which renders it more or leh inflaiuniabie: has a greafy and fomcwhat glittering appearance, and a llaty texture; the thin plates arc a little fonorous: burns before the blow-pipe with a black drofs : fpccific gravity frqjm 2,361. to 2,442. ationyma- Shining within, hardifh, of a dull iron colour. Serviere et Fincent de Villas chem ann, 1784. 2./. 287. Pyritaceous limellone. Kirn.1. an mineral. 1.^.104. Found near $t. Amhroix in France, fometimes fo hard as to ad- mit a polifh and itrike fire with Heel : befides a little fchiltofe earth, fulphur, and quart/., it contains iron |,, argil',,, car- bonate of lime '^;l. N 2 Earths, calcareous. 23. MagneOata. 23. MAGNESIATA. Confifting of carbonate of lirre, a little black oxyde of manganefe, carbonic acid gas, and water : hardifh, lamellar, fponta- neoufly feparating into grains : gradually chang- ing the colour of its furface when expofed to the air, efFervefcing flowly with acids, and often not without trituration: becoming black m the fire* granulans. Subopake, tranquil in the fire, breaking into indelermi' nate fragments, of a common form. Sidero-calcite, Kir~u:an mineral, I. /. 105. Brown fpar. Schmei/Jer mineral. I.j^. 224. Brown fpar. Thom/on chem. 3. p. 612. Found in various parts of Germany, SnjueJcny France, £ic, in large nriaffes : colour white, flefh and rofe -colour, grcyifh, yellowifli and rcddilh-white, with frequently an irridefcent nr'etallic appearance: generally opake, and becomes brownifli when expofed fome time to the air: fpecific gravity 2,837. contains carbonate of lime 50. oxyde of iron 22. oxyde ct manganefe 28. Bergman, fexuosa. Shining internally, making a grey mark, breaking into indeterminate fragments, with the foliations in- curved. Karst. Lejke mineral, l. p. 274, Hoffmann Berg. Journ, 1789. 1. />, igi. Found in Hercynia, and near Camfdor/znA Scharhcnberg in SvJC' din, rcddifh or greyifh-white. spatosa, p^ little fhini.ng Internally, making a grey mark, breaking into rhomboidal fragments, with the foliaiionf ftraight. Karst. Lejke mineral. F. p. 273. Hoffmann Berg. Journ, 1789. I, p. 189. 1. Of a common form. 2. Kidney-lhaped. 3. Cryftallized; the cry ftals often very fmall, fom.etimes fcattered^ fometimes cluftered in a feries. a. liCnticuIar. Common. Curved like the beak of % faddle. b. Rhombic. With the faces flat. With the faces conyea. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 24. Picrofpatuni. loi c. With a fingle pointed 6.fidcd pyramid. The pyramids Iblid. The pyramids hollow. Found in the mines of Her^nia and Saxony, diaphanous, ful.-- opakc, rarely opake : colour cinereous, rcddifh or yellowifli- white, iiabella, rol'y, flclh-colour or brownifn-red, yellowiiij or blackini brown, with fometimes feveral oi the colour^ blended together, and oficn wiih a metallic lullre : differs from the Ferrum fpatofum by the Iniailer proportion of iron and oxyde of niangancfe it contains. 24. PICRQSPATU^4. Connfting of carbonate of lime, a nearly equal quantity uf caruonate oi magnefia, and a very little of the oxvdes of rnan- ganele and iron: paraliEical^ liardifli: cuervcl- cing flovvly with acids. PiCROSPATUM. Picrofpatum cryilallinnm. Gmel.fyst. 3« app,p.^j,\, Bitterfpath. Kanten Berg. Journ 1792. 2./. 80. Muricalcite. Kirnvan min. i. ^92. Eitterfpath, Thcmfon cksnu 3. p. 6l2» 1. In an earthy form. Found near ThionijiUe., of an olive colour, confilling of a largv* proportion of mild carbonate of lime, and a hnailer of carbo- nate of magnefia, but no alumina. 2. In 3, ftony form, and amorphous. Found nti.r Creutzenn.i.-aul'i, whitifh; contains caibonata oi lime 75- carbonate of magnefia 12. iron 13. 3. Cryftallized. Found in Germany and S-xvcd'en, greyifli-white: the cryft-ils are in a 6-fided prilm, tranfparent or pellucid, with a rough lur.- face; contains carhonaie of Ijm. 52. carbonate of magneii*^ 25. iron and rnanganefe 3. J^iaproth. 102 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 25. Gypfum. 25. GYPSUM. Confifling of ^carbonate of lime iinitcd to fulphuric acid: liglit, very foft, a little frio;id: not common Iv effcrvelcins: with nitric acid, melting jvitii difilailty in theftre, buteafily jcrumbling to powder, which caules no ebullition in water but forms a pafte hardening and diftend- ing by expofure to the air. tcrrpum. Powdery, of a white colour. CJx. Gur. ^yji. nat. xii. 3. p. 207. n. 6, Farinaceous Gy plum. Kirixan miner, i. /. 120. Gypreujj? e:irth. Schme-JJ'er miner. 1. p. 240. E-jrtlvy Gypfum. Ihomfon chem. 3. p. 6l<,'. F'jund in the fiirurcs ot gypkous rocks in Saxonv, in the forni of a white friable looie powdery j'.'bl'ance, and feems to ori- ginate irorr. cryltallizcd lek^nite, ~nd will not concrete with- out being wetted: feels dry and meagre, hardly finks in .water, is not giit:y between the teeth ; when heated belo>v rednefs, it becomes of a dazzling while; has, bo luUre or tranfparcncy. firenaceum, Confifting of white diftin6l fuWiaphanous granulations. Calx alabaltrm?. Syji. nat, xii. 3. p. 208. ». 7. Foiifd in Thuhngia, and originates from Alaballer which has crumbled to powder: it refembles the lart, except that its particles are larger, refembling ftjialj grains of fand, and are very gritty between the teeth,. /ilah-KK' Compa^^, dry and meagre, a little (hining, breaking into i''-!»' ii)dettrminate fragments, of a common form, receiv- ing a polilli. Gyj-ifum panic, iinpalp. $y(i. nat. xii 3. p. 45. «. 3. Gypium p'rt. minim. Wall. fy(i. i. />. 154. ». 1. Alahnitrum. Vogel mineral. I 1 9. Comp-«ft p)pfum. Kirixian miner. \. p. 121. Alaballer. SchmeiJJer mineral. 1. ^240, Compaft Gypfum. Thomfon cheni, 3. p, 615. 2. Staladjtes gypfous. SyJi. nat. xii. 3.^. 184. ». 5. Found in Derhyjl>ire, Perfia, and various parts of Rujjia, Spain^ 7uJ'cany, Sicily, and other places, in ftratified mountains: colour various, foijietimes fpotred, interfered with veins, and depiftcd with various colours : does not cltervefce with acids, jvhen pure, is fofter than marble, and does not take a good pjl)(h : texture fhivery and glittering: fpecinc gravity from 1,872. to 2,288. contains carbonate of lime 32. fulphuric acid 30. water 38. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 25. Gypfum. id3 fbrosum. Meagre and dry, brittle, breaking into long fplintery frag- int nts, of a common form. Stirium gypfeum. SyH. nat. xii. 3. ^.47. «. i. Gypfum filament. p:. 616, Sulphate of lime. var. plu;nofc. 6n--u'er/>y Brit, min, t- z\. 2. Very tranfparcnt, fixed, united. Stirium alabaftriniim.- iijji, nat. xii. 3. f. 47. «. 3. 3. O'jfcnre, fixed, with decuflate ramcntations. Stirium balaltihum. Syjt. nat. xii. 3. /. 47. ». 4. Found ifl various parts of Britain arid Europe, and according to Mr. Scnuerhy, is forined by the decompofition ot fulphur of iron or pj-ritcs, the fulphur of which coi ibining withoxy^tine forms fulphuric acid, which coming in contaft witn Jime, forms this Gypfum in various fanciful modes: its text ire is fibrous, filamentous, or radiate, flexuous or ftraighr, para:!cl or fcattered : colour white, grey, yellowifh, red, or nori'cy- colour, with the colours fometimes meeting in Ilripes. Khiitcsumi Meagre and dry, breaking into indeterminate fragment;?^ fibrofo-Iamelloiis, with- fliort fibres cutting the folia- tions perpendicularly. Gypfum ttriatum. WalLfyfi. miii. i. />. 171. »?. 7. c. Found \n'TuJcanyzx\AWirtemberg: white. radiatutn. Meagre and dry, radiate in a parallel manner, breaking into indetermi-nate fragments. Kar St. Lejkt mineral, \. p. 228. Found uzzxCoburg, in the province o( MamJielJ : the rays fbmc^ times broader, fotnetimes narrower. usuale. Meagre and dry, lamellar, with the foliations generally. Ipherical : breaking into indeterminate fragments. Granularly foliatcd-Gypfum. Kir^van* i./>. 123. Lamellaf^d Gypfum; Schmeijj'er mineral, i p. 241. Foliated Gypfum. ThomJ'nn s chertu 3. /. 616. 1. Shining internally, Gypfum part. aren. micant. Syfi. nat. xii. 3. /. 45. «. 2. Wail.fyft.min, \. /. 157. Crcnft.niin. feci. 1 6. 2, Without luftre internally. Gypfum argillofum. Syll.nat. xii. 3.^.45, n, i. Wall.fift.min. \,t. I 56. n. 2. Muf. Te£'. 14. n. 12. Found in Britain and various parts of Europe, in vail irtaflcs, and fometimes in lenticular cryftals : colour yellowifli or blackifh-grcy, cinereous, ochraceous, flcfh-colour, rarely h-o- I04 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 25. Gypfum. ney-colnur : breaks inro fine and coarfe-grained concretionf, fometimes cohering fo loofely as to be eafily triturated be- tween the nr gers. lamel'are: Shining, breaking into indeterminate pieces, of a conimoU; form, laincUar with the foliations incurved. Gypfum lamcHare. JVall. Cyst. min. i.p. 1 58. », 4. Lamellared Gypfurn. Schmeijer imneral. I./. 241. Foliated Gvpfum. ThomfotisChem, 3. p. 6i6. Foiirid in Thurin^ia, Wirtemhurg, and Spain ; diaphanous or opake, fmoke-colour, white, or yellovvifh. ff>eculare. iPellucid, whitCj fliining, of a comtnon form, breaking D; into vhomboidal fpecular fragments, lamellar with ftiaight foliations. Gypfum l.imJ.I. pellucid. Waf!. fyit. \. p. ijg. n. 5. Broad foii:itcd Gypfum. Kir'u.'.un mineral, i. p. 123. Found amorphoui or cryllal'ized, in various mountains of Europe, generally in the vicinity of fait lakes and pits; tl-i thinner foliations are a little fonorous and very fine : the cryilals are in 6-fidcd prifnis terminating in an edge, or rhomboidal, wedge-form, tabular or lenticular; the planes of the cTyltals which form the acute angles areftreaked longi- tuditially, thofe that form the obtufe arc fmooth. ^ladale. Pellucid, white, (hining, of a common form, breaking into wedge-form fragments, lamellar with ftraight parallel foliations. N^itrum lapidofam. Syji. tiat.xu. 3. p. go. n. 8. Gypfum cryftallizatum. Cronft. miner, fed, 19. w^ I. A. Found with the lall fpecies, of which it may probably be only a variety. ^'■^hnkes. Pellucid^ fliining, rhombic, lamellar with ftraight parallel toliationi, breaking into rhomboidal fragments. Sclenitts. Syst. nat. l.p. 162. n. 1. tab. iS./. 3. Natrum lapidi'fum. Sy t. nat. xii. 3, />. 91. «. 9. Cryltallus g)pfea. /.mcen. acad. l.p^Ayj. t, 12./". 5. Sclenites. Mu/. Aug!, tab. 21. f. 5, 6. Sclenrtes. Ruraph. rnuf. tab . i^z. f. !- 12, Gvpf. cryftall. Wall. min. p. 46, ;;. I. tab. \, f. 3, Wall. Jy^t. min. \. p. \(iT,. n. g. a. tab. J . f. 14. Ct/ieUjyst nat. 3. p. 446. tab. I. Jig. 1 7. .Soi'jcrby Brit, miner. \. p. 141. tab. 67, 68. Gypfum. Selenitc. Kiri.>:an miner . I. />. 1 1 8. Seienuic Spar. SchmeiJler mineral, l.p. 243. Sulphatof lime, Ihomfon chem. 3. /i. 614. •Found with the two former fpecic.-, with the crylla'.s ger.crnlly in 6-fided prifm?, terminated by 2-fidcd or 4-iided fummity ; it commonly caufes double rehiftion : colour white or grey. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 25. Gypfum. 105 tfisulare. Pellucid, white, fhining, lamellar with ftraight foliations, breaking into rhomboidal fragments, cubic. 1. With two angles truncate. Natrum pyritiforme. Syst, not. xii. J, ^. 91. ». 10, Gmd.fyst, nat. 3. /. 447. tab. I ./. 29. 2. With four angles truncate, Natrum angul. trunc. Syst. nat.yXx. 3. ^.91. ». 9. b, Gmei/yst. nat. 3. />.446. tab, \. fig. 16. Fourtd in various parts of Germany: 1) containing 10 lefTer trapeziums, and 2 larger pentagons : 2) with 8 trapeziums, 4 rhombs, and 2 fquares, tetraedrum. Pellucid, white, fhining, in 4-rided prifms, breaking into rhomboidal fragments, lamellar with ftraight foli- ations. Spathum columnare, Gerh. Beytr. 2. miner. 1. p. 272. Found capillary, ncAT Freyeniualde. prismaticum peJlucid, white, fhining, in 6-rided prifms, breaking into rhomboidal fragments, lamellar with ftraight foli- ations. i. With the prifms truncate, 2. With the terminal faces ending in a point. Natrum flexile. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 90, ». 7. Cryttallus felenitica. Amizn. acad. I. p. if'jh. n. 2, Gmel. fyst. nai. 3. /. 446. tab. I. jig. 15. 3. With the terminal faces ending in a 3-fided pyramid. Natrum bafakinum. Syjl. nat, xii. 3. p. 87. «, 9. 4. With the terminal faces ending in a 4-fided pyramid. Karfien Lejke mineral, r. p. 291. Found in Germar.yf Jufiria, S^vitzerland, Saxony, and various parts of Europe, generally accompanying the G. glacialis and fpecularis: the cryftals large, or moderate, fometimes capil- lary, often with 2 of the faces fmooth and the rell of the pnfm longitudinally llriate, fometimes in pairs, or aggregate in a ilellate minncr. pyramidale. White, fhining, pellucid, breaking into rhomboidal frag- ments, in 3-rided pyramids, lamellar with ftraight fo- liations. ^ Bom. ind.fofs. Z. p* S$. Found in the canal.-, through which the fait waters of the lakes of Upper- /luliria have been conducled. hntieulare White, fliining, pellucid, breaking into rhomboidal frag- ments, lenticular, lamellar, with ftraight foliations, VOL. VIT. — O io6 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 26. Hepaticus. Karsten Lejke mineral. I. />. 292. 2. With ligulate fomewhat imbricate channelled opakc foliations. Natrum embryonatum. Syfl. nat. xii. 3. p. 93. ». 14 ? Found near Sanger/hau/en, either folitary, or concreted into pa- rallel or hemifpherical clufters. glohosmu Meagre and dry, breaking into indeterminate fragments, globular. "Bern, ind fofi. t. />. l6. 17. z, />. 86. Found near Baloburia and Schemnit-z in Hungary, white or brown, opakc or diaphanous, the globules fometimes folid, fumetimes hollow, fonietimes filled with cryllallized gypfum, ttillatitium. Precipitated by water, meagre, lamellar with ftraight fo- liations, breaking into indeterminate fragments, with the fragments into which it fpontaneoully fails coated. Stalaflites ambiguus. Syit. nat. xii. 3. p. 184. «. 6. Stalaflites gypfeus. CronR, miner. fe£i, 20. 2. 1. or a common form. 2. Of a conic form. 3. Of a branched form. 4. Of an undulate form. 5. Of a vermicular form. Found white, grey, rarely yellow, in Svieden^ 2) in Sicily, 3) in the fides of fak lakes, 4, 5) in faltpetre. a6. HEPATICUS. Confifting of carbonate of lime, baryt, lulphuric acid, and imflammable matter: foft, lamellar, of a common form, ei- ther fpontaneoufly or when rubbed giving out an odour like liver of fulphur, not effervefcing with acids: crumbling to powder in a fmall degree of heat, which forms a p^^fte with water, and hard- ens in the air. tolidui. Compa6l, breaking into indeterminate fragments, receiv- ing a poll 111. Gerh. Bevtr mineral, l. p. 281. Found in the province of Mu«{/&/(/,- squamoius, Opake, Ihining iaternally, of very minute fcattered folia* tions, breaking into indeterniinate fragments. Bitumen hepaticuni. Syst. nat. xii, 3. p. iiz. n. 10. Gypfum text, irreg. fVaJ.jyst. min. \.p. 165. a. 10. buuminous ponderous earth. 6chmeijjer miner. I./. 262. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 27. Fluor. 107 Baryto-calche. Kir-wan min, 1 . /. 91 ? /• '43 ^ , . Found at Ku^Jlmrg in Nor-ivay, at Andrarum in Srama, and in Bohemia: colour blackifh-brown, brown, yellowiJh, or >eU lowifh-white. ,tatosu$. Shining, diaphanous, fmoke- colour, breaking into rhom- boidal fragments, lamellar with ftraight tohations. Bituminous ponderous earth. SchmetJJer miner i p, z6z. Found in Norivuy and Bohemia, and Ibmetimes emits a bitumi- nous fmell without being rubbed: colour white or black. 27. FLUOR. Confifting of carbonate of lime and fluoric acitff fomcwhat ponderous, parafitical, never hard, Ihining in the dark, and crackling, when heated to the degree of boiling water: not effervefcing with acids, but if diftilled with the mineral acids, emitting the fluoric acid gas, which has the property of diflblving glafs : melt- ing before the blow- pipe into a tranfparent glals. fulv^rukn. Whitifh, without luftre, powdery, with the larger parli- tus, c'es not cohering. Sandy or earthy floor. Kirn.v an mineral, 1. /• 126, Earthy fluor. Schmeijfer mineral, \. p,Zl6. Earthy fluat of lime. Thorn/, chem. 'i,. p. ^\S, ^ Found at Kabola Poiana in the diftrift of Marmaros, m Hungary between two beds of quart?,: colour light grey, greenifii- white, or blueifh green: when ftrewed on an irion plate heated a little bc'ow rednefs, it diftules a blue or pale yellow phcfphorefcent light ; feels harlh, and ftains a little : contains lime 21. alumina iq. filicaji. fluoric acid 28. pholphoric acid 1. muriatic acid 1. oxyde of iron 1. water i. Pdletur. compaaus. Hardifh, compaa, of an even texture, diaphanous, brit- tle, breaking into indeterminate fragments, of a com- mon form. Muria Chryfolampis Syff. nat. xii. 3. p- 99. «♦ 7» Fiuor min?ralis. Wall fist, min \,p 172. 77. I - Compact fluor, Kiravan mineral. \. p. 127. Stolid or compafl fluor. $chmeijfer mineral. I. p> 236, Compafl fluor. Thr-'on chcm. 3. ^.619. Found in 5r;7a;«,and near StcllhergmnAStraJburg, whitifli-grey, more or Icfs paiBng into green, often fpotted : frafture even or conchoidal ; fpccific gravity from 3,120. to 3,165. O 2 xo8 EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 27. Fluor. spatosHs, Hardirti, (hining, brittle, of a common form, breaking into pyramidal fragments, lamellar. Muria lapidofa. Syll, nat. xii. 3 /). 100. n, 3. Fluor mineralis. WalLfyli. min. i. p. 173, «. 2, Fluor fpar. Kir^wan mineral, i. ^. 127. Sparry fluor. Schmeijfer mineral. I. />. 237. Fluor fpar, Thom/on chem. 3. /». 619. 2. With the fragments into which it falls fpontaneoufly, refembling very minute granulation?. Fluor mineral, granular. Wall, fy it. i. ^. 175. r. ^. Found in Britain, Nornvav, Siveden, Spain, and Germany, white fmoke-colour, green, violet^purple, rofv, honey-colour, or varied with fpots, blotches or veins, femipellucid or tr^nTpa- rent, breaking into 3, rarely 4-rided fragmentj, takes a tine polifh, and is manutaflured into various vafes and figures; contains carbonate of lime 75. fluoric acid 1 6, water 27. tahularis. In rhombic oblong tables. Fluor cryft. lamell. Wall.Jyst. i. /!, 177. «.4. d. Storr. Alpenr, 2. p. 46. Found in Snuitzerlami, Alface, and Saxony, fuiicus. Hardifli, fhining, fmooth, lamellar, brittle, breaking in- [ to pyramidal fragments, cubic. Fluor cryft. rhomb. Wall. /fit. i. p. 176. k. 4. a. Fluor cryft. cubic. Cronst. min. /e£i. 1 00. Fluate of lime. Hoiverby Brit^ miner, tab, 1 1, 73. 1 . With the cubes perfeft. 2. With the angles of the cube truncate. 3. With the margins of the cube truncate. 4. With the angles and margins of the cube truncate. 5. With the margins terminating in a ppjnt. The faces flat. The faces concave. 6. With the margins of the cube terminating in a 3.fided py- ramid. Found in Derbyjhire and Northumberland, Spain, France, Saxony, Germany, &c. of the fame variety in colours as Fl. fpatofus; moft frequently pellucid, rarely opake: the cryftals folid or hollow, or containing a fmall drop of water or fome foffile, and placed in a decuflate manner, laterally, or irregular, or aggregate in a kidney or imperfeftly globular form. pyramidalit Hardifh, fliining, lamellar, brittle, breaking into pyra.- midal fragments. Alumen fpatoTum. Syst. nat. xii. 3. />. 102. n. 5. Cryftallus alumini formis, Amczn, acad. 1. /. 481. EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 28. Apatites. ^09 Fluor, min. oftaedric. If^alJ. fyst. i. p. 176. «. 4. b. Fluor fpar. Kirnvan mineral. I. /. 127. Sparry floor. Schmeijfer min. i. p. 237. Fluor (par. Thom/on chem. 3. p.6i(). Fluate of lime. Soi.verby Brit min. tab. 26, 27. Rafljleigh Brit, miner. I. tab. 24. fig. i, 2. |. With a fingle pyramid. The pyramid inverf>:d. The pyramid ftraight. The pyramid 3-rjded, The pyramid truncate. Truncate with fpherical faces. The pyramid 6-f:ded, with fphtcrico concave face;. 2. With a double pyramid. The pyramid 4-fided. Found in Derbyjhire, Dt'vonJJAre, and Cornivall, and in various parts oi S'lvediti, Saxc/iy, and Bohemia; the colours varv like Fl, foatofus. 28. APATITES. Confifring of carbonate of lime, and phofphoric acid ; brittle, hardifh: foluble in nitric acid, melting in the fire with difficulty, but when powdered and thrown upon burnincr coals, emitting a yellpwilh-green phofphoreicent light. Compadl, opake, whitifh. Cron/i. Phyf. Journ. 1788. Aug. p. 248. Phofphorite. Kir^uj an miner . l./>. 129. Phofphorated limcft^nc SchmeiJJer miner, i./i. 233. Phofphat of lime. Ihow.fon chem. ^. p. 6i6. Found at Estramadura in Spain, forming extcnfive ftrata with alternate ftrata of folid quartz: it melts with borax imo qi white enamel. In 8- Tided tables, of a rather greafy hiflrc, parafitical, breaking into indeterminate fragments, icmipei lucid, of a minutely granular texture, which is laiTieiiar when broken tranfverfcly. Kanten Scbr. Berl. Natur. 9./. 355. Found near Ehrenfriederjdorf in Saxony. In 6-rided tables, of a rather greafy luftre, parafiticalj, breaking into indeterminate fragments, ol a minutely granular texture, which when broken tranfverfcly is; lamellar. no ' EARTHS. CALCAREOUS. 28. Apatites. Karsten Schr. Berl. Naturf, 9. />. 3^5. Found near Ehrenfrhderfdorf in Saxony. frismaftcus. In 6-rided prifms, of a rather greafy lullre, parafitical, breaking into indeterniinate fragments, of a minutely granular texture, which when broken tranfverfely is lamellar, Werner Bert^^mt Journ. 1788. %. p. ~/b. Klaproth Bergm. Journ 1 7B8- \ p. 294, Kan ten Schr. Berl Naturf. q. p. 355. Phofphorite. Kirivan miner, i . p. 1 29. Apnite. SchmeiJJer mineral 1.^.232. Common Apatite. Ihomfon chem. 3. p.6\j. Found in CcmvJall, Saxonv, and German'^f with tin ore and filler; colour green, pale violet, jeddifh, or white, rarely yel- lowifh, cinereous, blue or olive-colour: lofes its colour and tranfparency in the iire, but melts with greai difficulty : is very finely ftriate longitudinally : cryltali fmall, folitary or irregularly cohcrng; the prifms fometimes pcrf.6t, fniLtimes terminated at one or both ends v»'ith a 6 fuled pyr.-mid, the lateral margins fometimes ending in a point, and the .erminal ones with the angles truncate, fometimes rhe lateral margins are rounded; fpccific gravity = 221 8 : 1000. fhrysalithU Jn 6- Tided piifms, terminated at both ends by a 6-fided r-um, pyramid, green, breaking into indttcnninaie frag- ments, of a conchaceous texture when broken tranf- verfely. Werner Bergm. Journ 1790. 7. / 74, ^e. Rome de Pljle Crystall. 2. />, Z77. Chryfolithe, Spatum chryfolithinum. Ginft.Jpt. nat. 3,/', 98. Found near Carloneira in Sf^ainy in fmall ioliitry eryftals, which are fometimes hollow; ir cffervtfces u little wuh the nitric a. 172. Boracit. SchmeiJJer miner, i. p. 234. Borat of magnefia. Thom/on chem. 1. p. did. Found at Kalkberg nezr Luneburg, feated in a bed of gypfumi colour hyaline or greyifh-wliite, fometimes paffing into vio- let or fea-green : cubes very fmall, with truncated edges and angles, fo that the faces of the truncated angles exhibit alter- rately hexagons and triangles : fradure compad, flat, con- choidal; contains boracic ac;d 68. carbonate of magnefia 15, carbonate of Ume 11. filica t. ar°il. i. iron 6. 112 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 30. Aliimin. 31. Argilla. ORDER IV. ARGILLACEOUS. Containing principally aluminous earth. 30. ALUMINARIS. Confifting almoft entirely of alumina: meagre to the touch, light, without luflre, earthy, adhering a little to the tongue, ftaining a little: nearly foluble in nitric acid^ contrafting and hardening in the fire, emittino- Iparks before the blow-pipe. Aluminaris. Native argill. Kirivan miner. I. p. 175. Native argillaceous earth. Schrr:eijjer miner. i,p,i^g. Native alumina. Thomfon chem 3. />. 502. Found in various parts of Britain^ Mufcovy, and Saxony, in kid- ney-form mafles: fnow-white, very foft, breaking into inde- terminate fragments, and does not readily diffufc itfdf in water. 31. ARGILLA. Confifting of alumina and filica, with generally fome oxyde of iron and in- flammable matter: opake, without luftre, of a common form, foft to the touch, earthy, light- ifh, foft, imbibing and retaining water and oil, by each of which it is foftened, and rendered plaftic by the former, and emitting an earthy Imell : not effervefcing with nitric acid, contrad- ing and becoming harder in the fire. Meagre, white, friable, adhering to the tongue, becoming white when burnt, and in a very Ilrong heat forming porcelain. Terra porcellana. Cromt, miner, 78. A, Argiila apyra. Wall.Jyst.min. i. />. 51, »j 9. Porcelain clay. Kirivan miner. I. p, 178. Porcclane clay. Schmeifser miner. 1.^.157* Porcelain earth. Thomfon chem. 5. p. 534. ! . fn a compaft form, Argilla apyra. $■<)!'. «/:/. xii. 3. p. zoo, n, i. Ar^iiia apyra. J'f'alL nzin. 19. EARTHS. Argillaceous. 3r.Argiiia. 113 2. Tn a powdery form. MaVga porcellana. PFall. ?mn. 23. Argilla porcellana. Vogel miner. 33.' 3. Mixed with micaceous particles, Argilla porcellana. Syst, nat. xii, 3, p. zoo. n. 3. Found in Comnxiall, japan, China, Saxony, and various parts of Europe, and is luppoled to originate from decompofed felfpar : colour white, grcyifli, reddifh or ycllowifti-white : adheres very (lightly to the tongue^ and "feels foft but not greafy : does not change its colour when expofed to heat, but becomes wliite, and tranfparent in proportion to the quantity of filica it contains; it is principally ufed in the manufafture of china ware: contains alumina 60. iilica 20. air and wa- ter 12. \'ery foft and greafy to the touch, adhering to the tongue, Ihining when rubbed, becoming firft blackifh and paler when burnt, apyrous. Argilla apyra. .Syll. nat. xH. 3. /. 200. w. 2. Argilla apyra. Wall.f^st. min. I . />. 53. w, 10. Potters clay. Kirxvan mineral. \. p. i 87, Pipeclay. SchmeiJJer mineral, i. p. \;^(), Common clay. T/jom/on chem. 3. /. 535. Found in Normandy, near Cologn, Li-vonia; and other parts of the world: colour varying from pure white to black, and is often variegated : when firlt expofed to heat, it becomes blackifh, trum the inflammable matter it often contains, but by conti- nued heat it turns pure white: it is ufed for tobacco-pipes and various veflelf. Friable, very greafy to the touch, ihining, fcaiy. Talcum fubfriabile. Syll. nat. xii. 3. p. 51. „. i. Lithomarga. Kir^^an miner. I./, 187. Liih^marge. Schmei/Jer miner. i.p.i6o, Pott.rs' clay. Thomfon chcm. 3. p. C3r, 2. Somev\hat friable, green, making a mark. Talcum viridan;. SyjL nat. .xii. 3. />. 5 1 . «. 1 . 3. Hard, receiving a polifh. Terra miraculofa. Schuz. K01; Aa. Ac. Caf. Nat. Cur. 3. app, Indurate.-J Luhomarge. Schmeiffer mineral. 1. /. 160. i. Emitting phofphorefcent fparks in the dark, when rubbed with the point of a pen. r. TrehraChem. Ann. 1784. \, p. 387. Kirzvan \.p. 190. Uruchmann Chem. Ann. I 785. \. p. 449. Indi'.rated I.ithoinarge. Schmeifier min. i. p, 160. VOL* vir, — p 114 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 31. ArgtUa. Found in various parts of the world, in day and limcflone rocks, , in long layers between clay and limeftone, Ibmetimes in the form of powder, fometimes compail, in whicli latter cale ic adheres to the tongue: colour ochraceous, greyifh rrreddifh- whife, marg:irit?.ceous, lavender-blue, violet, fielh-co'our, brownifn-red, green, or a mixture of fcveral colours : it al- ters its colour in the fire, becomes very hard, and by conti- nued heit melts into a red porous flag: is cnrirely difFufiHje in water, and when duly moiftened very dudile, or- which account it is highly ufeful in potteries and china manufiure imperfedly conchoida!, and without luftre or tranlparency. A piece from llampjhire contained filica 51,8. alumina 25,0. carbonate of lime 3,3. oxyde of iron 3,7. carbonate of m<»g- nefia 0,7. moirture 15,5- Bergman. From the great avidity with which it abforbs oil, it is ufed by fullers to take greafe out of cloth. eruitacea. Greafy, lamellar, falling into fmall pieces in water and frothing when agitated, before the blow-pipe melting into a fpumid glafs.' Argilla fuUonica. Syst. fat. xii, 3.^. 20i. k. 7. Argilla vitrefcens. Wall, ly If mm. \, p. \0. n.6. Found on Mount Ofmund m Siveden; cinereous. Lemnia, Greafy, fhiningby fri£lion, adhering a liule to the tongue, very loft, lightilh, of a conchoidal texture. Argilla iiicarnata. Syjt, nat xii. 3 p. 201. n. 6. Terra Lemnia, Cronst. min. 85 B. Argilia cruftacea. Waller fyst. mm I. /. I I. ». 6. C. Lemni n earth. Ktrivan miner . \.p. 190. Terra Lcnlnia. SchmeiJJtr miner. \,p. 165. Lemnian earth. Thomjonchcm. 3. p. 588. Found principally in the Hie of Lemiios, and in Silefta-f gene- rally dull ifabella, yellow or pale Uver-cdour, rarely duuced EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 3i.ArgilIa. 1^5 iizdurata. (lefh-colour, with fimctimcs black fpots or fhruh-like rnmifi- Citior.s : furface fmo-th and poliflied like ague: tradure conchoidal, with angular tVagments : contains filic;x 47'0' alumina 19,0. carbonate of mag nefia 6,0. carbonate of lime 5,4. water and air 17,0. Bergman. Greafy, lightiOi, very foft^ Ihining by friaion, adhering to the tongue, brownilh black. Bergfeif. Werner in troni}, mineral 84. found near Oikutfch in Poland, of an earthy texture. Very foft, greafy, adhering to the tongue, plaftic, ftain- ing the fingers a little, of an earthy texture, growing red in the tire, and before the blow- pipe melting into a grcenifh glafs. Argil la communis Cronfl. mineral, go. A. Brick-clay. Schme':f>er mintr. 1. /). 163. C'.nimoii clay. Kir-wun mine. \ p. ijc). Common clay. Thomfon chem. 3 />-535- !. Of a blueifh colour, Argilla comuiuni?. i^yH . nat xii. 3. /. 202. n. 9. Ar^. vitiefc. rudis. Wall./yst. min. I. />. 40. «. «. Z Argilla figulina (iccitaie rupturis rul^itefll-llata. iVyj/. nat. xii. 3. /. 202. ». 10. Argilla vitrelccns exficcata teilularis. Wall. fid. mineral. I. p 44. n. 3 Argilla incarnata. Syit uat, xii, 3./*. 202. 7;. i i . 3. Linus. Terra lateritia. Vogel miner. 31. Found in almoll every part of the globe, frequently forming vsrli llrata a little t-elow the furface, and often bearing thv; imprcllions of vegetables: colour blucifu or ycLowilii-^rey, fiiioke-colour, dull nlucifh, rarely green or ficlh-colour, and iiiipregnaied with a greater ot lefs degree of filica. Soft, a little greafy, adhering flightly to the tongue, ciiini- bling and fottcning in water. Argilla arete coher. Wall. Jyd. m:n. l.p.bzl indurated clay. Kir-cvan min£ral. i./>. 131. Indurated cljy. Tkomjon chcj/i. 3, /. 536. 2. Granular when dry. Argilla vttrcioens. Wall. j'yit, min. \. p. 10. ;;. 5. Found in every parr of the globe, lightifh, yellowifh, blueifh or grcenifh-grey, reddifh- brown, dull rofy, or grecnilh, or varied with rounded fpots; ot an earthy texture, and diicovers buc little dudility : falls to powder, buc does not diifuJe itlelt in water, and is fometinics fo hard as to lerve the pai pores of building Itones. P 2 ii6 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 31. Argilla. fifilts. Very foft, rather meagre and dry to the touch, adhering a little to the tongue, of a flaty textute, breaking into difcoid tiagrnents. Schiftus argillaceous. Syst. naf. xii. 3. p 38. «. 7. Argilla vitref. iiflil. Wall.fyfi. nvn. \: p 45, «, 4. Shift'jfe chiv. Kirnv an mineral, l./>, 182. Slaty clay. Schmeifser miner. \. p. 168. Shillofe clay. Thum/on chem. 3. p. 536. Found in Britain and various parts of Europe, in large layers, generally over and under veins of coal, and is frequently pe- netrated with bitumen: colour black or grey, rarely blue, fometimes yellowifh, reddilh or brown, when it contains much bitumen is of a blackifli-brown colour, appears like bad coal, and burns with a weak flame and lulphureous (niell: frec^ueiitly bears the impreffion of plant.s efpecially thofe ot the equifetum, adianlhum and fern tribe: gives a wliitilh or grey Itreak, and moulders gradually in water. sterilis. Somewhat meagre, lamellar, white when dry, growing reddifh and hardening a little in the fire, melting in a greater degree of heat. Argilla mixta. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 203. ;/, J4. Argilla fiffilis alba. Wall/yst. i. /'.45. w. 4. a. Found in the barren plains oi Suder?nannia in S^'eJen, elpecially where birch trees flourifli, and forms entire ftrata alternating with beds of fand. bullosa* Greafy, foft, fhining by friction, adhering a little to the tongue, plaftic, growing reddilh and blillery in the fire. Found in Tranfylvama. Bolus. Greafy, fhining by fridion, diffolving in the month, crumbling into powder immediately in water, grow- ing reddilh and eafily dilTolving in the fire, ot a con- choidal texture. Argilla ore liquefcens. Syst. nat. xii. 3 p.. 203. «. 13. Argilla vitrefcens. Wall.fyst.tnin. I. p 49. zj. 8. Bolus. Cronfl. min. 86. Vogel min. p. 36. Bole. Kirivan mineral, i. p. 190. Bole. Schmeifser mineral, \. p. 165. Thomfon chen:, 3./' 587. ?. Odorous earth from Portugal. Found in Armenia^ Italy, France, and Germany, and is frequent- ly produced from decayed lavas : colour generally dull red or brown, fometimes yellow, flefh-colour, cinereous, and in innu- merable varieties near Idria in Carniola, it is found mixed with cinnabar, &nd neur Ka/nick in Hungary, combined with filver. EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 31. Argillj. i,. Cimc/ia. Pearl grey, becoming reddlfli when cxpofcd to the air, adhering ftrongly to the tongue, not Itaining, becom- ing white before the blow-pipe. Ciniolite. Thonfon chem. 3. p. 536. Found in the \{[e of j^r^^entien, m xhc Archipelago, where it is ufed for whitening ituffs : texture earthy, fraflure uneven, op?ke, fofr, breaking with difliculty : fpecific gravity 2,00c. contains filica 63,00. alumina 23,00, iron 1,25, water 12,00. Klaproth. sinensis. Rather meagre to the touch, rnfoiis variegated with ochra- ceous dots and fpots, foftening in water. Argilla Havcfcens. SsH. not, xii. 3. p. 201 . ». 4. Poliershiefer. Thomfon chcm. 3./. 537? Found near Montmarte in France, and in China, where it conili- lutes the ioil upon which cotton, rice and indigo are culri- vated : it is ufed in the making of bricks whicli arc intended to be under water, Rubfica. Soft, ftaining, adhering to the tongue, red, brittle", do^s not become dudlile in water, of an earthy texture. Talcum lubfiflile. Sy!i. nat. xii. 3. p.^f.n. 3. Ochra ferri rubra. Wt.ll.fvfl. tnin. 2. p. 260. v. 22. c. Rfd. Reddle. Kirnjoan mineral \. p. 193. Found in Siheria, Dalecarlia, Bohemia, Portugal, and fravct, generally among iron ore, with which it conunonly abound> : colour dark cochinelle red, or intermediate between brick ai;d blood-red: fracture earthy, lometimes couchoidal : feels rough, aflumes a polifh from the nail, ftrongly ftains the fin- gers, adheres to the tongue, falls immediateiv to po^vdcr in vvatcr, does not eftervcfce nor eafily diflblve in acids, crackles and grows black when heated to rednels, and melts at laftinto a dark greenifh-yellow frothy enamel. later ^ Very foft, ftaining the fingers, adhering to the tongue, ochre- yellow. Gelbe erde. Hermann Berg. "Jour?!. 1788. p. 521. Yellow ochre. Kirt'.uin mineral. \.p. 1 94. Found near IVchrau: fcclb Imojth orfoniewhat grealy : fraifiurc earthy, or inclining to the conchoidal : adheres llrongly to the tongue, takes a high poliih Irom the nail, and llrongly llains the fingers: falls immediately to pieces in water, wuh fome hifling, afterwards to powder, but does noi difiufe it- felf thiough it: does not effervefce with acids or eafily dil- folve in them : heated to rcdnefs it crackles, hardens, ac- • quires a red colour, and gives a reddifh llreak, and melts at laft into a liver-brown porcelain mafs : contains alumina 50. oxyde of iron 40. water acidulated by fulphuric acid !0, ii8 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 31. ArgiMa. ^iridii. A little greafy, fott, compafl, green, fwelling in the fire aiid becoming lirlt blackidi, then red, and at iaft yellow. Bolub viridis. Sy/i. nat. xii. 3. p. 203. n. 13. c. Terra verde, Cronli min. Je£i. 86. i. V. Found on Mou; t BaUc, Sijoeden, Normandj, Saxony, and Bo' hernia, frequently within the Almond Itone: makes a green mark. Tripolitana. Harlli and dry, foft, lightifh, adiiering to the tongue, mcliiiig with difficult^ , when rubbed with metal af- fuming a naetalic fpltriidor. Argill.-i fcabri. Syji. nat. xii. 3 /. 202. n. 8. TrinelH folida. Wall.Jyst. min. i./>. 91. n. 1. Tripoli. Kiriuan mineral. X.p.zoi. Tripoli. SchmeiJJer piiner. I p 175. Tl.omfov chem. 1. p. ^"^i. Found in the flanci Ta''na in .the South Seas in thj kingdom of lunis, in hapUs, at the river Udam Titiffin, S-zL-cu't-';, Flanaerif Bohemia, Jujiria, and various parla ot Gcmany, h\ llratiiicd mi unrains and not unlreqiicntly mixed wiih lulpliur: colour whitifii, yellow'ili-grey, creaii) and ocr.rc-yeilow : i- fou d folic, has a dull earthy appearance when broken, and breaks into indeterminare obtufe regular pieTC-, is \oh and landy between the teeth, and abforbs water wiih a nolle ; docs not ilain the fingers, and Ircquen-tly reddens uiien heated ; con- tains filica 90. alumina 7. iron 3. luij'ic. tu7i:escens. Reddeni^ig a little \\ hen heated, fpongy when dry, gree- di'y imbibing water with iuuimel'cencc atid rctain- JHii ii. Argilla jr.ixta. Sjst. nat. xii, 3. p 203. «, I 5. Argilla vitrelcens. Wail. J\it. »nn. 1. />. 43. n. 2. I'o'jnd every where in barren plains, particul.irly in S-jjeden, and on accoun-t of its fluftuaion and trenihling is very dan- j.erous to travellers; for the furiace being dried up is elallic like leather, vvhiic ti.e snals undei it is at the confiltence of paltice. Meagre, fomewhat plaftic, growing rcdtiilh and harden- ing in the fire, friable and a little dinty when dry, iiowly inribibing water with intumefccnce. Argida mixta glarea. Hyji nat xii. 3. /. 204. «. 16. Argiild glarea mixta. Waller J'yjl, l, p. ^b. a, 12. lound ni ^-loeden, particularly ni Dalecarlia, grey, brown, or reddilli, and in the fummcr becomes fo hardened, as not to be bridccn with a hammer or divided by a wedge : when lifted it is an excellent material in the formation of bakers* ovens. EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 31. Argilla. rr9 iduta. Somen-hat meagre, a little plaftic when motftened, (liifry wheTf'dry, melting into folid g'afs in the lire. Calx paluftris 6>/?. nat. xii. 3. />. 207. r, 5. ArgilU vix coherens. Wall. ly/i. i.f.6i. «. I4. Found in '^jje^ett, chiefly undr btgs and marihcs, grey or white ; the latter is ufed for vvhitemng walls. drvtnsis. Cinereous, forming fmail clod^ when moiltened, fplitting into large cletts while drying and becommg at ialt povvdi-ry, vitrifying in the fire. Argilla hunio mixta. I'f'all fyft. \.p. 55. n. 11. Found every where in cultivated lands. Umbra. Penetrated with bitumen, brown,' making a mark, grow- ing redailh when burnt. Argilla hunnf<<. Syfl. nat. xii. 3, ^.204. n 18. Humus coiorata. Wall./yfl. min. t,p. 17. ». 3. Umber. Ktrnvan. mineral, i p. 197. Martial clay. Schmeiffer mineral. 1. p. 164, Found i'.i Britain, Italy, (lermanv. Sec. and is ufed by painters : colour Sro\\n or blackifh, adheres to the tongue, and mode- rately ftains the fingers : cflnfifts principally of particles of decayed wood mixed with bitumen. 'oitriolacea. Brown, ftiptic, turning a deco6lion of galls black. Argilla mixta fufca. Syft. nut. xii. 3. /. 205. ». 21. Foind every where under boggy land^ and is a mixture of clay and pyrites. taha. Of a fait tafle. Hiaerne tent amen chcm. I. Born, ind./ofs. 2. p. 90. Found in the maritime parts of Anjlria, and in tlic confines of fait pit-, cinereous or red, and- is impregnated with muriate of foda. eohalti/era. Black, forming a blue glafs when melted with borax. Gejn Hist. Cobalt. I. /». 21. 35- Found in the mines oi^H'irtemburg. citprifera^ Brown, producing a blue colour with heated fpirit of am- monia. ^ Par«./^r;>/;7, ^ 33, 34, S. ^ 43. Found in the mines ot Germany, contains the oxydcs of irori and copper, in the proportion of about 26 per cent, of the latter. A'^gertifera. Soft, plaflic, exhibiting filver when fufed with lead. Born. ind.J'cfs. I. p. 83. 84. Ferber uh. die Gcbir^. Vn^n'-.p, C7, 120 tARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 32. P.utedlana. Found near Criefdorf in Ba-varia, and near Schemniz in Ilun.' gary, cinereous, yellowifh, or yellow-red; contains ^^ of iilver. mrif}ra. Soft, plaftic, blueKh, exhibiting gold when fufed with lead. Born. ind. fofi. 1. /• 67. Found in the mines of Tranfylvania, near Herczigan and Facebai. 32. PUTEOLANA. Confiding of alumina, fiiicai and iron, with generally fome carbonate of lime: friable : mixed up with water and quicklime be- coming fo hard as not to be penetrated by water, eafily melting in the fire into a black fcoria. genuma^ Of a dull colour, tinged, readily obeying the magnet. TerrA pouzzolana. Cronjl. min. fe^. 207. «. 8. i. Ca:mentum pulverulentum. Wall.jyji. i. />. 95. «. 7. Pouzzolana. Kir-ivun mineral. I./. 411. Pouzzolano. Thomjon chem. 4. p. 1 49. Found in the volcanic mountains oi Italy, even in thofe that are extinfl, chiefly about Haples and Rome-, where it is coUefted into tumular mafles : colour dull led, brown or black : fur- face rough, uneven, and of a baked appearance : fra<5ture un- even or earthy and porous: it is not diffufible in cold water, but in boiling water it gradually depofits a fine earth : with a fmall portion of lime it makes an excellent mortar, which har- dens even under water* ^nimilis* Of a dull colour^ tinged, hardly obeying the magnet. De S. Fond fur les diff. efpec. de Pouz, 1780/8. Found near Chernavari in France, in Germany, and Franconia\ and probably originates from decayed argillaceous ftones. \lineres. Cinereous, in the form of alhes. Cineres Vulcanorum. Cronst. miner. 297, Volcanic afhes. K.rxvan mrneral \ p.^Xo, Volcanic a{hes. H Imnjon chem. 4. p. 150. found in the neighbourhood of moll volcanic mountains, from which they are ejected with valt fol-cc-, and often to a great height and diftance, frequently covering vaft furfaccs, and fjiTictimes burying whole cities: they are fometimes To fubtile as to fill up the minuteft crevices: colour brownifh or red- didi'grey : they effervefce flightly with acids, have frequently s magnetic power, and ufually contain about half their weight of argill, a fmall proportion of calx, magncfia and iron, the remainder is filica. Earths, argillaceous. 33. Cxmentum. 121 arenacea. Cinereous, conHfling of cliilin(S granulations. Pnmex cincrarius. SvH. nat. xii. 3. />. i8r. w. 5, Porus igneii*. Wall, lyft. min. 2. />. 375. «. i. Vo'can'c fand. Kir^Man miner, i. ^.410. Volcanic fands. Thomfov chem. i^. p 150. Found in the neighbourhood of Volcams, and arc corhDorcd of fmall hard grains varying in fize : they readily fiiiii in water, and aie ufually mixed with final! fragments of feifpar, lav.i, ma^neMc iron-Done, &c. tiiey often cover a grrat extent of ground, fometimcs to the extent of 50 le and vaft ftrata about volcanic mountain*:, of a common form. Gioeni lito'o^. Vcfwvian. p. 1 74. Tufas. Kirnuan mineral. I. ^.414. Tiift\vac*c. Schmeijjir mineral, i. p. 187. Found in the neiglibourhood of volcanos, particularly in Italy, about Kaples and Romi:, and con lilts of compad mafles of pouzzolano, land, flaggs, pumice, and other ftones of v^l- csnic origin: colour moilly frn'-^ke colour, cinereous, blackifh, brown, Dchraceous, yellowifh-grey, or brownilh yello^v, rarely redcifli, greenifli or variegated: it is comm-'nly mag- netic, cf an earthy fradurc, and not eafily decompofed by the adion of the air: fometimes it has a (mall nuxture of bones, ihells and other calcareous fubltances, and then effervefces a littic v\ith acids. 'arras. Forming large ftrata under the furface of (he common foil, ot a common torm, Ca.incntum induratUiti. Cmnst. miner 207. «. 8. 2, Cacmentum induratum. VVall.f\st. min, \. p,q-j. «. 2. Trafs or Terras. Kirq.van 7n"'eral i./. 413. Trafs or Farr.is. SchmeiJJer mineral, i. /. 187. VOL. Vil. — Q^ £22 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS- 34.Cariofus. Found on tTie banks of the Rhime, principally near AaJerKaih cind on Mount V^o^dhargt fome feet under the furface, where ftrcams of water \it.vc not had ilcccf^, dull grey or biackilh, rarely variegated: furfacc rougfi and porous: frsdurc conj- nionly eaiihy, rarely lamellar : it contains fragments rcfcra- bling pumice, cryliais of hornblende, aiica, clay, ^iXt, quartz, maiblc, iron ore, and other fublianccs: when pound- ed it makes the bell cement for baildiags andcr water, echmaare. Prifmatic- 1. In 6 ilded prifms. 2. In j-fided prifms. Found on the banks of the IRhiKc, and fometimes near the bafe of Mount Etnot in columnar inafles of a grey or Ifabella-yel- loTV colour, ftandtng clofe to each, other, and forming inter- nally one common mafi. 34. CARIOSUS. Confifting of alumina, filka, and carbonate of linnc, with a fmall portion of iron : light, foft, porous, falling to powder in water: efiervefcing with nitric acid, hardening and grow- ing a little red in the fire. Cariosos. Rotten-Jlone, Tripela cariofa. Wall.fyjl. mla. I. ^. 92. «. 2. Creta fofca terra cariofa dida. Da astafojf, %•]. Found in Derbyjhiret Glamarganjfbirei and other coal countries, generally over veins of coal : colour Ifabella-ycllow, dull grey or brown : it eafily moulders in the open air, and foon falls to powder in water, for which rcafon it has been deno- minated Rotten-ftone. It 13 principally ufed for polilhing metals and other fubftances. EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 35. Ardefia. 123 35. ARDESTA. Confiftlng of alumina and fillca, wicb generally a iittle oxyde of ii on and carbo- nate of lire, and fonierimes fome magnefia and prtroitfum : fofr, of a fiaty ccxcure, generally breaking into difcoui fraj^mencs, opake, ot a comtnon form, imbibing water, but fo flowly as not tf» be foftened, when moiftened exhaling an argillaceous odour: not ttfcrvefcing with nitric acid, n>ekmg into a turbid icoiia by a confider- able degree ot heat ; found in primitive as well as llratified mountains, and when in the former of a greafv luftre ; forming entire mountains or thtir pzincipa) part. Novacttla. A liale pqlifhed, fiiinirg ■« ithrn, fubopake, hardiflj, grecn- ilh-grey, making a whitifh mark. Schillus {'cript. ibs. Sj^t. nat. sit. 3. p. 37. n.\l N vacclke, Turtcy hore. Kiizvan viiueraL i. p. 2^8, Wbctftone. Scfmeifer i,iiKera/. i. p. 17^. Found in fitrliofe jnountains, foinimg confiderable layers, chi.ffv in the Lerva'a, rear Lnuestein in Bttreitbf Sihtriay and neat Ftieharg in Sexany : fra(^ure flaty, approaching to flii- ycty ; doe* not adhere to the eongue : receives an imp^rfcft polifh, hardens in the air and iri oil, and when iaturated with the laitcr makes an exc-llent vvheftone, fatuiat-L'm A little paliffted, foft, grtytfli-black, making a whitifli mark, with ftraight foliatious. SchiltU!! ubulnrts. Syji. nat. xii. 3 p, 37. », 2, Schiftus fuhirliorniger. Wail Jyit. 1. p j^f). n. 1. ioand in S-ivitxeriana, Ihtttgoi)), Fravca'aat and Sexanjz zi" m'rs an imperfcd palifh, ?nd is fometrinss variegated with darker orbicular or oblong (pots ; when powdered effervefces JB a very flight degree witii nitric acid : is rather light, and is Vifcd foj tables £nd flites. ugutarn, A Tutle poliihed, rather hard, bliieifh-black wilh a cine- reous ftreak, wiih Oraight foliations. Schirtus Ardefia. Syst. vat. sii. 3. p. 38. n. 5. Schillus duru?. Wall. fyst. min. l . p, 336. ». 1. ^rgillite, ArgiUaceouj Shiftuj, Slate. Kinuaaitmff:. i. p.jCtB, Argillaceous Shiftus. SchmeiJ/er ml/teral. i. fi. l6S, Argillaceoas Shiftcs, ^hamjan them. j. /. 587, EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 35. ArdcHa. iolida. 2. Rcddifn or brownifh-rcd. 3. Of a purple colour. 4. Reddiih-purple. 5. Greenifh-grey. Found in many mountains of Britain^ and various parts of Europe^ generally in layers, and frequently marked \,iili the impreffion of living bodies and pUncs : when broken faines a lutle from a mixture of micaceous particles orgranuhuons of quartz : does not adhere to thie tongue, or imbibe '.\aier, and is principally ufed for the covering of hoafes, Blackifli, of a compact ilaty texture, giving 2 clear ^.owvA when ftruck, making a cinereous (trcak. Schiftus fcriptura cincrea. i'y/?. r.at. xii. %. p. 38. «. 6. Schiftus folidus durus. Wall. Cyn. i. p. 3+2 «. 7 ? Found in 6'T.i.Wf», Spain, zr.^l Nenv Spain, of a fhivcry fratlure, and a black ifh, brown, grey, or reddifh colour. Of a dull colour, very coir.pa£l, and fulid, hardiih, leav- ing a whitilh (Ireak. Schiitus compadtiffimus. Sysi. vat. xii. 3. ;5. 39. n i".,. Found very rarely in China; black or brown, exteriorly glab- rous and unequal, internally very compiift. Of a lamellar fiaty texture, very foft, making a whiiiih ftreak. SchiRus fcriptura a^ba. Svst. r.at. xii. 3. p. 37. n. 3. Schiftus diverfo colore. Wall, /yst ?r.in. i. p. 341. ». 6,a. c e. Found in Lapland, and vrioub provinces oi Stvfdii} : mcsgie, blackifh, l>rown, or yelU'wi'li, crackliiig when ilirrcd in the fire, and running into a frothy kind o'f glafs m a greater de- gree of heat, eiFervcfcing a little with nitric acid when powdered. wtdulata. Black, of an undulately flaty texture. Schiftus carbonarius. Wall fyst i. />. 3*1^. n. 9. d. Found in Finland and Jcmtia, Ibmetinies fofter ind niching into porous ilagS| fometimes a iittle harder and n.e'ting into a folid ^:?.fs. lituminoja. Very foft, a little greafy, of a duU colour, fhii^ing wheii rubbed, leaving a black ftreaK, of ailraiyht ilaty tex- ture, breaking into difcoid fragments, fmoking or flaming in the fire, becoming paler in the fire. Brandfchicfer. Cronji. miner fe£l. 159. Bituminous ftiiftus. Schm^iJJer minetal. \. p- \yo. 2. Schiftus folidus craflus. Wall.fnt.} . p- 344- «- 9- b» ^' 3, Schiftus communis. Syjl nat, xii. 3. p. 39. n. 10. Schiftus niger pingui;-, IVall.Jyit, i./, 540. n.5. compactis" tima. atrata. EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 35.Arderia. 125 4. Kolon. Cromt. mineral, fe^. 158. Found in Britain, Stuedeny and Lusatia, forming large beds in Itratified mountains, and is ilrongly impregnated with bitu- men and Uilphur pyrites: colour generally black, a Jitcle glittering when broken: when cxpofed to ficat it fmokcs or flames, emits a bituminous odour, and becomes puler after lofi: g its bitUiiien, Of a fibrous texture, llightly adhering to the tdiigue. Killas Kirnuan mineral, i. p. 237. Found in Corninall, of a pale hlueifh-grey, red, or \vhit'fh> yellow colour, and often interfci^^cd with veins of copper or tin : furface undulated : frafture long, fplintery, imperfedlly ilaty: lullre opakc, filky : cor.tjins filica 0,60, argil 0,25. magnefia 0,09. iron o,c6. and fome petrol or bi'.unien. Kir IV an, • Deep black, meagre, very fol't, foiling the fingers, making a black llreak, of an incurved flaty texture, breakin;//»^««, commonly abounding in particles of Plivin. ielumnaris. Of a dull colo^ir, campa<3, hardifh, tenacious, fpontane- oiifly breaking hito prilmaiic granular fragments. Bafahes. Baum. miner. \. p. 2ZO. Balalte? figura caltimnaii. fVali. /jft. I. f>- 319. n g. Figurate Trap, BafalE. Kirtcan miner. \, p 231. Balalt. ^b>mijjtr mn. l. p. 1^5. 1 bomfon : ehem. 5. f. 575. Found in vayiotts. parts ot the Brifjh Ifland', particularly in Slajfa in Seatland, and the GifiHt^s- Cavjuixjay in Iceland, in the South Sea JfLindiy Sic.'lyt italjy France^ and many parts of J^uropc, generaljy forming the bafe of mountsins» of a co- lumnar Chipe, llraight or curved, perpendicular or inclined, rarelv parallel j the dianieter of the columns from 3 inches to 3 feet, faraetimes with traiifverfe feraifpherical joints, in which the convexity of one is inferred into the concavity ot the other; their form is pentangular, hexangislar, oroilan- gular, rarely trianguTar, or quadrangular : colour blueifh or greening. black, or dark greyifTii blue,yarioufly interfered with veins of white calc-ireous ipar, and often the imprcJnns of various foffile bodies and ihrubsr they are rather hard and difficult to break, feel harfli, and found rndcr the hammer: tc:jiture earthy : fraifture uneven ;■ ftreak afliy-grey : fpecific gravity from 2,864. to 3,000. a fpeeimen from Staffa con- tained filica 44. alumina 16. oxyde of iron 16. lime 9. water 5. foda 4. muriatic acid 1. Kennedy. ^pamidalis Of a dull colour, conrpad, fpontaneoufly falling into py^ ratnidal fiagments. JIacquet Chem. Journ, 1788. I. p. 522. Found in the mountains of Z*o^f/w/«, nearvfw^ij, in elongated 3-fided fragments; and in Hungary, neir Schemniz and C'w;«- KfZf in 4.fided fragments. EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 36. Bafaltcs. 117 ^nicaiuji Compa6l, fpontaneoiilly falling int<» cruftofe fragments; the crulls fphasrical and concentiic. Found with the B. coliwnnaris; is a Jittlc foltcr, with a paler tinge, and crumbles more cafily. Wacca, Soft, fragile, compa£l, a little glofTy when rubbed, v\ox failing fpontaneotifly into fragments. Wacken. Kirijoan, \,p. 223. H homjon cheta. 3. />. 577. Wacke. Schmeijf. mineral. I. />. 318. Found in the mountains of Bohemia and Saxony^ fometimes in entire ilrita, fometimes in thia layers under or between bafalt; colour cinereous of greenilli, or blackilh, cr ydlow- ifli, and often contains veins of metallic ores: luftre none, fraflurc even, texture earthy, opaJce, foft, eafily broken, and feels flightly greafy : it withers by expofurc to the atmof- phere, and then becomes more grey: frequently contains black mica, but never olivin. ^rapexum. Hardilh, compafl, imbibing water, growing reddllTi in the air and mouldering into lamellar pieces, crackling and breaking with explofion in the fire. Saxum impalpabile. Syst. nai. xii. 3./. 72. «. 3. Corneas durus. Wall. ipt. min. i. ^. 361. «. 4. Trap. Kirivan miner. I. p. izy. Thom/on chem, 4./. 134. Trapp. Scbmtijfer miatral, l. /. 183. 1. Toadftone. KirT.van, \.p. izg. Of a dark brownifh-grey colour, abounding with caTitics filled with cryftallized carbonate of lime, which from the dc- ftrudicn or decompofition of^ the cryltals are often empty: contains filica 0,63. alumina 0,14. mild carbonate of lime 0,07. oxyde of iron 0,16. Withering, 2. Rowley ragg, orTurilite. Kirivan. l. p.izgi Of a black colour with numerous white dots, and black lamellae of bafaltine, which give it a dark brownifh-grey appearance: found it\ large mafles, affe<^ing a rhomboidal form, icclontnj rounded pebbles of the fame fubftance: acquiring an ochry cruft by expofurc to the air, and fhining internally from a number of minute particles : heated in the open air it be- comes magnetic, and lofei about 3 percent, of its weight: it does not redden in the fire, but at 98°. melts into a po- rous black mafs, partly porcelane, partly ensmel ; fradlure nearly even, fine fplintery, often inclining to the conchoi- dal : contain* filica 475. alumina 325. oxyde of iron 200. Withering. 3. Whin-ftone. Kirivan miner, i. p. 230. Of a blue or greyilh-black colour, and rather hard; found in detached fragments, or forming dykes in mines. Found in the mountains of Britain, Siar.dinerjia, Stvitzerlatid I2S EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 37. Lava. and Germany, forming vaJl mafl'es, and often broken into j^ 4, or j-fided prifms: colour greyidi, blueifh or purplifh- black, black, blackifli or reddifTi-brown, and frequently con- taining bafalcine, quartz, crylt illized carbonate of lime, fel- fp r, and olivin ; hence it is frequently porous, cellular or caveniou?, from the decomp 'fitian or falling out of thefe Hones: fra(fi:i:re earthy or fine fplintery, often uneven; it clfervefces a little with acids, and may be melted into black- ilh- green glafs. 37. LxWA. Confiftlng of alumina, with a larger portion of filica and oxyde of iron, and frequent- ly a little carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnefii: generally of a dull colour, becoming hoary when fcraped, meagre, breaking into in- determinate fragments, mouldering into argill in the air: produced by the internal fires of vol- canic mountains from which it is thrown out, and melting again into a black glafs. tompaSa. Nearly opake, compa£l, hardifh, of a conchoidal texture. Com part Lava. Kir^juan mineral. I. p. 404. Compaft Lava. Schmci£er. \. p. 189. Tbomfon, ^. p. 147. Found in volcanic mountains and their neighbourhood, appear- ing to have been fufed by the aftion of fire, but not vitrified, and becoming when cooled, compafi:, clofe, and folid, and bearing the refemblance of its oiiginal mineral: colour ge- nerally blackifli, fometimes grey, brown, or red, rarely white, very rarely green or blue: its fubftance is fo very little po- rous as to admit being cut into flabs with an almoll entire furface, and poliflied like marble; frafture earthy or fine fplintery, more rarely foliated : contains ofren hornblend, white garnets, olivin, calcareous fpar, mica, ihorl, &c. ^'itrea. Diaphanous, fhining, compad, hard, of a conchoidal texture. Pumex vitreus. Syjl. nat. xii. 3,/!. 182. n. 7. Porus igneus vitreus. Wall.Jyfi, i. p. 337. «. 5.- Vitreous Lava. SchmeiJJir mineral, i. p. 189. Kir-wan 1,^.401, Compaft glafs. Tlmn/on chem. 4. p. 150. 2. Lava with glaffy filaments. Haviilt. Phil Iran/. 1780. vol. JO. part I. «. 4. Found about volcanic mountains in Af-xu Spain, Peru, Hecla^ Fefuvius, and fometimes in places where lubterraneou. fires have taken place either from pv rites or in coal-pits: contains generally other fubftances imbedded, and is more or lefs EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 37. Lava. 129 trarfparent : colour generally black, rarely cinereous^ grcen- ifh, blueifh, or white, fometimes prifmatic : ufually of a common, rarely of a llalaftitical globular or pyramidal form; melts with more difficulty than other fpecies, on account of its containing lefs iron, carbonate of lime and magnelia : is frequently fo hard as to flrike fire with fteel. scsriacea, Veficular, rough, ihining internally, of a conchoidal tex-» ture. Volcanic fcoria and flaggs^ KirwaH mi'ter, \, p. 402. Spongy Lava. Schmei/ser miner. \ . p. 189. Scoria. Thomfon chem, 4. p. 149. Porus igneus lapideus. IVall. fy/i. 2. /. 227, «. 3. b. Found in flreams of volcanic lai^a, generally covering the Lava comparta, black or brown, with often a mixture of he- Tcrgeneous matters : the furface appears full of empty bub- bles, often difpofed in an undulate manner* porosa. Opake, without luftre, porous, lightifh. Cellular Lava. Ktriian mineral. I./. 403. Porous Lava. SchmeiJJer mineraU I. /• 189. Porous Lava. Ihomfon chem. \, p. 149. Found in volcanic mountains and their neighbourhood, more rarely in thole which have been exiinguifhed, and feems ra- ther to have been thrown from the crater than run over at the fides: colour black or brown, fometimes reddifli-brown : it probably contains more carbonate of magnefia than the reft, and is more fubjefl to deftruftion than compaft lava : its pores are larger near the furface than towards the centre. Pitmex. Opake, without luftre, parallel, fibrous, porous, light, rough. Pumex vulcani. Syfi. nat. xii. 3. /. 181. ». I. Porus igneus lapideus. Wall.fyst. 2. p. ^y^. », 2, Pumice. Kirzi-an miner, i. p. 415. 7/jomJbn Chem, 3. p, 149, Fumice-ftone. Schmeiffer mineral, I. p. 188. 341. 1. Fibrous, with elongated pores. Kiriuan. var, i. 2. Pores very minute, hardly fibrous. Kirnvan, var. 2» Found in the allies of moft volcanic mountains, from whence it is wafhed down into the fea : colour grey, greyifh-white, brown, orreddiih, rarely yellowilh : the fibres are gener.iljr parallel, more or kfs difcernible, and have a filky luftre : does not effervefce with acids, melts into a white enamel: contains filica 77,50. alumina 17,50. oxyde of iron 1,75, foda of potafs 3,00. Klaproth^ tuna. Originating from fubllances which have been ignited by burning (Irataof foilile coals. VOL. VII. — R 130 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 38. Mica. Found in Bohemia near Belin., SeiJ/c/juz, Lauft, and Loh/au, in Wajjovia near Dattveiler^ in Hungary on mount Schater, po- rous orcompaft, more or lefs ponderouf^ of a reddifti, cine- reous, bl?ck, blue, iron, ftecl or irrdelcent c jlouf. cea. 2^. MICA. Confining of filica and alumina, with a fimall proportion of oxyde of iron, and gene- rally a little nnagnefia and lime : glabrous, mea- gre, fhining, fpontaneoufly falling into granular fragments, eafily breaking into difcoid tragments, lightifh, parafitica-1: fufible before the blow-pipe into a white or coloofed enamel. mmbrana' Tranfparent, with lafrge parallel elaftic eafily feparabic plates. Mica membranacea. Syft. nat, xii. 3./. 58. n. i. Micamembranacea. WalLfyit. min. \. p. 36Q. n. i. Mica, Mufcovy talc. Kirtuan mineral, l.f.zio. Mica, Glilt. Schmei/ser mintr. i, /. 176. Mica. Thqmfon chem. 3. p. 539, Found in Malabar^ Siberia, Ruffia, Finland^ France, and ncaf Geneva, in large plates which are often fubiUtuted for glafs, and Gonfifts of a great number of thin tranfpareftt lamina ad- hering together: thcfe arc readily diftinguiihed from the layers of Gypfum fpeculare and glaciale, from their great degree of flexibility : texture f-liated : fragments flat: 'uftre metallic: very tough: often abforbs water : feels fmoith^ but not greafy : fpecific gravity from 2,6^46. 102,9342. contains filica 50,00. alumina 35,00. oxyde of iron 7,00. magnefia i,3j. lime 1,33. rauqueUn. laml squamosa. Tranfparent^ coloured, with large parallel eafily fepara- ble plates. Mica membr. fi/Tilis. 5y//. nat. xii. 3. p. 58. «. 2. Mica membran. femipclluc. Wall /^H. i./i. 369. n, 2. Found principally in the granites of primeval mountains, ge^ nerally fnfioke-colour or black, fomletimes brown, gold, red, or white, and very rarely concreted in maCes refcmbUng piece? of Shale, Somewhat opake, with lelTer fcattered incurved foliations. 1 . Of a filvery colour. Mica fquam >fa argentca, Spt, noi> xii. 3. /. 58 «. 3. 2. Ot a gold colour. Mica l(^uamoia aurata. Spt, nat. xii. 3. /. ^S, v, 4 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 38. Mica. 131 Found every where in Granite and other ftones, intermixed among their component parts, in almoft innumerable hues and colours, bat generally with a coppery fiivery or gold metallic lullre, wndulata. With undulate gold foliations. Mica flcxuo-undulara. Syjl. nat. xii, 3./. ,60. w. 10. Mica fillilia. Wall. fyjl. jiiin. 1 , />. 372, n- 4. b, C. ?. With flrxuous brittle gold foliations. Mica Hungarica. 5yu, nut. xii. 3. p. 59. n. 6. Talcum hiteum. U'aU/yst. mi/i. 1. /►, 375. n. 9. Found in the mines of Dalccurliq. hmisphce- With hemlfphcrical coricentric faltations. rica. Mica iqu'.nus hemilph. S%Ji. nat. xii, 3. p. 59. a. 8, Mici hcmifpherica. ' Waller fyll, \.p. ^y^. w. 6. Found in FmlanJ, \n the haiwlet Kimtto, conftituting a com- p nent part of decayingrock, white, very (hining, and re- fembling in bulk and figure the half of a fpHt pea. itriata. Wtth (he foliations radiating. Mica p.irtic. oblong. Wall. Jyst. min. \.p. 572. w. 5. Found in Saxony, in Hones, cinereous o; black, becoming whittfh or yeilowilh in the fire, and approaching near to a hornblend- cryitallina. In fix-fid^d table§. Mica lcu.miis ereftis. Syst. nqt. xii. 3. /). 60. ». 9. Mica figuja determinat. WuU.fijl. I. p. 373. n. 7. Found in the mines of Dalecarlia, in Saljburg and Zinnivalden % the tables fo.njetimcs Icattcred, fometimes aggregate in a Itellate manflcr, ordifpjfed in c©lumns, prismatica. Bfown, in 9-fided prifms. Klaproib Berg- Jonrn. 1790, 9. p. Z2J. Hoff'm. Berg. Jour/i. 1789. i. p. 156. Found in the mines o( Saxony, rear Schneeherg, in rock com- pofcd of quartz and feldfpar, opake, a little fhining within. lepidoli- With fcattejred, flat, cohering, pale viplet fcales. thui. Lepidolite, Lilaijte. Kir'vjan mineral, i. p. 20^» Lcpidolite, Lilalite. Thomjon (h:m. i. p. 511. Found in Moravia and Sudermania, mixed with granite in large amorphous mafles, and is compofed of thin plites which leparate ealily : colour of the mafs violet blue, of the thm plates filvery vvhite : powder white with a pale red tinge : before the blow-pipe it froths, and melts eafily into a white femiiranfparent enamel full of bubbles: diflolves in borax R 2 xus. 132 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 39. Opalus» with effervefcence, and communicates no colour to it : ef- fervefces flightly with foda, and melts into a niafs fpottcd with red: with microcofmic fait, it gives a pearl-colour globule: contains filica 53. alumina 20. potal's t8. fluat of lime 5, oxyde of manganefe 3. oxyde of iron i, Klafroth, 39. OP ALUS. Confiding of alumina, the greater proportion of filica, with a little oxvde of iron, and generally fonne carbonate of magnefia and carbonate of lime: hardifh, fhining, hardly ever opake, of a conchoidal texture, light, breaking into indeterminate fragments, parafitici?!, gene- rally of a common formi, eafily cracking into, clefts: melting with the greatefi; difEculty. Uydropha- Somewhat opake, becoming tranfparent and changing its colour in liquids, adhering to the tongue. Achates unguium colore. Spt. nat. xii. 3./>. 69. k. 6. d. Achates, &c. IVull. fyst. min, 1. p. 283. «. 21. Hydrophane. Kiravan mineral, i. p. 295. Oculus mundi, H.drophan. Schnei/ser mineral. \.p.\\\» Hydrophane, Oculus mundi. Ihumfon chcm. 3.^. 523. Found in the Teroe ijlunds, Iceland, Bri fanny, Hungary, Silelim, and Germany, generally accompanying other ftoncs of the genus, or in the (late of incruftation in contaft with Opal, Chalcedony, Prafe, Chryfoprafe, S-rpeniine, Gruiite, Ne- phrite, Jafper, Porphyry, and indurateo Clay: colour white, yellow, red, or green : becomes gradually trarfpitent when foaked in water by imbibmg the liquid, ard is loint-timcs, though rarely, found in the form of a 3-lidcd pyraiuiJ : contains filica 93. alumina i or 2. water, inflamaiaDlo mat- ter and air 5, with fometimes a little iron. Of a waxy luftre, and imperfedly conchoidal texture. Pitchltone. Kirixian I. p. 292. Schmeifser miner, i. p. 145. Pitchftone. Thomjon chem. 3. />. 529. Found in amorphous mafles of various fize, in France, Germanyt Saxony, and various parts oi Europe, and in Nf-ivSpain : co- lour grey ifli- black, grecnifh-brown, blueifli grey, leek or olive-green, red or yel'owifli, tranfparert, femitrunlpdrca: or opake, frequently prefenting large or finali grauiea aiUmft concretions: lultre a little grealy : fpecific grdvi^y from 2,314. to 2,645. contains fihca 73,00 a'u;^.ind 14,50. lin:e 1,00, oxyde of iron i,oo oxyile of nunoauvfc 0,10. loda' ])7S' vvater 8,50, iktaproih* EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 39. Opalus. 133 ligvsus. Nearly opake, breaking longitudinally into fibrous frac- tures, fpontaneoudy falling into cruftofe frag- ments. Ligniform Opal. Kiriuan mineral, i. p. 295. Wo"d Opal. Scbmeijjer miner. 1. p. 145. Wo'idOpal. Thinif n cbem. ■^. p. ^ZAf. Found in Hungary, in large mafTes which have the form of wood, of a milk reddifh or yellowifh- white, brown, or hyacnth colour: has a fliining luifacc, and is generally femiuaniparer.t on the eiiges: fracture when broken tiani- verfcly conchoidal, when br'^ken longitudinally exhibiting the texture of wood : is very brittle, and ccnfidered as fragments of wood impregnated with ftniiupal. itreus. Scmitranfparent, light, yellow, of a perfedly conchoidal texture. Werner Cron/1. mineral. 5 chm> if ser miner. \.p.\Af\% Common Oral Ihomjon chem. '^. p. ^2Z. Found in Poland, Silelia, Saxony, Hungary, and Gumany, ufu:^Uy, imbedded in other (tones, of a common form, rarely kidney-; fo:m or boir^oidal, (hitiing a little internally, generallv lub,- opakc: colour white, yellow, red, green of various mixtuies: 134 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 40. Zeolithus. fometimes it is found inclofing a drop of v ater : reflccb a finglc colour when held between the eye and the lta,ht: it often cracks and becomes decompofed by expoiure to the at- mofphcre : contains filica 98,75. oxyde of iron 0,1, alumina 0,1. with often a little water, Klaproth, ■nobilju Semitranfparent, fhining very much intepally, light, hardiih, refledling Various bright colours according to its pofition as to light : breaking into acute frag- ments. Opa'us Pa.'dor2ta- Sist. nat. xii. 3. /. 6?. w, ^. b. Ppalus colore olivaii. WalLfyfi. }, p,zZ\. n. 19. b. Opal Edler. K:r-uja». miner. \ . ^- 289. Real Opal. Hchmeifier miner. \p. 141. Noble Opal. IhomJoHchem. 3. p. 522. Found at the foot of the Carpathian maunSa^ntf and IQ Hungatji in folid piece?, and fometimes incorporated in other ftoaes ; colour various, the white often refleding :i yellowifh, grcen- ifh-greenifh or reddifli eiiulgence refembling a flame, when placed between the eye and the light, the yellow a fiery, and the green a purple red or yellow ; v, hen heated it becomes opake, and is far.ictimes decompofed by expafure to the at- mofphere : fpecific gravity 3,114. contains lilica QO. watef 10. Klaprotb^ 40. Z-EOLrrHUS. Confifting of a little alumina, and a laige proportion of filica, with frequently a little carbonate of lime, and a fmall quantity of oxyde of iron and water : lightifh, generally breaking into indeterrninate fragments, parafici- cal, falling fpontaneoufly into granular frag- ments : fohiblc in nitric acid without efFervef- cence, and often forming with it a gelatinous mafs, eafily frothing before the blow- pipe and emitting a phofphorefcent light, and melting into a white kmitranfparent enamel. White, friable. Knock Beytr, chem. ann. 2. p. 20- Found in Icelana and Hercyma, and formed by the decompo^ fition and decay of other fpecies of its genui. 'losus. Solid, fhining internally, white with often a (hade of red. diaphanous, lamellar, with the foliations undulate and brittle. EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 40. Zeolithus. 135 Stilbue. Thomf^n cb'in 3. /i. 565. Zeolite. SihmeiJ'tr mineral. l./>. 148. Lamellar Zeolitr. Werner mineral. Found in Ollrogsth and Iceland, romctimes breaking into crufj tofe fragments, and is rather hard. radiatus. Solid, fhining like mother of pearl, radiate with the rays convergent. Cryftalli Zeolit. pyram. Cronfl. mm. ill. 3. A, Zeolite!^ tacic felenitica. Wall. fyji. i . ;>, 313. «. 9. Found in Uelanii, 011 the Ferve ijlatttisy Lapland, Jemtia:, and Hrrcsn'ui : colour white or yellow, hardjfh, wiih the rays fomedmes fafcicled, fometimes llcUatc. fihrosus* Solid, l^.ining like mother of pearl, fibrous with the fibres coiiveigtnt. ZcolitCi fpatfirus. Cronfl. min. no. Zeolites partic minor. Wall, fyji, \. pi "^w. n.i^ Zeolite. Kii-'wun miner. I. p. 278. Zeolite. Thomjon chem. 3. p, 564, Mefoty pc. Huuy. in. 151. Found m ScotlanJy and various parts of Europe in Bafaltes, and in the lavas ot Uelaud, often accompanied with Chalcedony, rarely in Hercynia: colour white, reddifh, brownifh, yellow^ or cinereous: lulire filky or pearly: refia(fts double, and abforbs water: when heated it becomes ele^ric : before the blowpipe it froths, omits a pholphorelcent light, and melti into a white limitraniparent enamel foluble in acids: dif- folves flowly in acids, without effcrveltencc, and is con- verted at laft ihto a jelly : the fibres arc fometimes fafcicled, fometimes ftellate aud aggregate into a more or lefs perfe«5tlv globular form: fpecihc gravity 2,0833. contains iilica 53,00. alumina 27,00. lime 9,46. water 10,00. Vau^uelin, sttUatitius, Solid, fomewhat cylindrical, reddifh. Stalactites Zeolithus. S\Ji. nat . xii. 3.^. 185. n. 12, Found in the clefts of recks, and is probably hardly a diftinft fpecies, daniatus. Solid, tranfparent, flilning like mother of nearl, grooved, of a clavate form. Knock. Bey tr, chem, annal. z. p. 17.^". 6- -8. Found in clufters in the Feroe IJlanJs, Iceland, Jetmia and Hercynia, on the Argentum rubrum and various fpecies of Spatum: colour milk-white, rarely yellowifli, 'abuions. Solid, fcmitranfparerX, hardifh, flilning like rr>other of pearl, in 6-rided tables. Knock. Beytr, chem, annah z, p. \fi./. i. 3. 4. , 133. c. V/ith the prifms terminating in a 3-fided pyramid. Karlien Lejke mineral, i • />• 1 3 3. d. The prifms equilateral. e. The prifms comprefled, Karjten Letke mineral, it /. 233. f. The pyramids comprefled and perforating themfclves crofs- wiie. g. The prifms aggregate, In a fafcicutate manner. In a fteilaie manner, 2. With the prifms obliquangled. Found in the Feroe IJlands, Iceland, Hercynia, and Jemtia : the prilms are commonly very fmall. ,capillaris. Snow-white, fliining, hardilh, .in capillary pyramids. 1. With the pyramids diftinft. 2. With the pyramids cluftered in a fafcicled manner, Cryftalli Zeolitis capillarib. Cronst. min. iii.C. scintillans. Hard, fliining. 1. Of a common form. 2. With the furfaces fpherical, 3. In perfect 6 -fided prifms, with convex faces. Found in Scotland, neir Edinhur-, Dutn^arton, and Utrontian, in Bafaltes, m Snveden ntiv Edeisfors, and in I'Vejirr^rt'^-^ \n;X commonly compart, rareiy fi^r lusor raJiiie : col .ur white, grey, ifabeliine or red, and admits a nnc ^oliih, EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 40. Zeolithus. 137 viriJit, Apple -green, liard, femi'pellucid, of a partly foliated partly radiate texture. Kryllall Praf. Hacq. Berl. Naturf. 4. ^.25. /, 3./. 17. Phrenicc. Kirnvan miner. i.p.zj/{i Phrenit. Schmeifser miner. i./>. 147. Phrenice. Tbomjhn chem. 3. />. 567. 1. Ot a common form. 2. Tn the form of a 4-fided comprefled prlfm, Fop.nd near Dumbwton and other places in Scotland, at the Cape of Good Hope, ard in Daupbi^ny, fomeiimei i'^ hard as to ftrike fire with itecl, and to admit a fine polilh*: colour apple- green, iometimes verging into leek or olivt -green: the cryflais are in groups and conCulcd, and appear, according to Hauf, to be 4-fidid priims with dihedral fummits; fometimes they are irregular 6-fided plates, and fometimes flat rhomboidal pa- lalle'opipeds : the amorphous kind preients either a foliated or ftr;atcd texture ; the foliated confiding of large or TmalU grained diftind concretions, ihe ftriated of imperfcdl flender columnar concre'.ion? : the tranfverfe fradlure i? uneven and fine gr?.ined : before the blowpipe it foams and fwells more tlian other fpecies, and melts into a brown enamel, fmooth on the outiide, but fpongy and porous underneath : I'pccific gravity 2,6097. to 2,6996. contains fiiica 43>83 alumina 30,53. lime 18,33. oxyde of iron 5,66, air and water 1,16. klaprctb. cjumnaris. Prifmatic, tranfverfely ftriate, of a fibrous texture whea broken longitudinally, of a lamellar texture when booken tranlVerfcIy. Fichtel<^ Bindheim Schr. Berl. Naturf, ^, p. 447.452. Found in Tranfyl-vama near Schekejch, mixed fcattercdly with the IVlarmoF micans : the prifms fometimes folitary, fome- times cluflered, 4-fided or 6-fided: colour generally white, rarely biuifn, iea-green, or ftraw-colour : contain a larger proportion of carbonate of lime than othc-r Ipccies, to the 4uantity ol 1 3 parts out of 60, and lefs alumma. iiuies. Very brittle, tranfparent, flilning, ponderous, hardifh, ftriking fire withfteel, breaking tranfverfely into long fplinters, texture foliated in a radiate manner. Cy anit. M'e.tier Ber^m "Journ. 1790. \,p. 164. Sappure. Sau/iure Joum. Phys. 1789. Mart. p. zX'i^. Sapoare. Kimuan miner, i. p. zOg. Dillhine. Hau^ iii. p. 220. Cyanit. Schmc: far miner, i. />. 178, Cyanitc. Thcri/on chem. 3. /..57g. VOL. vir, — s MS EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 40. Zeolithus. conglome* rat us. combusiuu quartzosu:, I'ariui, argenteust lohemicus. Found in Scotland, Qn the Carpathian mountains, on St. Get' thardi in S-ixti^trland, near Lyons, in Siberia, Tranfylvania and at 7Attertbal'\\\ Tyrol, generally in Granite and Gncifs rocks: colour white with fliades of iky or Pruffian blue, fomctimes bluifh-grey or yclK.wifh-giey ftreaked with azure or deep blue, often in fpots reflefling a filvery white : found in dif- tinifl lamellar concretions, which are in part accumulated in in grain:-, and feels fomewhat greafy : texture foliated j frac- ture radiated, with the rays curved and interlaced : the fur- fare is longitudinally llriate : the primitive form K.)i its cryf- tals is a 4 Tided obiiyue prifm, but is fometimes cryilallized in 6-fided prifms : before the blowpipe it becomes almoft perfcftly white, but doej not melt: fpecific gravity from 3,517. to 3,622. contains alumina 66,92, magnefia 13,25. filica 12,81. iron 5,48. lime 1,71. Sau/sure. Falling into granulations which are levigated of a glaffy luftre, and concentrically crufted. Ficbtel Karparib. p. 'igS' ^i^' Found in the mountains of Hungary, in large maffea, generally laced with veins of Jafper, Porous. Ficbei karpath, /. 357. 647. 653. Found on mount Sfi'izro/ in Hungary, whitifti or blackilh, and may probably have its origin from liquiiied Granite. Blackifh, of an equal texture, breaking into acute frag- ments, of a greafy luftre. Tichtel karpath, /), 652. Found near Talkobanga in Hungary, where it conftitutes an en- tire mountain. Of a glafTy texture and greafy luftre, blackifli, confifting of white immerfed granulations. Fichtel. Beytr, p 657. Found near Gla/hujffe in Hungary, and is probably rot of thii genus. Diaphanous, full of cracks, of a filvery colour. Found near Peklin in Hungary. Lamellar, not efFervefcing in the fire, but running into m diaphanous glafs. Found in Bohemia near Kunyefiz, imbedded in Aniygdalite* EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 41. Scorlus. 139 41. SCORLUS. Confiding of alumina and filica, moftly oxyde of iron, with freqiiendy a litde carbonate of magncfia and oxyde of manganeie: hard, breaking into indeterminate fragments, fliining internally, parafitlcal: not effcrvelcing with nitric acid, and eafiiy melting into a glafs. granaiinu^. White, hardilh, fulibJe in the fire wiih fome difficulty, iCafily mouldering. Granili vianchj. Gi-vani lololog. Vc/wv. p. 38. Bergman dep^od. •■vulcan. opufc. 'vol. 3./'. 2c6. Sh.rl, Bafaltine, White Garnets. Kirnxjan \. p. Z%^. ^z6. Volcanic Shorl. Schmei/ser miner. \,p.S^. Leutite. Tbomfon chem. l./i. 552. Found in the Lavas oi Vel'wvius, where it appears, according to K/r-z'.'an, to have prc-exiftcd in the rocks vvhich were the mother ftoncs or bails of lavas before the eruption, and is not /orjned bv fubfcquent percolation through, and cryltallization . in the me'ted lava : colour white or gj-eyifi)-\vhi:c : it is al- ^vays found in cryllals, the primitive form of which are ei- ther cuocs or rhomboidal dodecahedrons: texture foliated: fra6lure more or'lefs conchoidal : it is fometimes tranfparcnt, but opakc when decumpofing: its powder caufes fyrup ot violets to afi'iime a green colour : is hardly fufible before the blowpipe, and gives a white tranfparent glals with borax : fpeciric gravity from 2,455. ^° 2,490. contains filica 54. alumina 23, potafs 22. iron o. Klaproth. "jitreus. Brittle, lliining, of a minutely conchoidal texture, eafily melting before the blowpipe with froth into a hard black enamel. Thiunerllone. Kirix'an miner. \ . p. 273. Thuineritnne, Purple brown Schorl. Schrneijfcr J./- 86. Thuinnierllone. Thorn/on cheni. 3.^. 596. 1. Of a common form, diaphanous or fubopake, fpontancoufly tailing into cruitofe fragments. 2. In very fliining pellucid or femipellucid cryflals which are fomevvhat prifmatic, with rhomboidal faces, generally itriated longitudinally. Found near Therm and Zchr.eehurg in Saxony, near Bourg de Oi/ans in Dauphiiie, in the Pyrenean mountains, and in }So)-May near Kon^sLurg: colour clove-brown, fometimes inclining to red, green, grey, violet or black : i> generally found in iryilals, the molt ufual of which are Hat ihomboidal parallelepipeds with the oppofite edges a little truncated; the S 2 J40 EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 41. Scorlu?. faces generally flreaked longitudinally, except where trun- cated : fpcci lie gravity 3,2956. contains liiica 52,7, alu- mina 25,6. lime 9.4. oxyde of ron 9,6. witii a fmall tr*ce ofmanganefe. KUprotb. iabularis. Hoary, femipellucid, confifting of very thin 4- Tided tables cornr;;i6led into thicker ones. HoJ'-.'ann Berg. "Jcurn. 1788 \. p. 57, Found rear Bou>^ de Oifavs in Duuthinc, with the lafl: fpecies : compaft, aJitt'e polifh.d, and fomewhat fliining internally, of a rather plan- texture : the lateral faces of the tables cy- lindrico-concavc, the terminal ones generally flightly con- vex. 'iiciU'vianui, Diaphanous, fulvous, in 6-fided prifmatic cryfcals. Hyacin hine. LaMeiherie Jo^m. ph:f i 792. AW, /> 356. Vefuvian. Thcmfon chem. 3. p. 599. Found fcatteredly in the lavat of l^e/wvius, and wr.s formerly confounded with the Hyacinth: colour fLilvou"^-brown or gree-'ilh : is fometimes found cryftallized in reftaugula.- 8- fid 'd prifms, or rather 4-fided pr fms with their edges trun- cate: the primitive form of its cryftals is the cube: icratrhes glafs: internal luitre 2, greafy j external 4, glafiy : frafture imperfcdlly conchoidal : caufes doublr r* fraftion : melts be- fore the blowpipe into a yellowifh glafs: fpecific gravity from 3,39. to 3,409. contains filica 26,5. magnefia 40,2. oxyde of iron i6,z. lime 16,0. Stucke. genuinus. Ponderous, opake, making a pale grey fcratch. Borax lapidofus. SyH. not. xii. 3- />. 95> ??. 3. Corncus cryftalllzatus Wall, min./p. 139. Bafalt. fig. column. Wall.fyst. \.p. 319. ». 2. Shorl, Kirnjo an. mineral. X.p* 265. Turmalin from Brafi!. SchmeiJJ'er mineral. 1.^.78. - Black Shorl. Thorn/, chem 3. />, 549. Found in Corn^vall, where it is known under the name of Cockle, in Ceylon, Madagafcar, Spain, Italy. Siml%erlond, Trance, Hungary, Saxony, Sec. in mafs, difTeminated and cryft.illifed, generally in Granite, G'eifs, and other fimilar rocks: the cryftals are 3 or 9 ftded prifms, which when entire are terminated by 3 Tided pyramids; the furfare of the cryf- tals longitudinally ftreaked: the amorphous kind prelrncs thin ftraight diftind columnar concretions, fometimes pa- rallel, fometimes divergent or ftellate, ftreaked. ard eafily feparable from each other ; very Teldom in granular concre- tions: the fui face can be Tcratched with a bard knife, i.nd when heated or rubbed hard is a little electric : »vhcn heated to rednefs it becomes reddifh-brown : is often fo rich in iron, as to be attrafted by the magnet : is aded upon by EARTHS. ARGILLACEOUS. 41. Scor^ns. 141 nitric acid, and before the blowpipe melts info a brownifh coinpaft enamel : fpecific gravity from 3,054. to 3,092. contains alumina 41,25. filica 34,16. iron 20,00. m.uiga- nei"e5,4i. Weigkb. 2. In regular 1 2-fided cryflal.e, with the margins gencraMy truncate. Zoylanites. La Methiere Jcurn, P'yf. 1792. Aug. p. 156. Ceylanitc. Thomfon chem. 3 p. 515. Pleonafte, Hauy miner. ^^ ^. «7. Fourd in Ceylon, lometimes in rounded mafle?, generally opake, except when in very thin piece?; frafture conchoid;! ; in- ternal luftre g'sfl'y : colour of the mats blnck, of very t' in pieces green, red, dufky yellow, or blueifli : powder grceri- i(h-grey: fpecific gravity from 3,7647. to 3,793- contains alumina 68. cxyde of iron 16. magnefia 12. iilica 2. DefcoUls. When heated to 200° of Fahrenheit, attrafting li^ht bodies by one end, and repelling them by the other. Borax di^phanus. Syst. not. xii. 3. /. 72. ». 4 Zeolites facie vitrea. Wall./yff. min. i. p. 271. Tourmaline. Kivwan mineral. \.p. 271. Turmalin from Zeylon. Schmeijer mtneyal. i. p, 78, Eleilric Shorl. Thorn fon chem. 3. /. 546. I'ound in the river.s oi Ceylon, in Brajil, CaHilia, the iflands on the coaft of France, Greenlatid, Norijoay, Sweden, Siviizerland, and Germany, and near Freyburg in Sexony, in Grinite, Gneifs, and other iimilar roci's, fometimes in am rphous pieces, but more frequently cryftallized in 3 org fided prifms, with 4- fided fumnius ibmetimcs in grains : colour gt.n-r.!'lv green, fometimes brown, red, or blue: cryftals 3. 6 or g-fided prifms, varioufly truncated, with the faces ufually longitu- dinally ftriated : is laterally tranfp.'.ient, but not longitudi- lially : frafture conchoidal, with of^en a tendency to the foliated: is not re;dily afted upon by acids: reddens when heated, and melts with difficulty into a white or grey en'smel: when heated to 200^ of Faiirenheit, is eledtrrc, itcraaing light bodies by one end, and repelling them by the other; but if one end be heated and the other be cold, attrarting them at both ends: fpecific gravity from 3.05. to 3,155. contains fiiica 40. alununa 39. oxydc of iroa 12. lime 4, oxyde of manganefc 2,5. Vauq^uelin. 142 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42. Gemma, ORDER V. SILICEOXJS. Confijling ■principally of Silica: hard. 42. GEMMA. Confifting of filica and a larger proportion of alumina, with fometimes a little carbonate of lime, and oxyde of iron : meagre to the touch, of a high internal luftre, very rarely opake or fubopake, never hardifh or fofc, break- ing into indeterminate fragments, parafitical, fhining in the dark, attracting light bodies when lieaied by friclion : not melting with alcalies. Rubinuu Very hard, ponderous, red, of a foliated texture, which in a contrary direilion is conchoidal, not melting or lofing its colour in the fire. Alumen Gemtria Rubinus. >''yf}, nat. xii. 3 p. 102. n. 6. Gemma pellucidiflima. Wall. fyst. \.p 235, n. 2. Oriental Ruby. Kirn.van miner. \.p. 250. True Ruby. SchmeiJJ'er miner. \. p. 60. Perfci^^ Corundum. Thomfon chetn. 3.^. 505. Found in Bra/il and the Eaft Indies, principally in the kingdoms of Peru and Ceylon, and is, except the Diamond, the moft precious of all the gems: colour carmine red, fometimes verging to violet, or between carmine and hyacinth red, fometimes red and white or red and blue, or orange-red : is found in angular pieces, in fmalj pebbles, or in regular 6- fided pyramids joined to and oppofed bafe to bafe : Icldom exceeding an inch in fize: when finely powdered, melting wiih borax, though witn difficulty into a greenifli glafs: fpecific gravity from 3,76, to 4,283. contains alumina 40, filica 39. carbonate of lime g. oxjde of iron 10. Bergman. Sapphirus. Very hard, fomev»'hat ponderous, blue, making a white flreak, of a llightly incurved lamellar texture, not fulible but lofing its colour in a ftrong heat. Alum, lapid. pellucid. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p, 103. n. 6.c. Gemma pellucidiflima. Wall. Jyst.min. i./. 237. ». 3, Oriental Sapphire. Kir^vj an miner, l.p. 252. ^erfeft Corundum. Ihomfon chem, 3. p, 505. bapphij'c* Schmeijfer min, 1.^.58. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42. Gemma. 143 Found in Brafil, the InJiet, Perfia, Bohemia, and near Puyt ia Felay, (ometimcs cryltallizcd, fometimes in rounded maffcs, the angles being worn off by friction, and is next in value to the Ruby: colour flcy-blue, or the (hades of Pruifnn and indigo-blue, with ibmetiines white fpecks : the cryibls arc ilrong, fliining, and exhibit a foliated texture tranfverfely ftriate; they become colourlefs wh-n heaed with micro- colmic fait, and emit a great light while burning : fpecific gravity from 3,7^0. to 4,000. contains alumina 58. filica 35. carbonate of lime 0,5. iron 0.2, Bergman, fopazius. Nearly very hard, ponderous, yellowr, of a foliated tex- ture which is conchoidal when broken tranfverfely, not fufible per fe, but lofing all its colour in a ftron<; heat. Borax Topazius. Svjf, nat. xii. 3. /. 94 »• 2, a. Gemma pellucidiffima. Wall. lyst. 1. p 239. »• 4- Oriental Topaz. Kir-wan mineral. 1.^.251. Topaz. SchmeiJJer mineral, l. p. 62. Imperfcft Corundum. Thomfon chem. 3. /. 505. Found in India, Brajtl, Rt'JJia, Saxony, Bohemia, Sec. gene- rally adhering to other fubftances, though foniecimes de- tached with the angles worn off: colour a lighter or deeper yellow, moft commonly honey-colour, fometimes verging to white or greenifh : its fragments are fometimes irregular, fometimes granular orprifmatic: ths prifms longitudinally ftriate, folitary, in pairs, or in threes difpofed in a cruciate manner, often cluftered, rarely 4-fided, reftangular or ob- liquangular, more frequently unequally 8-fided terminated by an irregular 4 or 8-fided pyramid, or ending in a point:, is infufible perfe, and lofes its colour only in a verv high de- gree of heat : melts with borax and microcofntic fait into x clear glafs: fpecific gravity from 3.531. to 3,564. contains filica 52, alumina 44. carbonate of lime 2. oxyde of iroa 0, 3 1 . Bergman, Hyacinihus, Hard, lamellar, of a peculiar yellowifh-red, In 4-fldei prifms terminated both fides by a 4-rided pyramid, not fufible per fe, but lofing its colour in a flrong heat. Nitrum lapidofum. Syst nat. xii. 3./, 85. v. 3. a, Topazius flave-rubens. IValL/fit. i. p. 240. «. 4. I. Hyacinth Kirtuan mineral. \.p. 257. Zircon, Jargon, Hyacinth. Ihomfon chem. ^, p. ^zi. Hyacinth. SchmeiJJer mineral. \. p. 64. Found in the Eaft and Bohemia, in the form of pebble?, fn ob- tu!e angular pieces : colour ycllowifli-rcd with a mirture of bruwn ; the cry Hals arc fmall, have a fmcoth furface aai 144 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42. Gemma. foliated texture : they are imitated by hesting rock cryftalj and putcing them into a folution of diagon's-blood : con- tain.^ alumina 40. carbonate of lime 20. oxyde of iron 13. Bergm nan. alabaudica. Hard, pellucid, of a red colour, not fufible but lofmg its colour in a itrong heat. Ferber n. Beylr. mineral, l.p. 5 8 J. Found in the river Goetch near LengefeU, in the form of rounded granulations, from the fize of a pea to that of a bean : when . expofed in a ilrong heat furrounded with wood-alhes, lofes all its colour, and is often fold for the Diamond. Rttbicelius, Hard, of a reddiOi colour verging to pale yellow, not fufi- ble but loiing its colour in a itrong heat. Rubinu- col. rubco fubflavo, IVall.J^st. \.p. 256. n. 2. d. Occidental or Brafilian Ruby. Kiywan min. 1. p. 254. Found in the Eali Indies : is fofter than the Topaz, and of a much inferior colour: frailure foliated. Spine//ui. Hard, of a pale red colour inclining to orange, not fufible but lofing its colour in a ftrong heat. Rubin, col. rubeo fubalbo. UWLjyIi. I./. 236, «. 2. c. Spinell and Balafs Ruby. Kirivan miner, l,^. 253. Spincll. SchmeiJJer 7niner. I. f. 6c. Spinell. Thom/onchetn. 3. p. 514. Found in Ceylon, in 8-fided cryftals, confilling of 2 pyramid?, each of 4 planes, and joined bafe to bafe ; or triangular, or trapezoidal phtes bevilled on the edges : texture foliated : fraftuie conchoidal : fpecilic gravity from 3,570. to 3,625. contains alumina ;6. filica 16. magnefia 8. oxyde of iron 1,5. Klaprutb. Aqua mari. Hard, pellucid, lamellar, pale fea-green, not fufible rta. per fe, breaking into trapezoidal fragments. Borax lapidofus. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 95. «. 2. c. Smaragdus. Wall ffjl^min, \. p. 242. n. 5. c, Bcryll. Kir'vjan miner, l. p. 248. Aquamarine, Beryl. SchmeiJJer miner, i. p. 66. Beryl, or Aqua Marina. Thomfon cbem. 5. p. 557. Fi-und in Brajtl, India, Siberia y Saxony, and Bohemia, fomc- times amorphous, fometimes cryllallized in equiangular 6- fidcd prifms longitudinally llriated : its longitudinal frafture rather conchoidal, its traniverfe frafture foliated: colour rarely a bluifh-green : it decrepitates when heated, and is generally a litcie difcoloured, but does not melt: becomes elcftric by friftion, when one of its ends is attraftive, the orhcr repulfive : fpecific gravity from 3,521. to 3,548. contains filica 6g. alumina 13. glucina ito. oxyde of iron I. lane 0,5. i'auquelin. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42. Gemma. I45 Euclasius, Hard, pellucid, lamellar, green, in 4-rided oblique prifms whofe edges are variouily truncate and whofe faces are oblique. Euclallus, La Metherie Journ. Phyf. 1 792. ^ug, p. 1 55, Euclale. Thom/on chem. 3. /• 558. Found in Peru: is very brittle and fufficiently hard to fcratch quartz: texture foliited : frafture conchoidal : caufes dou- ble refraftion : is fufible by the blowpipe into a white ena- mel; fpecific gravity 3,0625. contains filica 36. alumina 23, glucina 15. oxyde of iron 5. yauqueltK. Scorlitei. Hardifh, fomewhat ponderous, diaphanous, of a greenifli or yellowifli- white colour which is not altered by the fire, not fufible per fe. Schoerlit. Klaptoth chem. aitnal. 1784. 2.^.391. Shorlite. Kirivan Miiier. \.p. 286. Shorlite. 1 hcmfon chem. 3. /. 528. Found in Braftl znA Saxony, with mica or quartz, generally in oblong mafles, which when regular are 6-rided prifms : fradlure uneven, and fecraingly iomewhat foliated : fpecific gravity 3,530. contains alumina 50. filica 50. Klaproth. Seryllus, Hard, of a blue-green colour, not altering its colour or fufible by heat, of a conchaceous texture which is fo iated when broken tranfverfely, in 6-lided prifms which are iifually longitudinally ftriate; Beryilus. Cromt. tnin. 42. 2, BervU. Kimvan miner, i, /. 248. Beryl!, Schmejjer i.p.6b. Thomfon chem. 3.^.557. Found in the mountains of Saxony, Siberia, Sec. in Quartz, Granite, VVolfram, and other matrices ; its cryftals are of various magnitude, fometimes diaphanous fometimes pellu- cid, rarely folitary or in pairs, generally aggregate or fifci- c!ed : colour approaching to green or blue, rarely to yellow: fpecific gravity from 2,250. to 2,782. contains a very fmall proportion of alumina, lime, and iron. €hry/oberyl. Hard, pellucid, green, highly fhining internally, of a '"•'• cnnchactous texture. Chryfr lithus. Wall. fyst. min. I . p. 244. n. 6, c. Chryfobcrv 11. Kir^an mineral. \. p.l^X. Chrylsberyl. ^ homfon chem. 3. p. 51a. Found in Bratil %v\di Ceylon, in round mafTes about the fize of a pe<), or cr) ftallized ; the form of its cryftals being a ^-Hd&di reftjngular prifm, the motl common variety of which is aa 8-fided prifm terminated by 6-fided fummits: colour yel- lowifh-gjeen, with a Iparkling furface: texture foluted, with the foliations parallel to the faces of the prifm : cawfea VOL. vn. ^ T 146 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42. Gemma. double refiailion : is infufible by the blowpipe : fpecific gravity from 3,698. to 3,761. contains alumina 71,5. filica 18.0. lime 6,0. oxyde of iron 1,5. Klaproth. Chrysolithus Hardilh, pellucid, lightlfli, of a green colour which va- niihes in a rtrong heat, fufible by the blowpipe and fparkling when melted, of a conchoidal texture. Borax lapidofus. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 94. n. 2. b. Gemma pellucidiflima. Wall./yji. i. p. 243. «. 6, Chryfulithus- Baum. miner. I. p. 234, Chryfolite. Kiriuan. \,p. 262, Thomfon chem, 3./)>59l- Chryfolith. Schmeijfermhier. i. p. yz. Found in Brajily Ceylon, Siberia, Iranfylvania, and Bohemia, in angular fragments, grains, and cryllallized : colour yellow- ilh-green mixed with brown, or verging to olive-green; furface of a fine fplintery or f:aly appearance, but fuch of the cryftals as have not been injured by fridiion have their broadeft fides longitudinally Itriate ; but where the furface has not fulFered by attrition, it has a confiderable luftre : the regular (hape of its cryllals is a 6-fided flattened prifm, terminated in 6-fided pyramids, and differs from rock cryftal in having the pyramids more obtufe : fpecific gravity from 3,265. to 3,450. contains magnefia 41,5. filiea 38,5, oxyde of iron 19,0. Klaproth. Smaragdus. Hard, pellucid, lightlfli, grafs-green, when heated to 120 of Wedge wood becomes blue, but recovers its green colour when cold, melting before the blowpipe, of a conchoidal texture. Borax lapidofus. Syji. nat. xii. 3./. 95. n. 2. d. Gemma pellucidiflima. WaU.jyJi, \. p. 241. ». 5. Emerald. Kiriuan 1.^.247. Thomfon chem. ^. p. 556. Emerald. Schmeijfer mineral. l./>. 67. Found in the mountains of Egypt and Ethiopia, in Peru, RuJ/ta^ and the confines of Perfia: colour from the perfe£t to the pale grafs green : cryftals hexngonal prifms, either perfeft or truncate on the angles and edges, terminating in truncated pyramids : texture foliated r frafture conchoidal : becomes eleftric by friftion but not by heat : caufes a double refrac- tion : melts into an opake coloured mafs at 150° of Wedge- wood: fpecific gravity from 2,650. to 2,775. contains filica 64,60. alumina 14,00. glucina i 3,00. oxyde of chromiani 3,50. lime 2,56. moifture or other volatile ingredient 2,00. y^iiuquelin. Soratius, Hard, pellucid, fomewhat ponderous, foliated, of au hyacinth colour which is permanent in a moderate htat, ealily melting in a itrong lieat into an o|Mi^.e fpumid mafs. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42. Gemma. i47 Hyacinthus Gemma. Cronst . miner , 69. A. 2 o. Gemma Granites. Wall. fyji. min. i. f. 253. n, 4. a. b. Found in S^wit:terland , Kcr^vay, Greenland , and the mountains of Siberia, in J?rc/?/ and Ceyky, fometimes in the form of rounded grains mixed with fand or earth, fometimes imbed- ded in other ftones, in 6-fided cryltals terminated each fide by a 3-rided pyramid : is twice as hard as fpar, and lofes its colour when fprinkled with the ftronger mineral acids. Gramttis. Hard, pnnderou.x, red, cf uneqtial texture, preferving its colour in a low heat, melting in a ftronger heat into a brown opake fpiimid mafs. Borax teflcllatus. 8vli. nat, xii. 3.^ 72. n. 5. Gemma plus minus pellucida. I4^all. min. 117. Gr^rne:. Carbuncle. Kirivan mineral. 1./. 2;j8. G-rnit, Sckme:J/er mineraL i. /. 69. Gsrnet. Thomjo'i chem. 3,^.572. Silex Granatus. So-^verby Bnt. min. /.43> 44. 1. Pellucid. Gratia:. cryRal. pellucid. Walhfyft, I. />. 253. w,4. 2, Opake. Granat. cryftal. opac. WalL/ttt. \,p. 253. ». 3. Bonx margodes. iiyst. nat» xii. 3.^. 73. n. 6. 3 Breaking into granular fragments. Gra• 447. /. I. /". 36, b. In doable 8-{iued pyramids. Each fide augmented by another 4-fided deprefl"ed pyramid, /Inczn acad. \. p. 482. c. In 3-fided pyramids, with the margins of the fides and bafe truncate. Gmel. fyst. nat. 3. p. 447, /. i.y. 37, d. In 6-fiued pyramids, with the margins of the bafe truncate. Gmel./yst, nat. 3. p, 445, /. 1. f, 7. T 2 ir48 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 42, Gemma. 8. In 6-fided prifm.*. ^ & *• T"^^ prifms perfetl, 25 5^ b. The prifms terminated each fide bjr a 3 -Tided pyramid. ^ ^ Gmel./yst. nat. 3. /. 446. /. 1, f. 26, •"w The faces fmooth. X, "^ The faces diagonally ftriate. ^ /"^ The margins of the prifms truncate. ^W < Gmel.fyst, nat. 3. />. 447. t. \,f. 32. $ tj -AH the margins truncate. ^ Cmel Jyst. nat, 3. p. 447. t.i, f. 28, i^ Ho^werhy Brit, miner, tab. 43. 9. In iz-fided prifm?, Gmel. fyst, nat. 3. p. 445. /. \.f. 25. Amczn. acad. I, /1-482. ?, 16,/'. 25. 'Found in Britain and various parts of Europe, Madago/car^ Ethiopia, IndiOi Syria, Sec. fometimes in mafs, f mietimes cryftaliized, in innumerable varieties of bhck, brown, pur- ple, red, green, and yellow : texture foliated ; fradlure commonly conchoidal : luftre.glalTy and waxy : colour moft commonly red: is brittle and eafily broken, and often at- trafted by the magnet: fpecific gravity from 3,750. to 4,1 8S. contains lilica 52,0. alumina 20,0. oxydc of iron 17,0. httie y,y. Vauquelin. GranadiU Hard, rather ponderous, red, of a parallelly fibrous tex- ^*f« ture, melting with difficulty, in acicular prifmatic cryftals. Rother Schoerl. Bindheim.chem. annal. 1792. 2./. 317. Red Shorl. SchmeiJJer mineral. I. p. 81. Found in Snvitzerland, the Pyrenees, Caffi/e, Hungary, and Siberia, generally in Quartz or Granite: colour from that of a peach-bloflbm to a blood-red: diaphanou-, fhining out- wardly, breaking into acute fragments, exhibiting convex faces when broken tranfverlely, acquiring a high glofly po- lifh : the acicular cryltals fometimes fcattered, fometimes clavate, fometimes difpofed in a reticular manner : fpecific. gravity 3,100. contains in 200 parts, filica 114. alumina 70. magnefia 1. oxydes of iron aud mangauefe lo. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 43. Ollvinus. 149 43. OI.IVINUS. Confifting of the greater pare filica, and a imallcr pioportlon of alui^rin-i and oxyde ot iron: found in bafaltes, fliinin^ inter- nally, generally of a coinmon form; hiird, mouldering in the air : melting with difficulty'. IVemcri. Tinged, diaphanous, of a conchaceoiis texture, breakiiig into indeterminate fragments. O ivin. Werner Bergm.Joum 1790.7.^.55, Olivin. Kir^anmiv. i.p. 263. lschmsi(Jer i./ 73. : Qlive Chryfolite, Olivine. Thorn/on chem. 3./. 592. Found in Arthur's feat near Edmbiirg, in France, Germany, an4 moft parts of Europe, imbedded in Bafilts, fojr.ctinies in tne form of grains, fomctimes in large piece?: colour olive or ycllowifh-green, and when withered brownifh or ochre- yellow : is attacked by digeftion in nitric acid, and its fcrrur ginous parts taken up : fpecific gravity from 2,969. to 3,225. 'viireus, PelltJcid, pure white, of a glaify te){ture; brealdng into indeterminate fragments, with the furfaccs fph;:ri- cally convex. Hyalite, Mullers glafj. Kir^j: an miner aL 1.^ 296. Hyalite. Ihomjhn chem.'i,^ p. 563. Found in Germany, Hanno'ver. and Franc fort, in rocks of trap or ferpentine, and occurs in the form of grains, h!amcn:s or rhomboidal mafles : texture foliated: fratfure inclining to rhomboidal: is generally tranfparent, fometimes, t'lough feldora, opake : is infufible at 150° of Wedgcwood, buc yields to Soda: fpecific gravity 2,1 10. contains filjca 57. alumina 18; lime 15 : and a very little iron. Link. ipatv:us% Diaphanous, white, of a foliated texture, breaking into rhomboidal fragments. Feldipat. Aw/f OrogT. Bnef. I. / 224. Found in Goettingen in Bafalr, and on mount Mendenbur^ on the Rhine; relembles Fcldfpar, but is harder, ^nd much more difiicult of fufion. fibrosust JDiaphanous, white, fibrous, hard, fhining. y, H. Mtrier. Eeob. Ba/alt. a. Rhein, p. in. Found on the banks of the Rhine, n.ar Unkcl, imbedded in bafalt, and is very brittle. 150 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 44. Feidfpaturri, 44. FELDSPATUM. Confifting of the greater part filica, ibme alumina and potafs, and a very fmall quantity of lime and oxyde of iron : hard, lightifh, fhining, lamellar, breaking into frag- ments which prefent 4 faces, mouldering into argil, parafitical: not effervefcing with nitric acid, eafily melting without ebullition into a pellucid glafs. cuhicum, J^eddifli -brown, of a glaffy hiftre, and fomewhat fplin- tery fra6lure, breaking into cubic fragments which are not fpccular, falling fpontaneoufly into cruftofe fragments. Petri lite, Cubic felfpar. Kirnuan tniner. \.p. 325. Found, though rarely, in Saxony, of a common form, diapha- nous or frmewhat opake : fragments cubic or inclining to that form, the 'aces of which are not polifl^ed : is very brit- tle, and at lOo'^of heat whitens and concretes without any farther fign of fufion : fpecilic gravity 3,081. if'Jgare, Of a glafTy luftre and foliated texture, breaking into rhomboidal fragments with 4 fpecular faces. Spat'jm fixum fcintillans. Syst. naf. xii. 3.^. 153. «. 6. Spaium fcintillans. Cronfi. miner. 66. H. Spatum durum. Wall.min.tx, Common Felfpar. Kir. 555, Labrador ftone. Schmeijjer mineral. \. p. 134. Found on the Labradore coaji^ the iiland St. Pau^Sy \\\ various parts oi America and Europe, in round malTes and detached, and often containing Scorl, Mica, and Pyrites : colour dark or light grey, diaphanous or femipellucid, receiving a high polifh, and refletling various colours of blue, purple, red, green, &c. in certain pofuions, in fpots or ftripes : fpecific gravity from 2,6700. to 2,6925. are. Pellucid, white, of a high luftre, and ftraight larneilat texture, breaking into rhomboidal fragments. Moon. ftone. Kirixau. ?nineruL i. p. 322. Moonftone. Schmeijftr mitu l. p. 136. Pure Felfpar. Thomfon (hem. 3. p. 555. Found in Ceylon and Sivitzerlanci, Bckemia an harder than rock-cr)ftai« isi £ARTHS. siliceous. 45. Pyromachus. OcutusCati. Diaphanous, of an imperfe6tly foliated texture, exhibit- ing parallel fibres internally, breaking into fomewhat irregular iragments. iSilex Oculus Cati. Syfi. nat\ jcii. 3. />. 69. n. 6. c. Achates plus minus opaca. Wall. jyst. i. p. 282. n. 26. Cat's eye. Kir^wan miner. \.p. 301. SchmeiJ/er. t.p. 137, Cat's eye. Ihomfon chem. 3. p. 524. Found in Cey'on and Siberia, of a near'y fquare figure, with fharp edges and a good deal of brilliancy : colour grey, with a tinge of green, yellow or white, in certain pofitions re- fle6ling a fplendid white like the eye of a Cat, fometimes brown with a yellow or red tinge: its texture is fo compafJ', that the foliations are hardly difcernible, and is fo hard as to ftrike fire with fteel : fpecific gravity from 2,625. ^^ 2,660. contains filica 94,i;o. alumina 2,00. lime i)50, oxyde of iron 0^25. Klaproth, ifittcrcuh. ttrtatus. tretaceus. 45. PYROMACHUS. Conning principally of filica, with a fmall portion of alunnina and oxyde of iron, and frequently a little carbonate of lime : hard, femitranfparent, lightifh, of a conchoidal texture, breaking into indeterminate very acut- angled fragments, rarely leparating into concen- trically cruftofe fragments, with hardly any luftre, found chieHy in ftratarial mountains, and rarely forming ftrata itfelf: not fufible per fe before the blowpipe, Greyifli, approaching to fubopakej and of a fomewhat fplintery texture. Silex mirmoreus vagus. Syst.nat. xii. 3. p, 68. «. 3* Silex cinereus. ItJVgoth.Ti,. Found detached in Lujace^ and on mount Moffehurg in Wefiro- gotht covered with a hard white marmoreous cruft : it ap- proaches to a pctrofiiex. While, of a texture approaching to fibrous. Wall, lyst.mn. I. p 266 n. 7. Found on the cretaceous hills oi Eiiglatid, Tinged, femitranfparent, of a perfectly conchoidal tex- ture. Silex vagus. Sy^t. nat. xii. 3. /. 67. «. i. Siiex opacus. Wall. fyll. min. I. p. 262. n. 4. biicx communis. Cromt, miner, ti. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 46. Petrofilex. 153 Flint. Kir^an l. />. 301. Schmeifler r./. 98. Flint. Thom/on 3. p. 519. Sovjerby Brit min, t. 88. Found in Britain, France, Denmark, and other European coun- tries, in detached pieces of v-irious fhapes and fize.', and ge- nerally covered with a white calcareous coat: it is moft common among chalk, an i often arranged in fome kind of llratarial order: colour varying from honey - yellow to browniih-blaek, with variations often in the fame fpecimea in the form of veins, ilripes, clouds or dots: it frequently contains petrifadions, particularly of the cruftaceous and fmall coralline kind, and fometimes bears the imprelTion of Echinites and Belemnites : when two pieces are rubbed fmartly together, >.hey phofphorefce and emit a peculiar odnur : when heated it decrepitates, and becomes white and opake : fpecific gravity from 2,1580. to 2,630. contains lilica y8,oo. lime 0,50. alumina 0,25. oxyde of iron 0,25. water 1 ,00. Klaproth. semipelluci' Light, nearly remitranfparent. ^'^^' Silex Pyromachus. Syji. nat. xii. 3. /. 67. «. 2. Silex femipelliicidus. V/all.fyst. 1. /). 265. », 6. Found in France, Wirtemherg, Francoma, ztm^ Iceland, generally mixed with the laft, bu: more rare: colour white, honey- V colour, reddifh, blueifh, or variegated. trystallinu't Cryftallized in a 3-rided deprefl'ed pyramid. 1. The pyramid fimple. Werner Cronfi. mineral, p- 137. Hoffmann Bergm, Journ. 1778. I. p, 2S2. Found in Saxony, near Schneeburg^ 2. The pyramid double. Karjien he ike mineral, i. p. 113. Found in Saxony, near 'Johanngeorgenlladt. 46. PETROSTLEX. Confifl-ingof the greater part filica, abont 22 per cent, of alumina, and 6 per cent, of carbonate of lime: hardilh, lightiih, found in primeval and ftratified mountains, with- out hiUre, breaking into indeterminate fragments, of a fplintery texture: melting before the blow- pipe. upacu;. Nearly opake, of a common form. Petrofilex, Lapis corneus. Cromi. rniner. 92. Hornftone, Chert, Kirvjan mineral, l. p. ^O'^. VOL. VII. — U 154 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 46. PetroQlex. Chert, Schmei/ser tftiner. i, p, loi. Hornftone, Chert. Ihom/onchem. 3.^.528. 1. In texture reCemblineslefler fplinters. Petrofilex opacus. WaiLfyft. mitt. 1. p. 268. n. 9. a. With the colours alternating in ftrata. Silex polyzonias. Syst. nat. xii. 3.^. 71. «. 16, 2. In texture refembling larger fplinters. Petrofilex opacus. Wall.jyst. min. i.p. 267. «. 8. a. Of a greenifh colour. S:lex virefcens. Syl}. nat. xii. 3. p. 70. «. 12. Found in S^weden and Germany^ forming veins and beds of mountains, and frequently in nodules like kernels in rocks: colour ufually blue-grey, fometimes grey, blue, and green of various (hades : by breathing on it it difcovers an earthy fmell, and is fometimes fo hard as to ftrike fire with fteel : it decompofes fooner than flint, and does not take fo high a polilh : in the fire it decrepitates and whitens : fpecific gra- vity from 2,699. ^'^ 2,708. contains filica 72. alumina 22, carbonate of lime 6. Kirnjjan. diaphanus. Semitranfparent, of a common form, Silexretrofilex, Syji. nat. xii. 3./. 70. n. 1 1. Petrofilex femipellucidus. Wall. fyli. i.^. 271. «. 12, Found with the laft fpecies : colour grey, white, ochraceous, rofy, flelh-colour, brownifh - red, yellowifli or reddilh- brown, green, or variegated : it often receives a fine polifh. 0-ystaUinust In rough cryftals which are frequently hollow within. Beyer chem. annul. 1 786. l» p, 63. 2. /. 190. 1. In 6-fided perfeft prifms. 2. In 6-fided prifms, terminated each fide by convex furfaces. 3. In 6-fided prifms, terminated each fide by a 3-fided pyramid. 4. In cubes. 5. In 6-fided tables. 6. In double 4-fided pyramids. 7. In double 3-fided pyramids. 8. In double 3-fided deprefled pyramids, 9. In fingle 3-fided minute pointed pyramid?. Found in Saxony, near Scbneeburgy fometimes covered with a thin earthy coating. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 47- Ja^'P'*- «5S 47. JASPIS. Confiriing of filica, a fmaller pro- portion of alumina, and a fmall quantity of oxyde of iron, with generally a little magnefia and potafs: hardilh, opake, breaking into in- determinate fragments, of a conchoidal texture, liahtifh, Jbmirtunes detached, fometimes a prin- cipal ingredient of ancit-nt mountains, of a com- mon form : lofing its colour in the fire. agyptia. Of a dull colour, varied with differently coloured con- centric ftripes or layers, and black dendritical fi- Silex Hxmachatcs. Syst. nat. xii. 3./. do. w. 4. Caillon d' Egypte. Cronfi. mift./eit. 60 6. a. Egyptian pebble. Kir^man minc-al. !./• 312, Egyptian Pebble. Scbme'/ter mineral, i. p. 124. Egyptian Pebble. Thomfon cbem. 3. ^.532. Found near Suez, in Egypt ^ and fometim3s m Hungary, generally in longifh oval flattifli pebbles, and enveloped in a coaife rough cruft: colour a liver-brown, glittering when broken, the fragments irregularly angula-- and opake, and taking a fine polidi : the concentric ftripes or layeis are various ihades of yellow, reddifh, green, or white, but the dots and dendri- tical figures arc always black : frafture conchoidal : when heated it does not decrepitate : fpecific gravity from 2,564. to 2,600. It is made into vafcs, fnuff-boxes, and other ornaments. ^aictata. In differently coloured alternate parallel layers, without lullre iniernally, ot an iniptrfedly conchoidal tex- ture. ^ Jafpis variegata, Wull.fyit. min. i, ^. 301. ». 2. I. Ribband Jalpcr. Schmeijjer miner. 1.^.125. Striped Jafper, Ktrt/jan. l./>. 312. ThomfonChem. 3./'. 532. Found in Siberia, in Saxony near Gnantjiein and' U'oiftitz, and particularly fine at Ural, in large amorphous mafTes forming long layers: colours yellowifh, grcenilh-grey, ochraceous, ifabella yellow, brown ifh red, pale or dark fle(h-red, moun- tain or dark green, generally difpofed in parallel layers which are commonly Itraight, rarely curved, feldomer in oblong fpots: when broken it exhibits a dull imperfeftly conchoidal furface, and is fometimes femitranfparent on the edges : it takes a high polifh : fpecific gravity from 2,500. to 2,820. U 2 156 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 48. Lazulue. forcella7ia. Hard, rifty internally, of an in^perfedly eonchoidal frac- ture inclining to the even. ' Porcellanite. Kirivan mineral, i. p. 313. Porcelane Jafper. Schmeijfer tnitieral. l. p. 125. Porcelane jafper. 1 homfun chcm. 3. p. 533. Found in large compadt layers, and frequently between the iaffures of Bafalte?, in Bohemia and Saxony : has an arid ap- pearance when broken, like dried clav, and is full of cracks or flits; and is fuppofed to have been altered by the aftion of fire: fpecific gravity 2,330. contains filica 60,75. alumina 27,25. niagnefia 3,00. oxyde of iron 2,50. potafs 3,60. Rofe. vulgaris. Hardifh, fliining or polifhed internally, of one uniform colour or veined or fpotted. Jafpis, Cronft. mineral, fed. 63. 65. Common Jafper. Kirqjoan mineral. 1. ^.310. Common Jafper. Schmeifser ynintr. \. p.\ 26, Common Jafper. Thojnfon chem. 3- /• 533. I, Of one uniform colour. Silex Jafpis. Syit. nat. xii. 3. ^. 71. «. 13, 14. Jafpis partic. fubtilifT, Wall.fyjl, \.p. 297. «. I. 8. Variegated. Jafpis partic, fubtilifl".- Wall, f^ ft. \.p. 299. n. 2. Found in Germany, Saxony, Sile/ia, Hungar'j, &c. in large compaft mafTes, fometimes coarfely interfperfed in alternate layers with other Hones, and often in obtufc angular pieces: colours different (hades of black, white, yellow, red, brown, and green, often variegated, fpotted or veined with fevcral colours : is frequently enriched with iron and gold ores, and admits a fine polifh : frafture eonchoidal, or fumetiracs impcrfeftly foliated: fpecific gravity from 2,530. to 2,700. 48. LAZULUS. Confiding of filica, with a leficr proportion of alumina and carbonate of lime, and a fitiall quantity of fu]ph?te of lime and oxyde of iron: opake, hardilli, blue, denfe, without internal luftre, breaking into indetermi- nate fi-agments, producing a white powder when pounded: neither lofing its colour nor effervcf- cing from acids fprinkled on it, melting eafiiy in the fire into a fi-othy flag. ment-alisi La Zulus. Cuprum Lazuli. Syst, nat. xii, 3. /. 145. «• 12, EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 49. Smiris. 157 Zeolites panic. AibtilifT. JVall./yli. i. p. 312. ». 3. Lapis Lazuli. Kirnx; an miner. l./>. 283, Lapis Lazuli. 8chmei£er miner aU I . />. 150. Lazulite, Thomfon chem, 3. /. 561. Found in the confines of Siberia, Tartary, and China, in >'//«/r- rzVi7, and various parts of Europe, generally in folid maflcs, and ufually full of veins of quartz, limeftone and p) rites : colour fky-blue, often with white or yellow fpots or veins: if calcined it effervefces a little with acids, and foiins witn them a gelatinous mafs: i: retains its colour a long time in the fire, but at lall becomes brown : when boiled in con- centrated vitriolic acid, it diffolves flowly, and Idles its colour. It is ufed for extradling that fine colour, called ultramarine, and is nianufaftured into various veflelr, and uled in Mofaic work. Specific gravity from 2,760. to 2,945. contains fiUca 46,0. alumina 14,5. carbonate ot lime 28,0. fulphate of lime 6,5. oxyde of iron 3,0. water 2,0. Margraff, 49. SMIRIS. Confiding of alumina, rilica, and a large quantity of iron : very hard, of a common form, opake, atti afted by the magnet, red when powdered : not fufible per fe, Smiris. Ferrum retrafl. rubricof. Syji. nat, xii. 3./. 139. ». 17. Ferr. mineralis. Wall.fyst. min. 2. p. 343. « 9. Emery. Kirixan miner. Schmeijser mineral. 2. p. 85, Emery. Thomfon chem. 3. /. 509, Found at Gufrnfes, in Germany, Italy, and Spain, in the iflar.ds of the Jrchiepelago, but is ufually imported from the jlle ot Naxos, always in (hapclcfs malles, and mixed with other minerals : colour grcyifh-black, when reduced to powder reddifh-grey : has a granuhr texture, and is fo hard as to cut all ftones except the diamond, upon which sccount it is principally ufed in the form of powder for polilhing mttals : fpccific gravity about 40c, 158 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 50. Circonius. 51. Amarus. 50. CIRCONIUS. Confiding of filica, a more than double proportion o\ circonia, and a very fnnall quantitv of nnetalJic oxyde, partly of iron partly of nickel: very hard, ponderous, imitat- ing the diamond in its luftre, parafitical, foliated with the foliations incurved, cryitaiiized: not fufible per fe. zujlaniats, CiRCONIUS. Jargon. Kirnuan mineral, i. p. 333. Zircon, Jargon. Schmeijser miner. \.p. 56. Zircon, Jargon, fhomjoji them. 3, f, 525. Foard in Ceylon^ in fmall irregular grains, or cryllaliized in 4- fided reftangular prifms terminated each fide by a 4-iided pyramid, or in double 4-fided pyramids ; colour grey, greenifh, yellowifh-brown, reddifh-brown or violet; is ilrongly femitranfpaient, fometimes opake : it Scratches glafs, and is not altered by the heat in which the diamond is coniumed : fpecific gravity 4,416. contains zirconia 68,0, fiiica 31,5. nickel and iron 0,5. Klaptoth. 51. AMARUS. Confiding of filica, a fmaller proportion of magnefia, a very fmall quantity of alumina and carbonate of lime, and lo per cent, of oxyde of iron: hard, tenacious, fubopake, a little greafy, green, of a fplintery texture, break- ing into indeterminate fragments, of a common form : not fufible per fc. umazonicus. Am A R US. Hoepfner magaz,. Natur. Hehet. I. p. 257.' Jafpis uricolor. Wall. Jyft. mitt. 1. p. 302. n. 4, Found in the Eaft, Neiw Zealand , and the Helvetic znd Subaudie mountains, fometimes detached, fometimes forming vaft mafl'es : colour green with a caft of blue, and in the premi.. nent point of the fragments inclining to milk-white. By the inhabitants of the Eaft and New Zealand it is fafliioned into various ornaments, veiTels and arms. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 52. Lydius. 159 52, LYDIUS. Confiding of filica, a fmall quan^ tity of lime, magnefia, oxyde of iron arid in- flammable matter : hard, lightifh, opake, com- pa6l, cinerepus, black or greenifli-black, flaty, of a common formj breaking into indeterminate fragments, detached or conftituting mountains: not fufible per fe. filtceus, Subopake, of a fpHntery fradure, without interaaJ luftre. Silex rupeftris. Sjst. nat. xii. 3. ;>. 71. ». 15 ? Jafpis unicolor nigra. Wull.fijl. i. p. 299. ». i. g. Siliceous Shiftus, Kimvan. miner, i. p. 306, Siliceous Shiftus. Schmeifser miner, i, p.izj. Keifelfcheiferi Thomfon chem, 3. p. 577. Found in various parts of Europe, in blocks and amorphom mafles of various fizes, and very ofren in the beds of rivers : colour blackifh-grey or greeniih, often interfered with veins of grey quartz or blood-red iron-ftone : fpeciiic gravity from 2,596. to 2,641. contains filica 75,00. lime 10,00, magnefu 4, iS. iron 3,54. inflammable inatter c,o2 Weigleb. ' ■ geKuinus, Of an even texture, fometimes approaching to the con- choidal, fhining a little internally. Bafanite, Lydianflone. Kir^wan mineral. i./>. 307, Touchttone. Schmeifser mineral, i./. 128. Lydian ftonc. Thomfon chem. 3. p. 578. Found in the river Tmolus in Lyd'a, and in various parts of Europe^ detached or in mafles, and is commonly interfered by veins of quartz : colour dark greyifh-black; its powder black : fpeciiic gravity 2,596. It is ufcd as a touchltone to judge of the purity of metals. i6o EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 53, 54. S3. CHLOROGRANATUS. Confifiing of filica, a large proportion of oxyde of iron, and car- bonate of lime, with frequently alumina : hird, never opake or fubopake, cryftallizcd : eafily fufible in the fire. ^verus. Green, becoming honey-yellow in a white heat. JVeigleb. Chem, annal. 1788. \.p. 200. 1. In doable 8-fided pyramids, augmented at each point by another 3-fided pyramid. 2. In 6-rided prifms, terminating each fide in a 3.fided py- ramid. Found in Bohemia near Lichteivallellein, in Saxony near Ehren- friederfaorf, Breitenbrunn, Eibenfiock, and Schivartzenburgy and in Franconia near llmenau on mount Ehnnburg: co- lour from leek to olive-green, fometimes diaphanous, fome- times pellucid, and often forms entire flrata with layers of clay : frequently contains a fourth part of iron, and i? ufed as a flux in iron furnaces: fpecific gravity from 3754. to 3757- tiubius. Red, cubic. Weflrujnb Chem. annaL 1789. 2. p. 26, &c. Found contains about a fifth part of carbonate of lime impregnated with carbonic acid gas, and about a tenth part of iron: cryftals fmall, aggregate, feated on friable fand- Itone : may probably not belong to this genus. 54. ARENA. Confifting of comminuted filiceous frones : rough, hard, drv, in minute dift'nft granulations-, not peietrabje by water: not fu- fible per fe, but melting with foda into glalb. Sand, A. Originating from comminuted Flint Hones. silicea, Compofed of fragments of flint. Arena filicca. Sxft. nat. xii. 3. p. 199. «. l 4. Found in Buckingbamjhire and other pluces. EARTHS SILICEOUS. 54. Arena. i6t B. Contpofed of comminuted quartz. Sahulum» Confiding of angular unequal largers grains. Gravel. Arena hetcrogenea. Syfl. nat. xii. 3. p. 198. n. 9. Arena faxofa. Wall, fs'st.min. \. p. 106. n. 7. Found every where on barren rocky mountains, and is produ- ced bv granite which has mouldered from expofure to the air, and is frequently found mixed with particles of mica, felfpar and argil. It is principally afcd for gravel walks. micacea. Shining with numerous interfperfcd fmall fcalcs of mica, rcfembling thin plates of gold or filver in colour and luflre. Arena micacea. SyJ}. nat. xii, 3,^. 1984 «. li. Arena micacea. Wall.fyst. niin. i. p. 105. «, 6. 2. Arena Caflerita. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 198. h. 12. Found in S'vceikn and Germany. 2) in the ifland Ci^Jferita^ and is compokd of comminuted grnnite and other like ftones. It is the fand uled to dry up the iilk on newly written letters. ruiticd. Confifting of roundilh unequal larger grains. Arena heieroijcnea. Svst. nat. xii. 3.^. 197. a. 8. Arena quirtzofa. Wall, miner 33. Common fand. Schmeijj'er mineral, I. p. 337. Found every wher>.- in Europe, principally upon fhores, and contains lome lamellar particles apparently of quartz. It is ufed for oravel'ing walks, toloratA. In rounded ininute femitranfparent grains tinged with oxyde of iron. Arena quartzofa. Spt. nat. xii. 3. ^, 196. ;:. 2. 2. Arena ochracea. Syst. nut. xii. 3.^. 197. n.-j. 3. Arena lacuftris. Syfl. nat, xii. 3,/. 197. «. 3. Found in South America and Europe., principally on the fhores of lakes : colour yellow, yellowifh, or teilaceous, rarely red> violet in the Baltic near Germany. It is ufed for fprinkling over letter.-, and makes admirable gravel walks. Glarea. In very minute grains mixed with pulverlfed alumina- Arena fubfarinacca, Syit. nat. xii. 3, p, tqy. n. 6. Glarea partic, inequal. Waller fyll, \. p 87. ». 2. 2. G'area fterilis fuforia. Wall. min. 31.3. Glarea pirtic. iubtiliff. Wull./yff. i . p. 86. n. I. Duiliani. Giit. Schmei/ser miner. I, p. '^■i^6. VOL. vir, — X EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 55. Quartiwm. Found on barnen commotes anJ heaths: is v^ery cafily Mown about when dry, but when wet is rather plaUic and )ields ti the prciTurcof the hand, ft is chiefly uftd in the beds aad moulds where metals are call. araria. In larger equal round tranfparbnt whitiil^ grains. Arena campeiiris. ^jd^tiat, xii. 3./). 197, n. 4. Arena quartzofa. Wall Jyst. min, i , ^. 103. k. 5« 2. Arena margaria, Syli. not, xii. 3. p. 197. «. 5. Found on barren heaths and woody comraoas, and is princi- palJy ufed in hour-glalTes. whiUs, In very minute round tranfparent white grains. A. quartz, rotund, diaph. hyal- Syji. not. xii. «. t. A. qusrra mobilifT- Wall./yi!. min. \. ^,«OI, aA. Quickfand. Scbmeijur mintr. i. p. 336. 1. A. quartz, vcnto volatHis- 2. A. quart-z. rotund, acqual. 3. A. quartz, irapalpab- Zyll. SyJi. aai. \. «. 3 . Kiii^. I . /. 20S. O, Z. Found in the Tea aiid adjacent waftes, and is alfo thrown out from iprings: when -dry it is fo light as to be driven about by the winds and collethr. 91. Found in the minci oi Saxony and Hungary : colour while, viQ- lei, or yellovvifh brown. globulusum. Of a more or lefs rounded form, pellucid. Qnartz, feleft. vagun. Syji. ?tat. xii, 3.^ 66. n. 7, 8, ■ Quartz in roundifli grains. Jamei/cn miner. \,p. 153. 1. Of a more or lefs perfedtly globular form, Compaft. Hollow within. ComprcfTcd. 2. Of a more or lefs perfedlly oval form. 3. Refembling an almond in figure. 4. Kidney-form. 5. Tuberous. Found detrched in the beds or banks of rivers in various psris of Europe, A/ia, and Africa; or compadtd with other foUils m Hungary, Saxony, Sec. colour generally vvhite. cylindricum. Separating into cylindrical pieces. Karl}. Lejke mineral. 1, /. 1 05, 1 06. Born, ind, fofs. I. p. 2^. 1. With the cylinders parallel, 2. With the cylinders diverging. Found near Schemniz in Hungary, in Saxony, and in other parts of the continent : colour white, fubopake, with the cvlinders thiner or thicker. granulare. Separating into granular fragments, Karii, LeJke mineral. I. p. 106. Granular qu. rtz. Kiriv an miner, i. /. 2.^5, Quartz in grains. Schmei/icr miner. 1. p. 93. d. Found commonly in fmall grains, fcmetimes dcrached, fome- times compared together, in No-nvay, Spain, France, aiid Saxony: colour white, variegated, greenifli, red, or yellow- brown : the grains arc fometimes fo difpofed as to reflect a fine fplendour when polifhed. iiillatitium. Gradually depofited by water iinpregnated with particles of quartz, and often covering other bodies as with a bark. Stal^.ft. quartzof. granular. Syft. vat. xii. p. 185. ». 9. Stala(f}itic quartz. Kiriian mineral. 1,^.245. Stalaftitical quartz. Schmeiiser mintr. 1. /. 94. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 55. Qiiavizum. 165 Found at Breihack on the Hc-ckjhitrg in the bin-iopric of Coio^ne, '\Vi Iceiandy i>ive(ien, AhA H.ngary: colour di..ph?.nous, gene- ral'.y white, iornetimcs yellowilli or reddiih ; and arpearing in the form of foJid or hollow cooes, or in tuat ot rofes, cauliflowers, grapci, &:c. fragile. Of a common form and {plintery texture, not falling fpontancoufly into fragments. 1. Nearly opake. Quartz, opac. rupeft. Syjt.nat xii. 3, /». 66. w. 4. Q^artzum fragile rigidum. PFull Jyst. 1. />. 213. Quartzum purum. Cionft. nun. feci. 51. B. 2. Diaphanous milky-white. Quarzum la<^eun». "'yjt nnt. xii. 3. />« 65. n 3. Quartzum lolid. opr,c. Wall Jyft. l . />. 2 1 3. Found almoit every wheiein the fillures of rocks and niountsinf ; fometimes opake, fometiint.-' diaphanous, rare'iy lemirellacid : colour moPJy wh'te, oltentinus n;i':ky, frcq'.eniiy pale greciiifh or red, Pranus, Leek-grcen, diaphanous, of a coarfe fplintery texture. Achaces pellucida. WalL/ft. \. p. 297, n. 18. Prafium. Kirzvan miner, i. p. 249. Smaragdmatt. Cronst, miti. Jed. 73. 2. Prafe, Schmeijer 1. />. 97. Ihamjln chetn. 3. /•• 519- Prafc. Janieijon jnineral. l. p- 157. Found at SchnAjartzenbur^ in Saxoiiy, in Finlami, Siheria, r.nd Bckemia; either in irregular mafi'e', or cryftalli7ed in 6-fwed pyramids or in fmal! 6-ridcd tables fiiperinipofed one on the ether, fcmctimcs in fleixlcr needle-lik? cryltals : colour green of various degrec-'of dcnfuy, fini-'tiiTies yeilowilh or blueifh-green : when broken it is fliining and of a c-;arfe flu- very texture, fofiietimcs approach! ig to the unpc'tcftly {mail conchoidal . admits a degree ot pohlh, ana 1? frequently numbered among the gems. pirgue ^ Of a common form, {lightly grcafy to the touch, ap- proaching to the minuiely conchoidal icxtiirc, not falling fpontaneonliy i;)to tragnitnts. Pure Quartz. JUr-xvafi iiuuer, i /. 242. Quartz. Schtnci/jer mineral. I. p.<^Z. Common Quartz. 'Ja7ne Jon mineral. \. p. 152. Quartz, Thomfon chem. If. p 517. 1. Pellucid. Quartz, hyal. Syjt- nut xii. 3 /. 65 «, I. Quartzum pellucidum. Hall.jyit. \. p,2iz. u, 3. 2. Diaphauous, Wall. Jyft » I4 p, 2iz. » 2. 3. Coloured. S\ft. nat. xii. 3. p 65. ;;. 2, Ouartzumcoloratum. If'ail.fyjt, \. p. z^l- n. ^, ii?6 EARTHS, SflLICEOUS. ^5- QuartrarK. iaialoi'z:. fzijtaun^ Found drftributed ivt molt parts of the glofce, frecjuentif m tFrc native oxydca of metals and ai'inerals, fometimes forming whole rocks, and fometimes in beds and veins: of various degrees &f tr»nfpa?ency and colour, but gen-eriMy white or grcyifli: fpeciftc gravity frora 26.4. to zby^. Of a conchoidat textrjre, ijr tabnlay cryfiaJs. Hoffm-inn Berg Jonrn. 1788. »,/*. 274. Found near Schemiuz. in Hungary^ and rrea? Freyhurg in Sa^Qity: jtnltivrr gtHerai-ly white^ rarely (Ju>l! greenilh : the sable* we zaoftly rhotabie, thou-gh furactiOTes found j-fided. Of aconchokfal textore^ m citbxc crjftals which are- ftc- sjiietitly hallow wiihin. |. With tVie faces f^JDare. 7?or». ind. fojf. \.p 21. Karll. LcBc- »»'«• *• f> ^04, tloffmana. Berg. "Jouvn. 178$. l. /». 275. ?. With the faces rhorabic, V. Extra, ir.d.fjf. 2. p, 89. Kard. Lefi. tain^ t. p, lo.\, Foand m S'iveden, Hungary.. SaxoNy, and Bohema, generaTly yr? ^o§''^§^^^ cryftils w hich feem to iiave acquired their form from feme other €r\ Ibl wnich it had enveloped, and which hacJ gradiwlly mouldered, leaving a hollow in its place r colour while, hoary, margaritaceous, or brown-red j pcll6icjid> di- aphaaous, or nearly opake, sBaidricsm Of a conchordaf tcxtnre, fp a Jatible 4-fIJcd pyrannid- Hqffmann Berg. yourn,\-S^ ». /» 275. Found near Sdneehurg in Sa.xvny, oftentimes hollow within: colour the fame a,s C^cu'bicum. tnsdrum. Of a coachoidal texture, in a ftrnpfe 3-r»dett pyramid. Born, ind fcj. 2. p 88, 89. Foond near HeJIeknU in S'lueikn^ near Sikntebarg in Saxony, in agg«:ga;te cryllals which arc fometimes hoUaw ; lullrc fre- queutly pellucid: calouF rcddifli or white* pramida^. Of a conchoidal lextpre^ m^ frngle 6-ftded pyramid tranf- vcrfely ftriate. So'we-liy Brit tnin, 2. tah, »0?. Karfien Lejkcnumval, I. y>. »02, roj. 1. With the pvram.id pcrfc^. Born, ind.fofi. \.tab. t. pg. to. 2. Wjth the pyramid truEcitc at top, Born» ind. foj's, tab, z. Jig. 2. 3. With an additional 6.fid'jd pyramid at top. 4. Vyith an additional 6-fided pyraraid at the top atid the bafc- EARTHS, SILICEOUS. 55, Qiiartium, 167 Found iR vacioBS parts of England a-ad Scctlanti^ in Sivt/zerlan/f^ Hungary, Sile/taf Bohemia, and SaxMyi more commonly •pel- lucid thati opaJce : colour moflly white, fometimcs pile red, veHowifh or yellow ifh- fed ^ the cryllals gencr,iJly In gcaijis* formctimes leiembling a -kidrvey or a gem. Pisudiula' Of a conclioicbl tcx-tiire, iia a double 6fuJed pjramid, aaeft j. With the pyramid perfietV, Nitrum crylbllus. \S}i/.. ».7/. xii, 3; /i.S^. zr. i, c <>«;«ff/-^' Bri(. mi::. *• M^- 41, 42. Gmd. j'ijl. naL 3. /- 445. Mi^« '• /• 3- 2. With the maTgin? of the common bafe truncate, GmeL/yft. nat. 3. j». 445. 'tab. \, /, z, A:. Regular; Nitruiii ci^ftallus.. Sfffl^iiat. :di. 3./. 84. n, 2^ d b. With all the face* unex^uaL 3crn,ind.fofi. \.p. 25. tah. i.f. . 478. n. 14, tab- l6. f. 12, Wall.fyli. min. I. p. 21 8. ». g. d. a. The hollow of the cryftal emptVi b. The hollow inclofing a bubble of air, a drop of water, a lefl'er cryftal, or fome other folTile. 10. The cryftal with a thicker prifm feited on a thinner. Born. ind. fofs. I. f. 22. tah.1. f. if. 11. The thinner prii'm with a double broader pyramid placed on it, with 2 intermediate unequal globules-. Born. ind. fofi. l. p. 23. tab. 2. f. 6. 12. The cryftals folitary, a. Detached* b. United at the bafe. 1 3, The cryftals in pairs or 3 together. z. The bafe of the prifm of each cryftal cohering* b. Pearl-like, cohering. c. Mutually perforating each other, 14. Aggregate. Syst. wa/. xii. 3. p. 84. n, 2. f, Jmczn. acad. I. p. 477. n. lO. tab. 16. /. 6. a. In fcries. b, Faicicled, EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 55. Qiiartzum. 16$ c. Convergent. Born.ind. fofs. l.tai. z.f. 1 6, d. Decumbent. c. Seated in the manner of the prickles of an echinus upon a larger crylbl or other foffil. f. Imbricate. Found in almolt every part of the globe, particularly in alpine fituations, and is almoil exclufively confined to primitive rocks, efpccially granite and mica flate : colour various fhades of white, brown, red, and yellow, fometimes mixed together: fragments indett-rminately angular, with very (harp edges: does not lofe its tranfparency in the fire: caufes double re- fratlion : fpccific gravity from 2,650. to 2,888. contains iilica 93,0. alumina 6,0. lime 1,0. Bergman^ Pseudogem' Coloured, pellucid, of a conchoidal texture, in a 6-ridcd '«<»• tranlVerfcly ilriate prifm. Nitrum fluor. Syst. nat, xii. 3. />. 85, «. 3. Cryftallus montana. Wall./yst. miner, l.p, 220, ft, 10. J. Blackifh. BaufK. miner, i. p. z^z. n. 2. 2. Clove-brown. Wall. fyit. i./. 222. «. 10. h. 3. Red. WalLfyJl. I. /. 221. n. 10. a. 4. Fulvous. Wall. fist. I. p, 222. «, 10. e. 5. Yellow. Wall./: ft. I. />. 222. n. 10. d, 6. Leek-green. Wall, (y ft. 1. /.222. w. 10. g» 7. Grafs green. WalL/yst. \.p. 222. ». 10. f. 8. iky-blue. Baumiminer. i,p. 236. 9. Deep blue, Baum. miner, \. p.z^i. Found chiefly in veins abounding in rock cry ftal, of various de- grees of magnitude and tranfparency ; they are often fold for gems, bi't may eafiiy be diftinguifhed by the different form of their cryfiais and by their leffer degree of hardnefs and lurtre: they yield to the file, and like the rock cryftal, when two pieces are rubbed hard together, they emit a phofpho- refcent light in the dark, and exhale a peculiar empyreu- matic odour. Jwtb)'!tiis, Violet- blue, varying in texture, form and degrees of tranfparency. Nitrum violateum. Syfl. nat. xii. 3. p. 85 «. 3. d. Cr^ftailus violacea. M'all. Jyft. l.p. 221. n. 10. b. Amethylt. K.-avan mineral, l.p. 246. Schmeijer l, p. g6. Amclhy ft. 'Jamcijon. 1 . /. I 37. Thom/on chem. 3. ^ 5 1 8. VOL. VII. — Y i7o EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 56. Chalcedonius. Found in Mexico, Ceylon, Sn.vetlen, Bohemia, Saxony, and other parts oi Europe, in veins of primitive rocks, and fometimes in agate balls and kidneys in porphyry : colour violet-blue in various degrees of intenfity, fometimes greenilh, raiely while: texture conchoidal, fibrou?, granular, orfplintery: luftr-j various degrees of ttanfparency to nearly opake : cryf- tals fimple 6-fided pyramids, or with faces of different fizes, the panes of which are fmooth : yields to the file, is brittle, and eafiiy frangible : fpecific gravity 2,750. contains filica 97,50. alumina 0,25. oxyde of iron with a trace of manga- ncfe 0.50. Rofe, Pseudocrys- Opake, in a 6-fided prifm terminating at one or both ends tailus. jj^ ^ 6 -Tided pyramid. Nitrum opacum. Svui nat xii. 3.^ 85. «. 3. 2. Quartzum rude. Wall.ffit i. />. 216, «. 8. Found in Hungary, Bohemia, Saxony, S-iveden, and Barbary: the cryftals fometimes detached, fometimes unired : colour vari- ous degrees of white, black, red, or variegated. SS. CHALCEDONIUS. ConfiQing of filica, a fmall quantity of alumina with fometimes about a tenth of lime, and a flight trace of oxyde of iron: hard, lightilh, fhining within, breaking into indeterminate fragments with fliarp edges, com- pa6l, not mouldering in the air, of a more or lels perfedliy conchoidal texture, never opake, tough, admitting a high pohfli, and generally of a com- mon form : not melting before the blowpipe, Cacholonius Milk-white, fomewhat diaphanous, becoming opake in the fire. Achates opalina. Wall. fyst.\, p.ijz. n, i'^. Kachelony. Cronst. mineral. feSi. 57. 3. a. Cacholony. Zchmeijfer mineral. \.p. 106. Found in the rivers Buchareft and NIongool, and the Feroe ijlands^ where it lies between the Itrata of femiti anfparent Chalcedony. It is never found in drcps or Italaftitical. The Kalmucs make their idols and domeftic vefleis of it, genuitius. Grey, of a flat texture and common form, not falling fpontaneoufly in^ofragmtnts. Silex vagus, iiyit. nat. xii 3. />. 69. n. 8. Achates. Wall, fyli.min. i, p. 275. n. 15. Cilcedony. Ktruian i./. 297. bchmeijjer min.x, p. [05. Chalcedony, Thom/on chem. ^, p. ^o, Jamei/on. i. p, 174. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 56. Chalcedonius. lyr Found in Corn^ull, and the iflands of Scotland, in Iceland, Stkfiat the Ferce ■jUnds, Saxony, and Siberia, in various fliapcs, kidney ihaped, ftalaftitical, globular, botryoidal, like hollow pebbles often containing air bubbles or drops of water; alfo in angular pieces and veins in porphyry and amygdalitc, and fometiaies cubic : colour various (hades of grey, wuh iome- tiir.cs a tinge of green or blue : luftre generally femitranlpa- rent rarely diaphanous: the furface is rough; fratlure pcrfei'tly even, thoufh fometimes paffing into the fine fplin- tery or imperfectly cop.choidal : fpccific gravity iroin 2,586. to 2,695. tontiins filica ^\. alumina mixed with iron 16. rjgus. Blue, of a flatter texture, femipellucid, of a comtnoii tonn, not failing fpontancouily into fragments. Found in the Fcrce iflands, the Ihores of Scotland, in Saxony, Bohemia, lluugaiy, and Tranjylvania : colour fometimes verging to cinereous or milky, fometimes clear Iky -blue, or between violet and lavender-blue, or fapphirine : in other refpcds it refcmblci the hi\. (r, Blacis, dull red when oppofcd to a ftrong light, of a flatter texture, fomewhat diaphanous. H-ffman. Berg, Journ. 1787. 1. /. 283. Found near Chen.nitx, in Saxony, imbedded in Porphyry. 'MS. Brown, of a texture fonietimes flatter fometimes concho- idal, diaphanous. Carneolus fufcus Wall. fyll. \. p. Z'J\.&. Found det2chfd at the xisziTom in Siberia, and near Chemniz in Saxony, imbedded inj orphyiy. 'US. P^Ie yellow, of a flat texture verging to the conchoidal. Carne'.hij flavefcens. IV.Jl.fvft. i. p 273. d. Found detached near the riier Tom in Siberia, and in Ceylon, Hunga'y, and Saxcy: colour fometimes wine-yellow, fome- times wax or honey-yellow. rneolus. Blood- red, femitranfparent, of a pcrfe. 273. n. 14. Carnelian. Scbmelser x.p. \cj Kirvjan 1./. 300. Cornelian. Tho/nfon chem. 3 /». 531. Found in Arabia end Hindcjian, Egypt and various parts oi Eu- rope, generally in rouudifh pieces, and alfo in layers in Agate: colour various dudes of red; rarely opake, and fometimes turbid with a few cloudy (hades : outer furface rough a'ld uneven, the fiagments indeter:ninately angular and lliaip-edged ; Ipeci.^c gravity from 2,630. to 2.700. Y 2 172 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 56.'Chalcedonius. Sardus, Pale, /ariegated with blood-red dots and drops. Sile:« vagus. Syji. nat.xn. 3.^.68. n. 5. Cact.^-'olus albefcens. IVall.JyJi. i.p 274. ». 14. f. Sard'^ine. Schmeifser miner, i. p, 110. Found in India, Sardinia, near Oberftein in the Palatinate: co- loiT grey, or a little milky, rarely brown. dendriticui. Pale, painted with deeper-coloured arborefcent ramifica- tions. Mochnjione. Achates figuratus. Wall.Jyst. 1. p. 285. n 22. 1. Found in the Ea/t, Iceland, the Palatinate of the Rhine, and other parts oi Europe : colour white or grey with fhrub like blcck, brown, red, or green pidlures : thofe of the Eaft are clicemed very valuable. Maculatus, Marked with fpots differing in colour and iji degree of tranfparency. Plafma. Thom/cnchem, 3./-53C, Jameifon min. i /. iSg. Found in Ceylon, the Feroe ijlands, Italy, and the Palatinate: colour wine-yellow with darker fpots, perlaceous or yellow- ifli-brown with milk-white fpots difpofed in rings, milk- white with black or red fpots, blood- red with biown or white fpots, or grey, grafsgreen, or olive-green variegated with fpots of a reddilh or whitifh colour. fasciatus. Onyx» Marked with bands differing in colour and degree of tranfparency. Sardonyx. Schmeifser miner. \ p.wi. Found in Ceylon, Feroe and Iceland, Bohemia and Saxony : colour grey, fomewhat pellucid, with milk-white diaph uious band.s rarely wirh thofe that are ro!y or green, or blueifh or blo-^d- red with white or grey bands; tfie bands are narrower or bro der, of equal or unequal width, parallel, confluent, ftraight, angular or undulate. Breaking into concentrically cruftofe fragments differing in colour and degree of tranfparency. Silex vagus. Hyst nat xil. 3 />. 69. n. 7 Achates. Wall. jy(i. min. I. />. 27b. n. 16. Onyx. Schmeijfer mineral. I. p. 108. Found in the Eaft Indies, Siberia, Bohemia, Portugal and Saxony, in th'cker or thinner f!agment<;, nnd lometimes in pebbles: colours grey and black, white Heih-coioiir and o ack, red and white, white and g:ey, various fhades oi yclo.v, ahernating in various manners, genCi'^ily in concentric circles : it loles its colour in the fire, and cracks and break- it he heat be fud- den or violent : it is the hardeil of all its i;,c.iUi : Ipecific gravity from 2,500, to 2,600. EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 56. Chalcedonius. 173 stillatitias. Precipitated from water highly charged with its par- ticles. 1. Inclofing or incrulling Lichens and other vegetaKle fuhllances. 2. Inclofing or incrulling cryftals, and hence having the appear- ance of cryftals. 3. In knotty hollow kidney-form or boiryoidal globular pieces. 4. In folid or hollow cylinders. Found in the Feroe ijlanas, Iceland, BoherrAa, Saxony, and many otner parts ot the contindu : texture fometimcs appro-uhing to the iibrous. trystallinus. Blueifh, in the form of 6- Tided divergent prifras. Fichtel n)0H Karpath. p. I 38. Found in a valley near TatarefchoJ in Tniti/ylvania, ioibedded in yellow Jafper, 'viridis. Green, ftmitranfparent, of a flatter texture. Found, though rarely, in the Feroe ijlands: colour c-enerp.liv grafs-green, though lomctimes approaching to the asruginous. Chrysopra- Grcen, with hardly any internal liiftre, femiiranfparent, tus, of a flatter texture. ■; Nitrum fluor. SyJ}. nat. xii. 3, /. 85. ». 3. g. Achates prafius. Wtill fyst. i. p. 262. Chryfopr»ftum. Kir-iv an miner, i. ^,283. Chryfopras. 'Jameif. miu. 1. p. 191. Chryfoprafe. Ihomfon chem. 0^ p. <^\%. SchmeiJJer \. p. 113. Found in Germany, particularly near Ko/emutz in Silcfia, in Bohemia and WeDphalin, gcner-:!ly in lol;d mjlT s, fcmetip.ies in loofe pebble, or layers of alhell:, talc, lithoniarg. and iron ochre ; internally it is dull ; is hard, but docs not Arike fire with Heel : colour various fhade- of apple-green, rarely grafs, leek or olive-green, very rarely greeniih-grcy or marked wi;h brown fpots : in a heat of i 30° of wedgewood it whitens and becomes opake, but does not meit before the blovvpip'*: fpecific gravity 3,250, contains filica 96,1(3. ox\de of nickel ijOO. limeo,83. aluminaO,o8. oxyde of iron o,S. Klaproth. Heliotropi- Diaphanous, of a conchoidal texture, green marked with "■'' opake blood-red dots and drops. JafpisHeliotropius. Wail. fill. i. ;>. 300, «. 2..g. Heliotrop. Blood-ftone. Hchmeij.er mmeral. 1.^.116. Heliotropium. Kirijuan mineral. 1. p. 314. Heliotrope. Jameif. \, p. 187. Thorn fen clem. l./i. 531. Found in .dfia, Perlta, Siberia, Icdand, Bohemia, and Franconiaf in rocks of trap: colour various fhades of green, lometimes marked with ochraceous fpots or lines : texture more 01; lefs perfectly conchoidal : fpecific gravity from 2,62c. to 2.700, 174 EARTHS. SILICEOUS. 57. Adamas. 57. ADAMAS. Confifting of filica and carbon: flightiy ponderous, extrernely hard, lamellar, ex- hibiting a high peculiar luftre, breaking i ito in- determinate fragments, parafitiral, fhining in the dark after being expoled to the rays of the fun, attrafting light bodies when rubbed or heated : crackling and lofing its tranfparency in the fire, and at 14 or 15*^ of wedge-wood begins to burn, and at length entirely evaporates. frctiojijsi' Adamas. Diamond. uitis. Ahimen lapidofum. Syji nat. xii. 3. /. 102. «. 6. a. Gemmgi pcllucidiiruna. Wall fyft. i.^. 230. » i. Diamond. Kirvjan mirer. \. p.^f^'i^, y utneifon. i, p,zz^ Didmond. Schmeijer mineral I />. 220. J. Crjftallized in the form of prifms. 2. The pnfms 6-fided, ending both fides in 3 3-rided pyramid, with all the faces convex. 3. The prifms 6 fided, ending both fides in a 6-fided pyramid, 4. The prifm? 8-fidedj ending in an irregular truncate pyramid, with the faces of the prilms themfelves unequal. 5. The prifms 8 fidcd, with the terminal faces ending in needle- like points. 6. Cryftallized in the form of double 4-fided pyramids, 7. Cryilallized in the form of 3-fided deprelfed rough pyramids with convex fate.s auj»mented witha4.fided pyramid at each angle Qi the common Safe. 8. In a rounded form. Found in Boieo, the provinces of Golcondo and Vifapour^ and at the foot of the Orixa m mntains in Brngal, in South America^ in the di'ftrid of Serra dofrio \n BraiU, generally in loofe fand or ii^clolcd in a loamy earth, very rarely aggregate or attached to other foflils : of 4II mineral ki Ibnces it pofl'tfles far the grenteft degree of hirdnefs, tranfpaicncy and 'iiltre; fraftur^ Jtr.^ight and pcrfeiffly foliated : it is eithT colourlei's, or red, greeni(n, yeliowifli, brovt'iiii}), black, r iteei blue, wjthfome- tinica fpecks and clouds It isoi all gem; the moll precious, and from i.c entirely confuming like an inflammable fubilance, may probably be couljdereu as a very pure Ipecies of coitl. EARTHS. ADAMANTINE. 58. Adamantinus. 175 ORDER VI. ADAMANTINE. Confijiing principally of corunda or adamantine earth. 58. ADAMANTINUS. Confiding of adamantine earth, the greater part alumina, a little filica and iron : very hard, ponderous, lamellar with ftraight foliations interleaing each other in a j-fold man- ner, breaking into rhomboidal fragments : per- fedly apyrous, and yielding a little to the file. Corundum. AdAMANTINUS. Corunda. Klaproth, Chem. annal. 1789, i. /•• 7. Adamantine earth. Kirnuan mineral. \. p. 17. Adamantine fpar* Schmeiffer miner, i. /. 57. Diamond ipar, Jamei/on miner. 1. p. 03. Imperfeft Corundum, 'J bom/on chem. 3 . p. 507. Found in China, Bombay, France, and Spain, in granite: colour grey, with often various fhades of green, blue and brown- luftre tranfparent, and when polifhed fhines like mother of pearl : is fometimes found maffive, but moll commonly in 6- fiaed prifms, and fimple acute 6 fided truncated pyramids • It IS ufed like diamond powder for cutting and polifhina hard minerals: fpecific gravity 3,981, contains corunda and alu- mina 84,00. fihca 6,50. oxyde of iron 7,50. Klaprotb 176 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites. ORDER VII. AGGREGATE. Compo/ed of a mixture of the former orders. 59. GRANITES. Confifting of parts, moflly in the form of Cryftals, cohering without any inter- mediate cement, and mixed without any deter- minate order; generally of a granular texture, hard and durable, and admitting a fine polifh: conftituting the principal material and nucleus of prnnidve lofty mountains. Confifting of feldfpar and quartz. Saxum morenfe. 6"^^/. nat. xii. 3. />. 75. «. 14. Found in the S'/^^aKdfiV, i'tu//^, Siberian^ and .Scc^ri' mountains, and detached near Geneva: the component parts vary as to their predomination, but the particles of feldfpar are fome- limes ib combined with tranfparcnt quanz as to refemble Syriac letters. Confift:in^ of feldfpar, quartz, and mica. Saxum fpatofum. Syst. vat. xii. 3. p. ^6. n. 19. Saxum quarzo, &c. Wall. fyji. i. /•• 407. Granit. Schme-fser mineral. I. p. 308. Qranite. Kir^van mineral. l,p. 338. Thomfon chem. \. p, I 30. The moft common kind of granite, and is found in primitive and fometimes in Lcond'. 309. • Sienite. Kvwan mm. i./. 341. T. bom/on chem. 4./. I35» EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites. 177 Found in Eg]ip!, Greece, Nor^vav, Saxony, Sec. fometimes in large malles, foineiinies in Tmaller granulations: the componcnc parts vary much, but the hornblend and feldfpar generally prcdominare, and the quartz in very fmall proportion : the colour oKthe feldfpar and quartz is generally white, and the hornblend black or black-green. icorlinus. Confilling of feldfpar, quartz, and Hiorl. Granites bafalt, Anon,Chem. annul. 1785. z. p. 21. Edelfeld. nov. JSl. Stockh. 1784. p. 103. Found commonly in the mountains of Sweden, Silefta, and Sn.U!tx.erland. granatUus, Confiiling of feldfpar, quartz, and garnets. Edelfeld. rtou. Ja. stockh. 1784. p. 103. Found in the i\t.7y} and S-tvediJ/j mountains, -vtndis. Confifting of feldfpar, quartz, and amarus. Found commonly in the mountains of Sxvifzerland. Confifting of feldfpar, quartz, and talc. dnon. Lhem. annal. 1785. 2. /. 23. Found near Linz in Upper Auftria. Compofcd of feldfpar and mica. Saufs. Voy. dans les alp. i. ;>, 183, Syst nat. xii. 3, p. 76. «. 21. Granite? fufcus. Wall.fyji. i. p. 409, n.^, k. Found very rarely in Snvifserland and Silefta, in Finland and Gothland, and detached near Geneva and Vefwvius. Compofcd of feldfpar and calcareous fpar. Gioen. litoloi^. Vefuu. p. 49. -i. 71. Found in the neighbourhood cU^efwuius, brittle, not hard, ef- fervcfcing wuh acids, and fometimes containing fmali por- tions of fcorl, mica, alumina. grandavus. Compofcd of mica and hornblend. Saxum micaceuin. Sj/i. nat. xii. 3. p. 79. ». 35. 2. Blueifli-green. It. /can. 21. Found fometimes in lar^e rocks, in various mountains of ii'wiizerland, Sweden, and Bohemia, frequently rich in veins of iron; the dull greenifli variety is generally ufed in fome parts of S-ivede-! as a flux for iron ore. scorlaceus. Compofed of feldfpar and fliorl. Hoepfn. magax, Hclv. natur. \ . p. 279. Found in the nm^nums of S'wi/serland sitid ne^r Fe/wvius, fome- tuiies containing mica or hornblend, VOL. VII. — Z taUosus. micaceus. calcarius. 178 squamosus^ EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites. Compofed of feldfpar and hornblend. Hoepfn magaz..Helnj.natur.ip.z'J\. . . „ , . . Found m the n-iountains of Swuzerland and in Leeland, ottcn containing a fmall quantity of mica or {horl. granatinus. Compofed of feldfpar and garnets. Gioeni liiolog-Vefu'v. p. 68. Hoepfn. magax Helv. natur. I. J. 179. Foend in the mountains of S^'itzerland, in /.eeland, and the 1 neibourhood of Vejwvius. nhens. Compofed of feldfpar, garnets, and mica. Hoepfn. magax. Heh. natur. i. tai'. 3- Found in the mountains of S'witzerland. tricolor. Compofed of feldfpar, garnets, and fhorl. Gioeni litolog. Vefu'V. p. 64. 67. Found in the neighbourhood of Fefwvius, dichrouu Compofed of feldfpar, granatine, and common Ihorl. Gioeni litolog. Vefwv. p. 70. 75. Found in the neighbourhood of Vefwvius. albo-fuscus. Compofed of feldfpar, granatine, fhorl, and mica. Gioeni litolog. Fefwv p. J I* Found round Ke/wvius, elegam, Compofed of feldfpar, garnets, and adinote. Gioefii litolog, Fefuv. p. 69. Found in the neighbourhood of Vefuvius. meant, Compofed of feldfpar, mica, and fliorl. Gioeni litolog. Vefuv. /. 73- 75- Hoepfn. magaz. Heh. natur. i. /. 281. . Found in the mountains of Svjitzerland, and m lefuvius, lome- times the mica fometimes the fhorl predomin^ing, m larger or Icfs particles ; garnets are fometimes found immerfed. lamtlhiui. Confiding of feldfpar, mica, and fliorl. Hoepfn. magaz. Heh. natur. \. p. z2>\. ^ Found in the mountains of SiK-itzerland, fometimes one lome- times the other ingredient predominating, and mixed m larger or lefs particles. cretaceut. Gioeni. Confiding of feldfpar, mica, and chalk. Gioeni litolog. Vejwv 1. /. 45. Found in the neighbourhood of Vefwvius, Confifting of feldfpar, garnets, and hornblend. Gtoeni litolog. Vefwv. p'7S- Found about Vejuviut. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites. 179 varius. Confiding of feldfpar, adinote, and fliorl. Gioent htolog. VeJ'u-u. p, 62, 63. Found round Vufuvins, exhibiting prifms or foliations by an intermixture of black mica or hornblend. leucomdas. Confiftin^ of feldfpar, aftlnote, and hornblend. Gioeni lito!oi. Vefu-zi. p 63. Found in tlie neighb.ourhooii oi refuvius. muriaticus. Confiding of feldfpjr. mica, and amarus. Hoepfn. maga%. Hel'V tiatur. i. tab. 3. Found in the mouniains of Sivit^^'r/an^. sertr:U:nus. Confiding of feldfpar, ferpentine, and quartz. Fichtel Karpath. p 310. Found in the mountains of Iranfylimnia, and eafily moulders into alumina. Garpevher- genus. Confiding of the greater part quartz and mica. Sax urn cotaceum. Syfi. nat. xii, 3. ^. 75. ». 1 8 r Sixum compofitum, &c. Cronfl. min./eSi. 260, 2. i. 2. With the foliations of filvery or gold mica fo interfperfed, as to exhibit a rich lullre when polifhcd. Avanturine. SchmeiJJer viineral. I. />. 114. Kirtcan I./.345. Found near Garpenburg in Sii-eden, and containing veins of c-^prer or iron, in the mountains of Silc/ia, Saxony, and S-witzerland, likewife decached in Spain, Confiding of quartz, mica, and fhorl. beep fit. magaz, Hel-u. natur. \. p. 281. Found in the mountains of , 281, 282. bound in the loftiell mountains of S^'itzerland. inconspicuui Coinpofcd of quartz and hornblend. Hcc J't. j/iiigaz. Ihlv. natur. 1. p. 279. Found in tiie mountains of Switzerland, and even near Alten- berg in Saxony, biaU. (orneu!. tripisx. i8o EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites, acicularis. melaleucos. Hcepfneri* effioreicens, tirokmh, hamarkus. durissimus. talcifer, Compofcd of quartz, hornblend, and garnets. tioepfn. magaz. Helv.natur. i. p. 281. Found in the mountains of SiL-itzerlanJ. Compofed of quartz, hornblend, and amarus. Hoepfn. magaz. Hel'u. nutur. 1. />- 281. Found in the mountains oi Siviizerland, Compofedofpelluci. 416. Found detached in the Ural vallevs of Siberia : admits a very high polifh : the fpikelets are yellowifh or reddifh, fometimes dull red imuicrfed in tranfparent colourlefs quartz. Compcfed of pellucid quartz, and fpicules of aainote. Found detached at the bafe of the Subuudic mountains neir Gene-ua, Compofed of quartz and {horl. Sixum ex quartzo, WnlLjyfi. \. p. 406. n. \. Hoepfn. magaz. Helu. natur. 1. p. 275. In the mountains of Switzerland and Sweden. Confifting of quartx, hornblend, and fliorl. Hoepfn. magaz. Hel'v . natur . 1. p. 281. Found ia the mountains o{ Switzerland. Confifting of quartz, fhorl, and amarus. Hoepfn. magaz. Helni. natur. \. p. 281. Found in the mountains of Switzerland, and frequently contains efflorefcent fulphate ofmagnefia. Confifting of quartz, ihorl, and garnets. Hoepfn. magaz. Heh. natur, I. />. 281. Anonym, chem. annal. 1 785. 2. p 22. Found in the Swifs and Tyrokfe mountains near Zillerthal. Confifting of quartz and garnets. Hoepfn. magaz Hel'v. natur, \. p.lj(). Anonym, chem. annul . 1785, z. p 22. Found in the mountains of Switzerland, Sweden, Saxony, Aufiria, Hungary, Tyrol, and Bauaria, and the valleys which border upon them: the garnets are red, and the quartz grey or gre^niih, rarely grafs-grecn. Confifting of quartz, granites, and amarus. Hoepfn. mjgaz, Helv. natur.. i , /<. 1 8 1 . Found in the mount.un'-- of Switzerlaud. Confifting of the greater part quartz, and talc. Storr Alpenries, 2, p. 278, 279. Found in the Aips near Gia-vennam and Marmels^ fometimes rendered yellowiih by a mixture of iron ochre. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 59. Granites. iSf splendiJus. Coniiiting of quartz, and fmall particles oi" mica and iron pyrites interlpeifcd. Bloch et Bruchmann. fchr, her I. naturf. i. Found detached in the Vkrane mountains, and is very in'endid when poliflied. homogeneus. Confiding of mica, hornblend, and fliorl. lioepjii. magax- llelv. nalur. I. tab. 3. Found in the mnuntain? oi S^Kiifzerland, nitidului. Confifting of mica, and hornblend. Gioev.i litolog. Vifu-v. p. 53, 54. Found in the ncighhourhoud of /^^/.vxi/a;, and has often garnets iramerfcdl in it. ■zHlensis, Compofed of mica and fhorl. Hoefn. magax. Hel'V. natur. \. p. 279. 280. Anonym, chem. annnl. 1785. 2. p 23. Found in the mountains of S-ivii Zetland, and in the valley 7,ilkr^ t/.-al beiv.een'fj'o/ 3ir,d Saltzh/rg : the cryftals of ihcrl tire fometiiiics larger fomctimes fmaller, and no: unfrcquentiy eledric. • granatifer. Compofed of mica and garnets. Gioi'iii litolo. 281. Found in the mountains of 6'w/"/2(fr/a». 65, 66. Found in the neighbourhood oi Vefu-viui. gemmaceus; Compofed of garnets, and olivine. Gioeni litohg. p'efwv. p. 68. Found in the neighbourhood of Fe/uim, iS2 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 60. Gneiflum. similaris. Confiding of garnets, and fliorl. Gioeni iitolog. I^^eju-v. p. 63. 68. Hoepfn. magaz. Hol'v- natur. 1. tab. 2. Found in the mountains of SivitxerlanJ, and detached round Vefuviust with fometimes a mixtuie of mica. afflnis. Confining of granatine and genuine (horl. Gioeni litolog. f^eju-v. p. 70. Found in the neighbouriiood of Vefu-viui. mcntium. Confifting of garnets, (horl, and hornblend. Hoepfn 7naga% Helv. natur. i. tab. 3. Foui.d in the mountains of Si.vitzerland. bradeatui, Confifting of garnets, and hornbiend. Hoepfn, magr.%. Helv, natur. I. p. 279. Found i;i the mountains of ^tuiizerland. argentatus. Confifting of garnets, mica, and fpar. Gioeni litolog. Vefuv. /> 49 Found in the neighbourhood of VeJ'wvius. lamellatus, Confifi:ing of mica, and fparf Gioeni litolog. Vefu-TJ. /. 48. Found in the neighbourhood of Vefwvius, lucidus. Confifting of a£linote, and fpar. Gioeni litolog, Vefwv. p. 60. Found in the neighbourhood oU'e/wvinsy and may probably he an amygdalite. ■ashe;tinu3. Confifting of aibeftus, and marble. Gioeni litvlog. Veju'v. p. 48. Found round yeju-uius^ and is hardly of this genus, 60. GNEISS UM. Compofed of parts cohering together without any intermediate cement, often in the form of cryitals, and fometimes alternat- ing in layers, of a flaty or rarely a fibrous tex- ture forming plates laid on each other: found in lofty primitive mountains, generally refting upon beds of granite: hard, not melting before the blov/pipe nor mouldering in the air. fornacum. Confifting of the greater part quartz^ and mica. Sax, arenofo micac. Sys:.nat. xii. 3. p. 79. n, 33. Saxum quartz. Wall. fyst. I. p. 410. «, 5. Gneiis. Kir^wan mitural. I. /. 3/5.6. Micaceous flaie, Schmei/ier miner, i, /. 310, EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 60. Gneiirum. 183 Found in moft mountainous countries of Europe, in innumera- able varieties of proportion, combir.ation, dillribution, co- lour, and hardnefs, and is chiefly covered with argil 'aceous flate, fand, and iimeftonc : it is formed of diitmct plates laid on each other, and feparated b/ thin layers of mica, and is generally rich in metallic ores : it is ufed for laying the beds of large melting furnaces. m'tcaceum, Confifting of the greater part mica, and quartz. Glimmerfchicfer. Werner Claffif. p. \o. Ie5i,<^', Shillofe mi^a. Krnx:an. tnimr. i. p. 348. Micaceous fhiftus. Thomfon chem. i^. p. 131. Found in hlorivay, forming entire mountains, of a filvery co- lour and fpicndour ; the plates of mica are extremely thin and clofcly compared together, fo as to form diftindl tables; the quartz is generally dilpoled in fmall veins, granulations, or larger ftrata. alp'innm, Confifting of quartz, mica, and garnets. Saxum micaceum. 6^'//. nat. xii. 3. p 77. «. 22. Saxum qiiartzo. WalLfyU. i. ^.412. n. 7. Found in moft lofty alpine mountains of Europe: the mica is moftly filvery, fometimcs predominant, fometimes pretty equally diftributed, fometimes hardly vifible: the garnets are more commonly red than brown, fometimes of a common iorm and of confidcrable fize, fometimes cryilallized and lefs : the plates of which it is ccmpoled are frequently undulate : fometimes there is found with it a portion of fhcrl, talc, or fcldfpar: when the quartz is in greater proportion it is made into mill-ftones. scorlinum. Confiding of quartz, mica, and fhorl. Found in the mo\ix;XA\ns o'i Sivitzerland, efpecially St.GoitherJ's, in thofe of Hungary near Schenmttz, and containing veins of gold or filver, and in thofe of Bohemia, Saxony, and Norijuay, altenher- Confifting of quartz, mica, and fliorHte. gense. Found near Altenberg in Saxovy, having veins of tin within it. radians, Confifting of quartz, mica, and a£tinote. CronH. mineral. fe3. 261 33. Saxum quartzn, &c. Wr.ll. fy^t. I./. 413. «. 8. Found in y.mtia in Siueden, Saxonum, Confifting of quartz, mica, and feldfpar. Gneifs.' Werner Uajfif. p 8.>-'.8. Found in the mountains of Saxony, Bohemia, ^vjitzerland, and Sile/ia, tir^\y in the Carpathic mountains, in great v.^rieties of proportion, colour and conftiruent p^rts : the mica is gene- rally precominant, and the feidfpar the leaft. 1 84 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 60. GneifTum. BorniL Confiding oi" quartz, mica, and alumina. Gneilluni. Born, ind.fo/i. i. /. 153* z. p. 147. 2. Saxum coticulare. S^st. tiat, xii. 3. p. 74. n. izj Argillaceous fliiftus. SchmeiJJ'er mineral, i. p, 312. Argillaceous fhiilus. Thcmfon chetn. \. p. 132. Found in the metallic mountains of Hungary^ Bohemia, Saxony^ and Snvedfti: the varic-ty 2) is often ufed as a whetftane to fharpen fcythes and large inltruments. Jemticum. Confifting of quartz, mica, and fteatite. Edelf. no'v.Aci. Stotkh. 1784, /. 93. Found in the higher mountains of Jemtia, and differs aiittle from others of its genu* in gradually mouldering away when expofed to the atmofphere. spaio:um. Confiding of quartz, fhorl, and feldfpar. Anon- chem. annal, 17S5. 2, ^. 23. Found near Halbendorf in Saxony. topasinum. Confifting of quartz, ftiorl, and topaz. To pas felf Werner Claffif. /. I 5. fea. 1 8. Found at ^chneekenHein near Auerback in Voigtland. ecmeum. Confiding of quartz, and hornblend. Talcum lamellare. Syst. vat. xii. 3. p- 53. «, 8. Corneas rigid us. Wall. fijl. i. />. 358, «, 2. Hornblend fhiftus. Schmei/Jer mineral, i. /, 311. Schiftofe hornblend, Kirnuan mineral, x.p.xiz. Hornblende flate. J anieifon mineral. I. ^'363. Found at Portfoy in Scotland; Saxony, Noriuay, znd Stveden: colour between greenifh and raven black, and gives a green- ifh-grey ftreak ; texture radiate, and breaking into indeter- minate fragments; is hardifh, and frequently found mixed with fmall particles of mica or garnets. argillosum. Confiding of quartz, and alumina. /^. fichtei Karpath. p. zji^. Found in the Carpathic mountains. cotianu7n. Confiding of alumina, and mica. Saxum fchiftofum. Sift. nat. xii. 3. p. 79. n. 34. Saxum, fchifto, &c. Wall.Jyst. i. /. 417, «. 1 1. Found in Nor^vay and Snvedcn, hardilh, melting in the fire, and is ufed by the inhabitants to poliJh fteel inftruments: probably not of this genus. iteatiticum. Confiding of deatite, and mica. Schneiderllein. Crond. miner, fell. z6^, 5. ^ Found in the mountains of Nortvay, S-xveden, Hungary, Sx. foft, and is ufed for the walls of melting furnaces, and when feparated into thin plates, for the covering of houles : probja- bly not of this genus. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 60. GneilTum. 185 ^ranitUums Confifting of common (horl, garnets, and feldfpar. Gioeni litolog. Vefu'v, p. 64, Found in the neighbourhood of Vefwvtus, bicolor^ Confiding of fhorl, and feldfpar. Gioeni litolog. Vefwv. p. 72. Found in the neighbourhood oi Fejuvius, oli'vinuTn. Compofed of mlca> garnets, and olivin. Gioeni litolog. t^efuv. p. 54. Found in the neighbourhood of Vefwvius. lucidum» Compofed of mica, and hornblend. A'. Fichtel Karpath p. 276. 279. Found in Ztueden^ and the Carpathic mountains* triplex, Compoied of mica, hornblend, and quartz. V. Fichtel Karpath. p. 276. 279. Found in the Carpathic mountains. tveniticum. Compofed of hornblend, feldfpar, and quartz. y. Fichtel Karpath. p. 279. Found in the Carpathic mountains. squamosum. Compofed of hornblend, and feldfpar. Fichtel Karpath. p. 279. Found in the Carpathic mountains. granatinum Compofed of hornblend, and gavnets. Fichtel Karpath. p. 246. 280. 287. Found in the Carpathic mountains. tplendidum. Compofed of hornblend, mica^ and garnets. Fichtel Karpath /). 246. 287. Found in the Carpathic mountains.- tjuadruplex, Compofed of hornblend, mica, garnets, and quartz, Fichtel Karpath. />. 246. 287. Found in the Carpathic mountains. kmellosum. Compofed of hornblend, and fhorl. Fichtel Karpath, p. 280. Found in the Carpathic mountains. basalticum. Compofed of mica, and eledlrical Ihorl, jinon. cbem. annaU 1785. 2. />. 23. Found in the Salisburg and Tyrole/e valleys. glanduksvm Compofed of mica, and garnets. Fichtel Karpath. p. 246. 287. Found in the Carpathic mountains. VOL. VII. — A a 186 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i. Porphyrius. durum. Compofed of mica, garnets, and quartz. Fichtel Karpath. p, 246. 287. Found in the C arp at h ic mownUxm. ^ fuartiosutiu Compofed of garnets, and quartz. Fichtel Karpath. /. 246. 287. -^ Found in the Carpathic mountains. micanst Compofed of fliining marble, and mica. 1. Golden mica fcattered among the marble. Avanturino. Broch, miner . JictL 2, Green mica dilpofed in ftrata. Marmo Cipolino. Freber, Br. a. Welfchl.p. 251. Found detached in Sicily in a cave on mount Caputo, thefecond variety in Greece : probably not of this j^enus. 61. PORPHYRIUS. Confifting ofdiftlna cryftals of another genus imbedded in a connpa6l hard- ened pafte: maffive, varying extreiiiely in age, duration, hardnefs, and colour. A. Talcofe. talceiut* Confifting of talc, and cryftals of quartz imbedded. Storr Alpenr. 2. p. 280. Found in the valley Tellina near Clavemamf of a filvery colour. penderosus, Confifting of talc, and common barytes. Storr Alpenr. 2. p. 266. Found in the valley Tellitia near Caflion, of a dull greeniih colour, rhteticus. Confifting of talc, barytes, and fpar. Storr Alpenr. 2. p. 209. Found on mount D^fpin in the country of the Grifons^ of a fea- green or white colour. B. JVilh a Jerpent'ine bafe. arenariui. Compofed of ferpentine, and lefter cryftals of quartz im- bedded. Saxum ferpentinum. Herrm. Ural, Erz. 2. /. 321. Freber. Br. a. Welfchland. z^. p. ^6'}. Found in the eaftern part of the Ural mountains of Siberia, the interior mountains of Au/lria, and other parts of the con;i- nent: hard, forming rocks and the greater parts of mountains, and is foxneiinies enriched with fmall particles cf mica. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i. Porphyrius. 187 acicularh. Confifting of ferpentine, and fmall fpicules of fhorl im- bedded. Ophiter. Born, ind./ofs. I./. 148? Saufur. it. alp. 1. p. 105. 2. Whh the cryllals of fhorl decuflating each other. found near SaJLa in the Temejian mountains, near Sckemniz in the Hungarian ones, and detached near Geneva; of an olive, blueifh, or grey colour. granatinus. Confifting of ferpentine, and garnets. Char pent, geofr. churf. p 1 79. Found near T^oebliz, in Saxony. ipuriui. Compofed of ferpentine, fpar, and mica. Freber. Br. auf. U^el/chl J9. />. 334- Found in the mountains of TuJ'rany, forming horizontal ftrata ; green, the fpar white, the mica ill very ^greenifli and teffular. Granitone, Compofed of ferpentine, and feldfpar. Freber. Br. auj. Welfchl. 19. p. 334. Found in the mountains of Tu/cany, green with imbedded prilms of white feldfpar, with fometimes a little filvery-green mica: 'n frequently cut into mill and grindftones. micaceus. Compofed of ferpentine and foliations of mica. Charpent. geogr, churf, p. 178. Freber Br. auf. Welfcb. 19. p. 332, SauJJur. it. alp. i. P. 135. 2. Filled with nidules of variable gold mi(:a in parallel and llraight foliations. Trebra Erfarh. v. inn, J. Geb. /. 9". Schrat. a. Litter at. d. natur, 4. ^, 232. Herrmann Ural Erzg. 2. p. 323. Found near Impruneta and Prato in the mountains of Tw/ffltfy, near Bocchatia and the va!ley bounding Polze'vera in the Genoa mountains, and nsaT Zoebliz in Saxony, the fecond variety in the Hercynian and Siberian mountains. asbestinus, Compofed of ferpentine, and fibres of afbeftus with a iilky luftre. Freber Br. auf. Weljchland . 1 9. p. 332. Charpent, geogr, Churf, p. 178. Found in the mountains of Saxony^ Franconia, Hercynia, and Tufcany, ferrifett Compofed of ferpentine, and cryftals of iron. Saufjfur. it. alp. I . p. 79. Charpent, _ geogr, Churf. p, 179. A a 2 i8S EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i, Porphyrius. heheticus> alfinus. mtcans. hicolo. spicuUtus* Freher Br» auf. Wel/chl. 23. p. 377. Found in the mountains of Saxony near Zoebliz, and Piedmont near Fenejlrtlla^ detached near Qene'va, C. With a baje of Amarus. Confifting of amarus, and hornblend, Hoepftis ma^4 helu. natur, i. p. 279. Found in the S. 279. Found in the mountains of Sivitzerland. Confifting of amarus, and garnets. Hoepfn. mag. helv. natur. \. p. 279. Found in the mountains of Svuitzerlando Confifting of amarus, and fhorl. Hoepfn. mag. helv, natur, I. tab. 2. ■ Found in the mountains of Switzerland. calcar Macigno, D. With a calcareous bafe. Compofed of limeftone, and cryftals of quartz imbedded. Found in the conflux of the circles of Germany, of a flaty texture. Compofed of indura,ted marl, and the greater part mica. Freber Br. a, Welfchl, 7. p. 96. 19. p. 324. Found near Fiefch in Tufcany: colour grey, fometimes verging to yellowifh or blueifh, the latter of which grows black and moulders in the air ; it is difpofed in horizontal ftrata, the lower of which are harder, »uttriacusi Compofed of indurated marl, and ftiorl. Born, ind.fofi, I, p. 34. Found near Travinjlein in AuUria. E. With an argillaceous bafe, granitoides* Confifting of alumina, and the greater part feldfpar. Granit, porphyr. Nofe orogr, p. 106. no. in. Found on the banks of the lower Rhine, and near Altenburg in Saxony: it eafily moulders in the air, and has fometimes a fmall portion of quartz or mica. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i. Porphynus. 189 tramylva' nicus . franaticus. Compofcd of alumina, feldfpar, garnets, and a very fma 11 portion of quartz. Karjien Leske jit literal 2. ^'.24. Found \\':.\x VVittelJhwg in the province oi HeJJ'e, fotiarius, Compofed of alumina, and cryftals of quartz, Zechllein. C'arpenl. geogr. Churf p 149. Cottenft.in, Laftus harxgeh. i . />. 255, 2. n, 78, Mer^elllein. Schult. hamh. mag. /. 33. Clay Porphyry. Tkomfon chem.. ^, p 133. Found on the banks of the Rhine, in Saxony and other plsces : it has fometimes a few particles of ft-ldfpar mixed with it, which mouldering away, leaves it full ofnoilows. metallifer. Compofed of alumina, quartz and other cryftals. Saxum metalliferuni. Bom. ind foJJ. i.p. 154, 155. Found in the T^rc/f/^ mountains, thole of Hungary, Bohemia, z-nd Tranjyl'vania, and is rich in metallic veins: colour wiiitc, whitini, grey, or bluinfli : in its comppfirion is ahvay- alu- mina and quarz, and foinetinicj fcldfpjr, a^'Unotc, iu.inl. lend, mica, or lithomarg. Compofed of alumina, and cryftais of piica. Karsten LeJLe jnineral. 2. p 24. Found near Felfobanga in Trunfylvania, Z)f//i^/«fl/w Compofed of alumina, iliorl, and afbeftus. Hoffmann Berg, jfourn.. 1788. },p^j. Found near Bourg d' Oi/Jeau in Dtfuphigny ; the alunriina impreg- nated with ox\de of iron ; the fhori of two kind?, one glaify, the other contaminated with ochre of iron : femitranfparent, hard, comp6(5>, grey, a little fhining iniernally, brcal^ing into fragments with acute angles, in the form of very thin 4- fided tables cylindrically excavated at the fuics and again ag. gregate into tables. spadiceus. Compofed of alumina, and garnets. Heffmann Berg.jfuurn. J788. I. p. 246, Found near Schneehurg in Saxony, where it form? a vaft llrntum under the foil, and is added to the flux of mineral furnaces: the alumina is rich in oxyde of iron, and the. g,arnets aPQ brownifh red. (blcrogra- Compofed of alumina, and chlorogranates^ naticus. Found nzd^x Ibenjiock in Saxony, F. f'Fith a bajaltic hafe. antiquus. Confifting of trap, and feldfpar. Cronjl. mineral, fcct. 265. Porfido verde, Fnher Br.WeljchU 16,/', 265. 190 $innitanst Anglia* (tcerosus. fjuamosus. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 61. Porphyrius. Trap Porphyry. Kirnuati miner, i. /- 355. Found r : the trap green, the cryftals of fcldfpar white and varied with black cryltals of fhorl. Confifting of trap, and fpicules of fhorl. Saxum corneo. Wall. Jy it. min.. i.p, 410, n. 12, Found in S^edJlyWeHrogoth; when placed on the point of the finger and ftruck with- a hard body, it makes a ringing noife. Compofed of trap, and cryftals of quartz. Row'ey rag With. Phil Iran/. 70. /. 2. », 20.' Turilite. A/rivan miner, i, p. zzg. Found in various parts of England, and has been before defcrib- ed in p. 127 of this work, as a variety of Trap, Confifting of trap, and minute cryftals of hornblend im- bedded. Corneus trapezius. Wall.fyli. \ . p. 362. «. 4. f. Found in the mountains of Hunueburg, Kinnektdle, and Stolberg in S^veden; dull grey or blackifli, Confifting of trap, and mica. Corneus trapezius. Waller fyH. \. p, 363. n, 4. g. Found in the mountains of Siueden, ' famelksus. Confifting of wacke, and hornblend. Karfi. ?nag. helv, natur. ^,p. 234. Wacken Porphyry. Kirivan mineral, j. p. 355. Found in Saxony, yellowiih, greyifh, or Ijvcr-brown, fpatojui. Confifting of wacke, and calcareous fpar. Karll, mag. hel-v. natur. 3. p. 234. Found in Saxony and Bohemia, and even at Frankfort on the Maine- ^ nigerrimusf Confifting of black wacke, and black cryftals of mica. Widenman mag. helv. nainr. 4. p. ig6, 197. Werner Eergm.Journ. 1728. 2. p. 853, Found in the mountain Schneeburg and others in Saxony ^ and near Joachimoihal in Bohemia. agyptius, Confifting of bafalt, and hornblend. Werner Bergm. Journ» 1788. 2. p. 853. 1. The cryftals of hornblend deep black, very fmall, and very firmly imbedded. 2. With larger and greenifti fpots ot hornblend. Pictra nefritica. Freber Br. Wel/chU l6./. 274. pound in Egypt. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i. Porphyrius. 191 hoiaUicus, Confifting of bafait, and fclpfpar, with fometimes a few particles of quartz and mica interfperfed. Treber Br. auf.WelJchL l6. p, 274. Found , and is fometimes found among the ancient monu- ments of Rome. Pediculariu Confifting of bafalt, and cryilals of granatine fliorl. Freber Br. auf. Weljchl. 16 p. 272. 274. Found here and there among the ancient monuments oi Rome^ with frequently a fmall mixture of horn blend or fhorl : the cryftals of Ihorl are fometimes fo fmall as hardly to exceed in. magnitude the point of a needle, fuUent'ts, Confifting of bafalt, and garnets. Found in the mountain Bferdekopf in the bifhopric ot FuUa. aliviaus. Confifting of bafalt, and olivine. Gioeni litolog. Vefwv. p. <)0. Found round Vefwvius^ and fometimes contains a few garnets. G. With the baje of lava. vukanicut, Compofed of lava, and hornblend. Freber Br. a. Welj'chl. i\, p. 178. Found in moft volcanic mountains. 9ceUatus, Compofed of lava, and cryftals of granatine fhorl. Gioeni litclog. Vefwv. p. 97—100. 102, 103. 109. 123. Freber Br, a. Welfch. II. p. 1 76, 178, 1 79, Found round Vefunjius, black, grey, or red : fometimes con- taining genuine Ihorl, or mica, rarely feldfpar or garnets. hacillaris. Compofed of lava, and 6-fided prifms of genuine fhorl. Gioeni litolog. Fe/wv. p. 92-- 100. Freber Br. a. Welfchl. 1 i. />. 167. 177--179. Found near Vefwvius and in the Marchefas iflands; black, grey, or red : the cryftals of ftiorl are fometimes very obtufe-angled, thinner or thicker, black, white, blue or green of various fhades, fometimes mixed with cryftals of aftinote, garnet, or granatine ftiorl. nitiJului, Compofed of lava, and mica. Gioem litolog. Vefwv. p. 89. 102. I 18. Found in volcanic mountains, and frequently containing cryftals of granatine or genuine fhorl, or garnet^^, or both. decipiens. Compofed of lava, and feldfpar. Gioeni litolog. Vejwv. p. 123. Dolomieu mem.et caal. p. 8. Found in Sicily and i-und Vefu-vius, generally including fomc hornbicnd, rartly micA or ftiorl. 192 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i. Porphyrius. H. fFlth a bafe of pitch. ficeus. Compofed of pitch, fcldfpar, and quartz. Hoffmann Berg, yourn. I 788. 2. /. 491. Pitchltone Porphyry, Thomloii. \. p \iy Kivwan. 1.^.351, Found r.ear Mifena in Saxony, forming entire mountains altera nating with mountains of porphyry and clay, in horizODtzl ftrata ; colour black, green, brown, erred, 1 . tVith a hcje of chert or hornflone. ich'jtosufi, Conufting of hornftone and feldfpar, of a (iaty texture. Hornichiefer. Charpent. geogr. chwf. p. 21. 24, 25. 28. Porphyrfchiefer. Werner clajjif, p. li. fe3. 1 1. Hornporphyr. Nofe orogr, \. p.'j. Horn porphyry. Kirvjun mineral. I. />. 352. Found common in Bohemia., Luface, and in the bifliopric of Fulda, rarely containing ores of meial : colour generally grey, rare'y black, and often marked with arborefcent ramifications: in Italy it approaches to a bafalt, and melts in the fire to a yellowifh glafs, but nor fo eafily as bafalt : the chert and feldfpar are mixed in various proportion^, to which is fome- timcs added hornblend, rarely mica, garnets or fpar, very rarely veins of marble. 0 ■wthM. Confifting of hornflone and feldfpar, of a fpHntery tex- ture. Kfirsten LeJIce miner ah 2. p. 25. HorniloAe porphyry. Thomjf. chem. 4. p. 133. Kirnuan 1. 351* 1. Of a texture approaching to conchoidal. Hornlleinporphyr. Nofe orogr. \, p. \6. 2. The feldfpar very intimately and finely intermixed. Hornquartz porphyr. Nofe orogr. i. /, 16. Hornartiger Trapp. La/tus Beob.Har^. p.ty. Il2,8cc. $♦ With particles of jafper added to the chert and feldfpar. Hornartiger Porphyr. Nofe orogr. i. p. 16. 4. With quartz added to the chert and feldfpar. Karden Lefke miner ul. 2. p. 27, 5. With hornblend added to the chert and feldfpar. Karjien Lejke mineral. 2. p. 27. Found in various proportions of conftituent parts and colours, Id the mountains of lower Italy, Hungary^ Bohemia., Lufacty Saxony, Carinthia, the boundaries of the lower Rhine and Denmark, frequently exhibiting particles of hornblend, mica and fliorl. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6i. Porphyrius. 193 durlssimus. Confining of homflonc, and quartz. Kartien I. ejke mineral. I. /. 1 10. Found in the Tyrokfe mountains. tricolor. Confiftins; bf hornftone, quartz, and garnets. KarJIen Lejke mifteral. z. p. 27. Found in Hungary. corneusi Confifting of hornftone, quartz, and hornblend. Karsten Lcjke mineral. 2. p. 27. Found in Bohemia and Saxony. rcchlizensis. Confifting of hornftone, quartz, and mica. Karllen LeJke mineral. I. p. lOg, Found in Saxony, oi a perlaceous reddifh colour. inequalis* Confifting of hornftone, and mica. Hoepfn. mag. htln), natur. 1. p. 278. Found in the mountains of S'vuitzerland* scoriae baryticus. specaceus. radians. genuinus. Confifting of hornftone, and ftiorl. Hoe^f.mag.bel'v. natur. \, p. 278. Storr Alpenr. 2. p. 231, 265. Found in the mountains of Sixifzerland, and thofe in the coun- try of the Gri/ons. Confifting of hornftone, and barytes. Storr Jlpen^m 2, ^.231. Found in the mountain Mufchelhorn, in the country of the Grijons on the alps. Confifting of hornftone, and fpar. Hoepfn- mag. helv. natur. \.p. 278. , Storr Alpenr. 2. p. 266. Found in the mount-ninsof Swtzerland. Confifting of hornftone, and aftinote.^ Kar/ien LeJke mineral. \. p. 1 09. Found near Sahlberg in S♦ 139. Striped Jafper. Kirivan miner. \. p. 312. Jafper Agate. Jamei/vn mtuer. i. p. 242. 2. Compofed of fragments angularly cruftofe. Vertungfachat. Ku-jhn Lejke miner. 1. i.;3. 3. With figures refembling landfcapes. Landfchard'achat. KurRen Lejke jnir.er. I. p. 145. 4. Tn p?in:ed annulstions of diflerent colom-s. Ringachat. KartlenLeJle 7niner. 1. />. 143. 5. With figures refembling niof"!. Mocfachat. Kurjien hcjke miner- \. p. 145. 6. With fijjures reiemb'ing ilellar dots. Sternaclut. Karllen Leske miner. I. p. 146. Found in infinite varieties of proportion and d ftribution of pa.ts, tinge of co!our5, hardneis and lultre, in Britain^ Ceylcn, and moll parts ot Europe, lometimes detached, fometimes im- bedded in clay, rarely in veins or a ftsladtitical form, and is II fed for rings, ornaments, and the decoration of nobler edifices. 62, AMYGDALITES. Confiding of various rounded or tlliptical (iones of different fizcs, imbedded together, and forming an irregular mafs ; occurring principally in mountains of a later date, and generally mouldering when ex- pofcd to the air. jilmond-ftone. .A. With a taJcoje bafe. rhaticus. ConfifUng of fleatite, and hornftone. Storr Alpenr. 2. p. 214. Found m De/piner /lip in thecounrry of the Gri/ons, pale green, the hornftone grey. fumacum. Compofed ot fteatlte, and bar} tes. Giillein. Storr Alper.r. 2. p. 51, 52. Found in the valley Ur/exen, where the inhabitants, after cut- ting it into thick plates, make kilns of it: colour greenifh- grey, the baryte-s grey and rough witn prominent glandules : it is not eafily turned into vafes, and becomes full of cracks in the fire, unlefs it be expofed to it in fufHcienily larg^ plates. B b 2 196 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 62, Amygdalites. glandulosus, Compofcd of ferpentine or marble, and fpar. Found in hah, and near Schvjarzenburg in Saxony. Joomogeneus. Compofed of ferpentine, and pot-ftone. Found near Zoelig in Saxony. leucocbloroi, Compofed of ferpentine, and quartz. Found near Sala in Snx'eden, of a whitifli-grecn colour, granaticus, Compofed of afbeft, and garnet. Born, ind.fofs. I. />• 32, Found in the Tyrdkfe mountains and Lapland, with iometimes 4 fmall mixture of mica. B. fVith a calcareous haje. Ophites. Confifting of marble, and ferpentine. Saxum coinpofitum, &c. Crond. mineral. /e&. zo<^. \, 1--3. Hornblende Porphyry. Kirivan mmr. 1. p, 354? Found in Siveden, j/aly, aud the fouth of Africa, generally white, the ferpentine green or black. hstruricust Confiding of macigno and ferpentine, with glandules of marble or alumina. Freber Br. auf. Weljchl. i g. /i. 324. Found in Tufcany near Fiejoli, C. With an argillacous bafs. /rm;^mKx. Conipofed of alumina, and quartz. Saxum lapillis. Syst. nut. xii. i.p. 80. ». 37 ? Found in SiMeden. aibettiuus. Compofed of alumina, afbeft, and garnets. Freber Beytr. Bohem. mineral. />. 5I« Found near Orpcs in Bohemia^ containing a vein of iron ore, with fometimes a little Ihorl, wolfram, mica, or hornblend. lamellosus, Compofed of alumina, hornblend, and fpar. Fonnd near Schneeburg in Saxony. camentari- Compofed of tarras, and lavas. us. Found in various parts of Italy. Wacca, Compofed of wacke, and fpar. Karjien mag. Helv. natur. 3. p. 234, &c» Found frequently in Saxony, scrdidus, Compofed of wacke, and quartz. Werner chem. nnnal. 1789. I. p. 131. Found near Joachimthal in Bohemia, EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 62. Amygdalites. 19; iirpcntiims. Compofcd of trap, and ferpentine. Found !n the rtratified mountains of Italy and Sikfia: the trap moil commonly brown, the terpentine dull green: the no- dules very much relcmyc fruir, or elliptical or globiilic ieeds. itcatiticHs. Compofed of trap, and ftcatite. Found in the dutchy or Bipcntium and Frauconia. du'es are larger or Icf'', and more or lets ihicjily difperfed through the mafs which is ;'-"d, brown, screen, grey, or black: there is likewife often an admixture of mica, green alumuiu, or feldfpar. grpseus, Compofed of trap, and felenite. tound in the dutchy of Bipontiujn. -variolosus. Compofed of trap, and liihomarg. Karlten Lfjke mineral. 2. p, 38. Fouiid in Bohemia and Saxony, the lithomarg white. aruginosus. Compofed of trap, and green alurnina. Fi.und in the va'c mount.iins near Brnmmey in Bohem'a, near Zn.vicka'w in Saxony, and near ILefeld in tiercynia ; the trap uioiijy bro>vn. zeolithicus. Compofed of trap, and globules of zeolite. Found in the dutchy of bipontium. iuberosus, Compofed of trap, and glandules of quartz. Found near Frankfort on the Maine. chihtdoni-' Compofed of trap, and chalcedony. us. Found near Frankfort on the Maine: the chalcedony h fre- quently in a bocryoidal form, and fometiines pellucid like glafs, or rcfembling opal, (hloroitiSlos Compofed of columnar bafalt, and fteatite. Found in bafaliic itrrta on the lower Rhine, and near Goetti-ngen:. the glandules ot Iteatitc are greenifh, fparingly fcatt<;red, aad the bafalt black. 198 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 62. Amygdalites. ipatosus. Compofed of columnar bafalt, and fpar. Found in the bafahic mouutainsof HeJJe^ marjnorguu Compofed of Columnar bafalt, and glandules of marble. Freber Br. V/elfchl. p. 280. Found near Radicofani in Italy, argillciui. Compofed of columnar bafalt, and glandules of alumina. Found in the bafaltic mountains of the (outh of fr^wc^. radians. Compofed of columnar bafalt, and glandules of zeolite which are Uellate in a radiate manner. Found in the balaltic mountains of the louth of France, Hejfe^ and Lufacc. fueus^ Compofed of columnar bafalt, and pitch. Found in the bafaltic mountams in the neighbourhood oi Goet- tingen, oli-vifius. Compofed of columnar bafalt, and olivine. Found in the bafiltic mountains of the fouth of France, Hejfe^ Fravconia^ Saxony, Lu/ace, and Bohemia. durvi^ Compofed of columnar bafalt, and glandules of quartz. Freher. Br. auf. JVeifchl, p. 274, Found in Italy. granitoidis. Compofed of columnar bafalt, and glandules of granite. Freber Br. auf. Weljchl p, 273. Found in Italy and the louth oi Frame. ferrfer. Compofed of columnar bafalt, and fpatofe iron ftonc. Found in tne balakic mountams in the neighbourhood of the Maine. hrecciaius» Compofed of lava, and glandules of marble. Frde^'.Br. a. Welfchland. 14 f 226. 18. /. 312. Found in the volcanic mountains of Italy^ and in detached pjec« near the rivers. urgillateusy Compofed of lava, and glandules of alumina. Found in the fouthern and middle parts of Italy. schiitiferus, Compofed of lava, and lumps of fhift. Found in Sicily, and the neighbouring iflands, albo-macn- Compofed of lava, and glandules of zeolite. latus. Found in Sicily. gemmifer* Compofed of lava, and olivine. Freber Br, auf. Vf'eljchl. i 1. /, 173. Found frecjuently at the bale of Vejuvius. EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 62. Amygdalites. 199 pyremacus. Compofed of lava, and glandules of flint. Found at the bale of Vejuvius. iiKsmpicuus Compofed of lava, and glandules of garnets. Found in Sicily. achatoides. Compofed of lava, and chalcedony. Found in Iceland, ferruginosut Compofed of lava, and iron ore. Found in Iceland, D. Tl'lth ajiliceous hafe» Margodet, Confiding of hornftone, and glandules of marl. SauJJ'ure Voyage dam Us Alpti. I p. 14I. Found near Geneva, in detached pieces. nmilaris. Confiding of homftone, and glandules of clay. Found near Pziiram in Bohemia, and in the mines of Saxenj and Biponthtm. jemitcus. Confiding of hornftone, and glandules of zeolite. Born, ind.frfs. I. />. 47. Found near Jemtia in Siueden, quartzifer. Confiding of horndone, and glandules of quartz. Charpent. geogr. Chtirf. p.z^O, Found near Schneebwrg and 'Johanngeorgenjiadt in Saxony. Cronstedtii. Confiding of jafper, fpar, and glandules of ferpentinc. Saxum baC jafpidca. Cronli. mineral, feci. 266. Saxum glindulofum. WalLfyll. I. p. 2^^. ?i. 17.0, Born, ind.fofs. I- p. I 5 I. Found near Moj's \n Kortway, and near Ziuickaiv in Saxony: red, with the glandules variegated white and green, albo-gutta' Confiding of jafper, and glandules of fpar. tus. Born, ittd foJ)\ I. p. 152, Found near Stitz in Bohemia, of a grey-green colour. albo-fuicus. Confiding of jafper, and lithomarg. Born ird. fofs. I. p. 1 46. Found near Bukuu in Bohemia, einereus. Confiding of jafper, and -zeolite. Born. jnd. fofs. i . p. 151. Found in hdla, belveucuu Confiding of jafper, and amarus. Hoetfv. mn^az. Hel'v. natur. i . p. 278. Found in the aiouMains of S-wifzerloiid. ioo EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 6^, Breccia; sibiricus. Confining of jafper, and qunrtz. Sr.xum jafpideiim. S\st. nat. xii. 3.^. 78. Found near the river Ural in Siberia, hear Brefchia in Italyt near Ztuttgard in Wirtemberg, and in Saxony. yasponyx. Confifting of jafper, and onyx. Found rarely in Saxony, the Palatinate, and in the dutchy of Biponiium. alho-'viridis Confifting of quartz, and ferpentine. Found near Sahla in Sixeden. tricolor. Confining of quartz, and red and black gypfum. Born, ind./lft. i. p 86. Found near Marienberg in Saxony, and is a matrix for tin ore. 63. BRECCIA. Confifting of fragrrents of ftoncs, generally of a rounded form, congliuinated by an earthy or metallic cement: found only in mountains of a more recent date, Pudding fione, A. With a talcoje cement. Hrpeniina, Confifting of fmaller fragments of ferpentine, conglutinated by indurated micaceous marL Found in Piedmont. B. With a calcareous cement. cakarioi. Confifting of fragments of common marble, coriglutinatei by Ciilcareous earth. Fou»)d every where in valleys bounded by mountains of lime* ftone. marmorea. Confifting of fragments of fine marble, conglutinated by calcareous earth. Marmo brecciaio. Cronst. miner. fc8. 26^, i. i. Found in Italy, variegated, and admitting a very high poli{h<- LumachcUa Confifting of ftiells, corals, or their fragments, congluti- nated by calcareous earth. Lumachella, Cronst . viiner. j'cd. 269, I. 2. Freber Br. auf. WetJchL 16. ^. 257. Found in hay, Norio::y, Siveden, Germany, &c. is often finely variegated, and admits a high polifli. sihistosa. Confifting of fragments of fhift, conglutinated by brown alumina. vSaxum iciiiftorum. Waller fyfl. i. p. 430. Found in Wejirogoth and Huunnburgt EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 63. Breccia. 201 C. IVith an argillaceous cement. argillosa. Confiding of fragments of trap, cemented by jafper. Born, ind.fvls. l. /. 156. Found in A'(?mi'<7)'. hamltina. Confiding of fragments of columnar bafalt, conglutinated by alumina. l^ofe orogr. \. ^, 1 63. Found on the banks of the lower Rhine, and in the mountain* Hojiiinrberg and Woljberge. lavina. Confifting of fragments of lava, conglutinated by calca- reous earth. Ciccrchina. Yrebsr Br. a. Wdfchl. 7. p. 96. Found in Italy, near Fiefoli in lujcany, and is ufed for the pur- pofe ot polifhing marble. D. With aftliceous cement. Mvetica, Confifting of fragments of hornftone, agglutinated by marl. Nagelfluh. Nagelfels. Andrea Br. a. d.fcbw. p. 36, Sec. Found princfially in the fouthern and weftern parts of ^'w/Vz^r- land, ibmetimes in detached pieces, fomecimes in rocks and large mafi'es, and is ufed as a material for buildings : it does not admit a poUlh, and has frequently the vclliges of animal xelics impreffcd upon it, as fharks' teeth, Sec, cornea. Confifting of fragments of hornftone, conglutinated by alumina. Bern, ind.fofs. I. p, I 56. Found near Idria in CarnioU, and near Schueehurg in Saxsfiy; in the latter place at has fome portions of fpar. mixta, Coniifting of fragments of hornftone and quartz, conglu- tinated by calcareous earth. Found near Anneberg in Saxony. silicina, Confifting of fragments of hornftone, flint, and quartz, conglutinated by a cement of jafper. Saxum iiliribus. Syfl. nat. xii. 3. p. 80. ». 39. Saxum rjliceum. Wall. Jy it. i. p.dfZ'i. ?/. 5. (^artzofe Pudding-llone, So-juerby Brit, min, t. 9». Pudding Stone. KiriK an mineral. I. p. 360, , Puddingitone. SchmeiJJer miner. \. ^.329. Found in Britain, particularly in Here for djhire, and Bohemia: the pebbles are often variegated, and the cement grey or tawny: 11 receives a fine pni.fli, VOL. VII. — C c 202 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 63. Breccia. frutkulosa^ Compofed of yellow fragments of hornftone, marked with black and red (hrnb-like ramifications. Pietra fruticulofa. Freber Br. a. Weljchl, ib. />. 259. Found in the Ea/}. eegyptia. Compofed of agglutinated fragments of green hornftone. Breccia vcrde. Freber Br. a H-'elfchl. 16. j>. 259. Fownd in Egypt, and receives hardly any polilli : the green colour of the Ir.iginenis is clearer or darker, and u is often mixed with fr«gmer;ts of graniie. cuprifcra. Confiding of fragmrnts of hornftone and quartz, conglu- tinated by copper ore. Cronli. mius feSi. 275. 3. I. I. Found in Siberia, often fo rich in copper as to be worked with great profit. jaipidea* Compofed of fragments of jafper, with a jafper cement. Saxiun Jafpidis. Cronfi. min. JeB. 270. Saxum jafpideum. Wall.jyft.i,p.j\.zcj, Found near Frejus in Provence, quartzosa. Compofed of fragments of quartz, with a cement of quartz. Saxum^ quartzos. Cronfi. min. fed, 270. Saxum quartzofum. Wall, jyfi, i. p. 428. n. 4, Found in Jemtia and Smoland in S'vjeden. glandulosa. Compofed of fragments of quartz, with a cementof fand- Itone. Saxum cotaceura. Sy(l. nat. xii, 3. p, 73. », 8, Sax. arenario-filic, WalLjyfi, i. p. \zj. n, ^. 2. Cos tigrina. Syst, nut* xii, 3. p. 62. ». 4, Found in Snueden, Normandy, and near Goettingen in Germany, indetermi- Compofed of the fragments of various fimple ftones, with ». 15. ». I 9, 1 6. Found in the mountains oi^buringia and Heffe, under llrata of bituminous marl. 64. ARE>JARIUS. Confifting of grains of fand cemented together : occurring in ftratified nnoun- tains, and forming entire flrata, rocks, hills, or mounrains : generally of a common form, and breaking into indeterminate fragments. Saudjlone. A. Sivipier, ivith a filiceous cement. ftxilis. Elaftic, hard, apyrous, in fomewhat fcaly particles. Cos Hcxiiij. ijafsend. --vit. Rciefc. 1765. p. 155. Elallifrher Stein. Bruchm. chem. ann. 1784. 2. />. 441. Crell chem. ami. 1785 2. p. 479. Found in BrafA: of a hoary colour, rough, and not effervefcing with acids : in larger pieces it luay be eafily bent backwards and forwards, when it returns into its former poiition with a ..fniall fpring and a ni'^ht decree of crackling noife : in a white heat it does not lofc the leail quantity of its weight, nor as far as rcfpeds i.s fmaller particles, oi its traniparcncy. Avanturino Hard, taking a fine fhining polifh, confiding of tawny grains unequally tinged. Daubenton ASl. Par. 1781. p. I--7. AvHnturinc. SchmeiJJer mineral, i, />. 114. Found in Britain, Spain, Bohemia, and Saxony- Cos. Hardilli, brittle, not taking a poliHi, confifting of leirer equal grains. Grindjione. Cos Cotaria. ^v/?. nat. xii. 3, p. 61. «. I. Cos arenacea. Wall, fifi.x . p. 190. Sanditone. SchmeiJJ'er mineral, i. ^.324. Siliceous fandftone. Kirzvan. miner, i, p. 364. Sandilione. Thmjbn chem,\. p. \^o. C c 2 204 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 64. Arenarius. Found in Britaih and various parts o^ Europe, of a rufou?, yel- lawifh, white, or grey colour; fbmdtiiv.es mixed wilii parti- cles of mica, or containing veftiges of fhelis ; i: is cliiefly ufed for grindftones. fcythe-ftunes, and buildings, and is fup- pofed to produce ccnfumption in thofe who inhale its fine dully particles. toagmenta- Porous, not filtering water, confiliing of rather larger tuf, tranfparent grains. Cos coagmentata. Si)'st, nat. xii, 3. /. 63. «. 9, Siliceous fandftone. Soiuerby Brit, min, t, 49, 50. . Found in various parts of Europe, and is more or lefs porous, with rigid tranfparent grains. foramitu- Lightifh, irregularly pitted, filtering v/ater, confifting of lentus. fmaller grains. Cos partic. arenof. Wall. Cyst. 1. /. igS. n. 9. Found in Mgermannia, where it is uied for buildings. Filtrum^ Hard, filtering water, confirting of larger equal grains. Filter! ng-Ji one. Cos partic. arcnac. Syst. nat. xii. 3. /*. 63. «. 10, Cos aqua m tranfmittens. Wall.Jyst. i. p. 197. «.8. Found in the Canaries, an the ihores of Ne-iv Spain, in Saxony and Bohemia, generally grey with pellucid angular grains. Its chief ufe is to render fait waters fvveet, or turbid ones clear, fundamen- Hardifh, confifting of unequal, angular, opake, larger *^"^* grains. Cos. partic. angulof. Syll. nat. xii. 3. p. 64.^; l6. Cos. partic. arenof. Wall, ff ft. \. p. 195. k, 6. Found in Britain, particularly in Denjonjfnre and ChepAre, in Snveden and other parts ; rigid to the touch, difficult to be cut into pieces, falling into fand in a Imall degree oF heat : colour white, grey, greenilh, brown, red, oryellowifh; it is rather folid, and when cut horizontally is ufcd for the foundation of buildings: B. f^yith a calcareous cement. frystallinus. Hard, grey, in aegregate rhombic cryftals united by a cement of fpar. Lajfone AS. Far, 1777. /, 43. Hacq.fchr. berl, naturf. z. /. 142. Freber bemerk. in neuf. bet. i£c. />. 51. Found in feveral parts of France, and contains about 5 parts of fand to 3 of fpar. EARTHS. AGGREGATE, 64. Arer.arius. 205 ttillatltms. Hard, grey, in the form of a ftala6lite. Lnficne AH. Par. 1777. /., 43. Found near Fontairbleau in France. margarita- Confifting of tranfpnrent unequal grains, united by a ce^ rius. mcnt of white clialk. Saxum quart^ofuni. Syft. vat. xii. 3. p. 74. Found in Nericia in SiueJen. Helena, Friable, confifting of black and grey grains united by a cement of white chalk. Saxum cnlcareo-arer.of. SvJ}. nat. xii. 3. p- 73 «. 7. Found in St. Helen i: friable, and exhibiting when burn: a yeliowifii and fandy calx. Ui'onicus. Grey, hardening in the air, confifting of fmallcr grains cemented by white chalk. Lapis arcnaceus, 5:c. C.ran!}, tvineral. feil. 274. 2. 2. Q^.adrum albefccns. Wall.j'yfr. tnin. i. p. 152. Calcareous fandftonc. Ki>"VJat! miner. I. p. 362. Found in Li'vonia, and becomes yellovvifh when burnt. scaniats. In green tranfparent grains cemented by white marble. Cronft. miner, feci. 272. 2. I. Found near Backerskvg in Nortvay. calcarius. Grey, in leftcr grains conglutinated by a cement of chalk. Cos. panic, ghreol. Syjt . nat. xii. ^.p. 62. n 3. Calx Nepatica. It. Wgoth. 2\. Found in the mountain KinrekuUe in S-x'.xtien, forming the lowed ftratum : when made red hot ic flies to picce^ w!cn a violcn? noife. ^adrum» Hardifti, confifting of leftcr grains cpnglutinated by a ce- ment ot marl. Cos. panic, glarcof. Syjt.nat. xii. 3. p.6\. n 2. Cos. partic. inipalpab. Wall. )yft. i. />. 191. «, 4. Fcv:nd in Bntatn, Germany, itiueden, France, Sec. grey, )el- lovvifh, or reddifli, and torming horizontal cr o!;Ii',jue <;!cf c : under ground it is moilVand eafily cut, but hardens when ex^ poled to the air, and at length mouidsrs, is bibulous ahca quite dry, and fcaics off in a trolly air. It is principally uied in architecture. sulphweus, Confifting of grains conglutinated by a cement of fwinq^ ftone. Schwetelllein. Hcidinger Phyf Arb. cinir. I. 4. /. 7. Found in the fah-pits of GaUgcia, 2o6 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 64. Arenarlus. C. fVith an argillaceous cement » pcnelams. Confiding of grains conglutinated by a cement of porce- lane clay. Cos panic, arenac. Syst.nai. xii. 3. />, 64. n. 14. Lapis arenaceus. Cronfi. miner, fefi. 274. i, i. Found in a coal-pit near Boferu^ in Nor-ivay: under ground it is fof't, but hardens when expolcd to the air, and does not yaelt in the fire. Fablunensis Confifting of minute white grains, with a cement ot common rufous alumina. Saxum cotac. rufum. Syft. nat. xii, 3. p, 74. «. 11. Found at Fahhm in S'u:ecieri, where it forms the bafe of copper niines. coloratus. Confiding of fmallcr and nearly equal grains varioully tinged. Cos colorata. S\'st. nat, xii. 3. ^.64. n. 13. Found fcatteredly here and there, of a yellow, green, blue, or reddifh colour, and may probably be only a variety of A. ferruginofus. stratarius. Hard, confifting of equal tranfparent grains. Cos partic. arenac. S)/st. nat. xii. 3. p. 63. n. 12. Found almoft every where : it hardens in the air, and is fait when found under fait water. friabilis. Confifting of minute grains flightly cohering. Cos partic. friabi). «S>y?. nat. xii. 3. /. 63. n. 8, Found at Helftnglurg in Norway, fsiilii. Separable into tables or plates. • Co£ fifiilis. Syft. nat.xn. 3. p. 62, «. 7. Cos fiililis. Wall. /yst. I. p. 196. ». 7. Found \n^Britain, S'weJeit, Spain, Germany, &c. varying much in degrees of hardnefs, fize ard tranfparency of its grain?, thicknefs of the plates into, which it may be feparated, and colour, but is generally whitiih or reddifh. It may be ufed for tiling, tjnlefs it be too porous. glarc'Aus. Soft, confiftingof very minute grains. Cos glareofa. Wall. J'yst. I, p. I 88. n. 2. Found commonly \w Britain, Snueden^ and Peru: colour grey, reddifh, yellowifh, or greenifh. D, PFith a metallic oxyde fupplying the place of a cement. iimnigeniiis. Hard, confifting of grains conglutinated by a cement of a fmall quantity of oxyde of iron. Saxum lapillis, &c. Syft. uat. xii. 3. />, 80. n. 38, EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 64. Arenarius. 207 cobaltifer. cupri/er. Lapis arenac. ochra, Sec. Cronfi, min.zyj^. 4. Found in Saveden and Germany, of ?. red or yellow colour. The inhabitants near the river Haukipudas m Opobothnin, dig the fand from the bottom of the river, coliett it into heaps, and leave it for a year or two to the influence of the atmof- phere, when it becomes fo impregnated with iron that they form their hearths of it. Confiding of grains conglutinated with a larger portion of oxyde of iron. Ferruginous fandftone. Kir ^m an mineral, i.p.^bc. Sandllone, Soiverhy Brit. min. i. p. iig. /. rr. . Found in Britain and Germany, of a brownilh or ycllowifli co- lour, and is frequently imprelTed with the calls of fliells. It is fometimes fo rich in iron ore as to be worked with ad- vantage, Confifting of grains conglutinated by oxyde of cobalt. Cronft. miner, fefi, 276. 3. Found in the mines of Germany. Confifting of grains conglutinated by a cement of oxyde of copper. Cronft. miner, fe£i. zy6, 2. Found in the mines of Stheria and HeJ/e. E. More compound. griteus. Compofcd of unequal grains cemented by indurated alu- mina, with frequently fragments of quartz and Hate. Cbem. annal. 1785. z, />. 431. & 1786. 2,/». 241. Granwacke. LapMs boeb, i. p. 141. Found in the Ural mountains of Siberia, in thdfe of Saxony and other parts of the continent, in ftraia alternating with layers of Hate and iydian Ilonc, and is often rich in metallic veins : the argil is blueilh-grey tending to black ; the grains gene- rally white, rarely greenifli or red, but varying much in lize and proportion : fometimes it contains fpar, or bitumen, or the veftiges of animal or vegetoble I'ubltances, with rarely a Jiule mica. novacularis Confifting of fmaller grains mixed with mica. Saxum cotaceum. Sy/t. nat. xii. 3. />. 74. n. 12. Cos faxofa. Wall.JyJi, miner. 1. p, 193, n. 5. Wheiitone, Schmei/ser miner, i. p. 327. 2. Saxum ftenonis. Sy/t. nat. xii. 3. p. 75. n» 13, 3. Saxum undulatum. Syft, nat. xii. 3. p. j^, n. 9. Found every where in mountains and hills of land, efpecially thofe of a more tecent date ; colour reddilh, )ellowifli, ru- 2o8 EARTHS. AGGREGATE. 64. Arcnarius. fous; the mica white or black, and difpofcd longitudinally or in dots : it has generally a flaty, fomctimes an undulately fiaty texture, and may eafily be feparatcd into piates: it is found in laycFs, and when broken, has a rather glittering clayey appearance, exhibiting mollly a fine grain. mdaris. Hard, coniifting of unequal angular grains of quartz and fcldfpar interfperfed with niica. Cos particularj?, &c. Byft. nat. xii. 3. p. 64, », 15. Cos partic. major. Wall. ftjl. i. p, 199. «. 10. Mill-ilone. Schfiteiffermineral^ \. p. 328. 2. Containing garnets or cryflal'ized fhorl. Saxum mclinum. Sjji. not. xii. 3. p. 75. n. 17. Found generally through £«r^/f; is of a very hard texture, and is uied for corn -mi lis : the grains of quartz are tranfparent, generally white, and larger; thofe of the feldfpar are lefs, more opake, and grey. compaSius. Hard, cenfiHing of grains of ochre-yellow quartz and red garnets. Cos panic, arcnac. Syft, war. xii. 3. /). 63. «. 11. 2. Fiffile, and mixed with filvery mica. Saxum pundatum. Syft. nat. xii. 3. p, 78. «. 28. Found in Dalecarlia and Weftrogoth in SiAieden^ and is ufed as a coarfer kind of mill-ftone. radians. Hard, variegated with columns of black fhorl difpofed in a ftellate manner, and interfperfed with grains of purple garnets. Sax. cotac. Ilriis atris. Syjt. nat. xii. 3, p. 74, //. ^o. Found in Haveden, of a pale colour. deeussatus. Hard, reddifh-white, varied with black ereil and decuf- fating fcales of hornblend. Saxum cotaceum, occ. Syft. wa/. xii, 3. />. 75. n. 15. Found ar Killmorac in Siveden. frumentaUs. Varied with interfperfed foliations and lanceolate fpots of talc. Sax. cotaceo-talcof. Syft, Tiat. xii. 3./. 75. «. 16. Found in Gerfnany. varioiosus. White, in fmall grains, filtering water, with ferruginous perforations. Tiger-Jione. Cos partic. glareof, Sv/t. nat. xii. 3. p. 62. n. 5. Found m Neriaa and V/eftrogoth m Snxedeti : the fpots and per- ioritions originate from fmall pieces of pyrites imbedded, and which moulder into an ochraceous oxyde. [ 2G9 J CLASS 11. SALTS. 65. Natrum. Of a caurtic tafte; efFervefcing with acids. 66. Borax. Frothing in the fire, and in a ftrong heat melting into a tranfparent glafs. 67. MuRiA. Of a fait tafte, eafily foluble in water, changing nitrous acid int6 the nitromuri,- atic acid. 68. NiTRUM. Of a cool (harpifh tafte, wheh moiftened with very ftrong fulphuric acid emitting red vapours. 69. MiRABiLE* Producing liver of fulphur in a white heat with powdered charcoal : its watery folu-^ tion not rendered turbid by a mixture of carbonate of foda. 70. Amarum. Of a bitter tafte; its watery folution be- coming milky by a mixture of carbonate of foda. 71. Ai-UMEN. Of a fweetifti and very aftringent tafte: its watery folution not made turbid by pruf- fiate of foda. 72. ViTRiOLUM. Of an acid aftringent tafte : its watery fo- lution made turbid by a mixture of carbo- nate ot foda or prufliate of foda. YOL. vir. — Dd 2IO SALTS. 65. Natrum. SALTS. 6s. NATRUM. Of a cauftic tafte, cfTervefcing with acids, with oil forming foap, changing blue vegetable juices green, rendering acid lolutions of earths and metals turbid. ntiiiquorum. Inodorouj:, dry, nearly pure. Natrum nudum. Syji, nat. xii. 3. *. 88. «. i. Alcali orientale. Wall.fyst. z. p. 61. n. i. Alcali minerale. Cronft. fe£i. 131;, i. i. Soda, Mineral alkali. Schmeijfer miner . 1. /. 266. Soda. Thomjon chem. I. /1.475. . Natron, Mineral alkali. Kirnxian itiineral. 2. p. 6. Found in China, Bengal, Per/ia, Syria, Egypt, South Amenca, Denmark, S-xvitzerland, and Hungary, generally during the fpring and fummer in a ftate of whitifh efflorefcent powder, and moft ufually combined with a greater or lefs portion of earth, common fait, acid* and various fubftances : it is to- tally foluble in water, and after evaporation runs into 4-fided prifmatic cryltals terminating each fide in a needle like point, which on expofure to the air foon moulder into a fnowy im- palpable powder ; with quicklime and oil it forms foap, it eafily melts in the fire, and with filica forms glafs. acidulare» Inodorous, difTolved in water. Alcali miner, in acidulis. Wall.fyst. 1. p. 6'^. n. 2. Found in the warm and acidulous baths of Seltzer and various parts of Germany, and in the lakes between Alexandria and Rofetta. murorum. Inodorous, mixed with carbonate of lime. Natrum nudum. Syst. nat. xii. 3../1, 88. «. 2. Alcali calcarea. Wall, fy ft. 2. p. 65. k. 3. i. Aphronitum, Wolfterfd. min. 300. ' 2. Natrum marmoris. Sy/t.nat. i. /. 161. ». i. Sal calcarium. //. Oel. 147. Found in old walls cemented by lime, and fometimes in marble rocks, efflorefcing like froft, and is net totally foluble in water, 'volatile. Fetid, mixed with earths and other falts. Alcali volatile. Cronft. min./e^. 141. 2, Wall.fyft. Aphronitum fcetens. Wall. 2. p. 66. «. 1. Halinitron. Volalkali, Kirivan mineral. 2. p.Ji Found in various foils, in chalk, fwineftone, argils, and often in the natron of old walls : its odour originates in the am- monia of decayed living bodies. SALTS. 66. Borax. 2U S6. BORAX. Of a (lightly cauftic tafte; rather ponderous, lemitranfparent, fhining, inodorous, fixed: requiring a large quantity of water to diflblve ir, and the folution not rendered tuibid by a mixture of foda: frothing in the fire, and at lafl: melting into a tranfparent glafs ftill foluble in water. sfdativa. Rj^'her pure, not combined with foda Sale fcdativo naturale, lloefer Flor. 1778. 8. Found in TuJ'cany, partly diflblved in water, partly in tlie form of white or dirty-coloured fmall rounded pieces, or adhering to the mud at the bottom of fome lake, o^ China: con^bined with foda it forms a perfcdiy neutral fait caWcd fedutive /alt, which is compoied of light filvery flakes a little greafy to the touch, but hardly forming genuine cryftals : it is foluble in fpirits uf wine, to which it communicates a green colour. Tiitcah Combined with a large proportion of foda, moulderini; in the air. Borax nudus. S\/t nat xii. 3. p. 94 «. i. Bor^x crudus. WalLfjit. 2, p 82 85. « i, 2. Poun ASi. Stockh, 34- />• 3 i?- 3 iQ. P hi lof. Trail/. \~t%J. p. 298. 1789. p. 96. Borax Tincal. Kirnvan miner. 2 p 37. B">rdX Tiiikal. Schme/er mineral. 1.^.281. Sub-bort of foda. Thcmfon chem. z. p. 34.1. Found in India and Japan, in the kingdoms of Tibet and Peru, fomctimes in the fjrm of folid grains and fmall roundifli lumps forming in th;ir folution minute femitranfparent cryf- tals fomeiimes held in lolution and found in vaft maffes mixed with the mud at the bottom of the lakes after the water has been dried up: it is foluble in 12 times its weight of water at a temperature of 6c°, but of boiling water it requires only 6 : w hen diflblved and flowly evaporated it fhoots into hard tranfparent very finely tranfverfely ilriate cryftals, which are 6 or 4-fided, terminated both ways by a 3-fided pyramid: when heated it fwells, and is at firft converted into a white opai^e trothy mafs, but in a ftronger heat becomes a tranf- parent glafs : when two pieces arc flruck together in the dark, a fla{h of light is emitted : fpecilic gravity 1,740, contains acid 39, Ibda 17. water 44. Bergtnan* Dd 2 212 SALTS. 67. Murla. 67. MURIA. Of a fait tafte : eafily foluble in water and the foliition not made turbid by foda: not effervefcing with diluted acids, but effer- vefcing and emitting grey ill-favoured fufrocat- ing vapours in flrong hot fulphuric acids: changing nitrous acid into the nitiomuriatic acid. aquatUat Fixed, decrepitating when heated, of a cubic form, dif^ folved in water. 1. Held in folution in the waters of the ocean. Muria marina. Syst. nat. xii. 3. />. g8. «. i. Muria mar}na. Wall. fyji. 2. p. 55. n. 4. a, b. d, Sal marinum. Cronft, min. fe^. 1 30. 2. Held in folution in fait lakes. Muria lacullris. Cartheuf. min, 57. Sal marin. lacaum. Wall.fyJ}. z. p. 56. ». 4. c. 3. Held in folution in fait fprings. Muria fontana. Syit. nat. xii. 3. /. 98. n. 2, Murif fontana. Wall. fyji. 2. /, 57. «. 5. Sal fontanuni, Cronfi. 131, Wolderfd. min. 23. Found in the ocean, fait lakes, &c. and when evaporated gene- rally coutains from 20 to 30 per cent, of muriate of ida. vantana. Fixed, decrepitating in the fire, dry, pure, producing fulphate of foda when faturated with fulphuric acid. Muria foililis. Syft. nat. xii. 3. p. 98. n. 3. Maria foffilis. WalLfyst. z,p. ^"J,, n. \, Sal. montanum. Cronft. min. fe£l. 129. Common fak, Sal gem. Kirivan mineral. 2, p. 31. Rock fait. Schmeijjer 7mner, 2. /. 277- Muriat of foda. ^ hom/on chem. 2. />. 312. 1. Cryftallized in cubes. Sonuerby Brit. min. /« 22. 2. Of a common form. Fibrous.- Compaft. 3. In a ftalaftitical form. Found in Britain, Poland, Hungary, Spain, and various ether countries, fometimes forming vaft mafles and mountains: it is found colourlefs, and of various Ihades of grey, yellow, red, blue, or brown : it is frequently contaminated by a • -•. mixture of muriate o^ lime, muriate of magnelia, or other SALTS. 67. Muria. 2t3 earths, and may be purified by dropping into it firft a folution of carbonate of barytcs, then of carbonate of loda, as long as any prjEcipi::Ue continues to fall > then fcparate the praci- pitate by filtration, and evapor.'.te fiowly till the f^it crylbl- jizes : it is foluble in fomething lefs than three times its wcigh: of water: fpe-ific gravivy 2.120. contains jicid 52. foda 42. water of cryftalliz liun 6. Bergman. impur:i. Fixed, decrepitating in the fire, dry, producing fulphate of foda when faturated with fnlphuric acid, nu.xed with various earths. 1. Muria terra mineralis. Wall. fyH. 2. />. 54. n. 2. 2, Murialapide mir.crali?. WalLjyft.z.p^S'"-^- Muriat of alumina. Thom/on chem. 2, p- 331 . Kimi.an 2. p. 36. Found in the NeviJ HJt ni-a/ers and in the falt-piis oi Saljhur^, and is a coarfer variety of the Lift from its being much mixed wirh gvpium, common mould, clay and other earths: its taite is allringent. febrifuga. Fixed, decrepitating in the lire, forming muriate of potafs with fulphuric acid. Prouft. bfytr. 2. Cbem. ann. 3. '/>. 446. Muriated Tartarin. Salt of Sylvitw, KirnAian 2. p 50. Muriate of Potafh. Sclmeiffc- m'tmral. I. p. 278. Muriat of Potafs. Thsmfon chem. 2. p. 311. Found in the environs of l/'adridy and in fome mineral waters in 'Normandy: it h«s a difigreeablc bitteiifh talle, and when diflblved and cryllallized forms cubes which are often irre- gular: it was formerly known in tt;e (hops by the name of febrifuge or digeft'fve full : fpccific gravity i,. 378. Muriat cf Ammonia, Tkamfou chem. 2. p. 324, Common Sal ammoniac. Berkenhout Outl. 1. ^. 253. 1. Concrete in flowers or thin layers. Wall.fyst vtin. 2. p. 77. n. l. 2. Concrete in I'mall compact maiTcj. IVall. fft. min. %. p. 7S. ;;. 2. Found in coal-pits in tarious parts of Britain, but principally in the interior parts o.i Afa and Jfrica, and in the neigh- bourhood of volcancs j rarely pure, white, and traufpare^t, 214 SALTS. 67. Muria, generally of a yellowifh-grey, apple-green or brownifh -black colour: it diflblves in about three times its {height of water, and when flowly evaporated forms flexible fpicules connef>ed together like the web of a feather: fpecific gravity 1,420. contains acid 42.75V ammonia 25,00. water 32,25, Kirivan. ]Barytes, Fixed, decripit^ting in the fire, of an acrid aftfingent tafte, precipitating fulphate of barytes when dropt into a weak watery fohition of fulphuric acid. Muriated Barytes. Kir-zvafj mineral. 2. p. 34. Muriat of Barytes, ^homfon chem 2.^.309. Found in feme mineral waters of Sive^iex, and when evaporated forms 4-fided prifmswhofe bafes are fquares, or tables. It is fometimes iifed in fcrofulous affedions in dofes of from 5 to to 20 drops; bat much precaution is necfilary in its exhibi- tion as, like all other barytic falts, it is poifonous. Specific gravity 2,8527. contains, in a llate of cryftallization, acid 20. barytes 64. water 16. When dried it contains acid 23,8, barytes 76,2. K/rxua^. 4ironiia»a, Of a fliarp penetrating tafie, wiierr heated undergoing ^ watery ^ufion, and afterwards becoming a white pow- der, precipitated from its watery folution by muriatic acid. Muriat of Strontian. 1 bom/on chem. 2. /. 320. Perhaps never found naturally combined, but is prepared by diflblving carbonate of ftroncian in muriatic acid: itscryflals are long flender 6 fided prifms which are foluble in two parts of water, and a)fo in alcohol, to whofe flame they give a purple tinge: fpecific gravity 1,4402. contains acid 23,6, flrontian 36,4. water 40,0. Bergman, (akarea^ Q{ a bitter tafte, fwellirvg and melting and lofing its water of cryftal ization in heat, and after having been ex- pofed to a violent heat ihining in the dark, Muriated Calx. Kir^van miner. 2. p. 35. Muriate of lime. Schmeijser. mineral, i. /. 297. Muriat of lime. Thomfon chem. 2 p. 322. Found in mineral waters, but generally combined with com- mon lea- fait, to which it gives a bitterifh tafte, and which it caufes to attraft moiftore and melt fpeedily in the air: its pryftals are 6 fided ftriate prifms terminated by very (harp pyramids : its earth is precipitated by fulphuric acid : fpe- cific gravity 1,76. contains acid 31, lime 44, water 25, Bergman. pagttesiata. Of a very bitter tafte, foluble in its own weight of water, its faturated folution quickly forming a jelly on which if hot water be poured fpongy maffes are formed. SALTS. 68. Muria. ii^ Muriated magnefia, Marine epfom. Kir'iuan miri. l.p, 35. Muriat of magnefia. Thorn/, chem. 2. p. 326. Found irt fait and other mineral fprings, and abounds in the waters of the fea : its folution is precipitated by cauftic al- kalies and not vifiblv by the fulphuric : ic very fpeedily deli- qucfces in the air, and when dried in a high temperature io very cauftic: fpecific gr. 45, n. i. Found, generally in a ftate of white efflorefcence, on moift old walls which are b^ little expofed to theadlion of the fun and winds, as in wells, grottos, &c. efpeciaily thofe which face towards the iti. cubicunii Fixcd^ when diiTolved and evaporated concreting into* rhombic cryftais. JNuuvjeik Chem. annaU 17 84. 2. f. 314. Found, though rarely, in eaves with the lafl, efflorefcing from the njoill fides of wills. famnans. Evaporating in fmoke when thrown on red hot coals, emit- ting an alkaline odour when rubbed together with qiiicklifne, deliquefcing in the air. Nitrum femivolatile. Crontl. miner. 38. Found with the Nitrum humofum. 69. MIRABILE. Of a bitter tafte; not eafil7 foluble in cold water, and the folution not made turbid by a mixture of foda: not effervefcing with any acid: expofed to a white heat with powdered charcoal producing an alkaline ful- phur. Of a cooling tafte, eafily melting in the fire, when diflblv- ed and llowly e\ aporated cryftallizing into very tranf- parent unequally 6-fided prifms which moulder in the air. Natrum fortan. faturat, Syji. nat. xii. 3. />. 89. ». 3. di Sal neutrum compofit. Wall. fyit. 2. p. 70. «. i. Glauber's fait. Berkenh, outl. 253. Glauber's fait. Kirnuan miner, 2. p.g. >u!phate of foda. Schmeijjfer minera'. «. /. 267. Suiphat of foda. Thomfon chem. 2. p. 349. Found in niany mineral waters of Britain and other pafts of Eurcpe, fometimes dry, rarely in a cryftallized ftate, fome- times in a ftate of >vhite efBcr*fcerjce on moift walls, in vaft quantities under the furface ot ;he earth in the neighbourhood of AJiracan, and in fummer at the bottom of lakes i it i» SALTS. 69. Mirabile. 217 feldom found pure, but ufually mixed with foda, common fait, Epfom fait, or i'elenite: the fides of the cryftals are coiniiionly grooved, and v\hen expofed to a warm atmofphere they i'oon lof'e their traufparency and water of cryftallization, and fall into a white opake powder: when expofed to hfat it hrft melt?, and after the evaporation of its water becomes a white powder, and in a red heat melts. Its ufc as a cooling purgative is fufliccntly known. Contains acid 27, foda 15. water 58, Bergman. fotauifium. Of a bitteri.'li taftc, decrepitating when placed on hot coals and melting in a red heat, foluble in 16 times its weight of cold water, its cryftals not mouldering in the air. Prouft heytr. chcm. anttal- 3. /, 466. Tartar vitrioUte. Knnvati miner. 2. p 8. Sulphat of Potafs. Thomfon chem. 2. p. 3474 2. With an excefs of acid. Superfulphat of Pot fs. 7homfcnchem. 2. p, 349. Found in various parts of Spain, of a greyifli-white colour, and (ometimcs luminous in the dark : when its diluted folution is cvapomred it affords 6-fided pyramids, or ftvort hexangular prilms terminated by one or more hexangular pyramids; the the fupcrkilphate of potafs from its excefs of acid turns blue vegetable juices red, and is foluble in twice its weight of water. It was formerly ufed as a purgar :, under the name of iial polychre/t and vitriolated tartai Specific gravity 2,298. contains acid 40. potafs 52. :vater of cryitallization 6. Bergman. iemi^jolatile Of an acrid tafte, evaporating in fumes when heated, de- liquefcing in the air, emitting an alkaline odour when rubbed together with quicklime. Found rarely in the vicinity of volcanic mountains. 'ulphureunti Evaporating in fumes when heated, deliquefcing in the air, when rubbtd together with q::icklime emitting an al- kaline odour, and when fprinkled with nitric acid an odour like burnt fulphur. Vitriolic amrnoniac. Kir-vjan miner. 2. />. to. Sulphuric acid united to ammonia. Schmei/ser* i. p. 268, Sulphat of ammonia, Ihomfon chcm. 2. p. 356. Found in the neighbourhood of volcanos, in fome lakes in Tu/cany, at the bottom of a burning well in Daupbij^ny, and on the furface of the earth near Turin. It is generally found n.ixei with fulphur, alumina, alum, or vitriol, and hence its VOL. VII. — E e 2i8 SALTS. 70. Amarum. col 111- is foldom white, bnt of a grey, ycliowifh-grey. or lemon-colour: it is alfo found in a ftakifliiical form, cr in- velting lavas, or in an earthy ftale with little or no lullre: its cryftp.ls are gener?lly fmall 6 fided prifms whofe planes are unequal, tcrminatpd by 6 fided pyramids : it is loluble in twice its weight of cold water, and flowly attr-ifts moiilure when expofed to the air: when heated it firft decrepitates, then melts, and in clofe veflcls fublimcs: contains acid 5^,66. ammonia 14,24, water 31,10. Kirnvan. 70. AMARUM. Of a b'tter tafte: eafily foliible in water, and the folution beconning milky by a mixture of ioda: eafiiy melting in heat, but nei- ther detonating or decrepitating. genuimm. Foaining in the fire, when diirolved and evaporated cryftal- lizing into 4-rided prifms terminating each fide in a 4- fided pyramid, and which wither when expofed to the air. Natrum epfamenfc. Syst. not. xii. 3. />. 8g. n. 3. Sal neutr. compofit. Wall fyji. z. p.']\. n. 2. Epfom fait. Ktr^jjan miner. 2. p. 13. Epfom fait, Biittr fait. Sc}?metJJer miner. I. 269. Sulphat of magnefia. Thomfon chem. 2 P'3S7- Found in many mineral waters of Britain and other parts, at Jena on gypfum, in S^uifzerland in a powdery ftate, fome- times in a llate of inciu'ftdtion covering the furface of the earth, in fea-water ir abounds and frequently renders the fait prepared from it bitter: its cryftals are 4-fided pjifms whofe faces are equal, ending in 4lided pyramids or 2-fided fum- mits : before the blowpipe it melts with difficulty into an opake glaffy globule. Its uie is well known as a purgative; and the magnefia of the fliops is prepared from it, by diflblv- ing it in water, and precipitating the magnefia contained in it by means of alkalies* Specific gravity 1,66. contains acid 33. magnefia 19. water 48. Bergman. 7nunaticum. Deliqiiefcing in the atmofphere, emitting acrid cinereous vapours of a difagreeable odour when fulphuric acid is poured on it,, or it is expofed to aconfiderable degree of heat. Found plentifully in falt-watcrs, fprings and lakes, and con- verts nitric 3cids into nitro-muriatic acid ; it is alfo foluble in alcohol- SALTS. 70. Amanini. 219 cakarium. D ■liqiicfciiig in the atmofphere, emittinsg acrid gicy vapours of a difagrceable odour when ^ulphiiric acid is poured on it, but not when expofed to a violent heat. Terra calcarea acido, ^'C. Cron/t miv.feci.zx. Sal neutrum terra conip. Wall.JyH. 1. p, 75- «. 6. Found in the ocean and other fjline vvaterr, and fometimes in a dry ftate : like the lall it conveits niiric acid into nitro- muriatic acid, and is fohiblc in alcohol ; its folution becomes laftelccnt by dropping vitriolic acid into it. nitrosu.-K. Deliquefcing in the atmofphere, emitting red vapours when hot concentrated vitriolic acid is poured on it, its watery folution not made turbid by the vitriolic acid. Nitrated calx ? Kirtvan miner. 2. p. 29. Found mixed with foil and on old walls, and fometimes efflo- refces with the Nitriim humofum: in the fiie it fwells with crackling noile, bui does not detonate when thrown on hot coals: is fo'uble in alcohol: after evaporation from its watery folution it cryftallizes into 4-fided oblique truncate prifms. murale. Deliquefcing in the atmofphere, emitting red vapours when concentrated cold fulphuric acid is poured on it, its watery folution made turbid by the vitriolic acid. Nitrum terra ca'car. mixt, WiJl.fyJ}. 2. /. 46. «. 2? Found generally with the Nitrum humofum, and is likewife fuluble in a!coJ.ol. an'mnU. Not deliquefcing in the atmofphere, not eafdy melting in the lire, but emitting red vapours by the force of fire only. Sage Ad. Par'u. 1777. ^-433. Found with the Nitrum humofum, and is compofed of the phofphcric acid and nitre. E e 2 220 SALTS. 71. Alumen. 71. ALUMEN. or a iweetifh and very aflringeni: tafte: its watery folution made turbid by foda, but not by prudiate of lime: tumefying and lofing its tranfparency when expofed to heat, aiid becoming a fpongy mafs after lofing it§ water of cryftallization. phosphoreitm Flying to pieces when expofed to a violent heat, canfifting of phofphoric acid and ahamina. Grenat de Valence. Prouft chcm. ann^ 1. 8 p. 196. Pficlphat of Alumina. T%om/on c/:em. 2. p. ■^6^, Found in Falentia: a taltelefs powder, not icluble in water: yields a gritty powder wlien dillolved in phofphoric acid, and a gummy folution which is converted by heat into a tranfparent glafs. It does not feem to belong to this genus. muriaticum, Expofed to a violent heat, or moiftened with ftrong fnl- phuric acid, emitting acrid grey vapours of a difagree- able odour. Found in Tufcany, efflorefcing on the furface of aluminous foilr. like powder, in dry feafons, alfo in the mouths of caves and fiflures of rocks with the appearance of wool or a white crull; its tafte is rather bitter than aftringenr. sativum. Pure, dry, not emitting vapours when fulphuric acid is poured on it. Alumen nudom. ByJ't. nat, xii. 3. /. loi. «. i- Alumen nativum. l^^alLjyst. z. />. 32. « 1, Alum. Kirtvafi 2. p. I 3. Schmeifser tnin. 1 , p. 270. Alum, ihomfrn chem. 2. fs 364. 1. In the form of an efflorefcent powder. 2. Of a common form, folid, without lu lire. 3. In a ftalaflitical form, folid, without hiftre. 4. Solid, of a filky luftre, fibrous internally. 5. CryftalHzed in a double 4-fided pyramid. Fftund in Egypt, the iflands of the Archipelago, Malta, Sicily, in the craters of volcanos, the alps of S^witzerland and the lakes of Tufcany^ and in various parts of Europe in aluminous fhift ; it is diflblved in 34 times its weioht of cold water, and cafily forms cryftais which efflorefce a litt'e in the air : when ex- pofed to a ftrong heat it fublime?, fwells, fcam?, lofes its tranfparency, and at laft lofes 44 per cent, of it:, weight : its folution always turns vegetable blues red: fpeci.'ic grnvity 1,7109. contains fulphate of alumina 49. fulphatc of potafs 7, water 44. Vauqueltn\ SALTS. 71, Akunen. 22r Balolri- chu?n. folutum. In a ftate of folutlon, not cmittiog vapours when fiilplniric acid is poured on it Hichlcr chem annul. 17S8 !. ^^^74. Found in many parts of Siberia and Italy, Dry, fibrous, of a fiiky Inflre, not dellqncfcing \x\ the atmofphere, nor emitting vapours wlicn fulphuriQ acid is poured on it. Scopol.de Hydrarg, Idricns. 1761. />. 68. Capillary Allum. Kirn.van miner. 2. p. 13. Hair fait, Schmeij er. mineral, 1. p. 270. Found in the quickfilvcr mines of /^r/«, the lakes of 7^v/Z-<3??j, in Italy., Sicily, Hung-iry, and the coal-mines near Mhitehcven ; the cryftals are tender capillary fiivery-whitefilametits, gene- rally parallel and incurved, rarely difpofcd in a llellate man- ner, which frequently adhere together and form compav^l piece? ; thcfe, after cxpofurc to the air, lofc their tranfpa- rency and become more orlefs of a yellow ifJi or grcenifnhue. lutyraceum. Of a yellow colour in its native foil, foft and fat to the touch, hardening in the air and becoming white, of a waxy luftre, iameilar. Stone butter. Kii^Tvan mineral. 2. p- 14. Mountain butter. SchmetJJer mmiral. i./>. 271. Found in Si/>:'rin and Upper Lu/ace, oozing from the furface of aluminous lliiil : it is a little femitr'nfparent, fofi and friable, but becomes brittle by expofure to the air, and contains de- compofed fulphate of iron as well as alum. ffrreum. Combined with foft alumina, not emitting vapours when fulphuric acid is poured on it. Alumcn terra mineralis. H'all.f/it. 2. p. 23. « 3. Found in the vicmity of volcanic mountains, and in various parts of the continent", colour rarely white, brown or bladi when the earth with which it is combined is mixed with bitumen, in which cafe it flames in the lire and gives out a difagrceable odour like burjit pv^t : fometimes it fpintane- oufly hardens in the atmofphere and v'.\'hibits its alum in a ftate of efBorcfcence. Adhering to the* tongue^ foiling the fingers, not emitting vapours when fulphuric acid is poured on it, combine^ with indurated purer alumina. Alumen marmoris. Syu. nat. xii. 3. p. 102. n. 3. Alumen lapids calcar. Wall.fyst. 2. p. 34. n. 4. Aluminous ores. Kirivan miner, ^.p. 15. Roman alum. 1 horn fon chem. 2. /■• 364. Rock alum, Schmei/iv -^lincr. i, p. 173, 222 SALTS. 71. Alumen. Found in Britain near Whithy, in Sivitzer/and, Tufcat-y, and at La Tolfa near Rome, forming ftrata or valt msfles, with fre- quencty lm:'il li;mps of pyrites or fulphate of iron interfperfed, and hating f ■menmt.s veins of white quart'/ runring through it; does not eflVrvefce with acids, is of a white, grey, per- laceous, or rofy colour, and produces alum upon combullion or after long expolure to the air. (otnmune. Not emitting vapours when fiilpfinrlc acid is poured upon it, mixed with bituminous ihilt. Alumen fchilti. Syfi. nat. xii. 3, p. loi. «. 2. AluHicn lapide iifii e miiicial, WuU. 2. p, 35. v. 6, Agilla martialif. Cronl}. mifisr./eH. 124. 2. 3. Siaty and compact: Aiuni ores. Kirxvan miner. 2. p, ig. Aluminous earth. Schmeijjer miner, i, p. 171, Alumina. Thomfon chem. 1. p. 519. 1. Very foft to the touch, meagre, breaking into trapezoid frag- ments. Shift, aiuminof. lamellof. Cronji, viin. 124. 2. 3. i. Ka^ft. 7?iagaz, Hel-v. na:ur. 3. p, 204. HTJfm, Bergm.Joum. 17S8. 2. p. 550. 2. Hardifh, fliining internally, undulately flaty, a little greafy to the touch, breaking into indeterminate fragments. Schill. aluminar. uudulat. Cronft. min. 1*4^ 2. 3. 2. Kafft.magaz.llelv.natur. 3. />. 209, Boff:n. Berg. Journ. 17S8. 2. />. 501. 3. Slightly cffervefcing with aiids. Alum, lapide calcareo, Wall.Jyit, 2. p. 35. «. 5. Found in ihe ne!:;;hbourhood of coal-mines in various parts of England, Scotland^ and Wales, in Siberia, l^or-uuay, S^Meden, many partv of Germiny, &c. • lorming vaft mountains, and ftrata over coals and iron ore ; it is alfo found in fmall flatted djjij fpherical maffe?, containing fmall particles of fuiphuret of ir( n in the form of pyrites : colour black, gives a dark grey Itreal, adhtres a little to the tongue: texture fl.-ty, fome- times ftraight, fjmet'mes curved, and has a Iweetiih and fomevvhat ajlringent taite, and is apt to wither in the air into a dull gr-ry powder. It is ufed in alum works. turfa. Not emitting vapours when fulf hiuric acid is poured upon it, mixecj with turf. Alumen turfa mineraiis. Wall.fyli. 2. /. 33. S'wal) Aft.St[ockh 28./). 37. Kir'wan min 2, p. 20, Found rear Flfimburg in S-iveden, and in France, and confifts of turf fo impregnated with fuiphuret of iron as to yield a fmall portion ol ajum. SALTS. 72. Vitriolum. 22 J 72. VITRIOLUM. Of a very caiiftic tafte: its watery folution made turbid both by l;>da and priifTKue of lime: very iofr, iiiOulderin^ in t'le air: difTolving Lke water when expofed to heat, and in a very flrong degree leaving a ge ;iii,.e metallic oxyde. viagnesii. Of a rofy-rcd colour, its watery I'.'hition dcpofi ii.g an ochraceous fecliment when diilbivcd foda is poured into ir, and a grccnifn one when afv'lutiun of prulliaie of lime is poured iiito it. Sulphate of Cobalt. SchmesJJlrminn-. 1. /). 274. Sulphat of Cobalt. 7homfon chem. i p. lOi. Found in the mines of AWo/6/ in //««ijfl>)'.' it is fn^uble in 16 times its weight of cold water, and melts with borax i'-.f- a blue glafs : when cryftallized it exhibits an elongated 8-fidcd prifm. Nictoli. Green, its watery folution depofiting a whitifh-grceh fedi- ment from a mixture of foda. Vitriol, ferr. et niccol. Cronji. mhu 123. 2. 4. Sulphate cf nickel, SchmcjJ/cr mineral, i. p. 275. Sulphat of nickel. Thamf. chem. 3. p. 61. Found in fome mines of Siveden, and ufually connins Time iron : colour a deep green : it cryftallizes in doaDle 4.-fid.d pyramids with their tips truncated, alid fonietimcs in large 4- fided equal prifms. * Zinci, White, its watery fohition depofiting a white fedimcnt from a mixture of foda or prufliate of lime, and when evaporated cryftallizing into4-fidcd prifms terminated at both ends by a pyramid. Vitriolum album. S\Ji. nat. xii, 3. />. I04« «-3- Vitriolum zinci. Wall Jpt 2, p. 24. n. 3. While Vitriol. Berker.h. outl. p. 253. Vitriol of zinc. Kivu^an nihicral. 2. ^.23. Native vitriol of zirk. Schme^J'icmineral. I. />. 274. Sulphat of zirc. Thomfon chem. 3. /. 66. Found in the copper mmts oi Ccrnv.all zn'd ./^K^UjeT, and in the zinc-mines of SiucJen, Bchemia, Germany, and Hurigarf, rare'y in its perfeifl native Jlate, but generally in a ft-ilafli- tical or capillary flate, or in a loofe powdery efflorefccncc: it is fometimes blended with a little iron, and then tmrturc of galls turns its lolutiun blackifh : the cryllals are f )iiib!c in f-.mcthing more than -nvice tieir weight in water, and efflo- 224 SALTS. 72. Vitriolum. refce flowly on expofure to the air : fpecific gravity when cryftallized 1,912. when in the ftate in which it is found in the (hops 1,3275. contains acid 40. oxyde 20. water 40^ Br? man : according to Kir^wan, acid 20,5. oxyde 40,0, water 39,5. Cuj>H, Of a deep blue colour and very aftriHgent acrid tafte, its watery folution when copioufly mixed with a folution of volatile alkali becoming a fine fky-^blue. Vitriolum cupri. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p, «04. a, 2, Vitriolum cupri. Wall, fyji.z. p.zo. «. i. Vitriolum veneris. Aman acad. \. t. iz. f. 4. Blue vitriol. Berkenh. outl. p. 253, Vitriol ot copper. Kir^wan mineral. 2. p. 22. Copper vitriol, Blue vitriol, Schmeijier miner. \.p. zjz, Sulphat of copper. Thomfon chem. 2. p. 579. 2. Light blue, containing iron and copper united with fulphurid acid. Vitriolum mixtum. WalLfyft. 2. p. 26. «. 4, a. Vitriolum mixtum. Syft nat. xii. 3. p. 105, ». 4. Vitriol, cupr. et fcrr. Cronft, tnin^ 123. 2. i. 3. Deep blue, containing zinc and copper united with fulphuric acid. Syjl. nat. xii. 3./. 105. «. 7. Wall, fy St. miner. 2. />. 26. «. 4, d. Vitriol, cuprco-zinceum. O-o;//?. 123. 2. 4. 4. Light blucj containing iron, zinc and copper united with ful- phuric acid. Svji, nat. xii. 3. p. 105. «. 8. ^ix//. ^'Z?. j.iiner. 2. /. 26. ?;. 4. b. Cronft. mineral. 123. 2. 2. Mixed vitriol. Kirnvan mineral. 2. p. 24. Found in the copper mines of Wickloiv in Ireland, in Trance^ Germany., Saxony, Hungary, S--weden, Sec. fometimes in a ftate of folution, fometimes cryftallized or ftalaftitical : it has a ftrong ftyptic naufeous tafte, and is commonly ufed as a cauftic: itscryftals are 4-fided prifms with rhomboidal faces which are folublc in four times their weight of cold water, and by expofure to the air they flightly efflorefce, lofe their luftre, and are covered with a yellowifh-grey powder; they likcwife communicate a green colour to flame. A valuable article of commerce is produced, by placing thin plates of iron in the waters where ic is held in io'ution; for the acid having a greater affinity with iron than copper, gradually decompofe* it, and leaves the copper in its j^lace. Specific gravity 2,1943. contains acid 33. oxyde of copper 32. water 35. IVo^Ji. SALTS. 72. Vitriolum. 225 Feni. Green, its watery folution depofiting an ochraceous fedi- ment when mixed with a folution of foda, and a blue one with pruifiate of liirie, made blackifh by tinfture of galls. Vitriolum martiale. Syft. nat. xii. 3. p, 104. n. i. Vitriolum ferri. WalLfsst. 2. p. zz. //, 2. A'^itriuliim mards. Cronfi. 122. 2. I. i. i. Green vitriol. Berkenhout Outl. p. 255. Vitriol of iron. Kirivan mineral, 2. p. 20. M.utinl vitriol. ScbmgiJJer miner, i.p.zyz. Sulphatof iron. Ihomfon chcm. 3. p. 8, Siilphate of iron. Soxverby Brit. min. t. 23. 28. Found in Britain at^d various parts of the continent, in grottos, caverns, and galleries of mines, in the form of pale green crvltals, or in a grey or yellowiili or reddifli-grey eiBoref- cence, or ftalaftitical or capillary, and moll commonly mixed with copper zinc or alum ; it is alfo found in folution ; when pure it cryftall'zes into rhomboidal green tranfparent prifms which are infoluble in alcohol : when heated it melts, gra- dually lofes its water of cryilallization, and with a ftrong heat there remains a red powder formerly known by the name oi cokothar of vitriol : fpecific gravicy 1,8399, contains acid 39. oxydc 23. water 38. Bergman, terreum. Combined witli earth, its watery foh)tion made blackifh by a mixture of tindlinre of galls. Vitriol, terra mineraiis. Wall. fyH. 2,^.26. Found in Italy and Hungary, of a yellow, red, blue, gFcen, or black colour: the earth with which it is mixed is generally argillaceous. Jtramen- Mixed with ftoncs which are not fhiilofe, its watery folu- 'ariun. tion made black by a mixture of tindure of galls. Vitriol, mineralis. lap. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 106. «.8. Vitriol, lap. mineralis; Wall, fyjl, 2. p. 27. n. 6. 1. Of a red colour. Calcitis. 2. Of a grey colour. Sory, 3. Oi d black colour. ^Ulatiteria, 4. Of a yellow colour. Mi/y, Found on mount Rammeljlurg in Hercyma.t and is produced by pyrites which have mouldered in the air. VOL. vn. — F f 226 SALTS. 72. Vitriolum. Si&isti. Mixed with fliift, its watery folution made black by a mixture of tindlure of galls. Found in Franconia, and originates in decayed pyrites. Turfa. Mixed with turf, its watery folution made blackirti by a mixture of tinture of galls. Cronft. mineral. JeSl%z%l. 2.2. I. Found in feme bogs in Sijueden, Saxonyy PruJJia, and f ranee: it never burns with a flame. [ 227 J CLASS IIJ, INFLAMMABLES. 73. TuRFA. Gonfifting of vegetable fibres interwoven to- gether and penetrated with bitumen. 74. Bitumen, Giving out a faint difagreeable fmell when burnt. 75. Mellites. Of a honey-yellow colour, in the form of fmall 8-fidcd cryftals. 76. SucciNUM. Melting with difficulty, and emitting an agreeable fmell during ignition, becoming eledric by fridlion or heat. 77. Am BRA. Softening and melting like wax in a gentle heat, and emitting a flrong agreeable fmell when warm, not becoming eledric. 78. Graphites. Burning with difficulty, but mixed with foda emitting reddifli flames and fparks, ftain- ing the fingers black. 79. Su^PHi'R. Burning with pale blue flames, and emitting during combuftion ftrong fuffocatiijg pecu- liar fumes. Ff 2 328 INFLAMMABLES. 73. Turfa, INFLAMMABLES. 73. TURFA. Generally of a dull colour, and more or lefs fibrous texture ; when burnt emit- ting fumes which are exceedingly offenfive to the fmell and the eyes : confifting of the fibrous roots and other parts of vegetables moie or lefs intermixed, and combined v/ith bitumen. ctgspiiosat Whitifh, light, eafily and fpeedily burning into afhes with flame and a fmall degree of fumes. Turf. Kirivan mineral, z. p. 62. Turf. SchtTieiJJer mineral. I. p. zg6. 1. Confifting principally of heath. 2. Confining chiefly of mofles and grallef. Found commonly on moors and heaths, covering the furface of the ground, or covered with a light ftratunl of the foil only, and is generally in deeper layers than others of its kind : it is compofcd of the radicles of heath and mofles which have undergone very little alteration, and is pale, hoary, or whcfi contaminated with iron ochraceous : it is fo light that a piece 14 inches long, 6 broad, and 4. thick, will weigh only from 13 to 15 ounces: its vapour is not io difagreeable to the nofe and eyes as many others, but it confumes very qjick, gives but little heat, and leaves a large quantity of aOies. foliata. Of a texture approaching to the lamellar. Croitft. miner, fefl, 291. 5.2. 1.2. Found in bogs and fpongy places, collefled into fmall hillocks, and confifts of numerous unequal layers which are fepirable like the leaves of a book : the vegetables of which it is com- pofed aire in' a rather more decayed ftate than thofe of the lalh maritimat Burning flowly, and emitting moft offenfive fumes to the nofe and eyes. Darry. Wall.jyfi, miner. \, p. 20. n. 6. b. Found in low maritime fituations and in the neighbourhood of" fait fprings, rather ponderous, of a darkifh colour, and takes a longer time in confuming than T, casfpicofa. and gives out much more heat. ' . ' INFLAMMABLES. 74. Bitumen. 229 fakstr'u. Of a dark colonr, confolidating in the air, buining quicker and with Icfs ofFcnfivc tiimes. Humus vegetabdi;-. ^yft. nut, xii. 3. p. 210. n. 6, Kumuf combuftibilis, H'^all. /xji. \. p.zi. n 7. Peat. Kit --man mineral. 2. p 62. Found every where in bog's and morades, and is generally the middle and lower beds under turf, and frequently at the bottom of bogs where the w<. 47. Petroleum. Thomfon chem. 4. />. 9, Found on the furface of cejtain fprlngs in Perfiay Media, and Siberia, or in coal-mines or oozing out of rocks and mineral beds in various parts of Great-Britain and Europe in general : it is of a thicker connftence trian naphtha and a rather Icfs pleafant fniell, is lighter than water, but heavier than alco- hol; colour yellow, or with a fhade of red or green, or brownifli or blackifh : when burnt it yields a foot,ftnd leaves a fmall quantity of coaly refiduum : fpccific gravity 8783, By espofurs it becomes of the confiftence of treacle. Jdaltba, InfpifiTated, black, flicking to the fingers. Bitumen tenax. Syft. nat. xii. 3. p. 1 10. «. 3^ B'/unien cralTum. Wall, fy ft. 2. p. 92. k. 3. Oleum montan. tenax. Wolterfd. min. 24. Petroleum tenax, Cronft. miner, fed. 148. Mineral Tar, Barbadoes Tar. Kiruian 2. /, 46, Tar, Schtne'>£er miner i.p,2%'j. Mineral Tar. Thomfnn che?n. 4. p. 9. Found in Co'khrovk dale and other coal counties in Britain., fomt:times floating on lakes in Palefine, Babylon, Arabia, Perfia, China, Barbadoes, and various parts of Europe, and froquentlv ilTuing from rocks : is of the confiftence of treacle, of a bhckifh-brovvn colour, opake, and has a very firong fmcll when burnt : it feems to have its origin from the former fpecies, whith by longexpofure to the air, has loft its volatile particles, and obtained a thicker confiftence : fpeci.fic gra- vity 1,1. Muvtig. Black, inodorous, foftening in a lew heat. Bitumen fubfriabile. Syft. nat. xii, 3. />. 1 ic. ». 4, Mumia rdineialis, Haflelq. it. 537. Mumia natiya, Kampf. apian, exot. fafc. 2, /.430. Maltha. Kir-ixjan mineral. 2, /. 44. Mineral Mummy. Schmeiffer min. I. p. 291, Mineral pitch. Tkomfon chem, 4. p. 10. Found in Perfa, in the clifts of rocks at C^^or^a, on the river Caucafus, and is faid to have been difcovered in Lancafhire: colour blackifh-brovvn, foft and tough like cobler's wax wheii the weather is warm, but brittle like pitch in cold weather : INFLAMMABLES. 74. Bitumen. 231 flasti( it does uot ftain the fingers, and on a hot iron flames with a rather ftrong odour and leaves a quantity of afhcs : fpecific gravity from 1,45. to 2,07. The Perfians value it highly, and after mixing it with about a third part of wax apply it to frclh wourtids. Opake, fhining, black or brownilh-black, cafily melting in heat, efFervefcing with concentrated nitric acid* Bitumen friabile. Syst, not. xii. 3. p. 1 10. a. 5. Bitumen folidum. WnlLfyli. 2. /1.93. «.4j Pix montana. Wolterj'd. mm. 25, Petroleum iuduratum. Cron/l. min„ 149. 3. 1. Afphalt. Kirrvcan mineral 2, ^.46. Bitumen. Schmeiffer mineral. 1.^.288. Afphalt. Thomfon chem. 4. p. 10. Found abundantly in various parts of £tfro/ pellucid, fliining with a glalTy luftre, of a conchoidal texture and honey-yellow colour: in the form of a double 4-rided pyiamid with the faces quite fmooth. Werner u M E L L I T E s . Karsten Lejke mineral, i./. 334. Abicb CreWs annals, 1797. 2. /. 3. Vauqutlin annal, de chim. 36. /. 2^. Mellelite. Kiriuan miner. 2. />. 68. Honey {lone, Schmeijfer mineral. 1 . p. 299. Meilite, Mullat of Alumina, Ihomfon chem. 3, /. 628. Found near Arturn in Saxony, between the layers of wood-coal, and in Switzerland imbedded in afphalt, in colour, texture and tranfparency refcmbling the honey-yellow amber, from which it principally differs in cryftallizing in fmall double 4-fided pyramids whofe angles are often truncated : when heated it whitens, and burns in the open air without odour, and without being fenfibly charred, leaving a white refi- duam which at firft has no tafte, but at length leaves an acid imprefiion on the tongue: frafturc conchoidal or indeter- minate : fpecific gravity 1 ,666, INFLAMMABLES. 76. Succinum. 235 76. SUCCINUIVr. Lightifh, yellow, generally tranfparent, Ihining internally, of a conchoidal frafture, tough and brittle, when rubbed or heated fragrant and ftrongly attracting draws and light bodies: yielding by diftillation fucci- nic acid. tltHriium. S y C C I N U M . Eleftrum diaphanum. Syst. nat. i.f, 167. «. 2, Succinum durius. IVall. fvli. z. p. io8. Amber. Kirnuan l. p.tt^. Schmt'Jftr I. ^.298. Amber. Berkenhout outl. p. 256. Common amber, Thomfon chem, 4, /. 16, {^ound in Great-Britain, principally on the Suffolk coaft, and in various part? of Europe, cither on the fca fhores or at a con- iiderable diftancc under ground : colour honey-yellow, paler or deeper, fometimes verging to ochraceous, greenifh, brown- ifli, blackifh or reddifh ; niofe or Icfs tranfparent, and often marked with clouds or fpecks, and inclofing infeds and other light bodies : it is never found cryitallizcd, but is brittle and fan eafily be reduced to powder: it is highly eleftric, and if a piece be kindled it burns to the end with pungent white vapours and without melting: it takes a good polifh, and is made into beads, necklaces and othpr ornaments : fpccific cravity from 1,078. to 1,085. Gg a 236 INFLAMMABLES. 77. Ambra, 77. AMBRA. Floating on water, without liiflre, opake, of a granular texture, foft like wax, and flicking to the teeth: highly fragrant, without particular tafte, melting in the heat of boiling water, burning eafily with a white flame and grey fnaoke and entirely confuming. Ambra. Ambra grifea. Cronf}. min.feB. 1 44. Ambergrifc. Siuediaur Philof, Trattf. 'vol, 73. art. 15. Ambergris. Kirivan rvinerah 2. p- 66. Ambra. Schmeijfer mineral, i. p.zgy. 1. Of a grey colour, a little variegated, Ambra grifea. Syfi. nat. xii. 3. />. 107. ?/, i. Ambra grifea. Rumph. muf. 262. t. 53, 54, Ambra variegata. Wall. iy>t. 2. p. i iB. Bitumen fuaveolen?, Cartheuf. min, 49, 2. Of uniform blackifh-brown colour. ' Ambra unicolor. Syji. nat. xii. 3. p. 107. «. z. Ambra unicolor. Wall.Jyji. 2. /. iiQ- ». 2. Found chiefly on the fhores of the Molucca ijlands, Sumatra. ' Madaga/car, Ethiopia, znA Malohar : colour various fhades of grey, ycllowifh, brownifh and blackifh, with often dot?, veins, fpots and lines of various colours : it breaks eafily but cannot he reduced to powder : it melts like wax, and if chewed fticks to the teeth like maftick : it is fomewhat foluble in fpirits of wine with the afliftance of heat ; fpecific gravity 0.926, From the obfervations and conclufion'; of Dr. Swediaur, it appears beyond doubt, that this fubflance is nothing more than the excrements of the Phyfeter macroce- phalus or Spermaceti Whale, as it is very frequently met with in its inteftines, and moft commonly mixed with the beaks of f the Sepia oftopioda, which this whale is known to feed upon. He obferves likewife, that when taken out of the fifh's abdo- men it is more impure, and has an unpleafant odour rcfem- *" bling the other fjeces of the animal, but that by expofure to the air it becomes purer, of a lighter colour, more compact, and gradually changes its odour to a grateful ambrofiacal fmell. It is principally ufed as a perfume. INFLAMMABLES. 78. Graphites. 237 78. GRAPHITES. ConfilVing principally of car- bon, with a little iron and generally a little filica !( or alumina; when pure burns. with a reddifli flame, emitting beautiful fparks and a fmell of fulphur, and leaving little refiduum: black, opake, very foft, feels fomewhat greafy and ftains the fingers, brittle, breaking into indeter-^ minate fragments. Plumbago. Of a metallicluftre, and flaty ftni6lure. Molybdasnum fuHquamos. Syft-nat. xii. 3.^. 121. ;/. i. a, b, f crrum corrofum. Wall f\st. 2. p. 249. «. 14, Plumbago. Scheele /18. Siockh. 1779. p- 23S. Plumbago. Kirnuan miner. 2. p. 66, Black lead, ^chmnjjer mineral. I. /. 301, Plumbago. Thomjon chem 4.^.16. Found in different pares of Great -Brit aht^ particularly near Dumfries in Scotland, at Barre^mdale, and Kej'ivick in Cumber- land; in Greenlind and various parts of the continent : colour blackifh or iron-grey, blueifli-grey when cut, with a flight metallic lultre : yields to the impreffion of the nail, and makes a black mark on paper: texture conipaft, with a fine grain, and r^ither a little flexible: it is chiefly ufed for makin^y black-lead pencils, for blackening floves, and when mixed with a proper proportion of filica for crucibles : fpccific gra- vity from 1,987. to 2,089. contains when pure, carbon 00, iron io. Scheele. Carie. Qf a chonchoidal ftru£tiire, breaking into indeterminate fragments. Wtedenm. Berg. Journ. 1 789. i. / 609. Klaproth chem.artnal. I 7 90. I. p. 293. Found near Schemniz in Hungary, imbedded in thin ftrata or veins of black indurated alumina, near Tokar'weniz.a running through a matrix of opal like a vein, in France and Norivay: when expofed to a white heat lofes all its carbon which is 90 per cent, leaving a refiduum of nearly equal parts of alumina and oxydeof iron. FHliga. Deep black internally, making a deep black mark. Habel.Schreb. berl. naturf. 10. />. 75. Found near DuttnK-eiler in Naffoviay alternating in thin ftrata with coals. It is probable that thcfc three fpecifs might with much propriety be reduced to one. 238 INFLAMxMABLES. 79. Sulphur, 79. SULPHUR. Yellow with a fhade of green, hard, brittle, becoming eledric lay fridion, in- foluble in vvater: melting and becoming liquid in a low heat, burning vyith a blue flame and intollerably fufFocating Yapou*s which difcharge moft vegetable polours, in a higher and conti- nued heat evaporating in the forr^ of vapours : combining with mpft metals, vailyum. Pure, in an uncombined flate. Pyrites nudus. SyH- nat. xii. 3./. 113, ». 1, Sulphur nativum. Wall.jyft. 2. /. 1 23. «. i. Brimftope. SchmeiJ/er \, p 301. Kirwan 2.^.69. Native fulphur. Thomfpn chem. l. p. 31. 4.^.6. 1. In a ftate of powder, or flowers. Sulphur pulverulentuni. Wall. fist. z.p. 125. «. i. e. 2. Solid and pure. Of a common form and opake. Wall. fyst. 2. p. 124. «. i, p. Of a comiinon form and diaphanous. Wall.JyJi, n. 1. b., Fibrous or capillary. Wall. fvji. n. i, d. In the form of cryi(lals. WalLjyfi. «. 1. a. 3. Solid and mixed with arfenic or other materials, ofarcddifli colour. Sulphur arfenicale. Wall.jyft^ 2. p. 125. «. 2. Found in a ftate of folution in the numerous fulphur waters of Europe, and fometimes depofited in a ftate of powder in the drains through which they run ; in a folid ftate in the mines of Sicily and l^aples, Sec. contaminated with, arfenic in the neighbourhood of volcanoes, and cryftallized in tables, cubes, 4 fided prifms longitudinally and very ftnely ftriate, limple 3 or 6-fided pyramids, or moft commonly in double 4-fidcd pyramids, in Itfify, Spain^ Norman^, and Siberia: it is ge- nerally found in fmall pieces of gypfum, layers of clay, or it\ lime: luftre ?i little grealy, and cau,fes double refraftion: it does not diflblye in water, but is foluble in fat oils and alka- lies: fpecific gravity 1,990. confifts entirely of fulphuric acid and oxygene. tfrrtum. Combined with mould or alumina which is left behind after. deflagration, not producing a difagrceable fmell whea acids are poured on it. Sulphur coloratum. Wall. fyit. z. p* 125. «. 3, Kirnvan mineral. 2. p. 73. Coal blende. Schmeijfer mintr. I, /. 303, INFLAMMABLES. 79. Sulphur. ^39 Found frequently in the neighbourhood of volcanoes, cfpetially where animal recrements have lain dcpofited lor a long time, and alfo in other parts, as in fomc Ijkes of Spain and Germany: colour grey or vellow, or il rombined with bituminous earths brown, blackilh or black: it bums llovvly with a bluilh flame, leaving a teiiduum in proportion to the earthy matter with which it is mixed. hepaticum. Combined with lime or potafs which it leaves behind after deflagration, fmelling like rotten eggs either fponta- neoully or when acids are poured on it. Hepar of fulphur. Schmeiffer miner, i. ^.303, Liver of lulphur. Kir-xvau miner. 2. p. 83. Sulphuret of potafs. Thomfon cbem. i. /.470. Found in a Rate of folution in all fulphur waters, and is cafiljr detected by its difagreeablfe fmell and tafte, and by its readily tarnilhing filver and becoming milky with acids and black with acetite of lead ; it is alio, though rarely, found in a ftatc of powder at the bottom of lakes : colour brown, not unlike the liver of animals, but becoming green and even white when expofed to the air; its tafte is acid, cauftic, and bitter, and it leaves a brown ftain on the (kin ; it concerts vegetable blues to green and foon deftroys them: when expofed to a violent heat, the fulphur fublimes, and leaves behind the potafs or foda in a pure ilate. Pyrites. Intimately combined with iron, with a metallic fplendour^ of a (Iraw-yellow coloiar and common form. Pyrites amorphus, Syst. rat. xii. 3. /. 115. «. 5. Sulphur inforrhe. Wall. fyji. 2. p. 226. n. 4. Sulphur mundic. Berkenh. outl. ^.258. Sulphur pyrites. Sulphureous mundic. Schmetfs. z, p.iiii Pyrites. Kir^-wan mineral. 2. p. yi^,j6, Sulphat of iron. 1 homfm chem. if. ^« S'- Found in every part of the globe, occuring in almoft every roc J: and vein, or forming maflcs or veins of itfelf: hrird, frequently mouldering and lofing its metallic fplcndour, opake, brittle, melting with difficulty, and fomctimes attradtcd by the mag- net: frequently containing copper, arfenic, or alumina ; breaking into indeterminate fragments, of a fomewhat radi- ated texture or compart, with a polifhed reflefcling furfacc and gradually pafling into the cryllallized ft. 131. n. 6, Pyrites. Kiriuan mineral 2, /. 76. Sulphur pyrites. Ushtneijfer mineral, t. p.\\\, Sulphurct of iron. Ihomfon chem. 4. /. 5<. Sulphuret of iron. Soiveriy Brit. mitt. t. 105. i. Pyramidal, with the pyramid 3-rided. The pyramid perfeifl. The pyramid with the margins truncite, Gmel.fyst. nat. 3. /. 447. t- I./. 37. 2. Cryftallizcd in cubes. So'werSy Brit. min. I. tab. 29, 30. '' Gmel fyst. nat. 3. p. 446. tab. I. /. 19: With the faces convex. With the faces flat. With the faces fmooth. With the faces Uriate. Wiih the lines on all the faces iii the fame direftion. With the lines on the faces alternately longitudinal & trarifvefre. 3. Cryllallized in capillary prifms, which are more frequently difpofed in a ftellatc than a parallel manner. The prifms 6 fided. The prifms 8-fided. The prifms 12-fided and perfeft. Gmel.fyst. nat. 3; />. 447, /. I./. 29i 30. Muf. Tefs.t. 12./; 3* / The prifms 12-fided, with fonie ot the angles truncate. Gmel. J'yjl. nat. 3. p. 446; t. \.f 21. The prifms 12-fided, with moft of the angles truncate. Gmel fyfl. nat. 3. tab. \. f. l8i 35. Found very commonly among coals and fhiftofe rocksj atld in mines: it was formerly cut and polifhed by lapidaries, and fii.-.pcd into buttons and o>her ornaments: fpecific gravity from 4, 1006.104,7491. Scwerby. [ 241 ] CLASS IV. METALS. A. Malleable. 80. Platinum; Silvery-white; very hard and tenacious; fonorous ; exceedingly malleable and du<3;ile; not melting in a white heat; foluble only in 16 times its weight of boiling nitro-muriaiic acid, and giving firft a yellow and then a deeper red or brown colour to the folution: fpecific gravity 23,000. 81. Aurumj Rcddifh-yellow ; hardifh and tenacious; not fonorous; exceedingly malleable and du6tile; melting in a white heat ; foluble only in nit ro- muriatic acid, and giving the folution a yellow colour: fpecific gra- vity 19,300. 82. Argentum. Silvery- white; hard and tenacious; fono- rous; exceedingly malleable and du6lile; melting in a white heat; foluble in nitric acid, and imparting no colour to the folu- tion : fpecific gravity 10,500. 83. Hydragyrum. Silvery-white; fiuid at the common tempe- rature of the atmofphere ; mallcahle when rendered folid by a fufficient degree of cold; evaporating in heat ; foluble in mi- neral acids, and imparting no colour to the folution; fpecific gravity 13,568. 84. Cuprum. Fine red; hard and tenacious; fonorous; malleable and dudlile; when expofed to a red heat taking fire and emitting a moft brilliant lively green lit;ht ; exploding vi- olently when melted and caft into water: fpecific gravity 8,667. VOL. VII, — H h [ 242 ] 85. Ferrum. Bluei(h-grey ; very hard, tenacious, and elaftic; exceedingly malleable; dudlile ; attracted by the magnet ; melting in a white heat ; foluble in all acids, and giv- ing the folution a black colour when ve- getable aftringents are added to it: fpecific gravity 7,788. 86. Stannum. Silvery-white; foftifh ; very malleable and dudliie; not fonorous; flexible, and crack- ling when bent ; melting eafily ; foluble in all acids, and giving the folution a bitter tafte : fpecific gravity 7,299. 87. Plumbum. Blueifh-white; foft ; not fonorous; very malleable, and a little du6lile and tena- cious; eafily melting, and during liquc- faftion exhibiting iridefcent colours on the furface ; foluble in all acids, and giving the folution a fweetifh tafte: fpecific gravity 11,352. 88. NiCCOLUM. Reddifh-white; hard; malleable; affuming a green colour when heated, and acquiring a purple tinge if the heat be continued; atta£led by the magnet ; foluble in all acids, and giving the folution a green colour : fpecific gravity 9,000. 89. ZlKCUM. Brilliant white with a (hade of blue ; hardifh; a little malleable, but not dudile; llightly fonorous ; of a fibrous or fcaly texture ; taking fire when heated to a ftrong degree, burning with a brilliant white flame and emitting light white flakes; foluble in all acids, and imparting no colour to the folu- tion: fpecific gravity 7,190. B. Brittle. 90. BiSMUTUM. Reddifh-white, foft, brittle, of a lamellar texture; eafily melting; taking fire when heated to a itrong red degree, burning with a faint blue flame and emitting a yel- low fmoke; depofiting a white precipitate if its folution in nitric acid be diluted with water : fpecific gravity 9,822. [ 243 ] Qi. Stibium. Greyilh-white; very brittle; of a lamellar ^ ' ' and radiated texture ; melting in a red heat, and becoming firfl a greyifli-whitc oxyde, afterwards an hyacinthine glals, and at laft evaporating in a white vapour; depofiting a white precipitate if its folution in muriatic acid be diluted with water: fpe-cific gravity 6,702. 02. Tellurium. BlueiOi-white; very brittle ; of a laminar ^ ' texture; eafily melting, and boiling and evaporating if the heat be increafed ; burn- iuc; before "the blowpipe with a lively blue flame the edges of which are green, and at laft evaporating in a white fmoke ; depo- fiting a white precipitate if its folution in niiro-muriatic scid be largely diluted with water: fpecific gravity 6,115. Q-2. Arsenicum. Blutiih-white; extremely brittle ; fubliming in a white powder in a moderate heat with- out malting, & emitting a ftrongfmell refem- bling garlic ; its fublimed powder giving its foluuon in water an acid tafte, and turning vegetable blues red: fpecific gravity 8,310. 04.. COBALTUM. Blueiih.grey with often a fhadcof red, hard- ilh, verybritiie; melting with difficulty, burning in a violent heat with a red flame; attraded by the magnet ; giving a red co- lotir to its folution in nitric acid, and pre- cipitating a blue powder with the addition of potafs: fpecific gravity 8,150. 95. Magnesium. Iron-grey or brown, opake, hard, very brittle, melting with great difficulty ; at- iradled by the magnet when reduced to powder; mixed with nitre and expofed a fufficient time to heat, the mixture when thrown irvjo water exhibiting a green, then a purple, then a fcarlet colour, all which at lartdifappear: fpecific gravity 7,000. 06. TuNGSTENUM. Brownilh-red, internally blueifh, brittig, ex- tremely hard; notattradledby the magnet; melting with great difficulty, when heated is gradually converted from a black to a yel- low oxyde, which alfumes ablue colour with the muriatic acid: fpecific gravity 17,600. H h 2 C 44 ] 97. MOLYBDiCNUM. Iron-grey, brittle, compofed of fcaly parti- cles; melting with great difficulty, gradu- ally becoming a white volatile oxyde when heated, which with the addition of borax is reducible to a violet glafs: fpecific £ra- vity 7,500. 98. Uranium. Dark-grey inclining internally to brown, foft, opake, melting with extreme difficul- ty; convertible into a yellow powder by means of the nitric acid: fpecific gravity 6,440. 99. Titanium. Orange red, very hard, in minute aggluti- nated grains; not fufible by any known heat, forming a blue or purple oxyde when heated : fpecific gravity . 100. Chromium. White with a fhade of yellow, very brittle; melting with difficulty, dillolving flowly in acids ; gradually becoming a green ox- yde when heated in a clofeveffel: fpecific gravity . 101. COLUMBIUM. Dark brown-grey, hardifti, very bittle, of an imperfectly lamellar texture ; yielding •when pounded a dark chocolate-brown powder which is not attra£led by the mag- net; yielding a black powdery oxyde when expofed to a very violent heat : fpecific gravity 5,qi8. 102. Tantalium. Blackilh-grey, foftifh, of a granular frac- ture, not foluble in any acid, nor altering its colour when heated to rednefs; yield- ing a white powdery oxyde : fpecific gra- vity 5,130. METALS. 80. Platinum. 245 METALS. 80. PLATINUM. Of a filvery colour not tar- nifhed by the air, very hard and tenacious, fono- rous, exceedingly malleable and duflile, fpecific gravity 23,000: not fufible in any degree of heat, but detonating with nitre: foluhle only by boiling it in 16 times its weight of nitro-rPAiriatic acid, and giving the lolution firft a yellow and then a red -brown colour j its oxyde precipitated from this folution by the addition of muriate of ammonia in the form of an oi-ange powder. iranulatum Platinum. Platina. WalLfyfl. tnin. 2. f, 365. ». 7. Platina. Wat/on Phihf Tranfai}. 46. «. 496. Platina. Kirtuan miner. 2. p, 103. Schmeifser min. 2. ^. 17. Platinum. Thomjon chem. i. />. 1 12. & 4./, 21. Found near ^ito in Peru, near Santa Fc in Nciv Granaday and near the village Choco, in mines or mixed .vith land on the banks of river?, always in the form of fmall fmooih comprcf- fed grains of the colour of polifhed tin: it is always com- bined with iron, fometimes amounting to an eighth part, wliich may be readily feparated from it by diflblving it in muriatic acid : it is the heaviell and molt refradory of all metal', and requires a very vehement degree of heat to ren- der It liquid: its tenacity is fuch, that a wire 0,078 of an inch in diameter is capable of fupporling a wc:giit of 27,431 pounds avoirdupoife without breaking: it is eahly melted by a flux of powdered glafs, borax, and charcoal : it is frequently maonctic from the quantity of iron it contains. In confe- quence of its great malleabilicy, tenacity, durability, and in-, iolubility, it is a very precious metal. 246 METALS. 81. Aurum. 81. AURUM. Of a reddilh-yellow colour not tarniflied by the air, fbftifh and very tenacious, not fonorous, exceedingly malleable and duftile, fpecific gravity 19,300: burning in a red heat with a fea-green light, and melting at a white heat: foluble only in nitro-muriatic acid and giving the folution a yellow colour: when melt- ed with borax producing a ruby-coloured glafs. Gold. nativum. Not combined with other minerals, very ponderous, ducr tile, vifible in its matrix. Aurum nudum Syit. nat. x\\. ■^. p 151. w.i. Aurum nativum. Wall. fy/t. 2, p. 355. n. i. Native gold. Phitr/.Tranf. 1796. p. 45. Native gold. Kirn.i.'ar. miner. 2. p. 93. SchmeiJJer 2. p. 23, Native gold. Thomjon chem. 4. /, 2>. Native gold. So^erhy Brit. min. I. /. 1 ti. /. 52. Found in the fand cA a ftream flowing from mo\\XiX.Groghan near Jrklo^v in the county of Wkklonx! in Irdland, in Cornixiall and Scotland^ in the mines of Peru and Chili, Keiv Spain, Ja'va^ Siberioy Tran/ylvania, Spain, Hutiyury, France, and moft countries o^ Europe, generally near ihe furfare or mixed v\ith fand in the beds of rivers : it is rarely found quite pure, but almoft always mixed with fiiver, copper, or other fubftanccs, giving more or lefs variation to its appearance or colour : its form is generally ccrrimon, or imbedded in its matrix in va- rious fhapes ; lometimes it has decufl'ating grooves on its fur- face, or is cellular or plumofe, or refembling tpeth, branches, briUles or hairs: in it< cryllallized ftate it is ufually in fmall aggregate 6-fided tables with a right-angled 4-fided prifm ending in a p int or terminsted at each end by an imperfeft 4-lided prifm, in cubes, or fimple 3-fided or double 4-fided pyramids: it has no p^rctptible tr.ile or fmell, and does not alter or loie its luftre by any expofure to the air or water: its malleability is fuch, that one grain of gold may be beaten fo thin as to cover 56I fquare inches; fo malleable, that an ounce of gold upon filver wire is capable of being extended more than 1300 miles; and fo great is its tenacity, that a gold wire 0,078 inch in diameter is able to fupport a weight of I 5,007 pounds avoirdupoife without breaking. The largeft lump of native gold icnown was brought tiom WickloiVt and weighed 22 ounces; and contained in 24 parts, fine gold 2i|, fine filver ij, copper and iron alloy o}. METALS. 8i. Aurum. 247 mrenareum» Combined wifh grains or particles of fand or other fub- ftances, and giving them a golden fplendoiir. Arena aurea. Syst, nat, xii. 3. p. 198, «. 12, Aurum terra;. Wall, j'yft. 2. f. 358. n. 5. Found in mnny rivers of South America and the adjacent iflands, in Africa^ Arabia, India, and many parts oi Europe, more or lefs ponderous, and containing gold in greater or lefs quan- tities, fometimes fo fmall as not to be worth working : the particles of gold may be feparated by means of quickfilver or the nirto muriatic acid. larvaium. Intermixed with other foflils in very minute particles, which are feparable by means of quickfilver. Aurum larvatum. Schmeiffer mineral. 2. p. 25. Found in the mines of Siberia, Tranfyl'vama, Hungary, Saxony, S-weii'eii, and America, combined with chalk, fpar, alumina, fhiilofe porphyry, jafper, quartz, antimony, arfenic, &c. and is fometimes made whitilh by various combinations of lead, Ipatofe iron ore or fulphate of iron, copper or filver: the particles of gold are rarely vifible to the naked eye, PUtinatum. Yellowifh-grey, in fmall grains, harder and heavier thaa pure gold. Gold alloyed with Platina. Schmeiffer miner. 2.^. 26, Found in Sfanijh America., in fmall grains, involved in the pla- tina, and may be difunited by difTolving the platina in nitro-miiriatic acid and adding muriate of ammotiia which precipitrtes the platina and leaves the gold in folution. Of a pale yellow colour, lighter than pure gold. Argentiferous gold. SchmeiJJer >nineral. z.p. zj. Found in molt gold mines, fometimes combined with nearly a fourth part of filver, in fmall particles or laminae, filaments or 6-fided plates, feldom in Urge pieces, but ufually difpcrfed through certain ftones: it may be feparated by digefting it with nitric acid which takes up the filver, and leaves the gold behind. Molybdeni, Staining the fingers, of a lead colour and luftre, emitting flame and fulphurous vapours when burnt, and in a very violent heat leaving a button of pure gold. Aurum molyhd. mineralis. Born ind.fofi. 1.^.68. Found in the mines of Na^yag in Tranfflia//>;^ poiviler, lutjractus. Without luftre, friable, in thin pellicles intermixed with fpar. Horn- ind. fofs. Z f.WO. Kirnxan z. p. 1 14. Found in St. George's mine near Andreajburg: the pellicles arc white, blue, or brownifh. nigrum^ Deep black, friable, ponderous, effervefcing with nitric acid, and recoveirng at laft its metallic fplendour when rubbed. Argentum fuligincfum. Sjjt. not. xii. 3. p. 150. «. 9. Argcntum mineralifatum. Wall. jyft. z. p.'i^'^'^. n.b. Blick filver. Kir '-wan mineral 2. p. 1 1 7. Black filver ore. ScbmeiJ'er min. 2. p. 50, Black filver ore. Thom/on chem. 4. p. z6, Found in the filver- mines of 6V«7)', Brifanny, Saxany, Hungary, and Bohemia, fometimes covering other minerals as with « couting, fometimes intcrfperfed in larger or lefs particles, rot unfrquently in a pulverifed ftate : it commonly contains fulphur, arfenic and copper, and fometimes a litdc iron. (orneum. Ponderous, foft, malleable, without metallic luftre, fome- vvhat diaphanous, eafily melting in the fire and eva- porating at laft in a white fetid fmoke. Argentum diaphanura. Sy/f. not. xii. 3. / 148. «. z. Argent, acid, fal, mineralif. Wall. /fit. 2. /. 331. «. 3. Corneou? filver ore. Kirwan mineral. 2. p. 113, Muriat of filver. Tbomjhn chem. 4. /. 30. Corneous filver. !Schme'Jjer miner z. p. 56. Found in the mines of Mexico, Peru, Siberia, Hungary, Bohemia, Saxony, Qermtny, Sec, it melts before a candle like wax or fuer, and before the blowpipe leaves fmall grains of pure filv. r; foft nnd eafily cut with a knife : colour white, grey, yellowifti, green, vi 'let or brown : fometimes it is found m irregular nitHfies, fometimes in hollow globular pieces, or in thm plates, or in a llatc of powder, or cryftalliztd m fm*ll cubes or in accumulated Hakes, or in a cicular, rarely capillary METALS. 82. Argentum. 251 prifms: it melts very cafiiy, becomes purple on expofurc to the fun, and has a waxy lullrc : the bell kind contains about 72 per cent, of filver, which may be extrafted by feparating the fulphur and decompofing ihe remainder with foda, which when mixed with it and expofed in a crucible to heat, com- bines with the acid, and leave* the filver in its pure Hate: fpecific grdvi.y from 4,745. to 4,804 ; contains filver 67,75. oxyde of iron 6,00. muriatic acid 21,00. fulphuric acid o 25. alumina 1,75- Kitproih, EUarnnis Malleable, ductile, with a metallic luflre, yellowifli, not wholly foluble in nitric acid. Velthtlm n, Ent. chum. ". p. 75, Auriferous native fi yer. Kir-if: an mineral- 2. /. 109, Auriferous filver. Thorn/on chem. ^, p. 23. Found in the mountain Schtangenberg in Siberia, and in the mnies near Kong:hcrg in Nor^-ay, of a yellowifh-white colour or thgit of pi!c brafs ; rarv.'ly in folitary mafles, but gene- rally difleminate.i, or filiform, or reticular, or in fpanglcs ; fpecific gravity above 10,600: a fpecimen from Norway examined by Dr. Fordyce, contained filver 72. gold 28. It may be eafily fcparated by difiblving the mafs in nitric acid, which decompofes the filver, leaving the gold un- touched. ttihiat^m. With a metallic liiftre, tin-white, malleable, very hard, lamellar, not emitting fulphuric norarfenical vapours when burnt: leaving a white Qxyde when afted on by nitric acid. Selb magax.. Eerkbauh;. %. 1786. n. \.p. I. Antimoniated native filver. Kiruan mineral. 2 p. 114. Antimoniated filver ore. Tbomfon chem. 4. /, 24.. Found near M^ittichen in the diftrifl of Turflenhurg, in irregular grains or lumps or kid tiey.forj|> pieces, or cryftallized in irre- gular 4, 6, or 8-fided prifms which arc ftriated longitudi- ntlly: colour white, texture laminar, frafture conchoidal : before the blowpipe the antimony evaporate? in a grey fmoke, and leaves a brownifh flag which tinges borax green : it gives a greyifii black powder, and does not decrepitate when heated: with quickfilvtr it amalgamates eafily vyithout the afliftancc of heat: it is not foluble in nitro-muriatic acid, but may be be diflblved in boiling nitric acid, leaving a refiduum of about 27 per cent. fpecific gravity from 94,406. to 10,000. contains in its purer ftate filver 84. antimony 16. Klaproth, li 2 252 METALS. 82. Argentum. arseniacum. With a metallic fplendour, eafily melting and emitting arfenical vapours. Werner Satnml. fhyf. natur, \ . p. St. J^. p. ^^^^ Arfenicated iilver. iichmet/>er miner.z. />. 42. Arfenicated native filver. Kiriuan mineral, z. p. ill. Arfenical filver. nomfon chem. j^. p. 25. Found in the mines near Andreajhurg in Hercynia, forr.etinies of a fteel-white colour and luftre and containing a little iron, fopietiines pale ochre-yellow: its hardnefs is often confidcr-^ able, and then jt is fibrous internally, fometimes it is fo lo!t as to be cafily cut with a knife and in cutyed foliations: commonly found in round irregular lumps or cr\ ilallizcd in 6-fided prifms or pyramids: contains filver '2,7^. iron 44,25, arfenic 35,00. antimony 4,00. Klaproth. moljbdana- With a metallic fplendour, in tliin flexible plates. turn. Freberrov, afl. petrop. 3. p. 267. Molybdenic filver ore. S chtne iff er mineral. 2. p. 51. Found ntzr Deutchpilfen in Hungary, in thin broad fliinin^ plate?, placed one over the other, fometimes nearly an inch in thick- nefs, in ^-rey alumina: it gives a grey ftreak to paper, and has fomething the refcmolance of common MolybdcTnuiT' : it has fometimes a bttle iron mixed with it, and uiually yields 23 ounces of (liver in a hundred vyeight. nj'ttreum. Of a dark blueifh-grcy colour, eafily melting and emitting during combuilion fulphurous flames and vapouis, opake, very ponderous, foft, tenacious. Argentum mineralifat. Syft.nat. k\\. 3. p. 148. n, 3. Argent, fuiph mineralis WalLfyft. 2 p. 329. «. 2. Sulphurated filver ©re Kirnxan mineral. 2, p. 115. Vitieous Iilver. Schmei/ser miner. 2. p. 44. Sulphuret'of filver. Thom/on cbem. 4. />. 26. Found in the mines of iS/^^m^, Norivay, Saxony, Bohemia, Hun^ gary, bpain, and America, generally fuperficial and running like veins ihroijgh other foffils : colour deep lead-grey, grey- ifh black, or fteel-blue, with very little metallic lultre, and fometimes variegated on the furface : its appearance is rarely maflive, but moll commonly in thin plates, granular, capil- lary, arborefcent, or cryftallized m cubes or in double 4 or 6-fided pyramids : internally it has more of a metallic luftre ; is foft enough to bear impreflions like lead, and melts eafily into a vitreous mafs. It is one of the richeft ores oi filver, containing ufualiy 85 per cent, of pure filver : fpecific grayity from 6,909. to 7,215. METALS. 82, Argentura. - 2$^ Of a black lead-colour, without metallic luftrc, opake^ eafily melting with fulphuric flames and vapours, brittle. Roefchpewaccbs. rogel. mineral, p. 445. Antimoniated iil\^er ore. Kixwan mm 2. p. 118. Brittle filver ore. Schmeijjer miner. 2. p. 50. Antimoniated fulphuiet. Thomfon cbem 4. p. 27. Found in the mines of Dauphi^ny, Saxony, Bohemia, Uun^arw and Siberia, and rcfemblcs the laft except in being rendered brittle bv an admixture of iron and antimony : colour iron- gre)', azure or dark blue when tamifhed. with little metallic luftre, and of a comparl; texture: it is generally found maf- five or difleminated, fometimes cryHallized in indiiUni^ and accumulated 6-fided prifms, or tables, or rhombs: before the blowpipe the fulphur and antimony evaporate, leaving a button, which may be fcparated from the iron by fufion wiih nitre and borax: fpecific gravity 7,208: contains filver 66,5. fulphur 12,0. antimony 10,0. iron 5,0. filiea 1,0. arfenic and copper o, 5 . Klaproth. Shining, of a lead-colour, ponderous, lamellar, britte, ealily melting. Reno'vaKZ. "v alt. Gab. p. 137. Cupriferous fulphurated filicr. Kirnuan 2. />. 121. Cupriferous fulphuret, Thomfon chcm. 4. p. 28. Found in the Korholokinksk mountains of Siberia, in the fifliirc^ of hornftone rocks, in irregular lumps of various fizc? : its powder when rubbed between the thumb and finger gives a black colour to the fxin with a lead glofs : when heated part is firrt fufed and refembles fulphurated filver, the rcnuinder is of much more difficult fufibility and refembles black cop- per: it communicates a blue colour to nitric acid, and when difTolved in it depofits fulphur: contains about filver 42. copper 21. fulphur 35. Thomfon. Ponderous, red when fcraped, a little ihlning internally* decrepitating in the fare, and afterwards meltiiig witb an arfenical fmell. Argcntum rubefcens. Syji. nat. xii. 3. p. 149. ». 4. Argentnm fulphure, &c. Cronft. min.fe3. 169. Argertum arfenico mineralif. Wall. foil. 2. /. 333. n. 4. Argentum rubrum. ]VoUerfd. min. 29. li Of a colour between blood and cochineal-red, fometimes vari« egated : ftreak orange-red : powder black. Silver with antimony, &c, SchmciJ'er mineral. 2, p. 55, 954 METALS. 82. Argentum, Light red filver ore. Kivwan mineral z. p. Ml. Light red filver ore. 'Ibpmfon chem. 4. p. 29. jf. Colour between dark red and lead-grey, or nearly bjack : ftreak dark crimfon red. Dark niver ore. Kiriuart miner, 2. p. 123. Ruby filver ore. SchmeiJ/er miner. 2. p- ^6. Dark red filver ore, Ihomfon chem. 4. /. 25, found in various mines of Peruy Chili, France, Spain, Germany, Saxony, llun^ary^ Sec. with arfcnic, galena, or other ores of filver, in maffes, or difi'eminincd, fometimcs n^'aftitical or botrycidal, cr cylhllized in fmall prifms or aticular pyra- mids, or radiated in a Iteliate manner ; it differs much in degree of tranfparency, colour, texture, and form : it is friable or brittle, but fo foft as to be cut with a knife; when broken it has a glafTy appearance, and when fcraped with i. knife the particles appear fcarlei ; texture flat conchoidal, or approaching to the foliated: when heated it crackle, and melts very eafily before the blowpipe, blackening, burning with a blue flame, and giving out a white fmoke with a flight fmell of garlic: it becomes e'.eflric by friflion, but only when infulated ; and is foluble in nitric acid without effervefcence : it detonates with nitre when thrown into a red hot crucible, and becomes then capillary fi!ver: fpecific gravity from 5,440. to 5,692. concaiijs filver 56. antimony 16. fulphur 15. oxygen 12. and a little arfenic. Klaproth, flhnt. Opakc, with a metallic luftre, compaa, ponderous, of a pale lead colour externally and when fcraped, emit- ting fulphurous and arfenical vapours when burnt, brittle. Argent, mineralifat. cupri, &c. Syst. nat. xii. 3./. 149. n. 5. Argent, arfenico, &c. Wallfyyt. 2, ^. 334- ».,5. Argent, arfcnico, &c. Cron/t. mineral, fed. lyo^ 3. 3. Plumbiferous filyer ore. Kirivan mineral. 2. p. 119. Grey filver ore. Schmei/ier mineral. 2. /. 52. Found in the mines of Saxony, Bohemia, Hungary, Sicily, kc, generally imbedded in quartz and other minerals: it containi generally about 1 5 per cent, of filver, the remainder being made up of fulphur, arfenic, copper, and iron in various proportions : when fcraped it exhibits a brighter furface but of the fame colour: it breaks into indeterminate fragments, and is of a flat texture : it is generally found of a common form, rarely cryflallized : is brittle, but fo foft as to b^ cut with a knife. METALS. 83. Hydrargyrum. 255 83. HYDRARGYRUM. Of a fil very -white co- lour becoming gradually blacker in the air, always in a Itate of fluidity in the common temperature of the air, becoming folid and malleable at a temperature of 0,39^, fpecific gravity 13,568: evaporating in a low heat: Ibluble in moft acids and imparting no colour to the folution; when diflblved in muriatic acid aid mixed with lime-water precipitating an orange- red powder. ^ickfilver, •virgineum. Pure, fluid, very ponderous, of a filvery colour and luftre. Hydrargyrum nudum. Syfi. nat. xii. 3. p, 119. »« i. Mcrcurius virgineus. Wall.fyst. 2. p. 148. n. i. Mercurius nativus. Cranft. miner. Z15. Argentum vivum. jSi. Up/. 1720. ». 3. p. 55. Native mercury. Kirxvan miner. 2. p. 223. Native mercury. Schmeijfer miner . 2. p. 62. Native mercury. Thomfon chem. 4, p. 35. Found in the quickfilver-mines near Sahiherg in Snveden, at Almaden in Spain, Idria in Bohemia, in the Palatinate near Wolfftein and Moersfelci, in the dutciiy of Deux pants, and on the mountain Stahlberg, Sec. in fmall glolniles fcattered through different kinds of Itones, clays and ores, and may be cafily extrafted by evaporation ; i'pccific gravity about 13,600. ^malgama, Pondrous-, of a filvery colour and luftre, rather folid, eva- porating when heated and leaving pure filver. Amalgama. Cronjl. miner. J'eil. 215. Native amalgama. Kirivan miner. 2. p. 223. Native amalgam. Schmeijfer mineral. 2. p.. 63. Amalgam of fdvcr, Thomfon chem. /^. p. ^i. Found in the mines of Hungary near Zlana, near l.'nfchellarjlurg and on the mountain Stahlburg in the dutchv of Bipontiumy and in Siuedtn, rarely in larger mafTes imbedded in quanz, hornftone or fpar, but generally running through other ores of quickfilvcr, f mecimcs in imperfeft cuber, prifms or pyra- mids: colour filvery-white or grry, fometimes tarniflied in an iridefcent manner : it is brittle or foft according to the proportion of mercury, but is generally (ofc enough to bear the imprcflion of the thumb-nail, and when cur with a knife gives a creaking noife : when rubbed on gold it leaves a white ftrcak : fpecific gravity above io,ooo : contains about mer- cury 64. filver 36. Kiaprotk, 2^6 METALS. 83. Hydrargyrum. sublimatum. Without metallic luftre, fiibliming almoft entirely before the blowpipe in the form of a white fmokc without fulphuroiis flame or vapours. Woulfi's Ex; er -merits . \~/TJ- /• 4« Suckoiu Bef^hr.des nattirl. lurp. p. S. Baumer htH. mere corn. 1785. Kirivan 2. p, 226, Corneous mercury. Schmeifser. miner, 2, p. 73. Muriat of mercury. Thomfon chem. 4. p. 36. Found in the mines of Wolfjlein and Moersfeld in the Palatinate^ and near Mo/chellarjhurg in the dutchy o^ Deuxponts, in fcales or grains, or cryftallized in fmall 4-fided prifms terminated by 4-rided rhomboidal fummits, or 4-fided pyramids with the angles truncate: colour frhoke-grey, yeliowifh-grey, yellowifli-white, lemon-yellow, or greenilh, rarely blackifh: the cr> Hals have a pearly luftre, are femitranfparent and foft, and have a foliated texture; when thrown on red hot char- coal they difcover a fmell lik? garlic, and when mixed with lime-water occafion an orange-coloured precipitate: it con- fifts of mercury combined with fulphuric and muriatic acids in various proportions. larvatum. Deep red, of an earthy texture, heavy, fubliming its mer* cury by heat. Red native precip'tate. Schm;iJJer2. p.6^. Kirnvan 2, p. 226. Red oxyde of mercury. Thom/on chem. 4. p. 36. Found mixed with fand near Alicant in Spain, and in the foil in the mercury-mines of Idria and Bufchians, compaft and hea- vy, and is generally mixed with globules of mercary : when heated in a clofe veflel it yields oxygene and a little carbonic acid gas, and the mercury becomes recovered: it appears to be the red oxyde of mercury combined with alumina or bitumious marl: generally contains about 0,91 of mer- cury. .^Ewiops, Black, without luftre or tranfparency, ftaining the fingers, eafily melting, and if the Reat be increafed entirely fubliming with a fulphurons fmell and flame. Freber nov. a3. petrop. 3. /. 268. Hacquet chem. annal. 3. /. 48 1 . Native aethiops. Kirnjoan miner. 2. p. 227. iEthiops mineral. SchmciJJer miner, z. p. 6-j. Found in the mines of Najfau near Ktrcheim, and in thofc of Iciria, generally in a loofe powdery lUteof ablack orgreyifh- black colour, and accompanied by lamellated cinnabar or fulphur pyrites: it confitts of mercury merely mixed with lulphur: I'pecific gravity 2,223. Habn. iVlETALS. 83. Hydrargyrum. 257 CiKnabcris. Ponderous, without metallic luftre, red, fcarlet when fcraped, eafily melting, diffipatin? before the blow- pipe with a blue flame and fn'phurous fmell. Hydrarg. mineralis. pyriticos. Syst. not xii. 3, p. i ?g. tt. 3. Mercurius fulphiire mineralif. Wall.fst p. tjo. n. 2. Native Cinnabar. Kirivan miner. 2 p.ziS. Native Cinnnhsr. Schmei/'ier mifer. 2. p 66. Sulphuret of Mercury. 7homfon chem- 4. p 34. 1. Coch'neal red, hafd, of a foliated or uneven frafture, fp cific grovity when pure 10,128. 2. Scarlet, foft. of a fibrous or earthy fraflure, fpecific gravity vvhen pure 6,90^, 3. Cryftal'ized. Found in Peru, Chili, Nciv Spfin, Jnpan, China, '^iht'ria. Hun- gary, Sicily, Germany, Sec. diflcminared, i'l ve'ns, i^rains, or ramifications, in a matrix of inviuratid clay, white and fer- ruginous quartz, calcareous fpar, argillaceous O^iift, or py- rites:: colour various fh^des of red, fometimc'-- greyifh • the cryUals are 3 or 4-fided pyriniids finvle or double, 3 pa6>, fiSrou?, or granular texture: the fo.'"ter kinds itain the finders and make a red mark: it is infoIuHle in nitric acid, and contains about 80 of mercury and 20 of fulphur. hepdiicum, ponderous of a common form, burning with a blue flame but evaporating only in part. Brunnich Cronli. miner. 216. B. i. Hepatic mercurial ore. Kiri.van mineral. 2. p^ 224. Hepatic mercury. Schme^ffr mineral. 2. p. 69. Hepatic mercurial ore. 'l homfonchem, 4. p. 35. 1. Of a compart texture. Ktrnuan mi7:iraL 2./. 225. Schmeijfer 2. p. 70. 2. Of a ilaty texture. Knivan 2 p, 226. SchmeiJ/er 2. /. 70. Found in the mines of Idria, and is nothing but cinnabar mix- ed with indurated clay : colour dark red or liv' r-bro\vn, greenifh, bluilh, or lead colour, or fpeckled green or blu- : texture comp.i. 71, Greyi(h-black mercury. Ki'wan min. 2. p. 231. Found in beds of potftone, quartz and fhift, in the mines near Mojchellandshurg and Sumatra^ in a compad brittle heavy ftate, and of a grey or blackifh colour : when Ircfh broken it has a glafly appearance : it gives a red llreak, and before the blowpipe melts with borax into a green glafs; it contains more or Icfs of fulphur and copper. glaniuUtum Without metallic luftre, red with a fcarlet ftreak, emit- ting fulphurous flames and arfcnieal vapours when heated. Hydragyrum arfenlcale. Sytt. nat. xii. 3. /. 120. «. 4. Mercurius ruber. Cronjl. mineral. 63. Found in the mines oi Japan, and contains mercury mineraliz- ed by fulphur and arfenic. mixtum. In the form of white lumps, emitting fulphurous and ar- fenical vapours when heated, Mercurius miltus. Monet fy ft » min. Mercury mixed with filver, &c. Schmeifs, 2. «>. 74, Found in the mines of Dauphiny, and contains mercury i part, filver 3, and the remainder iron, cobalt, arfenic and fulphur. fhlogi:tUum Of a dull opake colour, ponderous, brittle, flaming and emitting difagreeable vapours when heated. Brunnich Cronft. min. 2 1 6. B. 2. Found in the mines of Idr'w, and contains a large portion of quickfilver. futeni. Dark red-brown^ lamellar, fomewhat pellucid, fmelling like liver of fulphur when rubbed. Born chem. annal. 1789. I . ^. 316. Hacquet chem. annal. 3. p. 480, Bituminous mercury ore. Schmtijfer 2. p. 72. Found in the mines of IJria on hornftone, has an earthy tex- ture and flames when kindled, the vapours of which have the fmcll of bitumen : it yields from i; to 20 per cent, of mercury. I METALS. 84. Cuprum. 259 34. CUPRUM. Fine red eafily tarnifliing in the air, hard and tenacious, malleable and duftile, fonorous and elaftic, Ipecific gravity 8,667: melting with difficulty, and when expofed to a red heat taking fire and emitting a mod brilliant green light} exploding violently when melted and cad- into water : lolublc in moft acids and ammonia, exhibiting a blue colour; from its folution in nitric acid precipitating a blue oxyde by the addiiion of potafs: tinging glafs green. Copper, nativum. UnCQinbined, Cuprum nudum. Syft. nat. xii. J. p. 145. «. 2. Cuprum nativum. Wall.f^fi. 2 p, 274. «. i. Native cupper. Kirxvan miner. 2. p. 1 28, Naiive copper. Schinerjer 7nlneral. Z. p. 126. Native copper. Thom/on chem. 4 p. 37. 2. Precipitated by a vitriolic folution. Cuprum prccipitatum. Syji, nat. xii. 3. p. 178. «. 3» Praecipitated copper. Kir 'w an miner, z.p, 128, 3. Crjftallized in S-fided figures. Cuprum cryftallifatum. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 143. n. 3. Gmd.Jyfl. nat. 3. p. 446. tab. i./g-. 23. Scnveriy Brit miner, tab. 17. 25. Found in Cornnvally /Ingkfea, Ulck/oiv in Ireland, on the Ihorcs of the Copper ifland near Kamt/chatka, in Ice/anJ&t\d the Feroe iftand', Hungary , Siberia, Siveden, Norivay, and many parts of the old and ngw world j in compaft mafles, plates, threads, and arborcfcent and botryoidal figures of various forms; fometimes cryftallised in cubes or double 4-fided pyramids: texture fometmes granulated, rarely lamellar: fupcrficial colour when tarnifhed greenjfli-yellow, or rcddifh with a pale green, bluifh or variegated : when hard and compaft it takes a fine polifh, and exhibits a rich metallic luftrc, but foon tarniflies by the aflion of the air and contrafts a green- ifh ruft called verdegris : fpecific gravity from 7,600 to 8,667. ktcritium. Red, foft, without metallic luftre. Ochra cupri. Sy/t. nat. xii. 3. />. 193. n. 6. Cuprum corrofum. Wall. /yli. 2. /. 290. «. 16. Earty red ore. Kirfwan mineral. 2. p. 138. Kk 2 26o METALS. 84. Cuprum. JKed e^rthv oxyc'e Schmeifser miner. 2. p. 1 30. Copi^er ochre TLomfon chem. 4. p 43. tound in the mine, of Saxony, in cortipaift lumps f}.!iinHfd \n fmall particles, colour hyacinth red, m ^rc or ids mc/iaing to ^^ov^n or yellow; texture generally earthy, rarely ini- p'. r eftly co!.chc)idai, and often covering other fuilils ^s with acrult: it is eailly' puiveriia-ile, ^nd makes a cotiliderablc flain on paper; when breathed on gives an ar.hy l'ir,c i ; it of; n decrepit 'tc- and blackens in the lire, and is not total/ ioluble in acid- or vohtile alka i ; it has a greater or le!s mix- ture of iron, and contains from 30 to 54 per cent, cf cxyde of copper. ruhrum. Of a dull red or brownJlli-red colour, lian'if!), without metallic luftre. Cuprum rubrom. S_'^t. nat.yin, 3. p. 145. n. 9, Cupr. minerafolida. If^all. fyst. 2. /. 226. n. 5. a. Compaft red ore. Kiwjanmiiieral. 2. p. 135. Red copper glafs. Schmeifser Trnncr 2. p. 132. Glafs copoer ore Berkenh. outl. p 263, Red copper ore. Thomfon chcm. 4. / 42. Red oxyde of copper, Soiverhy Brit. min. tab. 53. loc. Found m the m'nes of ComivaJl, India, Siberia, Hungary, Sic in compa(fl mafles of a common, lamellar, or fibrous tcx- tuie, and often crjflallized in cubes, prifm;' or pyramids: colour various fhades of cnthineal red, makirg a briglit red ftre k, and giving a red powder: it decrepitates ar.d turns blnck in the fire, is (oluhic in nitric acid with efrervcfcenco and in the muriatic without efFtrvefcencc : to the nitiic acid if gives a green tinge, ard a blue one to volatile alkali: ic frequently c^tains nearly 70 per cent of copper. bepaticum. Brown, foft, without metallic luftre. Cuprum co'orc hepatico. IV^jH Jyst 2. p. 276. n, 3. b, c. Hepatic copper. Schmeijser mifier, 2. p 131. Found commonly with the n-d oxyde in the mines of Snvede/i, Saxony, Auliria, See. forretimes in an C-irthy and fri.iHlc flate, fometimes compaff- and inc'uratcd, not unlrequ' ntly covering other ores in ftalaclitical concentric layers : colour greyi.1i, yellowifh, or reddifh brown : it fometimes contains a fonll quantity of filver, and is chiefly cnmpofcd of oxyde of copper and iron : it yields from 2 to 20 per cent, of copper. ttceum. Black, hardifh, without metallic luftre. Cuprum ferro et paux. fulph. Wall.fyfi. 2. ^. 280. «. 61 Indurated copper, Schmeifser tniner. 2. p, 131. METALS. 84. Cuprum. a6i Founl in the mines of ITercynia and ^u/ln'a, in a lamellar or imrerfcaiy (.onchoidal ftate, or coating copper pyrites: co- lour hicwnini-black, or dari< yell-.'Aini bro.vn : it contains a large qinintity ot iron, and yields 7 or 8 per ceut. of copper. fubinosum. Black, fupcrficial. Cuprum corrodim. Wall. fs!^. 2. f. 291. ». 17. Cuprum fulginofiim. CronR mine"^ Black copper. SchmeiJJ'cr mineral z. p 131. Found in the mines ot llwi^ary, Saxony, and Sweden, generally in a friable ftate, and fc'cms to have been produced by pyn- ticiil copper ore or mundic vvliich has been decompofed with iron. -aruleum Sky-blue, foft, without metallic luftre, foluble in 3cid& without ctfervefcence and guing them a green co- lour- OcWa cupri co:rulea. Syst. nai. \.p. 162 ». 4. Cuprum tceruieum. Ii'a:l.j)st. 2. p 289 ». 15, Earthy mountain blue. Kir-ivan- miner. 2. f. 129. Oxy-carbonate of copper. Schmeiffir mi' c. z. p. 13^. Blue carbonat of copper. Thom/on chem. 4. p. 43. Mountain blue. Berkenhout outl /;. 263. 2. With a mixture of lime, and generally in a ftate of p^w-der. Lapis armcnus. Syst. nat. xii 3. /. 146. n. 14. Lapis armenus, Kiriva?? miner J. 2. p. 153. Caerul. montan. lapide calcar. Wall.fyll. 2. p. 289. n. 15. f. Blue friable copper ore. ^chmajjer miner, z. p. \ 36. Found in the mines of Cornivall, Dcrbyjhire, &rc. in Armenia, S>-beria, Hungary, Saxony, &c. maffive and eartny : colour often verguicT to green: it is fometimes found in a powdery ftate, and fj'metimes invelVing other ores: contains often copper 69, carbonic acid 29, water 2. Cuprisro Sky or fmalt blue, without metallic luftre, entirely folu- ble in acids with cffervcfcence and giving them a green colour. Ofhra Cuprigo. Svli. nat. xii. 3. p 194. «• 12. Stri.tcd blue ore. Kirnuan mineral. 2 p. 130. Radiated or fibrous azure ore. Schmcifser z, p' 137. Radiated blue carbonate of copper. , 4$. \. Hard, brittle, of a fibrous or radiated frafture and filky luflrc. Ochra cupri germinans. Syfl. nat, xii. 3. p. 194. «. 1 1. Fibrous Malachite. Kir'wan miner. Z. p. 131. Radiated Malachit. Schmeijfer mineral. 2. p. 1 30, Fibrous Malachite. Thomfon chem. 4. p, 45. Buflus-like Carbonate of Copper. Scwerby. t. 47, Green Malachite. Rajlejgh fa/c. l.t. 7./. 6. 4. Cryftaljized in flender needles. Found in the various copper mines of Great-Briiain, Jfrica, Siberia, Hungary, Saxony, Bohemia, ice. in folid mafles or in fmall particles interfperfed in different matrices, or in vari- ous forms as kidney (hupcd, botryoidal, ftalaftitical, or in concentric layers: colour from a dull to a light applc-grcen: luftre ufually filky : before the blowpipe it decrepitates and blackens, but does not melt, and gives a green colour to the flame: it efFervtfces with nitric acid, and tinges borax ycl- lowifh-grecn ard alkalies blue : fpecific gravity from 3,571. to 3,653: a fpecimen from Siberia contained copper 58,0. carbonic acid 18,0. oxygene 12,5. water 11,5. Klaproth. Olive-green, foluble in muriatic acid with efFervefcence, and the folution giving a bine precipitate with pruffi- ate of potafs, without metallic luftre. I. Of an earthy texture, friable, clear olive-green. Cuprum ochraceum. Kanten Lejke mineral. 1 /. 425. Ferruginous green Copper ore. SchmtiJJer z p. 141. Of a compaft and flag-like ftate, dark olive greeii. Found near Camfdorf in Saxony, and near ^aalfeU, in compaft lumps or fmall particles interfperfed thro^igh other m nerals : texture generally more or lef> conchoidal, and is fometimes a little fhining : when rubbed it leaves a green trace : it is compofed of copper, iron, oxygene, and carbonic acid. Dull olive-green, becoming blue with prufliate of potafs, emitting arfenical fumes before the blowpipe and leaving a dudlile copper bead. Klaproth Schreb.Berl. Haturf.-]. p. 160, Philo/ophicalTra^faa. 1801. /». 1 69, &c. Olive Copper ore. Kir^wan mineral. 1. p. I 5 1. z. 164. METALS. 84. Guprtinrr. Arfeniate of Copper. Schmeiffer min.ei al. z. p, 152. Arforiat of Copper. Thamfon chem 4. />• 4". Arleniatc of Copper. So^iverhy tmn /• 31, 32, 37. Q3. Found in the Carrara_k m ne in Corn^aull, and near Joniback in Silejia, in cliffy of quartz: colour various fhadcs of green, f.metimes inclining to brown, generally in tranfparent cryf- tals of various forms: fpecific gravity fruin 2,548 to 4,208: afinefpecimen contained oxyde of copper 50,62. arfenic acid 45,00. water 350. Klaproth. iessellatun:. Green, in fmall fhining cluftered cubical cryftals, emit- ting arfenical fumes when burnt. Klaproth fchreb Rerl. Naturf. 7, p. 1 60. Soiuerby Brtt. miner ^ tab. 31, &c. Found with the lafl, of which it feems to be a mere variety : it probably contains a little iron. Grafs-green, of the confidence of fand, foluble in acids wiihout efFervefcence, burning with green and blue flames when thrown on hot coals. Green fand of Peru Kirwan miner, z. p. 149. Muriat of Copper. Thomfon chem. 4. p. 46. Found in Peru^ and when examined through a glafs appears a mixture of tranfoarent green particles with quartz: contains' oxvde of copper 73,0. muriatic aci 2?o n. 7. White Copper ore. Kirnuan miner. 2 ^.152. White Copper ore. Schmeifser miner. 2. p. 142. White Copper ore. Thomfon chem. 4. p. 38. Found with other copper ores in the Middleion Lvas veins, and in the mine^ of Hungary, Siberia, Germany and Saxony, in- terfrerfed with other foffils in larger or fmalier lumps and fometimes cryllallizsd in 4-fided double pyramids: colour ftecl or filvery-grcy, often reddifii-brown : powder grey. METALS. 84. Cuprum. 265 with fometimes a tinge of red : texture compaft, very brit- tle, and when rubbed emitting the fmell of arfcnic : it con- iifts ot copper, iron, arfenic, fulphur, and fometimes a little filvtr. purpureum. Hardifh, with metallic luftre, brittle, red or blue. Cuprum uyruicofum, Syfi nat. xii. 3.^. 144 n. 5. Cupr. fulph. et fcrro Wall. Jyft. 2. p, 278. ». 5. Purple Copper ore. Ki"wan miner. 2. p, 142. Variegated Copper ore. Schr/.eiffer min 2 p,i^J, Purple Copper ore. ^ homfon chem 4. p, 40. Found in America, Siberia, Lapland, Nornvay, Sazony, Germany ^ Sec. generally mixed with other ores of copper, in mafTes, plate?, ordifleminated : colour copper-red, broun. prrple, azure, blue or green: ftrcak reddi(h and metallic: texture conchoidal, brittle: with nitric acid it eft'e^vef(■es ard tinges it green, deflagites with nitre, and melts before the blow- pipe with fmcll, fmoke or vapour: fpccific gravity from 4,956 to 4,985: contains copper 58, iron 18, fulphur 19, oxygene 5. Klapnth. cintreum. Hardifli, brittle, with metallic luftre, compad, of a fteel- grey colour. Cuprum cineri um. Syft. nat. xii 3. p. 144 «. 7, Cupr. arfn. fulph. Wall. fyit. 2 p 281. n. 8. Grey Copper ore. Ktrnuan mineral. 2. p. 1 46. Grey Copper ore Sckmei/ser m-ner. 2 p. 148, Grey Cdpi cr ore. Thomfon chtih. 4. /.41. Fouid in Comhuall, Saxony, Hungary, Siberia, Germany, Sec* fometimes amorphou?, lonictimes in 4 fided cryftah with the edges often truncated : colour fteel grey, often tarnifhed or variegated : Itreak dark grey, often reddifh-brown : powder ■ blackifh, with frequently a tinge of red : with nitre it defla- grates, and melts with crackling before the blowpipe: it tinges borax yellowifh or brownifh red : fpccific gravity ij.,864. conra'ns whrn pure, copper 31,36. fulphur 11,50, antimony 34,09. filvur 14,77. "'O" Z^l^- alumina 0,30^ Kiap'oth^ fatidum. Hard, with metallic luftre, of a lead colour, and con- choidal texture, emitting a difagreeable fmell when pounded. Reno'vanz 'V 4ltnijch Geb p. 142. Found on the mountain Schlangenburg in Siberia, and contains 45 per cent, of copper and a little fiiver, psittacinum. Ponderous, dull parrot-red, radiated, breaking into fplin- ters, often tormiiit; crufts. VOL. Vll. — L 1 266 METALS. 84. Cuprum. Renovanz v, A'taifch, Geb, p. 235. Peacock's tail Copper ore. ScOmeifser 2, p. 147. Found in the Altaic m untains of iV^^rm, and contJins from 15 to 20 per cent, of copper and a little lilvcr. ahaicum, HardiOi, with a weak luftre, hoary, brittle, of a fine fplintery texture. Refiovanz v. Altai/ch. Geb. p. 235. Found in the mines of Siberioy and contains about the fame proportion of copper as the lail: it tinges ammonia green. plumbeum. Of the colour and luftre of lead, and of a flat texture. Linch chem. annal. IJQO. I, p. 150. Found in the mines of Hercynia, and contains fulphur, copper^ filver, iron,arfenic, and lead. htreynlcum, Hardilh, with a dull hiftre and dark grey colour. Weffrumb chem. annaU 1 789. 2. p. '^z']. Found in the mines of the Ilarz, and contains a confiderable- portion of copper, fome antimony and fulphur, a little iron, a very fmall quantity of filver, and neither arfenic nor leadr dalicum. With metallic luftre, of a fteel-grey colour, and red ftreak. Argentum arfenico, Sec. Wull.fyst. 2. /..z^S. n. 7. a. Found in the mines of Smueifen and Saxony, and contains iron 24, copper 13 per cent, befides a little antimony and filver. fulvum. Yellow, with metallic fplendour, emitting fulphurous flames and vapours when thrown on hot coals. MundiL\ Cuprum fulvum. 5vy?. tmt. xii, 3. />» 144, w» 4. Cupr. fulph. et fcrro. JVaU,fiit 2. p. 282. «. 9, Copper pyrites. Kirnvan miner. 2. p. 140, Copper pyrites. Thomfon chem. 4. /. 39. Sulphuret of copper. So-iverby Brit. mhi. t. 77, 78. The moft common ore in the mines o^ Cornxvali, Irelan zinc, tin, and arfenic. Ra/pe Ad, Petrop 3. hi if. p. 77. Fo.md in Cornn-^'all, and is probably only a yariety of the Bell metal ore. 'vitratum. Soft, with metallic luftre, of a lead colour, eafily melting before the blowpipe. Cuprum canum. Syft. nat. xii. 3./). (44. n. 6. Cuprum fulphure miner. WalU f\Jt. z. p.zjj.n.^. yitri.*ous Copper ore. Kiri.van mineral. 2. />, 144. VitreOLis Co[)per ore. Schmeijfer miner , z p. 143. Sulphuret oi Copper. Thorn/on chem. 4. p. 38, Found in Carn-wall, Hungary, Siberia, Bohemia, Aullria, Ger» many. Sec. in mafles, plates, threads, or cryftallized in cubes, 6-(ided prifm?, or 4 fided double pyramids : texture com- paft or foliated : before the blowpipe it melts eafily, exhi- biting a green pearl while in fuiion, which on cooling is co- vered with a brown cruft : it deflagrates with nitre, tinges borax green, and is foft enough to be cut with a knife : ef- fervcfceb with nitric acid, turning the folution green: fpe- cific gravity from 5,432 to 5,565: the coinpaft kind con- tained opper 78,50. fulphur 18, ;o. iron 2,25. fi'.ica 0,75. the f>liattd contained copper 50, fulphur 20, iron 25, Klaproth. pblogi.'ticum'j^hc^ti, burning flowly with a flame, and at laft confuni-" ing to athe.<;. Minora cupri phlogillica. CronJ}. miner, 160. 6. 1. LI 2 968 METALS. 85. Ferrum. Cuprum facie Carbonaria. Wall./yji. z. p. 285, ;/. 13. C'-mbuftible Copper ore. Kirixan miner. 2. p. 153. Bituminous Copper. SchmeiJJer mineral. 2. p, i^cj. Pitch ore, Thom/m chem. 4. /. 45. round !n Dalecarlia in S. 233. «. i. Na«^ive Iron. Kirivan miner, 2. p. 156. Native Iron. SchmetJJer piiner z.p.Sz. Native Iron. T^homjon chem, 4. p. 50. Thib moft ufeful of all metals, the continual attendant on man in all his ftates of fecial exiftence, which to the labourer and the mechanic gives his tools, to the foldier his arms, to the failor his comp"fs, and to the fcholar his penknife and ink, is very rarely if ever found in a native uncombined ftate : moll of thofe mafTes which have been found in America^ Siberia, Sec. feem more properly to belong to the meteoric kind, as they all contain a portion of nickel; though Mr. Kirwan thinks that it has, beyond doubt, been detedled at Eibenftock in Snuedetty and in the mountain of Grand Gilbert in Dauphiny, METALS. 85. Ferrum. 269 meieericum. Amorphous, of a granular texture, outwardly covered with a blaclc fcoriaccous cruft, internally afhygiey mixed with minute Ihiningparticles, falling trom the atmofphere. PhiiofophicahTranfaa. \%0l. fart I./>. 174. 183. Hhomjon chem. 3. />. 416. Meteorc Iron. Sanxerhy Brit. min. 2. /. lOI. Found at Wold Cottage in Torkjhire, in ScotlanJ, various parts of ■ the continent, and in America and Siberia, where they have been depofitecl by the buriling of meteors : at firll, when they fall from the atmoiphere, they are faid to be hot, and their defceni to be accomoanied with a loud cxp'.ohon and hifling noife : they are found of vinous magnitvides trom a few ounces to feveial tons in weight: the outer furface is lough and indented, and covered with a thin black cruft, as if it were burnt; internally they are of a fine granular tex- ture, which may be eafily crumbled to piecv s with the nail, of an afhy grey colour intermixed with fma'.l fhin ng yellow particles, and diicovcring an earthy fmell : they arc llightly magnetic, and fometimes exhioit fine veins of iron : fpecific gravity from 3,352. to 4,281 : a piece of the Yorkfhire ftone contained in 150 parts, hlica 75, magnefia 37, oxyde of iron 48, oxyde of nickel 2, leaving an excef- of 12 from the ab- forntion of oxygene during the procefs of anilylation. Honjuard, chalybeum, Attraded by the magnet, reducible to grains, black with a black ftreak, of a compadl texture and common form. Ferrum compaftiffimum, Syft.nat xii. 3. p. i^y, tr. ^, Minerafern folida. IValLjyJi. 2 >>. 237. « 4- a- Found at the bafe of the mountain Vrdjumjki in Siheria, and iii the mines of Sivcden : it llrikes fire with ileel and is malle- able after fufion: contains from 50 to 60 per cent of good iron which is convertible into the beil kind of ftcel, and a little fulphur. jeltSum, Attraded by the magnet, reducible to grains, black with a black ftreak, of a v.^ry finely granular texture and common form. Ferrum folidefcens. 5y/?. nat. xii. 3. p. 137. ». 8. Ferrum minera nigricante. WalLjyJi. 2. p. 437. n. 4. b. Magnetic Iron ftone. Kir'vcan miheral 2 p. 158. Comm n Iron ore. Berkenh. outl p, 265. Magnetic Iron ftone. Schmei/ser miner. 2. p. 8c, Magnetic Iron ftone. Thom/on chem. ^, p. ^^. 27© METALS, 85. Ferrum. 2. Falling into rhombic particles. Ferrum partic. rhomb. Syji- nut. xii, 3. p. 137. «. $. pound in moft of the iron njines of Europe and America, and yields a confiderable proportion of good iron. temmune, Attrafted by the magnet, reducible to grains, black with a black ftreak, of a coarfer granular texture and comrnor) form. Ferrum nigrans. Syli. nat. xii. 3. p. 138. n, 10. Minera granularis, Wall./yli- 2. p. 238 «. 4, c. ?. Mixed wii.h arenaceous particles. Ferruni granofum. Syst. nah xii. 3. p. 138, n g. 3. With particles of lleatite interfperfed. Ferrum takofum. Syll.nat. xii. 3. i>. 138. n, 12. 4. With calcareous particles intermixed. Ferrum calcarium. Syji. nat. xii. 3. />. 138. », 13. 5. With red micaceous fpots interfperfed. Ferrum fidereum. Syfi. nat. xii. 3. p. 137, ». 5, 6. Mixed with particles of pyrites. Ferrum molle. S^yfis nat. xii. l-p. 138. «. 1 1, Found in moft countries containing mines of iron, and is fub- jeft to many varieties: contains a large quantity of ore and fpmetjiixes fome fulphur. fryttallinum Attracted by the magnet, black with a black ftreak, iri the form of cryftals. Ferrum teflelare. Syjl. nat. 3. p. 136. «. 2. Ferrum cryftallifatuin. Wall. ipt. 2. p. 234 «. 2. Magnetic Iron Hone. Kirivm mineral. 2 p. 158. Oftahedral Iron ore. Schmeiffer mineral. ?. /. 84. Magnetic Iron Itone. 1 homfon chetn. 4. /. 53- Magnetic Iron ore. Sonverby Brit, min, t. 54. Found in yarjous parts of Britain, Nornjuay, Siveden, Qermauy^ Cor/ica, Sec. generally llronglv attached to the'r matrix : the primitive form of the cryftals is regularly 8 fided, or cubical, or in 6-fided prifpis terminated by 3 quadrangular faces: colour greyilh-black or grey vvith n>ore or lefs ot a metallic Juftre, and they gi*. e a black powder: fpccific gravity from 4,200. to 4,939. flareojum. Attracted by the magnet, black with a black ftreak, in th« form of (and. Arena ferrea. Sy^. nat. xii. 3. p. igg.w. 13. Ferrum in form, arena*. Wall. Jy/t. 2. p. 255. «. 18, Magnetic fand. Kirxvan mineral, 2. p, 161. METALS. 85. Ferrura. 271 Magnetic iron lind. Schmei/ier miner., 2. p, go. Magnetic fand, Thomfonthem. 4, p. 53. Found in Italy at the bafe of volcanic mountains, in the rivers and on the fhorcs of Great-Britain, Siberia, Greenland, Bo- hemia, 'Jamaica and India, and fcems to be the fragments of other ores waflied down and comminuted by torrents and the waves of the fea : the grains are obtufangled, deep glittering, very hard and magnetic, of a conchoidal fra<5lure, not altered by the blowpipe, melting into a black glafs with potafs and into a green glafs witli microcofmic fait: fpecific gravity 4,600. they probably contain fome filica, htpattcum. Attra£led by the magnet, liver- brov/n with a black ftreak, ftriking fire with fleel, reducible to fomew hat cubical fragments. Found in the alps of Lapland., compact. nitens. Attracted by the magnet, compadl, black with a red ftreak, reducible to cubic fhining fragments. Cronff. min. /e£l. 21 1. 2. 3. • Found in the mines of Arendal in Nor^way, rhombicum. Attrafted by the magnet, compa£l, with a red ftreak, re- ducible t(i rhombic fragments. Ferrum decuffatum. Syd. not. xii. 3. p. 1 39. n. 14. Found in the mines of Bitjburgen in Siveden. Attraded by the magnet, compaft, black with a red flreak, breaking into indeterminate fragments. Crattji, mineral fefi. 2 1 1 . 2 . I . Found in the mines of Snxeden. sucanum. lamellosum, Attradled by the magnet, black with a red flreak, la- mellar. Ferrum fquamofum, Syti. rtat, xii. 3. /. 1 39. ». 16. Minera lamellofa. CronH. min. z\\. 2. 4. Lamellated iron ore. SchmeiJ/er miner. 2. /. 89. Found in Norivay, RuJJia, Siberia, India and Mexico, iron- black, folid, (hining, with a lamellar texture: contains a large proportion of iron. Magneu Magnetic, compaift, of a common form. Ferrum attraftorium. Syd. nat, xii. 3. p. 142. n, 27. Fen urn polos oftend. Wall. fyft. 2. p 235. «. 3; Magnetic iron flone. Kiriuan min. 2. p. 158. Magnet or loadflone. SchmeiJJir miner, z.p, 88. Magnetic iron-ftone. Thomfon (hem, 4. ^. 53. 1'jj METALS.* 85. Ferrum. Found in the mines of Denmark, Swei/en, Norivay, LapIanJi Siberia, Bohemia and Peru, in maflVs, plates, giains, or 8- fided crvftals: colour generallv iron-hlack, brown, ileel- grey, or bluifti: it is hard, brittle, with commonly a little lultre, and breaks into indt terminate obtufangled fragments: it often contains above 70 per cent, of iron. ' »> granulate. Magnetic, of a granular texture and common form. Magnes granularis. Wall />;/?, 2. p. 235. n. 3. b. Magnetic iron ftone. SchmetJJer miner, z. p. iq. Found in the iron mines of Sixeden, and refembles the load- ftone except in its texture. fbrosum. Magnetic, of a fibrous texture and common form. Karften Lejl^e mineral i ^442 Fibrous magnetic iron Hone. Kirican miner. 2 p. 160, Fibrous magnetic iron ftone. SchmeiJJ'er min. z. p. 90. Found in Siueden, of a colour between fteel grey and bluifh- grcy, with a little lultre, opake, fofr, brittle, breaking into indeterminate and not very obtufangled fragments : it gives a dark bluifli ftreak, and confifts of fine ftraight fafcicled fibres. mbtetra' tdrum. Magnetic, of a lamellar texture and common form. Karlien Lejle mineral. I . p. 446. Danz chem. annal. 1785, 2 p. 426. Lamellated magnetic iron ftone. Schmeijfer 2. p, 89, Found in the mines of Noriuay, Siberia, and Rujpa, folid, fhining, of an iron black colour, and giving a reddifh ftreaft : it confifts of thick ftraight plates. Magnetic, black, in the form of cryftals. Found in the mines of Nor.. 87. Brown fcaly iron ore. Thomfon chem 4. p. 57.- Foliated oxide ot iron. So. 248. «- 13. Red fcaly iron ore. Kir=vi:an mineral. 2 p. 172. Rf'd iron glimmer. Schmeifser mineral. 2. p. 92. Red fcaly iron ore. Tbomjon chem. 4. p, 56. Found in Wales, S^Toeden, Saxony, Hungary, &c. moft com- monly incumbent upon other ores and minerals : colour cherry-red, often palling into fteel grey or brown : texture foliated, with the fcaies generally incurved with diftinft fine grained concretions : it is foft, friable, fee'.irg unftuous to- the touch and ftrongly ftaining the fiigers : when heated it reddens, but before the blowpipe blackens and gives an olive green tinge to borax. Hamatites. Not magnetic, fibrous, haruifb, opake, with a red or yellow ftreak. 1. Black, combined with manganefe. Ferrum minera nigric. Wall. Jyft^z-p. 24v «• 'O- Black iron ftone. Kir'ujan m:neraL z. p- 167. Black iron (lone. Schmeijfer miner. 2. /> 98. Black iron ore. 1hom/anchem,^.p.^i» 2. Brown with a yellowilh-grey (Ireak. Hematites nigrefcens. CronJ't, mir.eral. 202. Brown Hsematites. Kir ^^i: an mineral z. p. 163, Brown fibrous iron ftone. Schtneifier z. p. 97. Brown Hsematites. Ihomfon chem 4. p. 58. Radiated oxide of iron. So^rrhy Br. nin. t. 60. 3. Red, with a red ftreak. Haematites ruber. Cron/t. min. 203. Ferrum minera rubra. WalL/y/i. 2. /. 145. w. i J . Ferr. rubric, glandul. Syft. nat. xii. 3. p. 140. «. 22. Blood Itone. Berkenhout Outl. p, 264. Red Hsematites. Kiriuan mineral z. p 2. p. 168. Hsematitef, Bloodftone. Schmeifser 2. p q^. Red Haematites. Ihomfon chem. 4. p. 56. Radiated oxide of iron. So'Merby. tab. 56. i 13. 4. Yellow, with a yellow ftreak. Hsematites flavus. CrenH. min, 204. 2. Ferrum minera ilava. Wall.Jyft. 2. p. 247. «. 12. METALS. 85. Ferrum. 275 Foucd in various parts of England and Scotland, particularly in Lavcaf/j'tre, in Ri'Jfi.i, S/(^mfl and other parts of the continent, m^llive, difieminated, nodular, botryoidal, tabular, cellular, tubular, or il:ala(f^icica] ; hard, compaif^, fibrous or radiated, with the fragments ufually fplintery or wedge fhaped ; the fibres are Hellate, or fometimes in diiljnrt coumns: colour varying from black to yellow, with the iurface often yarie- gat.d, and fometimes marked with Ihrublike ramifications: fpecific gravity from 3,423. to 5,005. iompaaum. Not magnetic, compad, opake, with a red or yellow Itreak. H.rmatites foHvlus, Wall, fy II. 2 />. 244, «. IO--I2, Compaft red iron Hone. Kir^van miner. 2. p. 170. Comp-id red iron iione. Sfhmeifser min. 2. p. 93. Compact red iron ore, Thpmf.n chem. 4. p. 56. Found in Lancajhire, Liberia, Saxtny.^ Bohemia, Bcc. maflive, diHl-minated, or varioufly imitative, fomedmes foiming beds or veins: colour between brownifh-red and fteel-gvty ; frac- tuic even or ur.ever, fometimes imperfedly flaty or con- choidal : it Itains ilie fi gers, blackens before the blowpipe, a"d gives a yellovvilh. green tinge to borax: fpcific gravity 3.503- tpatosum. Not magnetic, lamellar, efFervefcing with acids, crack- ling and blackening before the blowpipe, breaking into rhomboidal fragments Ferrum fpatofum. Sy/i . nit . x'v . 3./. 141. «. 26. Ferrum calc. lapid. inha;r. Wall. fyf.. 2. />• 251. ». 16. Sparry iron ore. K:rivan miner. 2. p. igo. Spatous iron Itone. SchmeiJ/er min, 2. p. 59. Sparry iron ore, Tbomfon chem 4. />. 62. Pearl fpar. Soiverby Brit. min. tab. 19. Spuhofe iron ore. Soiverly Brit. min. t, 62, 63. Found in various parts of Great- Britain and Europe, fometimes mallive, or diffeminated, or in fmall cryftals; colour when frcfh white, but gradually tarnilhing to red, hro^'-n, yellow, bluifh, or variegated: ilrcak grey or whitilh : fragments rhomboidal, with often a perlaceous or fatty luftre; it is foft and can eafily be fcraped with a knife, foluble with fume ef- lervcfcence in acids, and decrepitates and become* blackifli and magnetic before the blowpipe : fpecific gravity trom 3,600. to 3,810. contains iron 38, carbonate of lime 38, manganefe 24. Bergman. siliceum. Not magnetic, ftriking fire with fteel. Sinople. Cronit, mineral, 54. i. 65. M m 2 276 METALS. 85. Ferrum. Found in the mines of Hungary and the Harz, and confif s of oxyde of ircn, hornltone, quartz, and jalpcr, and lometimes a fn all portion of gold : it frequently appear.- eroded. argillaceum Soft, opake, without luftre, dry. A;giliaceous iion ilone. Kir-^san miner. 2. p 173. Argillaceous iron (lone. SchmeiJJer min. z. p. 102 Argillac ous iron ore. Thomjon chem. 4, p. 59. Argillaceous iron ore. Son.i:erhy Brit, min, /, 61, lo";, 107. Found in var;ous parts of Great-B'itain, in Italy, Saxory, Ger^ manf, Bohemia, Sec. in det ched lumps or forming rtrata, fiftular, cellular, or variouOy irnitative: colour reddifh or yellowifh grey, or various fh^dc.^ of brown or black, with the furface often uneven and bunchy: adheies to the tongue, and has a compad, even or uneven, flaty or fpHntery frac- ture : it generally gives a reddilh-ycllow ftreak, and has an earthy fmell when breathed on : fpeciiic gravity from 2,673. to 3.471 : it is compofed of oxyde of iron, alumina, lime, and filica, in various proportions. Ochra. Not magnetic, without lu'ftre, opake, friable. Ochra ferri Syit. nat. xii. 3./>. 192. n. i, 2. Ferrum acidofolut. Wall. fyft. 2. p. 258,259. Iron ochre. Kir^wan miner. 2, /. \6-j. Red ochre. Kirnxian miner. 2. p. \']\, Red crayon Thornton chem. 4 p. 59. Found in every courjtry abouTding in iron ores, fonietimes in folution'in waters impregnated with iron, fometimes com- padl or hardifh, rareiy fibrous in a fteliate manner: colour various fliades of red or yellow paffing into brown by expo- fure to the air: ftreak red or yellow: it adheres to the tongue, ftains ftrongly, and is principally employed in draw- ing and writing. (Ctruha* Not magnetic, friable, earthy, without luftre, becoming blue by expofure to the air and brownilh in the fire, changing its colours in a folution of foda. Ferrum cceruleum. Wall /y(i. 2. p. 260. n. 33. Blue maitial earth. Kirivan miner 2. p. 185. Blue earthy iron ore. SchmeiJJer miner. 2. />. 1 07. B'uc iron earth. Thomjon chem. 4. p.G"] Azure iron »te. SoiMerby Bnt. min. t. 10. Found in many parts of England ^nd Scotland, Siberia, RuJJia, ii^jjeden, Noravay, Poland, Germany, Sec in marfhy grounds at various depths, generally in an earthy ftate and without any regular ftiape,. adhering to the ftones and pebbles which furround it: colour generally whitifh when firft taken from " the foil, and becoming gradually of a fine blue by expolure METALS. 85. Fernim. 277 to the air, though acc^rdina; to Mr. Sowerhy, it is fomctimes blue when frcfli gathered and firft broken : it ftains ilrongly, feels harfli to the touch, is moderatelv heavy, and diflb.'vcs readily in acid< : when heated on red hot coals it inflames ard leaves a red powder ; before the bloapipe it becomes reddifh brown, and melts into a black bead, and tinges bo- rax of a d^rk yellow: in water it pref.'rves its colour, but become'? black in oils : it is by Klaproth conlidered as a phofphat of iron. 3:}taltinum. Not magnetic, hardifli, earthy^ opake, without luftre, blue, not changing its colour in a folution of foda, becoming grey in the fire. Klaproth. jch . herl, naturf. lO. />. 91. Found near Vorau in Hungary, firming together with quartz and white micaceous gneifs a vein from a quarter to half an inch thick : when fiift dug from the m ne it is of a fine blue colour, hut lofes all its colour when thrown on red hot cin- ders: with borax it melts into a pale yellow tranfparent glafs, with phofphoric acid a colourlefs one: it is not like the laik foluble in acids: it confilts of oxyde of iron, alumina, and filica« iubaquosumt Not magnetic, without luftre, opake, of a dull colour, humid. Tophus Tubalcaini. S)'st. nat. xii 3. p. 187. », ^, Ferrum limofum. Wall fylL 2. ^. 255. ». 19. Lowland iron ore. Ki'ivan miner, 2. p, 179 Subaqueous iion ore. Schmetjer jnine'^z. p 106, Bog iron ore. Thomfon chetn. 4. p.b\. Found in Great Britain and various parts of Europe., in low fwampy fituations, ftagnant lake.^ or in brook-water-, fomc- times malhve, but comm)nly in detached lumps of various fhapes, as placciuiform, flu and rounded, globular or kidney- form when it is called Eaj^le ftone, granular, or pifiform, geneially perforated, fiftular, or fpongy : colour brown with vaiious fhades of ted, gr en, yellow, blue or giey : texture earthv, brittle : it confifts of oxyde of iron combined with phoiphoric acid and alumina. niiride. Of a green colour, (hining, dilfolving in acids with diffi- culty, friable. Hoffmann Berg. Journ. it. I. ^. 397. Green martial earth. Kirivan min. z. p. 188. Green iron earth Schmeiffer miner, z.p. 108. Found at Scbr.eeburg in a matrix of qm>tz and clay, compaft, folid, or like a corroded Hone, < ftener inv^ftin.; or incun\- bent, and feldom indurated : colour various (hades cf greer^ 278 METALS. 85. Ferrum, or yellowifh-green, with a dull luftre : it ftains the fingers, and blackens when llrongly heated : with borax it c^fily melts into a yellowifli-brown opakc glals with lome black fpots: it is fuppofed to confift of alumina, fiiica, manganefe, and from 10 to 12 per cent, of iron. arienicale. Grey or greetiifti, not magnetic, emitting arfenical va- pours when thrown on red hot coals. Prouft. annal. de chim. I. />. 195. Philofoph. Tranfa^. iSoi p. 1 90. Klaproth. ohfewations. p 29. Arfenicated iron ore. Kirix' an miner. 2. p. iSg. Arfenical iron ore. Mifpickel. Hchnmjstr z. p, log, Arfeniat of iron. Thomjon chem. 4 /. 63. Arfeniate of iron. Soiverh Brit. min. t. 87.97. Found in the copper mines of Corn'u a// ind in Spain, in fmall pieces or generrdly cryllallized in cubes: colour various (hades of grey or green: its frafture is granular, and it has no tranfpaaency : fpecific gravity from 3,000 to 3,400: it contains arfenic acia, oxydes of iron and copper, lilica and water in various proportions. fulphuratum Opake, emitting fulphurous flames and vapours when thrown on hot coals. Pyrites aquofus. Syst, nat. xii. 3. p. 116. «. 7. Sulph. ferro mineralif. WalL Jyst. 2. /. 133. n. 7. Sulphuret of iron. Iron pyrites. Souuerby tab. zq 99.104,105, This combination of iron and fulphur has been already defcrib- ed under the genus Sulphur. phlogisticum Opake, of a dulky colour, inflammable. Minera ferri phlogiftica. Cronft. miner. 160. 6, 2. Bituminous iron ore. Schmeifscr miner. 2. p» 109. pound in Hungary and Sweden, in externa} appearance refem- bling a piece of coal : texture friable, or rather firm, or fixed; it quickly kindles and burns with a light flame, lofing fomething of its weight: confjfts of bitumen with a little jron, and gives about 30 per cent of the latter. METALS. 86. Stannum. 279 nativum. 86. STANNUM. Silvery-white, tarnifhing in the air, foftifh, very malleable and dudlile, not fo- norous, flexible and crackling when bent, fpeci- fic gravity 7,291 : eafily melting, and the furface loon becoming covered with a grey powder which gradually changes to vellow if the heat be con- tinued, in a very violent heat running into a fine white glafs: foluble in acids but not totally in the nitric, giving the folution a bitter tafte, and forming a purple precipitate when mixed with a folution of gold. 27«, White, unalloyed, with metallic Inftre. Stannum nudum, Syft. nat. xH. 3. p. 236. n. I . PhilofuphArar.Jaa, 56. />, 35. 305. & 69. I./>, 47. Native tin. Berkenhout outLf. 261. Native tin. Kirnuan mineral. 2. p. 1 96. Native tin. Scbmeijjir mineral, z, p. 158. Found, though very rarely, in Corn-wall and the Scilly tjlands, imbedded in quartz, and generally accompanied by tin fpar. mureum. Qf a gold colour, eafily burning with a blue flame and leaving a white oxyde. Bergman ncv. Ail. Stockh. ?. 1781./, 328. Gerhard Grund. m'reral. p. 25D, Found neat Gieren in Sile/ia, intermixed with other foffils, in fcarce and fmall lumps, fyitieosum. Yellowifh fteel-grey, with metallic luftre, of a radiated texture, emitting fulphurous vapours when burnt, and leaving a white oxyde. Bergman nov. Afi. Stockh, 2. 1781. ^. 328. Gerhard Grund. mineral, p 250. Tin pyrites, Kir-wan miner 2. p. 200. Sulphurifed tin. SchmeiJJer tnineral. 2. p. 1 62. Sulphuret of tin. Ihomfon chem 4. p, 67. Found at Sr. Agnes in Corniuall, where there is a vein nine feet ! wide, and 20 yards below the furface : colour yellowifli-grey, pafling into the fteel-grey : texture even or minutely con- choidal, or radiated or impcrfeclly foliated ; it is foft, very brittle, and melts bef<.rc the blowpipe with a fulphurous Imell into a black button, and depofits a bluilh- white oxyde on the charcoal: fpccific g'avity 4,350. contains tin 34, copper 36, fulphur 25, iron 3, earth 2. Klaproth» sSo METALS. 86. Stannum. mrterahsa- ShiniriL', opake, milk-white, with a yellowifh-white turn. ftreak. Gerhard Grund. mineral, p. 250. Native tin fpar. Schmei/ser miner. 2. p. i^q. Found near Gieren n Sile/ia, and m Cornwall, of a common form, or in pyramids or odtohedrons: texture frequently fi- brous or lamellar : when fufed with borax it produces a milk- white glafs : fpecific gravity 6,007. spatosuff!, Whitidi or brown, lamellar, diaphanous, tranfparent of femitranfparent. Stannum fpatofum. Sy/t nat. xii. 3. / 131 n 4. Stannum minera fpathiffme. Wall.fyd.z.piiz «. 5. Brown 'in ftone. ^chmeifser mineral. 2. p. ibo Found in Comivall, Bohemia, and Saxon}/, and is often con- founded with tungden: it diflolves m acids and melts with confiderahle difficulty, and is fometimes fo hard as to ftrilce fire with Iteel : its furface can be fcrapedwith a knife: it is found in msfles and fometimes cryftallized in double 4-fided pyramids: colour whitilh, various (hades of brown with often a mixture of red : (pecific gravity 6,900. it contains from 7a to 80 percent of tin. ligneum. Pale wood-colour marked with alternate paler ftriae, fibrous in a flellatc manner, ftriking fire with ileel, feparat- ing into layers, breaking into wedge- form fragments. Brunnich ASi. 'Stockh 39. 1778. />, 32O. Hoizzin. Klaproth/ch. Berl. nat,j. p. 169. 180, Wood tin ore, Kirnxan miner. 2. p. 198. * Stream tin. Schmeifer mine-al. z. p i6t. Wood tin. Thomfon chem. 4, p. 69. Found in Cornzvall, in fmall rounded pieces with the furface commonly rough, or in indeterminate fragments: colour light brown with fhades of a lighter colour, hav ng the ap- pearance ot a piece of knotted wood: texture fine y fibrous, with the fibres generally diverging on one fide: it is opake, hard, difTolving ilowly in acids, and melting with great dif- ficulty, decrepitating when led hot: fpecific gravity from 5,800. to 7,000. it contains about 63 per cent of tin. atnorphum, Compaft, opake, of a common form and dufky colour^ with a light grey ftreak. Stannum amoiphum. Syft- nat. xii. ,3.^. 1 30. «. 3, Stann. arfenico et ferro. Wall Jyft. 2. p. 321, «, 4, Common t n flone. Kiriv an miner, 2. p. 197. Brown tin Hone, hchmei/ier miner, z. p. 26o». Tinilone. Thorn/on. chem, 4. /. 68. METALS. 87. Plumbum. 281 Found in Cornaval/, Dcvonpire. the Scilly ijlands^ India, Bo- bemia^ Saxony, Silefia, &c. in mafles or rounded pieces: colour dark or blacki{h-hr >wn with various Ihade- of yellow- ifh or afhy.grey or brownifh red : it is very hard, decrepi- tate? before the blowpipe, and on charcoal if partly reduced : it tinges borax white: Tpecific gravity from 6, goo. to 6,970. contains tin 77,50. oxygene 21 ,50. iron 00,25. filica 00,75. Kiaprolht cr^stal'inum Compa6t, opake, ponderous, with a light greyftreak, in the form of cryftals. Stannum teflcriscrylt. !^yit, nat. xii. 3. />. 130. «, 1,2. Stann. arfenico /on chem . 4.^,75. Bournoa, Hichoijon s "Journ. 4. f. 220. Found in the mines of Perhyjhire and the Harx, in cryllals the primitive form of which is a cube, often lengthened, with the edges generally truncate and replaced by Imall planes: co- lour from a clear traniparent white to a pale llraw yellow, with a luilre much exceeding that of the laft: texture glafl'y, relembling that of precious (lones : it is foft enough to be fcratched by carbonate ot lead : fpecific gravity 6,065. con- tains oxyde of lead 85, miiriatic acid 8, carbonic acid 6, Cbene-TJix, fiavum. Yellow, in the form of cr) Hals, fuft, decrepitating before the blowpipe, foluble in njuriatic and fulphuric acids and giving a blue coiour to hot fulphuric acid. Yellow molybdenated lead ore. Kirivan 2. />. 212. Yellow lead ore. Schmeijjer miner, l, p. 183. Molybdat of lead, fhomjoncbem. 4. p. 78. Found at the Lead hill in Scotland^ in Carinthia, Britany, Bur- gandy, the IJarz, Aufiria, Sec. fcldom maffive, diHemiiiiiicd N n 2 284 METALS. 87. Plumbum. or lamellar, but moft commonly cryftallizcd in fmall cubic or rhombic or 8 fidcd plates, r:irely in 6-lided prifms: colour virions fhades of yellow with a waxy luftre ^nd generally fomewhit traufpareni", with a white llreak: fradlure con- choidal : before the blowpipe it decrepitates and melts into a yellowifli and blackifh-grey mafs, producing giobu'es of lead: fp^cific grnviry 5,486. contains oX)de of le^d 64,42. mo- lybdic acid 34,25. Klaproth, •virens, Greeniili, ponderous, breaking into indeterminate frag- ments and reducible to a yellow powder, nearly folii- ble in hot nitric acid without efferveicence, meiting before the blowpipe andcryftallizing on cooling. plumbum cryftallis, &c. Syst. nat. xii. 3- p. 134. /;. 7. Plumbum tcrreftre. Wall. fyst. 2. p. 308. «. 7. Phofphoratcd lead ore. Kirnjuan min z.p.zoj. Phofphoratcd lead ore. Schineijfer mineral. 2. p. 1 82. Phofphat of lead. Thom/on cheni 4 p. "JJ, Phofphate of lead. So^werSy Br. min. /. 84. Found in the lead mines of Great -Britain, hlenv Spain, Siheria, Bohemia, Germa.iy, Carmthia, &;c. malfive, dilieni mated, imitative, or cryitallized in 6 lided columns varioully iiiodi- fi.d : colour various (hades of green, witli often a mixture of yellowilh, greyifh or reddilh brown, (hining, femitranfparent, with a green ilh- white llreak and yellowifli powder: be'ore the blowpipe it melts e^fily, and cryil^llizes on cooling: in muriatic acid it is foluble and becomes decompoicd : texture foliated, tr.icluie inclining to conchoidal : fpecific gravity from 6,270. to 6,560. 3^3' Found at FreyhurgAnA in Pritonx, and befides oxy.:'e of lead and phofpho ic acid contains fome fulphur: it may probably be only a fulphurate of lead in a decompofing ftate. METALS. 87. Plumbum. 285 alvernicum, Grcenifh-ytllow, withtnit liiftre, bubbling and emitting arfenical tiimes before the blowpipe, and cryllal'.izing on cooling. Fourc'oy annal f/e chem. 2. lySg. p. 29. Arfcnico-pholpiiorated lead. Kirnuan mineral. 2. p. 210. Arfemco-phofphat of lead. T homf.n chem. \ p 80. Found at Auvergne n Fra cf, in mafles, or (r ftallized in fmall 6 fid' d piifms-: colour yellowilh gr tn of various fh.ides : fr.ifture fi; lou , ftriated, or conch i d : before the blowpipe it melts eafilv with effervefcence, emitting a white fmoke and arfenical fmeil : fpe< ific gravity 6,846 contains arlcniate of lead 65, phofphate of lead 27, phofphate of iron 5, water 3. Foiircroy. arsenicaium Without luftre, melting before the blowpipe biit not cryf- talliziiig on cooling, emitting arfenical fumes when heated to whitencfs and leaving a bead of lead. Prouji. Jourv de Phyf. 30. p, 394. Aifenic;ited lead ore. Kimvan jfuner. zp.ZQCj. Arfeniat of le^d. Thomp^n chem. ^ p. So. Found in the inines of Buigandy and /^■ndalufia, in quartz or feldlpar, and in fmall mafles : colour pale grtcn or yellowiih- green, with a waxy luilre : when thrown on hot coals it eafily becomes white. duplex. Without luRre, before the blowpipe emitting arfenical and fulphuric flame a.-.d vapours. Sag^e Journ. de phyj x'j'if) 2. ;). 53. Found at Awvtrg^ne in Trance., nd confiils oT oxyde of lead com* bined with the arfenical and lulp;.uric acids. vifriolatum Whitilh, without Uiftre, quite fixed, eafily melting before the blowpipe without decrepitation or effervefcence, not efFervefcing with acids. G 'dolirt ckcm- annnl. 1778. 1. p. 147. P'OuH Journ de phyl'. 1787 I, ^-394. Vitriol of le.: it is brittle, fonieri'^us foft en ugh to he cut with a knife, and often flain? the finj^ers: before the blowpipe it decrepitates, melts eafily with a luiphurous fmell, ard it al- ternately heiteJ and cooled wil' at lalt vanilh leavng At fiivei behind : it h compofed of vdiou, modificatioi.s ot Iced, ful- phur, and filver: fpecific gravity from 7>2?o, to 7>587, METALS. 87. Plumbum. ^87 ferri/erum. tiibiatum* With metalUc luftre, melting with fulphurous vapours and flame but more difficultly than galena, and it the heat be increafed forming a black glafs. ±. Cryftallizcd in long prifms or pyramids. Plumbum bafalticum. Syft, not. xu. 3. *. i 34. «. 6. Galena ilriata. If^alier miner. 294. Brown lead ore. Kirivan miner, 2. p. 222. Brown lead ore. Schmeijfer mineral. 2. /- 176- Found in the mines of Siveden, fometimes maflive, fometimes cryftallizcd in clufters : befides lead and fulphur it contains feme filver and iron. Of the colour and luftre of lead, fibrous, breaking inta cruftofe fragments. Plumb, fibrofo-firiat. Syst. »at. xii. 3. />. 1 33' "• 5- Plumbum antiraonial. WalLfyft. 2. p. 305. «. 4. Antimonial lead ore. Schmeijser miner, z. p. X-jJ. Found in the mines of Sihrioy Siueden^ Hungary, and Spain, of a compaa and ftriatcd texture, with the pieces into which it breaks either ftraight or incurved, and the fibres parallel or fafciclcd : when heated it emits fulphurous flame and vapours: befides lead and fulphur, it contains antimony and filver. kercxnicum Combined with copper and antimony, a fmaller proportion -^ ' of iron and fulphur, and a very fmall quantity of fiU ver, with metallic luftre. Weifgulden. Klaproth chem. annal. 1790- t- p' 2g^' Found in the mines of Andreajhurg on the Har%: contains lead 34,0. copper 16,5. antimony 16,0. iron 13,7. fulphur 10,0. filver 2,3. cormbicum. Combined with antimony, a fmaller proportion of copper and fulphur, and a very fmall quantity of iron, with metallic luftre. Found in the mines of CorntAialL, and contains oxyde of lead about 50, antimony 21, copper 14, fulphur 7, iron z. Klaproth. iuiaudicum. With metallic luftre, emitting arfenical vapours before the blowpipe. Razoumo^Jk. excurf. dans les min. ^. I $. 1 r i j Found in the mines of SubauJia, and confifts of oxyde of lead antim.ny and arfenic. 288 METALS. 88. Niccolum. 88. NICCOLUM. ReddlHi -white, hard, malle- able, attrafted by the magnet and itfelf conver- tible into the magnet, fpecific gravity 9,000 : fufing with grear difficulty, but alTuming a green colour when heated and acquiring a purple tinge if the heat be continued, melting with borax into a alafb of a hyacinth colour: loluble in all acids giving the fokition a green colour, and in am- monia to which it gives a bluifh-green colour. ocbraceum» Green, without luftre, of a common form. Ochra cupri nickoli. Svf . nat. xii. 3/1. 193. «, 5. Niccolum viride. Wail. fyst. 2, p. 191. «, 2. Nickel ochre. Kir^an miner. 2. p 283. Oxvde oi Nickel, 6chmeifser miner, 2. p. 218. Nickel ochre. Thomfon chem. 4. p. 82. Found in Saxo>:y, Bohemia, and Silefia, on the furface of other ores of nickel, in the form of powder or indurated : colour apple-green, rarely grafs-grcen, dark green or bluilh-green; has an earthy appearance and is very friable : gives an earthy fmell when breathed on, and flightly flains the fingers: does not melt before the blowpipe, but gives a reddifh or yellowifli tinge to borax: it appears to originate from the decompoli- tion of native nickel ore. metallinum. With metallic luftre, entirely foluble in nitric acid, emit- ting arfenical vapours before the blowpipe. Arlenicated nickel. KirtvanmineraL 2. p 285. Oxyde of nickel. 5chmeiJ]'er mineral. 2. p. 21 8. Arfeniat of nickel, thomfon chem 4. p. 83. Found in the mines of So/^^-Wrt, Saxony, and the 'Harz, in irre- gular maflesand often mixed with fulphate of barytes: colour pale grey, with often a mixture of pale green : tradlure com- pact, partly earthy partly Jplintery, wiih a white ftreak : gives an earthy fmell when breathed on, and adheres fli^hrly to the tongue : it contain^ fome cobalt and alumina, and often fulphate of barytes, befides the arfenic acid. sulphuratum With metallic luftre, not quite foluble in nitric acid, emitting arfenical vapours and fulphurous flame and vapours before the blowpipe. Cuprum niccolum. Syst. nat. xii. 3. /. 146. ». 16. Niccolum ferro el cobalt, IV all. fy 11% 2. p. 189. n. i. METALS. 89. Zincum. 289 Sulphurated nickel. Kir^v an mineral- z. p. 286, Native nickel. Schmeijfer miner. .z. p 2\6. Kupfer-nickel. Ihomfon chejn 4. p., 81. Found at 1 rie^o in Comiva/l, in Siberia, S-vceden, Saxony, Hun- gary, Bohemia, Sec. maffive or difl'eminated, never cryftal- lizcd, in a matrix of calcareous or heavy fpar, and often coated with nickel ochre : colour coppery-red with variations of reddifli white or grey : texture compaft, conchoidal, foli- ated, or ftrutcd, with often curved lamellar concentric con- cretions: before the blowpipe it exhales an arferical Imell, and melts into a bead which gradually darkens by expofure to the air : fpccific g-^avity 6,608. to 6,648 : it frequently con- tains bifmuth, cobalt and iron, but always a portion of pyrites. 89. ZINCUM. Brilliant white with a (hade of blue^ hardifh, a little malleable but not duftile, (light- ly fonorous, of a fibrous or fcaly texture, fpeci- fic gravity 7,120: burning with a brilliant wh.te flame when heated to a ftrong degree, and emit- ting light white flakes, when tuied with copper giving it a brafiy-yellow colour: eafily foluble in acids, imparting no colour to the foiucion, but depriving it of its acrimony. echraceuM. t*owdery, white, without luftre. Ocnra zinci. ^yft nat.x'u. 3.^ 193. Zincum pulveru:entum. Wall.Jyi'i. 2 p. 222. n. 8. Loofe or friable zi.c. Kir^uian mineral 2 />. 233. Found in China, Sn.veden, and Carinthia, in a loofe and friable foim, rind fo'i^etimcs eff^-Mvelces vvjth acids. In China it is u fed in the formation of the metal called lutenag. calcifonie, Compad, very foft, opake, white, without luftre. Minera zinci. C^onft min. 226 i 1 I. I. Found near IForkjkvorth, in ^zbena, Siveden, Bohmia, Auftria^ kc. of an eart .y or minutely lamelUrtoim in e-nally. fome- times cellular, nodular, filtular, or varioufly imuaiive : co- lour white, lomet mes verging to yellow or g'e> : it effer- vefces with acids, in which it is almoll totally d.ffolved. 'vitreum. Hard, tranfparent, of a glafly luftre. Carbonate of Zinc. Schme fur miner, z. p, i()^. VOL. VII. — Oo 290 METALS. 89. Zincum. Carbonac of zinc. Tbomfon chem. 4. p. 87. Found in Flintjhire and Somerfetjhit :', Carwtbia and Siberia, fometimes in folid maffes, fometimes ftalaflitical or cryltaU lized : colour grey, with often a tinge of blue, green or yel- low : it differs from the next in not gelatinizing with acids : contains oxyde of zinc 65,2, carbonic acid 35>2. Smith/on* 1 siliceum. White, fibrous, f^parating into concentric concretions, glatinizing with acids. Found at Wanlock head in Scotlandr and differs from calamine in containing frequently one-third part of filica : all the fpecies which contain filica are more or lefs eledlric by heat, spatosum. Lamellar, diaphanous, decrepitating fomewhat before the blowpipe but not emitting lulphurous vapours, of a common or globular form. Spatous calamine. ScbmeiJJ'er mineral, z, p, 192. Zinc fpar. Kirm:an rnineral. 2. /». 236. Found in Xottingbamjhire, Auftria, Carinthia, &c. colour white with often a mixture of greenifh, yellowifli, reddiih or black- i(h : it always contains fome (ilica, but not in fuch abundance as to caufe it to ilrike fire with fteel, crystallinum Lamellar, diaphanous, decrepitating fomewhat btfore the blowpipe but not emitting fulphurous vapours, of a cryftalline form. Zincum cryftallifatum. Syji. nat. xii. 3. />. 125. h. i. Zinc fpar. Kir=wan mineral, z. /). 256. Spatous calamine. Schmeifser miner, z. p. 192, Found with the laft, of which it is only a cryftallized variety : the cryftals are fometimes dirtinft but oftener confufed, in rhomboidal 4-fided prifms or reftangular 4 or 6.1ided plates, or prifms or pyramids varioully modified. CaJarmna- Soft, tinged with fome colour, of a common form and ris, earthy texture, opakc, without luftre, totally folubie in nitric acid. Zincum fubterreum. Syst. nat, xii. 3.^. 126. ». 5. Zincum terreltre. J'^'alLJyl}, z. p 216. n. 3. Lapis calaniinaris. Kir^wan miner, z. p. 939. Oxyd of zinc. Calamme. Sch/ne fur miner, 2. p,igi. Calamine. Thomjon chem. 4. p. 86- Found in various parts of Great Britain, AVw S/az>, PJand^ Silefiat Saxony, Bohemia, Autiria, Sec. maffive, difreininal; J, or varioufly imitative: colour grcyifli, gre^nifli, y IlowiTi, rcddifh, or brownifh : frafture earthy, icmetim.s fjlin.erv, rarely conchoiJal : In-fore the bl.nvpipe it tieciepitatc hue does not milt, and fometimes effervw'kes with acidi: ip.c;lxc METALS. 89. Zincum. 291 gravity 3,434: combined with copper it forms feveral ufeful alloy?: when the 7.inc does not exceed a fourth part of the copper it makes Brap, and becomes malleable and duftile : when three parts of zinc arc combined with four of copper it then forms Pinchbeck or Prince's metal, of a deeper orange- colour than brafs and not fo malleable. Bseudoga* With a femiraetalHc hiftre, of a lamellar texture, emitting Una. fulphurous flame and vapour before the blowpipe. Black-jack, l?!c,nde. Kirnvan miner. %. p Z^7. Sulphuiizcd 7Jnc. Sc/rmei/jer miner. 2. p 197, Sulphuret of zinc. Thomfon chcm. 4. p. S4. \~ Sulphu,r yellow with often a (hade of olive-green pr brownifli- red, with a ycllowifh ftreak and pale yellow powder. Yellow blende Kir-^vanpiiner, 2 p. 238. Yellow blende. $chme'j!er mineral, z. p. igg. Yellow bleEde. fLomfon chem. 4. /. 84. ' 2. Brown in different fliade?, with 9 yellowifli-grey ftreak and brownifli-grey powder. Brown blende. JCir^voan tnin 2. p, 239, Brown blende. Schmeijfer mineral. Z, p. 200» B:own blende. Ihompnihem., 4. p. 85« g. Black or brownirti-black often paffing .into the blood-red, with • a reddifh-grey ftreak^nd brovvnifh-bl.^ck powder. Black blende. Kirivan miner. 2. p 24I. Slack blende. Schmeifser /n!ner, 2. p. ZQi, Black blende. Thomj'on chem. 4. p. 85. " 4. Tn aftateof cryftallization, with thecryftals varioufly modified, moftlv confufed, and often blood-red at their tips. Sulphuret of zinc. Sovjerhy Br. min. tal>. yj\.,.y^. Found in various parts of Great Britain, 'Liberia, Norivay^ S'Txeden, Germany, Hungary, S:c. in various fliapcs and mix- tures, with frequently an internal luftrc.: texture lamellar, the foliations of which may be eafi'y fcparated : when heated it deer, pitatcs and becomes whiter, and foinetimes emits a phofphorefcent light when fcraped in the dark; when mixed with lead it forms the metal called Tutenag, and combined \vith tin it is an ingredient in Pe^^-ter. Oo I METALS. 90. Bifmutum. 90. BISMUTUM. Reddilh-white, fofr, brittle, compofed of broad brilliant plates adhering to each other, Ipecific gravity 9,822: eafily melting and forming firft a yeilowifh and then a red ox- yde, in a i1:rong heat burnii)g with a faint blue flame and emitting a yellow fmoke, fufible with borax into a brown glals: fokible in acid', and depofiting a white precipitate if its folution in nitric acid be diluted with water. Bipnuth. xati-vumi Unalloyed, entirely foluble in nitric acid, with metallic kiitre. Wifmutum nativum. Sy/i, nat xii. 3./. 128 v., i. Wilmutum nativum. WcM- min. zi^z. Found in S^jueden, France, Saxony, W^irt>mhurgi ^rar^fvlvar.ia, &c generally accompanied by cobalt ores, in a matrix of red jalper, hornftonc, quartz, and heavy fpar: culour white with a (hade of red, with the i'urface often tarnifhed red, yellow or purple: fometimes i: is cryilallized in 4 Tided tables or in- diltinft cubes, bur has moftly the lorm of fm^U pistes lying over each other: before the blowpipe it leaves a rrucry-v\hite bead, which a' lalt evaporates in a ytUowifh-whiie fnioke : fpeci lie gravity from 9,022. to 9,570. ochraceun:. Friable or powdery, very foft, earthy, effervefcing with acids. Wilmntiim piilverulentum. Cronli. mineraU 2Zl, Ochra wif.Tiuii. Sv/I nat xii. 3. p 193. «. 7. Wifmutum pulverulentum. Wall Jyft. 2 p. 209. ?/. 6. Flowers of biimuth. Berkenhout outl. p. zt6, Bifiiuth ochre. Kirivan mtr.frai. z. p. 2O5. Ox . de of Bifmuth Schmet/ser miner. 2. p. 210. Bilmuth othre. ^homjon chem 4. p y6. 2. Ciyftallized in the form, of cubes or 4-lided plates. Cr\llajlized Bifmuth ochre, Kirijoan mineral. 2 ^.265, Found uiually accompanying other ores of Bifmuth, fometime.s c mpa6> or dif!'eminated, but generally covering the furface of other ores- in a loole friaole form : colour yellowifh-grey, pall- ing into afhy-grey, green, or yellow. lulphurattm With meta 'ic luflre, tin or (feel-grey, not entirely folu- ble in nuric acid, emitting fulphurous flame and fmokc wlun il rown on hot coals. Wifmutum lulphure min. Cronjl, mineraU 221, I . METALS. 91. Stibium. 293 Sulphurated Bifmuth. Kirivan m'uier. 2, p. 266. Siilphurifed Bifmuth. Scbmeiffer miner. 2 p zil. Sulphurct of Bilmuch. Thom/on chem. 4. p. 95. 1. Yellowifli- white, Ih ning, combined with arfenic and fulphur, Wifmutum albo-flavef. 6yst, nut. Xii. 3 p 128. n. 2, Wifmutum arfrn. VFalL /rst. 2 -p. 207, n, 3. Arfenicated bifmutic ore, iichmeijjer min. z» p. 21 3. 2. B!ui(h-vvhite, lam^n.tr, com'~'i led with fulphur only. Wifmutum nit ns. Syft. n-t. xii, 3 /> 128, «. 4. Wifmutum ulph. Wall i\f . i. p 206 « 2. i^ound in t' e mine o^ Great-Brit in, Siveden, Saxcny, Bohemia^ and tfanno'ver, g^nordlly accompan ed hyquaiz, albeltus. or iparry iron ore, m ilive or difpcrlcd, fcld m n iciculai or capillary prifms: colour from tin white to Icad-gr.^j . with the furface ohen iri.icfcently tcirnifh^d: t. xcurc 1 ni-ll^r or radiated: I'pecific gravity frrm 6,131.106,467. coniams from 60 to 95 per cent of Bifmuth. Grey, with metallic hiftre, not entirely foluble in nuric acid, emitting fnlphurous flame and fmoke when thrown on hot coals. Wilmut, lamellis cun-at, Sj/?. nat. xii. 3. p. 182 ;/. 3. Wifmut. fulp. ct fcrro. Wall./yO 2 p 208. «. q. Martial fu'phiirift.d Bifnuith. 'ichnefser z. p 212. Found near Gill .bekiw Norzvay, of a vellowifh ^rey appeannce and radiated texture: it fomcwhAt refemhles martiai pyrites, and contains iron added to bifmuth and lulphur. 91. STIB'UIVI. Of a iilvery grevi Hi white colour and radiaceiy lamellar texture, loftifli and very brittle, when rubbed between the finger<> giving them a peculiar t.dle and fmcil, fpecific gravity 6,860: melring at a red hear, and when gradu- ally cooled exhibiting cubical cryilals on the fur- face; m a greater degree of heat beconan^ firft a grcyifh- white oxyde, afterwards an Fyaciiithii.e gLfs, and ladly vtilatilifir.g in wh te vapours: forming a goiden-yellow foiution in nitromuriatic acid, and depofiting a white precipitate if waef be poured into the foiution. Antimony^ Of a tin-white luftre, meltini^ without fulphuroiis or arfe^ nical vapours. 2.94 METALS. 91. Stibium. Stdnnum nudum. Sysf. nat. xii. 3./. 123. «. 1, Antimonii regul. nativ. Watl./yli. 2. p. 196. «, %. Native atilimony. Kirwan miner, z. p. 245. iNative antimony. SchmeiJ/er miner. 2. p. 2^,1. Native antimony. Thomjon chem. 4. p. 90. Found in tlie mines of Sive^ien, and in Dauphiny, in irwgula^ mafTes or kidney-form pieces: colour bright tin or filvery- white : texture lam_pliar, with ftraight foliations: it defla- grates with nitre, and melts and evaporates before the blow- pipe leaving a white oxyde : ivhen diflblyed in nitro-muriatic acid it depofits a dark red precipitate by the addition of Sul- phurated ammonia: fpeci fie gravity 6,720 : contains anti- mony 98,0. filver 1,00. iron 0,25. Klapreth, prsenicaU. Of a tin-whi,te luftre, emitting arfenical vapours when heated. Sage A£l. Paris. 1.782. p. 310. Arienicated antimony. SchmeiJJer min. i. p. 223. Found in Dauphitiy, Hungary, and Saxony, in irregular jjiaffes : it emits only arienical fumes when heated, and contains about 16 per cent, of antimony, rubrum. Dull red, fibrous, a little (hining, emitting fulphufous and arfenical vapours before the blowpipe. Stibium rubrum. Syfi.nat, xii. 3. p. 124. «. 4. Antimonium rubrum. Wall. fyft. 2. p. 199. n. 6. Red antimonial ore. Kirixjan miner. 2. p. 250. Red antimonial ore. Sch?neifser min. 2. p. 226. Red antimonial ore. Thom/on chem. 4 p- 93. Found in the mines 0^ Bohemia, Saxony, Hungary, and Tranfyl- yania, in the fofm of capillary cryHals grouped together* often diverging in a radiate manner: texture fibrous, very fofr, brittle; fpecific gravity 4,090: contains oxyde of an« timony 73,3. fulphur 19,7. Klaproth. Argentigo. Fibrous, leaving a fijver bead before the blowpipe and emitting fulphurous vapours. .Ocbra argenti, Syft. nat. xii. 3. p 194. «, 14. Argentum fulphure, ^c. Wail.Jytt. z, p. 339. «. ,9. Plumofe antimonial ore. Kir^wan miner. 2. p. 250, Plumous antimonial ore. SchmeiJ/'er miner Z,p.zzy. Found in France, Sicily, Tranjylvvnia, Bohemi(iy Hungary, Saxony^ &c. generally on other ores or flopes in the form of capillary ilrajght or flexupus fibres which are loofe or cohering, parallel or difpofcd in a divergent manner, and foft like wool ; it is s little fhining, friable, and llains the fingers : colour dark blue, ^rey, or white ; it confifts of antimony, iron, fulphur, and a Ji.ttlc filver and arlenic. METALS. 91. Stibium. 295 Fibrous, a little fliining, emitting fulphuroiis vapours be- fore the blowpipe, and entirely evaporating in a more violent heat. Ochraftibii. Sy/i. nat. xii. 3./. 194.. ». 13. Antimonium fulphure. Wall.jyli. 2. p. 197. «. 3. Antimonial ochre., Kirnuan miner. 2. p. 252. Ochre of antimony. Thomjon chem. 4. /. 93. Found in SaxonVt Bohemia, Hungary, Dauphiny, &c. fometimes friable and earchy, but generally covering the furfacc of other antimonial ores in the form of foft downy capillary flexible fibres, which are loofe or bundled together, or ftel- lately difpofed : colour blackifli, grey, liver-brown, dull red, violet, greenifli, ftraw-yellow, or variegated, rarely white: it docs not melt before the blowpipe, but evaporates and de- pofits a white powder: with borax it effervefces and is partly reduced. Of a fteel-grey colour and metallic luftre, ponderous, emitting fulphurous vapours before the blowpipe, and at laft evaporating in white vapours. Sulphurated Antimony. Kiri.van miner, z. p. 246. Grey fulphurized antimony, Schmeijser z, p. 224. Sulphuret of antimony. Thomjon them. 4. p. 90. 1. Compaft, of a fine-grained uneven fradure, with a grey me- tallic ftreak and dark-brown earthy powder. Waller J\li. mineral, 2. />. 198. », 4. Compad fulphurated antimony. Kirnvan miner 2. p. 249. Compadl fulphuret of antimony. Thom/on chem. 4. />. 91. 2. Of a foliated texture and fimple frafture, with a grey metallic ftreak and dark-brown earthy powder. Galena antimonii. Wall. fyst. 2, p. 197. «. 2. d. Foliated (ulphurated antimony. Kiriuan miner, 2, p. 248. Foliated fulphuret of antimony. IhomJ'on chem. 4. p. 91 . 3. Of a radiated texture, with a grey metallic ftreak and dark- grey powder. Stibium fibrofum. Syst. nat. xii. 3. p. 123, «. 3. Wall. /\J}. miner. 2. p. 196. «. 2. Radiated fulphuret of antunony, Ihomjon /[.p. 91, a. With the rays parallel. Wall J\li, miner, z. p. 197. n. 2, a. b. With the rays fcattered. Syjr. nat. l. />. 172. « 4. Wall. Jyjl. miner. 2. ^, 197. », 2. b. c. With the rayf bundled together. "^ d. With the rayi difpofed in a ftellate manner. 296 . METALS. 91. Stibium. Sr/>. nat, xii. 3. p. 123 k. 3 c. Wall./ffi. miner. 2. ^. 197. «. 2. c. 4. Of a fi^rou? or feathery texture, in very fmall capillary lanugj- nous cryftali, or tiltular, or of a common form. Stibium cryftalhrctum. Syji. nat. xii. ^.p. 123. «. 2, Antimon. cryftallifat. Wall, fyst 2. /. 198. ». 5. Found in alnioft every country o^ Europe, maffive, difleminatcd, or fuperficial, generally in matrices of quartz, lime, alumina, fluor, or barytes: it often llains the fingers, and before the blowpipe melts with a blue flime, leaving a grey oxyde of antimony: fpecific gravity from 4,132. to 4,516. argent'ife- Of a fteel-blue colour, with metallic luftre, and with a rum whitifti llreak, Klaproth chem. annal. 1790. I. p. 294. 1. Of a common form. Argentum album. Born.ind. foff. \. p. 78. 2. Tn the furna of many-fided cry Hals. Argent, alb. cryftal. Born, ind fofs, i. p. 78. Found near Cremniz in Hungary, and contains antimony 34, copper 31, filvcr 15, fulphur 11, iron 3. fhoiphora- In acicular fcattered lamellar longitudinally ftreaked cryf- tum, tals, not inflaming and yielding very little fmoke be- fore the blowpipe. Razomoujki chem. annal. 1786. t.^. 291. Phofphorated antimony. Ktrivan miner. 2. /. 252. Found in Savoy, in the cavities of a vein of falphuret of anti- mony : colour white, yellow, or blackifh : foft, flexible, and eafily cut: before the blowpipe it does not inflame or fmc ke much, but fufes and leaves a grey fhining brittl. flag including filvery- white grains: with borax it gives a lead- coloured burton, or a reddfli-yellow pellucid glals : it is faid fometimes to confilt ot fmall re(5langular 4 fidcd tables; and appears to be fulphuret of antimony combined wuh phof- phoric acid. muriaiicum. White, fliining like mother of pearl, radiate in a parallel manner, in the form of fmall eredt 4-fided tables. Klaproth chem. annal. 1787. I. p. 334. Schreiber Bergm. Journ. 1788. I. /». II. 1789. I. />. 398. Freher nov. An. Petrop. 3. p. 27 1. Muiiatcd antimony. Kirnxian mineral. 2. p. 25 1, White antimoi ial ore. Schmeijs. min. 2, p. 229. White ore of antimony. Thorn/on chem. 4. p. 92. METALS. 92. Tellurium. 297 Found in Bohemia, Saxony, Daupbitiy. and Hunirary; it is totally foluble in nitro-mi\riatic acid, decrepitates in the fire, and eafily melts wren powdered, evaporating in a white fmoke : with borax it leaves a metallic bead : according to Klaproth it is nothing mo»e 'han a white oxyde of antimony, contain- ing, ox\dc of antimony b6, oxydes of antimony and iron 3, filici 8. Kaltvum, graph'tcutn. ilbu 92. TELLURIUM. Bluifh whitt, foft, very brit- tle and eafily reducible to powder, of a lamellar texture, fpt'cific gravity 6,115: melting in a heat Ibmewhat above the fufing point of lead, and if the heat be a little incre iftd boiling and evaporating, attaching itlelf in brilliant drops to the upper part of the letort } before the blowpipe burning with a lively blue flame, the edges of which are green, and at lafl: evaporating in a vv-hiie fmoke fmelling like radilhes: partly folu- ble in concentrated fulphui ic acid and giving the folution a crimfon red colour, which pre( ipitatcs a white powder on the addition of a large quan- tity of water. Soft, heavy, fomewhat duiStile, with metallicluftrei Sylvanite. Ktrvcan miner, z. p 324 Native tellurium, fhom/on ch.m 4. p'<)J- Found in the mine of Mioiahr f in the Facebay mountains of Tranpf'vania, mafiive and diffeminated : contains tellurium 92,55, iron 7,20. gold 0,25. Klaproth. Tin-white or inclining to yellow, foft, brittle, ftaining a little, in fniall prilmatic cryltals often grouped in fuch a manner as to rcfemble written char.jdiers. Graphic Tellurium. Thumfon chem. 4. p 98. Found in the Franci/'cus mine at Offenlama in TranfyI'vamat with metallic luftre : fpecific gravity 5,723. contains tellu- rium 60, gold 30, filver 10. Klaproth. Silver-white palling into brafs yellow, foft, heavy, fome- what dudiie, with metallic lultre. White tellurium. Ihomion chem. 4. p, 98, VOL. VII. — P p 298 METALS. 93, Arfenicura. Found In t5ic Nagfag mine of TraKJ/lvaHJa., <3ifTenimated or cryftaJlized in (^mall 4 fided priuns: fradiirc in onediieflioii foliftcd, in the other uneven: contains tellurium 4.4,751 gold 26,75 • ^^^^ '9-50- Glvcc 8,50: fu^i^hur o,$o. i/'a^'.99- Founc] It Nagyag in IraH/yi-i-amay and is wrought for the gold which it contains: it is fcluble in acids with effervcfccnce: Specific gravity 8,918. contaiii-s lead 54,0: tellurium 31,2. goJd 9jO. /liver 0,5. copper 1,5. Jllvcr 3,0- KLipr<3iJ.\ 93, ARSENICUM. BluiUl^ -white foon becoming black and falling to powder in the air, loft, ex- treaiely brittle, Specific gravity 8,310: fliblim- mg without melting in a moderate heat in a vfhtte powder eraimng a feong Imeli refembling garlic: fcs lubiiimed oxyde giviog an acrid tafte to Walter and turning vegetable blues red, whea diflblved m imunaik acid and a watery fointiori of IcilphciraJied hydrogcne be poyred into it pre- cipitating a fine yellow powder. Atfenk, Uncmu'biucd, witJi mttailic !uS:re. Arferaicum. nalinsm. G'*e/?. noiiiar. 257. Nitive aciVnic- BirkenSevjt jjv^ ^. 26S. Native acfenic* Kirttxiui mixer ^ t. ^. ijj^ N«iive arsenic. S. 162, Nzsivc aricaic. ThtsB-jam chem. 4. /. 1 00. 1. Scpajatittg luto fpkdfic*'i iacruftatjons, ArkmctiHi audura. Sj^. not. xii. 5. p. 117. «. t. Arfioictaai aativunj.. WaU.fyJl., 2./. 162. ». J. 2. With micaocoas pardcl«, •fr/. «^- xii. 3,/. e6t, «, 2. 3. Froiblc awd porous.. 5ysf. Kar. xii. 3. ^. riy, «. 3. METALS. 93. Arreniciini^ 299 Found HI Greal-Brieain, various parrs of Gtrmany, Kttr^-ay, Saxoiy, Sec. accompanying fp'.r, baryres or fedfpar, maiBvc, rarely dfTeminated, often compofed of hemifpherical layers, corr-idci, branched, perforated, hocrvo?daJ, or ftalaiflit'cal : colour lead grey, hut its furfacc ioon tarnifhing and bccom- jn? black hy cxi:)ofiire to rhe air : ftreak Wuifh-grey, powder duli and hlackifh: fotnetimes a Ihclc fonoroas when flruck againlt a h.ird Ixjdy, and To foft as to be eafily cut with a knife : before the blowpipe h imn^ediately emirs a white fmoke, diffiifing n^ peculiar ar>d highly poifonous vapours to a great dillance, b'.nning with a blue fiame and gradually v.inirhing, depoficin!^ a white oxyde in the form of a powder: fpecific gnivity 1^,670.10 5,729: it is always alloyed with fomc iron., and often, contains iame cobalt, bifmuth, filyer, and fometimes a little gold. caldformt. White, foluble in 80 times its weight of water. Arfcnic. nativ album. WalLfpt 2. p. (6o, n. 1. Native calx of arfcnic. Kirivat miner. 2, p. 258. White oxyd.e of arfcnic. Sc/jmeiJ/cr miner. 2 p. 263. Native oxyde of aricnic. Tb(>mfan chttn. 4.. /. 103. White arhnic. Bcrkenb fyn.p 26S. 1. In a loofe dull or mealy powder. Wall. fyit. miner. 2. p^ 160. n. 1. a. Loofe native calx of arfenic. Kiii'-'on min. Z. /, 25 S. 2. In a ftate of cryftallir.ation. Arfeni'.um cryllall. Syft. nat. x'li. 3. />. 1 37. n, 1. JVull. fyji. mi/icr. 2. p. i6o. ;;. I. b. 3. In an indurated flare combined with earth. Arfenic. tern mineral. iVall.^/r. 2. />, 169. n. 10. Indurated native calx. Kiriwan miner, z. p, 259. Found in various parts of Grcat'Bri'.iin^ Germarry, Hungary, Saxony, Bohemia, kc. either in powder or mafijve or cryilal- JiT^d in prifmaiic needles: colour white or grev, with often a tinge of red, yellow, green or black ; before the blowpipe it fiibliines but doe* not in.lame, and tiuges borax green: fpecific gravity 3.7CX3. Ponderous, yellow, curved or uncjiilatcly foliated, of a waxy internal biltre, evaporatirjg almoll entirt-ly be- fore the blowpipe. Pvrites nudus. Syd. nat, x\\. 3. />. l J 3. ». 2. Arf^-nicum flavum, iVall. Jyli. 2. />. i(>3. n, 5. Orpiment. Berkenhoul fynopf. p. 268. Orpimcnt, Kir-wan mineral. 2. /. 260. P p 2 Auripig- mentum. 309 METALS. 93. Arfeniciim. Ytllow fulj)hur.fid arfenic. Schmeijfer 2. p. 265. O. p uenr. Thornton chem 4 p. 102. Found in Great Britain. Hungary, Georg'o, Turkey, Sec. mif- iive diffjiiiinated, or in fmall imperfedl iryilsls; colour ■variius fhades of yellow, with a confiderdKle waxv luflre and fome tranfparency ; Itreak orar.ge \ ellow, not metallic; texture foliated, with the plates moftiy curved or unJulate, rarely llriate, a little ilexible but not eliiiVc: efFcrveiccs with hot nitric acid, burns with a bluifh fldme and before the blf^wpipe evaporates leaving behind a fniall portion of earth : fpecific gravity 3,048. to 3,521. &a«d(traca9 Somewhat ponderous, red with an orange-yellow ftreak, in Itrai ht foliations, melting tali y before the blow- pipe burning with a blue flame and white arfenica! vapours. Arfenicum rubrum. Sjfl. nat, xii. 3 p. wj. n. if. Arfenicum ru^-rum. Wall Jyst- 2. p. 163. n. 4, R-^dgar, Ktrtvav min 2.p.?6\, Ru y arfenic. >chmp'£er mire- . 2. p. 267. R.algar. Thorn fon chem. i^. p 102, Fouiid in Sicily, Napies, Hungary. Bohemia, China, "Japan, &'C- El ffive, diffeminated, fiipeificial, or ci)fta)!zed ir, fmall acutangled qUddr.ngular or acicular prifms ; colour aurora- red, ruby, fcarler, crimfon, or bl.od-red, often variegated V irh yellow traces: texture lamellar, with the foliations a little fltxiWe and lo foff as to be cut with a kn fe, and fre- q" ently exhibiting a '^ril larit luttre: ilreak yellowifh-red, po" der fcarlet: in nitric acid it loles its colour : fpecific g.avity 3,338. sulphuratum Hard, bluifh-igrey with metaljic luflr'", before the blow- pipe emitting white arfenica) vapours and blue ful- phurous flames. Arfenic. circreo-ccerules. Syli nat. xii. 3.^. 118. w. 5. A f nic- cinere-i-i cerules. WaU.Jyft. z. p- 167 «. 8. ^ hue mundic. White pyrites Mrti. 165. w. 6, 7, 8, ^hflpickel. Ju). mintral. 181. A.fcntcal pyrites, MarclitP Kirwan miner, z.p 256. Found in Corniva//, near Dublin in Ireland, Bohemia^ SileSa^ Suxony, Germany, &i.. geivriily difperied among tin orci in granulations, or cryftillized in 4-lided dout^le pyramids or 4-fided obljquangled prifms: colour lomecimes filvery, gr»y or yellowifti or irideicently variegated when tarnifhed : tex- ture comoart, fometime? a little fpi tery, with the furfacc marked with dccuffatc grooves or black ramifications: effer- vefces with nitric acid without heat, and g ves an arftnical fmell when rubbed : it confiih of a l.nic alloyed with a con- fiderable qu^intity of iron, but iictlc or no fulphur 1 IpeciSc gravity from 5,75 3. to 6,522* Of a ftlvery luftre and very fine granular texture, emitting arfenical vapours before the blowpipe, ^nd when fufeii with lead leaving a filver bead. Argentum arfen>cale. Syft. nat. xii. 3 ^ i 50. /?. 7. Argentum arfenico min Wall. /.ft. 2. p, 34O. ». 10. Argentiferous arfenical pyrites. Kiriuart mtner. 2. p.z^j. Found in ;he miries of Saxony. Bobemta, Germany, and Spain, m^ffive, difleminited or acicular : colour nearly that of the laft, but brighter and more permanent : it burns wifh a white flame, and leaves a rcddifh refiduum : by folution in nitro-muriatic acid the filver will be prcci ntatcd : it confilb of ;irfenic, iuljjhur, iro", -'.nd fr(;m 1 to 10 or 12 per cent, of filver: fpecific gravity 4.5087, 3&2 METALS* 94. Cobaltusrs. 94. COB ALT UM. Blui(h-grey with often a fhadff of red, hardifh, very brittle, attradled by the magnet and itfelf convertible into the magnet, fpecific gravity 8,150: in a red heat gradu- ally becoming a blue powder which becomes deeper and atlaft a deep black-blue, in a violent < heat burning with a red flame, when lufed with borax producing a fine blue glafs :^ giving a red- difli colour to its folution in nitric acid, and precipitating a bkie powder with the addition of potafs, nigram. Inconfpicuous, of a dufky colour, emitting no arfenieal vapours when thrown on hot coals. Cobaltum cakiforme. OokJI. miner. 245, Black cobalt. Berketih.fin. 269. Black oxyde or calx of cobalt. SchmelJJer vnn, z. p. 240. Black cobalt ore. Thomfon chem. 4. /». 107. 1. Friable, of a loofe earthy co-nfiflcnce. Ochra cobalti nigra. Wall, fyft. 2. p. 1 83. n. 7. a. Loofc black cobalt ore. Kirnvan mineral. 2. /. 275. 2. Iniuratec^. Cobaltum fcoriaceom. Syfi.nat. xii. 3. p. 129 w. 4, Cobaltum mineralis V/alLjyIi. 2. />. 180. n. 5. Indurated black cobalt ore. Kivwan miner. 2. p. 275. Found in the mines of Great- Brif am, /Jnjlria, Saxony, Huagery, Germany, Sec. either in the ftate of a loofe friable powder, or in veins, or in corroded botryoidal or kidney form malies; colour various (hades of brown orbJackifli with ofien a fhade of giey or green: when rubbed with the nail it becomes fhining : it is foluble in muriatic acid : fpecific gravity from 3 to 4,000. ifchraceum. Inconfpicuous, earthy internally, of a paler colour, emitting arfenieal vapours when thrown on hot coajs. Ochra fulva. Syft. nat. xii. J p. 193- «• ^• Cobalt facie tcrrea. Wall fiit. 2. p. \^u n.-j. Brown cobalt ochre. Kimnan miner. 2. p. 276. Brown earthy oxyde of cobalt. Schmeijfer min. 2. p. 241. Brown cobalt ore. Thom/on chem. 4. p. 107. METALS. 94- Cobakuni, 303 2. Dull y^UoWj with a brighter unftuous ftreaic. Yellow cobalt ochre, Kiravan min^ 2. p.Z'j. Yeilow oxyde of cobalt. Schmeifi«r miner. 2. p. Z42, Yellow cobilt ore. 'Ihomfon chem, 4. p- 107, 3, Green, in the form of minute capillary cryftals, combined with nickel. Green cobalt orp, Kirtxian miner aL 2 /, 280. Green oxyde of cobalt. Schmciffer min, 2. p,z^i. Found in the mine;, of Great Britain and various parts of the continent, generally depofited on other ores, though fome- times found botryoidal or kidney-fhaped : colour various ' Ihades of brown, reddifh, yellowifli, green or inclining to blue: it very readily forms a glafs of various Ihades of blue. Ca&altigo. Radiated, red, with a glalTy luftre, etnitting arfenical va- pours when thrown on hot coals, Ochra puipurea- 615;^?. fiat. xii. 3. /. 195. «, 15, Cobaltsim arfenico. Wail. J}Ji, r.p. 181, ». 6. Red cobalt ore, Kirivan mineral. 7., p, 278. Red oxyde of cobalt. Sihmafser. ndner. z. p, 243, Arfeni at of cobalt. Themfon chem. 4. ^.108. Found near the lakes of Killarney in Ireland., and in moft places where the other ores of cobalt abound, fometimes maffive, fometimes in the ftate of flowers: colour various fhades of red from pale peach-bloflbm red to deep crimfon : fometimes it is found depofited on different ftones in the form of fmali 4-fided prifmatic cryttals dilpofcd in a ttclkce or radiate man- ner, which are fhining, femitranfparent and foft to the touch: it coniiils of cobaJt combined with the arfenical acid. sicrcsraiau inconfpiciKyus, of a dirty mixed colour, whea burnt and fuied with 1-ead leaving a bead of filver. Argentum nativum. Wall. Jyft^ 2« p. 345. «- 16. Scbreber Bergm. yourn. l 788. 1- p. 43. Found in the juincs of AWau^y, Saxoayt Germa-ny^ Hungary and Dauphitty., and contains a mixture of filver, iron, fometimes nickel, arfenic, rarely quickfilver, in fuch indeterminate jwoportions as t<5 make it difficult to fix its genu?. si^ur^tm Qi a tin-white colour an4 luftre, emitting fulphurous va- pours when thrown on hot coals, and at length leav- ing a pure oxyde of cobait, G^yer chem, annul ijSS. I, p.tj, Sulphurifed cobalt. Schmeij]er miner, z.p. 23g.- Found in S^w^dcn and Hungary., lometimes maflive, fometimes in cubical ciyHals without llriaj, and is compofed oi cobalt xsA Xulphux with arfenic or iroa. 304 METALS. 94. Cobaltum. fjriticosuM, Of a fteel-white colour and luftre, emitting fnlphurous vapours before the blowpipe, and when heated with powdered charcoal leaving a magnetic bead. Cobaltum ferto min. Syfi, not xii. 3. p. 129. n 2. Cobakum ferro min. Wall. fy>t. 2. p. 178, «. 3. V/hite cobak ore. Kir^voan rtiimr, 2. p, 273. Whire cobalt ore. Schtnefser miner, z. p 237, White cobalt ore. 1 bomfon chem, \, p 105, Found in the mines of >Siv^//i?», Hungary, Saxony, Bohemia, &c. iriaflive, difleminated, coating, ipecular, nodular, corroded, or crvftaliized in fmall 4-rided prifms or cubes or double quadrangular pyramids: colour tin white, often tarnifhed: texture generally fine grained, rarely ftriated or divergently fibrous : fp^cific gr'.vity from 6,284. ^^ 6»450 I contains co- balt combined with fulphur and iron. tr^stu'li* Of a blnl(h-tin colour and luftre, emitting fulphurous and mum, arfeijical vapours before the blowpipe and leaving a magnetic bead. Cobalt, cryftallifat. Sy/t. nat. xii. 3. p. 129. k. I. Cobaltum ferro, &c. ^Vall JylU l. p 176. «. i. Crvftaliine cobalt ore. Bei-kenh.fyn. p, 269. Grey cobalt ore. Schmeifjer min, z p, 235. Dull grey cobalt ore. Kirnuan min 2. p. 270. Grty cobalt ore. Thomjon cbem. 4. p. 106. Found in the mines of Comvoall zn^ various parts of Europe, of a dull grey colour with the furface often tarnifhed: the cryf- talsare ufuaily 6-fided prifms terminated at each end by an irregular 6-fided pyramid, Co that the cryftal coniifts of 6 tetragons and 1 2 hexagons, with the faces ftriate in an oppo- fite manner : it confilts of cobait c mbined with arfenic, ful- phur and iron in various modifications. arsenicale. Of a dull fteel-grey colour and luftre, emitting arfenical vapours before the blowpipe and leaving a magnetic bead. • Cobaltum ferro, occ. Syft. nat. xii. 5. p. i 29. Cobaltum ferro, &c. Wall, fy ft. Z. p. 177. «. 2. Found in the mines of Europe, accompanying the other cobalt ores, of a granular texture approaching to the fit or con- choidal, rarely fibrous in a parallel Itcllate or faicicied man- ner, of a common or botryoidal form, fometimes marked with black (hrublike lines: it rcfembles the laft fpecies ex- cept that it contains little or no fulphur. METALS. 95. Magnefium. 305 hiipanicum. Of a (leel-white colour and liiflre, eiritting fulphuroiiis anrl arfcnical vapours and leaving a bead not attraded by tlie magnet. Found in the mine' o^ Arragon in ^paitt, and confifts of cobalt, iulphur and arfenic without a vifible mixture of iron; 95. MAGNKSIUM. Dark grev gradually black- ening by cxpofure to the air, hard, very brittle, of a granular texture, atrrafted bv the magnet when reduced to powder, fpecific gravity 7>ooo: melting with great difficulty, its black oxyde af- fuming a green colour which in a very violent heat is fufed and converted into a green glafs, when fufed with borax producing a deep red glafs: when difTolved in fulphuric acid leaving a black fpongy mafs b'-hind, and forming a red precipitate with the addition, of foda. Manganefe, Staining the fingers, of a filver-grey colour with metallic lultie, and divergingly foliated texiure. Lapeyroufe AB, acad Tokf.X.p 256 Native metallic manganefc. Schveilser Z,p 2<;ii Found in the vsllcy of I'iedfos near Lem in rhf rieighhourhood of Fo/> on the Pyrenees, in kidney orm m-illes: it is flightljr malleable, and n^ t attra^od Ny ihe mavnet. Friab'e, without luftre or tranfparencv, earthy. Ochra magnefic-E. Hyfi nat xii. j ^. 11^4. «, 9, IVI. 293. Vol. vii. — Q^q METALS. 95. Magnefium. Bergman chem. afinal. 1784. 2. p. 3^7. Found in Derbyjhire^ forming confiderable firata, friable and generally fmnoth between rhe fingers, atid of a blackifh or reddiih-brown colour: contains manganefe, oxyde of iron, lead, and mica. rU-vea. White, becoming brownifh or blackifti when heated, fbft, efFervefcing with nitric acid and emitting fulphurated hvdrogen gas. While caix of manganefe. Kirnxan miner, 2. p. 297. White ore of manganefe. Berk nh.Jyn p. zjo. Carbonat of jnanganefe, *Ihomfun chem- 4. ;!>. 1 1 3, Found in the mines of Qreat Britam., Nor*way., S'wedeti., and Trafifyl'variia, in round or kidney -form mafles, or varioufly difleminated, fometimes in loofe fcales: colour white with often a redd ifh tinge : texture either radiated or in incurved foriations: with the muriatic acid it gives the fmeli of nitro- muriatic acid : before the blowpipe it gives a violet colour t» borax. rsiira^ Red, colouring glalTes red. Crontt, fjuHeraL 1 15. B. I. b. Found near Piedmont and Lem on the P^reneesf in round lumps or fibrous in a 0:c!late manner. 'vulgaris. Soft, O^aining the fingers, of a fteel-.grey colour with me- tallic luftre. Ferrum fafcum. SjU. nat. i.^. 176.H. 8. Molybdaiftum. Sya. nat xii, 3. p. \ii. n. i. Magnefia fuliginofa. Wall. /\Ji. 2. p. 138. a. 2. Black and brown ore. B^rkenh.fyn. p. 270, Grey ore of manganefe. Ktriuan mimr^ 2. p, 291, Grey oXydc of manganefe. Schmeifser miner . 2. p. 252. Grey oxyde of manganefe. TbomfoKchem. 4 p. 109, Oxide of manganefe. Sc^erhy Brit. min. tah. 86. Found in various parts of Great Bntaia, paiticularly on MenJip hill in SoTBSrJefjhire^ in Saueden., France., Germany., Bobemiat Sile/iOf Sec- maffive or diiTeminated, or varioufly imitatix'e, in fmall acuiangkd quadrangular prifras or 6-fidcd acicular columns with the faces often longitudinally ftriate: colour greyifli-white more or lefs dufky, with f >metiines a fmali tinge of red : texture feldom compaft, generally fibrous in a licllate manner, radiated, or foliated, with the fragments in- determinate or wedge -form -or fplintery : foft, brittle, with* black or brown Ilreak : befare the blowpipe it becomes black- ifll-brown but does not melt, and tinges borax violet : it is ufed for colouring glafs, as an ingredient in printer's ink, and ioT procuring Oiygcnc gas from ; nearly two (quarts of this gas METALS. 96. Magnefium. 307 may be obtained from an ounce of the oxycJe : it contains from 30 to 45 per cent, of oxyde of manganefe, from 30 to 40ofoxvgenc, and fmall quantity of oxydc of iron, carbo- nate of lime, barytes and filica. mgra. Soft, ftaintng the fingers, black with hardly any luftre. Magnefia fcoriacoa Cra»fi ot>« i}6 2. a, Magnelia icoriacca. Wall /)'(}. \. />. 329 n. 2. b. Black or brown manganefe. Ktrrrjcan miner. 2, p. 2gz. Black calciform manganef'c. ^chtneijj'ermin. 2. p. 253. Black ore of mrnganefe. Thomfon ehem. 4,^. 112, Found commonly in the mines containinp the grey ore, maffive, ir.Vv fling, or varioufly imitative : colour black or dark brown, fonietimes with a bluilhcaft, and often varioufly coloured ';n the furface: texture earthy, compaft, even or flightly con- chordal : in its compoficion it rcfembles the laft, but contains more iron : its cryltals are ufually S-fided pnfms with their faces fmooth. P^/r/TfwrW, Hardidi, Gaining the fingers, blackifh, (hining internally, becoming red when heated. Magnefu cohipa6>a. WcAl j\jl. 1. f, 330. «. 3. PcMgordrtone. Kirv: an mineral. 2. p. 295. Found at Perigord w Fran e, fofti(h, of a compadl texture, and brownifh-black colour: when heated it hardens and becomes rcddifn-brov/n, but not magnetic, and gives a red or violet tinge to borax : befidcs mangancfe it contains alumina and iron. roiea. Pale rofy red, foliated, not ftainiug the fingeis, eafily melting with effcrvefcence- Red ore of manganele Kirivan mineral, 2, p. 297, •Rcddifh- white ox> dated manganefe. ScbmeiJJer 2, ^.254. Ked ore oi mangantfe. Thomjon chem. 4. /. I i 2. Found in x.^.z'Nagyag mines of Trun/vl-vavia, where it is the ma- tiix of gold, and near Kaptitk in Hungary^ mafiive, loofe, difleminated, or imitative, fometime? cryftallized in rhom- boidal prifms or needles : texture foliated in thin incurved layers, with the fragments often fplintery ; colour pale rofy red mixed with white, powder whitilh : it efFervelces with nitric and muiiatic acids, becomes reddifh-brown when heated to rednelj, and tinges borax red: fpecific gravity 3,233: contiiins, filica 55, oxyde of manganele 35, oxyde 01 iron 7, and about 2 of alumina. Ruprecbt^ CLq 3o8 METALS. 96. Tungftenum. 96.TUNGSTENUM, GreyiHi or brownifli, internally fteel- white, very brirtle and hard, not attraded by the magnet, fpecific gravity 17,600: fiifing with great difficultv, gradually changing from a black to a yellow oxyde when heated, which with the addition of microcofnaic lalt is at lad converted into a blue glafs: foluble in the nitric acid into a yellow oxyde. Tungften Woljra-nu ealcareutn. Ponderous, lamellar, extremely brittle, yellowifli-white or grey, digefted with hot nitric acid beconiiiig yel- low. Jernften. Cronff. mineral. 208, Ferrum lapide viirefc. Wail./yfi. 2. /. 253. w. 7. Tungilen. i^cheele nov. AQ. Stockh. 1781. /.Sp. Scheelium. Karfien Lejke miner I /. 575. Tunplle 1. Kirnuan mineral. 2. p. 31 5. Tungftat of lin c. ^ hom/on chem. 4. /, ll 5, Found near Fen^uilly in Corn'wall^ in Saxony, and Bohemia, itx tin mines, and is often miftaken for tin-ftone, fomciime^ xn (five or difleminated, f'Uietimes tryftallized in double 4- fidel pyramids : it decrepitates but does not melt in a white heat: with borax it form* a colpurlefs glafs, but if the borax exceed a brn\vni(h one: fpecific graviry from 5,800. to 6,-28: contains, oxyde of tungften 70, hme 30. Schccle, magnesia" Very pond rous, lamellar, opake, of a blackifh-browa turn, co!(mr and reddifh brown ftreak, forming a greenilh glafs with borax. Molybdinum S'y/?. nat» xii. 3. p. 123. n. J. Mag'nefia crvftallin^. Wall f^st. I. p, 330. S< herinim och»?ceum. Karfien Leske mineral, I./. 576. Wolfram. Kirivan miner. 2. p 3 1 6. M mganefeous w Ifram. Schme^/s. min. 2. p» 27a. Wolfram. Thom/on cbem. 4 p. 1 ^4. Foui.d in Corrivall, Spain. Britany, Saxony, and Bohemia, in tin mines mafliivc or cryftallized in right ang'cd 4 fided tables, or 6 fided comprcflcd prifms ending in 4-fided fum- nius r texture foliated, and eafilv ft-parated into plates by percuflion : it is infufiMe by the blowpipe, and forms a deep red glais with mi- rocofmic fait: fpecific g-avity from 7,006, to 7j33r?- contaiBs oxyde nf tungften 6^, ox)de pfmanganefc METALS, 97, Molybdsenum. 309 5>7. MOLYBDiENUM. Bluifh-^rev not tarnifh- ing, brittle, not mai2;netic, compoled of fcaly particles cohering: t(>gether, fpecific gravity 7,500: nearly infufible, gradually becoming a white volatile oxyde when heated, which with borax forms a violet and with microcofmic I'ait a agreenglafs: partly fflub'C in fulphnric acid, and giving the lolution firft a green and then a blue colour. , 319. Sulphurifed molybdzna, Schmeijfer miner, t» p Z'^S. Sulphurct of molybdjEjia. T homfon chem. 4. p 117. Found in France, ^pauiy Sweden., %axony, Liberia, and Veland^ ingan',ues of fVlifpar, lithomarg, »»r qu.rz, generally ia maflcs C'lnfillin^ ot fin.41 grains agglutinated togethe»-, fome- times crvilallized m 6 -Tided tables: colour lig'-t lead-grey, with fom tidies a (hade of red ; rtreak bluidi grey, metallic ; powd.r bluifh : fft, opake, llaining the fingers, and feeling a httlc greify to the touch : tex ure lamellar, with the foli- ations thin, incurved, and flightly flexible : with warm ni-, trie acid it effcrvefce';, leaving a giey oxyde urdiflolvcd: before the blowpipe it evaporates in white fulphurous vaoours: fpecific gravity from 4,569. to 4,738: contains, molybdaeniin\ 60, fulphar 40. Klaprolh, 3JO METALS. gS. Uianiuni. 98. URANIUM. Dark -grey inclining internalljr to blown, \^'ith a flight luftre, foft, brittle: fpe- cific gravity 6,440: hardly fufible before the blowpipe, but with borax forming a brown and with niicrotpfmic (alt a grafs-green glafs: conr- vertibk into a yellow oxyde by the nitric acid. cfhrflfeem, Yellowifii or green, of an earthy texture^ entirely foluble in nitric acid, combined with a large portion of ox- ygene. Uranites. Klu^roth chem. annal. 1789. 2. ^.403. Uranitic ochre. Kir^v an mineral, z. p 303. Earthy oxyde of uranit. Schmeifser miner, 2. /. 276. Yellow oxyde of uranium, Thonifon them, 4. /•. U9. Generally found on the furface of Uranium lulpharenm or Pechbiende in Cornix^all, &c. of a lemon or brimftone yel- low or green: it (lightly Rains the fingers, is meagre to the touch, hardly fufible before the blowpipe, bat in a Urong heat becomes black : fpecifrc gravity 3,243 : conii^s of ox- yde of uranium and oxygene. '' Chaleoli- Hardilh, diaphanous, fhining internally, of a foliated tex- thus, ture, entirely foluble in nitric acid. Uranites fpathofus. Klapr. chem annal 1789 2.^.403* Chalcolit. Werner Ber^m. fourn 1789. i/. 376. Micaceous uranitic ore. Kirivan miner, 2 /. 304. Spatous uranrt. Schmeifier miner. 2. p. 276. Cryllallized oxyde of Uranium. Ibomjon 4. f. 1 19, Oxide of Uranite, Sonuerby Brit, min. t, 125. Found in Ccrn-iva//, near Eibenftock and JohanngeorgenBadt in Saxovyy and near Rhcinbreidenbach in the eleftorate of 7"r7«x;«, fometimes on the farface of other ores, fomeiimes in larger or lefs particles mixed with rocks of gneifs, garnet or quartz^ mod corpmonly cryftallired in cubes, fquare plates, S-fided or 6-fided prifms; colour emerald or grafs green, often in- clining to fiivery-white or yellowifh, with a greenifh-white ftreak : luftre fometimes perlaceous, fometimes metallic : tex- ture foliated,- brittle : foluble in nitric acid without effer- ycfcence, but infoluble and infufible by alkalies: confifts of oxyde of uianium, carbonic acid, ai)d the ^rcen kind a little o?cyde of copper. METALS. 99. Titahium. 31 r tlfhiimun. Hardifh, very ponderous, black, compa(J\, Ihining inter- nally. Uranites fulphuratus. Klaproth chem. annal. 1789. 2. p, 403, Pechblende. If^erner Bergman Jeurn. 1789. i. p, 3S4. Sulphurated uranite- Kirnuan miner. 2. p. 305. Sulphurated uranit. Schmeifser miiu z. /». 275. Pechblende. Thotnfon chem. ^. p. 118 Found at Johaiingeorgtnfla-dt in Saxony^ either forming entire thin ftrata alternating with other ftratified minerals, or maf- fivc and difperfed : colour black, dark grey, or hluilh black, with a darker ftrcak and opake black powder; texture con- choidal, very brittle : imperfeftly foluble in fulphuric and muriatic acids, but pcrfeflly in nitric and nitro -muriatic acids, giving the folution a vinous yellow : forming a grey opaie flag with borax and foda, and a green glafs with mi- crocol'mic fait: fpecific gravity 6,378 to 7,500: contains, uranium 86,5 : fulphuret of Icdd 60: filica 5,0: oxyde of iron 2,5^ Klaproth, 99. TITANIUM. Orange-red, very hard, in mi- nute agglutinated grains, fpecific gravity — — : not fufible by any known heat, but when expofed hot to the open air fonning a blue or purple oxyde : precipitating a white powder when its trvftais or red ox\de are fufed in 4 times their weight of potafs, and the whole difTolved in Water* In fmail irregularly (haped grains b^ack, eafily pulverifed and the powder attraded b) the ma^uet. Menackanite. K/rtuan vurter. 2. p 326. Menackanite. CreWs annals, iii. p 252. Menactanite. Thtimjonchein. /^. p. 122. Found in the valley of Menackan in Cornwall^ in fmall grains refembling gunpowder of no det rmin.te (hape, and often mixed with fine grey fand : it d 'cs nt.t detorate with nitre, but melts with two parts of fixed alkali into an olive coloured maf-, from which nit ic acid i^rt-c'i iftcs a white powaer, and this pnwder mi-.ed u-ith dilurcd fulphuric acid fo that the ihafs be not too liquid, and cvd^orted to d ynefs, pro- duces a blue mafs: hef re the blo.vpipe it doe not decre- pitate, but with microcofmic fait it acquirer a greeniih tiogc 3«2 METALS. 99. Titanium. which becomes brown on coolirg: fperific gravity 4,42^:. Cf mains, ox' de of ir.n 46, oxvdc of titanium 45, »vith fome fiiica atid mangancfe. Gregor, Iterina. In fma!! rounded grains, brownifh-black* hard, brittle, of a conchoidal texture, not attradted by the magnet. Ifenne. Journ de mineral. 13. ^ (>'J. If. line. Ihomjon ct-em^ if p 124. Found in the f ndr^f rhe i-iver Ifarm B'^heminy of an iron-black colour tending to brown, ?nd is hard, heavy, and brittle. MutbiUu CompaSj reddifh brown, opake, of a foiated texture^ fornjing a violet-black glafs with microcofmic fait; Titani'e. Kiriua" m n z />. 329. Jiuthile 7hv.j'ncbem- 4^ p 120. Found m Hum^an-, t",e Pyrenees^ the Alps, and in Britanyt general'y cryftallized in 4 or 6-fidei-l prifms or acicular; colour red or bro.vnifTi-!e;'), with a brick or orange powder: when hjfed wirh carbonate of notaf^ and diluted with water, a white powder precipitates: before ihe blowpipe it does not melt, but becomes opake ind brown : with borax it form? a deep yellow glafs with a tirge of brown : it mixes with foda, but does not f rm a tranfparent gl^fs : fpecific gravity from 4,180. 104,246: when pure it is compofcd entirely of oxyde of titanium, A variety called Anataf; is lound ir Dauphinyt varying in having its crylla!s in an elongated oflahedroa whofe bafe is a fquare, with the fummits complete or trun- cated, and the faces tranfvcrfely ftriate: colour fteel-grey verging to black or de. p blue: luftre vitreous, generally opake: fpecific giavity 3,857. NiffrtBo. Compa6l, hard, brittle, with a waxy luftre and foliated texture, imperfedlly foluble in muriatic acid, from which it precipitates a clammy yellowifh mafs with the addition of ammonia, Calcareo-filiceous titanic ore. Ki --wait miner 2.^.331. Nigrine, Titanite, Sphene. Thom/on chem. ^. p 123. Found near PaJJ'ace in Bavaria^ ^t Artndal in Noriuay, and near St, G')thurd, fometimes maflsve or difTemipned, f me- times cryftallized in fhort obtuf^nnled 4 fided pnfms : colout reddilh. yellowifh or blackifh brown, rarely whitilh-grey with a whitilh-grey powder: before the blowpipe it is iiifu- fible, but in charcoal it is converted into a black opake po- rous llag: fpecific gravity 3,5 10: contains, ox/de of tita» nium 33, filica 35, lime 33. KLproih. METALS. loo. Chromium. 3»3 loo. CHROMIUM. White with a (hade of yel- low, very brittle, fpecific gravity : very difficult ot fiilion: gradually oxydating in the nicric acid, and the oxyde becoming green wheH heated in a dole veffel. Plumbii, Red with a fliade of yellow and a fine orange-yellov^ (Ireak and powder, texture compadt, cryftallized in 4-fided prifms. i Plumbum h'Xaedrnm. Syf}. not. xii» 3./. 134. «, 8. Plumbum fulph et arfen. Wall. fyll. 2. p. 309. » 8. Piiim urn rubruin. Gmel.fifl nst 3, />. 367. o. 8. Red lead fpar. Kirivan miner 2. p. 214. Red lead ore. SchmeJJer miner. 2. p. l6q, Chromat of lead. Thom/on chem. 4 p. 125. Found in the gold mine^ of Berefofnezi: Ekaterinhourg in ^heria: the prifms are fomctimes t'^rminated b) 4-fided pyramids: luRre or tranfparency hardi) any: it is rather loft, witn an uneven fradliire docs not effcrvefce with acids, deciepitates before the olowp pe leaving a Imall portion of lead and a confiderable remainder of black fl.g which gives a green co- lour to borax: fpetific gravity from 5 7;;o to 6,029: con- tains, oxyde of lead 65,12; Chromic acid 34,88. t^cuquelin, Ferri. Brown with an a(hy-grey powder and flight metallic luf- tre, melted with potafs and dilfolved in water impart- ing an orange-yeilow colour to the folution. Chromat of iron. Thomfoti cherfi 4. p \ zdi Found near GaJJin in France, anri in iberia, iil irregular mafTes: colour refembling that of brown blende: hardnefs iufficienc to fcratch glafs : infoiuble in nirnc avid, and melts with borax into a fine green glais : fpeoilic gravity 4,032 : con- tains, chromic acid 43,0. oxydc of iron 34,7. alumina 20,3; A lie a 2,0. Vauquehm VOL. vri. — R t 314 METALS, toi. Cokmbiucn. io2« Tantalium. loi. COLUMBIUM. BrowniOi-black internally iron-grey, with a chocolate-brown ftreak and |X5wdef, hardilh, very brittle, of an imperfeiflly foliated texture, opake, not attraded by the niagnet : fpecific ^a vity 5,918. csmpaBum, CoiUMBiUM- Columbite. Thomfon chem. 4-. ^ 1 27. Sent to Sif Hans Sloanc from MaJJ^chufets^ and is at prcfent ia the Britifli Mufeumi colotir dark grey -brown with, a glaffy Itiftre : r&ther hard, and very brittie: longitudioai frafiufc imperfe^ly ianaellar, croifs-fraSure fine grained : when ex- pofed to a violent heat for a long time was fouiad in a ftateof black powder: contaiuSj oxyde of cdumbium 78, oxydc of iron zi^ 102. TA.NTAUUM. Blackifii-grey, foftilh, of a granular frafture, rjot magnetic, fpecific gravity 6,500: not iblublc in any acid, nor altering its colour when heated to rcdnefs; melting with phofphare of foda and borax into a colouriels glals- rjiaagaseti' ConiiHing of oxyde of taatalitim combined wlih. tke ox- auug* ydes of iron and maoganeOs. Tantalitcr- Thcm/os chtm. 4. / . I 27* Found it Kimito ic FiRlaxd^ m irregular cryftalsi colour be- tween felui/li grey and blackifli-greyi furface fjaoodi with an eta Ilk luibve ; very hard, not magnetic, frafimre compad : i^x:ih.c gravity 7*953- jtiriatxa, CosfiJliog of oxydc of tatitalium combined with, the ox- ydes of iron and yttria. YtU'utafitalite. Thom/oa chem. 4. p. 1 28- FoiMjd at Kixatv in Finland, in fmall kidney -fortn raafles of inconsiderable hardnefs: fraQurc granular, iron-grey, of metallic kftre: may be fcratcfaed witli a knife, SRd gives & grey powdef; fpecific gravity 5,1 30. C V5 J CLASS V. PETRIFACTIONS. Animah and vegetables, or their parts, changed into a fqffik Juhfiame. 103. Anthropolithus. Man or the parts of man. 104. ZooLiTHUs, Mammalia or their parts. 105. Ornitholithus. Birds or their parts. 106. Amphibiolithus. Amphibia or their parts. 107. IcTHYOLiTHUS. Fiflics or their parts. 108 Entomolithus. Infcfls or their parts. 109. Helmintholithus. Worms w their parts, no. Phvtolithus. Vegetables or their prrts^ Rr 2 ;i6 PETRIFACTIONS. 103. Anthropolithus, PETRIFACTIONS. 103. ANTHROPOLITHUS. The human body, or lomc of its parts, changed into a fofliie lub~ (lance, totalis. The whole human fceleton. Zoolithus H< minis. Syst, nat, xii. 3./. 156, n, I. Zoolithu^ H minis. Ge/^er Petnfad. 73. * Anthropuli'hus. Carlh, min.%\. Founil at Faklun m S'weden, imbedded in amafs of futphuret of iron or pvritc5, and if v has been recorded, converred into a h rd Itonc-, in tie year 158;^ : it has likwife been found in forae mineral waters in France, and near Fteyburg in Scuanj. partialis. The cranJun> or other bones. Creiv muf. foe. re^, p. 332. Kundmann promt uar p. 255. Said to hiive been found in the mountains not far from Rbelms in France% PETRIFACTIONS. 104. Zoolithus. 317 104. ZOOLITHUS. The body of fomc animal of the mainmalia, or its parts, changed into a fo3Uc fubftance. Turcoia, The teeth: hauiifh, of a bhiifh green colour. Z lolithus den IS. ■">)-//. n't. xn. 3 ;> 1 0 ;?. 4. Turcora gallica. R aum. //<*. Fans. 171S. /> 230. Zoo'ihi dentium. Wall, f^st- i /•5?5'»»?« Bone tiug'-d ^y copocr Berkenhaut fyn. p. 279. V/oodixiard / (J \ . fwt Z p ^1- Found m u copper mines or Cumherland, in Perfia, Sikena^ Bobemiat France, Germany Sec. and are lield in great efti- mafion by the inhabitants oi the Ealt : their colour is grecn- ifn vvi'.i. a rins^L" nf blue, \Nhich after long expofjre to the air bconics a dirty >ello\v hroAn or blwckifh, opake, hard, adheri!!^ a '.ictie to the tc giie, and adini'.t'ng lome degree of polifh and uUre: tlieir coioiir fcems to be acq^uired by th• 43. Animal bone"-. Ber-kenhout f^n p. 279* Ani i^al bones Brand fojj' Jii^. 1 18 — 121. Wood'ward f'cjf. 1. part z. p. 87. Found in Qtent-^rttain and lome parts of the continent, con- verted imo common limellone, 5«w/>. The entire fceletoii of the ape. Sxuedenbow^ regn fubterran. p |68. /. 2. Found in tlie yuar i733» iX Henneburg near Gluckjhrun, imbed-, ded in bituminous marl impregnated with copper. EUpbantii. The tufks, grinders, or bones of the elephant, ILlephaiits tufk". Rerkenhcut Jyn. p. 27Q. Woodnjuard Meth. \Z^ catal. part 2. p 86. Found in various bogs of England and Ireland, Cervi, The fceleton, horns, or feparate bones of the ftag, Zoolithu^ Cervi, Sy/l, nat. xii. 3 p. 136. n. 2. Zoolithus Ccrvi. Ge/ner petrifai'i. 43. " Sceleton Alces. Hermann marlo^raph Zoolithus c irnu cervi. Born hid. fofs. 2. p. I, Stag's horn. Berkenhout fyn, p. 279. IVood^vard Meth, 124. catal, 1. part 2. p. 86, 3i8 PETRIFACTIONS. 105. Ornithonthos, Found often buried in the ground in fome mountains in England and Irelandy cfpecially the horns of the Moofe 0eer; and ire the mountains near Baruth in Silejia, fometimes the whole fccletort, fometimes parts only, Rosmari, The head of the morfe. l^ionti monument, dilwv. 1 7 19* />. 4- Foand in the neighbourhood of Betianta in Itafr, Bovis, The fceleton of the ox. Found about a century ago between S^erfort and GatferSedt m Saxony, Smeif. The fceleton of the fhrewr. Found in Bohemia, buried in ihiflus. rffitrs. cmum. 105. ORNITHOLITHUS. The body, or parts of a bird, changed into a fofllle fubllance. The beak. OrnitholithU'5 roflri, Syft, nat,x\u 3. p- 157. ». 2, Xy'ollea roftrorum. Wall. jy/t. 2. p 567. n. 4. a. Found jn the neighbourhood of Jtna and in the mountains on the confines of S-wttzerland, fometimes perfeft, fometimes only impreffed on a ibiftofe fwinellone. The bones of birds, Typolithi ofuum. Wall.fyji. tnin. 2. p, 567. ir. 4. Hermann marlograph. 2, f. 9. p, 224, Found m Silejia. pkmarum, Th« feathers of birds. Ornitholithi plumarum. Wall./yit. 2.^. 566. «. 2. Scheuchz. querel et vind.pifc, p 14. tab. 2, Found principally at Oewngen on the confine* of Siviizerlaad, imprefTed on a fhiilofe fwineftone. PETRIFACTIONS. 106. Ampbibiolithus. 319 106. AMPHIBIOLITHUS, The body, or fomc part, of an amphibious animal ch«inged into a fofTile fubftance. ^£igMdiais» The tortoife, Gefner FetrifaSl^ 41, Found entire or in parts fometimes in the ftone tjuarries of Oxfordjhne, in a bed of fhilt in Snuitxerland, on St. Ptur^ mountain near MafiriS in Brabant, near B^Ungham in S 4 /f. i — 3. *. 47- /■ 12- Pifces pelrifafti, Braun miner 2 tab. 7, 8. L^pis iflebianus. Geferfig. t6l. Liuid Lyihop ep/t. r. ;». 86 /a^ 22 yfg- i^ Found in a black flate in the ifl nd of Sheppe^ and various parts of Wales., in the mouniain? of Sauirxerlandt Silejia, Ge many^ Sec. impregnated w:th biiijmen. pyritaceous m tter or oxvde of copper; the liflies ihemfelve> rekmble the Eel. Sword fifli. Cod, Flat-fifh, Perch, Roach, Dace, Mackrel, Mullet, Carp, Tench, Pipe-fifh, Ray, Sec. alhidui. In a pale flaty ftone. Ichthyolithus totalis. Sj:t. nat. xii. 3./. 159. «. 2, Ichthyoli;hus totalis. Ri. 750. Lluid LitbophiL p 70. cap. 20. IVoodivord l. part z. p. 84. Found in various parts of England, particularly in Oxfordjhire^ generally round ifh and hollowed like a cup, from the fize of a fniail pea to nearly an inch in d ameter: colour black, grey, or brown, fi metimes finely variegated, always polilhed. Qhtitpetra. The teeth of the (hark. Amphibiol. dentis. S\ft. nat. xii. 3. p- i 58. n. 6. Olear muf. tab. 21. Buftn. dilwv. 242. tab. 24. B, Worm muf. b"]. f 4. Wolf. half. tah. 21, Uuid Lithopil, tab, 15, PETRI FACT fONS. io8. Entomolhhus. 321 1. Two-edged and ferrate. 2. Two-edged, incurved, very enfire. 3. Two-edged, Ilrwight, very enure. 4. Slightly 2 edged, forked at the bafe. 5. Cylindrical, llralght, ftriatc, 3-cleft. ^, Subulate, ftriate. Found in various paits of" Fn^land ^nd ScotlanJt in Maltai Italft France, Germany^ Sec. o*- variius Izes, loiitary or oi i-iy toge- ther, loo(e or attached to ntner t.^ffils, fibrous i ternally, fhir.ing outwardly, of a guucous, uiy, dafk-brown, rarely fea green colour. 108. FNTOMOLTTHT7'5. The hodv, or fome part, of an infed changed into a foflile lubftance. Cancri, The crab or fome of its parts. Entomolirhu' cancri. Syst, naf. I. t. IQ? ». I. Cancer lanid^is. Schfuehz. jaer zg. tab 4. LluiJ Lithobh. Brit. cap. 20. Cincer lapidf'fatlus Rumph. muf tah f-<. f i — v P gurus lapireus. Ge/n, fig 167. Da'uil, cat t 3./! G. Kundm, rar nat tab. 4. Baier movim. rar. petrif, tah. 8. F )Und in V ri'ius parts o^ Grent-^ntain, and 'n moll psrt? of the glohe, i n.ite ^)r foliated )inie"one, nthr nti'e or in parts, as the fhell, legs* claw^j &c. arid of various fpecies. Monoculi. The monociilus polyphemus. Andreer Br. aus der Schiy, Germanjy &c. in chalk, lime, marl, flint, or agate. 2. The Echinus excavatas. Klein echinod. ap Lejke, p 95. tal, 44. f. 3, 4. In marble at Veronay of a yellow-grey colour. 3. The Echinus globulus? Found in England, rmr MafiriSi, in Weflphalioy Hercynia and near //^, generally calcareous, rarely in flint. 4. The Echinus faxatilis. In limeftone near the falt-pits in Upper Auflria. 5. The Echinus ovariub. In Englaudy Normandy, and Sivitzerland, in chalk and limeflone hiils. 6. The Echinus Diadema. In the mountain Randberg in Sivitzerlandy and at Rothenburg in Jrellphalia. 7. The Echinus circinatus. Lejkey ap Klein echinod. p. 1 1 9. tab. 45./". lO. 8. The Echinus Cidaris. Found in England, Saxony, Franconia, Wirtemburgy and various parts of Europe, in flint, chalk or maiblc. 9. The Echinus mamillatus. In Malta, Siuitzerland on the limellone mountain Legerburgy and ntdit BaJJiJille in iron ore. :o. The Echinus Lucunter. In the chalk hills of England, II. The Echinus coronalis. LeJke ap Klein echinod. p. 1 36. tab. 8. A,B. In the flint and chalk hills of England. xz. The Echinus afterizans. Klein, echinod. ap LeJke, p. 141. tab.S. Found filled with cretaceous matter, the (hell itfelf being con-; verted into (par. S { 2 324 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Hclmintholithui, 13. The E(>-inu« tefl" ll^tus. Kkin eihin d ap Lftke, p. 153, tab. 1 I, G. In ihe chdlk hil's oi Bafil. 14. The Echinu? hotryoides. Kletn. echmod ap Lejke. p. 154. tab^ I I. H, 15. The Erhinuj finu^tos. KU^n echinod. ap LeJLe, p- 157. tah, 12. In the chalk and iimeftone hills of England, 16. The Echtnus feMii^lo-ofus. K'ln. eihinod ap LeJke, p. tq8. tab. 4:5. f l. In the cslcarcous mountains ot Silejia and ^luitzerlani,, 17. The Echinus quinquelaSiitus, Klein, echinod. np Ltjhe. p 158. tab, 4.^. /". I. In tne calcareous mouiuairs of ^^^vjlzerland, 18. The Echinus conoidcus. LeJke ap Klein, echinod, p. 159. tab. 43./". z. J9. The Ecfiru' albo-galerus. LeJke ap Kletn echmod. p. 162. tab. i 3. A, B, In ihe chalk hills ot EngLnd. and in marble in Loix'er Saxony. 20. The Echinys deprefl'us. Klein, ap Leske echinod. p. 164. tab, 40. f. 5, 6. In f-.e chalk hills of England and Lo-iver Saxony, 31. The Echinus vu!g<7ris. Klein ap Letke. p. 165 tab, I 3./". c--k. tab. 24. _/". a.-k. Luid Lithoph -^rit. n Q44--c;50. Echinitcs. Berkenhout Jyn. p. 272. Founo abundantly in ca.careous hills, in England, Germ^itty^ Silc/ta, &c, 22- Tne Ech;nus quadrifafciatus. Kletn. ap Lejke echmod. p. 170 tab. ^j. /, ■^--^, 23. The Echinu- fexfafci^tus. Kleip ap Le'ke eiknoa 170. tab. 50, /. 1,2, 24. T: e EcHirus SuHuculu'-, Kletn. ap f.eske echivod. p 171. tcb. 14. y. I--0. 25. T e Echinus fcutatus. Klein ap leske echinod. p. 175. tab \i. f. 2 — 4. In the chalk hills of Em^lana and Denmark^ 26 The Echrys ovatus. Klein ap Le ke p. 178. tab. 53. f- 3. tab. ^Z-f. J- 27 The F.c^i us pultolofus. Klein ap Leske ervuiod. p 180 tab. 16. f A, B, In the cliaik hills of England^ and in the maible rocks oiCvmant. PETRIFACTIONS. 109. HelminthoUthus. 325 28 Thf Echinu' jLiadrirad'atus. Leske ap Klein, echinod p. \9>r tab ^.f. I. In the coarfc ijiarble of HolRein. 29 The E< hi' U5 mi'^or. Leske ap Kiem ecbinod. p i 83 /. i6. C, D. ^. 17. ^--d. ., 30. The Echinus dubius Leske ap K.ein. echinod / 1 84 tab. 44. f 5. 31. The F-hirus r fjceus. In the mountains (it Langwdoc. 32. The Echipu-- a!tus Leske ap klein. echinod. p- 189 tab. 53'/^ 4. 33. Th'- E(hinu=i oihicutatus. L.eske ap klein. echinod p 194.. tab 41./"- 2. In the calcarei us mountains of S'vuitzerland. 24. The Echinus u'rotundus, A'idr Br. a, d, Sch-Tveiz. tab. 5, fig. g. 35. The Echirus coroliatus. Leske ap klein, ecbinod. p. 209. tab. 40. f. 4. 36. The Echinu": Orbiculus. In the repuMic of Venice, near Rradenburg in Weftphalia, and in Languedoc, 37. The Echinus Placentas, (n Malta, 38. Ti e Echinus Cor anguinum. LutJ Ltthoph. Brit. / 47 n q64— 969. Hg. In the chalk hills of England, and coarfe marble rocks of Liermany. 39. The E liinus lacunofus. Hcill Corp. marin. t 7. f, I« t. lO f,\. t, Z^./. 2. 40. The E hinus rsdiatus. Leke op kle'ne echinod. p. 234. tab. 25. JVilch diluv. monum. p 182. tab.E, 14. n. I, 2. 41 The Echinus complanatus. Leske ap klein echinod p 238. tab. 51. /*. I, 2. In the 1 mellone mountains of Svjitzsrland. 42 The Echinus fabglobulus. Leske up klein. echinod. p. 2 4.0. tab. 54 /" 2, 3. In the chalk hills of England, and marble oi Switzerland* 43. TheEchinu Ananchytis. l^^ike ap kletn,e(hinoJ, p. 243% tab,^^. f, i, 2, 326 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus, 44. The Echinus bicordatus. Andrea Br a, d. Scinv. p. i6. tab. Z,f,Cm In the mountains of Sivitzerland, 45. The Echinus carinatus. Leske ap klein. echinod. p, 245. tab, 51. /. 2, 3* In Norivay. 46. The Echinus Spatagus. Leske ap klein. echinod. p. 247. tab. 2^. A,B. t. 26. A, Found abundantly in the chalk hills of England, near Mafiridy and in various parts of Germany and Switzerland. 4y. The Echinus briflbides. Scill. Corp. marin, tab. I O. fig, I . 48. The Echinus ovalis. Leske ap klein. echinod /. 253. tab.^ii f. 5. In the mountains of Snuitxerland. 49. The Echinus pyriformis. Leske ap klein. echinod. p.Z^^.t, 44. /". 7. r. 51. f. 5,6. 50. The Echinus Lapis cancri. Leske ap kteine echinod. /. 256. t. 49. f. iOj> 11. 51. The Echinus patellaris. Leske ap klein ^ echinod. p. 256, f» Si'/' 5'-?* 5. The parts, I. Thefpines. yew^s-ftene, Helminrholithusjudaicus. Sy^. nat. 3. *. 169. «. 9. Imperat. Hift. Nat 734. /, I— 4, Vol km. Silef. I. tab.zj. figi 32. Jews ftone. Berkenhout fyn p.zjz. Lluyd hthop.Brit. (•ap. 15. /a^, 12, a. Thin> round, ftraight, cylindrical, b. Thin, round, ftraight, conic. c. Thin, round, incurved, d. Thicker and finger-like. e. Thicker and fufiform. f. Thicker and 3-fided, g. Thicker and clavate. h. Refembling a fmall cucumber. i. Refembling an olive or gland. 2, The knobs. ^. The feparate compartments of the fh^ll. Ctitvnii, PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 327 4. The teeth of the fhell. Found abundantly in Great Briiairi, and various parts of the globe: the fpines are Iborter or longer, fmooth, ftriatcd, or itudded. The Chiton. Near O-eazza in the Fenetiau territories. IdpaJU, The Lepas or acoru-fliell. 1. The Lepa» Balanus. Near Monta/e in Piedmont in faodftone, in Malia^ Languedoct ani near Drefden in Saxony. 2. The Lepas balaooides. In Piedmont^ in landllone. 3. The Lepas Tintinnabulum. Near Monta/e in Piedmont, in marble. 4. The Lepas Mitella. Near Montaji in Piedmont, in marble* PbeUtdii, The Pholas. In the cliffs :t Hanuich, and in Piedmont, generally imbedded in filica or limeilone. Museuliies, The Mya. Brand, fofs. bant. fig. 95. Lifler Angl 2. ftg.^o. In England, /rabia, Belgium, S^jitzerland^ Germany, France^ and other parts of the continent. Seknitet, The Solen. lirand fofs, hant. fiZ' JOJ. In many parts of Giocefierfhire, in ^pain, Switzerland, Saxony, Germany, &c. in lime or fandftone. ^eiUmtes. The Tellina. Brand fo/'t. hant. fifr. 8g. tot. In GloceZ/erJ^ire, Italy, 'i'vjitzerland, Bohemia, Avftria, &:c, in clay or limeftone. I. The Tellina Lingua felis. In the limeftone mountains of Stvitzerland and Wirtemburg, X. The Tellina roftratd. In Wirtemburg near Bo//, calcareous. 328 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 3. The Tell ina Donacina. Near Herbtpolist in Hmeftone, Bucardhes. The Cardiiim or Cockle. Brand f off. hunt, fig 92 96.98,09. In trie cliv-pits at Richmond \x\. ^urry, at Sherhorne in Gloce/ier' /hire, in Harivich cliffs, Shooters hill, and in vaft mafles of grey Hmeftone near Ca/tU Saffron in the cc>unty of '' ork ; in Germany, Italy^ Bohemia^ Auftria^ and other parts of th« continent. 1. The Cardium Card'fla. Near the river Leutha in Auftrla. 2. The Cardium tuberculatum. In the mountains of Tranjyl-vaniat in Bohemia, France, and rieaf Algsira in Barinry, 3. The Cardium rufVicum. In Wirtemburg, in fwineflone, MaSra* The Maftra. In Piedmont, about Ferona in //a^, in England and German/^ generally calcareous. Donacitett The Donax. X. The Donax Scortuin, Near Ringerheid in Weftphalia, 2. The Donax Irus. Near jB^// in Wirtemburg, and in Sivitzerland^ The Venus. 1. The Venus Dione. In S--wi,%eriand, Wirtemburg, Franconia, Sec, calcareous, 2. The Venus Paphia. On the continent of America, in Malta, and lil/ace- 3. The Venus Dyfera. Near Oedenburg in Hungary. 4. Somewhat heaft-ftiaped and quite fmooth. In various puts of England, Germany, Sec. 5. Somewhat heart-lhaped and very finely flriate. In Stafordjhire and other parrs of England, in France, Germany ^ Aujtrta, &c. in clay or hmeftone. PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmmthdithus. 329 6. Somewhat hrart <^apei and tranfverfely grooved. Near Boll in tVirtemhur^, 7. Sonj'-whdt hetrt (haped atid teffcUated. Near Pfullingea in Wirttmburg^ and in Sfwitxerland, %. Som^whai heart- (haped and imbricate. In various parts of France. 9 Rounded and fmooth. In Oxfordjhire and other parti of Pngland^ in tcelandi Pranctt Italy, German^f^ Aujiria^ Siuitzeiland^ Sec, in clay, limcftone, marie, or fand. 10. Rounded and very finely ftriate. In Ghctfterjhire nd other parts of England., in Saxony, ffunpary, Auftria^ •Jermary^ Bohemia, Siuttxerland^ &c, io chalk, iimeo ftone, or clay. 1 1 . Rounded and wrinkl«d or plaited N.ar Romt in Italy, in Germany, Siuitzerlandt &c« 12. Rounded and tefleilated. Near MouJJon in Langia^, and at Tbalbtim in Wirttmhurg* Sfoiktyli* The Spondylus. 1. The Spondylus GsdaTOpus. In Am&ica, S'witxerlAnd, Flandert, and Germany* 2. The Spondylus regius. In Upper Aukria near the lalt fprings, in marble* Chamites, The Chama. Brand, fofi. bant, jig, 84—87, IOO< 1. The Chama Cor. Near Bononia in Italy^ in France, AuRria, ^ohcma^ and various parts of Germany, 2. The Chama Gigas. In India, and near Heidenheim in Wirtemhutg, 3. The Chama Hippopus. Near Serena in Italy, and at the river ^itt near Naumburg in Silefia, m fandllone. 4. The Chama caliculata. 5. The Chama Lazarus^ VOL. VII. — T t IIQ PETRI FACTIONS. 109. Hdmiatliolitiiits. 6« The Chama gr vpjioldcs^ At Weymouth^ in Languedtc^ ia£ar Ratijhsn and V^alcdbjinfa, 7, The Chausa fakromU. Near Moetpeliier iq Langued&c, iind at V^erdii* is Loraief, S. The Chanaa foliacea, ffl various psru oi Fraxce* jir£^* The Area. Broad, fojf, hattt, fig, 97, loi. 106. In tlic cliffs at HttrTf, and in Hungary, 7 The Oftrea P'eurone6les. In various parti a^ Germany, S. The Ollrea Pallium. In Boh-^mia, Saxony, Savirzer/and and Germanf. g. The Ollrea nodofa- Near Bucijhvei/er in Alface, 10. The Oftrea Pufio. In Belgium, Germany, and Bohemia. xr. The Oftrea glabra. In Germary and Bavaria iz. The Ollrea fafciata. Near OdoUa in Babemia, 13. The Oftrea Lima, Near /irillorj in S^vuitxerloJid, B, Osjiert. In mod parts of ihe globe. 1. The Oftrea diluviana. Helmintholiihus diluvianus. Sy/f. «/j*. ^. 165, ». 8. Oltrea indica, Davil. curio/. I. /«^. 19, y5^. X, 2. The Oftaea Foliam. 3. The Oftrea edulis. Jfsomites. The Anomia. Helmintholichas Anomise. Syff. nat,p. 163. »,4. Very common in England ind the continent. J. The An'm'a Craniolaris. Helmintholithus Craniolaris, Syff. not, p. 164. n. 6. Fawff . vSwrf . 2 1 50. /?, 2 1 50. J/i. UpJ 2. p. 560, /at, Z. Nummus brattenburgenfis Stib. numogr, IJ^Z, f. If t» In various parts of Siveden,, Tt 2 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 2. The Anotnia pctVxnau. byp, nut. x»». 3. p. 163. n 4. a. J The Anomia Grvphps, Croiu t-fttnt. H>--lminthoit»iufr tiryphites. ^yfi- nat. p, 164. r\. 7. pmcha lapidua. Ccflumn a^ t 52. Bocc oi/: J04 / T, Conchitcs. Litter jlnxUt. 4. /. 45. H^orm muf. 80, f. 1. Gryphites. Muf.TeJf t 5. /I 9. Rumihmuf.t.^q B. Found in England, France^ Germany^ Snu}tze-l. 163. »■ 4 C. Near Wittnei in Oxjordjbire, in Bohemia, Gernafy and Stuitztr- land: (hell about twice a& wide a^ it is ion^. 6. The Anomia reticularis. Syjt. nat. Xii. 3 /. |6} «. 4. d. Muf. Teff, t. 5./". 5. In Bohemiuf Germany, Ftaneet and Hungary. 7. The Anomia p'icatella. In m<'»unt han beri^ uu the Alps, near Blankenbeim, ai^d in ^Z- yicr; roarmareous, 8. The A omia oifpa, Mt./ I ejfin. iab % fig f» In the alpine parts ot Wtrtemhurg, and near Mthringen anrf, Echterdingen\ calcareous, rardy pyiiiaccous. 9. The ^noipia lacunofa. h/lul ItJJin. tab. 5. f^g 6. \w the Har-'^ Wirternhurg, Alfa(t^ and in Franeet nwrinoreou?, rare y ttrru^inoa*. 10. The Anomia far^a. ^yjt nat.xn. 3, p. 163. n, 4. In Go bland in Sunt Achalm in Wirtemhurg, 17. THe Anomia novcmiUiata. Syft. not, xii. 3 /• i6j «. 4. a». \%. The Anomia echinita. In SiuitzerlanJ and IVirtemhurg. 19. The Anomia criilata. In Wirtemburg and other parts of Germany, 20 The Anomta Sandalium. SandalioUthus. In Bohemia and Germany, generally calcareous. Z I . The A ; om i a Perd i u m. Perdiohthuti In the Wejiphalian citcle of Germany. Mytiliies, The Mytilus or Mufcle (hell. 1, The Mytilus Crifta galli. In Malta, Normaidf, Sivrtzerffind, Germany, See. generally marmoreous, and fometimes very iargc. 2. The Mvtilus Hyotis. In Siuitzerlaud ind. Waldenbeim. PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Hefmrmftofitfrofc 3. The Mytilus Frons. Near Chrifiiarfiadt m StceJen, in Belgium , Normandy y Maka^ Sec. its marble, fanxi or flint. 4. TheMytilm margarir ferus. He'minthohthus Androdamas, Syrf. nar. xir, j. /. 165, Pcnna Pavonis. MuJ. Tejin. 24. n. 2. Near Arilhrf iir '^"juitzerland, opake, but admitting a molt beaa^ titui pohih, and exhibiting the moil fplendid irideieen! eev- laurs according ta its poiition in the Ught» 5. The Mytilus Unguis, Near Gojlar in the HarZf ia clay, 6. The Myti'os lithophago-s. Near Thalheim in WirUmhvrg^ 7. The Mytilas rugofusr. Near Faring in Auftriaf raarroorcoQ?^ 8. The Mytilus edulis. In Piedmont, Wirtemburg, Au^rta, Bohemia^ SaxMy, &c. gene- rally fixed and calcareous, fbmetlmes ferruginous or in iaRil* 9. The Mytilus angulatus. Near Lelffu in Saxony f marmoreoo*. 10. The Mytilas Modiolus. In various parts of Gernuny, fixed and maraioreous, 11. The Mytilas cygneus. Near Thalheim in Wirtrmhurg, large, 12. The Mytilus anaiin as. Near Thalheim in Wirtemhurgy marmoreons, 13. The Mytilus raber. In Switzerland in ftiift, and Saxony in fandftone. The Pinna, In Piedmont, near Ariflorf in Sixiitztrlandy in Franconiat and near Pirnam and Dre/den in Saxony* PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmlntholithus. 335 ^itactiUUi. The NautiUi«^ f. The Ihell fpiral, a« With fhe outer wTiotI of thefhell mnch larger than the others. Very -coirrmon in f^orthampto^Jhire, Kent, Sheppev and other parts of Enz^land, in France^ Germany, Italy^ Saxony, Sijuitzerland^ Auftria, &c- generally marmorcous, fometimes pyritaceous or filiccoQS, ■b. With the wliorls of the fpire gradually decreafing iTiwardly. Cornu Ammonii. Serpent-ftone, Snake -/tone-. Helmintholithns Nautili. Syfl. nat. xii, 3. /. 162. «. i. Cornu Ammonis. Wolf. Half tah. 7. f. i — 3. t 8.^ 6. HelrrinthoHthiis N^^utili. Mu/.TeJ/in 86. tah. 4. Ammonites. Gefner petrif. 47. Gefn. fig. 164. /". 4- Sonjderbif Britijh minerals, tab, < 2. t. Witli the circumference acute and entire, the diflc coas- prefftd, and the futures flexuous. Muf. TeJJiK.Jig. n. 2.. With the ■circumference carinatc aJad entire, thediikcGfla- prc-iTed, and the jgrooves ^doven. Muf. Te£i«. f. io. 3. With the circumference cannate and crenate, th« grooves of the difk elevated and xemote. Muf Itjftn^ fig, 9. j^, Witii the circumfefence obtufe, the diik a kttle compredei and ftriate. Muj. lejjm.fg 7. 5. With the circumference obtufe, the difk cc^npreJTed, and the grooves of the back clovtn, Muf. 'lef/in. fig 2. i6. With the circumference depreffed., and the fides of the difk Jcnoiiv. Muf. Te£in. fig, &. 7^ With the circumference dep-effed, and the diik with acute llris. M-f. Teffuu fig. 3. i. With the circumference fomewhat fqu re aiid cafmate, and the grooves acute and remote. MiU. -i fjjin fi^. n d. ^ With the circumference rounded and k nt y, nd t' s groove* tr nfverfe and f^exu)u . Mu/'. ije/si«. A^ found in almoft eve. 1 1 8. tah, Q..\. fig. 5. Near the fait fprings in Upper Aullria, very rare. 2. Frond ofe. Tn Temefia* 3. With an elongated fpire. a. The Murex fufcatus. In the Venetian territories, marmoreous. b. The Murex granulatus. In Italy and Au/tria, marmoreous or filled with fandftone. Trochilites. The Trochus or Top-fhell. 1. Conic. Near Bath, in DenmarJi, Sweden, "Horway, Saxony, Germanjh &c. generally in lime or fandftone. a. The Trochus zizyphinus. Near Pfullingham in Wirtemburg. 2. Convex, In Italy, moftly marmoreous, rarely filiceous. a. The Trochus perfpeflivus. In Franconia. 3. The Trochus Telcfcopium. Near Brendola in the Venetian territories. Turhinitis, The Turbo, I. Solid, In Piedmont, Wefiphalia, and many parts of Germany, generally in marble, quartz or fandftone. a. The Turbo littoreus. In Hiuitzerland and many parts of Germany, fometimes filled with fpar, or covered with arborefcent figures. b. The Turbo Cochlus. Near Diefenhof in Snuitxerland. c. The Turbo rugofus. In Belgium and Franconia. PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 339 d. The Turbo marmontu'. Near Ihalheim and Boll in Wirtemburg^ e. The Turbo farmaticus and argyroftomus. Near Pfullingen in Wirtemburg» 2. Canceli ;te, a. The Turbo fcalaris. Found in S^itzerlunJ on mount Hexenburg, rare. b. The Turbo ftriatulus. Near Schemniz in Hungary, marmoreous. 3. With an elongated fpire. In Englan \ Francey S'wi/^rlanJ, Italy, Silejia, Bohemia, Sax- ony, Gtrmany, &c. aggregate and fixed, generally in marble, flint, chalcedon or (andftone, and fomelimes filled with fpar. a. The Turbo imbricatus. In France, Tyrol, and Lohenaa, in marble or fwineftone. b. The Turbo replicatuj. In France, marmoreous, c. The Turbo acutangulut. Near Palermo in Sicily, in marl. d. The Turho exoIetu?i In Piedmont, in marble. e. The Turbo Terebra. In Ba'varia, in marble. f. The Turbo variegatus. Ncir Blankenburg in the Harz, jn marble, Helicis. The Helix or fnail-ftiell. 1. Flattened. In various parts of England, Belgium, Siuitxerland, Hungary, Ge many. Sec. jdetachcd or fixed, folitary or gregarious or mixed, in marble, flint or fandftone. 2. Rounded. Near Ferona in the Fenetian territor:es, in Piedmont, Stuitzerlandy and Germany. 3. Ovate with a point. In England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Auflria, Bohemia, Saxony, Sec. in marble or fandflone. U u 2 340 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. Kerititis, The Nerita. In Pieamont, S'witzerland, Carinthia, Juftria, Germar.y, 5:c. generally in limeftone, duricularis. The Haliotis or fea-ear. In lemefia and Belgium, 1. The Haliotis perverfa, Martin, ft. Martmgf, ^, p. 404. fa!?. I. /g. 3, 2. The Haliotis p'icata. Schrat, einL tn Verft. 4. p, 278. tab, 3. ^^. 9. Patellaria, The Patellaria or limpet. In various parts of England, S'whzcrland, and //^/j. I. The Patellar a faccharina. Concludium. Muf. Te/sitt»qo, tab. S'/g' ^• Common in various parts of S^vueden. Dentalisi The Dentalium or tooth-ftiell. In various parts of Italy, Sivitzerland, Germany, Bohemia, Sikita, and Saxony, in marble, jafper or chalcedony. 1. The Dentalium Radula, 2. The D'ntalium mterruptum. 3. The Dentalium vitreum. All found in Piedmont. 4. The Dentalium fexangulare. Near Loretto in i/a/y, Tuhulites. The Serpula. 1. Straight or nearly (o. In Germany and Belgium, 2, Flexuous or contorted, Vermiadites, In y^alta, Italy, Siuitzerland, Germany, Franconia, and Belgium, in marble or fandftone, generally feated on other petiified fhelis, a* The Serpula Spirillum. In the ifljnd of Sheppey ahd Wirtemburg. b* The Serpul ' fi'n(jr .na. Near Halam in Magdeburg^ rare. C. The Serpula glomerata. In Silejta and Sii;itzerland, PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Hdmintholithus. 341 d. The Serpula lumbricalis. Near Grancona in the Venetian territories, e. The Serpula arenaria. f. T\i'- Serpula anguina. Both near Norimburg in Francon'ta, g. The Serpula melitenfis. Jn Malta, Schrat^ Conch, z. p. 570. tab. 6. f, 19, ntredinis. The Teredo. In Sheppey ifland and ftedmonty in fubterraneous wood. Sabella. The Sabella. Found every where among impreffions. "TiibiporittSk The Tubipore. Helmintholithus Tubiporus. Syfl. nat, xii. ?, />. 167. ». 13, In Stuecien^ Belgium, Franconia and Silefia^ 1. The Tubipora mufica. In EnvlamJ, Belgium, Germany and Gothland, in marble, quartz or fandltone. 2. The Tubipora carenularia. In Gothland and Brandenburg^ marmoreous, 3. The Tubipora Serpens. 4. The Tubipora fafcicularis. 5. The Tubipora llellata. 6. The Tubipora Strues- In Pru/sia. Madrepori' The Madrepore. ''"'• Helminthnlithus Madreporus. Sy/t. nat. xii. 3. p. 167. «. 14. In Gothland, Belgium, Piedmonty and the Venetian territories, in beds of marl. 1. The Madrepora verrucaria. In the Venetian territories, marmoreous. 2. The Madrepora turbinata. In Derhyjlire, Gothland, Sii:ttzerland, Auflria, and various parts oi Germany and the Netherlands, in marble. 342 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. HelminthoIIthuy. 3. The Madrepora Porpita, In S-wttzerland, Auftriuy Saxoniy and We/tphalia, generally detached, in marble, jafper and flint. 4. The Madrepora Fungites. In \.\\t, Netherlands, ihs Harz, Auftrla, Sivitzerland, Sec. gene- rally in marble, rarely in fhift. 5. The Madrepora Pileus. In Gothland, Bohemia^ Wtrtemhurg^ and Sivitzerland, in marble» rareiy in quarrz. 6. The Madrepora Agaricifes. In t' e Netherlands. 7. The Madrepora labyrinthica. In Gothland, Belgium, and near the fait fprings in Auftria, in limeftone. 3 The Madrepora Meandrires. In Stuitzerland, moftly in marble. ^. The Madrepora Areola. 10. The Madrepora favofa. In S'ZL'itzerland, Upper Auftrifiy Wirtetnhurg and WeftphaUa., marmoreous. 11. The Madrepora Ansnas. In the mountainiof Go/ZVflW, marmoreous. 12. The Madrepora polygama. Near the fait fprings in Upper Auftrta, marmoreous, 13. The Madrepora arenofa. In Upper Aujtria, marmoreous, 14. The Madrepora foliofa. In the Netherlands. 15. The Madrepora Aftroites. In Oxfordjhire near Heddington and Wittney, in the Netherlands, Germany, Aujiria, Saxony, Sec. in chalk, chalcedony or fandftonc. 16. The Madrepora calycularis. Near Keldenig on mount Danzberg. 17. The Madrepora truncata. In Upper AuJtria, marmoreoui. 1 8. The Madrepora ftellaris. Near Herkeljtein in Eifalia. 19. Madrepora Organum, Syft, nat. 26, PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 343 20. The Madrepora mufiicalls. Lluid Lithoph. Brit. tab. !<:,■ fig. 104. In EngloKdy France^ Bohemia, and the Netherlands. 21. The Madrepora divergens. In Egypt, 22. The M'.drepora caefpitofa. In Detbyjhire, Sijuttzerland, Au/tria and various parts oiGeratany, in marble or flint. 23. The Madrepora flexuofa. In Derbyjhire, 24. The Madrepora fafcicularis. On an American ifland oppofite Caracas. 25. The Madrepora pedlinata. In Sile/ia, and upper Burgandji 26. The Madrepora tubularis. 27. The Madrepora mamill^ris. Id the Netherlands and Burgandj. 28. The Madrepora paxelloides.. 29. The Madrepora g'obularis, 30. The M;idrepora Filum. Near Bafil in Sivitzerland. 31. The Madrepora vermicularis. In Silefia and '^Switzerland. 32. The Madrepora arachnoides. In the Netherlands, ff'irtemberg , and upper Aufiria* 33. The Madrepora undulata. 34. The Madrepora Monile. Near Djidda in Egypt. 35. The Madrepora Porites. In Snuedeny Silefia, and France, 36. The M'drepora damicornis. In Carniola and Upper Aufiria. 37. The Madrepora muricata. In Gothland and Silefia, marmoreous. 38. The Midrepora faftigiata. In Silefia and upper Aufiria, marmoreous. 39 The Madrepora -amea. la the i\pi oi SVirtemburg, Cliccous or marmoreous. 344 PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 40, The Madrepora oculata. In Gothlaud. 41, The Madrepora Caftuf. 42, The Madrepora concamerata. Milleporites The Millepore. In Italy, on mount Randberg in Snuitzerland, 1. The Millepora alcicornis. In the Netherlandst Germany and Sfweaen, marmoreous. 2. The Millepora afpera. In the circle of Weftphalia* 3. The Millepora folida. In Snjjeden and Gothland, near Heidenheim in Wejiphalia^ and near Cormom in Camiola. 4. The Millepora pumila. 5. The Millepora reticulata. Near Kebinghaufen in Germary. 6. The Millepora cellulofa. 7. The Millepora Spongite?, Helmintholithus ramofus. Syji. nat, 3. ^, 167. Corallinum ramofum. Muf. Tejf. tab, W'fig. tz, 8. The Millepora coriacea. In Gothland, Sile/ia and Snvitzerland, 9. The Millepora polymortha. In Sile/ia and Sivitzerland, 10. The Millepora ignotaj Helmintholith. milleporae, SyJl. nat, xii. 3./. 167. «. 15, Celleporites, The Cellepore. 1. The Cellepora Spongites. 2. The Cellepora pumicofa, 3. The Cellepora verrucofa. In Gothland and the principality of Hulberjiadt, in marble or fandftone. PETRIFACTIONS. 109. HelminthoHthus. 345 Iiidis. The Ifisor Coral. 1. The Ifis Hiopuris, The fingle joints are often found in England, Switzerland zn^ Sicily. 2. The Ifis Entrocha. He'minth. Entrochites. 5yst, nat, xii, 3./ j68, «, 17. Allcria columnaris. Harenb. tncrin. t.i, f. 8-- 10. Entrochus. ^olm. Sile/. i. tab. 27. '%. 9» 10. Found in England »nd almoft every part of the continent, fome- timcs in fingls feparate joints, fometimes connected rogerher into a column, from the fize of a pin's head to a finger's length and the thicknefs of the middle-finger: they are mord or Icfs tranfparent in proportion as they contain more or lefs filica, are ftriated from the centre to the circumference and have a cavity in the middle. When powdered they are ef- teemed very powerful diurAic, and are exhibited in nephri* tic cafes ; the dofe being ai much as will lie on a (hilling. a. Smooth, with the margin nearly entire. b. Smooth, with the margin undulately fcalloped. c. Warty, d. Prickly. e. Dotted. f. Tranfverfelv ftriate. g. With the joints elevated. h. Branche.1 in a forked manner, 3. The Madrcpofa Afttria. Star-liihe, a. With the angles more or lefs obtufe. H:" minthol. Alteria. ^>/^ nat xii. 3.^. 168. ». 18, Modiolus llellatus. Scheuch Helv. lO fig, 3, Modif lus ftellatus. Lang, fig.^l tab. ig f, 2. Alteria pcntagona Rolin liell ^i^. tab- 5 Allcria colum ;a. Gefner fig 37. l^olkni'.fileftt^l'j.f^ZZ, Lluyd lithop. Brit. tab. l 3, 22. b. With the ani^Ies acute. Helmintfiol Stella Syft nar. xii. 3.^. »6g. «, 19, Lapis juddicus. Wagn. Judaic, w, fig. ZJ. c. Orbicular, d. Orbicular at one end and angular at the other. VOL. Vll. — X X 346 PETRIFACTIONS, 109. Helmintholithus. In England, Snvitzerland, Germany, Auftria, Sec. fingle or gre- garious, detached or fixed, with the joints folitary or form- ing a column which is rarely curved or branched, fmo th or warty, rarely 3 or 6fided, very rarely fquare : the joints when feparated refemblc a radiated ftar : when plf-ced in good vinegar they hive the property of moving, which is merely occaftoned by the eftervefcence caufed by the acid ail- ing upon the calcareous matter of which they are compofed. 4. With the divilions diftant, orbicu'ar, and connc£led by a cen- tral thread. Sysr. nat. xii, 3. p. I 70. n 24. Hamb . mag. 9. p. 73, Near Briftcl and in Derby/hire, in the Harz and various parts of Germany, in marble or quartz or flint, and often containing a a large portion of oxydc of iron. 5. Turbinate, with a 5-fided 5 toothed border, Syft.nat. xii. 3./. 169. n. 22. Carpolithus. Muf. TeJ/'. 96. tab. 4. fg. 2. Caryophyllus lapideus. Fogel mineral. 234. On mount Randberg in Sivitzerland, detached, of various fizcs, and fometimes on a ftem. Gorgonia» The Gorgonia. 1. Branched - In the principality of Neocomum, marmoreous. 2. The Gorgonia nobilis. In Snvitzerland, and neaf Vtrona in Italy, 2. Reticulate, Near Dre/den in Saxony, and Co/hrs in Bohemia, in marl or fwinc- ftone; fometimes only an imprelliioh. Alcwnii, The Alcyonlum. 1. The Alcyonium arboreuni. In England, Bohemia, and Auftria, 2. The Alcyonium exos. In the Netherlands, Germany and Siuitzcrland , calcareous, en- tire or in parts. 3. The Alcyon'um digitatum. In Snv' tzer land ^nd Bafil, marmoreous, 4. The Alcyonium Lyncurium. On mount Randherg in Sfiuuzerland, 5 The A'c\onium Burfa? Near Ptfjfmgen in Svjitzerland, 6. The Ali;,oDium Cydf^njum. Near P/ejf,ngen u. SiMitMrland, PETRIFACTIONS. 109. Helmintholithus. 347 7. The Alcyonium Ficus. In the Netherlands, 8. The Alcvonium gelatinofum. In the Wcjtphalian circle of Germany. Spong'/t, The Spongia or fponge. 1. The Sp:)ngia crateriformis ? Near Pajf'ralh in Sxvitxerland, 2. The Spongia Tupha? In Franconia. Escharites, The Fliiftra. In the Netherlands, Franconia, and Snuitzerland, of fandftone or calcareous. 1. Porous on both fides. a. The Fluftra foliacea. b. The Fluftra truncata. Both in He/Jc. c. The Fluftra pilofa. In the Netherlands and the Dutchy of Montano, d. The Fluftra lutofa. At Bajd in Siiiitzerland. 2. Porous on one fide only. In Gothland, marmoreous. ^ ubularia. The Tubularia. In Gothland and Sxcitzerland, marmoreous or arenariou3. I. The Tibiilaria indivifa. Corallina. The Corallina. In Bohemia and Venice, the impreffioD. 1. The C )rallina corniculata. 2. The Corallina barbata, Sertularia. The Sertularia. In France inA &.t Netherlands, \.\iC\m^TtS\on, Pcnnatul^. The Pennatula or fea-pen. 1. T!ie Pennatula phofphorea. In the Netherlands and on mount Baldo in Ferona, the impreffion. Xx 2 348 PETRIFACTIONS, no, Phytolithus. 2, The Pennatula Encriuus. a. Expanded. Helminth, portentof Syf}. nat. xii. 3. /. 169. «. zo. Caput Meduiae. Hiemer Cap. Med. 1724, 4. tab. i. Caput Mcdulae Aa Lpj. 1725 p n^.Jig* Luid lithop. Brit, epift 6. / 142. fig. In Enji,land, Wtrttmburg, Bohemia, Germany, Sec, in marl or flint, fometimes the impreifion only, \i. Contr-fted. Stone lil\% Helminth Encrinus ^yfl nat xii. 3, p. 169. «. 21. Encri lite?. OaviU curioj 3. /a^. i. Encrinus. Hanrenb encrin. \ZZ(), f. I ./". I. 3. 4. 7. Lil'um lapideum. /?j//^r ^2^, tab. \ Jig. i. luidLithoph Brit epifl. I, p \ol. fig. farhnjons Organic ^em frenti/piece. Ellis Corall. /. 99. tab 37. K. {•"ound entire or in parts in England, Sivitzerlandf Saxony, Germany, Sec. 3, The Pennatula Cynomorion. Qn mount Randberg in Syjttzerlan^. no. PHYTOLITHUS. A vegetable, or fome of its parts, clianged into a foflile fubftance. totallit. The whole plant, In various parrs of Great-Britain, moft commonly in the fhaie l)ing over (Irata of coals or in (andftone, and in various parts of Eurepf: jt is always m the form of an impreffion. 1. The Hippiiris or Mare's-tail. In the coal-mines of Silefia and Germany. 2. The Chara. 3. The Salvia or Sage. 4. The Iris. Near Alais in Languedec* 5. Various GralTes. In Siuitzer.and, Bohemia, Silefia, and various parts of Germany, in fhift 'fe hvineftone and alumina 1) ing over beds of coal, rarely in flint. a. The Alopccurus or Foxtail grafs, )>. The Triiicum repens or Couch-grafy. PETRIFACTIONS, no. Phytolithus. 349 6. Stellate plants, as Galium, Afperula, &c. In the coal-pits ot England, France^ Germany, Sec. 7. The Myofotis fcprpioides or Moufe-ear Scorpion -grafs. 8. The Pulmonatia or Lungwort. In the coal-pits of France. 9. The Athamanta or Stone-parfley. In Weltpbalia and ^ilelta. 10. The Laferpitium or L^zar-wort. In Shrop/hire near Colebrook dale. 1 1. The Chaerophvllum or Chervil, In StleCta and Wejlphalia. 12. The Anethum fceniculum or Fennel, In upper Auliria and Wedpbaliay 13. The Herniari^ or Jluptuie-vvort, 14. The Erica or Heath. Ii> various parts of France, 15. The Euphorbia or Spurge. In iiileha and Wefiphaha, in alumina, 16. The Ca^us. In England, Wellphalia and Germany, in coal-mines. 17. The Nigella or Fennel-flower, In Silefia, 18. Various fpecies of Anemone, In the coal-mines oi France. 19. The Geranium, |n Languedoc, near Alais, 20. The Zoi^tra or Grafs-wrack. In France and Italy, in marl. 21. The Fum^ria or Fumitory. In Weftphalia^ in fbiftofe alumina. 22- The Vicia or Ve'ch. In the c lal-mines of Wellphalia, 23. The Ornlthopodium or Bird's-foot. In the Veronefe mountains of Venice. 24- The Galega or Goat's-rue. In the Veronefe mountains of Venice, 350 PETRIFACTIONS, no. Phytollthus. 25. Various plants of the Svngfnefia clafs, as Inula, After, Cry- fanthemum, Centau'ia, Cyanus &c. In Sile/ta, tjie Harx^ and Languedoc, 26. The Boxus or Box > In various p arr$ of Wcliphaliay in fhiiftofe fwineftone and bitu- minous marl- 27. T. e M riophyHum or Water Millefoil. In England, anJ near Mannekach in Silefsa. 28. Th^ Ceratoph^llum or Hornwort. In Engiavd and Silelia. 29. The Pinus or Pine. In Snxjitzerland, and various parts of Wejlphalia. JO. Various Genera and fpecies of Ferns, as Equifctum, Ofmun- dis, Achrollicum, Ptens, Afplenium, Polypouium, Adisin- tum, &;c Phytol. filici«. SsP- vnt.y!\\. 3, /. 17?. w. 2. Fil:x. pctrefafta. V^lkm, filef. t, i. f. 21. t. iz.f. l — 5, &c. Luid Liihoph Brit. tab. 4, 5. In Ihiftofe and bitum;nous marl and alumina covering veins of coal, in fandftnne a^^d otKcr fofli's m very numerous vari- eties, in manv parts of Grenr Brit, in-, France, Liermary, Italy, Bohemia- Saxony, and molt parts of Europe; generally im- preflior.s. 31. Various M fles and *^e3-'vefd;. In i''en!ce. Saxony, and Sih/Ja, ^hizolithus. The roots of vegetable?. Mofl; comn.on'y f.iund under-grojani in a ftatr of derav, fome- times h How or filled with other foftilf fuhftance^, fomftimes CQvered with a ftory cruft ; though fometirnes it occurs petri- fied in France, Italy, Hungary, Bohenfia, Siveden, Siberittf Germany, &c. 7ruKct\ The trunk or ftalk of vegetables. 1. The flalksof herbs. Near Dre/den and Prunfivick, the impreflion. 2. The culms of grifl'es. In llun.uiry, Sikfia, Germany, See. in bituminous marl and fliif- tofe iwincltone. 3. The trunks of trees. Lythoxylon. In almoh every part of the Globe, and in various ftates of decay and appearance; "fometirnes forrtiing fubterraneous woods. PETRfF ACTIONS, no. Phytolithus. 351 the pieces of which are found or carious or perforated by the Teredo, converted in charcoal, with or without the bark, and often fo perfect as to dillinguifh the kind, as Oak, Afh, Fir, &c, a. Marmcirrous and often filled with fpar. In Ireland, Brandenburg, Bohemia, Hungary,. Saxony, Get' many. Sec. b. In fwineitone. Near Bo/l in IViriemburg. c. In Gyplum. In Bohemia and Piedmont. d. In Alumina. Near Creux in lower Hungary. e. In Silica. In England, Ireland at Loitghneagh, Italy, Sivitzerland, Huit' gary, Germany, Saxosy, Juliria, Sec ft In Agate. Holzllein, Kar^. Lejke miner. 1. p. 136. In Siberia, Hungary, and Saxony, more or lefs opake, break- ing into coarfe fpHnters or indeterminate fragments, a lit- tle fhining, taking a fine polifh, fibrous internally, of a conchoidal texture, variegated, fpotted or llnate, blackifli or fmoke-colour, fometimes red, ochraceous or green, g. In Opal, Holzopal. KarJIen Lejks miner, i. p. 170. In upper Hungary, hardifh, opake or neariy fo, breaking into indetermina e fragments or long fplinrers, feparating into crulls, generally a little ftiining, rnoftly variegated witk wnite, greyifh, brown, or ochraceous and hyacinthine in- aktrnarc llreaks. h. In Sandftone. In Silelia, Bohemia, Germany^ Sec. i. In Alumna. Sometimes forming large (I rata, in Englund, Snx.eden, Saxotr,y Bohem a, AuHria, Piedmont, Sec. k. Combined with fulphate ok iron. In Prufjta in the Itrata fuperincumbent on amber, and near Boll in Wirtem^urg. 1. Combined with fulphate of copper. Near Herrengrund in \ov/CT Hungary ^ m. Bi um'nous. Frequentlv forming ent re fubterraneous woods in various p^rts of England ai d Irel nd, particularly in Lineal' Jh-rg, ill Pufsia, ^fueden, De'^mark, Fra''ce, Spain, Holland, Flan' dcr , Germany, Pr:( miide}'' weather, and vifited at fome rifque of his life the fingu^ lar caverns on the top of mount Skula. From this place he travelled on foot; and reaching Amea he left the public road, and took his rout through the vaft woods which lie on the weft in order to traverfe tlve moro fouthern parts of Lapland. Alone, unacquainted with the language or the manners of the people among whom he was about to commit himfelf, undaunted by th^ dan- gers and difficulties around him, and difdaining the hor- rors which the imaginations of his friends had magnified before him, he launched into thofe wild and dreary rcr gions, trufting to providence for his fafety and the hof=- pitality of the inhabitants for his fupport. Having reached the pine mountains which border oi^ Norway, and after encountering many harddiips and privations in a country barren, mountainous and ftony, he returned to the weftern part of Bothnia, and vifited Pithea and Lula on the great gulph. Here he proceeded to vjfit the ruins of the temple of Jockmock in Lapmark, and thence traverfed the Lapland defert, deilitute of vil- lages, cultivation, roads or any ponveniencies, and peo- pled only by the inhabitants of a few flragling huts. In this diflrid, when under the feventieth degree of [ 14 3 polar longitude, he faw the fun eight whole days with- out fctting. Thence he eroiTed the Lapland alps into Finmark, and wandered along the fhores of the north fea as far as Sallero. In the latter of thefe excurfions he was accompanied by two laplanderSj who ferved him as interpreters and guides. The greater part of the fummer 'iVas confumed in the examination of thefe arftic regions, and in September he returned to Tornea with the refolution to vifit the eaftern fide of the Bothnian gulph. After travelling fouthward through the different towns on the lake, he reached the fmall univerfity of Abo, and croffing by the ifland of Aland he arrived at Upfal, emaciated with hardfhips and fatigue, about the latter end of 06lober. In this journey of fix months he travelled over a fpace more than equal to 800 German leagues, and muft have fufFered all the viciflitudes of extreme heat and cold, and often hunger and thirft. Of the evehts which occurred to him and the va« rious remarks he made, and of the feveral natural pro- duilions which he found in his travels, he kept a regu- lar diary. This ineftimable treafure has not been pub- lifhed, but together with many other of his manufcripts is in the pofTeiTion of the learned Prefident of the Linnean Society. Soon after his return the firft part of his Floruia Lapponica was printed in the Swedifli literary tranfac- tions, and in about two years afterwards in the fame L IS J work appeared the fecond part. This was the firft publication of Linnasus, and in this for the firft time appeared the fcience of. botany in its fexual drefs. And upon this unequivocal teftimony of the fuccefs of his mifTion, he was eleded a mernber of the Royal Aca- demy of Science^. Encouraged by the academical honours beftowed upon him, and defirous of fupporting himfelf by the honeft extftions of his acquirements, in 1733 he gave ledlures on botany, mineralogy and chemiftry. His fuperior knowledge in the two latter of thefe fciences, ■and the beautiful fimplicity of his new fyftem in the former, foon procured him a numerous and attentive audience. But while he was thus beginning to gather the fruits of his induftry and labour, and foreieeiwg pro- bably the diffufion of that fyftem upon the fuccefs of which all his hopes of preferment and wealth depended, an unfortunate circumftance occurred, which with what, ever regret I relate it muft yet be told faithfully. Dr. Nicholas Rofen had fucceeded Rudbeck in the profeflbrfhip of medicine and anatomy ; and conceiving probably that the genius and reputation of I life, he was occafionally tormented by >-«aK«..t excruciating fits of the (tone, and nervous head ach ; twice fy, he was feized with apploplexy, which rendered him par- tially paralytic, and much impaired his memory. At laft he became a wretched and melancholy ruin in intel- 3ed as well as bodily powers, and on the tejnth of January 1778, in a gentle (lumber, this great man funk into the grave. <•-' '-•^'^ ' f/ '^' p>S:^-^'*-^ -^ O^- The death of Linne was regarded in Sweden as z, national calamity. The whole univerfity went into C 37 J mourning ; his funeral was attended by all the profeiTorSi doclors, and ftudents then at Upfal ; and his pall was supported by eighteen do6lors, who had formerly been fO ^Z his pupils. The Academy of Belles Letters at Stock- holm offered a gold medal for the beft eulogium on Linne^ and another was offlred, by the command of the King;^ for the belt infciiption, either in Latin or Swedifh, to be engraved on his monument, ereded at the entrance of the new botanical garden. The king, in his fpeech to the dates, publicly lamented his death ; and ordered a medal to be ftruck to his memory. And in 1787, when the foundation of the new building in the botanical gar- den was laid, among the Swedilh coins which were de- pofited on the nrll ilone, a medal was likewife placed m. honor of Linne. In other places likewife, where his merits were re- verenced, honors in token of regard and affedion for his memory were exhibited. Dr. Hope, the profeflbr of botany at Edinburg, pronounced an oration in praife of Linne, at the opening of his lectures in 1778; and eredled a monument to him in the botanic garden of that univcrfity. Condorcet and Vice d'Azyr read panegy- rics in his praife at Paris, and the fame was done by Beirls at Hclmftadt. The Duke de Noailles caufed a nionument to be eredled to his memory in his garden. The iflue of Linne were two fons and four daugh- ters : Charles, who fucceeded his father: John, whq [ 38 J died in his infaHCy : Elizabeth Chriftiana, who married Bergencrantz, a captain of cavalry ; fhe has been fome years dead, and left one daughter : Louifa, and Sarah Chriftiana, both at prefent refident with their mother at Hammarby : and Sophia, who is married to Dufe, pro- curator of the fenate of the univerfity of Upfal. His fpn Charles fqcceeded Linne in the office of ProfefTor of Botany at Upfal. He had, as may be readily conjedured, been early encouraged in the ftudies of na- tural fcicnce ; but by ^n unaccountable hatred with which his mother purfued him, his home became un- pleafant, and his purfuits difguftful : after his fathers death, however, his zeal for the promotion of natural fcience returned ; he purchafed from her his fathers manufcripts and colledions : and in 1781, with the af- fiftance of Ehrhart, publifhed at Brunfwick the Supple- mentum Plantarum. In the fi^^ring of the fame year, he vifited London, and was received by Sir Jofeph Banks ^nd the mod eminent naturalifts of Great Britain, with a warmth of regard and attention, which at once did honour to their liberality and the memory of his father. From England he travelled into France, where, among the many teflimonies of efteem he received from the firft charadlers in fcience, he was prefented by Louis XVL with a copy of the fplendid colledion of plants engraved ty his majefty's command. From Paris he proceeded to Holland, and returned to Stockholm through Weftphalia and Lower Saxony, after an abfence of about two years. [ 39 ] Here, while he was forming plans for his future fame and the advancement of fcience, he was fcized with a bilious fever ; and after feveral relapfes, he died on the firft of November 1783, in the forty- fecond year o£ his age. •&^ By the death of the younger Linnxus, the male branch of the family became extind : and his poHeflions devolved to his mother and fifters. Thefe ladies, will- ing to difpofe of what to them was a mere fplendld incum- brance, by the advice of their friends, offered the mufeum and the whole of the coUedlions and correfpondence to Sir Jofeph Banks, as the mod liberal and wealthy natu- ralifl: in Europe, for the fum of a thoufand guineas. Sir Jofeph himfelf declined the purchafe, but recom- mended it to the confideration of his friend Do<5lor J. E. Smith. After fome negociation the bargain was made, which feems to have been condu6led on all fides with much honour and integrity, and thcfe ineftimable treafures were fent to England in twenty-fix large packages. They con- tained the whole of the colledions of both father and fon; the librai-y, confiding of about 2,500 volumes j and the manufcripts and correfpondence. During this tranfadion the king of Sweden was abfent from his dominions : but returning foon after the fhip had failed for England, and unwilling that his country fhould be deprived of thefe ineftimable treafures, he fent an armed veflel to bring the fliip back ; but fortu- [ 40 ] nately for the luckly purchafer, the Englifli veffel was not overtaken. Three focieties, fince the death of Linne, have been eftablifhed, for the advancement of natural fcience, and the diifufion of whatever knowledge in its feveral branch- es can be brought together. The firft was aiTembled at Paris» in the year 1787, under the denomination of Soci- ete Linneenne. The next was inft'tuted at London, in 1788, under the diredion and prefidency of Dr J. E. Smith. This laft has already publiflied feven quarto vo- lumes of its tranfaftions, containing a large- mafs of ori- ginal and valuable communication in the feveral depart- ments of natural hiftory : and in 1802, was incorporated by a royal charter, with a patent for armorial bearings. A third was formed at Leipfic, 1790, under the care of Profeflbr Ludwig. Linne ^was in ftatue rather below the common fize, and»of a tolerably mufcular frame, In walking he ftooped a little, which might be occafioned by his habit of fearching after and colledling plants. His head was "Very large and prominent behind, wi.h fmall bmwn piercing eyes. His temper was quick and hafty, but foon and eafily appeafed. Confcious of the powers he poflTelTed, he preferved a manly and dignified filence in the numerous attacks upon and the great oppofition made to his fyftem. In the delivery of his lectures he is faid to have been graceful and impreffive, and the facility with L 41 ] which he ufed the Latin language caufed him to fpeak and write pcrfedlly aphoriftically. Among his various writings it is probable that tlje beft is his Philofophia Botanica, a work containing more original matt-er and genuine fcience than any book which at prcfent occurs to my memory. Something of the playfuinefs of his temper may. be obferved in his Critica Botanica, when in his dire£lions concerninfr the appropriation of celebrated names to the genera of plants, he obferves, that a proper connection ftiould be preferved between the habits and appearance of the plant and the name from which it has its derivation : and afttr fome examples he concludes with his own. '* Linnasam ** dixit eel. Gronovius plantam lapponicam, depreflam, ** vilem, negledam, berevi tempore florentem, a confi- " mili fuo Linna^o." His fyftem, now received in every country illumi- nated by the rays of fcience, may be confidered as the bible of nature, the great nomenclature of natural fcience ; where every genuine character is a, family portraiture, and every fpecific defcription a miniature ; and where, by a few Timple appropriate terms, the image of every diftin£t obje£l on the globe we inhabit is refledled on the mind and the memory. For the grolTnefs and vulgarity of language ufed in dcpiding the fliells, I know not what excufe can he VOL, VIT. — P 5 [ 42 J piade : and it is to be lamented, that in every Latin edi- tion, and by every fuccetding writer, thefe highly ex- ceptionable' idioins are preferved. While the dpfcrip- tive langifage cf-natural hiftory is polifliing dovvn to z]- jnoft mathematical precifion, furely it is defiyable that a revifion be made of this department, and fitter ternr^s adopted. To this fyftem may be juflly applied the neryous obfervation of Dr Johnfon, in his delineation of the charader of Shakefpeare. *' The ftream of time, which is continually walhing away the diflbluble fabrics of other fyftems, paffes without injury by the auamant of Linne." INDEX. fROPE^TY LlBKAnT .AcTINOLITE P.ge . 6q Arfen'^afe of lead Page 285 Actinotu . Jctinote 68 ^■Irfenti.te of nickel . 288 Adamantine earth , »75 Arfenical pyrites « 300 Adamantine fpar . • '75 Arfemcal Hlver ore . 252 Adamantinus • i-^g Arfnicated antimony 294 Adamas . . . 174 Arfenicated bi, muth 293 jEthiops mineral . , 2^6 Aifen cum, Arjenic 298 Agaric mineral , . 76 AjbeOoid 68 AlabaRer . . 86, 102 Af eftus, 4/^^y? 66 Almond stone '59 Afpbnit 231 A\amtn, Alum 220 Astroites « . 342 Alumina . , 1 12, 122 Avantunne , 201 Aluminaris 112 Aurum , • 246 Alu/ninous earth « 222 Aluminous ore . 22t B Amalgam , ; 255 Amarum 218 Bi^rbadoes tar 230 Amarus , . ,58 B-rytes, Ba^yt , 7< Amber , . 235 Bafaltes Ba/alt , 126 Ambergrife , Z\(i Bajaliine 70.139 Ambra . i 236 Bafatine . • '49 Amiant . . 66 Bell metal , 267 Ammoniae » . 213 Beryll 144, 145 Amphibiolithus 3'9 ^^ivnwKMm, Bi/muth . 2q2 Amygdalytes . '95 Bitterfalt 218 Anatase . 3'2 Bitumen , 229 Anthropolithus 31A Bituminous 'wood • 232 Antimony . • 29? Black blende 291 Apatites, Apatite . . lOl) Black cholk 125 Aquamarine . , •44 Blackjack . 291 Arde/ia 123 Black lead 237 Arena , 160 Blende 291 Arenariu? , 203 Bio d tone , 173. 2^4 Argentum . , 249 Blue vitriol a 224 Argil la, "Irgil 1 12 Boie . 116 Arjlniate of rob tit 303 Boiogna stone • 72 Ar/tniate of copper 264 Bononen stone , 72 Arjeniate of iron , 278 BoMcixi, Boracite III APFFNDIXi Borat cf Magnesia Borax • Boinoidal lime /tone Bovey coal ^r^fi copper ore '. Breccia ■ . Brim/tone Bronun blende Bronvn fpar Page 1 1 1 z\\ 94 232 267 200 238 291 100 Byjjui like carbonate efeopper 263 Cacholony • Csementum Calamine • Calcareous /par. Cannel coal , Carbonate 0/ baryt • Carbonate 0/ copper Carbonate of lead Carbonate of lime . Carbonate of mangat:e/e Carbonate 0/ flrontia Carbonate of xine Carneleon , • Car in/us • % Cat* S' eye . • Canxk . • Cekftine • Ceylanite . Chalcedonins. Chalcedony Chalcolit Chalk . . Chert . 153) Chlorit /y/tus Chlorogranatus Chromate of lead , Chromate 0/ iron Chromium Chry/oberyl % Chry/ocolla » Chryfolite Chry/opra/e Cimolite •% Cinnabar , Circonius, Clrcon Clay . 113, Coal . . 170 121 290 79, 81 232 7> 261 283 77 306 74 289 271 122 152 73 74 141 170 310 77 '54 65 160 313 313 3'3 '45 262 146 173 "7 257 'S8 »'5 23Z Coal blende Cobaltum- Cobalt Cockle Cokcthar of vitriol Columbium , Celumbiie % Copper m Copperpyrites Cornelian Corundum , Creca Croffopetra Croivs /ones Culm Cuprum , Cyanite • D Diamond Diamond /par Dog s-tooth /par Dolomite , Earthy marl Echenites Egyptian pebble Elaftic bitumen Elaflic marble Eieilric/horl Elephant's tu/kt Emerald . Emery Encrinus Entomolithus Entrochus , Ep/om/alt . Eucln/e 142 Page 238 302 140 225 314 314 259 266 171 76 73 332 233 259 137 «74 »74 9> 97 232 155 23* 91 141 • 140 »57 . 348 321 J 345 215, 218 145 Feldfpatum. Feldfpar 150 Ferregi nous green copper ore 263 Ferrum . - 268 Fibrcus lime/tone . 86, 88 Fibrous malachite 263 Figu^ate trap. « 126 Filtering /tone . 92, 204 Flint • . 153 INDEX. 111. Page Page FlonMers ofbifmuth . 292 Hyacinth HJ Fluate of lime . 107 H\acinthine . 149 Fluor . 107 Hyalite . , 149 Fluor /par . 108 Hydrargyrum 255 Foliated and /parry limeftone 8 1 Fuller^! earth 4 114 Jade 6? G fargon . a . 14$. >55 Ga^at . 232 Jafpis, Jafper 155. «5^ Galena . • • 289 [cthyolithus 326 Garnet . . . m Jet 232 Gemma . 142 Je-vos ft one . . 326 Gtafi copper ore . 260 Inolithus , . »6 Glafs of lead • 282 Iron 268 Gla/s of antimony . 69 Iron ochre , 276 Glauber's fait . 216 Iron pyrites 27« Glift or glimmer . 130 Iferine . , 3!Z Gneiffum, Gneiff, 182 Gold . 246 K Granites, Granite 176 Ketton ftone S9 Gra'vel ; 161 Killas 125 Graphites 237 Kupfer nickel • 289 Green carbonate of copper 262 Green cobalt ore , 303 L Green copper • 262 Lahr adore ftone 151 Green 'vitriol . 225 Lapis armenus . 261 Grey cobalt ore . 3®4 Lapis calaminaris 293 Grey copper ore . 265 Lapis lazuli • *57 Grevfilver • 254 Lwva 12S Grindfione • • 203 Lazalite 157 Grit • 161 Lazulus . « 156 G^pfeous earth . 102 Lead . , 28i Gypfum 102 Llead glance Lemmian earth 286 J 14 H Lepidolite , i J3i Htemaficet . . 274 Leuciie . 139 Hair fait • 221 Lilalite »3» Hea'vyfpar . 7 1,72' Lime • , n Heliotrope • '73 lAme-ftone 93 Helmintholithus 322 Lithomarg 113 Hepatic copper ore 260 -Li'ver of fulphur • 239 Hepatic mercurial ore 307 Loadftone . 270 Hepaticus • 106 Lvwland iron ore , 277 Honey /tone • 234 Lydius, Lydian ftone '59 Hornblenda, Hornblend 69 Hornblend flate , 1S4 M Horn/tone 153 Magnefiata , 100 Humus . 96 Ma^nefia >o5 INDEX. Page Page Magnet • 270 Muriat of copper > 264 Magnetic ifon ore . 269 Muriat of lime , 214 Magnetic/and • 270 Muriot of matfne/ia 21^ Malachite . 263 MuHat of mercury 256 Malacholite • * 69 Muriat ofpotafs 213 Maltha . 230 Muriat offil'ver . 250 Manganefe • 305 Muriat offoda , 212 Marcafite 300 Muriat of ftrontian 214 Marga, Marl 97 Muriatic acid . • 212 Marly tufa 79 Muriatic f par » H Marmnr, Marble 89 Mufovy tale . • 23d Martial clay , 119 Martial vitriol . 225 N MelleHte . . 234 Naphthet 221 Mellites, Mellite 234 Natrum, Natron 210 Menachanite . 3" Nephrite 65 Mercury 255 Niccolum, Nickel 288 Meteoric iron 269 Nigrine . . . 312 Mica . • 130 Nitrat ofpota/s ♦ . 215 Mill/tone 208 Niirum, Nitre , . 215 Mineral cahoutchbuc i 231 Novaculite i . 123 Mineral mummy . 230 Mineral pitch . 230 0 Mineral tallow , 231 Olive chryfolite • 149 Mineral tar . 230 Olivinus, Olivin . . 149 Mirabile 206 Onyx . . 172 Mi/pickel • 278, 301 Oolite 89 Molybdasnum . 309 Opalus, Opal * 132 Molybdat of lead i 203 Oinitholithus . i 3«8 Moyhdtenite > 309 Orpimcnt . , 299 Moonftone • <5» Oxyde of arfenic ; 299 Mould , 96 Oxyde of bifmuth , 292 Mbuntain blue i 261 Oxyde of nickel , 288 Mountain butter . 221 Oxyde ofuranite . 310 Mduntain cork > 67 Oxyde of zinc . 290 Mountain fax 66 Oxygenized tin i 281 Mountain green , 262 Mountain leather • 97 P Mountain nuood . 67 Peac& 6j Mullat of aLmina • 234 Pearl fpar. . 81 , 275 Muller\ glaf 149 Peat 299 Mummy . • 230 Pechblende . , 3'i Mundic » • 266 Perigordftone * 307 Muria 212 Petrifaiitons , 316 Muriat of alumina 2i3 Petrilite . . 150 Muriat of ammonia 2-3 Petroleum 230 Muriat of antimony 296 Petrofilex »53 Mitriat ofbarytes » 214 PhofphatQ of alumina, 2^0 INDEX. P^e P.hn/t hate of copper . 264 Phofphate of lead 284 Pho/phate nfl me 109 Phofphorated antimonv 296 Phrenite . t "37 P y Col thus ( 348 Pipe clay i'3 Piiblichus, Pi/olite 89 Pitch ftone >32 Plafma , , 172 Plated /par. , , 86 Platinum 24s P'umbigo . . 237 Plumbum . , , 281 Plum puddtnj ftone • 200 Ponderous /par, , 73 PoKelanice 156 Porcellane clay . 42 Pyrphyrius, Porphyry 186 Potter s day . , i<3 Pokzzolano , , 120 Pra/e 105 Pudd'iHgftone 200 Pumice Jione , • 129 Pateolana , 120 Pyrites , 239, , 240 Pyromachus . 152 0 Quartzum, ^ar/z , 162 ^ick /and 162 &utckiuver . ^ R 255 AX Realgar , 300 Red crayon « 276 Reddle ♦ i'7 Red ochre , . 276 Rock alum . • 221 Rock cryjjul , Rock oil • 167 230 Rock fait , 212 Roman alum • 221 Rotten/tone . 122' Ro:);VT/fr . • 249 Sinople . 275 Slate , . 123 Stniris • • >S7 Snake ftone • • ^4 5o • 235 SuiiJius . . . 94 v\ INDFX. Page Page Sulphate of ammonia . 217 Ti7iftoue 280 Su/phate of baryt 7«.73 Titanium, titanite • 3'^ Sulphate of cobalt : 223 Toadftone 127, 320 Sulphate of copper 224 lopa^ 143 Sulphate of iron 225' 239 Tophus 77 Sulphate of lead . Sulphate of lime 285 102, 105 Toucbftone * Tourmaline . 149 141 Sulphate of magneTta , 218 Irapp 127 Sulphate ofpotafs . . 217 Traf 121 Suljihnte of foda 216 Tremolites, tremolite 95 Sulphate of front ia 74 Tripoli , 118 ^uhhate rfzinc . 223 lufa 79 Stiiphurum . 238 Tur.gftenum, Tuagfien 308 Sihhure of lead 286 Turfa, turf 228 ^•uhhuret of antimony 295 Turiltte . ' , 127, 190 Sstfphuret of biffKuth 293 Turkey hone • 123 £ii'phuret of copper , 266 Vefuvian . , 14^ S'ufphi--ei cfiron 240, 278 Fi trial of copper 224 fiulpturet of mercury 257 f^i trial of iron , 22s Sulphur et of molyhdena • 309 Vitriol of had , 28s Sulphur et of potajs • 239 Vitriol of zinc 22J Suh'huret offl-ver 252 Vitriolum, Vitriol . 223 Sy/pr'/ret of tin 279 Vmher , , 119 Evlphurst of zinc 291 Volatile alkali , 2IP Sxfy^hur pyrites 239 Volcanic fand 121 'Stule. AMBULATOPtV, formed for walking, applied to th^' feet of bird§, where the toes are placed three before and one beliir.d : Birds^ fig. 6. AMENT, a catkin, or row of chaffy scales, ranged along a slender receptacle: plate7,Jig. 7. AMORPHOUS, of no determinate shape or figure w]icn broken. AMPHIBIA, the third class of animals, comprising those which. from their peculiar structure, have the power of suspending respiration at pleasure, and can live both in water and on laud. ANAL, the fin, Avhich in fishes, is placed between the vent and tail, and expands perpendicularly : Fishes, Jig. 1, f. ANASTOMOSING, inosculating or running into each oth':?r, like veins. ANCIPITAL . having two opposite edges or angles. ANGIOSPERMIA, the second order of plants in the cl.;ss diJynamia, having the seeds contained in a vessel. ANNULATE, formed or divided into distinct ring^, or uMiked with differently coloured annulalions. ANSERES, the third order of birds having the biU bijad at the tip, and covered with a soft skin : Birds, Jig. 4. ^NTENNyE, the horn-like processes, projecting from the head of inset'^^s : JnscdIs,Jig. 8, 9; c. ANTHERA, the part of the stamen placed on the top cf the filament, and containing the pollen or dust of impregnatio'' : 2''^'^ ^» .fiS' Sy f-i. VOL. VII.— E 3 ' APETALOUS, flowers destitute of a corol. APHiTLLOUS, destitute of leaves. APODAL, the first order of fishes, which have no rentral fins : Fhhes fig. 3. " ' APTiiRA, the seventh order of insefts, distinguished by their havino: no wings: Jn^etls^ Jig.'il. ' '^ APYROUS, applied to mineral substances which do not liquefy in the greatest degree of heat. ARILLATE, furnished with an outer deciduous coat. ^ ASSURGENT, declining at the base, and rising in a curved manner to an erecl position. ATTPvACTORIAL, attrafting iron,' as the magnet. AURELIA, the chrysalis, or quiescent stage of transformation in an in- set-'t, in which it is inclosed in a hard case or wcU : InseSIs^ f. 12. AURICLED, having an appendage like a litde ear. ■^ AURICLES, the crec> crest-like feathers placed over the eyes of some %, birds, as owls. AWN, a slender hair-Iike process : plate Q., fig. 7 ; L\ AXlLLAP»,\r, growing from the angles of ramilicatioa : pi. 3, Jig. 8, e, BANNER, the standard or uppermost petal of a papilionaceous corol r p!(U€ 6, /.-•. 10 ; L. BAR13, a kind of spine armed with teeth pointing backwards. BEARD, a tuft of strong hairs at the ends of leaves. The tendril-like processes about the mouth of fishes ; Fishes, fig. 5 ; c. The las pendent simple feathers on the chin or breast of some birds. BELLU.E, the sixth order of animals in the class mammalia, havino- front teeth both in the upper and lower jaws. BERRY, a fleshy or pulpy fruit, without valves, containing naked seeds : plate 8, fig. 11, 12. BIBULOUS,'' gradually absorbing water. B'EARIOUS, pointing in oj)posite directions. BIGEMINATE, applied to a ooubly compound leaf, having a forked petiole conneftiiig several leafets at the top. BIJUGOUS, having t.vo pairs of leafets. IilLAiMELrf chaffy scales, ranged along a slender i receptacle: plafe7, (ig-7 . CATJDEX, the trunk or stem of a tree. •CAULESCENT, furnished with a stem, distincT; from that which sup- ports the flower, r VULINE, attached immediatelv to the stem. ^'i-,RE, the membrane covering the base of (he bill in birds, generally coloured: li/rrf.v, fig. 3 ; 6. . CETE, the sixth order of animals in tlic class mammalia, containing those which inhabit the sea, and are without feet. , . ^, , CII VFFY^ covered with chafl-likc scales : A chaffy receptacle is that *in which the florets have chaffy scales interposed between them. CilONDROPTERlGlOUS, the sixth order of lishes, including such as have a cartilaginous sccleton. CILIATE, edged with parallel hairs, bristles or appendages. CLNEROUS, grey, the colour of wood ashes. ^ CIRCINAL, spirally rolled inwards and downwards, as in the foliation of ferns. , . ,, - CIPcCUMClSED, applied to the capsule when it opens honzoi all all round, like a snuff box : plate 8, fig. 2. CIRROSE, furnished with a tendril-like appendage. E2 , CIRI'US, a tendril-like appendage: Fishes, fig. 5; fc. (;LAS>, tiie primary and chief divison in a system or arrangement. LLAVA.'iii', club-shaped, thicker towards the top. CLAW, the lower part of a petal, by >vhich it is attached to the receptacle : phUe 6, lig. 9 ; a. CLVPKAl E, shield-like, or covered with a shield. COADLNATE, two or more joined together. COATED, furnished with an outer deriduoiss covering ; or composed of coiicentric layers, as the bulb of an onion : pluie ^, fig. 7. CGCIiLEATE, twisted like a screw, or the^shell of a snail. COLKOPIERA, the tirst order of insefts, having the outer pair ot wings of a crustaccons substance : InstCls, fig. 15. ( OLLA!', a coloured ring round the neck of birds. COMOSil. ending in a tuft or kind of brush. CODtJI'LlCATE, doubled together : plate S, fig. 17. C'OX.) IJGATE, consisting of a single pair. CON ^N ATE, joined together so as to have the appearance of only one. CONTOilTED, twisted, or incumbent on each other in an oblique tJirectii/n. COXVOLl'TE, rolled together like a piece of paper between the thii:):b and finger : plated, fig. 14. CORDATE, heart-shaped : plate 4, fig. 10. COili ACEOUS, of a leather-like consistence. C'OliOL, the blossom of a fiower, generally inclosed within the calyx : plate G, fig. 3 ; b, con V MB, a kind of inflorescence, when the partial flower stalks rise of unequal lengths along the common flower-stalk to the same elevation at top, forming a nearly flat or even surface : /j/. 7, f. 2* CRENATE, scolloped or notched at the margin : plate 4, fig. 33. GUESTED, having a tuft or crest-like i.ppendage. CJllTTFORM, placed in the form of a cross : plate 6, fig. 9. CilYFTOGAMlA, the twenty-fourth class of vegetables including those whose fructification is too minute to be discovered by the naked eye : jilate 1, fig. 24. CULM, ihe stem of corn and grasses : plate 3, fig. 1. CL'JjTUATE, shaped like a pruning knife. CCNEiFOllM, shaped like a wedge : plate 4, fig. 45. CURSOUr, form.cd for running: applied to the feet of birds whick have all the tots placed forwards : Birds, fig. 12. CUSilDATE, ending in a sharp point, like the tip of a spear. CVATiilEORM, shaped like a drinking glass. Ci'IviJO, a kind of inflorescence, where the primary flower-stalks arise from the same point, but having the partial-ones irregular, all of ihc same elevation and forming a nearly flat and even surface : 2'iiac 7, fig. 11. DKCAGYNIA, having ten styles. DLC-ANDRfA, the tenth class of vegetables, containing the hermai. phroiiite ones with ten distinct stamina : plate 1, fig. 10. DECOxMTOUND, having the leaf-stalk taore than oiicc divided { ^lufe 5, fig. 18, 19. SOECREPtTANT, crackling when burnt. DKCUIIIIKNT, closely attached to and running down the stem or other part. DECUllSIVELY PINNATE, having the Icafets running down tho potiole. DECUSSATE, growing in pairs which cross each other at right angles. DEFLEC rE]>, bcniling down archwise. DELTOID, triangularly spear-shapcd : plate 4, fig. 58. Dij.MEilSED, grownisj under water. DENTICULATE, ha\ing small teeth or notches : plaie 4, fig. 30. DETONANr, emitting an explosion when burnt. DL\DELP1I1A, the seventeenth class of vegetables, comprehending those hermaphrodite liowers v/iiicJi have the stamina united iu two sots : plait 1, fig. 17. Di AN Dill A, the second class of vegetables, including the herma- phrodite ones with two stamina: jdnle 1, fig. 2. DIClIOrOMOUS, divided iu a forked manner. DiDV'NAMiA, the fourteenth class of plants, including the herma- phrodite ones with two pair of stamijia, one pair of which is longer : plrUe 1, fig. 14. DIGITATE, divided in a finger-like manner, and connedled to the sfalk at the bise : plate 5, fig. 4. DIGY'NIA, having two styles. DIlECIA, the twenty-second class of vegetables, comprehending those wiiich have the male and female flowers on distinct plants : plate 1, fi"-. 21. DTOPTRATE, applied to the eye-like spot on the wings of some insects where the pupil is divided by a transverse line. DIPTEllA, the sixth class of inse the siclt's orlcavcj converge in parallel lines, so that the inner-leaves arc eiilolded b) thu outer ones : plate 8, fig. '26, '27. ERODED, having the cdgc^ irreguhirly jagged as if gnawed or cateii by insects. EXTliAP'OLlACEOUS, growing on the outside of leaves or below thcci FALCATE, shaped lil;e a s=ckle: FASCICLED, clustered torjcther as in a bundle. FASTIGIATE, Hat and even at toj) : j:UUc 7, fig. 2. FATISCEXT, spontaneously mouldering and falling to pieces in the air". FEELEllS, organs lixed to the i.iouth of insects, geiierally less thai! the antennae, and often jointed ; Insects-^ fig. 8, 9 ; b. FENESTRATE, api)l:ed to the naked hyaline trans. » cnt spots oh the wings of butter Hies. FESTCCINE of a shivery or splintery fraolnre. FETTEliED, applied to the ioci of anitnr.ls when they are sVrctchcd baclit. wards, and appear nnlitfor the purpose -of walking, or when they ard concealed Mithin the integuments of the abdomen, as in some birds. FILAlMIiNT, a slender thread-like substance, that part of the stamen which supports the anthcra, and connects it m it^ tho flower : plate G, fig. 8 ; c. FILATE, ai)piitd to tlie antennas of inserts, when they ■want the round knob at the tij). FILIFORM, thread-.-.liaped, slender and of equal thickness. FILOSE, ending in a thread-like process. FIN, the organ in fishes, by which they perform their several move- ments in the water : Fishes, fig. 1 ; a-e. FINGERS, cartilaginous slender appendages, sometimes observable in fishes, between the pei^toral and ventral fins : Fi-hes, fig. 4 ; c-. FLORET, the separate and disfinct flower of an aggregate or compound one :' plate 6, fig. 18, 19, 20. FLOSCL'LAR, the tubular floret of a compoiind flower when destitute of ray: plate G, fig. 18, 20. FOLl ACEOUS, leafy, or leaf-like. Herbaceous, with leaf-like parts. FOLLICLE, a single-valved seed-vessel, opening longiludinally on one bide : plate 8, fig. 7. FOV'EOIiAl'E, honeycOxTibed, covered s'.iperficially -with cubic hollows. FOVlLLA, the fine imperceptible substance discharged by the pollen of the anthers. FRIABLE, easily crnmbled or reduced to powder. FROND, the leafy part of ferns and lichens supporting the frucSificatioh FRONT, the anterior part of the crown of the head in animals. FRONTLET, the margin of the head behind the bill of birds, generally clothed with rigid bristles: Birds^ fig. 2, d. FRUTESCENCE, the period of vegetables when they scatter their perfect seeds and fruits. FRUSTRANEA, the third order of the class syngenesia, containing those compound plants which have fertile florets in the disk, and imperfect and barren ones in the ray. FRUTESCENT, becomijis; at ]rn-th sJu-ubhy. FIJMANT, cmittiiia; smoke wlicn burnt. FUNCrl, tha iiftli ordiT of vo^clablos in t!io class crypfogamia, I'ncliid- itig such as are destitute of lu'rl)ai;e, and produce the iru6^ilicatiou a more or less spjngy body : pliitc 1, iig. 24 : I). FUSIFORM, spindle-shaped, gradually tapering more or less to both ends : ptcitc 2, lig. 2. C ALI-(IN/E, the fifth order of birds, containitig all tiie poultry kind, and distinguislied by a convex bill with the upper mandible arched. GAPE, the oi)ening between the mandibles of birds, and betwceu the two lips of an irregular corol. GAllTEii'^, coloured rings in some birds, round the naked part of (he thighs just above the knees. GENICUJj.Vl'E, bending abruptly in an obtuse angle, like the knee >vhcu a little bent. GENUS, a distind and entire family of pbiuts, giving its sutnamc to all the species or individuals of which it is composed ; and compre- hending all those vegetables of the same class and order, whicli agree in their parts of fructification. GJ'^RAI, the ovary or seed-bud, attached to the base of the pistil, and containing the rudiments of the seeds : plate 6, tig. 8 ; b. GILL-COVER,, the bony or cartilaginous substance placed on the membrane which covers the gills : Fishes^ fig. 1, g. GILLS, the organs of respiratioa in fishes : The lanilnai on the under- side of fungi. GLABROUS, of a smooth surface, opposed to hairy, downy, villous, S^c GLIllES, the fourth order of animals in the class mammalia, including those >vhich have two cutting-ieeth in each jaw, and no tusks. GLUME, the valves or chaify Imsks of corn and grasses, enveloping the seeds : plate (), fig. 7 : «. - GRALL.E, the fourth order of birds or sucli as have a roundish bill and lleshy tongue, and the legs naked above the knees. GRESSORIAL, applied to the feet of birds which have three toes forward, two of which arc connected, and one behind. GYMiVOSPERMlA, the first order of plants in the class didynamia, comprising such as have the seeds naked. GYNANDRIA, the twentieth class of plants, comprising those herma- phrodite vegetables which have the stamina growing on the style, or bearing both the stamina and styles on a long receptacle: plate 1 , tig. 20. HASTATE, halbert-shaped, resembling the head of a halbert : pi. 4, fig. i:.. IIELAlF'r, the upper lip of a ringent corol : plate G., fig. 12; a. IIEMIPTERA, the secoi^d order of insects, or such as have 4 wings, the upper pair of which arc semicrustaccous and incumbent ou each other : Inscvis^ iig. 16. HEPTANDIRA, the seventh class of plants, inchuling those Ircrma- phrodite ones which have 7 stamina : plate 1, (ig. 7. -HERMAPHRODITE, having both stamen and pista in the sam»v= flower : plate 1, fig. 1. HEXAGYNIA, having 6 styles. HEXANDRIA, the sixth class of plants, containing such hermaphrodit®' ones as have 6 stamina all of the same length : plate 1, fig. 6. HIRSUTE, rough with hairs. HISPID, beset with rather stiff bristles. HOARY, clothed with a white pubescence. HUMESCENT, gradually and slowly imbibing moisture. HYALINE, transparent, like glass. IIYMENOPTERA, the fifth order of insects, comprising such as have wings, all of them membranous, and arc armed with a sting : Insects, fig. 19. ICOSANDRIA, ilie twelfth class of plants, including those hermaphro- dite ones which liave twenty cr more stamina, fixed to the calyx or petals and not to the receptacle : ^^/ft^e 1, fig. 12. • IMBRICATE, placed over each other at the edges, like the tiles of a, house. INCISORS, the front or cutting teeth of animals. INCONSPICUOUS, in mineralogy applied to substances which are devoid of lustre or metallic splendor. INCURVED, bent or curved inwards. INDURATING, in mineralogy, becoming harder by the a6tion of fire, as clays. INFLAMMABLE, emitting flames when burnt. INFLECTED, bent inwards. % INFLORESCENCE, the peculiar mode of flowering. ^ ' INFRACTED, abruptly bent inwards, as if broken. INFUSORIA, the fifth order of worms, comprehending those minute animalcules, destitute of feelers, generally not visible to the naked eye, and which are mostly found in various infusions. INQUINANT, soiling the fingers when rubbed between them. Leav- ing coloured marks when rubbed against other substances. INTERNODE, the space between one knot or joint and another. INTERRUPTEDLY-PINNATE, having smaller leafets or segments between each pair of larger ones: plate 5, fig. 9. INTERSCAPULAR, placed between the shoulders, or joints of insertion of the wings : Birds, fig. I ; t. INTESTINA, the first class of worms, consisting of simple naked anit, mals, without limbs. INTORSION, the turning or twisting in any particular direction. INTRACTABLE, not attracted by the magnet INTUMESCENT, swelling or frothing when exposed to the aftion of fire. INVOLUCEL, a small or partial involucre : plate 7, fig. 5 ; c. INVOLUCRE, a species of calyx placed beneath and remote from th» fiower, as in umbellilerous plants : plate 7, fig. 5 ; b. INVOLUIE, rolled inMards on both sides towaids the upper surface | plate 8, Jig. 15. ISTHMUS, u tran!j\crse pai(itio|i. JUGULAR, the second order of bony fishes, or such as l«*5e the vi-ntral fins placed before the pectoral : Fishes, fig. 1. ^ % KEEL, the lower petal of a papilionaceous ilower, and which incloses thestaniiita ar.d pistil : pla/e 6, (ig. 16 ; b. KNEE-JOINTEJ), bending abruptly in an obtuse angle, lilf.e the kneo when a little bent. LABIATE, applied to an irregular corol with two lips : plate 6, fig. 14. LACINIATK, jajigcd or cut into irregular segments. IjACTESCENT, discharging a white or coloured liuid, when cut oc bruised. LACUNOnE, having the surface covered with small pits. LAMELLATE, divided into distinct plates or foliations. LANCEOLA']'E, oblong and gradually tapering to each end, like the head of a lance : jUtt/e 4, lig. 6. JjARVA, the grub or caterpillar state of an insea : ImeSfs, fig. 14. LATERAL-LINE, the line which runs from the head to the tail in the middle of the sides of mi.>st fishes. : Fishet, %. I ; h. LATTICED, haying longitudinal lines or furrows, decussate by trans- verse-one?. LEGUME, a membranous or coriaceous ppd or^seed vessel opening longitu(;inally, generally oblong, having the b'eeds fixed to one valve only : plate 8, fig. 9. LENTICULAR, resembling small lentils. LEPIDOPTERA, the third class of insets, including those which have 4 membranous wings clothed with fine scales: Insefty, fig. 17. LIGl LE, the thin membrane Avhich terminates the sheath on the stems of corn and grasses. LIGULATE, strap-shaped, applied to the flat coroUet of a compount^ flower : plate 6, fig. 19. • ; LINEAR, narrow and nearly of an uniform breadth. LINEATE, marked with lines. LITHOl'IHTES, that division of zoophytes which have a hard calca- seous stem LOMENT, an oblong seed-vessel, not opening longitudinally like a. legume, but separated by transverse partitions, and containing a single seed in each joint. LORE, a naked line between the base of the bill and the eye in birds ; liinh, fig. 2 ; /. LORICATE, covered with a long kind of mail. LUBRICOUS, covered with a slippery mucus. LUNULA TE, LUNATE, shaped like a crescent : plate 6, fig. 11. LUNULE, a trescent-hke mark or spot. Jj\RATE, cut into transverse segments which are gradually smaller and more remote downwards, like an ancient lyre : plate 5, f. 14. MAILED, covered with a long kind of mail. VOL. VII. — F 3 MAMMALIA, the first class of animals, including such as suckle theit young by means of lactiferous teats. MANDIBLES, the 2 pieces composing the bill of birds: Birds,{.'2,(t.b'. MERGIF9RM, clustered like a sheaf of corn. MOLLUSC A, the second order of worms, comprising those simple' naked animals which are furnished with limbs. MONADELPHIA, the sixteenth class of plants, comprising those her- maphrodite vegetables with one set of united stamina : plate 1, f. 16. MONANDRIA, the first class of plants, containing those hermaphrodite ones which have only one stamen : plate 1, fig. 1. MONILIFORM, beaded like a necklace: plate 3, fig. 9; g. MONQECL'V, the twenty-first class of plants, including such as have both stamen and pistil on the same plant, but in distinct flowers ; plate 1. fig. 21. MONOGYNIA, having one style only : j^late 1, fig.l. IVIONASTYCHOUS, bearing a single spike. MUCRONATE, ending in a sharp rigid point. MUTE, in mineralogy applied to metals which do not ring when struck with other hard substances. MURICATE, clothed with sharp rigid points. MUSCI, mosses, the second order of the class cryptogamia, contain- ing those leafy vegetables having a capsule furnished with a deci- duous veil and a lid : 2)late 1, fig. 24 ; B. NATATORY, legs or appendages formed for swimming. NECESSARL4, an order of vegetables of the class syngenesia, where the ttorets of the disk are barren for want of a stigma, but the female florets of the ray produce perfeft seeds. NECTARY, that part of the flower which usually contains a sweet honey-like fluid : plate 6, fig. 23 ; a. NEUROPTERA, the fourth order of inscdls, comprehending such as have 4 membranous finely reticulate wings, and have no sting : I/isecfs, fig. IR. NICTITANT MEMBRANE, a thijt membrane which covers the eyes of birds and fishes sheltering them from too much light and external injuries, and through which they can see pretty distinctly. OB, in composition is used for obversely or inverted ; as obconic, in- versely conic : obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, Sfc. OBVOLUTE, applied to the foliation of leaves : when the margins alter- nately embrace the straight margin of the opposite leaf: pL 8, f. 20. OCELLATE, applied to cye-like spots which are surrounded Avith a ring of a dificrent colour called the iris, and often inclosing one or more lesser spots called the pupil : Jnsecls) fig. 17. OCTA\DRL\, the eighth class of vegetables, including those herma- phrodite plants which have 8 stamina : plate. ly fig. 8. ORBITS, the region round the eyes : Birds, ^g 3; c. ORJL»ER, the subdivision of a class, or second branch of systematical arrangement. OVATE, shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg. PALMATE, webbed, like the foct of some water birds : Birds, fig. 8. Deeply divided into lobes like the fingers on the hand : plate 2, fig. 5 ; plate 4, fig. 22. PANDER/EFOllM, shaped something like a fiddle or ancient guittar: jilate 4, fig. 38. Panicle, a kind of inflorescence where the floAirers are scatered on stalks variously or irregularly divided : plate 7, fig. 4. PAPILIONACEOUS, applied to an irregular corol, shaped something like a butterfly 0i» the wing : plate 6, fig. 16. PAPILLOUS, having the surface covered with fieshy dots or pimples: plate I, fig. 51. PAPULOUS, pimply or blistered. PARABOLIC, having the longitudinal diameter exceeding the trans* verse one, and narrowing from the base into a half ovate. PASSERES, the sixth order of birds, or such as have a conic sharp- pointed bill and slender divided toes. PATELL;E, soft orbicular raised moveable bodies at the base of the thighs in some inserts, as the ichneumon genus. PECORA, the fifth order of the class mammalia, comprehending those which have no front-teeth in the upper jaw, and whose feet are hoofed and cloven. PECTINATE, cut into regular straight segments, like the teeth of a comb. PEDATE, deeply cut into segments conne6led with the petiole on the inner-side only, like a bird's foot: plate 5, fig. 5. PEDICEL, a partial or lesser fiower-stalk : plate 7, fig. 2 ; a. PEDUNCLE, the stem supporting the flowers or fruit. PELTATE, target-shaped. Having the stalk inserted in the disk of the leaf, and not in the edge : plate 3, fig. 11 ; 6. PENNACEOUS, feathered like the web of a quill. PEXTAGYNIA, having 5 styles. PENTANDRIA, the fifth class of .vegetables, comprising such herma- phrodite plants as have 5 stamina : plate 1, fig. 5. PERFOLIATE, surrounding the stalk on every side, as if it passed through its centre. PERIAN rH, the ca.]yx of a flower when close to the pther parts of fructification; plate 6, fig* 2. a. PERICARP, the vessel containing the seed: plate S, fig. 7. PERISTOME, the fringe or teeth surrounding the mouth of the capsule in mosses. PERSONATE, an irregular corol having 2 lips which are closed : ])late 6, fig. 14. PETAL, one of the leaves of a corol when it has more than one ; plate 6, fig. 9. PETALOID, resembling a petal. PETIOLE, the stalk supporting a leaf : plate 5, fig. 3. PETIOLULE, a partial petiole conncaing the leafct of a compound leaf with the main petiole. PUOSPUORJiSCENT, emitting light in the dark. 2F PINNATE, divided intd transverse segnieiits down to stem or midrib : pktie 5, fig. 6, 7, 8. PINNATIFID, divided into transverse segments, but not extending ta the midrib. PISTIL, the female part of frn6tification supported by the germ, gene- rally in the centre of the flower : plufe (j, tig. 19 : 0. POISEIIS, tv/o pcdicelled heads placed one under each wing of such insecfs as have only two. POLLEN, the prolific meal-like powder contained in the anthcric of flowers ; plate 6, fig. 8, 9. POLYADELPHI A, the eighteenth class of vegetables, comprisi^^g such hermaphrodite flowers as have the stamina united into three or more sets ; plafe l, fig 18. POLYANDRIA, the thirteenth class of vcy •tables, consisting of such hermaphrodite flowers as have 20 or more stamina placi^d on the receptacle: plate 1, fig. 13. POLYGAMIA, the twenty-third class of plants, comprehending such as have hermaphrodite flowers, together with male or female, or both, on the same plant : plate 1, fig. 23. POLYGYNIA, having more than 12 pistils. POLYSTACHOUS, bearing manjr spikes. POME, a pulpy fruit, having the seeds lodged in a core : jylateS, fig. 8. PORCATE, marked with raised longitudinal lineS. POUCH, a silicle or 2-valved seed vessel, having the seeds fixed aloiKg both sutures, and whose transverse diameter is nearly cQual to its longitudinal : plate 8, fig. 1. PR^MORSE, ending j^bruptjy, as if bitten off. PREHENSILE, applied to the tails of animals when, they have the power of coiling them round other substances, and suspending their bodies by them. PRIMATES, the first order of animals in the class mammalia, con- taining such as haVe 4 parallel cutting-teeth in each jaw, and a, solitary tusk on each side in each jaw. PRISMATIC, of the same thickness from top to bottom, and having several flat sides. PROBOSfiTS, a moveable elongated snout. PROCUMiiENT, prostrate or trailing on the ground, but not taking root. PROLIFEROUS, having branches only from the centre of the top. With smaller flowers growing from the principal one. Applied to to an umbel it means more than twice divided. PRUINOUS, covered with a frosty kind of mealiness. PUBESCENT, covered m ith a soft kind of hair or down. PULVEREOUS, reduciT)le to dust when dry. PUPA, the chrysalis or quiescent state of Hn inseft : Inseff^-, fig. 13. PUPIL, applied to the inner colourdd spot in the wing-like s|)ots of some insects : Insetls, fig. 17. RACEME, a cluster, in which the flowers or fruit are placed along a common foot-stalkj having short lateral branches ; ^'^ute 7, fig. 3^. n ACTUS, the midrib or filiftif m rpceptacle conne/a/(? 4, fig. 27. SAGITTATE, shaped like the head of an arrow : plate 4, fig. 13. SALTATOilV, applied to the legs of jnse(!;^s, and means, having the thighs thicker and formed for leaping. SALVEll-SlIAPED, applied to a l-leafed Hat corol, rising from a tube, plate 6, lig. 4. SAMARA, a fruit inclosed between two membranes, like the mast of the elm. SAPID, stimulating the organs of taste. SARMEXT, a shoot taking root a.* the joints. SARMEXTOUS, nearly naked, or having the leaves Only in tufts at the joints SCALY, applied to a root it means composed of scales lying over each other : platel^ fig. 8. SCANSORIAL, formed for climbing : Applied to the feet of birds? which have two toes before and two beiiind, all divided to the base: Binlsy fig. 7. SCAPE, a stem bearing the fructification without leaves, as the stalk of a hyacinth. SCAPULARS, the feathers between the wings of birds : Birds, f. 1, d. SACRIOIJS, dry and rigid, as if dead. SCINT1LLA\ T, emitting sparks of fire when burnt. SClTAMliVEOUS, of a spicy taste and odour. 8CR0mCLJIj\TE, pijted, having (he surface cover hI with hollows. SCU TEL, the portion on the back of an insert which issitiMUd between the thorax and abdomen : InseCtsy lig. 8 ; J\ "SEGREGATA, an order of the syngcncsious class of plants, wlwrc! severel florets arc inclosed in a common calyx, and each furnished with its proper calyx. SERRATE, cut or notched like a saw : jylale 4, fig. 31. SESQUIALTERAL, having a small aborrive Aoret accompanying thft large one. In entomoly it moans occupying a third part of the wing, or including a smaller baud or spot Avithin a larger one. SESQUITERTIAL, occupjing the fourth part. SESSILE, connedlcd immediately with the part from which it originates, without the intervention of support. SETACEOUS, bristlo-shapi'd. SETARIOUS, applied io the antennae of insefts, it means, terminating in a simple naked bristle. SHIELD, the saucer-like fruftification of lichens : The coloured spot on the wings of some birds of the \luck kijid : The scutel of inserts. SILICLE, a 2-valved seed-vessel, nearly as wide as long, with the seeds fixed to both sutures, but without partition. SILIQUE, a pod or 2-va:lved seed-vessel, with the seeds fixed to both su. tnses, having a membranous partition runuiuir doM n its whole length. SINUATE, cut into deep sinuses : plated, fig.^ 25. SPADIX, the receptacle of such flowers as are produced from a spathe, or sheath : plale 6, fig. 6, b. SPATHE, the caljx of a spadix, opening longitudinally like a sheath : plate 6, fig. 6, a. SPATULATE, rounded and broad at the top and becoming narrower at the base, like a spatula or battledore : pluic 6, fig. 39. SPECIES, the division of a family or genus, containing such as agree with it in generic charai'^er. SPECULAR, exhibiting obje6ts dIstincStly through it, as a piece of glass or talc. SPHACELATE, dead '.nd as if "burnt at the edges. SPIKE, that kind of inflorescence where the flowers arc sessile or ranged alternately along a common receptacle or stalk : plate 7, f. L SPIKELET, a partial or lesser spike. SPINESCENT, becoming hard and thorn-like, SPIRACLES, the apertures in animals through which they breathe, SPIRE, the whorls of single- valved shells. SPUMESCENT, frothing up when burnt. SPUR, the sharp appendage on the heel of some birds : Birds, fig. C, The horn-like nectary of some flowers. SPURIOUS WINGS, small secondary wings at the end of the joint of the wings in birds, generally consisting of 3 or 5 short feathers^ Birds, fig. 1, «. SQUARROSE, consisting of scales spreading every way, or divided into pieces standing upright and not parallel with the plane. STAMEN, the male organ of fr unification in plants: plulc 6, fig. lO. STELLATE, radiating like the spokes of a wheel. STEMMATA, the 2 or 3 simple eyes placed on the crown of the heail of some iQseds. STIGMA, the uppermost point of the style : plafe 0, fig. II, r. STiriTATE, elevated on a kind of stem. STIPl-LE, a small scale at the base of the risintr petiole. STOLK, a sucker or scion from the root ot plants. STRAP-SIIAPKD, nearly of the same width all along. STRIATE, marked with very fine lines. STRIGOSE, clothed with stilf lancclote bristles. STROBILE, a kind of fruclilication consisting of scales incumbent ob each other as a cone. STYLE, the middle of the pistil, conne6ting-the stigma with the germ-: plafc 6, tig. 11, b. SUB, in composition it means almost or approaching to ; as subimbri- cate, somewhat imbricate. SUBL'LATE, awl-shaped. Gradually taperins; to a point : />/. 1, fig. 8, SUBFRUTICOSE, somewhat but not quite shrubby. SUPERFLUA, the second order of plants in the class syjigenesia, hav- ing the florets of the disk hermaphrodite and fertile, and the florets of the ray female only, but fertile. SYNGENESIA, the nineteenth class of plants, comprising those com- pound flowers which have 5 stamina united into a cylinder : plate 1, lig. 19. TENDRIL, a fmall flexible appendage: plafe 3, fig. 12, 6. TENTACULA, the feelers of worms. TERGEMINATE, thrice double. TERN, three-fold, in threei : plafe 5, fig!?. TERNATE, having 3 leafets on one petiole : plale 5, fig. 3. TESSELATE, chequered like a chess board. TESSERA, a cubical figure, having 4 principal sides distinft from the horizontal planes above and below, or other angles, like a die. TESTACEA, the third order of worms, including those which are covered with a shell. TETRADACTYLOUS, having 4 toes or claws. TETRADYNAMIA, the 15th class of plants, comprising such as have hermaphrodite flowers w ith (i stamina, 4 of which are longer : plafe 1, fig. 15. TETRAGYNIA, having 4 styles TETRANDIA, the fourth class of plants, including those hermaphro- dite ones which have 4 stamina, all of the same length : pi- \y f. 4. THORACIC, the third order of fishes, comprising those bony ones which have the ventral fins placed directly under the peftoral ones : Fishe/ty fig. 4. THORAX, the anterior part of the back of insefls, placed between the head and the scutel or abdomen. Insctls; fig. 8, e. THYRSE, a panicle condensed into an ovate form. TONGUE-SHAPED, linear and fleshy, obtuse, and generally convex underneath. TOROSE, swelling into knobs or protuberanccu. TORULOUS, a diminutive of the former. TRIANDRIA, the third class of vegetables, comprehertding those her- maphrodite plants which have 3 stamina : plate 1, fig. 3. TRICHOTOMOUS, cloven into three, 3-forked. TRICUSPIDATE, ending in three points. TRIDACTYLOUS, having three toes or claws. TRIGYNIA, having three styles. TRICECIA, the third order of plants in the class polygamia, containing such as have hermaphrodite, male, and female liowers, each on j^ distinft plant. TROCHANTERS, oblong moveable appendages placed at the base of of the thighs, aear the thorax, in some insedts ; as the carabus kind. TRUNCATE, cut abruptly oft at the end. TUNICATE, composed of numerous concentric coats, asj the bulb of an onion : j)late 2, fig. 7. TURBINATE, shaped like a top, or peat. VENTRICOSE, inflated, swelling in the middle. VESICULAR, [having small vessels on the surface, gr composed ol small distinct vessels. VILLOUS, clothed with soft hair. VIRGATE, wand-like, or rod-like. VITRESCENT, fusible into glass by the aftion of fire. UMBEL, a kind of inflorescence where the fruftification is supported on several slender stalks all from the same centre : plate'! .^ lig. 5. UMBELLATE, a partial umbel : plale 7, fig. 5, a. UMBILICATE, having a depression in the centre like a navel. UMBONATE, bossed, having a raised knob in the centre. UNDULATE, having a waved surface. UNGULATE, shaped like a horse's hoof. VOLVE, the curtain or ruffle of a fungus : plate 1, fig- 24, B. d. URCEOLATE, swelling in the middle like a pitcher, WATTLES, the fleshy appendages at the sides of the lower mandible in some birds. WHORL, the position of a part all round that to which it is attached > plate 3, f. 9, b. The spire or mass of circles at the top of shells. WING-CO VERTS, the feathers covering the wings of birds; Birds j fig. 1 , b. c. WING-SPOT, the coloured shining spot on the anterior margins of the wings of some birds. ERRATA in the LIFE. p. 23, 1. 18, for immcdi read immediate. p. 31, 1. 18, for ftrudl read flruckt P> 27) U 1, for pofefled read pcfTened. p. 41, 1. 15, for berevi read btevi. p: 41 j li 20, for genuine read generict mreitTr umxr H. C. StaU CU^